Marine bivalve mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1

Ron Noseworthy

The bivalve molluscan fauna of Jeju Island (Jeju-do), the largest island of Korea, is reviewed based on original and literature data. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species with indication of local distribution and taxonomic comments is prepared, supplemented also with data on general distribution, habitats, and primary synonyms. This first part of the paper includes 105 species belonging to 21 families (Nuculidae through Limidae). The history of Jeju molluscan research, a bibliography on all aspects of mollusk biology, and the general ecology of Jeju bivalves in various habitats are also included. Five species are reported as new for Jeju Island, two species as new for Korea, and 11 species have been reported in literature but were not included in the first bivalve catalogue of Jeju by Noseworthy et al. (2007); in total 16 species are added to the fauna.

Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 https://doi.org/10.9710/kjm.2019.35.2.149 Marine bivalve mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Konstantin A. Lutaenko1, Ronald G. Noseworthy2 and Kwang-Sik Choi2 1 A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia 2 School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 690-756, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The bivalve molluscan fauna of Jeju Island (Jeju-do), the largest island of Korea, is reviewed based on original and literature data. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species with indication of local distribution and taxonomic comments is prepared, supplemented also with data on general distribution, habitats, and primary synonyms. This first part of the paper includes 105 species belonging to 21 families (Nuculidae through Limidae). The history of Jeju molluscan research, a bibliography on all aspects of mollusk biology, and the general ecology of Jeju bivalves in various habitats are also included. Five species are reported as new for Jeju Island, two species as new for Korea, and 11 species have been reported in literature but were not included in the first bivalve catalogue of Jeju by Noseworthy et al. (2007); in total 16 species are added to the fauna. Key words: Bivalvia, fauna, taxonomy, ecology, Korea, Jeju-do Introduction lifestyle and customs of its people, tourism is the region’s most important industry. The island is also There are about 3000 islands in Korea, located mostly off the west and south coasts; only a handful of famous for its subtropical fruits, such as tangerines (Kwon Y.W. and Lee J.D., 2010). them lie off the East/Japan Sea coast. Jeju Island The blending of warm and cool currents around the (Jeju-do; also previously as Cheju-do) is Korea’s largest island has resulted in an abundance of marine life. island with an area of about 1800 km², and it belongs Jeju Island has a rich mollusk fauna, with over 1000 to the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (Fig. 1). species presently recorded. This fauna is a combination The island is located about 140 kilometers south of the of warm temperate (Central Japan to the Yellow Sea) port of Mokpo, in continental Korea, and about 80 km and tropical and subtropical species (Southern Japan south of the Korean Peninsula. Due to its volcanic to Indo-West Pacific) (Noseworthy et al., 2007). The origin, the island has a topography of numerous hills, great majority of Jeju mollusks are gastropods, gorges, and waterfalls. Because of its subtropical followed by bivalves and the three smaller classes, climate and the influence of the warm Tsushima Cephalopoda, Current, a branch of the Kuroshio, and the unique respectively. Polyplacophora, and Scaphopoda, Jeju Island is regarded as a world heritage area by Received: April 17, 2019; Revised: June 11, 2019; Accepted: June 26, 2019 Corresponding author: Konstantin A. Lutaenko e-mail: lutaenko@mail.ru 1225-3480/24734 This is an Open Access Article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License with permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproducibility in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. UNESCO, which had designated it as a World Biosphere Reserve, a World Natural Heritage Site, and a Global Geopark. Biodiversity is one of the most important components of nature, and all efforts should be made to protect and manage Jeju’s marine biodiversity as a Korean and world natural heritage. We are well aware that biodiversity in marine and coastal zones worldwide has experienced considerable - 149 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Fig. 1. A map of Jeju and Korea. pressure, and some marine species have become extinct, either globally, regionally, or locally, due to human activity. The main causes of biodiversity loss are habitat change, climate change, introduction of invasive exotic species, overexploitation of biological resources, and pollution. A very important factor influencing the natural environment of Jeju Island is tourist pressure: it is estimated that 13 million people visited the island in 2016. Jeju Island is seeing a sharp increase in Chinese travelers; nearly half of Chinese tourists to South Korea visit Jeju. Understanding and conservation of biodiversity requires preparing full inventories, and this is the Fig. 2. A map of Jeju Island with survey stations: 1. Dong-gwi, 2. Iho, 3. Jeju-shi, 4. Hwabuk, 5. Samyang, 6. Hamdeok, 7. Bukchon-ri, 8. Gimnyeong, 9. Wolpyeong, 10. Haengwong, 11. Handong, 12. Sehwa, 13. Hado, 14. Udo (Sanhosa), 15. Udo (Hagosudong), 16. Udo (Geomeollae), 17. 5 km east of Seongsan, 18. Jongdal-ri, 19. Ojo-ri, 20. Seongsan, 21. Seopjikoji, 22. Shinyang, 23. Pyoseon, 24. Namwon, 25. Wimi, 26. Bomok, 27. Supseom, 28. 2 km south of Seogwipo, 29. Munseom, 30. Seogwipo, 31. Seogundo, 32. Bumseom, 33. Bophwan, 34. Gangjeong, 35. Daepo, 36. Jungmun, 37. Yerae, 38. Daepyeong, 39. Hwasoon, 40. Yeongmeori, 41. Hyungjaeseom, 42. Sagye, 43. Songaksan, 44. Gapado, 45. Marado, 46. Hamo, 47. Yongnak, 48. Gosan, 49. Jagwido, 50. Sinchang, 51. Keumneung, 52. Biyangdo, 53. Hyeopjae, 54. Suwon, 55. Gwideok, 56. Gwakji. purpose of this paper. Taxonomic inventories are a top years of research and fieldwork on the mollusks of priority for biodiversity science. Mollusks are the Jeju Island. The bivalve fauna was surveyed in order second largest group in terms of the number of species to ascertain its distribution and habitat, and update in marine environments, and they play an important its taxonomy. Detailed locality lists were prepared role in communities and ecosystems, including those which included the number of specimens, living or unique to dead, maturity of specimens, and other relevant summarize all available data on Jeju bivalve mollusks, comments. Bivalves were collected from a total of 56 and we believe that this study will be of use not only general survey stations encompassing the entire coast for environment-friendly of the island (Fig. 2). An attempt was made to sample education. Since the publication of the above catalogue as many localities as possible with a wide variety of (Noseworthy et al., 2007), new species have been habitats. Some stations were visited on several added to the fauna, and there have been many occasions, and many of them contained several specific changes This collecting localities. Therefore the surveys included 87 illustrated catalogue covers the present Jeju bivalve marine localities. The numbers on the map correspond fauna and utilizes the current taxonomy. with those in the list of stations. Specimens collected to Jeju scientists in Island. but also nomenclature We have for and attempted systematics. are kept either at the Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory at Jeju National University, Jeju Materials, Surveys, and Study Methods City, Republic of Korea (JNU), in the R.G. Noseworthy This catalogue is the result of more than twenty collection (RGN collection), a major part of which was - 150 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Marine (Xu and Zhang, 2008), “Mollusks of the Yellow Sea and Biodiversity Institute, Seocheon, Republic of Korea Bohai Sea” (Zhang et al., 2016), “Compendium of (MABIK) and those collected by K.A. Lutaenko, partly Bivalves” (Huber, 2010, 2015), and “Catalogue of the at the Zoological Museum, Science and Educational Living Bivalvia of the Continental Coast of the Sea of Museum, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Japan (East Sea)” (Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012). Russia Many recently transferred (ZMFU). to Additional the National locality records were research papers, taxonomic revisions and obtained mainly from “Mollusks in Korea” (Min D.-K. reviews, regional guides and, if necessary, those et al., 2004) and a number of research papers; these containing original descriptions were consulted, and records are all listed in the catalogue. Additionally, we many list other records, mostly from ecological works nomenclature, containing bivalve records. distribution. The taxonomy of bivalves still lacks Collecting of bivalves was done mainly from the intertidal and upper subtidal zones, and beach driftlines. Numerous taphonomic, actuopaleontological, species have comments type material, with regard taxonomy to and agreement, and the taxonomic remarks here will be helpful for future researchers and students for further identifications. All and faunal studies suggest that dead shells should be shells illustrated in this paper were included in biodiversity studies, as they generally photographed in the laboratory of the Zoological reflect the distribution of live mollusks (e.g., Kidwell Museum, ZMFU, and all photographs are original. and Bosence, 1991; Lutaenko, 1994a; b; Lutaenko et Field photographs were taken by the staff members of al., 2002; Kidwell, 2008). Live-taken material, after Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory, JNU, identification, was stored in 70% ethanol. Samples of unless otherwise stated in the captions. We beach drift, rock brushings, and detritus obtained from follow mainly the higher classification of depths of 0.5 to two meters were also sorted, and the Bivalvia by Carter et al. (2011). Habitat data are micromolluscs extracted and identified with the help of mostly obtained from Higo et al. (1999) and Huber a Zeiss dissecting microscope and a handheld 50x (2010; 2015, including supplementary CD files). Our magnifier. original data on Jeju habitats are included and other In 2012, we identified a large number of mostly works were also consulted. live-taken mollusk specimens obtained by SCUBA on behalf of ECO21, an environmental survey company; Format all species, including bivalves, identified from many locations around the island, were listed. Also, a survey The entries in this catalogue follow a specific format. was conducted by the Shellfish Aquaculture and For each species, major synonyms (names proposed as Research Laboratory, JNU, from 2012 to 2014, on the new for science) are given, followed by the local and distribution of the encrusting coral Alveopora japonica general distribution ranges, habitat, and comments. Eguchi, 1968, which was rapidly extending its range Specific Jeju survey stations are listed. Other records, around the island. Coral specimens were obtained by either additional or from the same localities, are SCUBA diving from several localities, at depth of 5-15 provided in the “other records” local distribution m. section. Mollusks, mainly bivalves, were sorted and identified, then preserved for further study. Zonal-geographical groupings are included to show Identification of specimens from the field surveys, as more clearly the biogeographical affinities of each well as from those above, was facilitated by several species. For each species we give zonal-geographical important recent books, mainly “Marine Mollusks in characteristics. For information about this method and Japan” (Okutani, 2000), “Mollusks in Korea” (Min a clarification of terms see: Scarlato (1981) and D.-K. et al., 2004), “Seashells of China” (Qi, 2004), “An Kussakin (1990). We recognize six major zonal- Illustrated Bivalvia Mollusca Fauna of China Seas” geographical groups: 1. tropical-subtropical (distributed - 151 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 southward to the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia), Hallasan. While drainage systems created from wide 2. subtropical (distributed southward to Taiwan and lava plateaus formed on the gentle east-west slope of the northern part of the South China Sea) 3. Hallasan are less evolved, most watercourses were subtropical-lowboreal (limited both to subtropical seas developed on the north-south slopes and run either and the Sea of Japan/East Sea, southeastern Sakhalin, southbound or northbound (Woo K.-S. et al., 2013). and the southern Kuril Islands, 4. lowboreal (limited With the exception of the time during typhoons and to the Sea of Japan/East Sea from Peter the Great summer monsoons, most of the flowing water in Jeju’s Bay, to rivers and streams is short-lived, and there is little southwestern Sakhalin, Aniva and Terpenya Bays, and standing water in the form of ponds because of the northern Korea, and northern Honshu the southern Kurile Islands), 5. widely distributed porous nature of the extensive basaltic areas. Water boreal (limited to the Sea of Japan/East Sea and from upper streams runs into the Hokkaido to Bering Strait, along the Asian coast, and through permeable layers developed on the edges of along the northern American coast southward to lava flows or along columnar joints in the streambeds California), underground to (Woo K.-S. et al., 2013). However, although dry temperate latitudes, both in the Atlantic and Pacific riverbeds are often seen, flowing rivers are more Oceans, but also partly to subtropical and arctic common along the coast because the water usually zones), and 6. boreal-arctic (limited to both the rises in the lower reaches of the channels; the temperate zone of the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic, Seogwipo region in the south usually has waterfalls. and partly to the temperate Atlantic). We checked the Rivers in Jeju Island are usually small, less that 26 geographical distributions of km (16 miles) long, and their estuaries are not usually and circumboreal limited mainly many species using heavily polluted or directed into channels. Our field numerous literature sources not cited herein. on surveys have revealed that the rather small estuaries taxonomy, distinguishing characterizes, location of exert little influence on the salinity of nearby types, and other relevant information. We use only seawater, subclasses, orders, superfamilies, families, subfamilies, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) commonly occur in genera, and subgenera in the taxonomic arrangement. those areas. Comments include, if necessary, remarks although estuarine species such as Although there are several small estuaries, mainly on the south coast, there is only one lagoon on Jeju Brief Regional Setting Island, at Ojo-ri, on the east coast near Seongsan Jeju Island, 33°10′-33°50′N, 126°10′-127°0′E, is Ilchulbong (Sunrise Peak), (33°27′27.18″N, an extinct secondary a volcanic island, elliptical in shape, created mainly volcano from eruptions of Hallasan, a shield volcano with a lagoon is almost flat and shallow, and protected from height of 1950 m, from about 1.2 million years ago wave action by the volcano which forms a cape. This until historic times; the eruptions also caused more lagoon has mainly a coarse sandy mud substrate with than 360 small parasitic volcanoes, called oreum patches of small boulders (Lee H.-J. et al., 2014; (Kwon S., 2006). The east and northeast coasts face Silina, 2014). 126°56′00.39″E). This the Korea/Tsushima Strait; the south coast faces the Sandy beaches of several types are found on all East China Sea; and the west and northwest coasts coasts of Jeju Island (Figs. 3, 4). The beach sands are face the Yellow Sea. The coastline is mainly rocky mainly of three types: silicate sand, carbonate sand, with several sandy beaches and a few sand tidal flats. and Mud flats are virtually nonexistent (Choi K-S. et al., carbonate materials (Kim T.-H. et al., 2008). Silicate 2000). sand is formed from volcanic rocks by weathering mixed sands containing both silicate and Jeju’s drainage system is made up of streams that caused by strong wind and waves, and feldspar and radiate outwards from the central high-point of quartz are the main elements; this type is found at - 152 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Fig. 3. Coastline and beaches of Jeju Island: A. Seongsan (2007); B. Beach thanatocoenoses at Gwakji (2011); C. Jungmun (2011); D. Yeongmeori (2013); E. Jongdal-ri (2011); F. Hyopjae (2011). All photographs by K.A. Lutaenko. Samyang, Seongsan, Hamo (Sangmo), and Gummulae sands. Mixed sands are found at Jongdal-ri and at Jungmun areas, as well as other beaches. Udo, a small island adjacent to Seongsan. Carbonate sand is formed from crushed mollusk shells Most Jeju beaches are carbonate sand and the and skeletons of coralline algae caused by wave action remainder are an equal number (6) of mixed sand and and is found in Hamdok, Gymnyeong, and Hyupjae, as silicate sand. Most beaches (9) are found on the north well as other beaches. Calcite and analcime are the and east coasts, with an equal number (5) found on principal minerals of the carbonate sand. Mixed sands, the south and west coasts (Table 1). Two of the most the third type, contain both silicate and carbonate speciose - 153 - beaches, Yeongmeori and Hwasoon, are Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Fig. 4. Coastline and beaches of Jeju Island: A. Jungmun (2007); B. Yerae (2012); C. Pyeoson (2007); D. North coast (2007); E. Seongsan (2007); F. Tongbatarl (Ojo-ri) Lagoon (2007). All photographs by K.A. Lutaenko. located on the south coast, and a third, Seongsan, on development. the east coast (Figs. 3, 4). Another rich area is Yerae, Apart from the sandy beaches found on all coasts of a coastline with deep tidepools and patches of sand, on the island, most of the coastline is composed of the south coast. The highest number of mollusk volcanic rock of various types (Figs. 3, 4). Steep cliffs species, 176, of which 73 are bivalves, has been and headlands are found at various locations, and reported from Hwasoon; however this area has now cliffs of columnar basalt occur on the south coast. Also, been significantly modified by port and tourism low-lying coasts, such as the north coast, may be - 154 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Tabel 1. Beach sediments in studied localities of Jeju Island Coast Beach Sand type North Gwakji Carbonate Gwakji (Handam) Carbonate East Udo South West Iho Mixed Samyang Silicate Hamdeok Carbonate Gimnyeong Carbonate Woljeong Carbonate Haengwon Carbonate Handong Carbonate Sehwa Carbonate Hado Carbonate Jongdal Carbonate Songsan Silicate Shinyang Mixed Pyoseon Carbonate Hagosudong Carbonate Sanhosa Coralline algae (carbonate) Geomeollae Silicate Beomeok Cobble and coarse sand (silicate) Jungmun Mixed Hwasoon Mixed Yeongmeori Silicate Sagyei Mixed Hamo (Sangmo) Silicate Hamo Mixed Geumneung Carbonate Hyeopjae Carbonate Gwideok Carbonate composed of jagged basalt rocks interspersed with Beardsley, 2002). The Changjiang (Yangtze) River, the tidepools, and projecting rocky ledges. The coastline longest river in Asia, drains into the East China Sea; may also consist of wide lava flows, such as at Yerae, this drainage water, having moved southward from the on the south coast, and boulder shores, also with Yangtze River mouth, joins the Kuroshio Current, and tidepools, such as those at Seogundo, on the south is carried by the Kuroshio Branch Current to Jeju coast, and Suwon, on the northwest coast. Offshore, Island and the Korea/Tsushima Strait. In winter, the however, the sea bottom is largely composed of muddy Tsushima Current has a single source, the Kuroshio sand, with areas of sandy mud near the north coast Branch Current, (Je J.-G. et al., 1991). Kuroshio Current water and Yangtze River drainage The Tsushima Current flows past Jeju Island which transports a mixture of water northward. In summer, the Tsushima Current, through the Korea/Tsushima Strait. The northward besides current flowing west of Kyushu, southwestern Japan, influenced by the Taiwan Warm Current, flowing from called the Kuroshio Branch Current, is considered the the south (Ishikawa and Beardsley, 2002). origin of the Tsushima Warm Current (Ishikawa and - 155 - the Kuroshio Branch Current, is also Although cooler water currents, particularly from Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 the eastern area of the Yellow Sea flowing past the western Korean coast, exert some influence, been approximately 6 mm, which is about three times the global average (Kim Y. et al., 2012). Furthermore, particularly to the north of Jeju Island, the warm Yamano Tsushima Current predominates, giving the island a temperature subtropical climate with mild winters and hot, humid including Jeju Island, has risen by 1.2° C in the past summers, and an average yearly temperature of 16°C 100 years. et al. in [2011] the demonstrated southern Yellow that Sea sea area, (World Climates, 2015). The prevailing winds from the Pacific Ocean are southeasterly in summer, and also Previous Research on Bivalve Mollusks help to raise the temperature of the water. The water temperature is highest in August (26.1°C) and the The Korean fauna received little attention from lowest in February or March (13.5°C) (World Sea malacologists in the nineteenth and the first half of Temperature, 2015). Monthly mean temperature and the twentieth century. In the middle of the nineteenth salinity of sea water around Jeju Island is influenced century some mollusk collections from Korean waters by precipitation and weather conditions as well as by were made during the visit of the British Navy vessel oceanographic conditions of the open sea such as the H.M.S. Samarang. Arthur Adams, a malacologist and Tsushima Warm Current and sea water in coastal assistant surgeon on the Samarang, supervised these areas (Ko J.-C. et al., 2003). Salinity is usually over 3 collections, and they were described in the “Zoology of 4‰ with a tiny variation between December and June, the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang” (Adams and Reeve, but large fluctuations occur during summer, and 1848-1850). Five bivalve species described here also salinity may decrease to 29-30‰ or even to 23.94‰ occur in Jeju Island, and several others described (Sinsan, September) or 25.65‰ (Jungmun, July) in elsewhere are also listed. Adams, in his introduction to shallow-water stations. The place of the lowest water the mollusk section of the above publication, stated: temperature was the north-eastern coast of Jeju: in “In Quelpart [Jeju Island], for instance, where the February, the minimum temperature goes down as low perpendicularity of the sides of this deep-seated as 11.0°C at Hado and in March, 12.1°C at Sehwa. submarine mountain will not allow of the formation of The maximum water temperature can increase in coral, few shells are found” (l.c., p. ix). He also August up to 27.7°C at Hwasoon and 26.1°C at described a lucinid species (Myrtea delicatula A. Jungmun, and in September up to 26.6° in Jungmun Adams, 1862) from Korea Strait (Adams, 1862), and (Ko J.-C. et al., 2003). later described several bivalve species with type Jeju Island has moderately wide tidal ranges, with localities as Quelpart, e.g., Cuspidaria nobilis (A. an average of about three meters; the south coast Adams, 1864) (as Neaera), Cuspidariidae (“Quelpart, experiences slightly wider ranges than the north coast. 52 fathoms”) and Callocardia guttata A. Adams, 1864, Off the south coast the tidal current sets in an east Veneridae (“off Quelpart, 48 fathoms”) (Adams, 1864a; and west direction, roughly parallel to the coast, at a b). Thus, the history of mollusk collecting in Jeju has velocity of 0.5 to 0.75 knots. Tidal currents off the continued for more than 160 years. north coast of the island set parallel to the coast. Jeffreys (1879) described a collection of bivalves, Climate change caused by global warming is a gastropods, and brachiopods, without illustrations, strong possibility for the addition of new bivalve from Korea Strait, between Jeju Island and the species to Jeju Island’s fauna. There has been a 1.6°C southern Korean mainland. However, his list was increase in average winter temperatures since the based on the erroneous idea that a number of species 1930s. As a result, both the depth of snow at higher from Japan or Korea were the same as those in elevations and the total number of days of snowfall Europe: “certain species ... are identical or varieties of have been moving downwards. Since 1960, the average European species” (l.c., p. 418). Although it would be annual rate of sea-level rise around Jeju Island has most interesting to ascertain the Korean species to - 156 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 which Jeffreys was referring, it would be extremely Munseom and Jigwido. These authors compiled a list difficult, if not impossible, to do so without access to of all species found around Jeju Island, including those the actual specimens. from previous works, and among them were 123 In the first half of the twentieth century Japanese bivalve species. malacologists published several lists of the Korean In a series of papers, J.J. Lee and co-workers fauna (see for details: Lutaenko and Noseworthy published important data on the species composition (2012), but they dealt mostly with continental Korea. and distribution of intertidal benthic invertebrates in The earliest Korean papers documenting some bivalve many parts of Jeju Island. A study of 25 intertidal mollusks from Jeju Island were by B.D. Lee (1956; stations around the island in 1987-1989 listed 13 1958), a pioneer of Korean malacology. He mentioned species of bivalves (Lee J.J. and Jwa Y.W., 1988; Lee “specimens from Isl. Quelpart” for several mollusk J.J. et al., 1989). In the northern part of Jeju Island, species (Lee B.D., 1958). H.S. Kim and B.J. Rho (1971) at Hamdeok, Oedo, and Guiduck, 13 species of bivalves published the first check-list of Jeju Island benthic were found (Lee J.J., 1990). At 8 stations around animals based on literature records and field studies Seogwipo, on the southern coast (August 1990-July in 1970-1971. They enumerated only 10 bivalve 1991), a study on the distribution and community species, mostly from Seogwipo but also from structure of benthic mollusks was conducted, with 8 bivalve species collected; among them, two bivalves Seongsanpo, Moseulpo, and Jungmun. J.-G. Je et al. (1991) sampled benthic mollusks in were dominant species in the middle and lower the soft substrate of the Southern Sea of Korea (Korea intertidal zones (Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M., 1991). A Strait and East China Sea) at 83 stations in July and similar study in the intertidal zone of Gapa and Mara August, 1990, including about ten station around Jeju islets (March-June 1991) revealed 11 bivalve species Island. At least, three species of dominant bivalves are (Lee J.J., 1991). From October 1991 to October 1992, shown on maps as living around the island. A total of the 33 bivalve species were found in this area; however, community on rocky shores were studied in the the list is provided for the entire Southern Sea, and eastern part of the island, at Shinyang, Ohcho (Ojo-ri), Jeju coastal waters cannot be separated. Photographs Jongdal, and Hado, and also around Udo Island, with of many species collected in this and other areas of 12 species reported (Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M., 1992). Korea are given by J.-G. Je (1993). Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. (1993) studied the distribution seasonal changes in the intertidal benthic Kim H.S. et al. (1992) published a report on bivalve and seasonal changes of the benthic macroinvertebrate mollusks of Jeju enumerating 22 species (9 identified community in four intertidal rocky shore areas of to genus level only) and illustrating Arca avellana Biyangdo from January 1992 to January 1993; they Lamarck, 1819, Septifer keenae Nomura, 1936, Limaria collected 10 bivalve species. In the upwelling area on basilanica (Adams et Reeve, 1850), Crassostrea gigas the western coast, around Jagwi-do, 10 bivalves were (Thunberg, 1793) and Ruditapes variegatus (G.B. identified, and one mytilid species was found among Sowerby II, 1852) (= Ruditapes aspera (Quoy et the dominant fauna (Lee J.J. et al., 1995). A study on Gaimard, 1835)). the distribution and seasonal changes of the benthic J.-G. Je et al. (2002) conducted a baseline study for invertebrate community, performed on intertidal rocky conserving the coastal and marine biological diversity shore of Chuja-do in 1996-1997, revealed 15 species of of Jeju Island. Coastal habitats, and zoobenthic species bivalves, and among them S. keenae was a dominant composition and distribution, were investigated for species in the middle and sub-middle intertidal zones three years (1999-2000) in 18 intertidal areas along (Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M., 1997). A study of species the coast of the island. They sampled four subtidal diversity rocky shores and three subtidal sandy substrate areas (September 1999-August 2000) revealed 10 bivalve near Seogwipo, including the islets of Beomseom, species (Lee J.J. et al., 2001). J.J. Lee and J.M. Hyun - 157 - in the Hwasoon rocky intertidal area Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 (2002) conducted a study on species diversity, vertical intertidal and subtidal bottom communities are given distribution, and community structure of intertidal in the book “Current and Future Living Resources” invertebrates near (2015) published by Korea Institute of Ocean Science Songacksan, on the southern coast, from June 2000 to and Technology (KIOST). Another book, a field guide May 2001; in this area, they recorded 12 bivalve to the Jeju seashore animals and plants, features 21 species. species of bivalves with color illustrations (Yang H.-S. at nine sampling stations The biodiversity of benthic invertebrates in the and Choi K.S., 2011). intertidal and subtidal regions of Gapado, Beomseom, There are a number of regional ecofaunal molluscan and Munseom islets was surveyed twice, in May and studies in Jeju. J.-G. Je et al. (1994a) studied September 2013, to study the state of biodiversity in composition and distribution patterns on rocky shores Seogwipo; as a result, a total of 29 species of bivalves in the Munseom area, in June-July 1993; a total of 77 were found (Cho I.-Y. et al., 2014). A report on the bivalve species were identified, and the authors distribution of common species of benthic animals in discussed the zoogeography of this fauna. A special the Munseom area was published by Je J.-G. et al. study was devoted to the molluscan fauna of the (1994b). Seongsan area in eastern Jeju; 17 species were K.-S. Choi (1996) and K.-S. Choi et al. (2000) collected and illustrated (Noseworthy et al., 2002). surveyed 25 of the island’s edible bivalves to ascertain Surveys of Seogundo, a small island adjacent to the their species southern coast of Jeju and connected by a boulder belonged to the Veneridae, Mytilidae, Pectinidae, and beach at low tide, were conducted from 2001-2009 to Ostreidae. The majority of these species occur in the enumerate the mollusks, and examine their diversity, subtidal area, and harvesting wild populations for relative abundance, and ecological relationships; in commercial purposes would require special techniques total, 16 bivalves were found (Noseworthy and Choi, and equipment. However, because of the relatively 2010). Suzuki (2010) collected 26 species of bivalves small populations of edible species and the exposed, from beach drift at 11 localities in Jeju Island. The mainly rocky, shoreline, no commercial bivalve mollusk molluscan fauna of the Tongbatarl (Ojo-ri) Lagoon commercial potential. Most of the aquaculture may be possible in Jeju Island. near Seongsan was studied by H.-J. Lee et al. (2014) H. Qi and B.L. Choe (2000) published a report on in July, 2012; a total of 9 bivalve species were found, five unrecorded ostreoidean species in Korea with four the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et new species records from Jeju Island. K.-S. Choi (2008) Reeve, 1850)) population having low density, and the surveyed the Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae of Korea, lucinid Pillucina pisidium (Dunker, 1860) high density. showing their distribution, value in aquaculture, and Noseworthy et al. (2016a) studied an assemblage of type of aquaculture employed for some species. mollusks Since the 1970s, Korean malacologists published several identification guidebooks with associated with the high latitude scleractinian coral Alveopora japonica (Eguchi, 1968) color in Jeju, and identified 20 species of bivalve mollusks. photographs of mollusks (Yoo, 1976; Kwon O.-K. et al., Noseworthy and K.-S. Choi (2018) collected mollusk 1993; 2001; Min D.-K. et al., 2004), also containing species associated with the coralline algae Corallina records of bivalves from Jeju Island. The most confusa Yendo, 1902 from a tide pool at Hamo beach important is the above-mentioned book “Mollusks in on the south-west coast of Jeju Island in May 2012, Korea” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). In two reviews of the and a total of 24 species of mollusks were identified, Korean Arcoida and Mytiloida (Lee J.-S., 2013) and including 4 bivalves. Solemyoida and Nuculida (Lee J.-S., 2014), many Special reports deal with possible invasive bivalves species records for Jeju are enumerated. Images of 7 have appeared in Jeju recently. Oh et al. (2017) common bivalve species living around Busan and Jeju, reported the first finding of the tropical blacklip pearl along with data on distribution and schemes of the oyster Pinctada margaritifera (L., 1758) (Pteriidae) in - 158 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Jeju (Beomseom) and suggested that intensive Limpanont et al. (2011) reported on the annual monitoring surveys are necessary for confirming the reproductive northward expansion of this species in Korean waters reproduction, and larval morphology of the tellinid cycle, environmental influences on in the near future. A malleid, Malleus regula (Forsskål Macoma irus (Hanley, 1845). Kang D.-H. et al. (2007) in Niebuhr, 1775) was recorded for the first time from reported Korea, being the second species of this family found in gametogenesis in Coecella chinensis (Deshayes, 1855). this country; coastal warming and possible changes in The relatively smaller eggs observed were believed to for the first time on the annual the northward-flowing Tsushima Current may account be a reproductive strategy of C. chinensis, an adaptive for the addition of new mollusk species to the island’s trade-off between reproduction and growth in the fauna (Noseworthy et al., 2016b). food-poor upper intertidal environment. Limpanont et The first detailed check-list of all mollusks of Jeju al. (2010) also issued a first report on the annual Island was published by Noseworthy et al. (2007) reproductive cycle of Burchard's cockle, Acrosterigma based on a four-year survey and literature records. burchardi (Dunker, 1877). Forty-eight survey stations were visited, with a total of The commercially important venerid R. philippinarum 82 specific localities. The list contained 225 marine was the object of several Jeju Island studies. Ngo and bivalves, with the Veneridae, Mytilidae, and Arcidae K.-S. Choi (2004) investigated seasonal changes in the having the largest number of species, and also data on infection intensity of the parasites Perkinsus and local and world-wide distributions. This check-list is a Cercaria in R. philippinarum. This study clearly basis for the current paper. showed that parasitism impacts clam reproduction, at The above studies have contributed much to the least during part of the annual reproductive cycle. understanding of the species composition of the Also, Uddin et al. (2013) investigated the gonad molluscan fauna of Jeju Island specifically and also development and reproductive effort of this species. the Korean Peninsula. Since then, studies of this Size and age structures of R. philippinarum from fauna have continued. coastal subrecent shell accumulations derived from There are a number of studies on the biology, populations inhabiting the east coast of Jeju Island ecology, age and growth, reproduction, and diseases of were studied by Silina (2009; 2011). Silina (2014) also bivalve studied mollusks inhabiting Jeju coastal waters: the growth and some morphological Pinctada fucata (Gould, 1850) (= Pinctada imbricata parameters of Ruditapes bruguieri (Hanley, 1845) (= R. Röding, aspera) as well as its habitat preferences in Jeju 1798) (Cho C.-H. et al., 1988), Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, 1904 (= Striostrea circumpicta) (Kang D.-H. 2004), Island. japonicum On the coast of Jeju, marine Holocene deposits with (Gmelin, 1791) (= Ylistrum japonicum) (Son P.-W. et molluscan shells are distributed, with the youngest al., 1996). N.L. Lim (2005) reported for the first time stratigraphic units being the Sinyangri and Hamori on the microscopic features of larvae and gonads of S. formations; however, the molluscan shells are mostly circumpicta. H.-K. Hong et al. (2013) investigated the bivalve fragments which cannot be identified to species types of hemocytes and immune activity of the oysters level; their ages are mid-Holocene (3400-5000 years Saccostrea et kegaki al., Torigoe Amusium and Inaba, 1981, S. BP) (Cheong C.-S. et al., 2006). We believe that some circumpicta, and Hyotissa hyotis (L., 1758). Lee H.-J. of the subfossil shells collected by us from beaches et al. (2013) made first observation on the early (e.g., Anadara granosa (L., 1758) may belong to a embryonic and larval development of S. kegaki. Their re-deposited Holocene fauna washed ashore. Another results provide the basic information concerning the fossil molluscan fauna in Jeju is more ancient and hemocyte populations of those three subtropical oysters belongs to the Seogwipo Formation (Late Pliocene- for Early Pleistocene) (Yoon S., 1988; Kang S.-S., 1995). further investigation associated with various environmental disease stresses. In the Heterodonta, - 159 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Fig. 5. Jeju bivalves in natural habitats: A, C, D. Clumps of Septifer virgatus in the intertidal zone; B. Lithophaga lischkei: specimens and boreholes; E, F. Clumps of Septifer keenae in the intertidal zone; G, H. Clumps of Brachidontes mutabilis in the intertidal zone. - 160 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Ecology of Jeju Bivalves sand with a slight admixture of silt. The silt content in the bottom sediments may constitute 1-2%. It indicates Most of the Jeju coastline is of volcanic origin, mainly basalt and lava flows. A wide variety of that the species is, most likely, sensitive to mud resuspension in the water (Silina, 2014). bivalves inhabit this area, and the dominant bivalve At Seongsan, the sandy beach is behind the slabs, species vary from one area to another. Mytilids are and along their seaward edge are other sandy areas. rarely found in some areas, such as Seogundo, but A. Three species of Veneridae and single species of avellana and Cardita leana Dunker, 1860 inhabit Mactridae and Psammobiidae are moderately common crevices in the undersides of rocks in shallow water, as in those areas. Besides sandy beaches, bivalves may well as other species, such as Striarca symmetrica also inhabit other areas of soft substrate, such as (Reeve, 1844), Irus irus (L., 1758), and Anomia sandy areas at the bottom of large tidepools. Samples cytaeum Gray, 1850. Clumps of Septifer virgatus of coarse sand from the bottoms of tidepools at (Wiegman, 1837) and S. keenae (Fig. 5) occur byssally Seogundo yielded eight bivalves: Nucula paulula A. attached between rocks; C. leana and Brachidontes Adams, 1856, Musculus viridulus (H. Adams, 1871), B. mutabilis (Gould, 1861) (Fig. 5) are frequently found mutabilis, A. avellana, Barbatia trapezina (Lamarck, among the clumps. 1819), Barbatia stearnsi (Pilsbry, 1895), R. aspera, and At Seongsan Ilchulbong, the shoreline is composed of Irus irus (L., 1758). M. viridulus, which prefers rocky flat slabs of basalt which are exposed at low tide. The substrates (Okutani, 2000; as “Musculus nanus”) and rock slabs are several meters in width from a coarse marine sandy beach to the water’s edge, and contain several (Noseworthy and Choi, 2010). The pholadid Barnea tide pools. A. avellana and S. keenae are found exposed manilensis (Philippi, 1847) inhabits hard sandy mud at on the rocks, and in tide pools and crevices. At the Hamo Beach. flora, was also found in this habitat eastern end of the Hwasoon area, Barbatia bistrigata A few sand tidal flats occur on the east coast of Jeju (Dunker, 1866) is one of the dominant species in the Island, mainly at Jongdal-ri, Ojo-ri, and Hado-ri. A intertidal zone of the rocky coastline (Lee J.J. et al., macrobenthic fauna survey at Jongdal-ri revealed that 2001); while in the Seogwipo area S. keenae is the one of the dominant species at this locality was dominant bivalve in the lower intertidal zone (Lee J.J. Cycladicama and Hyun J.M., 1991). cf. lunaris (Yokoyama, 1927). Other common bivalves were Solen strictus Gould, 1861, R. Bivalves colonize all hard substrates, including philippinarum, Gomphina multifaria (Kong, Matsukuma artificial ones such as breakwaters and wharves which et Lutaenko, 2012), and Nuttallia obscurata (Reeve, present a smoother surface for encrusting organisms. 1857) (Fig. 7). Other bivalves occurring in this area A survey of intertidal invertebrates inhabiting natural were mainly infaunal species, one each of eleven and artificial substrata on the northeast coast of the families, and two species of Carditidae (Ecological island revealed that the ostreids C. gigas and S. Studies of Jongdal-ri…, 2005). kegaki (Fig. 6), and the mytilid S. virgatus, are Marine flora, seaweed and coralline algae, constitute dominant species on natural substrata; however, only a distinct mollusk habitat. Although gastropod species S. virgatus is the dominant species on artificial make up the largest number of mollusks, bivalves, substrata (Cha J.-H. et al., 2013). usually smaller sessile filter feeders, are often found Although rocky coastlines predominate in Jeju attached to various species of seaweed and coralline Island, several beaches of coarse and fine sand, and a algae, and some may be dominant. This habitat few muddy-sand areas, are distributed along all coasts provides both some protection from predators and a of the island. Bivalves occur mainly in the subtidal source of food. Organic detritus can collect in and zone, For around the algae and provide a ready food supply for example, R. aspera prefers coarse and medium-grained the attached bivalves. For example, smaller species of although some inhabit the intertidal. - 161 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Fig. 6. Jeju bivalves in natural habitats: A, B. Mytilus coruscus. C. Musculus pusio in seaweed Chondrus crispus; D. Specimens of Saccostrea kegaki in the intertidal zone; E. Coecella chinensis; F. Pinctada margaritifera; G. Macoma irus; H. Irus mitis. - 162 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Fig. 7. Jeju bivalves in natural habitats: A-C. Ruditapes philippinarum; D, F. Solen strictus; E. Cyclina sinensis. Mytilidae and Arcidae may be found in species of red dominant mollusk species there (Fig. 6). and brown algae, e.g., Sargassum sp., and also Coralline algae appear to contain the largest number coralline algae. Species of Musculus, as well as some of mollusk species. The number of bivalve specimens of small arcids, are often found byssally attached to the small species or juveniles and subadults of the larger algae. at species may vary among different localities. For Seogundo on the south coast (Noseworthy and Choi, example, a study of mollusks associated with coralline 2010) revealed that, although only three bivalve algae at Hamo Beach, on the southwestern coast of the A study of mollusk-algae associations species occurred live in four different algae species, the island revealed that some species, e.g., M. viridulus, mytilid M. pusio was not only the most common live that were very common in the Seogundo survey were bivalve obtained in this survey but was also one of the quite scarce at Hamo. Most bivalves obtained so far - 163 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 have been filter feeders; however, N. paulula, a deposit coral communities. J.-C. Ko et al. (2008), in their study feeder, has also been obtained from the coralline algae of the macrobenthos of Munseom, an islet off the Alatocladia cf. modesta Johansen, 1969 (Noseworthy southern coast of the island, listed the dominant soft and Choi, 2010). It is possible that organic detritus coral species but provided no specific information on may be trapped in the blades of the algae and become bivalve associations. I.-Y. Cho et al. (2014) studied the avalaibale for deposit-feeding bivalves. biodiversity of benthic invertebrates in the Seogwipo At Yeongmeori coast, approximately 2 km west area, which is rich in soft coral species, especially the southwest of Hwasoon, south coast of Jeju Island, a subtidal zones around Munseom and the neighboring large sample of coralline algae and brown seaweed islet washed up at the water’s edge by heavy wave action, occurring in this area were listed, along with 14 at very low tide, yielded a wide variety of bivalves, bivalve families associated with the coral. Of those, the mainly seven species of Mytilidae: four small species, Mytilidae, Arcidae, and Chamidae were the most M. viridulus, Musculus pusio (A. Adams, 1862), B. speciose with five species each. juvenile specimens of three larger Beomseom. Six protected coral species There are only a few hard coral species in Jeju mutabilis, and Xenostrobus atratus (Lischke, 1871), and of species, Island. A. japonica, the dominant species, forms a Modiolus coral carpet, a relatively thin layer of coral framework, nipponicus (Oyama, 1950), and S. keenae. Also, six in relatively shallow water, 5-15 m, along many areas other Lasaeidae, of the Jeju coastline. Many mollusks have developed Ungulinidae, and Nuculidae, all containing small thriving communities mainly at the base of the coral Modiolus kurilensis families were Bernard, found, 1983, including species. Although other bivalve species were found in (Noseworthy et al., 2016a). At present, 61 species, the sample, they may have inhabited other habitats about half of them bivalves, have been obtained from and been washed up with the seaweed. A. japonica colonies, although bivalves have the Seagrass is uncommon in Jeju Island, being found largest number of specimens. The Mytilidae, only in a few localities on the northeast coast. At Chamidae, and Arcidae are the most speciose of the present, Bivalvia, Zostera marina L., 1753, the most with five, four, and three species, wide-ranging marine flowering plant in the Northern respectively, and Lithopaga lischkei (Huber, 2010), B. Hemisphere, is the only seagrass species reported from stearnsi, Chama cerinohodon Hamada et Matsukuma, the island (Park J.-I. et al., 2012). Many bivalves 2005, and C. leana are the dominant species. Almost inabit Z. marina, expecially the Mytilidae. At Ojo-ri, a all bivalves inhabiting the coral are suspension large lagoon-like area, about 1 km west of Seongsanpo, feeders, on the northeast coast, large dried clumps of seagrass commensals. Bivalves can be classified according to may be found along the low tide line on the eastern their habitats in coral: borers, encrusters, and crevice side of the lagoon. Four mytilid species inhabit the dwellers, or nestlers (Noseworthy et al., 2016a). Most although some are detritus feeders or seagrass; three are small species, B. mutabilis, X. of the bivalve species inhabiting A. japonica colonies atratus, and M. viridulus, and juvenile specimens of are M. kurilensis are also present. Three species of Carditidae, which attach themselves by a byssus to the Pillucina (Lucinidae) and juvenile specimens of the substrate or nestle in crevices. Other bivalves are crevice dwellers, such as the Arcidae and venerids Paphia cf. vernicosa (Gould, 1861) and R. either philippinarum, as well as a species of Irus, are also Spondylidae, which cover dead coral or other hard found there. Among other species, the Ungulinidae and substrates, Lasaeidae also occur, as well as N. paulula, the most penetrate corals or other calcareous substrata. A common small species in the seagrass. zonal-geographical examination of the distribution Although there are several studies of soft corals in Jeju Island, there is little information on bivalves-soft encrusters, and such borers, as e.g., the Chamidae Lithophaga, and which ranges of the mollusks associated with A. japonica demonstrates - 164 - that the majority of species have Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 tropical-subtropical (warm-water) affinities, and most 1837), Pecten sinensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1842, Pecten of them are bivalves. Bivalve larvae can remain viable puncticulatus Dunker, 1877, Isognomon ephippium (L., in the water column longer that gastropod larvae, 1758), Laevichlamys lemniscata (Reeve, 1853), Chlamys in squamata (Gmelin, 1791), Chlamys irregularis (G.B. northward-flowing currents (Brusca and Brusca, 2003), Sowerby II, 1842) (preoccupied name) (= Laevichlamys enabling them to travel longer distances and this may account for the preponderance of cuneata (Reeve, 1853)), Chlamys larvata (Reeve, 1853) tropical-subtropical bivalve species occurring in the (a synonym of Laevichlamys squamosa (Gmelin, 1791), coral carpet in Jeju Island. In general, the sizes of Isomonia umbonata (Gould, 1861). These bivalves are bivalve A. valid species living either in other parts of Korea or in japonica are smaller than usual, suggesting a size other parts of the Indo-Pacific but not found in Jeju. adjustment to a more restricted habitat. The rest of the species names regarded in current specimens living in association with taxonomic literature as synonyms and enumerated by Noseworthy et al. (2007), and also mentioned in some Annotated Catalogue of Marine Bivalve Mollusk Species of Jeju-do other, mainly ecological, papers are listed in this catalogue under different binomina but they do live in In first part of this catalogue, 105 species and 21 Jeju; these names are discussed in the comments families are included (orders Nuculida, Nuculanida, sections Solemyida, Arcida, Mytilida, Ostreida and Pectinida). mentioned in the catalogue below are odd, doubtful, or Among trapezina unreliable and, thus, are not included here because them, five species (Barbatia of relevant species. Some records not (Lamarck, 1819), Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, there are no further literature confirmations of their 1906), Anadara sp., Anadara granosa (L., 1758), existence, no voucher material is available to be Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck, 1819)) are recorded for consulted, or they are fossil species not known from the first time in Jeju Island, and one species (I. recent seas. In the Pectinidae, Patinopecten tokyoensis nucleus) is a new record for Korea. Another 11 species (Tokunaga, 1906) and Chlamys cosibensis (Yokoyama, (Nucula tokyoensis Yokoyama, 1920, Acila insignis 1911) (Je J.-G. et al., 1994a; 2002) are Japanese (Gould, 1861), Megayoldia japonica (A. Adams et Neogene-Early Pleistocene species (Masuda, 1962); in Reeve, 1850), Modiolus comptus G.B. Sowerby III, the Limidae, Limaria basilanica (A. Adams et Reeve, 1915, Lithophaga cf. malaccana (Reeve, 1857), Atrina 1850) and Limaria hakodatensis (Tokunaga, 1906) (Je japonica (Reeve, 1858), Saccostrea scyphophilla (Peron J.-G. et al., 1994a; 2002) may be found in Jeju when et Lesueur, 1807), Parahyotissa numisma (Lamarck, additional surveys are undertaken; and in the Arcidae, 1819), Pinctada Barbatia lacerata (Bruguière, 1789) (Suzuki, 2010) is a margaritifera (L., 1758), Malleus regula (Forsskål in tropical species not known in Korea (Min D.-K. et al., Niebuhr, 1775)) were not listed in the check-list of 2004; Lee J.-S., 2013), and distributed in Japan only in Jeju bivalves by Noseworthy et al. (2007), but are the Amami Islands and southwards (Higo et al., 1999). Anomia cytaeum Gray, 1850, known from literature either published before or after 2007, and, thus, they are added here to the Jeju fauna. Some species listed by Noseworthy et al. (2007) Subclass PROTOBRANCHIA Pelseneer, 1889 are excluded from the Jeju fauna because their true Order NUCULIDA Dall, 1889 identity was checked and re-assessed based on voucher Superfamily Nuculoidea Gray, 1824 material: Arca boucardi Jousseaume, 1894, Anadara Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789)”, Glycymeris imperialis Genus Nucula Lamarck, 1799 Kuroda, 1934, Glycymeris munda (G.B. Sowerby III, Subgenus Nucula Lamarck, 1799 1903), Musculus nanus (Dunker, 1857), Gregariella 1. Nucula (Nucula) paulula A. Adams, 1856 semigranata (Reeve, 1858), Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, - 165 - Pl. 1, Figs. B, E Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Seopjikoji, General distribution: Japan (Izu Islands, Miyake Munseom, Seogundo, Hwasoon, Hamo, Tongbatarl; Island, Boso Peninsula and southwards, Kii Peninsula, other records: Je J.-G. et al. (2002) (Hado); Noseworthy southern East/Japan Sea), Taiwan, Okinawa, East Local distribution: Udo (Sanhosa), and Choi K.-S. (2010) (Seogundo); Lee H.-J. et al. China Sea, Korea (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., (2014) (Tongbatarl (Ojo-ri) Lagoon); Lee J.-S. (2014) 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. (Seopjikoji, Hwasoon). Habitat: On sandy mud, at depth of 50-1350 m (Higo General distribution: Korea and Japan to Taiwan, East et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). China Sea (Yangtze River delta) (Higo et al., 1999; Comments: Je et al. (1991) included this species among Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004); subtropical. the seven most abundant soft bottom species in the Habitat: Under rocks in tidepools, on sandy mud or Southern Sea of Korea, including the area around Jeju fine sandy substrate, from the intertidal zone to depth Island; an illustration was given by Je (1993). N. of 50 m (Huber, 2010). It inhabits coarse sand in the tokyoensis appears to be a somewhat variable species bottoms of tidepools around Seogundo, off southern in shape and it might be possible that Nucula Jeju Island (Noseworthy and Choi, 2010). gemmulata Habe, 1953 is based on a more trigonal Comments: Robba et al. (2007, p. 5, fig. 4a, b) recorded juvenile (Huber, 2010). Lectotype and paralectotype of and illustrated this species from the Gulf of Thailand, N. tokyoensis are figured by Oyama (1973, pl. 20, figs. and stated that the Thai specimens conform to the 28, 29); the holotype of N. gemmulata is figured by Japanese shells in all respects but they have a Higo et al. (2001, p. 145, fig. B4). This species was not somewhat more triangular outline. However, they also listed in the previous checklist of bivalves of Jeju mentioned (l.c., p. 5) that the outer surface of the (Noseworthy et al., 2007). specimens possesses uneven growth lines crossed by faint radial striations, whereas Japanese and Korean Genus Acila H. et A. Adams, 1858 specimens have a smooth and polished surface, e.g., Subgenus Acila H. et A. Adams, 1858 Okutani (2000, pl. 415, fig. 1; Min D.-K. et al., 2004, p. 3. Acila (Acila) mirabilis (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850) 366, fig. 1160; Lutaenko, 2014, pl. 1, fig. A), and their Synonyms: Nucula sculpta Pease, 1860; Acila divaricata postero-dorsal margin is more curved. A closer species submirabilis Schenck, 1936 (non Makiyama, 1926); Acila but of larger size, up to 7 mm, may be Nucula schencki Habe, 1958; Acila (Acila) archibenthalis Okutani, (Nucula) striolata A. Adams, 1856, originally described 1964. from the “China Seas” (Adams, 1856, p. 52) and having a crenulate margin, rather smooth surface and Local distribution: Jeju (Lee J.-S., 2014; as Acila the umbones rather acute. This was not recognized by divaricata divaricata). subsequent authors in China or Japan, and the General distribution: Yellow Sea, East/Japan Sea, identity of this species and its distribution are Korea, Japan (Kyushu, Honshu) (Min D.-K. et al., unknown at present (Huber, 2010); there are four 2004; Huber, 2010; Zhang et al., 2014; Lutaenko and syntypes of this species in the Natural History Noseworthy, 2019); subtropical-lowboreal. Museum, London (l.c.). A possible syntype of N. Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 15-800 or 1470 paulula is figured by Higo et al. (2001). m, mud, sandy mud and fine sand (Huber, 2010). Subgenus Lamellinucula Schenck, 1944 2000) and Russian (Scarlato, 1981) workers believed 2. Nucula (Lamellinucula) tokyoensis Yokoyama, 1920 that Nucula mirabilis A. Adams et Reeve, 1850 is a Synonyms: ?Nucula (Lamellinucula) gemmulata Habe, 1953. synonym of Acila (Acila) divaricata (Hinds, 1843). Comments: Japanese (e.g., Higo et al., 1999; Okutani, Meanwhile, Chinese malacologists (Xu, 1984; Qi, 2004) Local distribution: northern coast of Jeju Island (Je separated A. divaricata and A. mirabilis, and showed J.-G. et al., 1991). that A. divaricata ranges only from the East China to - 166 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 the South China seas, whereas A. mirabilis is a member of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass community. Later, this opinion was supported by Order NUCULANIDA Carter, Campbell et Campbell, 2000 Superfamily Nuculanoidea H. et A. Adams, 1858 Family Nuculanidae H. et A. Adams, 1858 Huber (2010): A. divaricata, originally described from Genus Nuculana Link, 1807 China, is smaller, generally less than 20 mm, with Subgenus Nuculana Link, 1807 weaker ribbing, less rostrate posteriorly, with a very 5. Nuculana (Nuculana) scalata Prashad, 1932 fine, regular ribbing on the inner ventral margin. It is Synonyms: ?Nuculana subscalata Okutani, 1962. distributed in Philippines and Chinese waters, and not found in Japan or in Russia. Recently, Zhang et al. Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). (2014) clearly confirmed this geographical pattern and General distribution: Korea and south-east Japan to morphological separation by a genetic-molecular study: Taiwan, South China Sea and Indonesia (Higo et al., according to them, A. mirabilis is commonly found in 1999; the Yellow Sea, the northern East/Japan Sea, and the tropical-subtropical. Russian Far Eastern seas (Okutani and Saito, 2017; Habitat: Sandy mud, at depth of 100-1640 m (Huber, Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2019). The distribution of 2010). Min D.-K. et al., 2004: Huber, 20100); A. divaricata and A. mirabilis in the Yellow Sea and Comments: Huber (2010) suggested that Nuculana East China Sea is separated by the Changjiang subscalata Okutani, 1962 might be a synonym of this (Yangtze) River estuary. This species was not listed in species. At least, specimens dredged off northern the previous checklist of bivalves of Jeju (Noseworthy Borneo at approximately 100 m deep are intermediate et al., 2007). in sculpture and shape between N. subscalata and N. scalata (l.c.). Part of the records of N. scalata in Japan Subgenus Truncacila Grant et Gale, 1931 are, 4. Acila (Truncacila) insignis (Gould, 1861) Tsuchida et Okutani, 1985 distributed around Boso Synonyms: Nucula (Acila) japonica Dall, 1898 (non A. Adams and Kii peninsulas (Honshu) and southwards, from et Reeve, 1850). southern Kyushu to Tanegashima and Yakushima, at in fact, Nuculana (Nuculana) tanseimaruae depth of 700-1031 m (Higo et al., 1999). The holotype Local distribution: Munseom (Je J.-G. et al., 1994a); of N. subscalata was figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. Jeju (Je J.-G. et al., 2002; Lee J.-S., 2014). 147, fig. B60). General distribution: Korea (North Korea, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeju), Japan (Hokkaido, East/Japan 6. Nuculana (Nuculana) leonina (Dall, 1896) Sea, western Synonyms: Leda amiata Dall, 1916; Leda liogona Dall, 1916; (Russia) Nuculana sagamiensis Okutani, 1962. Boso Kyushu), Peninsula northwestern and northwards, East/Japan Sea (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012; Lee J.-S., Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). 2014); subtropical-lowboreal. General distribution: Kamchatka to Korea and Japan; Habitat: Fine sand and mud, muddy sand, from southern Bering Sea to California (Scarlato, 1981; Higo intertidal zone to depth of 200 m (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999, as Nuculana sagamiensis); widely distributed et al., 1999). boreal. Comments: The holotype is figured by Higo et al. Habitat: Brown mud, fine sandy mud and green ooze, (2001, p. 145, fig. B12). This species was not listed in at depth of 200-2560 m (Huber, 2010). the previous checklist of bivalves of Jeju (Noseworthy Comments: et al., 2007). sagamiensis as a distinct species, and morphologically Huber (2010) did not recognize N. no traits were found separating Japanese specimens from Washington State specimens; adult size and - 167 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 depth of N. sagamiensis correspond well to N. leonina. Yellow seas (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; The holotype of N. sagamiensis is figured by Higo et Xu and Zhang, 2008); subtropical. al. (2001, p. 147, fig. B63). Habitat: Sandy mud, from the intertidal zone to depth of 50 m (Huber, 2010). 7. Nuculana (Saccella) gordonis (Yokoyama, 1920) Comments: Huber (2010) states that, although Japanese authors and additionally Kamenev (2009)), Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; due to ligament position, consistently refer this species Lee J.-S., 2014). to Acharax Dall, 1908, it does not belong to this genus. General distribution: Korea and Japan (south-eastern It is not close in broad anterior shape, neither does it East/Japan Sea, to Niigata Prefecture; north-eastern show the typical extended marginal fringes, nor is it Honshu and southwards) to Yellow and East China large (l.c.). For this species, he proposes a new seas (Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004); subtropical. subgenus, Pseudacharax Huber, 2010 (type species: Habitat: Fine sand and mud, at depth of 15-300 m Solenomya japonica Dunker, 1882). The lectotype of S. (Huber, 2010). yamakawai is fugured by Oyama (1973, pl. 27, fig. 1). Comments: Lectotype and paralectotype are figured by Oyama (1973, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2). Subclass AUTOBRANCHIA Grobben, 1894 Order ARCIDA Gray, 1854 Family Yoldiidae Dall, 1908 Superfamily Arcoidea Lamarck, 1809 Subfamily Yoldiellinae Allen et Hannah, 1986 Family Arcidae Lamarck, 1809 Genus Megayoldia Verrill & Bush, 1897 Subfamily Arcinae Lamarck, 1809 Genus Arca L., 1758 8. Megayoldia japonica (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850) Subgenus Arca L., 1758 Local distribution: northern coast of Jeju Island (Je 10. Arca (Arca) avellana Lamarck, 1819 Pl. 1, Fig. G, H J.-G., 1993). General distribution: Korea and Japan, East China Synonyms: Arca retusa Lamarck, 1819; Byssoarca maculata Sea, Yellow Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010); Sowerby I, 1833; Arca ocellata Reeve, 1844; Arca cunealis subtropical. Reeve, 1844; Arca arabica Philippi, 1847; Arca kraussii Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 10-300 m; fine sandy Krauss, 1848; Arca acuminata subnormalis Pilsbry, 1895; and muddy bottoms (Huber, 2010). Arca bicarinata Sowerby III, 1901; Navicula aladdin Iredale, 1939; Navicula terebra Iredale, 1939. Order SOLEMYIDA Dall, 1889 Local distribution: Samyang, Hamdeok, Haengwon, Superfamily Solemyoidea Gray, 1840 Udo Family Solemyidae Gray, 1840 Daejong, Shinyang, Pyoseon, Wimi, Bomok, Munseom, Genus Solemya Lamarck, 1818 Gangjeong, Yerae, Daepyeong, Jungmun, Hwasoon, Subgenus Pseudacharax Huber, 2010 Yeongmeori, Sagyeri, Songaksan, Hamo, Keumneung, 9. Solemya (Pseudacharax) japonica (Dunker, 1882) Biyangdo, Synonyms: Solemya yamakawai Yokoyama, 1927. Gwakji; other records: Lee J.J. and Jwa Y.W. (1988; as Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). boucardi); Lee J.J. (1990; as Arca boucardi) (northern General distribution: Korea and Japan (southern coast); Lee J.J. (1991; as Arca boucardi) (Gapado, Hokkaido Sea; Marado); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1991; as Arca south-eastern East/Japan Sea) to East China and boucardi) (Seogwipo); Kim H.S. et al. (1992); Lee J.J. (Sanhosa), Weoljeong, Hyeopjae, Suwon, Seongsan, Gwideok, Tongbatarl, Soessogak, Arca “bronchardi”); Lee J.J. et al. (1989; as Arca and southwards; Seto Inland - 168 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 and Hyun J.M. (1992) (eastern coast; Udo); Je J.-G. et former one. The two latter taxa do not have anything al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.J. et al. (1995; as Arca in common in morphology (A. dayi, perhaps, a distinct boucardi) (Jagwi-do); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997; species), whereas a specimen figured by Huber (2010, as Arca boucardi) (Chujado); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; p. 129; as “A. ocellata”) from northern Borneo does including Arca arabica and Arca boucardi) (Bumseom, represent A. koumaci. This is a rather peculiar species, Munseom, Supseom, Jigwido); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. clearly differentiated from all known species of the (2002; as Arca boucardi) (Songacksan); Noseworthy et genus by its small size (to 12-13 mm), presence of al. (2002; as Arca boucardi) (Seongsan); Noseworthy spikes (up to 5-7) on posterior ridge, lack of ventral and boucardi) sulcus, and yellowish color. The Borneo specimen was (Seogundo); Suzuki (2010; as Arca arabica and Arca found at 70 m deep, among coral rubble at the wall boucardi) (Hwasun, Ojo-ri, Hyopjae); Ko J.-C. et al. bottom, a rather characteristic habitat for A. koumaci. Choi K.-S. (2010; including Arca (2011; as Arca boucardi) (Gwakji, Sincheon, Woljeong, Huber (2015) claims that type material of A. ocellata Jungmun, Hacheon, Haengwon); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) corresponds to his specimen from Borneo; however, (Beomseom, Munseom); Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Lee J.-S. Reeve’s (1844) original description and illustrations (2013) (Seongsan; Sagyeri); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Reeve, 1843-1844, pl. 15, sp. 102) do not show (Beomseom, Munseom); Noseworthy et al. (2016; characteristic features of A. koumaci, e.g., posterior including Arca cf. boucardi) (Keumneung). ridge spikes. Therefore, Huber’s (2015) view is not General distribution: Korea and Japan (Tsugaru accepted. Peninsula and southwards) to Indo-West Pacific; Arca boucardi Jousseaume, 1894, previously recorded Australia; South Africa (Lamy, 1907; Higo et al., 1999; for Jeju (Kim H.-S. et al., 1992; Je et al., 2002; Lee Huber, 2010; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012; Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M., 2002; Noseworthy et al., 2002; J.-S., 2013); tropical-subtropical. 2007; Habitat: Sheltered bays and coral reefs; byssally misidentification; only one species of the genus, A. Lee J.-S., 2013; and others), is a attached to rocks, shells, corals, or coarse sand, also in avellana, is present. “Arca arabica” listed by Je et al. crevices, from the intertidal zone to depth of 100 m (2002) and Suzuki (2010) is a synonym of A. avellana. (Huber, 2010). Comments: Huber (2010) showed that Röding (1798) Genus Barbatia J. Gray, 1842 erected Arca patriarchalis based on Chemnitz’s figure; Subgenus Abarbatia Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938 it was mentioned after 1899 by Lamy (1907) as a valid 11. Barbatia (Abarbatia) trapezina (Lamarck, 1819) Pl. 5, Figs. A-E name. Thus, unless an ICZN-petition is made to invalidate Röding’s name, Lamarck’s well-known A. Synonyms: Arca lima Reeve, 1844. avellana has to be regarded a junior synonym (Huber, 2010). We still use the name A. avellana until a Local possible decision by the ICZN may be taken although Seongsan, Bomok, Seogwipo, Munseom, Seogundo, some Korean workers have started to use the name A. Jungmun, patriarchalis (Lee Y. et al., 2016). Syntypes of Arca Gwakji; other records: ?Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as avellana Lamarck, 1819 and Arca retusa Lamarck, Barbatia lima) (Munseom); Yang H.-S. and Choi K.-S. distribution: Yerae, Udo (Sanhosa), Hwasoon, Daepyeong, Yongmeori, Sagyeri, 1819 are figured by Lutaenko and Maestrati (2007). (2011; as Barbatia virescens). Huber (2015) regarded Arca ocellata Reeve, 1844 (type General distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, locality: Singapore; Reeve (1844)) as a valid species Philippines, Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific (Okutani, and synonymized two other species, Arca acuminata 2000; dayi Oliver et Chesney, 1994 (type locality: Masirah, Volvenko, 2013); tropical-subtropical. Oman) and Arca koumaci Lutaenko et Maestrati, 2007 Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks and coral blocks, (type locality: New Caledonia, Koumac) with the from intertidal zone to upper subtidal zone. Records of - 169 - García and Oliver, 2008; Lutaenko and Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 B. trapezina are often mixed with other species of the in the literature (e.g., Huber (2010)) may belong to complex. this species, and the geographical distribution of B. Comments: García and Oliver (2008) revised the decussata so-called “foliata/decussata complex”, in which they synonymized this species with B. trapezina. Syntypes included Barbatia foliata (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775), of Byssoarca decussata G.B. Sowerby I, 1833 are B. trapezina, Barbatia decussata (G.B. Sowerby I, figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 150, fig. B191 in color) 1833), and Barbatia grayana Dunker, 1867. We and García and Oliver (2008, p. 13, fig. 3). should be re-assessed. Huber (2010) distinguish B. trapezina from B. decussata based on morphological criteria and type designations of the Subgenus Savignyarca Jousseaume, 1891 above authors: B. trapezina has spicate and erect 13. Barbatia (Savignyarca) virescens (Reeve, 1844) Pl. 6, Figs. A-F; Pl. 7, Figs. A, B periostracal bristles, rather than blunt and adpressed, a more rectangular shell as compared to the more Synonyms: Arca obliquata Reeve, 1844 (non Wood, 1828); anteriorly reduced shell of B. decussata, only four or Arca obtusa Reeve, 1844 (non de Konninck, 1842); Arca five posterior riblets remaining deeply cut throughout obtusoides Nyst, 1848; ?Arca sinensis Philippi, 1851; Arca life and widely spaced, whereas other riblets are decurvata Lischke, 1869. narrow and weekly nodulose. According to Huber (2010; 2015), Arca lima Reeve, 1844 is a synonym of Local distribution: Hamdeok, Handong, Hado, Udo Barbatia foliata (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) whereas (Hagosudong), Udo (Sanhosa), Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, García and Oliver (2008) believe that the former is a Shinyang, Pyoseon, Daepyeong, Weoljeong, Bomok, synonym of B. trapezina. The lectotype of Arca Munseom, trapezina Lamarck, 1819 and a syntype of Arca lima Keumneung, Soessogak; other records: Je J.-G. et al. Reeve, 1844 are figured by García and Oliver (2008, p. (1994a) (Munseom); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Munseom); 11, fig. 2). A new record for Jeju Island. Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) Yerae, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Sagyeri, (Munseom); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seongsan, Sagyeri); Lee 12. Barbatia (Abarbatia) decussata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1833) Pl. 4, Figs. C, D Synonyms: ?Barbatia J.U. et al. (2017). General distribution: Korea, Japan (southern Hokkaido oblonga Dunker, 1868; ?Barbatia and southwards), China, South China Sea, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines (Lamy, 1907; Higo et al., 1999; petersii Dunker, 1871. Min D.-K. et al., 2004; García and Oliver, 2008; Xu Local distribution: Seongsan, Yeongmeori, Hwasoon, and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013); Yerae; other records: ?Je et al. (2002; as Barbatia tropical-subtropical. lima); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2010) (Seogundo); Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, under stones, and Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Munseom); Cho I.-Y. et al. in crevices, from the intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (2014) (Huber, 2010). (Munseom); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seongsan, Hwasoon, Sagyeri). Comments: This species has its velvety, dark greenish General distribution: Japan (Boso Peninsula and periostracum eroded in the central shell area, with southwards; Oga Peninsula and southwards in the periostracum remaining around the edge of the shell. East/Japan Sea), Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, It is variable in shape, usually white, occasionally Philippines, Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific (Higo et al., greenish from algae, often deformed. Arca decurvata 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; García and Oliver, 2008; Lischke, 1869 is a replacement name (nom. nov. pro Lee J.-S., 2013); tropical-subtropical. Arca obliquata Reeve, 1844 non Arca obliquata W. Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, intertidal-upper Wood, 1828) but the earlier replacement name for subtidal. Reeve’s species is Arca obtusoides Nyst, 1848 (Nyst, Comments: Some of the synonyms of B. foliata listed 1848, p. 50). Voucher specimens of Arca decurvata of - 170 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Lischke are figured by Lutaenko (2015, pl. 3, figs. E-F, 1939; Hawaiarca miikensis Noda, 1966. and taxonomic discussion therein); syntypes of Arca obtusa Reeve, 1844 and Arca virescens Reeve, 1844 are Local figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 150, figs. 192, 192s). Munseom, distribution: Seopjikoji, Hwasoon, Seongsan, Yongmeori, Pyoseon, Sagyeri; other records: Lee J.J. et al. (2001; as “Nipponica” bistrigata) Subgenus Ustularca Iredale, 1939 (Hwasoon); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Munseom); Lee J.-S. 14. Barbatia (Ustularca) stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895) (2013) (Hwasoon, Seopjikoji, Sagyeri). General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific Pl. 7, Figs. C-H species: Korea and Japan (Boso Peninsula and Local distribution: Iho, Jeju-si, Hamdeok, Bukchon-ri, southwards), Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Gimnyeong, Wolpyeong, Haengwon, Handong, Sehwa, Sea, Daejeong, (Sanhosa), Mozambique (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, Tongbatarl, Seopjikoji, Shinyang, Qi, 2004; García and Oliver, 2008; Huber, 2010; Lee Pyoseon, Udo Bomok, (Hagosudong), Supseom, Udo Seogwipo, Munseom, Thailand, India, Pakistan, eastern Africa, J.-S., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016); tropical-subtropical. Seogundo, Gangjeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyeong, Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, in shell debris and Hwasoon, muddy areas, at depth of 3-55 m (Huber, 2010). Yongmeori, Sagyeri, Songaksan, Hamo, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Hyeopjae, Gwideok, Gwakji; Comments: This species was previously placed in the other records: Lee J.J. (1990) (northern coast); Je J.-G. genus Nipponarca Habe, 1951 of which it the type et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.J. et al. (2001) species. Lamprell and Healy (1998) and Xu and Zhang (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. (2002) (Munseom, Bomseom, (2008) Synonymszed Barbatia signata (Dunker, 1868) Jigwido); with B. bistrigata. Stevenson (1972), Huber (2010), and Noseworthy et al. (2002) (Seongsan); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2010) (Seogundo); Ko J.-C. Lamprell and Healy (1998) synonymized “Nipponarca” et al. (2011) (Daepo, Aewol, Woljeong); Lee J.-S. (2013) adamsiana (Dunker, 1866) with B. bistrigata; García (Seongsan, Sagyeri); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Munseom); and Oliver (2008) stated that it is likely to be correct, Noseworthy et al. (2016) (Keumneung); Lee J.U. et al. but other authors do not share this opinion (Scott, (2017). 1994; Lutaenko and Volvenko, 2013). A syntype of A. General distribution: Korea, Japan (Boso Peninsula obtusa var. duplicostata is figured by Coan et al. and southwards, East/Japan Sea), and Taiwan to (2015, fig. 5); the holotype of H. miikensis is figured by South China Sea, Philippines (Higo et al., 1999; Min Noda (1966, pl. 8, figs. 9, 14). D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Lee J.-S., 2013); tropical-subtropical. Genus Acar Gray, 1857 Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, in coarse or 16. Acar plicata (Dillwyn, 1817) Pl. 1, Fig. F muddy sand, from the intertidal zone to depth of 83 m (Huber, 2010). Synonyms: Byssoarca divaricata Sowerby I, 1833; Arca Comments: A common shell in beach drift. A syntype irioides Menke, 1843; Arca donaciformis Reeve, 1844; Arca of B. stearnsii is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 150, (Byssoarca) dubia Baird in Brenchley, 1873; Acar hawaiensis fig. B196). Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938; Acar laysana Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938; Acar dubia digma Iredale, 1939; Acar dubia kerma Iredale, 1939; Barbatia (Acar) numaensis Noda, 1966. Subgenus Mesocibota Iredale, 1939 15. Barbatia (Mesocibota) bistrigata (Dunker, 1866) Pl. 4, Fig. G Local distribution: Handong, Hado, Jongdal-ri, Synonyms: ?Barbatia paulucciana Tapparone-Canefri, 1876; Seopjikoji, Shinyang, Pyoseon, Munseom, Hwasoon, Arca (Barbatia) fischeri Lamy, 1907; Arca obtusa var. Jungmun, duplicostata Grabau et King, 1928; ?Mesocibota luana Iredale, Keunmeung, Hyopjae, Gwakji; other records: Je J.-G. et - 171 - Daepyeong, Yeongmeori, Sagyei, Hamo, Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 al. (2002); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Je J.-G. et Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). al. (2002; as Arca) Ko J.-C. et al. (2011) (Hacheon); Lee General distribution: Northern Japan and southwards, J.-S. (2013) (Hwasoon, Seongsan, Sagyeri). East/Japan Sea, southern Korea to East China Sea General distribution: Korea and Japan (Tsugaru (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004); subtropical. Peninsula and Niigata Prefecture and southwards), Habitat: Fine sand and mud, from depth of 20-500 m East and South China seas, Philippines to Indo-Pacific (Huber, 2010). including South Africa, Red Sea, India, Seyshelles, Comments: This species was sometimes synonymized northern Australia, Hawaii, the Mediterranean Sea with the Indo-Pacific Bathyarca anaclima (Melvill et (Lessepsian migrant) (Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004; Standen, 1907) (e.g., Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., Zenetos et al., 2005; Galil, 2007; Xu and Zhang, 2008; 2004), which is somewhat close to the present species; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013); tropical-subtropical. however, it appears that these two species are Habitat: Bysally attached to rocks and gravel, from different. B. kyurokusimana has a sculpture of fine intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (Huber, 2010). radial riblets and growth striae giving a cancellate Comments: This is a very variable, widely-distributed appearance and its shell reaches 6 mm (Okutani, Indo-Pacific species. The closest species is Acar 2000), as opposed to B. anaclima which has fewer congenita (Smith, 1885) from the Philippines (type radial riblets and is smaller (to 3 mm long) (Huber, locality: Mindanao (Smith, 1885)) and Indonesia to 2010). While this species was listed and illustrated by Japan (Huber, 2010), with coarser sculpture and a Lee J.-S. and Min (2002) and Min D.-K. et al. (2004; in more compressed shell (see (Okutani, 2000)). Although both cases as B. anaclima), it is missing in the review A. congenita was Synonymszed with A. plicata of the Korean Pteriomorphia (Lee J.-S., 2013). (Stevenson, 1972), they seem to be separate species. However, A. plicata may comprise a complex of species Genus Samacar Iredale, 1936 (Oliver and Holmes, 2004). The holotype of B. 19. Samacar (Samacar) strabo (Hedley, 1915) numaensis is figured by Noda (1966, pl. 5, figs. 11, 12). Synonyms: Pseudogrammatodon pacificus Nomura et Zinbo, 1934; Arca acupicta Viader, 1951; Arca approximata Viader, 1951. Genus Hawaiarca Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938 17. Hawaiarca uwaensis (Yokoyama, 1928) Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; General distribution: Korea, Japan (Honshu to Lee J.-S., 2013); Woljeong (Ko J.-C. et al., 2011). Kyushu), East China Sea to Indo-West Pacific; eastern General distribution: Korea and Japan (Boso and Noto Australia; South Africa (Kilburn, 1983; Lamprell and peninsulas and southwards) to Vietnam and South Healy, China Sea, Taiwan, Okinawa, Hawaii (Higo et al., tropical-subtropical. 1999; Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks and sponges, at Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010); 1998; Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004); tropical-subtropical. depths from 20-500 m (Kilburn, 1983; Higo et al., Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, shells, and sunken 1999). wood, from depth of 10-500 m (Huber, 2010). Comments: For a detailed discussion and re-description of this species, see Kamenev (2007). This author also suggests (l.c.) that along with S. strabo, another, Subfamily Bathyarcinae Scarlato et Starobogatov, 1979 undescribed, species of this genus occurs off the coasts Genus Bathyarca Kobelt, 1891 of Japan. S. strabo is missing in the review of the Subgenus Bathyarca Kobelt, 1891 Korean Pteriomorphia (Lee J.-S., 2013). 18. Bathyarca (Bathyarca) kyurokusimana (Nomura et Hatai, 1940) - 172 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Subfamily Anadarinae Reinhart, 1935 Kalishevich, 1976 (Kalishevich, 1976; Talmi Lagoon, Genus Anadara Gray, 1847 East/Japan Sea, near the Russian-Korean border) Subgenus Scapharca Gray, 1847 (Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2019). A. talmiensis was 20. Anadara (Scapharca) talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976 illustrated in the Korean literature as “Scapharca satowi Dunker, 1882” (Min et al., 2004, fig. 1242). The Pl. 2, Fig. 3 holotype is figured by Kalishevich (1976, pl. 23, fig. 1). Local distribution: Iho, Udo (Geomeollae), Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, Shinyang, Jungmun, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, 21. Anadara (Scapharca) sp. Pl. 2, Figs. A-C Wimi; other records: Suzuki (2010; as Scapharca inaequivalvis) (Sehwa, Hwasoon); Lee J.-S. (2013; as Scapharca inaequivalvis) (Hwasoon). Local distribution: Seongsan, Jungmun, Hwasoon, General distribution: Korea, Japan, and northern Yeongmeori. China (Higo et al., 1999; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, Comments: Shells of specimens of this unidentified 2010); subtropical. species are rather small (up to 37 mm), nearly Habitat: Muddy sand and mud, in upper subtidal zone. subquadrate in shape with well-rounded anterior Comments: Collected specimens from Jeju Island margin, belong to the species complex “Anadara (Scapharca) thin-shelled, with low beaks, 32-34 radial ribs, and inaequivalvis (Bruguière, 1789)”. Taxonomy of this only slightly granulated anteriorradial ribs. A very anadarine species complex, including a number of distinctive feature is the nearly straight posterior fossil species, is very complicated. This group includes, margin, not typical of known species in north-east in addition to A. inaequivalvis, at least, Anadara Asia. In shell shape, specimens are similar to Anadara covered with light-brown periostracum, disparilis (Reeve, 1844), Anadara rufescens (Reeve, (Scapharca) globosa (Reeve, 1844) (see photographs of 1844), Anadara hispida (Philippi, 1849), Anadara syntypes in: Lutaenko and Volvenko (2013, p. 92, fig. penangana (Jousseaume, 1893). Arca rhomboidalis 5)) but the latter one grows much larger and has a Schumacher 1817 is a synonym of A. inaequivalvis, see swollen shell with dark-brown periostracum, whereas discussion in Lutaenko and Volvenko (2013). Lutaenko our specimens are rather flattened and small. A (2006) showed that only material from southern India similar specimen is figured from the Pleistocene represents true A. inaequivalvis; its type locality is the deposits of Kikaijima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture, Coromandel coast and Tranquebar (Bruguière, 1789, p. Kyushu, as Scapharca sp. (Yamashita et al., 1998, pl. 107), and it is clearly different from north-east Asian “A. 1, fig. 8a, b). inaequivalvis aucct.” Following Huber (2010), we believe that Japanese-Korean-Chinese “A. inaequivalvis”, as well as subfossil Holocene species from 22. Anadara (Scapharca) kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) Pl. 3, Figs. A, B the north-western East/Japan Sea (Lutaenko, 1988; 1993a), Synonyms: Arca amygdalum Philippi, 1845 (non Link, 1807); is a distinct species and it differs from Anadara Arca subcrenata Lischke, 1869 (non Michelotti, 1861); Arca (Scapharca) kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) although nodosocrenata Lischke, 1869; ?Arca (Scapharca) peitaihoensis they were often confused in literature. Huber (l.c.) Grabau et King, 1928; Scapharca sativa Bernard, Cai et wrongly used for the above-mentioned species the name Morton, 1993. Anadara sativa (Bernard, Cai et Morton, 1993) which has been proposed as a nom. nov. pro Arca subcrenata Local distribution: Seongsan, Hwasoon, Yeongmeori, Lischke, 1869 non Michelotti, 1861, a junior synonym Daejeong, Handong, Wimi. of A. kagoshimensis. We think that the correct name General distribution: Korea and Japan (north-western for the north-east Asian “A. inaequivalvis aucct.” is the Honshu and southwards; East/Japan Sea, to northern little-known, subfossil Holocene Anadara talmiensis Niigata Prefecture); Yellow Sea, East China Sea (Higo - 173 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Lee J.-S., 2013; commercially in mainland Korea. Yokogawa (1997) and Zhang et al., 2016); subtropical. Feng et al. (2011) found that Chinese representatives Habitat: In Japan, intertidal to 20 m, sandy mud of this species are different from Japanese ones at the (Higo et al., 1999); in China, to 56 m, very common level of species or subspecies based on morphological (Qi, 2004). and genetic analyses. Cho E.-S. et al. (2007) detected Comments: The name Anadara subcrenata (or Scapharca considerable genetic differences between the Korean, subcrenata) was widely accepted for this common Chinese, and Russian populations of A. broughtonii; north-east Asian anadarine species until the beginning Tanaka of the 1990s when Bernard et al. (1993) discovered differences between populations from Japan/Korea and and Aranishi (2016) found significant that this name is preocuppied by earlier Arca China using the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c subcrenata kagoshimensis oxidase subunit I gene, indicating that the divergence Tokunaga, 1906 is the first available name for this had reached subspecies level. Huber (2010) unreasonably species and it was recognized as a synonym of A. synonymized Anadara (Scapharca) kafanovi Lutaenko, subcrenata for the first time by Habe (1951, 1965) and 1993 known from the Pacific coast of Japan, southern Noda (1966). Bernard et al. (1993) proposed the China and Vietnam (Lutaenko, 1993b; 2008; Xu and unnecessary Michelotti, 1861. Arca sativa Zhang, 2008) with A. broughtonii, from which the Bernard, Cai et Morton, 1993. Korean workers still use former species is clearly distinguished by shell shape, incorrect names A. subcrenata (Lee J.-S., 2013) or A. smaller size, and fewer radial ribs, 35-38 vs. 41-45 on sativa (Lee Y. et al., 2016). Type material of A. average in A. broughtonii. Syntypes of A. tenuis are figured replacement name Scapharca by online at: http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/DKoseibu/en/Collection/ Lutaenko (2015); syntypes of A. peitaihoensis are detail.php?umutNo=13788 and http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ figured by Coan et al. (2015, fig. 4). A new record for DKoseibu/en/Collection/detail.php?umutNo=13789 (The Jeju Island. University subcrenata and its taxonomy are discussed Museum, the University of Tokyo Collection). 23. Anadara (Scapharca) broughtonii (Schrenck, 1867) Subgenus Tegillarca Iredale, 1939 Pl. 4, Figs. A, B Synonyms: Arca inflata Reeve, 1844 (non Brocchi, 1814); Arca 24. Anadara (Tegillarca) granosa (L., 1758) reeveana Nyst, 1848 (non d’Orbigny, 1846); Arca tenuis Tokunaga, 1906 (non Montagu, 1808). Pl. 3, Figs. C, D Synonyms: Arca nodulosa Lightfoot, 1786 (non O.F. Müller, 1776); Arca aculeata Bruguière, 1789; Arca corbicula Gmelin, Local distribution: Ojo-ri, Munseom, Bumseom, 1791; Arca corbula Dillwyn, 1817; Arca cuneata Reeve, 1844; Supseom, Wimi, Soessogak; other records: Kim H.S. Arca zanzibarensis Nyst, 1847; ?Anomalocardia pulchella and Rho B.J. (1971) (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) Dunker, 1868; Anadara thackwayi Iredale, 1927; Anadara (Munseom); Je J.-G. et al. (2002). bisenensis Schenk et Reinhart, 1938; Tegillarca granosa General distribution: Korea, north-western East/Japan bessalis Iredale, 1939; Anadara (Tegillarca) obessa Kotaka, Sea (Russia: Peter the Great Bay), Japan (southern 1953; Anadara (Tegillarca) granosa kamakuraensis Noda, 1966. Hokkaido and southwards, East Sea/Sea of Japan; southern Kyushu), China (Yellow and East China seas) Local (Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, Shinyang, Bomok, Hamo, Daejong, Yeongmeori, Wimi, distribution: Udo (Geomeollae), Seongsan, 2012; Lee J.-S., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016); subtropical. Soessogak. Habitat: In bays in sandy mud, sand, and mud, at General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific depths of 2-60 m (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999; Qi, species: Korea, Japan, and China (including Yellow 2004). Sea) to Indo-Pacific and eastern coast of Africa Comments: Uncommon in Jeju Island; harvested (Kilburn, 1983; Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004; Lutaenko, - 174 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 2006; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013); Genus Didimacar Iredale, 1939 26. Didimacar tenebrica (Reeve, 1844) tropical-subtropical. Pl. 1, Fig. A Habitat: Bays and sheltered shores, estuarine-marine Iredale, environment, in mangrove areas and brackish water, Synonyms: from the intertidal zone to depth of 10 m (Higo et al., koshibensis Hatai et Nishiyama, 1952. Didimacar repenta 1939; Barbatia 1999; Huber, 2010). Comments: Most specimens from Jeju Island appear subfossil and may originate from the Local distribution: Udo (Hagosudong), Udo (Sanhosa), Holocene Yeongmeori, Seongsan, Hamo, Biyangdo; other records: deposits. Lee J.-S. (2013) listed this species only for Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. (1993; as Striarca) (Biyangdo); Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do and Gyeonggi-do in Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997; as Striarca) (Chujado); mainland Korea. Lectotype and paralectotype of A. Lee J.-S. (2013). granosa are figured by Schenk and Reinhart (1938, pl. General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific 4, fig. 1); the holotype and a paratype of A. granosa species: Korea, Japan (Boso Peninsula and southwards; kamakuraensis are figured by Noda (1966, pl. 14, figs. East/Japan Sea) and China (including Yellow Sea) to 1-3). A new record for Jeju Island. tropical West Pacific, Pakistan, and Persian Gulf (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010; Zhang et al., 2016; Lee J.-S., 2013); tropical-subtropical. Subfamily Noetiinae R. Stewart, 1930 Habitat: Attached to the underside of large rocks, on Genus Striarca Conrad, 1862 or under stones or dead corals from the intertidal zone 25. Striarca symmetrica (Reeve, 1844) to depth of 31 m (Huber, 2010). A syntype is figured Pl. 1, Figs. C, D Synonyms: Gabinarca by Higo et al. (2001, p. 151, fig. B251). protrita Iredale, 1939; Striarca (Galactella) oyamai Habe, 1953. Family Parallelodontidae Dall, 1898 Local distribution: Jeju-shi, Hamdeok, Gimnyeong, Subfamily Parallelodontinae Dall, 1898 Wolpyeong, Sehwa, Haengwon, Handong, Sehwa, Udo Genus Porterius Clark, 1925 (Hagosudong), Udo (Sanhosa), Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, 27. Porterius dalli (E.A. Smith, 1885) Pl. 4, Fig. H Shinyang, Pyoseon, Bomok, Seogundo, Gangjeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyeong, Hwasoon, Sagyeri, Synonyms: Parallelodon obliquatus Yokoyama, 1920; Hamo, Daejong, Gwakji, Wimi; other records: Lee J.-S. Cucullaria orientalis Yokoyama, 1922; Parallelodon chihliensis (2013) (Seongsan, Shinyang, Sagyeri); Je J.-G. et al. Chao, 1928. (2002) (Udo); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2010) (Seogundo). Local distribution: Hado, Ojo-ri, Seongsan, Hwasoon, General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific Sagyeri, species: Korea, Japan, and China to tropical West Biyangdo, Gwideok, Gwakji; other records: Lee J.J. Songaksan, Gapado, Marado, Chagwi-do, Pacific and eastern Africa (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. (1990; as Pseudogrammatodon dalli) (northern coast); et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013); Lee J.J. (1991; as Pseudogrammatodon dalli) (Gapado, tropical-subtropical. Marado); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1992) (eastern coast; Habitat: Attached byssally to rocks, stones, or coral Udo); Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. (1993) (Biyangdo); Lee rubble, in crevices, from the intertidal zone to depth of J.J. et al. (1995) (Jagwi-do); Je J.-G. et al. (2004a) 68 m (Huber, 2010). (Munseom); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997) (Chujado); Comments: A possible syntype is figured by Higo et al. Lee J.J. et al. (2001) (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. (2002) (2001, p. 151, fig. B245). (Munseom, Beomseom); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (2002) (Songacksan); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seongsan, Sagye-ri). - 175 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 General distribution: Southern Sakhalin Island Comments: Matsukuma (1979) mentioned that (Russia, Moneron Island), Japan (southern Hokkaido Glycymeris vestita (Dunker, 1977) may be a junior and southwards, East/Japan Sea, Seto Inland Sea, synonym of G. aspersa but later he always used southern Kyushu), Korea and Yellow Sea (Kafanov, Dunker’s name (e.g., Matsukuma (1984; 1986a; b); 1991; Higo et al., 1999; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, Sanada et Matsukuma (1996)). However, subsequent 2012; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Lee J.-S., 2013; Zhang et authors adopted Reeve’s name (Higo et al., 1999; al., 2016); subtropical. Huber, 2010). The original type locality of G. aspersa, Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks and stones on “Sooloo Archipelago” (Sulu, Philippines) (Adams et gravelly substrate, from depth of 20-300 m (Higo et al., Reeve, 1848-1850, p. 76) is considered erroneous and 1999; Huber, 2010). was corrected to Japan, Honshu (Huber, 2010); the Comments: A record for the Bering Sea (Higo et al., holotype is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 152, fig. 1999) is erroneous. The holotype of P. dalli is figured B264). The holotype of P. vestitus is figured by by Higo et al. (2001, p. 151, fig. B253); lectotype and Matsukuma (1986b, pl. 6, fig. 3). “Glycymeris imperialis paralectotype of P. obliquatus are figured by Oyama Kuroda, (1973, pl. 25, figs. 1-4); lectotype and paralectotype of (Noseworthy et al., 2007) was a misidentification of 1934” earlier recorded for Jeju Island C. orientalis are figured by Oyama (1973, pl. 25, figs. juvenile specimens of G. aspersa; the former species is 5, 6). known only from Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Chungcheongnam-do in Korea (Lee J.-S., 2013). 29. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) albolineata (Lischke, 1872) Family Glycymerididae Dall, 1908 Pl. 7, Fig. I Subfamily Glycymeridinae Dall, 1908 Genus Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 Synonyms: Glycymeris nakamurai Makiyama, 1927; Glycymeris Subgenus Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 echigoensis Kanehara, 1940. 28. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aspersa (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850) Local distribution: Iho, Udo (Hagosudong), Jongdal-ri, Pl. 8, Figs. A, B, D-H Seongsan, Seopjikoji, Shinyang, Wimi, Bomok, Synonyms: Pectunculus vestitus Dunker, 1877. Jungmun, Hwasoon; other records: Noseworthy et al. Local distribution: Iho, Jeju-shi, Handong, Jongdal-ri, Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Ko J.-C. et al. (2012) (southern Seongsan, coast of Jeju); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seongsan, Sagyeri). (2002) (Seongsan); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Seopjikoji, Shinyang, Wimi, Bomok, Beophwan, Gangjeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyong, General distribution: Korea (from Gangwon-do to Hwasoon, Biyangdo, Jeju-do); Japan (southern Hokkaido and southwards), , Hyeopjae, Gwakji, Daejong; other records: Choi K.-S. et East China Sea, Taiwan (Matsukuma, 1984; Higo et Yongmeori, Sagyei, Hamo, al. (2000; as Glycymeris vestita); Suzuki (2010; as al., 1999; Lee J.S., 2013); subtropical. Glycymeris vestita) (Jungmun, Hwasoon); Yang H.-S. Habitat: Fine sand and sandy mud, at depth of 3-50 m and Choi K.-S. (2011); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Hwasoon). (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Habitat: Coarse sandy bottom from depth of 3-71 m Comments: Smaller members of this species may (Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004). resemble G. aspersa. However, G. albolineata is General distribution: Japan (southern Hokkaido and subquadrate, as opposed to the subcircular shape of G. southwards), Korea (from Gangwon-do to Jeju-do), aspersa, usually with shades of yellowish-brown with China: East China and South China seas (Higo et al., narrow, incised, white radial lines, and ornamented 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Huber, 2010; with Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012; Lee J.-S., 2013); possesses more varied color patterns. Glycymeris tropical-subtropical. (Glycymeris) yessoensis (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) is - 176 - fine punctations. Also, G. aspersa usually Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 clearly separable from G. albolineata in lacking Jungmun, Yeongmeori; other records: Je J.-G. et al. distinct punctations on the outer shell surface and in (2002; as Oblimopa japonica) (Beomseom, Supseom); weaker shell convexity; G. albolineata also differs from Ko J.-C. et al. (2012; as Oblimopa japonica) (southern G. imperialis in the possesion of a gently-arched, thick coast of Jeju). hinge plate and smooth ligamental area; G. imperialis General distribution: Korea to East China Sea, Japan, occassionally has small and scattered punctations on Taiwan (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010); subtropical. the outer shell surface and brown-tinged adductor Habitat: Muddy sand at depth of 10-105 m (Huber, scars, but they are always very distinct in the shell of 2010). G. albolineata (Matsukuma, 1984). Type material of G. Comments: This species was often synonymized with albolineata has not been found (Cosel, 1998). Although Limopsis forskalii A. Adams, 1863 (e.g., Higo et al. Matsukuma to (1999)), however, Oliver (1981) regards them as subgenus Veletuceta Iredale, 1931, subsequent authors separate species. The possible syntypes of both L. keep it in the subgenus Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 japonica and L. forskalii are illustrated by Higo et al. (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013). (2001; p. 152, fig. B261 and B261s, respectively)). As (1986a; b) assigned this species discussed by Huber (2010), the shell of L. forskalii is more trigonal in outline; the cancellation is stronger 30. Glycymeris (Glycymeris) rotunda (Dunker, 1882) and regular, and the hinge is more arcuate. The Pl. 7, Figs. J, K Synonyms: Pectunculus Yokoyama, nipponicus 1920; Pectunculus yamakawai Yokoyama, 1922. ligament pit in L. forskalii is larger, and this species grows up to 17 mm. Instead, L. japonica is ovate to oblique, more compressed, shouldered, the cancellation Local distribution: East of Seongsan, south of weaker and the hinge plate straighter, and it is usually Seogwipo, Hwasoon; other records: Lee J.-S. (2013) smaller than 14.5 mm (Huber, 2010). Oblimopa soyoae (Jongdal-ri). Habe, 1953, described from the East/Japan Sea, is a General distribution: Korea (eastern coast) and Japan synonym of L. forskalii; the holotype is illustrated by (Tsugaru Strait and southwards to Okinawa) to East Higo et al. (2001, p. 152, fig. B261s). An illustration of China Sea, China (Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004; Lee J.S., “Oblimopa multistriata (Forskaal, 1775)” from Japan 2013); subtropical. (Okutani, 2000, pl. 426, fig. 5) represents L. forskalii Habitat: Fine sand and sandy mud, from depths of while, in some other works from Japan and China, the 20-300 m (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Lectotype latter species was illustrated as L. japonica. Generally, and paralectotypes of P. nipponicus are figured by L. japonica seems to be restricted to the East/Japan Oyama (1973, pl. 22, fig. 1-4, 7); lectotype and Sea and to off Taiwan, whereas L. forskalii is more paralectotypes of P. yamakawai are figured by Oyama widely distributed, from the South China Sea and (1973, pl. 22, figs. 5, 6). Vietnam to Hokkaido, Japan (Huber, 2010). Thus, L. forskalii, its synonym O. soyoae, and the distinct Limopsis (Oblimopa) woodwardi Dunker, 1882 (Torres Superfamily Limopsoidea Dall, 1895 Strait, Family Limopsidae Dall, 1895 northeastern Lizard and Low Australia), Islands, regarded Queensland, previously as Genus Limopsis Sassi, 1827 synonyms of L. japonica (e.g., Higo et al., 1999), are Subgenus Oblimopa Iredale, 1939 now excluded from its Synonyms. 31. Limopsis (Oblimopa) japonica A. Adams, 1863 Subgenus Nipponolimopsis Habe, 1951 Pl. 4, Figs. E, F, I-L 32. Limopsis (Nipponolimopsis) azumana Yokoyama, 1910 Local distribution: Tongbatarl (Ojo-ri), Seogwipo, Hwasoon, Seongsan, Sagyei-ri, Supjikoji, Synonyms: Limopsis truncata Yokoyama, 1910. Yerae, - 177 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Korea, East/Japan Sea including Russian coast (Higo General distribution: Korea; eastern Japan (Sagami et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010; Bay to Kii Peninsula) (Higo et al., 1999; Okutani, Lutaenko et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016); 2000); subtropical. circumboreal-subtropical. Habitat: In sand, at depth of 100-250 m (Huber, 2010). Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, stones, and other objects, from intertidal zone to depth of 24 m (Huber, 2010). Order MYTILIDA Férussac, 1822 Comments: The Mediterranean mussel appeared along Superfamily Mytiloidea Rafinesque, 1815 the Pacific coast of Asia in the 1920-1930s, in Japan, Family Mytilidae Rafinesque, 1815 presumably either in the area of Kobe or near Subfamily Mytilinae Rafinesque, 1815 Hiroshima, both on Honshu (Wilkins et al., 1983; Genus Mytilus L., 1758 Okutani, 2000; Ishida et al., 2005; Furota and 33. Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 Nakayama, 2010). The first finds of the species in the East/Japan Sea, according to the museum collections Pl. 12, Figs. A-D Synonyms: Mytilus flavus Poli, 1795; Mytilus sagittatus Poli, in Japan, belong to the post-WWII period (until 1948, 1795; Mytilus hesperianus Lamarck, 1819; Mytilus dilatatus Fukui Prefecture) (Ishida et al., 2005) At the same Gray, 1825; Mytilus galloprovincialis angustata Philippi, 1836; time, M. galloprovincialis appeared on the coast of Mytilus grunerianus Dunker, 1853; Mytilus succineus Danilo China, most likely in the 1950s (Lee and Morton, et Sandri, 1856; Mytilus galloprovicialis falcata Monterosato, 1985; Gosling, 1992; Xu and Zhang, 2008) and also 1884; Mytilus galloprovincialis herculea Monterosato, 1884; Korea (Yoo M.S., 1992; Je J.-G. et al., 1990; Lee J.-S. Mytilus lamarckianus Clessin, 1887; Mytilus violaceus Clessin, et al., 2010). M. galloprovincialis is very close to the 1889 (non Lamarck, 1819); galloprovincialis native western Pacific Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 eduliformis Monterosato, 1891; Mytilus orbicularis Pallary, Mytilus not only morphologically, but also genetically, and they 1903; Mytilus edulis diegensis Coe, 1945; Mytilus edulis often form hybrid zones along the Russian coast of the zhirmunskii Scarlato et Starobogatov, 1979. East/Japan Sea, Korea, and Japan (Ivanova and Lutaenko, 1998; Kartavtsev et al., 2005; Brannock et Local distribution: Gimnyeong, Wolpyeong, Haengwon, al., 2009). Originally this species was regarded as Handong, Yerae, Mytilus edulis L., 1758 by Asian researchers. A Hwasoon, Gapado, Marado, Sinchang, Keumneung; detailed regional Synonyms and distribution records in other records: Lee J.J. et al. (1989; as Mytilus edulis); the East/Japan Sea were recently summarized by Lee J.J. (1991; as Mytilus edulis) (Gapado, Marado); Lutaenko and Kolpakov (2016). Sehwa, Seongsan, Shinyang, Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1991; as Mytilus edulis) (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Mytilus edulis) 34. Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 (Munseom); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.M. (1997; as Mytilus edulis) (Chujado); Choi K.-S. et al. (2000); Lee J.J. et Text-fig. 6A, B Synonyms: Mytilus unguiculatus Valenciennes, 1858; Mytilus al. (2001; as Mytilus edulis) (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. latus Nordmann, 1862 (non Dillwyn, 1817); Mytilus crassitesta (2002; Lischke, 1868. as Mytilus edulis) (Hyopjae, Yeongmeori, Munseom, Beomseom); Suzuki (2010) (Hyopjae); Lee J.-S. (2013); Lee J.U. et al. (2017). Local distribution: Seogwipo; other records: Kim H.S. General distribution: Native to the Mediterranean Sea and Rho B.J. (1971) (Moseulpo, Seongsan, Seogwipo); and Black Sea; introduced to South Africa, eastern and Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Choi K.-S. et al. western North America, Hawaii, and north-eastern (2000); Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Lee J.-S. (2013) Asia; (Seongsan, Donggwi). Japan (from Hokkaido to Okinawa and Ogasawara islands), China (Yellow Sea to Hong Kong), General distribution: Korea; Japan (southern Hokkaido - 178 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 and southwards, East/Japan Sea, East China Sea, 2010) and was illustrated in two works (Lee J.-S. and Yellow Sea (from Liaoning to Fujian provinces of Min, 2002, fig. 278; Min et al., 2004, fig. 1193) but China), Primorye (Russia: north-western East/Japan then, in a review of Korean Pteriomorphia, it was not Sea) (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999; Qi, 2004; Yang cited for the Korean fauna (Lee J.-S., 2013). It is H.-S. and Choi K.-S. (2011); Kolpakov, 2012; Lutaenko known in Japan in Yamagata Prefecture (East/Japan and Noseworthy, 2012; Lee J.-S., 2013; Zhang et al., Sea), Pacific coast from Chiba to Kagoshima Prefecture, 2016); subtropical. Tokyo Bay, northern Kyushu, and western Ryukyu Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks or stones, from Archipelago (Higo et al., 1999; Lutaenko et al., 2013). intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Comments: The widely used name M. coruscus, a Subfamily Lithophaginae H. et A. Adams, 1857 common mussel in north-east Asia, appears to be a Genus Lithophaga Röding, 1798 junior synonym of Mytilus unguiculatus Valenciennes, Subgenus Leiosolenus Carpenter, 1857 1858, an earlier name. According to Article 23.9.1.1 of 36. Lithophaga (Leiosolenus) lischkei (Huber, 2010) Text-fig. 5B; Pl. 9, Figs. K, L, O, P ICZN, the name M. coruscus was qualified as nomen protectum to continue its further usage despite the Synonyms: Lithophagus curtus Lischke, 1874 (non Lithodomus priority of M. unguiculatus (Lutaenko, 2005). The curta Stoliczka, 1870). holotype of M. coruscus is figured by Lutaenko (2005, p. 96, fig. 1I-J); a syntype of M. unguiculatus is Local figured by Lutaenko (2005, p. 96, figs. A, B). Daepyeong, Bukchon-ri, Ojo-ri, Seogwipo, Munseom, Occurrence of this species in Alaska (Lee J.-S., 2013) Bumseom, Yeongmeori, Sagyeri, Songaksan, Chagwido, distribution: Dong-gwi, Jeju-shi, Hamdeok, is erroneous. A rather fragile shell for its size that Keumneung, Biyangdo, Gwideok; other records: Lee often cracks when dried. J.J. (1990; as Lithophaga curta) (northern coast); Kim Genus Perna Philipsson, 1788 Hyun J.M. (1992; as Lithophaga curta and Leiosolenus 35. Perna viridis (L., 1758) curta) (eastern coast; Udo); Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. H.S. et al. (1992; as Lithophaga curta); Lee J.J. and Pl. 12, Fig. G (1993; as Lithophaga curta) (Biyangdo); Je J.-G. et al. Synonyms: Mytilus smaragdinus Gmelin, 1791; Mytilus opalus (1994a; as Lithophaga curta) (Munseom); Lee J.J. et al. Lamarck, 1819. (1995; as Lithophaga curta) (Jagwi-do); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997; as Lithophaga curta) (Chujado); Je Local distribution: Shinyang, Hwasoon. J.-G. et al. (2002; as Lithophaga curta) (Munseom, General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan Beomseom, Supseom, Jigwido); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (introduced), East China Sea, Taiwan, South China (2002; as Lithophaga curta) (Songacksan); Ko J.-C. et Sea, Indonesia; al. (2011; as Lithophaga cura) (Daepo, Sincheon, Indo-Pacific; U.S.A. and Caribbean (introduced) (Higo Aewol, Woljeong, Jungmun, Hacheon, Haengwon); et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); Yang H.-S. and Choi K.-S. (2011; as Lithophaga curta); tropical-subtropical. Lee J.-S. (2013; as Lithophaga curta) (Seogwipo, Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, rocky beaches, Beomdo, Munseom, Jagwido, Marado); Cho I.-Y. et al. timbers, also sheltered areas in estuaries; from (2014; as Lithophaga curta) (Beomseom, Munseom); Singapore, Philippines, and intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (Higo et al., 1999; Denis et al. (2014) (Biyangdo, Jigwido, Seogwopo); Huber, 2010). Noseworthy et al. (2016) (Keumneung). Comments: Dead shells only were collected; P. viridis General distribution: Korea, Japan (including Okinawa may not be living in Jeju Island. P. viridis is regarded and Ogasawara Islands) to South China Sea and as an introduced species to Korea (Lee J.-S. et al., Vietnam (Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. - 179 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Habitat: Chemically boring into soft rocks, corals (Chujado); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Modiolus modiolus (Montipora), limestone, and other shells, from the difficilis) (Munseom, Beomseom, Jigwido); Lee J.J. and intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (Huber, 2010); in Jeju, Hyun J.M. (2002; as Modiolus modiolus difficilis) this coral (Songacksan); Ko J.-C. et al. (2011) (Haengwon); Lee Psammocora albopicta Benzoni, 2006, in a depth range J.-S. (2013) (Chagwido, Munseom); Noseworthy and of 5-10 m (Denis et al., 2014). Choi K.-S. (2018) (Hamo). species lives in the scleractinian General distribution: Korea, Japan (Tokyo Bay and 37. Lithophaga (Leiosolenus) malaccana (Reeve, 1857) northwards, northern East/Japan Sea Hokkaido), Yellow Sea, northwestern East/Japan Sea (Russia), Pl. 9, Figs. M, N Synonyms: Lithophaga reticulata Dunker, 1882; Dactylus southern Sakhalin, Kurile Islands (Scarlato, 1981; fauroti Jousseaume, 1888; Lithophaga calcifer Iredale, 1939. Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Lee J.-S., Local distribution: Munseom, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Habitat: Attached by byssus to rocks, from the Jongdal-ri; other records: Noseworthy et al. (2016) intertidal zone to depth of 85 m (Kurile Islands) or (Keumneung). even to 150 m (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999). 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific Comments: Volsella difficilis Kuroda et Habe, 1950 is species: Korea and southern Japan to Indo-Pacific, Red a junior secondary homonym of Modiola difficilis Sea, Australia (Kleemann, 1984; Huber, 2010); Deshayes in Maillard, 1863, and M. kurilensis is a replacement name (Bernard, tropical-subtropical. 1983). Although M. Habitat: Chemically boring mainly in dead corals but kurilensis was synonymized with Modiolus modiolus also in calcareous rocks and shells, from the intertidal L., 1758 without clear substantiation by many authors zone to depth of 40 m (Huber, 2010). (e.g., Coan et al. (2000); Xu and Zhang (2008); Huber Comments: This species exhibits variability in shape (2010); Zhang et al. (2016)), mitochondrial DNA data from rather narrow to broader. L. malaccana occurs show that M. kurilensis is a valid species (Liu et al., occasionally with almost smooth incrustations; however, 2014). Huber (l.c.) mentioned that Russian authors typically, these are strongly wrinkled (Huber, 2010). A synonymized these species; however, most Russian possible syntype of L. malaccana is figured by Higo et authors did not do that (Scarlato, 1981; Kafanov, 1991; al. (2001, p. 149, fig. B179). Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012; etc.). 39. Modiolus (Modiolus) auriculatus (Krauss, 1848) Pl. 9, Figs. A, B Subfamily Modiolinae G. et H. Termier, 1950 Genus Modiolus Lamarck, 1799 Synonyms: Mytilus (Modiola) hepaticus Gould, 1850; Modiola Subgenus Modiolus Lamarck, 1799 cymbula Preston, 1908; Modilous auriculatus var. aurantius Jousseaume in Lamy, 1919; Modiola rufanensis Turton, 1932; 38. Modiolus (Modiolus) kurilensis Bernard, 1983 Volsella agripetus Iredale, 1939. Pl. 9, Figs. D-F Synonyms: Volsella difficilis Kuroda et Habe, 1950 (non Modiola difficilis Deshayes in Maillard, 1863). Local distribution: Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Weoljeong, Hamdok, Seongsan, Sagyei, Local distribution: Hamdeok, Seongsan, Yerae, Hamo, Gwakji; other records: Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Ko Yeongmeori, Bomok, Supseom, Jungmun, Hwasoon, J.-C. et al. (2011) (Sincheon, Woljeong, Hacheon); Lee Sagyei, Hamo, Gwideok, Gwakji; other records: Kim J.-S. (2013); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Munseom). H.S. et al., 1992 (as Modiolus difficilis); Je J.-G. et al. General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific (1994a; as Modilous difficilis) (Munseom); Lee J.-J. species: from Red Sea and eastern Africa to Indonesia, and Hyun J.M. (1997; as Modiolus modiolus difficilis) Melanesia, Australia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Philippines, - 180 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 South and East China seas, Japan and Korea; al., 1971; Habe, 1973). Both species were later Mediterranean Sea (introduction) (Higo et al., 1999; Min synonymized (M. agripetus and M. nipponicus) with M. D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. auriculatus (Habe, 1977), and finally M. nipponicus Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, in tidepools and in was again recognized as valid (Habe, 1981; Habe et al., crevices, also on dead coral blocks and among rubble, 1986) considered M. agripetus conspecific with M. from the intertidal zone to depth of 35 m (Huber, auriculatus. For detailed Synonyms and taxonomic 2010). discussion, see Lutaenko and Kepel (2017). 40. Modiolus (Modiolus) nipponicus (Oyama, 1950) 41. Modiolus (Modiolus) comptus G.B. Sowerby III, 1915 Pl. 9, Figs. C, G, H Local distribution: Munseom, Beomseom (Je J.-G. et Local distribution: Iho, Handong, Hamdeok, Udo al., 2002); Jeju (Lee J.-S., 2013). (Sanhosa), Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, Seopjikoji, Shinyang, General distribution: Korea and Japan, South China Supseom, Bumseom, Yongmeori, Weoljeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Sagyei, Hamo, Biyangdo, Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2013); subtropical. Gwakji; other records: Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 2-87 m, sandy mud and Modiolus agripetus) (Munseom); Noseworthy et al. sand, also byssally attached to rocks (Huber, 2010). (2002; as Modiolus difficilis) (Seongsan); Ko J.-C. et al. The holotype is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 148, fig. (2011; as Modiolus agripetus) (Haengwon); Lee J.-S. B108). (2013) (Munseom); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Beomseom). General distribution: Korea, Japan to Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, South China Sea (Huber, 2010); Subfamily Brachidontinae Nordsieck, 1969 tropical-subtropical. Genus Brachidontes Swainson, 1840 Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks and other hard 42. Brachidontes mutabilis (Gould, 1861) substrates, from the intertidal zone to depth of 40 m Text-fig. 5G, H; Pl. 10, Figs. A, B, D, E (Huber, 2010). Synonyms: Mytilus curvatus Dunker, 1857; Hormomya sinensis Comments: This species differs from the closely related Wang, 1983. M. auriculatus and M. kurilensis by more dorso-ventrally expanded shell, with almost triangular shape, a Local narrower byssal gap, and reddish-pink shades in color, Hamdeok, both interior and exterior, and additionally from M. Seongsan, kurilensis by the splits at the ends of the periostracal Gangjeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyeong, Hwasoon, hairs. J.-S. Lee (2013) indicates that the hairs of the Yeongmeori, periostracium in M. auriculatus are split into 3-4 Keumneung, Hyeopjae, Gwakji, Soessogak, Wimi; other branches whereas, in M. nipponicus, 7-8 branches. records: Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Hormomya mutabilis) Higo (1999) regarded distribution: Udo Jeju-shi, Handong, (Hagosudong), Pyoseon, Sagyei, Bomok, Udo Seogwipo, Songaksan, Sehwa, (Sanhosa), Seogundo, Hamo, Gosan, agripetus (Munseom); Lee J.J. et al. (2001; as Hormomya) (Iredale, 1939), described from Queensland, Australia, (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Hormomya) as a distinct species, and M. nipponicus as its synonym, (Beophwan, Bomok); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2010; and indicated also that some authors combine M. as Hormomya) (Seogundo); Ko J.-C. et al. (2011) et al. Modiolus agripetus and a close species, M. auriculatus. This (Aewol, Woljeong, Hacheon, Haengwon); Yang H.-S. confusion appears to have arisen when Japanese and Choi K.-S. (2011; as Hormomya); Lee J.-S. (2013; malacologists first considered M. nipponicus as a as Hormomya) (Hwasoon, Seongsan, Sagye-ri); Lee separate species (Habe, 1951; Yamamoto and Habe, J.U. et al. (2017). 1958), then as a synonym of M. agripetus (Kuroda et General distribution: Korea and Japan, Philippines, - 181 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 South China Sea, Vietnam, East China Sea, Okinawa Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyeong, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); Sagyeri, Songaksan, Gapado, Marado, Hamo, Gosan, tropical-subtropical. Chagwi-do, Habitat: Byssally attached to rock, shells, and stones records: Lee J.J. et al. (1989); Lee J.J. (1990) (northern in intertidal zone (Huber, 2010). coast); Lee J.J. (1991) (Gapado); Lee J.J. and Hyun Keumneung, Biyangdo, Gwakji; other Comments: This species has been observed using its J.M. (1991) (Seogwipo); Kim H.S. et al., 1992; Lee J.J. byssal threads to trap muricid predators (Ishida and and Hyun J.M. (1992) (eastern coast; Udo); Lee J.J. and Iwasaki, 1999). Kim J.C. (1993) (Biyangdo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.J. et al. (1995) (Chagwi-do); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.M. (1997) (Chujado); Choi K.-S. et al. Subfamily Septiferinae Scarlato et Starobogatov, 1979 (2000); Je J.-G. et al. (2002) (Youngunchon, Yeongmeori, Genus Septifer Récluz, 1848 Beophwan, Subgenus Septifer Récluz, 1848 Beomseom, Supseom, Jigwido); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. 43. Septifer (Septifer) bilocularis (L., 1758) (2002) Biyangdo, Udo, (Songacksan); Sinchon, Suzuki (2010) Munseom, (Jungmun, Hwasoon, Gwakji); Yang H.-S. and Choi K.-S. (2011); Pl. 11, Figs. A-E Synonyms: Mytilus nicobaricus Röding, 1798; Mytilus septulifer Cha J.-H. et al. (2013) (north-eastern coast of Jeju); Menke, 1830; Tichogonia wiegmannii Küster, 1841; Tichogonia Lee kraussii Küster, 1841; Modiola subtriangularis Turton, 1932. Munseom, Seongsan, Hwasoon); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) J.-S. (2013) (Jeju Harbour, Udo, Jagwido, (Gapado, Beomseom, Munseom); Lee J.U. et al. (2017). Local distribution: Udo (Hagosudong), Udo (Sanhosa), General distribution: Korea and Japan to Vietnam and Udo (Geomeollae), Seongsan, Wimi, Jungmun, Yerae, South China Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Sagyei, Songaksan, Gwakji, 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Hamo; other records: Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seongsan). Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, often in clumps, General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific on exposed rocky shores in high intertidal zone species, from southern and eastern Africa to Indonesia, (Huber, 2010). Melanesia, Australia, Micronesia, Philippines, South China Sea, Vietnam, East China Sea, Okinawa, Korea 45. Septifer (Mytilisepta) keenae Nomura, 1936 Pl. 11, Figs. F-I and Japan (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks among algae, near Local distribution: Dong-gwi, Iho, Hwabuk, Hamdeok, low tide mark, from intertidal zone to depth of 35 m Bukchon-ri, (Huber, 2010). Handong, Hado, Udo (Hagosudong), Udo (Sanhosa), Udo Gimnyeong, (Geomeollae), Jongdal-ri, Wolpyeong, Daejong, Ojo-ri, Haengwon, Seongsan, Subgenus Mytilisepta Habe, 1951 Seopjikoji, Shinyang, Pyoseon, Namwon, Wimi, Bomok, 44. Septifer (Mytilisepta) virgatus (Wiegmann, 1837) Seogwipo, Beophwan, Gangjeong, Daepo, Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Sagyei, Songaksan, Gapado, Text-fig. 5A, C, D; Pl. 10, Figs. C, F-I Synonyms: Dreissena purpurascens Benson in Cantor, 1842; Marado, Hamo, Chagwido, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Septifer crassus Dunker, 1853; Septifer herrmannseni Dunker, Hyeopjae, Gwideok, Weoljeong, Gwakji; other records: 1853. Lee J.J. and Jwa Y.W. (1988); Lee J.J. et al. (1989); Lee J.J. (1990) (northern coast); Lee J.J. (1991) Local distribution: Iho, Jeju-shi, Samyang, Hamdeok, (Gapado, Marado); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1991) Bukchon-ri, Jongdal-ri, (Seogwipo); Kim H.S. et al., 1992; Lee J.J. and Hyun Seongsan, Ojo-ri, Shinyang, Pyoseon, Wimi, Bomok, J.M. (1992) (eastern coast; Udo); Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. Supseom, Seogwipo, Munseom, Beomseom, Gangjeong, (1993) (Biyangdo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Hado, Udo (Sanhosa), - 182 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Lee J.J. et al. (1995) (Chagwido); Lee J.-J. and Hyun subtropical. J.M. (1997) (Chujado); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; including Habitat: Sand and gravel, at depth of 100-300 m excisus) (Youngunchon, Yeongmeori, Shinyang, Sanho, (Huber, 2010). Hado, Gimyong, Munseom, Beomseom, Supseom); Lee Comments: This species was not listed for the Korean J.J. and Hyun J.M. (2002) (Songacksan); Noseworthy fauna by J.-S. Lee (2013). et al. (2002) (Seongsan); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2010; as Septifer excisus) (Seogundo); Suzuki (2010) (Hwasoon); Ko J.-C. et al. (2011); Yang H.-S. and Choi Subfamily Musculinae Iredale, 1939 K.-S. (2011); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Seogwipo, Sehwa, Genus Gregariella Monterosato, 1884 Shinyang, Seongsan, Sagye-ri, Hwasoon); Cho I.-Y. et 47. Gregariella barbata (Reeve, 1858) al. (2014) (Beomseom); Noseworthy et al. (2016) Synonyms: Modiolaria arcuata Gould, 1861; Lithodomus laniger (Keumneung); Noseworthy and Choi K.-S. (2018) Reeve, 1858; Modiolaria barbata Angas, 1868. (Hamo). Sea, Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; as East/Japan (north to Hokkaido and Peter the Great Trichomusculus semigranatus); Daepo, Aewol, Hacheon General distribution: Korea, Japan, Yellow Bay), East China Sea (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., (Ko J.-C. et al., 2011; as Trichomusculus semigranatus); 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010; Zhang et al., Hangaechang, 2016); subtropical. Trichomusculus semigranatus). Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks, from intertidal General distribution: Korea and Japan to Thailand, zone to depth of 30 m (Huber, 2010). Philippines, South China Sea, Melanesia, Australia, Comments: J.-S. Lee (2013) stated that all records of and New Zealand (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) from Korea Munseom (Lee J.-S., 2013; as 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. including Min D.-K. et al. (2004) are instead S. keenae. Habitat: Under stones, on rocks, nestling in cavities of The shell of S. excisus appears to have narrow but larger shells, also embedded in sandy clay and mud, distinct radial, often bifurcating, ribs which exhibit from intertidal zone to depth of 90 m (Huber, 2010). various degrees of beading; the edge of the septum Comments: This species was known in regional literature contains a concavity (notch) of varying depth; although (e.g., Min D-K. et al., 2004; Lee J.-S. (2013)) as some illustrations of this species show no notch; the “Trichomusculus anterior margin is more rounded than in S. keenae, Gregariella semigranata (Reeve, 1858), a Mediterranean- and the ribs of the latter are generally somewhat Atlantic species). semigranatus (Reeve, 1858)” (= wider and smoother, and the anterior margin is more angular. The edge of the septum in S. keenae exhibits 48. Gregariella coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) no Synonyms: Modiola semen Lamarck, 1819; Modiola divaricata concavity. Jeju records of S. excisus (e.g., Philippi, 1847; Lithodomus gossei Reeve, 1858; Lithodomus Noseworthy et al. (2007)) are actually S. keenae. argenteus Reeve, 1858; Gregariella opifex Dall, 1889; Tibialectus otteri Iredale, 1939. Subfamily Crenellinae Gray, 1840 Genus Exosiperna Iredale, 1929 Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004); 46. Exosiperna kuroharai Habe, 1961 Jeju (Lee J.-S., 2013). General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004); species (eastern Africa to Australia, Philippines, South Jeju (Lee J.U. et al., 2017; as Exsiperna kuroharai). China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Korea, Japan) General distribution: Korea, Japan to Okinawa (Higo and also Atlantic (North Carolina to Brazil) (Huber, et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); 2010); tropical-subtropical. - 183 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Habitat: Chemically boring in corals (Porites sp.), from intertidal zone to depth of 70 m (Huber, 2010). limestone, and shells; from the intertidal zone to depth Comments: “Musculus nanus (Dunker, 1857)” known in of 20 m (Huber, 2010). regional literature (e.g., Okutani, 2000; Min D.-K. et Comments: This species exhibits rare, “cosmopolitan” al., 2004; Lee J.-S., 2013), and exhibiting some distribution but it needs a molecular confirmation variability in shape, is actually M. viridulus; M. nanus (Huber, 2010). is restricted to southern Australia (Huber, 2010); a syntype of the latter is figured by Moolenbeek (2009, figs. 8, 9). Genus Musculus Röding, 1798 Subgenus Musculus Röding, 1798 Subgenus Modiolarca Gray, 1842 49. Musculus (Musculus) pusio (A. Adams, 1862) 51. Musculus (Modiolarca) cupreus (Gould, 1861) Text-fig. 6C; Pl. 8, Figs. I-K Synonyms: Modiolaria quadrula Gould, 1861; Musculus Local distribution: Udo (Hagosudong, Sanhosa), neglectus Kuroda, 1941. Seongsan, Wolpyeong, Bomok, Munseom, Hwasoon, Yeongmeori, Gwakji, Woljeong; other records: Je J.-G. Local distribution: Munseom (Je J.-G. et al., 2002); et al. (2002) (Munseom, Beomseom); Noseworthy and Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Choi K.-S. (2010; as Musculus nanus) (Seogundo); Ko General distribution: Korea and Japan, East China J.-C. et al. (2011; as Musculus viridulus) (Sincheon, Sea, Taiwan, Yellow Sea (Huber, 2010); subtropical. Aewol, Haengwon); Lee J.-S. (2013) (Hwasoon; as Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 1-50 or 150 m, byssally Musculus viridulus); Lee J.U. et al. (2017); Noseworthy attached among ascidians or in rock crevices (Huber, and Choi K.-S. (2018; as Musculus nanus) (Hamo). 2010). General distribution: Japan and Korea, East China Comments: “Musculus cumingiana (Reeve, 1857)” (Min Sea, Yellow Sea (Huber, 2010); subtropical. D.-K. et al. (2004)) is M. cupreus (Lee J.-S., 2013); Habitat: Byssally attached to rock, gravel and seaweed however, the latter author did not list Jeju among the in soft mud, from intertidal zone to depth of 20 m localities of M. cupreus in Korea. The holotype is (Huber, 2010). figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 149, fig. B156). Comments: J.-S. Lee (2013) regarded a Jeju record of this species (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1218) as a misidentification of Musculus viridulus (H. Adams, Subfamily Arcuatulinae Scarlato et Starobogatov, 1979 1871). Alernatively, the illustration in Min D.-K. et al. Genus Arcuatula Jousseaume in Lamy, 1919 (l.c., fig. 1219) of “M. virudulus” is M. pusio. 52. Arcuatula senhousia (Benson in Cantor, 1842) Synonyms: Modiola bellardiana Tapparone-Canefri, 1874; Modiola aquarius Grabau et King, 1928. 50. Musculus (Musculus) viridulus (H. Adams, 1871) Synonyms: Modiolaria miranda Smith, 1884. Local distribution: Shinyang, Gangjeong, Jungmun, Local distribution: Hwasoon (Lee J.-S., 2013; as Hwasoon, Musculus nanus). Chagwido, Keumneung, Biyangdo; other records: Lee General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific J.J. et al. (1989; as Musculus senhausia); Lee J.J. and species, from Red Sea to Indonesia, Australia, Melanesia, Hyun J.M. (1992) (eastern coast; Udo); Lee J.J. and Polynesia, Philippines, Thailand, South China Sea, Kim J.C. (1993; as Musculus senhausia) (Biyangdo); Je Vietnam, East China Sea, Korea and Japan (Min D.-K. et J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Musculus senhousia) (Munseom); Songaksan, Lee (Chagwi-do); Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997; as sand grains, also nestling on rocks and on large shells, Musculus senhousia) (Chujado); Lee J.J. et al. (2001; al. as Gosan, Habitat: Rocky and sandy areas, byssally attached to et (1995; Gapado, al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. - 184 - J.J. Sagyei, Musculus senhausia) Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 as Musculus senhausia) (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. by Kimura (1996); according to him, its shell (2002; as Musculus senhousia) (Youngunchon, Hado); morphology is similar to Xenostrobus balani Ockelmann, Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (2002; as Musculus senhausia) 1983 and Xenostrobus mangle Ockelmann, 1983 from (Songacksan); Lee J.-S. (2013). south-eastern General distribution: North-western East/Japan Sea, association of X. atratus, as well as other allied Sea of Okhotsk (Aniva Bay: Sakhalin Island), Japan, species, with the genus Limnoperna Rochebrune, 1862 Yellow Sea, Korea, China, Vietnam, Thailand, and (Beu, 2006) was later abandoned (Beu, 2012). X. Asia (Ockelmann, 1983). Previous Singapore; invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea, atratus is the type species of Vignadula Kuroda et Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific coast of North Habe in Kuroda, Habe et Oyama, 1971 which is America (Scarlato, 1981; Coan et al., 2000; Min D.-K. believed to be a synonym of Xenostrobus Wilson, 1967 et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical-lowboreal. (Ockelmann, 1983; Kimura, 1996; Beu, 2006). Habitat: Sheltered bays, burrowing in soft mud, muddy gravel, also among eelgrass, occasionally building nests by byssal threads, from intertidal zone Order OSTREIDA Férussac, 1822 to depth of 20 m (Scarlato, 1981; Huber, 2010). Superfamily Ostreoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Comments: A syntype of A. senhousia is figured by Family Ostreidae Rafinesque, 1815 Higo et al. (2001, p. 149, fig. B159). Subfamily Ostreinae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Ostrea L., 1758 54. Ostrea denselamellosa Lischke, 1869 Genus Xenostrobus Wilson, 1967 Pl. 13, Fig. I 53. Xenostrobus atratus (Lischke, 1871) Synonyms: Ostrea auriculata G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea Pl. 9, Figs. I, J Synonyms: Modiola aterrima Dall, 1871. multicostata G.B. Sowerby II, 1871 (non Deshayes, 1832); Ostrea multiradiata G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea tubercularis Local distribution: Hamdeok, Handong, Ojo-ri, Yongmeori, Hyeopjae; other records: Lee J.-S. (2013) G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea cristatella Lamy, 1929; Ostrea jubata Lamy, 1929. (Udo). General distribution: South Korea (all provinces except Local distribution: Hamdeok, Hado, Jongdal-ri, Ojo-ri, for Gangwon-do), Japan (northeastern Honshu and Seongsan, Seogwipo, Jungmun, Hwasoon, Gapado, southwards, western Kyushu), Yellow Sea, northern Marado, Gosan, Chagwido, Biyangdo, Gwideok; other South China Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Okutani, 2000; Qi, records: Lee J.-J. et al. (1989); Lee J.J. (1990) 2004; (northern coast); Lee J.J. (1991) (Gapado); Lee J.J. and Min et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2016); tropical-subtropical. Hyun J.M (1991) (Seogwipo); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. Habitat: Marine-estuarine, sheltered situations; byssally (1992) (eastern coast); Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. (1993) attached to rocks or shells, from the high intertidal (Biyangdo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.J. zone to depth of 1 m (Huber, 2010). et al. (1995) (Chagwido); Lee J.-J. et al. (1997) Comments: The holotype of M. aterrima is figured by (Chujado); Lee J.J. et al. (2001) (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et Higo et al. (2001, p. 148, fig. B127s), and its al. (2002) (Munseom, Beomseom, Supseom); Lee J.J. morphology does correspond to X. atratus; syntypes of and Hyun J.M. (2002) (Songacksan). X. atratus were figured by Lutaenko and Chaban General distribution: Japan (Mutsu Bay, Honshu and (2016, figs. 1A-D; 2A-C). The latter name has priority southwards), Yellow Sea, Korea, East China Sea, over M. aterrima, as Lischke’s (1871) paper was China (to Taiwan and Hong Kong) to Philippines, published in January, while Dall’s (1871) paper was Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand (Higo et al., 1999; published on November 2, 1871 (Coan et al., 2000). The Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Huber, 2010; Zhang et morphology and anatomy of X. atratus were described al., 2016); tropical-subtropical. - 185 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Habitat: Left valve cemented to rocks and pebbles, on Synonyms: Lopha theca Röding, 1798; Ostrea haliotidaea sand and gravel bottoms from the intertidal zone to Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea erucella Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea depth of 35 m (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). fucorum Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea labrella Lamarck, 1819; Comments: A possible syntype of O. denselamellosa is ?Ostrea sinuata Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea affinis G.B. Sowerby figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 155, fig. B395). II, 1871; Ostrea dubia G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea 55. Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, 1904 Lamarck, 1819); Ostrea dalli Lamy, 1930 (nom. nov. pro cognata Jousseaume, 1888; Ostrea serra Dall, 1914 (non Ostrea serra Dall, 1914 non Lamarck, 1819); Ostrea bresia Pl. 13, Figs. A-D Iredale, 1939. Local distribution: Iho, Jeju-shi, Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, Supseom, Seogwipo, Munseom, Bumseom, Jungmun, Local distribution: Marado (Qi and Choe, 2000); Daepyeong, Hwasoon, Sagyei, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Yerae, Gwakji, west of Pyeoson, Soesoggak; other General distribution: Kii Penisula, Japan, Korea to records: Choi K.-S. et al. (2000); Lee J.J. et al. (2001) Taiwan, (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. (2002) (Munseom, Supseom); Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia to the Indo-West Hainan, South and East China seas, Noseworthy et al. (2002) (Seongsan); Cho I.-Y. et al. Pacific and eastern Pacific (from Mexico to Colombia (2014) (Bumseom, Munseom); Noseworthy et al. (2016; and Galapagos Islands), eastern Mediterranean (Qi, as Striostrea) (Keumneung). 2004; Lam and Morton, 2009; Huber, 2010; Coan and General distribution: Korea and Japan (Mutsu Bay, Valentich-Scott, 2012); tropical-subtropical. Honshu and southwards), East China Sea, Taiwan Habitat: Cemented by finger-like processes to stems of (Higo et al., 1999; Inaba et al., 2004; Lee J.-S., 2016); gorgonians, sea fans, rocks or corals, from depths of subtropical. 5-50 m (Huber, 2010). Habitat: Exposed shores; attached to non-calcareous Comments: Biogeographically, it is likely that D. rocks, forming dense banks, from intertidal zone to folium immigrated through the Suez Channel and is depth of 30 m (Huber, 2010). now established in the eastern Mediterranean (Huber, Comments: Salvi and Mariottini (2016), based on molecular analysis, re-classified this species 2010). as belonging to the genus Ostrea L., 1758 instead of 57. Dendostrea sandvichensis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1871) previous association with Striostrea Vialov, 1936 Synonyms: (Harry, 1985; Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). This is crenulifera G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea albatra Jousseaume in accord with the viewpoint of Inaba et al. (2004). O. in Lamy, 1925; Ostrea kupua Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938; circumpicta is a quite heavy, solid species, with the Ostrea nomades Iredale, 1939. Ostrea semiplicata Küster, 1868; Ostrea typical metallic-iridescent internal sheen, often in whitish-grey/green, often reddish around the borders; Local distribution: Jeju (Min D.-K. et al., 2004); Ko the noduled upper border denticulations are also J.-C. et al. (2011; as Dendostrea crenulifera) (Daepo, typical; juveniles have a particularly large scar; in well Aewol); preserved specimens, irregularly divergent ribs are crenulifera) (Bumseom, Munseom). Cho I-Y. et al. (2014; as Dendostrea found (Huber, 2010). A syntype is figured by Higo et General distribution: Japan to South China Sea, al. (2001, p. 155, fig. B417). Indonesia, Vietnam and western Indo-Pacific (to eastern Africa, Red Sea and Persian Gulf), eastern Mediterranean; Hawaii, ?Mexico (Gulf of California) Subfamily Lophinae Vyalov, 1936 (Higo et al., 1999; Galil, 2007; Huber, 2010; Coan and Genus Dendrostrea Swainson, 1835 Valentich-Scott, 2012); tropical-subtropical. 56. Dendostrea folium (L., 1758) Habitat: Attached to other shells, on pilings, rocky - 186 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 substrate, or coral rubble, from the intertidal zone to Mediterranean Sea, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Angola, depth of 40 m (Huber, 2010). Namibia), Australia, New Zealand, Hawai (Scarlato, Comments: This species has been long known in 1981; Higo et al., 1999; Coan et al., 2000; Min D.-K. et literature as Dendostrea crenulifera (G.B. Sowerby II, al., 1871) (see extensive Synonyms in Inaba et al. (2004)). Valentich-Scott, 2004; Qi, 2004; 2012; Huber, 2010; Lutaenko and Coan and Noseworthy, The holotype of O. crenulifera is figured by Higo et al. 2012); subtropical-lowboreal. (2001, p. 155, fig. B403). Habitat: Sheltered, often brackish, bays with low salinity; on rocks, often in mud, from intertidal zone to depth of 30 m (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Morphological identification of species Subfamily Crassostreinae Scarlato et Starobogatov, 1979 Comments: Genus Crassostrea Sacco, 1897 belonging to this genus is complicated and should be Subgenus Magallana Salvi et Mariottini, 2016 complemented by molecular methods. Close species to 58. Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas (Thunberg, 1793) C. gigas are Crassostrea lugubris (Sowerby II, 1871) (blackscar Pl. 15, Figs. A-F Synonyms: Ostrea laperousii Schrenck, 1861; Ostrea oyster), C. angulata (Lamarck, 1819) (Portuguese oyster), C. hongkongensis Lam et Morton, talienwhanensis Crosse, 1862; Ostrea rostralis G.B. Sowerby 2003 (Hong Kong cultured oyster), C. ariakensis II, 1871 non Lamarck, 1819; Ostrea cymbaeformis G.B. Fujita, 1913 (Suminoe oyster) and C. nippona (Seki, Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea virginica var. lusitanica Osorio, 1934) (Japanese oyster). Lam and Morton (2004) noted 1916; that Ostrea gravitesta Yokoyama, 1926; Dioeciostrea C. angulata can not be morphologically hispaniola Orton, 1928; Ostrea chemnitzii var. elongata differentiated from the closest C. gigas based on Grabau et King, 1928; ?Ostrea gigas var. tientsiensis anatomy and shell whereas Batista et al. (2009) Grabau et King, 1928; Ostrea posjetica Razin, 1934; Ostrea observed differences in shell shape and muscle scar complanata Fenaux, 1944; Lopha (Ostreola) posjetica beringi pigmentation between adults of the two taxa. However, Vyalov, 1946; Lopha (Ostreola) posjetica zawoikoi Vyalov, the existence of C. angulata in waters of northern 1946; Lopha (Ostreola) posjetica newelskyi Vyalov, 1946. China, and thus in Korea, is doubtful and, most likely, this species does not live north of the Yangtze River Local distribution: Hamdeok, Wolpyeong, Jongdal-ri, estuary but is widespread from Zhejiang Province to Seopjikoji, Beophwan, Hainan Island (Wang et al., 2008, 2010). Later, Sekino Jungmun, Yerae, Daepyeong, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, and Yamashita (2013) and Sekino et al. (2016) Shinyang, Wimi, Bomok, Sagyei, Hamo, Hyeopjae, Gwideok, Gwakji, Gangeong revealed the presence of a hitherto-unrecognized Harbour, Soesoggak; other records: Lee J.J. and Jwa population of the Portuguese oyster C. angulata in Y.W. (1988); Lee J.-J. et al. (1989); Lee J.J. (1990) Okinawa, Japan and on the coast of Shikoku Island, (northern coast); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1991) Japan. In the latter location, they also confirmed the (Seogwipo); Kim H.S. et al. (1992); Je J.-G. et al. distribution of a recently recognized oyster species, (1994a) (Munseom); Choi K.-S. et al. (2000); Je J.-G. et Crassostrea dianbaiensis Xia, Wu, Xiao et Yu, 2014) al. (2002); Suzuki (2010) (Hamdeok, Jungmun); Cha which makes it possible to regard its distributional J.-H. et al. (2013) (north-eastern coast of Jeju); Lee range as wider being a tropical-subtropical species. J.U. et al. (2017). Wang et al. (2010) found that C. gigas and C. angulata General distribution: Native range is from Russian are easily hybridized and genetically are closely coast of the East/Japan Sea (north to Amur River related, so they suggest accepting C. angulata as a estuary), Sakhalin Island, south Kurile Islands, Japan subspecies of C. gigas. In other words, the problem (Hokkaido and southwards), Korea, Yellow Sea, China with the validity of C. angulata is not resolved even to South China Sea; introduced to the Pacific coast of after North without further examination, regard this name as America and Atlantic Ocean (Europe, - 187 - molecular studies, whereas other authors, Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 valid (Boudry et al., 1998; O’Foighil et al., 1998; Lam as distinct genera as they form two highly supported and Morton, 2004; Batista et al., 2009; Hsiao et al., monophyletic clades in all phylogenetic studies; they 2016). Inaba et al. (2004) and Huber (2010) treated C. have a strictly allopatric distribution in different angulata as a synonym of C. gigas. Recent analyses of oceans. The genetic divergence between them at mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences mitochondrial and nuclear genes is similar or even from a large number of specimens of Crassostrea higher than genetic distance observed between genera collected from 12 locations along Taiwanese and belonging southern Chinese coastlines confirm that all samples Ostreinae and Lophinae genera. According to divergent were the Portuguese oyster, C. angulata, rather than time to estimates different based subfamilies, on i.e. mitogenome between data, the C. gigas (Hsiao et al., 2016). As for other species of the divergence between Asian and American Crassostrea is complex, C. lugubris (a synonym of Crassostrea as ancient as 83 million years. Based on this and other bilineata (Röding, 1798), according to Huber (2010)) is molecular evidence, they proposed a new genus known from China, Philippines, Thailand (Lam and Magallana Salvi et Mariottini, 2016 that includes Morton, 2004) or very widely in the Indo-Pacific (from Asian species previously assigned to Crassostrea (Salvi Aden and Madagascar to China and Vietnam) (Huber, and Mariottini, 2016); however, we prefer to regard it 2010). C. hongkongkensis, in southern China (Lam and as a subgenus of Crassostrea. The genus name Morton, 2004; Huber, 2010); C. ariakensis, from Magallana Salvi, Macali et Mariottini, 2014 (Salvi et Vietnam to Yellow Sea, Korea, and Japan (western al., 2014) is not available under ICZN rules (Art. 13.1). Kyushu, Ariake Bay, Osaka Bay, Honshu (Chiba Prefecture)) (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). C. 59. Crassostrea (Magallana) nippona (Seki, 1934) ariakensis, C. hongkongensis, and C. nippona are closely related species based on molecular data (Reece Local distribution: Jungmun (Min D.-K et al., 2004); et al., 2008). The presence of more than two species of Munseom (Je J.-G. et al., 2002; as Crassosrea Crassostrea in Jeju Island or more than three species “nipponica”); Jeju (Lee J.U. et al., 2017; as Crassosrea in Korea (Lee J.-S., 2016) is possible. Hong J.-S. et al. “nipponica”). (2012) identified the Kumamoto oyster, Crassostrea General distribution: Korea, Japan (Honshu: Mutsu sikamea (Amemiya, 1928) a sibling species of C. gigas, Bay and southwards to southern Kyushu), Yellow Sea, in Suncheon Bay, located in the southern Korean (Higo et al., 1999; Lee J.-S. and Min, 2002; Zhang et Peninsula, This species which ranges from the South al., 2016]; subtropical. China Sea to Japan, and has been introduced to Habitat: Left valve cemented to rocks, from the Oregon and Australia (Huber, 2010), occurred along intertidal zone to depth of 20 m (Higo et al., 1999). with a C. sikamea / C. gigas hybrid which was detected Comments: “Crassostrea nipponica” (e.g., Habe (1977); from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers; there Higo et al. (1999); Lee J.-S. and Min (2002); Min D.-K. et were no significant differences in shell morphology al. (2004)) is a misspelling. The close relationship of C. between the two species. nippona and C. hongkongensis has been demonstrated The type material of Ostrea chemnitzii var. elongata based on mitochondrial genome comparison (Yu and Li, Grabau et King, 1928 (Yellow Sea) included specimens 2012). of both C. gigas and of Talonostrea talonata Li et Qi, 1994; however, designation of the lectotype settles its status as a synonym of C. gigas (Coan et al., 2015). A Subfamily Saccostreinae Salvi et Mariottini, 2016 syntype of O. laperousii is figured by Lutaenko (2016, Genus Saccostrea Dollfus et Dautzenberg, 1920 p. 128, figs. 14A, B). 60. Saccostrea echinata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1835) Salvi et al. (2014) has shown that two groups of Crassostrea, American and Asian, should be designed Pl. 14, Figs. E-H Synonyms: Ostrea mytiloides Lamarck, 1819 (non Hermann, - 188 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 1781 nec Gmelin, 1791); ?Ostrea spathulata Lamarck, 1919; height to 90-123 mm, wide commissural shelf, and the Ostrea spinosa Deshayes, 1836; Ostrea arakanensis G.B. presence of violet squamae or lamellae on the outer Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea nigromarginata G.B. Sowerby II, right valve (Sekino and Yamashita, 2016). This 1871; Saxostrea gradiva Iredale, 1939. nominal species has long been neglected; then Huber (2010) regarded it as valid, so, we now accept S. Local distribution: Soessogak; other records: Lee J.J. spathulata as a possible synonym of S. echinata. A and Jwa Y.W. (1988; as Saxostrea); Lee J.-J. et al. synonym (1989; as Saxostrea); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M (1991; as barclayana G.B. Sowerby II, 1871 (type locality: Saxostrea) (Seogwipo); Lee J.J. and Hyun J.M. (1992) Mauritius) (eastern coast; Udo); Lee J.J. and Kim J.C. (1993) anatomy of S. echinata was described in detail by (Biyangdo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.J. Amaral and Simone (2016). of S. is, spathulata (Huber, 2010). Shell in turn, Ostrea morphology and et al. (1995) (Jagwido); Lee J.-J. et al. (1997) (Chujado); Choi K.-S. et al. (2000; as Crassostrea); Lee 61. Saccostrea kegaki Torigoe et Inaba, 1981 Text-fig. 6D; Pl. 14, Figs. A-D J.J. et al. (2001) (Hwasoon); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Crassostrea); Min D.-K. et al. (2004) (Munseom, Hwasoon). Local distribution: Iho, Samyang, Munseom, Hwasoon, General distribution: Korea, Okinawa, Amami Islands, Hamo, Gwakji, Pyeoson, south-west of Shinyang, East China Sea to Indonesia, Vietnam, South China Soessogak, Daejeong; other records: Yang H.-S. and Sea and Indo-West Pacific to eastern Africa (Inaba et Choi al., 2004; Huber, 2010; Lee J.-S., 2016); K.-S. (2011); Cha J.-H. et al. (2013) (north-eastern coast of Jeju); Lee H.-J. et al. (2013) tropical-subtropical. (Gimnyung Harbor); Lee J.U. et al. (2017). Habitat: Marine-estuarine; attached to rocks, mangrove General distribution: roots, and trees, in the intertidal zone to 20 m Honshu and southwards to Amami Islands), East (Okutani, 2000; Huber, 2010). China Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Comments: The taxonomy of Saccostrea species is Huber, 2010); subtropical. extremely difficult because ot their shell plasticity Habitat: Attached to rocks and other hard substrate in (Lam and Morton, 2004; 2006). Lam and Morton the intertidal zone (Okutani, 2000; Huber, 2010). (2004) Korea, Japan (Mutsu Bay, of Comments: This is a usually strongly spinose, small, Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) and, based on and rather fragile species morphologically close to S. mitochondiral DNA sequence analysis, showed that S. echinata (Huber, 2010) but well-developed hyote spines cucullata is a superspecies with Saccostrea glomerata allow relatively easy separation of S. kegaki from other regarded S. echinata as a synonym (Gould, 1850) as a component species and S. echinata lineages of Saccostrea (Sekino and Yamashita, 2016). as a morpho- or ecotype. Huber (2010) regarded S. Moreover, S. kegaki is genetically distinct (Lam and cucullata, S. glomerata and S. echinata as distinct. Morton, 2006; Sekino and Yamashita, 2016). Compared Sekino Japanese to S. echinata which also occurs in mangrove areas or and Yamashita (2016) divided Saccostrea species into seven mitochondrial lineages, mud flats, S. kegaki has only been found intertidally however, for most of the lineages, it was difficult to attached to stones on rocky shores (Huber, 2010). identify thereby Okutani (2000) states that juvenile individuals of S. preventing a decisive link from being established echinata may resemble S. kegaki; however, the shell of between the observed lineages and morphology-based S. echinata becomes much larger and elongate-oval, as species names. It seems that S. echinata sensu Inaba opposed to the generally subcircular shape of S. et al. (2004) included lineages A, B or H (with hyote kegaki. Torigoe and Inaba (1981) provided additional spines) and another oyster, Saccostrea spathulata distinguishing characters between S. kegaki and S. (Lamarck, 1919) (lineage J) because of its large size, echinata; the holotype and two paratypes are figured a lineage-specific shell feature, - 189 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 in the same paper (l.c., pl. 1, figs. 1-7; pl. 2, figs. 1-6). Family Gryphaeidae Vialov, 1936 62. Saccostrea scyphophilla (Peron et Lesueur, 1807) Genus Hyotissa Stenzel, 1971 Synonyms: Ostrea mordax Gould 1850; Ostrea mordax var. 63. Hyotissa hyotis (L., 1758) Subfamily Pycnodonteinae Stenzel, 1959 cornucopiaeformis Saville-Kent, 1893 (nom. nov. pro Ostrea Pl. 13, Figs. E, F cornucopia Saville-Kent, 1891 non Gmelin, 1791); Ostrea Synonyms: Ostrea radiata Lamarck, 1819 (non Gmelin, forskäli var. sueli Jousseaume in Lamy, 1925; Saxostrea 1791). amasa Iredale, 1939. Local Local distribution: Taepyongri (Qi and Choe, 2000). Korea (Jeju), Japan distribution: Jeju-shi, Seongsan, Seogwipo, Munseom, Bumseom, Yerae, Hwasoon, Keumneung, (Kii Soesoggak, Jongdal-ri, Peninsula and southwards, Okinawa), East China Sea, Jungmun; other records: Taiwan, China to Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and (Munseom, Supseom); Ko J.-C. et al. (2011) (Gwakji, Indo-West Pacific (to eastern Africa) and Hawaii Daepo, Aewol); Cho I-Y. et al. (2014) (Bumseom); (introduced) Noseworthy et al. (2016) (Keumneung). General distribution: (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010); Daepyeong, Je South J.-G. Yeongmeori, et Korea, (2002) al. Japan (Kii tropical-subtropical. General Habitat: Often grgarious on intertidal rocks and Peninsula and southwards), East China Sea, South stones, cemented by left valve (Huber, 2010). China Comments: This species has been long known as Philippines, Australia to Indo-West Pacific and eastern Saccostrea mordax (Gould, 1850) but it appears that it Africa; Clipperton Island; introduced to Florida (Higo was Ostrea et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Kaiser, scyphophilla Peron et Lesueur, 1807 (Huber, 2010). 2007; Mikkelsen and Bieler, 2008; Huber, 2010); Lam and Morton (2006; as S. mordax) suggested that tropical-subtropical. this species occurs only on exposed, wholly marine rocky Habitat: Coral and rocky reefs, often attached to rocks shores whereas the other Saccostrea lineages occupy a and corals, occasionally free living, at depths from 2-55 wide range of habitats from brackish mangroves to m (Qi, 2004; Kaiser, 2007; Huber, 2010). somewhat less exposed marine shores. Comments: Harry (1985) considered this genus as This species is missing in the book on Korean mollusks monotypic, with H. hyotis extending from Madagascar by D.-K. Min et al. (2004) and a catalogue of J.-S. Lee to the Tuamotu Islands and occurring also in the earlier described from Australia as distribution: Sea, Taiwan, Hainan Island, Vietnam, and Min (2002), however, it is mentioned as “Saccostrea tropical eastern Pacific. Huber (2010) recognized cucullata (Born, 1778)” by Lee J.-S. (2015; 2016). additionally Hyotissa fisheri (Dall, 1914) (Panamic According to Huber (2010), S. scyphophilla is internally area: Mexico to Panama, Ecuado,r and Colombia) and glossier than S. cucullata, often with a raised, deep Hyotissa sinensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Indo-Pacific: from black scar and glossy black margins, solid, generally Andaman Sea, South China Sea, Thailand, and Borneo with the typical strong radially crumbled sculpture; to Polynesia). Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012) regard un-eroded S. scyphophilla individuals are distinct from the former as a synonym of H. hyotis. Huber (2010) other described H. sinensis as thick and solid, but not, or only species of Saccostrea in terms of the regularly-spaced grooves radiating from the umbo to the weakly, ventral margin of the right valve, its triangular shell blackish-purple shape, and finely, regularly, “m-shaped” plicated valve compressed, the muscle scar not elevated, typically deep margin (Lam and Morton, 2009). Moreover, S. cucullata purple, occasionally yellowish brown. The easiest way to is limited to both eastern and western Africa (Huber, disginguish between the two Indo-Pacific species are the 2010), and there is no evidence for Pacific distribution muscle scars in adults which are yellowish-brown and of this species (Sekino and Yamashita, 2016). markedly elevated in H. hyotis and generally smaller, - 190 - plicate, with borders, almost smooth, generally flatter, usually more Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 dark purple-black and flat in H. sinensis. Ostrea lentiginosa G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea cerata G.B. Genus Parahyotissa Harry, 1985 1871; Ostrea hanleyana G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea inaequivalvis G.B. Sowerby II, Subgenus Parahyotissa Harry, 1985 thaanumi Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938; Ostrea procles 64. Parahyotissa (Parahyotissa) inermis (G.B. Sowerby Iredale, 1939. II, 1871) Pl. 12, Figs. E, F; Pl. 13, Fig. J Local distribution: Bumseom (Qi and Choe, 2000; as Synonyms: Ostrea imbricata Lamarck, 1819 (non Gmelin, Parahyotissa inaequivalvis). 1791); Ostrea nobilis G.B. Sowerby II, 1871; Ostrea sellaformis General distribution: Korea (?Busan, Ullung-do and Saville-Kent, 1891 (non Conrad, 1832); Ostrea quirites Iredale, Jeju-do), Japan (Amami Islands and southwards), East 1939 (nom. nov. pro Ostrea sellaformis Saville-Kent, 1891 non China Sea, China, Vietnam, Philippines to Indo-West Conrad, 1832). Pacific and eastern coast of Africa, Australia, Hawaii (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and Local distribution: Seongsan, Munseom, Hwasoon, Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Sagyei, Yerae; other records: Kim H.S. and Rho B.J. Habitat: Left valve cemented to rubble, stones, corals, (1971; as Pretostrea imbricata) (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et on rocks, coral reefs, under rocks and coral blocks, al. (1994a; as Hyotissa imbricata) (Munseom); Je J.-G. intertidal to 20 m (Huber, 2010). et al. (2002; as Hyotissa hyotis imbricata and Pretostrea imbricata) (Bumseom, Supseom, Munseom). Subgenus Pliohyotissa Harry, 1985 General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan (Boso 66. Parahyotissa (Pliohyotissa) sp. Peninsula and southwards), South China Pl. 13, Figs. G, H Sea, Vietnam, Philippines to Indo-Pacific and eastern Supseom, Jagwido, Munseom, Africa, Australia; Hawaii (introduced), Easter Island Local (Higo et al., 1999; Inaba et al., 2004; Min D.-K. et al., Bumseom, Tongilli (Daejeong?), Marado (Qi and Choe 2004; (2000; as Parahyotissa chemnitzi); Beomseom (Je J.-G. Huber, 2010; Raines and Huber, 2012); distribution: tropical-subtropical. et al., 2002; as Pretostrea chemnitzii); Seongsan, Habitat: Cemented by left valve to rocks and corals, Munseom, rocky bottoms, from the intertidal zone to depth of 30 Parahyotissa chemnitzii). m (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). General distribution: Korea and Japan (Boso Peninsula Yerae (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; as Comments: Hota, Chiba Prefecture, Honshu, Japan was and southwards) to northern Borneo (Higo et al., 1999; designated as the type locality for this species (Huber, Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. 2010). P. inermis is the most commonly found gryphaeid Habitat: Upper subtidal zone. in the Indo-Pacific, and extremely variable in colors Comments: (white, yellow, brown, grey, golden, silvery, red, purple, present in Borneo, South China Sea to Sagami Bay, and in all shades in between) and, in shape, usually Honshu, rather flat and ovate, but is quite easily differentiated chemnitzii auctt. (non Hanley, 1846). This species has by its spongy shell structure, usually best seen on the a more elongate muscle scar than P. inermis but is inside borders in fresh specimens, and the round, similarly colored as the eastern Pacific Parahyotissa whitish muscle scar (Huber, 2010). The holotype of P. quercinus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1871) (syntype figured by inermis is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 155, fig. B389). Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012, pl. 82)), and was cited A Parahyotissa Japan, was often (Pliohyotissa) named species, Parahyotissa for Japan and China by Inaba et al. (2004); Ostrea Subgenus Numismoida Harry, 1985 chemnitzii Hanley, 1846 is a synonym of Dendostrea 65. Parahyotissa (Numismoida) numisma (Lamarck, 1819) rosacea (Deshayes, 1836). Coan and Valentich-Scott Synonyms: Ostrea violacea Deshayes in Maillard, 1863; (2012) synonymized both Parahyotissa and Pliohyotissa - 191 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 with Hyotissa. Records of “Pretostrea rosacea” (in vitrea Gmelin, 1791; Pinna nuttallii Conrad, 1837; Pinna Gryphaeidae) and “Dendostrea rosacea” (in Ostreidae) elongata Reeve, 1858 (non Röding, 1798); Streptopinna in Jeju Island (Je J.-G. et al., 1994a; Je J.-G. et al., saccata inusitata Iredale, 1927. 2002) are perhaps this species. Local distribution: Jungmun, “all around” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Superfamily Pinnoidea Leach, 1819 General distribution: Japan (Boso Peninsula and Family Pinnidae Leach, 1819 southwards, southern Japan/East Sea) and Korea to Genus Pinna L., 1758 East Subgenus Quantulopinna Iredale, 1939 Philippines, and Indo-Pacific (to eastern and southern 67. Pinna (Quantulopinna) muricata L., 1758 Africa), China and Hawaii, South Australia, China seas, Micronesia, Indonesia, Polynesia, Marquesas, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica; Clipperton Pl. 18, Figs. A-D Synonymss: Pinna cancellata Mawe, 1823; Pinna semicostata Island (pan-Pacific) (Wang, 1964; Higo et al., 1999; Conrad, 1837; Pinna zebuensis Reeve, 1858; Pinna aequilatera Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Schultz Martens in Möbius, 1880 (non Weinkauff, 1867); Pinna and Huber, 2013); tropical-subtropical. hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch et Rehder, 1938; Quantulopinna Habitat: Byssally attached to coral blocks or within delsa Iredale, 1939; Quantulopinna delsa howensis Iredale, branches of living corals, on gravel, under or among 1939. rocks, subtidal from 1-25 m (Schultz and Huber, 2013). Comments: S. saccata is the only species currently Local distribution: Udo (Sanhosa), Yerae, Yeongmeori, included in the genus Streptopinna. Hwasoon. General distribution: Southern Korea and southern Genus Atrina Gray, 1842 Japan (Pacific coast of southern Honshu, Shikoku, Subgenus Servatrina Iredale, 1939 Kyushu 69. Atrina (Servatrina) japonica (Reeve, 1858) and Ogasawara southwards, Islands) Izu to Islands, Vietnam, northern Philippines, Indonesia, and Indo-Pacific (to eastern and southern Local distribution: Jeju (Choi K.-S. et al., 2000; as Africa, Atrina pectinata). Red Sea and Persian Gulf), Australia, Easter General distribution: Korea, Japan, East China Sea, Island (Wang, 1964; Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., Yellow Sea (Huber, 2010; Schultz and Huber, 2013); Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii, 2004; Huber, 2010, 2015; Schultz and Huber, 2013); subtropical. tropical-subtropical. Habitat: Deeply buried in fine and sandy mud, Habitat: Sandy mud among gravel or rocks, sandflats, interidal to 30 m (Schultz and Huber, 2013). lagoons, from the intertidal zone to depth of 60 m Comments: “Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata (L., 1767)” (Schultz and Huber, 2013). often Comments: According to Huber (2010), no marked (Okutani, 2000; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Qi, 2004; Zhang differences were detected between eastern African, et al., 2016) is instead Atrina (Servatrina) japonica Indian, this (Reeve, 1858) (Schultz and Huber, 2013). A. pectinata species is very widely distributed and one of the most occurs in the Indian Ocean, from Seychelles and common Indo-Pacific pinnids. Arabia, and India to Indonesia. It is tan to brownish, Australian, and Hawaiian material; recorded from Japan, Korea, and China rather fragile, narrower and weakly ribbed, compared Genus Streptopinna Martens in Möbius, 1880 to the broader, more inflated, almost smooth A. 68. Streptopinna saccata L., 1758 japonica. The latter species grows much larger; it is olive green, sometimes greenish-black (Huber, 2010; Pl. 18, Fig. E Synonyms: Pinna picta Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775; Pinna Schultz and Huber, 2013). Another species, Atrina - 192 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 (Servatrina) chinensis (Deshayes in Cuvier, 1841), al. (2013)) for P. heteroptera. According to Huber known from China and Japan, is in general smaller, (2010), P. avicular is generally smaller, more colorful, with stronger radial sculpture, occassionally spiny, iridescent, rather trigonal shape,, more compressed, and has a heteroptera has a brownish-red, duller, generally larger deeper habitat (to 200 m) (Schultz and Huber, 2013). shell, more quadrate as adults, often with strongly It seems that these two species were recognized both twisted wings. We follow this interpretation. Kilburn morphologically (as non-scaly and scaly forms) and (1975) genetically in Japan as two forms of “A. pectinata” described from Java, may be conspecific with P. (Yokogawa, 1996). This species was not listed by brevialata and strongly mentioned but that the oblique P. latter as adults; originally tortirostris, appears P. to be less Noseworthy et al. (2007) although it was previously inaequivalve, with a somewhat less twisted anterior found in Jeju and illustrated by Choi K.-S. et al. wing and deep chestnut coloration, although these (2000). characters are quite variable. According to Huber (2010), P. tortirostris appears biogeographically restricted to Indonesian and Philippine waters, and is Superfamily Pterioidea Gray, 1847 uncommon. No specimens close to P. tortirostris were Family Pteriidae Gray, 1847 collected in Japan, eastern Africa, or the Red Sea. Subfamily Pteriinae Gray, 1847 Genus Pteria Scopoli, 1777 71. Pteria gregata (Reeve, 1857) 70. Pteria heteroptera (Lamarck, 1819) Synonyms: Avicula libella Reeve, 1857; Avicula lovéni Dunker, 1879; Pteria sibogae Prashad, 1932; Pteria howensis Pl. 17, Figs. E, F Synonyms: Avicula rufa Dunker, 1849; Avicula inquinata Reeve, 1857; Avicula castanea Reeve, 1857; Lamprell et Healy, 1997; ?Pteria bulliformis Wang, 2001. Avicula aquatilis Reeve, 1857; Avicula brevialata Dunker, 1872; Local distribution: Seogwipo, Munseom (Min D.-K. et Austropteria levitata Iredale, 1939. al., 2004). General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan (Boso Local distribution: Munseom; other records: Cho I.-Y. Peninsula and southwards including Japan/East Sea) et al. (2014; as Pteria brevialata) (Beomseom); Ko J.-C. to East China Sea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, et al. (2011; as Pteria brevialata) (Daepo). Philippines, South China Sea, and the Indo-West General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan (Boso Pacific, Australia, Polynesia, Melanesia (Higo et al., Peninsula and southwards) to East China Sea, Taiwan, 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Lee J.-S., 2016; Huber, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, and Indo-West Pacific 2010); tropical-subtropical. (to eastern and southern Africa and Red Sea), Habitat: Reef slopes, byssally attached to gorgonians, Australia, northern New Zealand (Higo et al., 1999; as from depth of 2-144 m (Huber, 2010). P. brevialata; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; as P. brevialata; Comments: This species was commonly known as Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1879) (e.g., Higo et al. [1999]; Habitat: Byssally attached to gorgonians, from depth Okutani [2000]; Min D.-K. et al. [2004]; Qi [2004]; Xu of 9-180 m (Huber, 2010). and Zhang [2008]) until Huber (2010) demonstrate Comments: This species belongs to the complicated that it is a synonym of P. gregata (type locality: complex “Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802)-Pteria tortirostris Samoa). Characteristic of this species is a fine, dense (Dunker, 1849)-Pteria heteroptera (Lamarck, 1819)” commarginal (Huber, 2010). Asian authors have long used name periostracal lamellae (Huber, 2010). microsculpture overlaid Pteria brevialata (Dunker, 1872) (e.g., Wang (1978); Habe (1977); Higo et al. (1999); Okutani (2000); Qi 72. Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802) (2004); Dharma (2005); Xu and Zhang (2008); Yang et - 193 - Pl. 17, Figs. G, H with fine Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Synonyms: Avicula chinensis Leach, 1814; Avicula crocea Local distribution: Hwasoon (our data; Min D.-K. et Lamarck, 1819; ?Avicula semisagitta var. b Lamarck, 1819; al., 2004). ?Avicula maura Reeve, 1857; Avicula iridescens Reeve, General distribution: Korea, Japan (Suruga Bay and 1857; Avicula producta Reeve, 1857; Avicula trochilus southwards) to East China Sea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Reeve, 1857; Avicula coturnix Dunker, 1879; Austropteria Malaysia, Philippines and Indo-Pacific (to eastern antelata Iredale, 1939. Africa and Red Sea), Melanesia, Micronesia, Australia (Wang, 1978; Higo et al., 1999; as P. nigra; Huber, Local distribution: Munseom, Hwasoon, “all around” 2010; as both P. albina and P. nigra; Lee J.-S., 2016; (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). as both P. albina and P. nigra); tropical-subtropical. General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan (Kii Habitat: Coral reefs, sand, gravel, byssally attached to Peninsula and southwards) to East China Sea, Taiwan, rocks, among stones or gorgonians, intertidal to 35 m Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, and Indo-West Pacific (Huber, 2010). (to Red Sea, eastern Africa and Madagascar), Australia Comments: According to Tëmkin (2010), P. albina and (Wang, 1978; Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Pinctada nigra (Gould, 1850), generally distinguished as P. coturnix; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. by shell color, represent two color morphs of the same Habitat: Byssally attached to alcyonarians, gorgonians, species. However, Huber (2010) regards P. albina as or shell debris from depth of 1-20 m (Huber, 2010). restricted to western Australia only and he stresses Comments: Huber (2010) regards Avicula maura that various “P. nigra” were doubtfully identified; no Reeve, 1857 as a valid species, however, this was long specimens from the type locality have been genetically known as Pteria coturnix (Dunker, 1879 (type locality; analyzed, and this synonymization is not substantiated Japan) (e.g., Higo et al. (1999); Okutani (2000); Min (Huber, 2015). Proviionally following Tëmkin [l.c.], the D.-K et al. (2004); Qi (2004)). P. coturnix appears to be record of P. nigra from Jeju Island (Noseworthy et al., a slightly more prosocline, and possibly juvenile, form 2007) should belong to this species. of P. avicular (I. Tëmkin, e-mail, March 26, 2015). Syntypes of A. coturnix are figured by Tëmkin et al. 74. Pinctada imbricata Roding, 1798 Pl. 16, Figs. A-C; Pl. 17, Figs. A, B (2009, figs. 84, 85). In sense of Huber (2010), P. avicular is variable in shape and color, but often Synonyms: Perlamater vulgaris Schumacher, 1817; Avicula radially striped and with a glossy, golden hue. This is squamulosa Lamarck, 1819; Margarita crocata Swainson a comparatively small and fragile species. 1831; Avicula nebulosa Conrad, 1837; Avicula pallida Conrad, 1837; Philippi, 1849; ?Avicula pica Avicula lacunata Reeve, 1857; Avicula aerata Reeve, 1857; Pl. 16, Figs. F-I Synonyms: Avicula (Meleagrina) nigra Gould, 1850; Avicula Dunker, laticauda Gould, 1850; Avicula (Meleagrina) citrina Dunker, 1852; 73. Pinctada albina (Lamarck, 1819) turdus ?Avicula Philippi, 1849; Avicula fucata Gould, 1850; Avicula lurida Genus Pinctada Röding, 1798 Philippi, 1851; 1852; Avicula Avicula (Meleagrina) anomioides Reeve, atropurpurea 1857; Avicula Avicula perviridis Reeve, 1857; Avicula (Meleagrina) concinna Dunker, 1872; Avicula (Meleagrina) grisea Dunker, 1872; Avicula (Meleagrina) prasina Dunker, 1872; Avicula fimbriata Reeve, 1857; Avicula imbricata Reeve, 1857; Avicula (Meleagrina) irradians Reeve, 1857; Avicula placunoides Reeve, 1857; Avicula martensii Dunker, 1880 (nom. nov. pro Avicula (Meleagrina) radula Reeve, 1857; Avicula sugillata Reeve, 1857; Avicula japonica Dunker, 1879 non Dunker, 1852). varia Dunker, 1872; Avicula (Meleagrina) flexuosa Reeve, 1857 (non Orbigny, 1849); Avicula (Meleagrina) concinna Dunker, 1872; Avicula (Meleagrina) scheepmakeri Local distribution: Hwasoon, Biyangdo, Hyeopjae, “all Dunker, 1872; Avicula (Meleagrina) tristis Dunker, 1872; Avicula around” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004); other records: Je J.-G. (Meleagrina) Pteria (Margaritifera) et al. (1994a; as Pinctada fucata martensii) (Munseom); carchariarum Jameson, 1901; Pinctada perrutila Iredale, 1939. Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Pinctada fucata martensii) reentsii Dunker, 1872; - 194 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 (Munseom, Beomseom, Supseom); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014; holotype of Avicula fucata Gould, 1850 is figured at: as Pinctada fucata) (Beomseom). http://collections.mnh.si.edu/search/iz/?qn=Avicula+fucata. General distribution: Nearly “cosmopolitan” (globally distributed but limited to tropical and subtropical 75. Pinctada margaritifera (L., 1758) Text-fig. 6F; Pl. 16, Figs. D, E zones); Atlantic and Mediterranean; Korea and Japan to Indo-Pacific (Wada and Tëmkin, 2008; Huber, 2010); Synonyms: Margaritiphora communis Megerle von Mühlfeld, tropical-subtropical. 1811; Margarita sinensis Leach, 1814; Avicula hystrix Reeve, corals, 1857; ?Avicula chamoides Reeve, 1857; Meleagrina nigromarginata occasionally estuarine attached to mangrove roots; in Saville-Kent, 1893; Pteria (Margaritifera) margaritifera typica muddy areas attached to seagrass or shells, from the Jameson, 1901; Pteria (Margaritifera) margaritifera erythraeensis intertidal zone to depth of 60 m (Huber, 2010). Jameson, 1901; Pteria (Margaritifera) margaritifera persica Comments: This species belongs to the complicated Jameson, 1901; Pteria (Margaritifera) margaritifera zanzibarensis species complex “Pinctada fucata (Gould, 1850)-P. Jameson, 1901. Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks or martensii (Dunker, 1880)-P. radiata (Leach, 1814)-P. imbricata Röding, 1798” (Akoya pearl oyster). Its Local distribution: Beomseom (Oh et al., 2017). taxonomic status long remained unsettled due to General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific extensive variation in shell characters within and species extending from Red Sea, eastern Africa, among Persian populations, distribution, extremely transport geographical hybridization Gulf to Australia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, humans (Wada and Tëmkin, 2008; Tëmkin, 2010; South China and East China seas, Taiwan, Okinawa, Cunha et al., 2011). Traditionally, three distinct and Japan (Wang, 1978; Higo et al., 1999; Huber, species 2010); tropical-subtropical. recognized and wide by were and corresponding to three biogeographic regions: P. imbricata in the western Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 1-66 m, coral reefs, Atlantic region, P. radiata in the eastern Indian Ocean byssally attached to coral slabs or rocks, live and dead and the Red Sea regions, and P. fucata in the corals, also on rocky and gravelly bottoms, occur either Indo-Pacific region. The Japanese populations were singly or in large clusters (Wada and Tëmkin, 2008; regarded as a distinct species, P. martensii, or a Huber, 2010). subspecies, P. fucata martensii (Wada and Tëmkin, Comments: The intraspecific variation of this species 2008). A recent molecular study suggests that P. have raised a possibility that it might, in fact, imbricata, P. fucata, and P. radiata are distinct represent genealogical units and it is desirable to provisionally Polynesian and Hawaiian populations have sometimes recognize them at a subspecies level under the senior been referred to as separate species or subspecies: synonym, P. imbricata (as Pinctada imbricata imbricata, Pinctada cumingii (Reeve, 1857) and Pinctada galtsoffi P. imbricata fucata, and P. imbricata radiata) (Tëmkin, Bartsch, 1931, respectively (Wada and Tëmkin, 2008). 2010). However, Cunha et al. (2011), based on molecular Huber (2010) considered them both as valid species. more than a single species. French studies, regard P. radiata and P. imbricata as distinct The COI gene of P. margaritifera collected from Jeju species. Until this mess is resolved, we prefer to use the was grouped to P. margaritifera, and the species was oldest name, P. imbricata, sharing Huber’s (2010) opinion most closely related to the species collected from but we exclude synonyms based on specimens from the Chuuk Atlantic; P. radiata is likely based on Carribean material Polynesia with 99.4% similarity; 28S rDNA sequence and this binomen should be avoided when we consider of Asian species (I. Tëmkin, e-mail, February 25, 2015). A margaritifera which were most similar to the pearl syntype of Avicula (Meleagrina) martensii Dunker, 1880 oysters collected from Micronesia, Japan, and French is figured by Tëmkin et al. (2009, figs. 45, 46). The Polynesia with 99.8% similarities (Oh et al., 2017). - 195 - Lagoon, specimens Micronesia, from Jeju is and also Takaroa Atoll, grouped to P. Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Genus Pterelectroma Iredale, 1939 Melanesia, Polynesia, Philippines, Thailand, South 76. Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) China Sea, Taiwan and Amami Islands, Hawaii, Synonyms: Avicula zebra Reeve, 1857; Pteria tomlini Mexico, Panama, Galapagos Islands (Huber, 2010); Prashad, 1932. tropical. Habitat: Intertidal and subtidal, to depth of 70 m, Local distribution: Seogwipo, Munseom (Min D.-K. et byssally attached to or under rocks, stones, other al., 2004). shells, and in coral crevices and calcareous algae General distribution: Southern Korea and Japan (Boso (Huber, 2010). Peninsula and southwards) to East China Sea, Taiwan, Comments: Jeju specimens exhibit varying degrees of Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, and Indo-West Pacific concentric (to Red Sea, eastern and southern Africa), Australia, straighter and lighter in color, usually whitish or lamellae, being smaller, somewhat Melanesia (Wang, 1978; Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et brownish, with irregular concentric lamellae on the al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. exterior nacreous area, and blister-like laminations on Habitat: Coral reefs, byssally attached to whip corals the at depth of 3-150 m (Huber, 2010). morphological form of the species is close to “Malleus Comments: This species was previously associated with maculosus Reeve, 1958”, which is one of the synonyms Vulsellidae but a molecular study showed it is related of M. regula (Noseworthy et al., 2016b). calcareous extension. It appears that this to Pteriidae (Tsubaki et al., 2011; Huber, 2015). Possible syntypes of A. zebra are figured by figured by Subfamily Isognomoninae Woodring, 1925 Higo et al. (2001, p. 153, fig. B298). Genus Isogonomon Lightfoot, 1786 78. Isognomon isognomum (L., 1758) Pl. 19, Figs. A, B, E-J Family Malleidae Lamarck, 1818 Subfamily Malleinae Lamarck, 1818 Synonyms: Ostrea isogonum L., 1767; Isognoma lignea Lightfoot, Genus Malleus Lamarck, 1799 1786; Isogonum norma Röding, 1798; Isogonum gnomon Röding, 77. Malleus regula (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) 1798; Perna isogona Bosc, 1801; Isognomon brevirostre Link, 1807; Perna tranquebarensis Leach, 1815; Perna femoralis Pl. 17, Figs. C, D Synonyms: Ostrea valsella Gmelin, 1791; Himantopoda Lamarck, 1819; Perna avicularis Lamarck, 1819; Perna canina truncata Schumacher, 1817; Malleus vulsellatus Lamarck, Lamarck, 1819; Perna fimbriata Reeve, 1858; Perna patibulum 1819; Malleus decurtatus Lamarck, 1819; Vulsella nuttalli Reeve, 1858; Perna rudis Reeve, 1858; Perna vulsella Reeve, Conrad, 1837; Malleus maculosus Reeve, 1858; Malleus 1858 (non Lamarck, 1819); Perna attenuata Reeve, 1858; Perna aquatilis Reeve, 1858; Malleus vesiculatus Reeve, 1858; vespertilio Reeve, 1858; Perna novohollandiae Clessin, 1890; Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve, 1858; Malleus solitarius Reeve, Perna aquila Clessin, 1890; Perna rollei Clessin, 1890; Perna 1858; Malleus panamensis Mörch, 1861; Malleus obvolutus flava Clessin, 1890; Perna planulata Clessin, 1890; Perna Folin in Folin et Périer, 1867; Fundella lioyi Gregorio, 1884; isognomon var. obliqua Martens, 1894; Perna isognomon var. Parimalleus cursator Iredale, 1931; Pinna aenigmatica brachyptera Martens, 1894. Turton, 1932; Pinna saccata Turton, 1932; Pinna saccata similis Turton, 1932; Parimalleus rex Iredale, 1939. Local distribution: Munseom, Seongsan, Seogundo, Jungmun, Bomok, Seogwipo, Yerae, Hwasoon, Local distribution: Gwakji, Gwideok (Noseworthy et al., Yongmeori, 2016b). Keumneung; other records: ?Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as General distribution: Tropical pan-Pacific species Sagyeri, Songaksan, Soesoggak, Isognomon legumen) (Munseom); ?Je J.-G. et al. (2002; known from eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian as Gulf, Jigwido); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (as Isognomon southern and eastern Africa to Australia, - 196 - Isognomon legumem) (Munseom, Beomseom, Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 ephippium) (Beomseom, Munseom); Noseworthy et al. Superfamily Pectinoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (2016; as Isognomon ephippium) (Keumneung). General South distribution: Korea and Order PECTINIDA Gray, 1854 Japan Family Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815 (southern Kyushu and southwards, Ogasawara Islands) Subfamily Pectininae Rafinesque, 1815 to East China and South China seas, Malaysia, Genus Pecten Müller, 1776 Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Indo-West Pacific 80. Pecten albicans (Schröter, 1802) Pl. 20, Figs. F-H (to eastern Africa), Melanesia, Polynesia, Australia (Wang, 1980; Higo et al., 1999; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Synonyms: Pecten laqueatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1842; Pecten Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. antonii Philippi, 1844; Pecten naganumanus Yokoyama, Habitat: Byssally attached to rocks or shells from the 1920. intertidal zone to depth of 10 m (Huber, 2010). variability, Local distribution: Sehwa, Udo (Hagosudong), Udo especially in shell shape, and can be subdivided into (Sanhosa), Jongdal-ri, Seongsan, Seopjikoji, Beophwan, several forms (e.g., a form with broad trigonal wing Gangjeong, and a wingless form with short and narrow hinge line Yeongmeori; other records: Kim H.S. and Rho B.J. (Huber, 2010)). However, no genetic data available for (1971) (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); separation into several species. Records of “Isognomon Choi K.-S. et al. (2000); Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Ko J.-C. ephippium (L., 1758)” from Jeju Island (Noseworthy et et al. (2012) (southern coast of Jeju). Comments: 2007) This species belongs to shows this high species. Whether Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Gwakji, I. General distribution: Korea, Japan (southern Hokkaido ephippium exists in Korea (Min D.-K. et al., 2004) is to Kyushu), Yellow and East China seas, Taiwan (Min questionable. D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010;); al., subtropical. 79. Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck, 1819) Habitat: Subidal, at depth of 10-150 m, sandy and Pl. 19, Figs. C, D sandy mud bottoms (Huber, 2010). Synonyms: Perna rupella Dufo, 1840; Perna planorbis Dufo, Comments: 1840; Perna dentifera Krauss, 1848; Perna nana Gould naganumanus are figured by Oyama (1973, pl. 33, figs. 1850; Perna pectinata Reeve, 1858; Perna quadrangularis 8, 10). Reeve, 1858; Perna lobata Reeve, 1858; Lectotype and paralectotype of P. Isognomon acutirostris Otuka, 1936; Parviperna francisensis Cotton et 81. Pecten excavatus Anton, 1838 Godfrey, 1938; Parviperna perexigua Iredale, 1939. Pl. 19, Fig. K; Pl. 20, Fig. E Seongsan, Udo (Hagosudong), Local distribution: Yeongmeori. Local General distribution: Korea, Japan (Honshu (Kii Shinyang, Jungmun, Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Gwakji; Peninsula and southwards)), Ogasawara Islands) to other records: South China Sea, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand and (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et al. (2002); Ko J.-C. et al. (2012; Indo-Pacific (to eastern and southern Africa and Red as Pecten sinensis puncticulatus) (southern coast of Sea), Jeju). Australia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Marquesas, distribution: Kim H.S. and Rho B.J. (1971) Easter Island (Higo et al., 1999; Xu and Zhang, 2008; General distribution: Korea and Japan to East China Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Sea, Okinawa, China (Min et al., 2004; Xu and Zhang, Habitat: Byssally attached to rock crevices, under 2008; Huber, 2010); subtropical. stones and among corals, intertidal to 25 m (Huber, Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 100-50 m, sandy bottom 2010). (Huber, 2010). Comments: First record for Korea and Jeju Island. Comments: In regional literature, there was much confusion concerning P. excavatus and allied Pecten - 197 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 puncticulatus Dunker, 1877 (Japan and Korea) and Caledonia, Melanesia) and Y. japonicum belong to a Pecten sinensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1842 (South China separate genus based on molecular and morphological Sea-Okinawa) (see Huber (2010)). P. excavatus exhibits data. Ylistrum can be separated from Amusium based strong radial ribbing, also in the interstices of the on size, number of internal ribs and coloration: right valve, not found in the closely-related species P. Ylistrum species are typically larger, reaching 120 mm puncticulatus and P. sinensis. Also, it has a stronger in height as compared to 100 mm in Amusium; radially-grooved structure, flatter squarish ribs on the Ylistrum has a significantly greater number of internal left valve, and is much more excavated than the other ribs on both valves, with 30-45 and 36-51 ribs on left two species, with a larger umbo, and is only known in and right valves, respectively, whereas Amusium bears a dark reddish-white color with a brown border inside between 19-27 internal ribs on the left valve and 20-30 (Huber, 2010). The similar Australian species, Pecten ribs on the right (Mynhardt et al., 2014). Huber (2015) dijkstrai Duncan et Wilson, 2012 is smaller, longer, additionally listed Amusium taiwanicum Habe, 1992 and less robust than typical Japanese specimens of P. (nom. nov. pro Amusium japonicum formosum Habe, excavatus; the radial ribs are weaker (lower) and less 1964 non Melvill et Standen,1907) with a synonym angular than in P. excavates, and the left valve of P. Amusium japonicum forma taiwanense Dijkstra, 1988 dijkstrai may be more deeply concave in some (unavailable, specimens; the color is paler than in P. excavatus relationship to Ylistrum will be revealed by molecular invalid infrasubspecific name). Its methods although Mynhardt et al. (2014) regarded this (Duncan and Wilson, 2012). name as a synonym of Y. japonicum. Jeju populations Genus Ylistrum Mynhardt et alejandrino of Y. japonicum are too small to be commercially in Mynhardt, Alejandrino, Puslednik, Corrales et Serb, 2014 viable. 82. Ylistrum japonicum (Gmelin, 1791) Pl. 20, Figs. A-D Subfamily Decatopectininae Waller, 1986 Local distribution: Beophwan, Wimi, Gangjeong, Seogwipo, Jungmun, Munseom, Hwasoon; other Genus Decatopecten G.B. Sowerby II, 1839 83. Decatopecten plica (L., 1758) Pl. 22, Figs. D, E records: Kim H.S. and Rho B.J. (1971; as Amusium japonicum) (Seogwipo); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Synonyms: Pallium striatum Schumacher 1817; ?Pecten Amusium japonicum) (Munseom); Choi K.-S. (1996; as quadriradiatus Lamarck, 1819; Pecten plicata Swainson, Amusium japonicum japonicum) (Seogwipo); Choi K.-S. 1840; Pecten subplicatus G.B. Sowerby II, 1842; Pecten et al. (2000; as Amusium japonicum japonicum); Je velutinus G.B. Sowerby II, 1842. J.-G. et al. (2002; as Amusium japonicum); Ko J.-C. et al. (2012; as Amusium japonicum) (southern coast of Local distribution: Jungmun, Seongsan, Yongmeori, Jeju). Gwakji; General distribution: Korea, Japan, East China Sea Decatopecten striatus) (Seogwipo). other records: Choi K.-S. (1996; as (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010;); subtropical. species-from Red Sea, Yemen, Oman and Pakistan to Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 10-100 m, fine sand the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, (Huber, 2010); in Jeju, this species was trawled on China, Japan and Korea (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; sand flats at a depth of 20-30 m (Choi K.-S., 1996). Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Comments: Mynhardt et al. (2014) demonstrated that Habitat: Intertidal to subtidal zone, at depth of 50 m, Amusium Röding, 1798 is monotypic with Amusium mud, muddy sand, or sandy bottoms (Huber, 2010); in pleuronectes (L., 1758) whereas Ylistrum balloti (Bernardi, 1861) (Indonesia to Australia and New Jeju, this species was trawled on sand flats, at depth of 20-30 m (Choi K.-S., 1996). - 198 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Comments: Japanese (e.g., Habe, 1977; Higo et al., J.-M. (1997; as Chlamys farreri farreri) (Chujado); Choi 1999) and Korean workers (Min D.-K. et al., 2004) K.-S. et al. (2000; as Chlamys farreri farreri); Je J.-G. regard Decatopecten striatus (Schumacher, 1817) as a et al. (2002) (Munseom, Beomseom); Ko J.-C. et al. separate species. This is a narrow, heavy, thick, and (2011; strongly convex form (Huber, 2010); however, Dijkstra Aewol, Woljeong, Haengwon). including (1999; 2013) and Huber (2010) regard it as a synonym General distribution: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, of D. plica. Decatopecten strangei (Reeve, 1852) from Yellow Sea, and East/Japan Sea, to Peter the Great Chlamys nipponensis) (Sincheon, Australia is closely allied to D. plica and it differs Bay (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and from the latter by its flattened left valve, rather Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, constant number of ribs (5 against 3-7 ribs in D. plica), 2012); subtropical. higher and broader ribs, and less bright coloration. D. Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 1-60 m, juveniles may strangei may be only a southern geographical variant of live intertidally, byssally attached to rocks and gravel, D. plica, because their differences in shape, size and able to swim (Scarlato, 1981; Lutaenko, 2005b; Huber, sculpture are not substantial (Dijkstra and Beu, 2018). 2010). A similar species, D. amiculum (Philippi, 1851) (Red Comments: Separation of Ch. into farreri two Sea and eastern Africa to Japan) Higo et al. (1999); subspecies in Japanese literature is not supported by Huber (2010)), with more radial plicae (8-11), and living other workers (Kafanov and Lutaenko, 1998; Wang, in the same habitat as D. plica, may also belong to the 2002; Huber, 2010). This species does not inhabit the range of variation of D. plica (Dijkstra, 2013); Huber Kurile Islands (Scarlato, 1981), as stated by Huber (2010) regards the former as a separate species. A (2010) but it is known, however, from northern record Hokkaido (Sea of Okhotsk) (Kitamura et al., 2002). A of Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus 1758) (Decatopectininae) recorded from Seogwipo (Kim H.S. syntype of Ch. farreri is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. and Rho B.J., 1971) and Munseom (Je J.-G. et al., 156, fig. B453). 1994a; Je J.-G. et al., 2002) and previously not known from Korea (Lee J.-S. and Min D.-K., 2002; Min D.-K. 85. Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) squamea Dijkstra et et al., 2004) may be a misidentification of D. plica; Maestrati, 2009 Pl. 21, Figs. A-J however, G. pallium was recently listed from Korea by Lee J.-S. (2016). Local Jeju-shi, distribution: Seongsan, Bomok, Subfamily Chlamydinae Teppner, 1922 Hyungjaeseom, Udo Jungmun, Biyangdo, (Hagosudong), Hwasoon, Gwakji, Sagyei, Bukchon-ri, Genus Chlamys Röding, 1798 Gimnyeong, Wolpyeong, Jongdal-ri, Shinyang, Seogwipo, Subgenus Scaeochlamys Iredale, 1929 Munseom, 84. Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) farreri (Jones et Preston, 1904) Biyangdo, Daejong; other records: Noseworthy et al. Yerae, Yongmeori, Hamo, Keumneung, (2002; as Chlamys irregularis) (Seongsan); ?Suzuki Pl. 22, Figs. A, B Synonyms: Pecten laetus Gould, 1861 (non Gould, 1850); (2010; as Chlamys irregularis) (Jungmun, Hwasoon, Chlamys farreri nipponensis Kuroda, 1932; Chlamys farreri Gwakji); Ko J.-C. et al. (2011; as Chlamys irregularis) akazara Kuroda, 1932; Chlamys nantiensis Bernard, Cai et (Sincheon, Aewol, Woljeong, Haengwon); Noseworthy et Morton, 1993 (nom. nov. pro Pecten laetus Gould, 1861). al. (2016; as Laevichlamys cuneata) (Keumneung). General distribution: Korea, Japan, East China, Local distribution: Seongsan, Beophwan, Gangjeong, Taiwan, and the Philippines to Australia (Dijkstra and Jungmun, Gwakji, Yeongmeori, Daejong; other records: Beu, 2018). Lee J.J. (1990) (northern coast); Kim H.S. et al. (1992); Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 5-50 m, shell is often Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Lee J.-J. and Hyun deformed as a result of its coral-dwelling niche - 199 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 (Djikstra, 2013; Dijkstra and Beu, 2018; Dijkstra and Maestrati, 2009). Comments: This (northern coast); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Chlamys) (Munseom); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Chlamys); Min species has been mistaken for D.-K et al. (2004). Laevichlamys lemniscata (Reeve, 1853) known only General distribution: Korea and Japan, South China from the south-western Indian Ocean: S. squamea has Sea, coarser radial macrosculpture on the right valve with tropical-subtropical. fewer radial riblets (30-36) than L. lemniscata (up to 50) Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 50-600 m, coarse and lacks antimarginal microsculpture on the right valve, sand and stones (Huber, 2010). Ch. squamea has persistant shagreen microsculpture on Comments: The holotype of Ch. empressae is figured the left valve lacking in L. lemniscata, as in all other by Higo et al. (2001, p. 156, fig. B444). East China Sea, Taiwan (Huber, 2010); species of Laevichlamys (Djikstra, 2013; Dijkstra and Beu, 2018). Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) squamata (Gmelin, 1791), known from the western Pacific, differs Family Spondylidae J. Gray, 1826 from Ch. squamea in having fewer prominent radial Subfamily Spondylinae J. Gray, 1826 costae (5-6) on the left valve (compared with 8-9 ribs Genus Spondylus L., 1758 in Ch. squamea), weaker early radial sculpture on the 87. Spondylus varius G.B. Sowerby I, 1827 right valve, and slightly more radial costae (6-7) on Pl. 23, Fig. I the anterior auricle of the right valve (compared with Synonyms: Spondylus delessertii Chenu, 1844; Spondylus 4 in Ch. squamea) and shagreen microsculpture striatospinosus throughout on both valves (Ch. squamea only on the Sowerby II, 1847 (?lapsus calami). Chenu, 1844; Spondylus varians G.B. left valve early in ontogeny) (Djikstra, 2013; Dijkstra and Beu, 2018). Specimens from Korea depicted as Local distribution: Seongsan, Jungmun, Hwasoon, “Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) irregularis (G.B. Sowerby II, Yongmeori, Hamo; other records: Ko J.-C. et al. (2011) 1842)” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1306; Lutaenko and (Sincheon). Noseworthy, 2012, pl. 20, figs. E, F), “Chlamys General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific (Coralichlamys) empressae Kuroda et Habe, 1951 (Min species extending from eastern Africa to Australia, D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1308), “Chlamys (Azumapecten) Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, Indonesia, Philippines, larvata (Reeve, 1853)” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. South China Sea, Taiwan, China, Amami Islands and 1313) and “Chlamys (Azumapecten) lemniscata (Reeve, Korea (Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010); tropical- 1853)” (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1314; Lutaenko and subtropical. Noseworthy, 2012, pl. 21, figs. A, B) are all instead Habitat: Subtidal, to depth of 2-60 m, attached to dead Ch. squamea (H. Dijikstra, pers. comm., February 3 corals, rocks, debris, or living free (Huber, 2010). and 9, 2015). Huber (2015) synonymizes Ch. squamea Comments: This is the largest species of the family with Ch. squamata indicating that these species reaching 400 mm in height (Huber, 2010). In Korea, is intergrade in number of dorsal ribs, in ribs on auricles, is also known from Ullung Island in the East/Japan and in reticulate microsculpture. Separation of these Sea (Choe B.L. et al., 1994). species is much in need of molecular study. 88. Spondylus squamosus Schreibers, 1793 Genus Veprichlamys Iredale, 1929 Pl. 23, Figs. A, B, E, F 86. Veprichlamys jousseaumei (Bavay, 1904) Synonyms: Spondylus spathuliferus Lamarck, 1819; Spondylus Synonyms: Chlamys (Chlamys) empressae Kuroda et Habe barbatus Reeve, 1856; Spondylus mus Reeve, 1856; Spondylus in Kuroda, Oyama et Habe, 1971. cruentus Lischke, 1868; Spondylus japonicus Kuroda, 1932 (nom. nov. pro Spondylus sinensis G.B. Sowerby II, 1847 non Local distribution: Lee J.J. (1990; as Chlamys) Schreibers, 1793). - 200 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Local distribution: Iho, Haengwon, Handong, Hado, Udo (Hagosudong), Seongsan, Sagye-ri, Shinyang, Munseom, Udo (Sanhosa), Jongdal-ri, Pyoseon, Bomok, Seogwipo, Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Yerae, Hwasoon, Daejong; Yongmeori, other records: Je Hamo, J.-G. Keumneung, et al. (2002) (Supseom); Noseworthy et al. (2002) (Seongsan); Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (Beomseom); Noseworthy et al. (2016) Yongmeori, Hamo, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Hyeopjae, (Keumneung). Gwakji, Daepyong, Weoljeong; other records: Kim H.S. General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific et al. (1992; as Spondylus barbatus); Je J.-G. et al. species (eastern Africa to Australia, Melanesia, (1994a; as Spondylus barbatus) (Munseom); Choi K.-S. Micronesia, Indonesia, Philippines Thailand, South et al. (2000; as Spondylus barbatus); Je J.-G. et al. China Sea, East China Sea, Korea and Japan (Min (2002) (Munseom, Beomseom); Noseworthy et al. (2002; D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010); as Spondylus barbatus cruentus) (Seongsan); Suzuki tropical-subtropical. (2010; as Spondylus cruentus) (Hamdeok, Sehwa, Habitat: Intertidal and subtidal, to depth of 38 m, in Ojo-ri, Shinyang, Hyopjae, Kwakji); Noseworthy et al. coral reefs, protected areas, attached to corals (Huber, (2016) (Keumneung). 2010). General distribution: Korea and Japan, Australia, Comments: This species was figured as Spondylus Melanesia, Philippines, Thailand, South China Sea, longitudinalis Lamarck, 1819 in Korean literature East China Sea, Taiwan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1329). Huber (2010) and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. regards this species as dubious. However, a probable Habitat: Subtidal, to depth of 1-100 m, attached to holotype of S. longitudinalis was found and illustrated corals and rocky bottom (Huber, 2010). (Finet and Lamprell, 2008, pl. 20, figs. 91-93), and Comments: This species was recorded and illustrated these authors consider this species as a synonym of for Korea as Spondylus balbatus (sic!) cruentus Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781. The latter is a Lischke, 1868 (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. 1328) and Caribbean species known from North Carolina and Spondylus cruentus Lischke, 1868 (Lutaenko and Florida to Brazil (Huber, 2010; Mikkelsen and Bieler, Noseworthy, 2012, pl. 23, figs. A, B). Lamprell and 2008) whereas Spondylus americanus Schreibers, 1793 Willan (2000) designated and figured lectotypes of S. (non Hermann, 1791) is a synonym of S. butleri. S. barbatus and S. squamosus and found them conspecific. butleri is closely related to Spondylus versicolor S. squamosus is similar is shape to Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793 (Japan to Australia), differing in Schreibers, 1793 but the former lacks the well-defined having thicker, sometimes spathulate spines (Lamprell, and uniform radial rows of ribs and uniform spines, 2006). radial rows of black and white in the interstices, and spotting at the umbonal area (Lamprell, 2006). Lectotype of Spondylus spathuliferus Lamarck, 1819, Superfamily Entolioidea Teppner, 1922 another synonym, was figured and discussed by Family Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954 Lamprell and Willan (2000) and Finet and Lamprell Genus Parvamussium Sacco, 1897 (2008). Two syntypes of S. cruentus were figured by 90. Parvamussium intuscostatum (Yokoyama, 1920) Higo et al. (2001, p. 158, fig. B536). Synonyms: Pecten tenuicostatus Yokoyama, 1922. 89. Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856 Local distribution: Seongsan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Pl. 23, Figs. C, D, G, H General distribution: Korea, East China Sea, Okinawa, Synonyms: Spondylus americanus Schreibers, 1793 (non Japan (Kyushu and Honshu) (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, Hermann, 1781). 2010). Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 50-500 m, fine Local distribution: Seongsan, Munseom, Jungmun, sand and mud, coarse sand and gravel (Huber, 2010). - 201 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Comments. The lectotype is figured by Oyama (1973, red, rose, orange, brownish and cream to white (Huber, 2010). The true identity of Anomia plana pl. 33, fig. 1). Grabau et King, 1928 is somewhat doubtful (Huber, 2010), type material was not found (Coan et al., 2015). Superfamily Anomioidea Rafinesque, 1815 “A. chinensis” from Korea (Min D.-K. et al., 2004, fig. Family Anomiidae Rafinesque, 1815 1330; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012, pl. 23, fig. G, Genus Anomia L., 1758 H) is instead A. cytaeum. Monia umbonata (Gould, 91. Anomia cytaeum Gray, 1850 1861) (now in Isomonia Dautzenberg et H. Fischer, 1897) previously listed for Jeju (Noseworthy et al., 2007; Pl. 15, Figs. G-I Synonyms: Anomia placentella Reeve, 1859; Anomia rubella Cho I.-Y. et al., 2014) is a doubtful record. A syntype of Philippi in Küster, 1868; Anomia lischkei Dautzenberg et H. A. cytaeum is figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 159, fig. Fischer, 1907; Anomia nipponensis Yokoyama, 1920; Anomia B553s); lectotype and paralectotypes of A. nipponensis cuticulum Grabau et King, 1928; Anomia nipponensis var. are figured by Oyama (1973, pl. 28, figs. 2, 6). obsoletocostata Grabau et King, 1928; Anomia plana Grabau et King, 1928. Superfamily Dimyoidea P. Fischer, 1886 Local distribution: Udo (Hagosudong), Seongsan, Family Dimyidae P. Fischer, 1886 Bomok, Seogwipo, Munseom, Seogundo, Jungmun, Genus Dimya Rouault, 1850 Yongmeori, Sagyei, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Soesoggak, 92. Dimya japonica Habe, 1971 Hyeopjae, Gwakji; other records: Kim H.S. et al., 1992 Synonyms: Dimya lima Habe, 1958 (non Bartsch, 1913). (as Anomia chinensis); Je J.-G. et al. (1994a; as Anomia chinensis) (Munseom); Je J.-G. et al. (2002; as Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Anomia chinensis) (Beomseom, Jigwido); Noseworthy General distribution: Korea and Japan, East China and Choi K.-S. (2010; as Monia umbonata) (Seogundo); Sea, (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, Ko J.-C. et al. (2011; as Anomia chinensis) (Sincheon); 2010; Lutaenko and Noseworthy, 2012). ?Cho I.-Y. et al. (2014) (as Monia umbonata) (Munseom); Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 20-600 m, attached Noseworthy et al. to other shells or gravel (Habe, 1971; Huber, 2010). (2016; as Isomonia umbonata) (Keumneung). Comments: The holotype and paratypes are figured by General distribution: Korea and Japan, Indo-Pacific Habe (1971, figs. 9-19). (widely distributed species known from Melanesia, New Caledonia, Singapore to Yellow Sea), (Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Superfamily Plicatuloidea Gray, 1854 Habitat: Intertidal to 30 or 116 m, attached by Family Plicatulidae Gray, 1854 calcareous byssus to rocks, timber, or shells (Huber, Genus Plicatula Lamarck, 1801 2010). 93. Plicatula australis Lamarck, 1819 Comments: A. cytaeum was originally described from Pl. 22, Fig. C China and this is the earliest name for this common Synonyms: Plicatula depressa Lamarck, 1819; Plicatula species, although it was often misidentified as “Anomia lineata Récluz, 1851; Plicatula multiplicata Deshayes in chinensis Philippi, 1849” which is also rather widely Maillard, 1863; Plicatulostrea onca Simone et Amaral, 2008. distributed in the Indo-Pacific including Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Japan (Huber, 2010). Local The former species has a rougher, irregularly wrinkled Hwasoon, Sagyei, Yeongmeori. sculpture as compared to A. chinensis, the upper valve General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific is moderately inflated, with a variety of colors-deep species extending from eastern Africa and India to - 202 - distribution: Shinyang, Bomok, Seogwipo, Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Australia, Micronesia, Guam, Philippines, Indonesia, General distribution: Korea, Japan (Honshu, Sagami Vietnam, East China Sea, Okinawa, Korea and Japan and Toyama bays) (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Xu and Zhang, 2008; Huber, 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. 2010); tropical-subtropical. Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 50-150 m (Huber, 2010). Habitat: Intertidal and subtidal, to depth of 150 m, Comments: “Lima vulgata” aucct. is misspelling. “Lima coral reefs, flatly attached to rocks, dead corals and vulgaris Link” of Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) from Munseom gravel (Huber, 2010). and “Lima sowerbyi” of Lee J.-J. and Hyun J.-M. (1997) from Chujado and of Lee J.J. (1991) from Gapado may be this species; Lima sowerbyi Deshayes 94. Plicatula horrida Dunker, 1882 in Maillard, 1863 is a synonym of Lima vulgaris Link, Pl. 22, Fig. F Synonyms: Plicatula irregularis Dunker, 1882 (nom. nov. 1807; the latter taxon is a distinct Indo-Pacific species pro Plicatula rugosa Dunker, 1877 non Lamarck, 1819). extending from eastern Africa to Japan (Huber, 2010). The lectotype and paralectotype are figured by Oyama Local distribution: Seongsan, Yeongmeori; other (1973, pl. 36, figs. 1, 2). records: Min D.-K. et al. (2004) (Sagyeri). General distribution: Korea and Japan, East China 97. Lima (Allolima) fujitai Oyama, 1943 Sea, China, (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 10-20 m, rubble and General distribution: Korea, Japan, and South China corals (Huber, 2010). Sea, Philippines, East China Sea, Taiwan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 40-300 m, Superfamily Limoidea Rafinesque, 1815 byssally attached to sand and gravel (Huber, 2010). Family Limidae Rafinesque, 1815 Comments: Some authors (e.g., Higo et al. (1999)) Subfamily Liminae Rafinesque, 1815 synonymized L. fujitai with L. vulgatula. However, L. Genus Lima Bruguière, 1797 fujitai is smaller and more convex, with more ribs Subgenus Lima Bruguière, 1797 (28-35) as compared to L. vulgatula; the latter has 22 95. Lima (Lima) zushiensis Yokoyama, 1920 broad, flattish ribs (Huber, 2010). Pl. 24, Figs. A, B Genus Ctenoides Mörch, 1853 Local distribution: Seongsan, Yeongmeori, Daejong, 98. Ctenoides annulatus (Lamarck, 1819) Hwasoon, Daepyeong. Pl. 24, Figs. E, F General distribution: Korea, Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Synonyms: Lima brunnea Cooke, 1886; Ctenoides ferescabra Honshu, Hokkaido), East/Japan Sea (Higo et al., 1999; Iredale, 1939; Ctenoides minimus Hayami et Kase, 1993. Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 30-200 m, byssally Local distribution: Iho, Seongsan, Shinyang, Bomok, attached to rock and stones (Huber, 2010). Jungmun, Yerae, Hwasoon, Yeongmeori, Sagyei, Comments: The lectotype is figured by Oyama (1973, Gwakji, pl. 36, fig. 6). (Jungmun, Hwasoon, Gwakji); Ko J.-C. et al. (2012) Daejong; other records: Suzuki (2010) (southern coast of Jeju). Subgenus Allolima Stuardo, 1968 General distribution: Widely distributed Indo-Pacific 96. Lima (Allolima) vulgatula Yokoyama, 1922 species extending from Red Sea, eastern Africa, Oman to Local distribution: Hwasoon, Gwakji. Indonesia, Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Philippines, South China Sea, East China - 203 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Sea, Korea and Japan (Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, Je J.-G. et al. (1994a) (Munseom); Je J.-G. et al. (2002) 2010); tropical-subtropical. (Munseom). Habitat: Subtidal at depth of 5-200 m, on coral reefs, General distribution: Korea and Japan, South China byssally attached to corals, in crevices and dead coral and East China seas (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et heads, also among coral rubble and in subtidal caves al., 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. (Huber, 2010). The holotype of C. minimus is figured Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 1-50 m, among pebbles, by Hayami and Kase (1993, figs. 244-246). on rock and gravel bottoms (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Comments: In Jeju Island, empty shells are usually 99. Ctenoides lischkei (Lamy, 1930) found dead on beaches after storms. This species has a Pl. 24, Fig. G Synonyms: Lima japonica Dunker, 1877 (non A. Adams, very fragile shell. A syntype is figured by Higo et al. 1864); Lima dunkeri Smith, 1885 (non Hagenow, 1842; (2001, p. 154, fig. B367). nom. nov. pro Lima japonica Dunker, 1877); Ctenoides corallicola Iredale, 1939. Subfamily Limatulinae Kasum-Zade, 2003 Local distribution: Iho, Gimnyeong, Wolpyeong, Genus Limatula Wood, 1839 Seongsan, Shinyang, Gangjeong, Jungmun, Yerae, Subgenus Limatula Wood, 1839 Hwasoon, Yongmeori, Sagyei, 101. Limatula (Limatula) vladivostokensis (Scarlato, 1955) Hamo, Keumneung, Biyangdo, Gwakji; other records: Noseworthy et al. (2016) (Keumneung). Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). General distribution: Korea and Japan, Indonesia, General distribution: East/Japan Sea including Korean Papua New Guinea, Australia, Philippines, South and Russian coasts, western Sakhalin, Japan, Kurile China Sea, East China Sea, Okinawa (Higo et al., Islands, eastern Kamchatka (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et 1999; al., 1999; Min D.-K. et al., 2004); subtropical-boreal. Min D.-K. et al., 2004; Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Habitat: Subtidal-bathyal, at depth of 75-664 m, in Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 2-160 m, attached to fine sand, muddy sand, rarely mud, sandy gravel rocks and stones, gravelly bottom (Huber, 2010). (Scarlato, 1981; Higo et al., 1999). Comments: The main differences between C. annulatus and C. lischkei are larger size, with fewer and 102. Limatula (Limatula) nippona Habe, 1960 prickly-scaled ribs in the former, whereas the latter has more and smoother ribs and it is smaller, C. Local distribution: Supseom (Je J.-G. et al., 2002); annulatus is generally much more common (Huber, Shinyang, Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). 2010). This species is often quite common on beaches General distribution: Korea and Japan, East China of Jeju Island as dead, single valves. This may be Sea, Amami Islands (Higo et al., 1999; Min D.-K. et “Ctenoides lamyi (Smith)” (Kwon et al., 1993; Je J.-G. al., 2004; Huber, 2010); subtropical. et al., 2002; Cho I.-Y. et al., 2014) from Beomseom and Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 5-30 or 80 m, fine sand Sinchon, a non-existent name. and sandy mud (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010). Comments: “Limatula nipponica” aucct. is a mispelling. Genus Limaria Link, 1807 A possible type specimen is figured by Higo et al. Subgenus Platilimaria Habe, 1977 (2001, p. 154, fig. B375). 100. Limaria (Platilimaria) hirasei (Pilsbry, 1901) 103. Limatula (?Limatula) kurodai Oyama, 1943 Pl. 24, Figs. C, D Local distribution: Seongsan, Munseom, Beomseom, Jungmun, Hwasoon, Hyeopjae, Gwakji; other records: Local distribution: Hwasoon (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). - 204 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 General distribution: Korea and Japan (Kyushu, study. Dr. Tsukasa Waki, Meguro Parasitological Shikoku, Honshu, Hokkaido including East/Japan Sea) Museum, Tokyo, Japan, kindly provided Japanese (Higo et al., 1999; Huber, 2010); subtropical. literature references. Thanks go also to Harry Lee, Habitat: Subtidal-upper bathyal, at depth of 10-300 m, Florida, U. S. A., for taxonomic assistance, and the in fine sand (Higo et al., 1999). late Richard E. (Dick) Petit, South Carolina, U.S.A., who helped to unravel some challenging bivalve Subgenus Limatuletta Fleming, 1978 nomenclature. Many knowledgeable members of the 104. Limatula (Limatuletta) japonica A. Adams, 1864 Conch-L listserve were always ready to answer queries concerning bivalve research. Thanks go also to Joy Local distribution: Shinyang (Min D.-K. et al., 2004). Noseworthy, the second author's wife, who was of General distribution: Korea, Japan, and Aleutian great assistance during many field trips. Also, Irina E. Islands (Coan et al., 2000; Huber, 2010); subtropical- Volvenko, Zoological Museum, Science and Educational boreal. Museum of the Far Eastern Federal University, Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 10-300 m, in fine sand Vladivostok, Russia, did a great deal of work taking all and sandy mud (Huber, 2010). Two syntypes are the shell photographs and assembling them in plates; figured by Higo et al. (2001, p. 154, fig. B383). she also provided much help while working with the museum collection in her possesion. Dr. Henk Dijkstra, Subgenus Stabilima Iredale, 1939 Naturalis 105. Limatula (Stabilima) bullata (Born, 1778) Netherlands, and Dr. Ilya Tëmkin, American Museum Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Synonyms: Limatula strangei Oyama, 1943 (non G.B. of Natural History, N.Y., U.S.A., kindly checked our Sowerby II, 1872). identifications of Pectinidae, Malleidae, and Pteriidae, and provided many comments on their taxonomy. Prof. Local distribution: Seongsan, Shinyang, Hwasoon, Byung-Lae Choe, formerly, Sung Kyung Kwan Sagyei. University, Suwon, Republic of Korea, Dr. Jong-Geel General distribution: Korea and Japan, Philippines, Je, formerly, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and South China Sea, Borneo, East China Sea, Okinawa Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea, and Dr. Lee (Huber, 2010); tropical-subtropical. Jung-Sang, Gangwon National Iniversity, Chuncheon, Habitat: Subtidal, at depth of 8-100 m, in coral sand Republic of Korea, provided literature. and fine sand (Huber, 2010). 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C, D Striarca symmetrica (Reeve, 1844): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 41408/Bv-6107, shell length 12.8 mm; Fig. F Acar plicata (Dillwyn, 1817): Jeju-do, Gwakji, ZMFU no. 41410/Bv-6109, shell length 17.6 mm; Figs. G, F Arca (Arca) avellana Lamarck, 1819: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41416/Bv-6115, shell length 23.2 mm. - 215 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 2. Figs. A-C Anadara (Scapharca) sp.: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41404/Bv-6106, shell length 31.9 mm (A); Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 41409/Bv-6108, shell length 36.8 mm (B); Seongsan, ZMFU 41413/Bv-6112, shell length 30.1 mm (C); Fig. D Anadara (Scapharca) talmiensis Kalishevich, 1976: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 51.9 mm. - 216 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 3. Fig. A Anadara (Scapharca) kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41403/Bv-6105, shell length 29.4 mm; Fig. B A. (S.) kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 45.2 mm; Fig. C Anadara (Tegillarca) granosa (L., 1758): Jeju-do, Gumullae, ZMFU no. 41411/Bv-6110, shell length 32.7 mm; Fig. D A. (T.) granosa (L., 1758): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 45.3 mm. - 217 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 4. Figs. A, B Anadara (Scapharca) broughtonii (Schrenck, 1867): southern coast of Jeju-do, 2 km south-west of Wimi, ZMFU no. 52558/Bv-8291, shell length 68.3 mm; Figs. C, D Barbatia (Abarbatia) decussata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1833): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43363/Bv-6599; Figs. E, F, I-L Limopsis (Oblimopa) japonica A. Adams, 1863: Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 40559/Bv-5957, shell length 13.8 (E, F), 15.0 mm (I-L); Fig. G Barbatia (Mesocibota) bistrigata (Dunker, 1866): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 52562/Bv-8295; Fig. H Porterius dalli (E.A. Smith, 1885): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 41414/Bv-6113, shell length 38.3 mm. - 218 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 5. Figs. A, B Barbatia (Abarbatia) trapezina (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, ZMFU no. 25365/Bv-4245, shell length 43.7 mm; Fig. C B. (A.) trapezina (Lamarck, 1819): southern coast of Jeju-do, Daepyeong Village, ZMFU no. 43364/Bv-6600, shell length 39.0 mm; Fig. D, E B. (A.) trapezina (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43365/Bv-6601, shell length 36.2 mm. - 219 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 6. Figs. A, B Barbatia (Savignyarca) virescens (Reeve, 1844): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43358/Bv-6594, shell length 31.7 mm; Figs. C, D B. (S.) virescens (Reeve, 1844): Jeju-do, Daepyeong, ZMFU no. 43359/Bv-6595, shell length 21.2 mm; Figs. E, F B. (S.) virescens (Reeve, 1844): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 43357/Bv-6593, shell length 34.2 mm. - 220 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 7. Figs. A, B Barbatia (Savignyarca) virescens (Reeve, 1844): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 43360/Bv-6596, shell length 33.1 mm; Figs. C-H Barbatia (Ustularca) stearnsii (Pilsbry, 1895): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 43362/Bv-6598, shell length 11.5 mm (C), 14.4 mm (D), 16.5 mm (E), 19.6 mm (F, G), 16.1 mm (H); Fig. I Glycymeris (Glycymeris) cf. albolineata (Lischke, 1872): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 62.9 mm; Fig. J Glycymeris (Glycymeris) cf. rotunda (Dunker, 1882): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 40.9 mm; Fig. K G. (G.) rotunda (Dunker, 1882): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 22.6 mm. - 221 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 8. Figs. A, B Glycymeris (Glycymeris) aspersa (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850): Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 41368/Bv-6100, shell length 21.0 mm; Fig. C Glycymeris sp.: Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 41399/Bv-6101, shell length 24.9 mm; Fig. D G. (G.) aspersa (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 40577/Bv-5973, shell length 51.0 mm; Fig. E G. (G.) cf. aspersa (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850): Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 40578/Bv-Bv-5974, shell length 31.0 mm; Figs. F-H G. (G.) aspersa (A. Adams et Reeve, 1850): Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 40578/Bv-Bv-5974, shell length 25.0 mm (F), 18.0 mm (G), 20.0 mm (H); Figs. I, J Musculus (Musculus) pusio (A. Adams, 1862): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 41400/Bv-6102, shell length 4.8 mm; Fig. K M. (M.) pusio (A. Adams, 1862): Jeju-do, Gwakji, ZMFU no. 41402/Bv-4104, shell length 7.8 mm. - 222 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 9. Figs. A, B Modiolus (Modiolus) auriculatus (Krauss, 1848): Jeju-do, ZMFU no. 25055/Bv-4121, shell length 28.0 mm (A), 15.1 mm (B); Fig. C Modiolus (Modilous) nipponicus (Oyama, 1950): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41361/Bv-6088, shell length 30.1 mm; Figs. D, E Modiolus (Modiolus) kurilensis Bernard, 1983: Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 52557/Bv-8290, shell length 18.6 mm; Fig. F M. (M.) kurilensis Bernard, 1983: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 52556/Bv-8289, shell length 32.0 mm; Figs. G, H M. (M.) nipponicus (Oyama, 1950): Jeju-do, Gwakji, ZMFU no. 52555/Bv-8228, shell length 17.8 mm; Figs. I, J Xenostrobus atratus (Lischke, 1871): Jeju-do, Ojo-ri, ZMFU no. 52554/Bv-8287, shell length 9.3 mm; Figs. K, L Lithophaga (Leiosolenus) lischkei (Huber, 2010): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 32.3 mm; Figs. M, N Lithophaga (Leiosolenus) cf. malaccana (Reeve, 1857): Jeju-do, Jongdal-ri, ZMFU no. 41389/Bv-6093, shell length 18. mm (M), 6.9 mm (N); Figs. O, P L. (L.) lischkei (Huber, 2010): Jeju-do, Daepyeong, ZMFU no. 52552/Bv-8265, shell length 19. 1 mm. - 223 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 10. Figs. A, B, D, E Brachidontes mutabilis (Gould, 1861): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41396/Bv-6098, shell length 14.5 mm (A, B), 12.5 mm (D, E); Figs. C, H, I Septifer (Mytilisepta) virgatus (Wiegmann, 1837): Jeju-do, Gwakji, ZMFU no. 41236/Bv-6048, shell length 37.7 mm (C), 51.6 mm (H, I); Fig. F, G S. (M.) virgatus (Wiegmann, 1837): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 41237/Bv-6049, shell length 44.0 mm. - 224 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 11. Figs. A-E Septifer (Septifer) bilocularis (L., 1758): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41401/Bv-6103, shell length 30.6 mm (A, B), 23.7 mm (C-E); Figs. F, G Septifer (Mytilisepta) keenae Nomura, 1936: Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 41350/Bv-6077, shell length 28.3 mm; Figs. H, I S. (M.) keenae Nomura, 1936: Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 41352/Bv-6079, shell length 19.0 mm. - 225 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 12. Figs. A, B Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 40900/Bv-6012, shell length 73.4 mm; Figs. C, D M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 41238/Bv-6050, shell length 57.5 mm; Figs. E, F Parahyotissa (Parahyotissa) cf. inermis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1871): Jeju-do, Munseom, depth 10 m, ZMFU no. 52572/Bv-8305, shell height 98.7 mm; Fig. G Perna viridis (L., 1758): Jeju-do, ZMFU no. 52553/Bv-8286, shell length 104. mm. - 226 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 13. Figs. A, B Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, 1904: Jeju-do, Pyeoson, ZMFU no. 45477/Bv-7295, shell height 64.4 mm (A), 69.9 (B); Figs. C, D Ostrea circumpicta Pilsbry, 1904: Jeju-do, ZMFU no. 45478/Bv-7296, shell height 54.6 mm; Figs. E, F Hyotissa hyotis (L., 1758): Jeju-do, Daepyeong, ZMFU no. 45772/Bv-7290, shell height 59.5 mm; Figs. G, H Parahyotissa (Pliohyotissa) sp.: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 45.9 mm; Fig. I Ostrea cf. denselamellosa Lischke, 1869: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 45475/Bv-7293, shell height 42.4 mm; Fig. J Parahyotissa (Parahyotissa) cf. inermis (G.B. Sowerby II, 1871): Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 45480/Bv-7298, shell height 31.5 mm. - 227 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 14. Figs. A, B Saccostrea kegaki Torigoe et Inaba, 1981: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 21.7 mm (A), 38.3 mm (B); Figs. C, D S. kegaki Torigoe et Inaba, 1981: Jeju-do, Shinyang, ZMFU no. 45476/Bv-7294, shell height 28.0 mm (C), 34.0 (D); Figs. E, F Saccostrea echinata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1835): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 45479/Bv-7297, shell height 41.5 mm; Figs. G, H S. echinata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1835): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 52564/Bv-8297, shell height 23.6 mm (G), 26. 1 mm (H). - 228 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 15. Figs. A-D Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas (Thunberg, 1793): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 45473/Bv-7291, shell height 60.3 mm (A, B), 70.7 mm (C, D); Figs. E, F C. (M.) gigas (Thunberg, 1793): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 45474/Bv-7292, shell height 68.7 mm; Fig. G Anomia cytaeum Gray, 1850: Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 43418/Bv-6652, shell height 18.1 mm; Figs. H, I Anomia cytaeum Gray, 1850: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 43417/Bv-6651, shell height 35.7 (H), 16.7 (I). - 229 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 16. Figs. A-C Pinctada imbricata Roding, 1798: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43548/Bv-6728, shell length 61.8 mm (A), 34.3 (B), 61.8 (C); Figs. D, E Pinctada margaritifera (L., 1758): Jeju, Beomseom, JNU coll., shell length 105. 7 mm; Figs. F-G Pinctada albina (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 33.6 mm; Figs. H, I P. albina (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, RGN coll., shell length 20.6 mm. - 230 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 17. Figs. A, B Pinctada imbricata Roding, 1798: Jeju-do, Seongsan, JNU coll., shell height 66.9 mm; Figs. C, D Malleus regula (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775): Jeju-do, Gwideok, JNU coll., shell height 21-22 mm, after Noseworthy et al. (2015, fig. 2); Figs. E, F Pteria heteroptera (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 60.1 mm; Figs. G, H Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43547/Bv-6727, shell length 69.7 mm (two different valves). - 231 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 18. Figs. A-D Pinna (Quantulopinna) muricata L., 1758: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 91.7 mm (A, B); 44.6 mm (C, D); Fig. E Streptopinna saccata L., 1758: Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 41397/Bv-6099, shell height 42.9 mm. - 232 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 19. Figs. A, B Isognomon isognomum (L., 1758): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43550/Bv-6730, shell length 18.7 mm; Figs. C, D Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 43549/Bv-6729, shell length 12.5 mm; Figs. E-F I. isognomum (L., 1758): Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 43551/Bv-6731, shell height 25.6 mm; Figs. G-J I. cf. isognomum (L., 1758): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 81.4 mm (G-I), 53.1 mm (J); Fig. K Pecten excavatus Anton, 1838: Jeju-do, Udo (Hagosudong), ZMFU no. 43468/Bv-6702, shell length 40.7 mm. - 233 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 20. Figs. A, B Ylistrum japonicum (Gmelin, 1791): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43419/Bv-6653, shell length 49.3 mm; Figs. C, D Y. japonicum (Gmelin, 1791): Jeju-do, ZMFU 22616/Bv-3572, shell length 98.6; Fig. E Pecten excavatus Anton, 1838: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 80.7 mm; Fig. F Pecten albicans (Schröter, 1802): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43467/Bv-6701, shell length 34.9 mm; Fig. G P. albicans (Schröter, 1802): Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 43466/Bv-6700, shell length 29.0 mm; Fig. H P. albicans (Schröter, 1802): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 55.2 mm. - 234 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 21. Fig. A Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) squamea Dijkstra et Maestrati, 2009: Jeju-do, Gwakji, ZMFU no. 43462/Bv-6696, shell length 16.9 mm; Figs. B-D Ch. (S.) squamea Dijkstra et Maestrati, 2009: Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 43463/Bv-6697, shell length 21.9 mm (B), 18.4 mm (C), 16.2 mm (D); Figs. E, F, I, J Ch. (S.) squamea Dijkstra et Maestrati, 2009: Jeju-do, Jungmun, ZMFU no. 43465/Bv-6699, shell length 18.7 mm (E), 14.3 mm (F), 13.9 mm (I), 13.3 mm (J); Figs. G, H Ch. (S.) squamea Dijkstra et Maestrati, 2009: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 43464/Bv-6698, shell length 10.9 mm (G), 21.0 (H). - 235 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 22. Figs. A, B Chlamys (Scaeochlamys) farreri (Jones et Preston, 1904): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 35.7 mm; Fig. C Plicatula australis Lamarck, 1819: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 41393/Bv-6097, shell height 14.8 mm; Figs. D, E Decatopecten plica (L., 1758): Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell height 32.9 mm (D), shell length 40. 7 mm (E); Fig. F Plicatula horrida Dunker, 1882: Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 40920/Bv-6017, shell height 24.0 mm. - 236 - Korean J. Malacol. 35(2): 149-238 2019 Plate 23. Figs. A, B Spondylus squamosus Schreibers, 1793: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 53.8 mm; Figs. C, D Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856: Jeju-do, JNU coll., shell length 64.2 mm; Figs. E, F S. squamosus Schreibers, 1793: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 43553/Bv-6733, shell length 32.6 mm; Figs. G, H S. cf. butleri Reeve, 1856: Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU coll., shell length 35.4 mm; Fig. I Spondylus varius G.B. Sowerby I, 1827: Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 52577/Bv-8310, shell length 27.6 mm. - 237 - Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1 Plate 24. Fig. A Lima (Lima) zushiensis Yokoyama, 1920: Jeju-do, Daepyeong, ZMFU no. 51190/Bv-8089, shell height 30.3 mm; Fig. B L. (L.) zushiensis Yokoyama, 1920: Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 51189/Bv-8088, shell height 40.3 mm; Figs. C, D Limaria (Platilimaria) hirasei (Pilsbry, 1901): Jeju-do, Hwasoon, ZMFU no. 51194/Bv-8093, shell height 35.3 mm; Fig. E Ctenoides annulatus (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, Yeongmeori, ZMFU no. 51192/Bv-8091, shell height 28.1 mm; Fig. F C. annulatus (Lamarck, 1819): Jeju-do, Yerae, ZMFU no. 51191/Bv-8090, shell height 25.1 mm; Fig. G Ctenoides cf. lischkei (Lamy, 1930): Jeju-do, Seongsan, ZMFU no. 51188/Bv-8087, shell height 26.6 mm. - 238 -

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Marine bivalve mollusks of Jeju Island (Korea). Part 1

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