J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment Vol 11: 241 – 255 (2005) Marine algae and Seagrasses of Giresun Shores (Black Sea, Turkey) Giresun Kıyılarının Deniz Algleri ve Deniz Çayırları V. Aysel1*, H. Erduğan1, B. DuralTarakçı2, E. Ş. Okudan1 1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Biology Department, Çanakkale, Turkey 2 Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, İzmir, Turkey Abstract In this study, marine algae and sea grasses in the upper infralittoral zone of the Black Sea coast of Giresun (Black Sea, Turkey) have been examined. Totally 193 taxa have been determined. 18 of them belong to blue-green bacteria (Cyanobacteria), 109 to red algae (Rhodophyta), 33 to brown algae (Ochrophyta), 30 to green algae (Chlorophyta) and 3 to sea grasses (Magnoliophyta). Erythrotrichia investiens, E. vexillaris, Lophosiphonia scopulorum and Spermothamnion repens var. flagelliferum are new records for Turkish shores of the Black Sea. Key Words: algae, seagrasses, Giresun, Black Sea, Turkey Introduction According to Zinova (1964), the earliest study on Turkish algae was performed by Buxbaum (1740), Tchichatcheff (1860), Sperk (1869) and Zernow (1913). Additionally, Agardh (1822-1823, 1828), Fritsch (1899), Dratzuyan (1894-1895), Woronichin (1908a, b), Stockmayer (1909), Güven (1970), Zeybek (1973), Cirik and Cihangir (1987), Altındağ (1987), Öztürk (1988), Aysel and Erduğan (1995), Aysel et al. (1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2005 (in press), Özer and Köksal (1993), Erduğan et al. (1996, 2003), have also carried out floristic studies on Black sea coasts of Turkey * Corresponding author: vaysel@comu.edu.tr 241 Material and Method Collected specimens were fixed using 4 % formaldehyte for long term preservation. Specimens belonging to Rhodomelaceae and Corallinaceae were exceptionally treated with 10 % HCl because of their specific cell wall properties in identification procedures. Classes were arranged according to different authors [Rhodophyceae (Benhissoune et al., 2002b), Fucophyceae (Ribera et al., 1992, Benhissoune et al., 2002a), Chlorophyceae (Gallardo et al., 1993, Benhissoune et al., 2001)]. Arrangement of lower categories (order and families) presented in the list were followed by specialists [Corallinales (Bressan and Babbini-Benussi 1995, 1996), Gracilariales (Frederic and Hommersand, 1989), Ceramiales (Gomez Garreta et al., 2001, Benhissoune et al., 2003), Acrochaetiaceae (Stegenga, 1985)]. Additionally, the studies of Silva et al. (1996), Van den Hoek et al. (1997), Barbara and Cremades (1996), Ballantine and Aponte (1997), Hardy and Guiry (2003) and Guiry and Dhonncha (2005) were used to create an evolutionary list of taxa in genus level. Taxa in specific or infraspecific level are listed in alphabetical order. Results Giresun is situated between 380 06' 12" and 390 09' 38" East longitudes (Figure 1). The majority parts of the sea shore is observed to be sandy and tin pebbly beach which do not form the conditions that algae need to develop. On the other hand, some samples have been collected from the study areas: Piraziz, Bulancak, Keşap, Espiye, Görele and Eynesil where rocky areas exist and shelters are located. Figure 1: Map of the studied shores 242 Taxa distributed in study area are listed in table 1. New records for the Turkish shores of the Black Sea are indicated an asteriks (*). Table 1: Taxa distributed on Giresun (black sea) coasts of Turkey CYANOPHYTA (=CYANOBACTERIA) CYANOPHYCEAE CHROOCOCCALES CHROOCOCCACEAE Chroococcus dimidiatus (Kützing) Nägeli DERMOCARPACEAE Dermocarpa acervata (Setchell and Gardner) Pham Hoàng Hô OSCILLATORIALES OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya adriae Ercégovic L. aestuarii (Mertens) Liebmann L. confervoides C. Agardh ex Gomont L. majuscula (Dilliwyn) Harvey ex Gomont Oscillatoria curviceps C.Agardh PHORMIDIACEAE PHORMIDIOIDEAE Phormidium ambiguum Gomont P. autumnale C. Agardh ex Gomont P. corallinae (Kützing) Anagnostidis and Komárek P. rotheanum Itzigsohn var. capitatum (Skuja) Desikachary PSEUDOANABAENACEAE Spirocoleus tenuis (Meneghini) P.C. Silva LEPTOLYNGBYOIDEAE Planktolyngbya. subtilis (West) Anagnostidis and Komarek NOSTOCALES RIVULARIACEAE Calothrix aeruginea (Kützing) Thuret C. confervicola (Roth) C. Agardh ex Bornet and Flahault C. crustacea Thuret C. scopulorum (Webervan Bosse and Mohr) C. Agardh Rivularia polyotis (J. Agardh) Hauck PLANTAE BILIPHYTA RHODOPHYTA RHODELLOPHYTINA RHODELLOPHYCEAE STYLONEMATALES STYLONEMATACEAE Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. Drew S. cornu-cervi (Reinsch) Hauck COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE ERYTHROPELTIDALES ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh *E. investiens (Zanardini) Bornet *E. vexillaris (Montagne) G. Hamel Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann MACRORHODOPHYTINA BANGIOPHYCEAE BANGIOPHYCIDAE GONIOTRICHALES 243 GONIOTRICHACEAE Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh) Basson BANGIALES BANGIACEAE Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh Porphyra leucosticta Thuret in Le Jolis f. leucosticta P. umbilicalis (Linnaeus) Kützing FLORIDEOPHYCEAE NEMALIOPHYCIDAE ACROCHAETIALES ACROCHAETIACEAE Acrochaetium hallandicum (Kylin) G. Hamel A. mahumetanum G. Hamel A. mediterraneum (Levring) Boudouresque A. microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli A. parvulum (Kylin) Hoyt A. rosulatum (Rosenvinge) Papenfuss A. savianum (Meneghini) Nägeli A. secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli A. virgatulum (Harvey) Batters COLACONEMATALES COLACONEMATACEAE Colaconema daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga C. membranaceum (Magnus) Woelkerling NEMALIALES LIAGORACEAE Liagora viscida (Forsskål) C. Agardh NEMALIACEAE Nemalion helminthoides (Velley) Batters 244 RHODYMENIOPHYCIDAE GELIDIALES GELIDIACEAE Gelidium spinosum (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva var. spinosum var. hystrix (J. Agardh) G. Furnari Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) Santelices and Hommersand f. capillaceae GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella ramellosa (Kützing) Feldmann and G. Hamel Parviphycus antipai (Celan) B. Santelices GRACILARIALES GRACILARIACEAE Gracilaria dura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh G. gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, L.M. Irvine and Farnham var. gracilis CORALLINALES CORALLINACEAE AMPHIROIDEAE Amphiroa rigida J.V. Lamouroux CORALLINOIDEAE CORALLINEAE Corallina elongata Ellis and Solander C. officinalis Linnaeus JANIEAE Haliptilon virgatum (Zanardini) Garbary and H.W. Johansen Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux var. rubens var. corniculata (Linnaeus) Yendo MASTOPHOROIDEAE Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V. Lamouroux) D. Penrose and Y.M. Chamberlain var. farinosum LITHOPHYLLOIDEAE Lithophyllum cystoseirae (Hauck) Heydrich Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V. Lamouroux) Nägeli GIGARTINALES HYPNEACEAE Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jaquin) J.V. Lamouroux PEYSSONNELICEAE Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque and Denizot P. rubra (Greville) J. Agardh P. squamaria (S.G. Gmelin) Decaisne PHYLLOPHORACEAE Coccotylus truncatus (Pallas) M.J. Wynne and J.N. Heine f. truncatus Gymnogongrus griffithsiae (Turner) C.F.P. Martius Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S. Dixon f. crispa P. pseudoceranoïdes (S.G. Gmelin) Newroth and A.R.A. Taylor RHODYMENIALES LOMENTARIACEAE Lomentaria articulata (Hudson) Lyngbye var. articulata L. clavellosa (Turner) Gaillon HALYMENIALES GRATELOUPIACEAE [=HALYMENIACEAE] Grateloupia dichotoma J. Agardh CERAMIALES CERAMIACEAE CALLITHAMNIOIDEAE CALLITHAMNIEAE Aglaothamnion tenuissimum (Bonnemaison) G. FeldmannMazoyer var. tenuissimum Callithamnion corymbosum (Smith) Lyngbye C. granulatum (Ducluzeau) C. Agardh CERAMOIDEAE ANTITHAMNIEAE Antithamnion cruciatum (C.Agardh) Nägeli var. cruciatum A. heterocladum Funk A. tenuissimum (Hauck) Schiffner CERAMIEAE Ceramium ciliatum (Ellis) Ducluzeau var. ciliatum var. robustrum (J. Agardh) Mazoyer C. circinatum (Kützing) J. Agardh C. codii (H. Richards) FeldmnnMazoyer C. deslongchampsii Chauvin ex Duby C. gaditanum (Clemente) Cremades var. gaditanum C. rubrum auctorum var. rubrum var. implexo-concortum (Solier) G. Feldmann Mazoyer C. secundatum Lyngbye C. siliquosum (Kützing) Maggs and 245 Hommersend var. siliquosum var. elegans (Roth) G. Furnari var. tenuissimum (Lyngbye) V Aysel, B Dural Tarakçı, H Erduğan, F Aysel, E Türker, Y Tarakçı var. zostericola (Feldmann Mazoyer) G. Furnari f. zostericola f. minusculum (Feldmann Mazoyer) A. GomezGarreta, T. Gallardo, M.A. Ribera, M. Cormaci, G. Furnari, G. Giaccone and C.F. Boudouresque C. tenerrimum (Martens) Okamura var. tenerrimum var. brevizonatum (Peterson) G. Feldmann- Mazoyer PTEROTHAMNIEAE Pterothamnion plumula (Ellis) Nägeli subsp. plumula COMPSOTHAMNIOIDEAE COMPSOTHAMNIEAE Compsothamnion thuyoides (J.E. Smith) F. Schmitz SPERMOTHAMNIEAE *Spermothamnion repens (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge var. flagelliferum (De Notaris) G. Feldmann-Mazoyer DASYACEAE Dasya baillouviana (S.G. Gmelin) Montagne var. baillouviana D. hutchinsiae Harvey in J.W. Hooker Eupogodon planus (C. Agardh) Kützing 246 DELESSERIACEAE DELESSERIOIDEAE APOGLOSSEAE Apoglossum ruscifolium (Turner) J. Agardh HYPOGLOSSEAE Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) F.S. Collins and Harvey var. hypoglossoides NITOPHYLLOIDEAE NITOPHYLLEAE Nitophyllum punctatum (Stackhouse) Greville var. punctatum var. ocellatum (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh RHODOMELACEAE CHONDRIEAE Chondria capillaris (Hudson) Wynne var. capillaris var. patens (Schiffner) V Aysel, H Erduğan, E Ş Okudan, H Erk var. subtilis (Hauck) V Aysel, H Erduğan, E Ş Okudan, H Erk C. dasyphylla (Woodward) C. Agardh LAURENCIEAE Chondrophycus paniculatus (C. Agardh) G. Furnari C. papillosus (C. Agardh) Garbary and J. Harper Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux var. obtusa var. gracilis (Kützing) Hauck var. laxa (Kützing) Ardissone Osmundea pinnatifida (Hudson) Stackhouse POLYSIPHONIEAE Alsidium corallinum C.Agardh Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) Ambronn f. secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) Wynne Lophosiphonia obscura (C. Agardh) Falkenberg *L. scopulorum (Harvey) Womersley L. subadunca (Kützing) Falkenberg Neosiphonia elongella (Harvey) M.S.Kim and I.K.Lee Polysiphonia brodiei (Dilliwyn) Sprengel P. denudata (Dillwyn) Greville xe Harvey P. elongata (Hudson) Harvey in Hooker P. fucoides (Hudson) Greville P. opaca (C. Agardh) Moris and De Notaris P. sertularioides (Grateloup) J. Agardh P. tenerrima Kützing P. variegata (C. Agardh) Zanardini P. vidovichii Meneghini P. violacea (Roth) Spregel POLYZONIEAE Dipterosiphonia rigens (Shousboei) Falkenberg CHROMISTA HETEROKONTA OCHROPHYTA [=HETEROKONTOPHYTA] FUCOPHYCEAE [=PHAEOPHYCEAE, PHAEOZOOSPOROPHYCEAE] ECTOCARPALES ECTOCARPACEAE Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael ex Harvey) Kornmann Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye var. siliculosus var. arctus (Kützing) Kuckuck var. dasycarpus (Kuckuck) Gallardo var. hiemalis (P.L. Crouan ex Kjellman) Gallardo var. penicillatus C. Agardh Feldmannia caespitula (J. Agardh) Knoepffler-Péguy var. caespitula var. lebelii (Areschoug ex P.L. Crouan) Knoepffler-Péguy F. irregularis (Kützing) G. Hamel Mikrosyphar polysiphoniae Kuckuck Streblonema sphaericum (Derbès and Solier) Thuret CHORDARIALES MYRIONEMATACEAE Myrionema strangulans Greville ELACHISTACEAE Halothrix lumbricalis (Kützing) Reinke CORYNOPHLAEACEAE Corynophlaea umbellata (C. Agardh) Kützing Myriactula arabica (Kützing) Feldmann M. rivulariae (Shur) Feldmann SPERMATOCHNACEAE Stilophora nodulosa (C. Agardh) P.C. Silva S. tenella (Esper) P.C. Silva CUTLERIALES CUTLERIACEAE Zanardinia typus (Nardo) G. Furnari 247 SPHACELARIALES SPHACELARIACEAE Sphacelaria cirrosa (Roth) C. Agardh f. cirrosa STYPOCAULACEAE Halopteris scoparia Linnaeus Sauvageau CLADOSTEPHACEAE Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C. Agardh f. spongiosus f. verticillatus (Lightfoot) Prod'homme van Reine DICTYOTALES DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P. de Candolle) J.V. Lamouroux Dictyota fasciola (Roth) J.V. Lamouroux var. fasciola D. menstrualis (Hoyt) Schnetter, Hornig and Weber-Peukert var. menstrualis DICTYOSIPHONALES MYRIOTRICHIACEAE Myriotrichia clavaeformis Harvey STRIARIACEAE Striaria attenuata (Greville) Greville f. attenuata f. fragilis (J. Agardh) Kjellman PUCTARIALES PUNCTARIACEAE Punctaria plantaginea (Roth) Greville 248 FUCALES CYSTOSEIRACEAE Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh var. barbata C. crinita (Desfontaines) Bory f. crinita f. bosphorica (Sauvageau.) Zinova and Kalugina CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYCEAE ULVOPHYCEAE ULOTRICHALES ULOTHRICHACEAE Ulothrix flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret in Le Jolis ULVALES ULVELLACEAE Ulvella lens P. L. Crouan and H. M. Crouan ULVACEAE Blidingia marginata (J. Agardh) P. Dangeard ex Bliding B. minima (Nägeli ex Kützing) Kylin Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville E. compressa (Linnaeus) Nees var. compressa E. flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh subsp. flexuosa E. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees var. intestinalis E. kylinii Bliding E. linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh var. linza E. muscoides (Clemente) Cremades E. prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh subsp. prolifera Ulva fasciata Delile U. fenestrata Postels and Ruprecht U. rigida C. Agardh f. rigida CLADOPHOROPHYCEAE CLADOPHORALES CLADOPHORACEAE Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing C. linum (O.F. Müller) Kützing Cladophora albida (Nees) Kützing C. fracta (O.F. Müller ex Vahl) Kützing C. glomerata (Linnaeus) Kützing var. glomerata C. hutchinsiae (Dillwyn) Kützing C. laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing C. pellucida (Hudson) Kützing f. pellucida C. sericea (Hudson) Kützing Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey R. implexum (Dillwyn) Kützing R. tortuosum (Dillwyn) Kützing BRYOPSIDOPHYCEAE BRYOPSIDALES BRYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis hypnoides J.V. Lamouroux var. hypnoides B. plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh var. plumosa TRACHEOPHYTA LILIOPSIDA CYMODOCEALES CYMODOCEACEAE Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson ZOSTERALES ZOSTERACEAE Zostera marina Linnaeus Z. noltii Homermann 249 Discussion In this study, 193 taxa to Magnoliophyta (3), Chlorophyta (30), Ochrophyta (33), Rhodophyta (109) and Cyanophyta (18) have been found. Although similar Algal composition is observed on different parts of the Black Sea coastal line, the density of the algae is distinctive at each station. Different types of algae such as Ulva, Enteromorpha, Callithamnion, Ceramium and Polysiphonia are also observed at these stations. The coast line of Bulancak on which there was no Cystoseira is monitored, is observed to be polluted. The station around the light house at Espiye is the richest algae area which attracts attention with its clean water. Padina, Zanardinia, Cystoseira, Ceramium, Polysiphonia, Laurencia, Gelidium and Dictyota formed a massive density of vegetation which can be described as a sea forest in this area. Generally, Cladophora, Ulva, Corallina and Cystoseira are dominating species at tiny bays which fisherman use as shelters and small harbours. Due to the sea water temperature and salinity, some other algae which can easily survive at different coastal line of Turkey, are not observed at these stations. In contrast, fresh water taxa forms of (Cladophora glomerata var. glomerata, Enteromorpha prolifera subsp. prolifera) are found at these stations. Table 2: A comparison, in terms of number of algae species between Giresun and remaining provinces of the region (KR: Kırklareli, KSD: Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, ZN: Zonguldak, BR: Bartın, KS: Kastamonu, SN: Sinop, SM: Samsun OR: Ordu, TR: Trabzon, RA: Rize-Artvin). Studied Cities of Turkish Black Sea Shores KR KSD ZN BR KS SN SM OR GR TR 30 20 12 22 22 20 14 18 1 Cyanophyta (Cy) 23 Rhodophyta (R) 71 126 100 116 133 136 106 93 109 23 50 42 43 56 52 27 27 33 8 Ochrophyta (O) 24 46 43 39 48 55 22 26 30 23 Chlorophyta (C) 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 Magnoliophyta 151 255 208 213 262 268 178 164 193 58 Total Division 250 RA 3 43 15 27 3 91 A comparison in terms of number of algae species between Giresun and remaining provinces of the region is listed in Table 2 and rates of dominancy is given in table 3. R/C and R/O rates at Giresun coast, such as other provinces of the Black Sea of Turkey, are also higher than Aegean and Mediterrenean coasts. The close results of the study in terms of O/CY and C/CY rates points the attention paid on to blue-green bacterias. The numbers of taxa periodically increases from west to east until Sinop (Table 2). The number then decreases in Samsun, but increases again in Giresun, which is the following station. According to Güner and Aysel (1996), this can be the result of the interior currents of Black Sea. The strong current of Mediterrenean carries the algae spores through the Aegean Sea, Dardanelles, the Marmara Sea and Bosphorus to the Black Sea. This current changes its direction towards the Azak Sea. A following current from Azak Sea to Ukraine, Rumenia, Bulgaria, Thrace (Turkey) is combined to another one coming through Bosphorus.All these currents help the circulation of algae and stand as a major factor for the attendance of algae at the Black Sea. Smaller circulated flows at the east of Sinop play an important role for the marine algal flora. These smaller flows get back to Sinop after completing their circle from Caucausia Eastern Azak Sea. In addition, these smaller flows play a limited role in algal variety of the region. This issue is also observed at the decreasing numbers of taxa numbers from west to east. Biological diversity of the Black Sea coast has decreased in recent in years due to on going high way constraction following the coastal line. As a result of the increasing pollution and worse environmental factors effects, Giresun must be declared as sit area as soon as possible such as the rest of all the Black Sea coastal line, to protect its biological variety. Finally, owing human and/or industrial sourced pollution and the geoghraphic structure of the Black Sea flora, is badly affected. The filling up of the coast to build up a road all the way along the Black Sea also has an additional negative effect on the sea flora. Therefore, economical 251 species which are valuable for Turkey and other countries are facing the danger of disappearance. Table 3: Dominancy in division level among northeastern provinces of Turkey Division R/O R/C R/CY O/C O/CY C/CY GR 3,30 3,63 6,05 1,1 1,83 1,66 KR 3 3,7 3,1 0,8 1 1,3 Dominancy as cities in division level from the Black Sea Shores of Turkey KSD ZN BR SN KS SM OR 2,52 2,4 2,7 2,60 2,37 3,92 3,44 2,73 2,3 3 2,50 2,77 4,81 3,58 4,2 5 9,7 6,50 6,04 4,3 6,64 1,08 1 1,1 0,96 1,16 1,22 1,04 1,66 2,1 3,6 2,50 2,54 1,35 1,93 1,53 2,2 3,3 2,59 2,18 1.1 1,86 TR RA 2,9 2,9 1 1,6 23 14,3 0,3 0,6 8 5 23 9 As seen in table 3, blue-green bacterias are becoming rare at Rize and Artvin provinces. 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