Evansia Articles for amateurs and professionals Volume 36, Number 3 Fall 2019 The lichens of Great Basin National Park Evansia 36 (3): 2019 72 A preliminary checklist of the lichens in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, USA Owen Carter1, Bradley Kropp2, Nastassja Noell3, Jason Hollinger3, Gretchen Baker4, Allie Tuttle1, Larry L. St. Clair1, and Steven D. Leavitt1,* 1 M.L. Bean Life Science Museum & Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 2 Biology Department, Utah State University 3 Herbarium, Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723 4 Great Basin National Park * corresponding author: steve_leavitt@byu.edu Abstract. Lichen communities in many National Parks are diverse and perform essential but often poorly understood ecological roles. However, lichen diversity in many National Parks is poorly characterized. Because of this, limited interpretive resources are currently available. Here we report a preliminary checklist of the lichen species found in Great Basin National Park, White Pine County, Nevada, USA, including 230 species in 84 genera, identified predominantly from recent field surveys. While our study documents an impressive diversity of lichen species in the Park, we anticipate that a significant percentage of the lichen flora remains to be discovered. Our hope is that this preliminary checklist will provide a foundation for additional lichenological research in Great Basin National Park. Key words: BioBlitz, biodiversity inventories, citizen science, collections-based research, Intermountain West. INTRODUCTION Lichens are an interesting and attractive feature of many natural areas, including protected areas such as National Parks. National Parks often have diverse lichen communities that play essential but often overlooked ecological roles (DeBolt & McCune 1993; Lendemer et al. 2013; Wetmore 1985). While park visitors often notice brightly colored lichens, few know what they are and how species-diverse they can be, due in large measure to limited interpretive resources. Lichens are important in the breakdown of rock to form soil and, in some cases, they contribute directly to soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Belnap 2002; Elbert et al. 2012). In many western ecosystems, lichens also provide an important source of forage for some mammals, including voles, pika and bighorn sheep (Fox & Smith 1988; Hanley et al. 1989; Rominger et al. 1996; Rosentreter et al. 1997). Many species are also sensitive environmental indicators – changes in lichen communities often indicate diminished air quality, ecosystem health, or document habitat shifts based on the effects of global climate change (Matos et al. 2017; McCune 2000; Rosentreter & Eldridge 2002). In some cultures, humans have used lichens as a supplementary food source (Crawford 2007), folk medicine (Kaushal & Upreti 2001; Malhotra et al. 2008), and as natural dye sources (Brough 1988). More recently, the use of lichen secondary chemicals as antibiotic and anticancer drug therapies is being actively researched (Shrestha & St. Clair 2013). In addition to recognizing the general ecological value of lichen biodiversity, recognizing local patterns of lichen biodiversity can aid in developing effective management strategies and provide crucial information for interpretive resources in many National Parks (Lendemer et al. 2013). Recent field surveys have highlighted unexpectedly high levels of lichen diversity in the Great Basin region of western North America (Leavitt et al. 2018). Nested in the center of the Great Basin ecoregion, is Great Basin National Park (GBNP). The Park was established in 1986 and protects 31,230 ha ranging from the cold desert, sage-covered foothills to alpine habitats (Fig. 1). Prior to the present study, lichen diversity in GBNP has remained largely unexplored. A few notable Evansia 36 (3): 2019 73 Figure 1. Examples of ecologically diverse habitats found in Great Basin National Park. Upper image: alpine habitat in the vicinity of Wheeler Peak (3982 m.a.s.l.), looking northwest across Spring Valley towards the Schell Range. Lower image: view of Wheeler Peak from near Mather Overlook (2815 m.a.s.l.) on the east side of the Snake Range, a typical dry hillside dominated by curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) and commonly occurring between 1,800 and 2,800 m.a.s.l. in Great Basin National Park. Evansia 36 (3): 2019 74 exceptions include: an inventory of alpine macrolichens in the vicinity of Wheeler Peak (3982 m.a.s.l.) by H.A. Imshaug (1957) and sporadic collections at a few sites in the Park made by T.H. Nash III, B.D. Ryan, and C.C. Newberry in 1984, C.C. Newberry again in 1990, L.L. St. Clair and J.R. Johansen in 1995, and S. Altermann in 2006 (Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria 2019). To better characterize lichen diversity in this important region, we undertook a number of exploratory surveys in GBNP between 2014 and 2017. The results of these surveys document high levels of lichen species diversity in this ecologically diverse National Park and now, with this report, we provide a valuable preliminary checklist of the lichens found in the Park. MATERIALS AND METHODS Site description—GBNP is located in the South Snake Range in east-central Nevada, near the Utah border, and spans a wide range of ecological conditions. The highest altitudes in the Park, termed the ‘High Elevation Carbonate Mountains’ ecoregion (https://www.epa.gov/ecoresearch/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-state), are in the zone of summer monsoonal rains, and support a wide variety of conifers, including the iconic bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D.K. Bailey), and diverse understory species. However, conditions at the highest altitudes generally do not favor alpine tundra. Geologically, the bulk of the rocks are formed of sediments, including limestone, dolomite, and conglomerate, with some strata metamorphosed into quartzite and lowgrade marble. While Wheeler Peak contains metamorphic Prospect Mountain Quartzite, the southern part of the Snake Range is carbonate. The pinyon-juniper woodland has a broad altitudinal range in the ‘Carbonate Woodland Zone’ ecoregion in GBNP (https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-state). Due to fire suppression, the pinyon-juniper woodland has expanded into the lower sagebrush zones and increased in density. A number of springs and live streams, fed by summer rain and snowmelt from higher altitudes percolate through the porous rocks, facilitating a diverse woodland understory. The shrub cover in the ‘Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys’ ecoregion is relatively sparse and dominated by black sagebrush (Artemisia nova A. Nels.), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. Meeuse & Smit), and a grass understory (https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregionsstate). Though largely falling outside the boundaries of the Park, the ‘Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins’ ecoregion (https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-state) can be found at the Visitors’ Center, dominated by saltbush vegetation (e.g. Atriplex L. spp.) with a high tolerance for extremes in temperature, aridity, and salinity. Field sampling—We collected lichens from 24 sites distributed across Great Basin National Park (Table 1; Fig. 2). In 2014, NN and JH surveyed Wheeler Peak as part of a larger on-going project to re-inventory alpine peaks surveyed by H. Imshaug in the 1950s (Imshaug 1957). Subsequently BK surveyed additional sites in the vicinity of Wheeler Peak along an altitudinal transect. In 2017, as part of a lichen-centered BioBlitz, we selected additional sites sampling lichen communities across a broader range of geological formations, habitats, and substrates. We collected intensively using the “intuitive meander” sampling strategy (Whiteaker et al. 1999) for a period of about two hours at each site with an emphasis on locating and collecting species that had not yet been collected. With this approach, common species were not always collected at each site. Specimen identification—We identified specimens using relevant taxonomic keys, monographs, taxonomic treatises as well as a variety of online resources. We used thin-layer chromatography (Orange et al. 2001) to help finalize species identifications as needed. Lichen specimens collected from the predetermined sampling sites during the fieldwork phase of this project are deposited in the Herbarium of Nonvascular Cryptogams at Brigham Young University (BRY-C), the Intermountain Herbarium (USU-UTC), the National Park Herbarium (NP), Arizona State University’s Lichen Herbarium (ASU), the Michigan State University’s Lichen Collection (MSC), and Jason Hollinger’s personal collection (herb. JH). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 75 Table 1. Summary of sampling sites distributed across Great Basin National Park, Nevada, USA, including site code; site description (Ecoregion Level IV; brief site descriptions); latitude; longitude; and altitude. Site Code 01 Site description Lat. Lon. Altitude High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; above tree line, vicinity of summit of Wheeler Peak. 38.986 -114.314 02 High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; subalpine habitat, vic. of Teresa Lake. 39.004 -114.311 03 High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; subalpine habitat, vic. Wheeler Peak Campground and Bristlecone and Alpine Lakes Loop Trail. High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; subalpine habitat, ca. 1.25 km N of Wheeler Peak Campground High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; subalpine habitat, at Wheeler Peak Overlook, in mixed conifer forest High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; in mixed conifer forest along Wheeler Peak Scenic Drive Carbonate Woodland Zone; vicinity of Strawberry Campground, along Strawberry Creek High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; vicinity of Mather Overlook, in Cercocarpus-dominated woodland. High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; along Wheeler Peak Scenic Drive, North of Mather Overlook High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; east of Mather Overlook, along rocky ridgeline High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; along Wheeler Peak Scenic Drive, at 8500' pullout Carbonate Woodland Zone; along Osceola Ditch trail, in mixed forest Carbonate Woodland Zone; at Lehman Campground 39.009 -114.309 39.019 -114.305 39.027 -114.286 39.031 -114.286 39.058 -114.286 39.021 -114.275 39.025 -114.274 39.022 -114.264 39.032 -114.266 39.032 -114.260 39.013 -114.251 39.014 -114.216 39.002 -114.212 38.991 -114.218 17 Carbonate Woodland Zone; sage-steppe community on Alluvium Carbonate Woodland Zone; in pinyon-juniper community on Alluvium. Carbonate Woodland Zone; along Baker Creek, vic. of Gray Cliffs, in upland woodland community. Carbonate Woodland Zone; vic. of Baker Creek Trailhead 38.976 -114.249 18 Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins; at Visitor Center on soil 39.015 -114.127 19 Carbonate Woodland Zone; along Snake Creek, in juniperdominated woodland, on dolomite outcrops, along Snake Creek Road. Carbonate Woodland Zone; along Snake Creek, in juniperdominated woodland, along Snake Creek Road. High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; along Snake Creek, vicinity of Snake Creek Trailhead, in mixed conifer forest and riparian habitat Carbonate Woodland Zone; along South Fork of Big Wash, in riparian habitat and upland steppe community High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; alpine habitat vicinity of Mount Washington Summit High Elevation Carbonate Mountains; in juniper-dominated community, along road to Mount Washington 38.915 -114.150 3650 to 4010 m.a.s.l. 2990 to 3200 m.a.s.l. 2990 to 3200 m.a.s.l. 3125 m.a.s.l. 3026 m.a.s.l. 2885 m.a.s.l. 2225 m.a.s.l. 2815 m.a.s.l. 2774 m.a.s.l. 2835 m.a.s.l. 2591 m.a.s.l. 2515 m.a.s.l. 2344 m.a.s.l. 2060 m.a.s.l. 2062 m.a.s.l. 2150 m.a.s.l. 2475 m.a.s.l. 1627 m.a.s.l. 1960 m.a.s.l. 38.9137 -114.1841 38.9254 -114.2514 38.8783 -114.217 38.914 -114.309 38.901 -114.320 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23 24 2135 m.a.s.l. 2530 m.a.s.l. 2380 m.a.s.l. 3544 m.a.s.l. 3140 m.a.s.l. Evansia 36 (3): 2019 76 Figure 2. Map of sampling localities distributed across Great Basin National Park. The thick green line defines the Park boundary. Circles with numbers, ‘01’ – ‘24’, indicate sampling sites; larger circles indicate sites that cover broader sampling areas. Brief descriptions of each are found in Table 1. Evansia 36 (3): 2019 77 Historical collections—We searched for additional specimens collected in the Park in the Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria (2019) online database. Several of these specimens, especially from ASU and MSC, are included in this checklist where we considered the identifications to be reliable, such as when annotated by experts for regional taxonomic revisions, or when we have seen the species in neighboring mountain ranges and expect it to occur in GBNP. Notes are given on the status of all species of which we have not personally verified any specimens. RESULTS & DISCUSSION This study documents the occurrence of 230 lichen species in 84 genera from 24 sampling sites in Great Basin National Park. This report provides an important baseline documenting lichen diversity in the Park. The majority of the lichens in the Park occur on rock, either as crusts on rock surfaces or endolithically (e.g., living beneath the rock surface with fruiting structures appearing on rock surfaces). Rock-inhabiting lichens are the most abundant and diverse type of lichen in the Park. Soil crust lichens are also widespread in the Park, although they are somewhat irregularly distributed. They are, however, particularly conspicuous in the lower elevation Pleistocene alluvial deposits and on calcareous soils throughout the Park. A limited number of lichens occur on the bark and lignum of trees and shrubs in the Park; however, the overall abundance of epiphytic lichens is low. The arid climate of this park is probably a major factor in the paucity of epiphytic lichens. In relatively moist riparian zones, Xanthomendoza and Melanohalea species represent some of the more common epiphytic species. Fruticose lichens, including Usnea and Letharia have been rarely encountered in GBNP. Bryoria species have been found in nearby mountain ranges but have not yet been found within the boundaries of the Park. Shrubs in more arid and exposed regions of the Park occasionally harbor robust lichen communities often dominated by members of the families Physciaceae and Teloschistaceae. Alpine lichen communities near the two prominent peaks in GBNP, Mount Washington (3553 m.a.s.l.) and Wheeler Peak (3982 m.a.s.l.) were strikingly different in terms of species composition despite their proximity to one another. This is likely due to the different parent materials available on these peaks with the Pole Canyon Limestone D member on Mt. Washington and the Prospect Mountain Quartzite on Wheeler Peak. However, in general there was significant overlap in lichen community composition across many of the sampling sites. Notably, representatives of Aspicilia sensu lato and Xanthomendoza species were abundant at most locations throughout the Park; and some species, such as Aspicilia nashii, members of the Rhizoplaca melanophthalma complex, and Rusavskia elegans occur along the entire altitudinal range in GBNP. Despite overlapping components, we observed gradual shifts in lichen community composition along the altitudinal gradient in the Park. This checklist will serve as an important baseline for future studies exploring the factors that influence changing lichen community composition across diverse habitats, geological substrates, and vascular plant communities, particularly those that often occur in close proximity to one another. Recent research demonstrates that lichens are also excellent indicators of the effects of global climate change, particularly in polar and alpine regions where other disturbance variables such as air pollution and habitat disturbance are minimal (Sancho et al. 2019). Deserts, including most of the Great Basin region, are often similarly undisturbed and their lichens may also prove to be useful indicators of regional shifts in climate. Lichen diversity reported here for GBNP will be critical for ongoing long-term assessments of climate change-related impact in the Great Basin region of western North America. For example, Umbilicaria polaris was not observed in alpine habitats in GBNP by Imshaug (1957) but is now common near the summit of Wheeler Peak, although all observed thalli are relatively small (Hollinger personal observation). Future prospects—Overall this checklist highlights a range of diverse lichen communities in GBNP, with a total of 230 species in 84 genera reported. This checklist will also provide Evansia 36 (3): 2019 78 significant information for the “Checklist of Nevada Lichens” currently in preparation by Hollinger et al. based on extensive field-work completed throughout the state, including all of the USDA Forest Service wilderness areas in Nevada (St. Clair et al. 2007; Proulx and St. Clair 2013; St. Clair and Leavitt 2012, 2013, 2015a and 2015b) and the Bureau of Land Management Caliente Field Office (Noell & Hollinger in prep.). This report documents most of the plant communities and many of the geological formations in the Park. However, a number of additional geological formations remain to be studied, particularly in the southern portion of GBNP where numerous formations intersect and road/trail access is more limited. We anticipate that a significant portion of the lichen diversity in GBNP is yet to be discovered and hope that this preliminary checklist stimulates additional work in GBNP and the broader Great Basin region. CHECKLIST Organization of species list—Lichens reported for Great Basin National Park are listed below. Nomenclature follows Esslinger (2018). Substrates, relative abundance, and collection/herbarium numbers for at least one voucher specimen per lichen are included. Locality information is provided in parentheses, with site codes documented in Table 1. The scale of relative abundance is uncommon<common<abundant; ‘#’ indicates unverified CNALH records and ‘*’ indicates lichenicolous fungi. This checklist is also available on CNALH (https://lichenportal.org/cnalh/checklists/checklist.php?clid=1321), and future updates and revisions will be reflected therein. Acarospora elevata H. Magn. – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6628 [UCR] (GB01; GB19; GB23; GB24). Acarospora erratica K. Knudsen & Kocourk – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7432 [herb. JH], Leavitt 17-544 [BRY-C] (GB07; GB22). Acarospora obpallens (Nyl. ex Hasse) Zahlbr. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282741 USU-UTC] (GB14). Acarospora rosulata (Th. Fr.) H. Magn. – saxicolous/quartzite (abundant); Hollinger 6664 [herb. JH] (GB01; GB07; GB14; GB15; GB19). Acarospora socialis H. Magn. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282742 USU-UTC] (GB19). Acarospora stapfiana (Müll. Arg.) Hue – lichenicolous on Xanthomendoza trachyphylla (uncommon); Hollinger 6650 [MSC] (GB01). Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta – saxicolous/limestone (abundant); Leavitt 17-557, 17-559, 17560 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11381# [ASU] (GB01; GB13; GB16; GB19; GB21). #Acarospora succedens H. Magn. – lichenicolous on Dimelaena oreina (uncommon); Nash 22955# [ASU, det. by K. Knudsen] (GB13). Acarospora tintickiana St. Clair, Newberry & S.Leavitt– saxicolous/limestone (uncommon); Leavitt 17-555, 17-556, 17-563 [BRY-C] (GB21). Acarospora veronensis A. Massal. – saxicolous/limestone (uncommon); Leavitt 17-564 [BRY-C] (GB21). Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. – muscicolous; epiphytic/conifer twigs (common); Hollinger 6673d [MSC], Hollinger 7440 [herb. JH], Imshaug 17306#, 17316# [MSC], Ryan 11411# [ASU] (GB01; GB03). Anaptychia elbursiana (Szatala) Poelt – saxicolous/limestone (uncommon); Leavitt 17-584 [BRY-C] (GB21). Anaptychia ulotrichoides (Vainio) Vainio – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282753 USU-UTC] (GB23). Aspicilia arizonica Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282754 USU-UTC] (GB22).Aspicilia Evansia 36 (3): 2019 79 Aspicilia boykinii Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – saxicolous/limestone (uncommon) Leavitt 17558 [BRY-C] (GB21). Aspicilia cf. brucei Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282756 USU-UTC] (GB01). Note: This specimen needs more study. Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körber – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6660 [MSC], Hollinger 7479 [NP] (GB01; GB03). Aspicilia cyanescens Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282756 USU-UTC] (GB04). Aspicilia fumosa Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7457 [NP], Hollinger 7487 [herb. JH] (GB03). Aspicilia nashii Owe-Larsson & A. Nordin – saxicolous/quartzite (abundant); Hollinger 6658, 6661 [MSC], Hollinger 7477 [NP]; Leavitt 17-504, 17-546, 17-624, 17-636, 17-648, 17663, 17-664 [BRY-C]; Noell 1445 [MSC] (GB01; GB03; GB04; GB05; GB06; GB08; GB10; GB15; GB22). Aspicilia reptans (Looman) Wetmore – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282757 & 00282758 USU-UTC] (GB14; GB15). #Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux – saxicolous/siliceous rock (uncommon); Nash 22944#, Ryan 11402a#, 11405a# [ASU] (GB02). Note: Common at high elevations throughout the Great Basin region. Bellemerea sanguinea (Kremp.) Hafellner & Cl. Roux – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7456 [herb. JH] (GB03). Blennothallia crispa (Hudson) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. & Wedin – soil over limestone rock (uncommon); Leavitt 17-608 [BRY-C] (GB21). Bryoplaca jungermanniae (Vahl) Søchting, Frödén & Arup – moss over rock (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282759 & 00282760 USU-UTC] (GB15; GB18). #Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd – epiphytic (uncommon); Ryan 11431# [ASU] (GB13). Note: Probably common in pinyon-juniper habitat throughout the Great Basin. Calogaya biatorina (A. Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – saxicolous/limestone (common); Leavitt 17-571 [BRY-C] (GB19; GB21). Caloplaca adnexa Vězda – lichenicolous, mostly on Aspicilia and gray Rhizocarpon spp. (common); Hollinger 6631, 6641 [MSC] (GB01). Caloplaca albovariegata (B. de Lesd.) Wetmore – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7431b [NP] (GB07). Caloplaca atroalba (Tuck.) Zahlbr. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282761 & 00282761 USU-UTC] (GB19; GB23). Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr. – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282763 USU-UTC] (GB08). Caloplaca epithallina* Lynge – lichenicolous, on various lichens (common); Nash 511079# [ASU]; Kropp s.n. [ 00282764, 00282765 & 00282767 USU-UTC]; Nash 22949# [ASU] (GB01; GB02). Caloplaca aff. pinicola H. Magn. – epiphytic (uncommon); Leavitt 17-578 [BRY-C] (GB21). Caloplaca stillicidiorum (Vahl) Lynge – terricolous/moss and soil (uncommon); Noell 1438, 1440 [MSC] (GB01). Candelariella aggregata M. Westb. – soil/plant matter (common); Hollinger 6673e [MSC] (GB01; GB14). Candelariella antennaria Räsänen – epiphytic/conifer log (abundant); Hollinger 7444 [NP] (GB01; GB03; GB14). Candelariella citrina B. de Lesd. – saxicolous/soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282768 & 00282769 USU-UTC] (GB03; GB15). Candelariella rosulans (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. – saxicolous/quartzite and limestone (abundant); Hollinger 6655d [MSC], Hollinger 7423 [NP]; Leavitt 17-506, 17-535, 17-543, 17-607, 17-669 [BRY-C] (GB01; GB07; GB08; GB12; GB14; GB15; GB19; GB21; GB22). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 80 Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7477 [NP, sub Aspicilia nashii] (GB07). Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau – epiphytic/conifer logs (uncommon); Hollinger 7445 [herb. JH], Hollinger 7461 [NP]; Leavitt 17-638, 17-654 [BRY-C] (GB03; GB06; GB08; GB10). Candelariella sp. '1' – epiphytic/lignum (uncommon); Leavitt 17-634 [BRY-C] (GB10). Note: This specimen was originally identified as C. deppeanae M. Westb.; however, the specimen from GBNP was only distantly related to the type specimen of C. deppeanae based on ITS sequence data. Candelariella sp. '2' – saxicolous/soil/organic matter (uncommon); Leavitt 17-509 [BRY-C] (GB22). This specimen was morphologically similar to Candelariella granuliformis M. Westb., with the thallus comprised of granules becoming irregular and areole-like in appearance; however, the specimen from GBNP was only distantly related to the type specimen of C. granuliformis based on ITS sequence data. Carbonea vitellinaria (Nyl.) Hertel – lichenicolous, on Rhizoplaca novomexicana (uncommon); Noell 1435 [MSC, sub Rhizoplaca novomexicana] (GB01) Carbonea sp. – lichenicolous, on Pleopsidium flavum (uncommon); Hollinger 6653, Hollinger 6669 [herb. JH] (GB01). Note: Similar to Carbonea assimilis, but parasitic and exciple poorly developed. Cercidospora macrospora* (Uloth) Hafellner & Nav.-Ros. – lichenicolous, on Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii (uncommon); Hollinger 7415 [NP] (GB07). Cercidospora xanthoriae* (Wedd.) R. Sant. – lichenicolous, on Rusavskia elegans (uncommon); Hollinger 7418b [herb. JH] (GB07). Circinaria arida Owe-Larsson, A. Nordin & Tibell – saxicolous/quartzite (abundant); Hollinger 7433 [NP], Leavitt 17-510 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11389#, 11393# [ASU] (GB07; GB13; GB14; GB15; GB16; GB22). Note: Several forms present, including almost certainly C. elmorei (E. D. Rudolph) Owe-Larsson, A. Nordin & M. Sohrabi. Circinaria contorta (Hoffm.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – saxicolous (common); Kropp s.n. [00282770, 00282771 & 00282772 USU-UTC] (GB08; GB14; GB16). Circinaria hispida (Mereschk.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Kropp s.n. [00282773, 00282774, 00282775 & 00282776 USU-UTC] (GB15; GB16; GB19). Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Sprengel – soil/organic matter (common); Leavitt 17-534, 17-628, 17508, 17-538, 17-668 [BRY-C]; Hollinger 7454 [herb. JH] (GB01; GB03; GB05; GB07; GB12; GB22). Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Hollinger 7458 [NP]; Ryan 11426# [ASU] (GB02; GB03). Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. – soil/organic matter on ground/log (common); Leavitt 17-533 [BRY-C]; Nash 22927# [ASU] (GB02; GB03; GB06; GB22). Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) O. J. Rich. – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-549 [BRY-C] (GB03). Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Hollinger 7465 [NP]; Nash 22931# [ASU] (GB02; GB03). Clavascidium lacinulatum (Ach.) M. Prieto – terricolous (uncommon); Leavitt 17-561 [BRY-C] (GB21). Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann – saxicolous (common); Kropp s.n. [00282777, 00282778, 00282779 & 00282780 USU-UTC] (GB07; GB16; GB22; GB23). Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282781 USU-UTC] (GB01). Dermatocarpon reticulatum H. Magn. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282782 USUUTC] (GB23). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 81 Dermatocarpon rivulorum (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. – aquatic/semi-aquatic, on rocks (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282783 & 00282784 USU-UTC] (GB02; GB16). Dermatocarpon taminium Heidmarsson – limestone (abundant); Leavitt 17-565, 17-599, 17603, 17-683 [BRY-C] (GB12; GB21). Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7486 [NP]; Nash 22956#, Ryan 11391# [ASU] (GB03, GB13). Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. – terricolous, soil/organic matter (uncommon); Hollinger 7469 [NP] (GB03; GB15). Enchylium tenax (Sw.) Gray – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Kropp s.n. [00282785, UTC00282786, 00282787, 00282788, 00282789, 00282790 & 00282791] (GB14; GB15; GB16; GB18; GB19; GB23; GB24). Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282792 USU-UTC] (GB23). Endocarpon schisticola B. de Lesd. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282793 USUUTC] (GB24). Endococcus verrucosus* Hafellner – lichenicolous, on Aspicilia sp. (uncommon); Hollinger 6640 [NP] (GB01). Fuscidea cf. scrupulosa (Eckfeldt) Fryday – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. 00282794 [USU-UTC] (GB06). Note: This specimen needs more study. Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl. – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282795 USU-UTC] (GB23). Heteroplacidium compactum (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282796 USU-UTC] (GB14). Heteroplacidium congestum (Breuss & McCune) Breuss – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282797 USU-UTC] (GB16). Lathagrium fuscovirens (With.) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. & Wedin – saxicolous/limestone (uncommon); Leavitt 17-572 [BRY-C] (GB21). Lecania sp. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282798 USU-UTC] (GB16). Note: This specimen needs more study. Lecanora albellula Nyl. – epiphytic (common); Hollinger 7448 [NP]; Leavitt 17-540, 17-629, 17640, 17-652, 17-641 [BRY-C] (GB06; GB07; GB10; GB22). Lecanora argopholis (Ach.) Ach. – saxicolous/ quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7467, 7493 [NP]; Ryan 11360# [UC]; Ryan 11362#, 11409# [ASU] (GB01; GB03; GB13; GB14). Lecanora cenisia Ach. – saxicolous/quartzite; epiphytic/weathered wood (uncommon); Hollinger 7470 [NP] (GB03). Lecanora coniferarum Printzen – conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7443 [NP] (GB03). Lecanora aff. hypoptoides (Nyl.) Nyl. (sensu Ryan et al. 2004) – epiphytic/pinyon bark (uncommon); Hollinger 7439b [herb. JH] (GB07). Lecanora laxa (Śliwa & Wetmore) Printzen – terricolous (moss) (uncommon); Hollinger 6673a [MSC] (GB01). Lecanora mughicola Nyl. – epiphytic/conifer wood (uncommon); Hollinger 7460, 7473a [NP] (GB03). Lecanora polytropa (Ehrh.) Rabenh. – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7455 [herb. JH]; Ryan 11402b# [ASU] (GB02; GB03; GB07). Lecanora rupicola (L.) Zahlbr. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6642 [MSC]; Nash 22942# [ASU] (GB01; GB02). Lecanora saligna (Schrader) Zahlbr. – epiphytic/conifer log (common); Leavitt 17-630 [BRYC]; Ryan 11410# [ASU]; Hollinger 7448a (GB02; GB10) Lecanora sierrae B. D. Ryan & T. H. Nash – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Leavitt 17-661, 17-666 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11358# [WTU]; Nash 22939#, Ryan 11359#, 11364#, 11367#, 11384#, 11397#, 11398#, 11404# [ASU] (GB02; GB10). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 82 Lecanora aff. subcavicola B. D. Ryan – saxicolous/sheltered quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6645, 6659, 6663 [herb. JH]; Noell 1433 [herb. NN]; Nash 22946 [ASU] (GB01, GB02). Note: This is apparently an undescribed species common on siliceous alpine peaks throughout the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada. It is very similar to L. subcavicola but contains psoromic instead of alectoronic acid. Lecanora subintricata (Nyl.) Th. Fr. – epiphytic/Cercocarpus bark (uncommon); Hollinger 7438b [NP] (GB07). Lecidea andersonii Filson – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon) Leavitt 17-672 [BRY-C]; Hollinger 6667 [MSC], (GB01; GB05; GB12). Lecidea andersonii/polypycnidophora group – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Leavitt 17-525 [BRY-C] (GB22). Note: In a molecular phylogeny, this specimen was recovered as closely related to the reciprocally monophyletic taxa L. andersonii and L. polypycnidophora. However, it is morphologically distinct and phylogenetically distinct from both species and likely represents an undescribed species (see Hale et al. 2019). Lecidea atrobrunnea (Ramond ex Lam. & DC.) Schaerer – saxicolous/quartzite (abundant); Hollinger 7441, 7480 [NP]; Leavitt 17-518 [BRY-C]; Hale 52817#, 52828#, 52836# [US]; Nash 22948#, Ryan 11399# [ASU] (GB01; GB03; GB06; GB08; GB22). #Lecidea auriculata Th. Fr. – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Imshaug 17331# [MSC, det. by H. Hertel in 2003] (GB01). Lecidea holopolia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. – eiphytic/weathered wood (uncommon); Hollinger 7471 [NP] (GB03). Lecidea laboriosa Müll. Arg. complex – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7431c [NP]; Kropp s.n. [00282743, 00282744, 00282745, 00282746, 00282747, 00282748, 00282749, 00282750, 00282751 & 00282752 USU-UTC]; Leavitt 17-524, 17-529, 17621b [BRY-C] (GB01; GB03; GB04; GB06; GB07; GB08; GB14; GB15; GB22; GB23). Note: A wide range of spore sizes and variation in development of a superficial thallus is observed in specimens representing in L. laboriosa and L. plana. Here we treat this group of endolithic lecideoid lichens with 4-O-demethylplanaic and/or planaic acid as the L. laboriosa complex. Lecidea protabacina Nyl. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7478 [NP, sub. Rhizocarpon geographicum] (GB03). Lecidea syncarpa Zahlbr. – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6643, 6668 [MSC]; Hollinger 7488 [NP]; Imshaug 17321# [MIN]; Ryan 11421#, 11373# [ASU] (GB01; GB03). Lecidea tessellata Flörke – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6639, 6646 [MSC]; Hollinger 7425 [NP]; Noell 1443 [MSC] (GB01; GB03; GB07; GB15). Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel – epiphytic/lignum (uncommon); Leavitt 17-517 [BRY-C] (GB22). Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert – saxicolous/quartzite, epiphytic (abundant); Hollinger 7431a, 7452 [NP]; Leavitt 17-582, 17-626, 17-639, 17-655, 17-656 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11395# [ASU] (GB02; GB03; GB05; GB10; GB16; GB21). Lecidella tumidula (A. Massal.) Knoph & Leuckert – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282799 USU-UTC] (GB22). Lepraria elobata Tønsberg – epiphytic/conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7492 [NY, ver. J. Lendemer] (GB03). Lepraria finkii (B. de Lesd.) R. C. Harris – epiphytic/conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7459 [NY, det. by J. Lendemer] (GB03). Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen – terricolous/soil (uncommon); Noell 1437 [MSC, sub. Rhymbocarpus neglectus]; Imshaug 17328# [MSC] (GB01). #Letharia lupina Altermann, Leavitt & Goward – epiphyte/Pinus longaeva wood (uncommon); Altermann 160# (UC) (GB03). Note: This species is much more common at the western Evansia 36 (3): 2019 83 edge of the Great Basin but can be found rarely and sporadically eastward throughout the entire region. Lichenodiplis lecanorae* (Vouaux) Dyko & D. Hawksw – epiphytic (on Lecanora aff. hypoptoides) (uncommon); Hollinger 7439b [NP, sub. Lecanora aff. hypoptoides] (GB07). Lichenostigma cosmopolites* Hafellner & Calatayud – lichenicolous, on Xanthoparmelia spp. (common); Hollinger 7481 [herb. JH, sub. Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia], Noell 1430 [MSC, sub. X. coloradoënsis] (GB01; GB03). Lichinella nigritella (Lettau) P. P. Moreno & Egea – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282800 USU-UTC] (GB19). Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner – saxicolous/quartzite (abundant); Hollinger 7422 [NP] (GB07). Lobothallia praeradiosa (Nyl.) Hafellner – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Leavitt 17-676 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11377#, 11531# [ASU] (GB09; GB12; GB19). Melanohalea elegantula (Zahlbr.) O. Blanco et al. – epiphytic (abundant); Hollinger 7434 [herb. JH]; Leavitt 17-539, 17-609, 17-615, 17-677 [BRY-C]; Hale 52832#, 52839# [US]; Nash 22925#, Ryan 11380#, 11412# [ASU] (GB01; GB02; GB03; GB04; GB06; GB07; GB08; GB12; GB14; GB15; GB16; GB21; GB22; GB23; GB24). Melanohalea subolivacea (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. – epiphytic (abundant); Hollinger 7434b [NP]; Hollinger 7439a [herb. JH]; Leavitt 17-503, 17-531, 17-537, 17-616, 17-684 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11412b# [ASU] (GB02; GB04; GB07; GB12; GB21; GB22). Montanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl. – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282801 USU-UTC] (GB24). Montanelia saximontana (R. Anderson & W. Weber) S. Leavitt, Essl., Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7424 [NP]; Leavitt 17-670, 17685 [BRY-C]; Nash 22959# [ASU] (GB07; GB12; GB13). Muellerella erratica* (A. Massal.) Hafellner & V. John – lichenicolous, on Rusavskia spp. (uncommon); Hollinger 6630, 6670 [MSC] (GB01) Muellerella lichenicola* (Sommerf. ex Fr.) D. Hawksw. – lichenicolous, on Caloplaca adnexa (uncommon); Hollinger 6662 [MSC] (GB01). Muellerella pygmaea* (Körber) D. Hawksw. – lichenicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282802 USU-UTC] (GB01). Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala – epiphyte, conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7450 [NP] (GB03). Myriolecis wetmorei (Śliwa) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – epiphytic/conifer lignum (uncommon); Leavitt 17-580, 17-596 [BRY-C] (GB21). Myriolecis zosterae (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – terricolous/plant debris (uncommon); Hollinger 6673b (herb. JH) (GB01). Note: Imshaug reported M. hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch from GBNP (Imshaug 17307 [MSC]), and this specimen likely represents M. zosterae. Myriolecis sp. ‘1’ – epiphytic/Populus tremuloides (uncommon); Leavitt 17-514 [BRY-C] (GB22). Note: This specimen was similar to M. hagenii (Ach.) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch. However, unpublished molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered this specimen as distinct from other species-level lineages in Myriolecis, and its specific affinity remains uncertain. Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. – epiphyte/weathered wood (uncommon); Hollinger 7474 [NP]; Ryan 11423# [ASU] (GB02; GB03). #Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold – epiphyte/weathered wood (uncommon); Nash 22930# [ASU] (GB02). Note: If this record is correct, it is the only known record from Nevada. However, it is distinctive, and it is known from very similar habitat in the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, Arizona, so it is plausible. Evansia 36 (3): 2019 84 Parvoplaca tiroliensis (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – terricolous/moss (uncommon); Hollinger 6673g [MSC]; Imshaug s.n.# [MSC] (GB01). Peccania subnigra (B. de Lesd.) Wetmore – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282803 & 00282804 USU-UTC] (GB18; GB19). Peltigera neorufescens ‘6’ – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-528, 17-536, 17-627, 17-686 [BRY-C] (GB05; GB17; GB22). Note: See Magain et al. (2018) for perspective into this putative species-level lineage. Peltigera aff. neorufescens – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Leavitt 17-548 [BRYC] (GB03). Note: Based on unpublished molecular sequence data, this specimen represents a previously unrecognized lineage within the P. neorufescens group (Magain et al., 2018). Peltigera ponojensis Gyelnik – terricolous/mineral soil (uncommon); Hollinger 7435 [UBC]; Leavitt 17-547 [BRY-C] (GB03). Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. (GB03; GB04; GB06; GB15). Peltigera sp. ‘16’ – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Leavitt 17-632, 17-667 [BRY-C] (GB10; GB12). Note: See Magain et al. (2018) for perspective into this putative specieslevel lineage. Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl. – saxicolous (uncommon) Leavitt 17-591 [BRY-C] (GB21). #Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg – epiphytic (uncommon); Ryan 11366# [ASU] (GB13). Note: Unlikely to be confused with anything else, so we tentatively accept this record. Phaeophyscia constipata (Norrlin & Nyl.) Moberg – moss over rock (uncommon); Leavitt 17587 [BRY-C] (GB21). Phaeophyscia decolor (Kashiw.) Essl. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7491 [NP] (GB03). Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flörke) Moberg – epiphytic (common); Hollinger 7434c [herb. JH]; Kropp s.n. [00282807 USU-UTC]; Leavitt 17-586, Leavitt 17-613, Leavitt 17-617 [BRYC] (GB07; GB21). Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Necker) Moberg – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282805 USU-UTC] (GB22). Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7468 [NP]; Ryan 11369# [ASU] (GB03; GB13). #Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt – terricolous/detritus (uncommon); Imshaug 17308#, 17320# [MSC]; Nash 22933b# [ASU] (GB01). Note: Uncommon but widespread in the Great Basin. #Phaeorrhiza sareptana (Tomin) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt – terricolous/soil (uncommon); Nash 22932#, Ryan 12395#, 12399# [ASU] (GB02). Note: Uncommon but widespread in the Great Basin. Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier – epiphytic/Alnus spp. (uncommon); Hollinger 7434d [NP] (GB06; GB07; GB08). Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. – epiphytic, saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7438a [NP]; Leavitt 17-507, 17-515, 17-516, 17-581, 17-611, 17-612, 17-614, 17-618 [BRY-C] (GB07; GB21; GB22). Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Hampe ex Fürnr. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282806 USU-UTC] (GB22). Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. – saxicolous, epiphytic (abundant); Hollinger 7434e [NP]; Leavitt 17-606 [BRY-C] (GB01; GB03; GB04; GB06; GB07; GB08; GB21). Physcia aff. dimidiata – saxicolous (uncommon); Leavitt 17-604 (GB21). Note: This specimen represents an undescribed species with some similarities to P. dimidiata; a formal description is currently in preparation. Evansia 36 (3): 2019 85 Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6655c, 6656, 7418 [herb. JH], Leavitt 17-643, 17-644, 17-645, 17-653, 17-657, 17-673, 17-682 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11413# [ASU] (GB01; GB02; GB03; GB06; GB07; GB08; GB10; GB12). Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. – epiphytic (uncommon); Leavitt 17-619 [BRY-C]; (GB21; GB22). #Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. – epiphyte (uncommon); Ryan 11379# [ASU] (GB13). Physconia isidiomuscigena Essl. – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n [00282808 USU-UTC] (GB22). Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt – terricolous/moss (uncommon); Hollinger 6674, Noell 1447 [MSC] (GB01). Placidium aff. pilosellum (Breuss) Breuss – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Leavitt 17-602 [BRY-C] (GB14; GB21). Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuss – saxicolous/soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-601 [BRY-C] (GB03; GB15; GB19; GB21). Placynthium subradiatum (Nyl.) Arnold – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282809 USUUTC] (GB19). #Pleopsidium chlorophanum (Wahlenb.) Zopf – saxicolous (uncommon); Imshaug 17311# [MSC] (GB01). Note: Almost certainly a misidentification of P. flavum. Pleopsidium flavum (Bellardi) Körber – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6638 [MSC] (GB01). Polycauliona stellata (Wetmore & Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting – saxicolous/sheltered quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6655b [herb. JH] (GB01). #Polysporina gyrocarpa (H. Magn.) N. S. Golubk. – saxicolous/mortar of rock wall (uncommon); Ryan 11382# [ASU] (GB13). Note: Common on limestone throughout the Great Basin region. Polysporina simplex (Taylor) Vězda – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Noell 1431 [MSC] (GB01) Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii (Körber) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7415 [NP, sub Cercidospora macrospora] (GB07). Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreber) M. Choisy – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Leavitt 17662 [BRY-C] (GB06; GB08; GB10; GB21). Protoparmeliopsis peltata (Ramond) Arup, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – saxicolous (common); Leavitt 17-597, 17-651 [BRY-C] (GB10; GB21). Pseudephebe minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Noell 1442b [MSC] (GB01). Psora cerebriformis W. A. Weber – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-552 [BRY-C] (GB14; GB15; GB19). Psora decipiens (Hedwig) Hoffm. – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-554 [BRY-C] (GB16; GB19; GB21). Psora globifera (Ach.) A. Massal. – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [USU-UTC] (GB14). Psora tuckermanii R. A. Anderson ex Timdal – soil/organic matter on ground (common); Leavitt 17-553, 17-576 [BRY-C] (GB14; GB16; GB21; GB23; GB24). Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray – terricolous/moss (uncommon); Hollinger 7464 [NP] (GB03). Rhizocarpon atrovirellum (Nyl.) Zahlbr. – lichenicolous, on Circinaria arida s.l. (uncommon); Hollinger 7420 [NP] (GB07). Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg. – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7419 [NP]; Leavitt 17-526 [BRY-C]; Nash 22965# [ASU] (GB07; GB13; GB22). Rhizocarpon effiguratum (Anzi) Th. Fr. – lichenicolous, on Pleopsidium flavum and Sporastatia testudinea (uncommon); Hollinger 6636, 6666 [MSC] (GB01). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 86 Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. sensu lato – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6648 [MSC]; Hollinger 7478 [NP], Hollinger 7489 [herb. JH]; Ryan 11365# [ASU] (GB01; GB02; GB03; GB06). Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf aggregate – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6634 [MSC]; Hollinger 7485 [herb. JH]; Newberry 1007, Leavitt 17-665a (clade ‘F’), 17658 (clade ‘E’), 17-659 (clade ‘E’), 17-665b (clade ‘E’), 17-688 (clade ‘E’) [BRY] (GB01; GB03; GB10; GB17). Clade names listed for each specimen correspond to provisional clade names in Leavitt et al. (2016). Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuckert & Poelt aggregate– saxicolous/quartzite (common); Imshaug 17303#, Noell 1432 [MSC]; Ryan 11386#, 11388#, 11427# [ASU]; Hollinger 6635 [MSC]; Hollinger 7427 [NP], Leavitt 17-650, 17-675 [BRY-C] (GB01; GB04; GB06; GB07; GB08; GB10; GB12; GB14, GB15). Rhizoplaca novomexicana (H. Magn.) Leavitt, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Imshaug 17317#, 17319#, 17339#, Hollinger 6627, 6644 [MSC], Nash 22940#, 22941#, Ryan 11363#, 11370#, 11406#, 11416# [ASU] (GB01; GB08). Rhizoplaca parilis S.D. Leav., Fern.-Mend., Lumbsch, Sohrabi & St. Clair – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Leavitt 17-545 [BRY-C] (GB22). Rhizoplaca porteri S.D. Leav., Fern.-Mend., Lumbsch, Sohrabi & St. Clair – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Leavitt 17-649 [BRY-C] (GB10). Rinodina mniaroea (Ach.) Körb. – terricolous/soil (uncommon); Hollinger 7466, 7476 [herb. JH] #Rinodina olivaceobrunnea C. W. Dodge & Baker – soil/organic matter (uncommon); Imshaug s.n. # [MSC, det. by J. Sheard in 2003] (GB01; GB03; GB16). Rinodina pyrina (Ach.) Arnold – epiphytic/Populus tremuloides (uncommon); Leavitt 17-513 [BRY-C] (GB22). Rinodina terrestris Tomin – terricolous/moss (uncommon); Hollinger 6673c, Noell 1440 [MSC] (GB01). Rinodina sp. – epiphytic (uncommon); Leavitt 17-566 [BRY-C] (GB21). Note: This specimen was anatomically similar to R. bischoffii (Hepp) A. Massal. but differed in being epiphytic and genetically distinct from R. bischoffii sequences available on GenBank. Rufoplaca arenaria (Pers.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén – saxicolous/endolithic (common); Leavitt 17-519, 17-625 [BRY-C] (GB03; GB04; GB05; GB06; GB08; GB22). Rusavskia elegans (Link) S. Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt – saxicolous (abundant); Hollinger 6629, Imshaug 17334# [MSC]; Hollinger 7429 [NP]; Leavitt 17-687 [BRY-C]; Nash 22950# [ASU] (GB01; GB07; GB08; GB14; GB15; GB17; GB22; GB23; GB24). Rusavskia sorediata (Vainio) S. Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt – saxicolous/quartzite/limestone (uncommon); Hollinger 6649, Noell 1439 [MSC], Hollinger 7482 [NP]; Leavitt 17-574 [BRY-C] (GB01; GB03; GB21). Sagedia aff. mastrucata (Wahlenb.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell (sensu Wheeler 2017) – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7421 [NP]; Ryan 11390# [ASU] (GB07; GB13). Sarcogyne hypophaea (Nyl.) Arnold – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7433 [NP, sub. Circinaria arida]; Leavitt 17-521 [BRY-C] (GB07; GB16; GB22). Sarcogyne similis H. Magn. – saxicolous/endolithic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282810 & 00282811 USU-UTC] (GB14; GB23). Schaereria cf. fuscocinerea (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282812 USU-UTC] (GB03). Note: This specimen needs more study. Scytinium gelatinosum (With.) Otálora, P. M. Jørg. & Wedin – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282813 USU-UTC] (GB23). Seirophora contortuplicata (Ach.) Frödén – saxicolous (uncommon); Leavitt 17-573 [BRY-C] (GB21). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 87 Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal. – saxicolous/siliceous rock (common); Hollinger 6637 [MSC]; Imshaug 17325# [MSC], Nash 22951# [ASU] (GB01). Staurothele areolata (Ach.) Lettau – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6655a [MSC], Leavitt 17-527, 17-511, 17-520 [BRY-C]; Ryan 11420# [ASU] (GB01; GB02; GB03; GB15; GB16; GB22). Staurothele clopimoides (Bagl. & Carestia) J. Steiner – saxicolous, aquatic/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7453 [herb. JH] (GB03). Staurothele drummondii (Tuck.) Tuck. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7430 [herb. JH] (GB07). Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh – saxicolous, aquatic/semi-aquatic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282814 USU-UTC] (GB03). Staurothele orispruniosa J. W. Thomson – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282815 USU-UTC] (GB16). Strangospora moriformis (Ach.) Stein – epiphytic/Cercocarpus bark (uncommon); Hollinger 7438c [herb. JH] (GB07). Tetramelas chloroleucus (Körber) A. Nordin – epiphytic/conifer wood (common); Hollinger 7473 [NP]; Hollinger 7475 [herb. JH] (GB03; GB06). Thelidium cf. minimum (A. Massal. Ex Körber) Arnold – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282816 USU-UTC] (GB03). Note: This specimen needs more study. Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr. – terricolous/moss (uncommon); Hollinger 6673e [MSC, sub. Candelariella aggregata] (GB01). Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282817 USU-UTC] (GB19). Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282818 USU-UTC] (GB06). Trimmatothelopsis cf. terricola (H. Magn.) K. Knudsen & Lendemer – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282819 USU-UTC] (GB08). Note: This specimen needs more study. Umbilicaria aprina complex – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Leavitt 17-633 [BRY-C]; Hollinger 7484 [NP] (GB07; GB10). Note: A number of specimens with a combination of morphological similarities to U. aprina and U. virginis are frequently collected throughout the Great Basin. Additional research will be required to understand the taxonomy of this group. Umbilicaria polaris (Schol.) Zahlbr. – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 6633 [MSC]; Hollinger 7483 [NP] (GB01; GB03). Umbilicaria virginis Schaerer – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6632, Noell 1434, 1435 [MSC]; Nash 22954# [ASU] (GB01; GB02; GB03). Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n [00282820 USUUTC] (GB22). Usnea perplexans Stirton – epiphytic (uncommon); Kropp s.n [00282821 USU-UTC] (GB22). Verrucaria elaeina Borrer – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n 00282823 USU-UTC] (GB03). Verrucaria fuscella group – saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n [00282824 USU-UTC] (GB16). Verrucaria hydrela Ach. – saxicolous, aquatic on rocks (uncommon); Ryan 11372# [ASU]; Kropp s.n [00282822 USU-UTC] (GB03; GB13). Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb. – epilithic (uncommon); Leavitt 17-522 [BRY-C] (GB22). Verrucaria sphaerospora Anzi – soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282825 & 00282826 USU-UTC] (GB08; GB15). Xanthocarpia crenulatella (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting – endolithic/saxicolous (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282827 USU-UTC] (GB19). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 88 Xanthocarpia lactea (A. Massal.) A. Massal – endolithic/soil/organic matter on ground (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [00282828 & 00282829 USU-UTC] (GB16; GB19). Xanthocarpia tominii (Savicz) Frödén, Arup & Søchting – soil/organic matter on ground (locally common); Kropp s.n. [00282830, 00282831 & 00282832 USU-UTC] (GB14; GB15; GB18). Xanthomendoza fallax (Hepp ex Arnold) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Y. Kondr. – epiphytic (common); Hollinger 7437a [NP] (GB07). Xanthomendoza fulva (Hoffm.) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Y. Kondr. – epiphyte (uncommon); Leavitt 17-505, 17-674, 17-588 [BRY-C] (GB12; GB21; GB22). Xanthomendoza galericulata L. Lindblom – epiphytic (common); Hollinger 74434h [NP] (GB03; GB04). Xanthomendoza montana (L. Lindblom) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Y. Kondr. – epiphyte (abundant); Hollinger 7437b [NP]; Leavitt 17-502, 17-530, 17-568, 17-570, 17-585,17592, 17-610, 17-621, 17-678, 17-681 [BRY-C] (GB03; GB06; GB07; GB12; GB15; GB20; GB21). Xanthomendoza trachyphylla (Tuck.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 6650 [MSC, sub. Acarospora stapfiana]; Nash 22957# [ASU] (GB01; GB13). Xanthoparmelia coloradoënsis (Gyelnik) Hale – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Noell 1430 [MSC]; Hale 52810#, 52820#, 52829#, 52840#, [US] (GB01). Note: In the Intermountain West, most specimens identified as X. coloradoënsis and X. wyomingica belong to a single morphologically polymorphic species-level lineage, which also includes X. chlorochroa (Leavitt et al. 2011). Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyelnik) Hale – saxicolous/siliceous rock (common); Hale 52818# [US]; Hollinger 7481 [herb. JH]; Nash 22937#, 22962#, Ryan 11374#, 11417# [ASU] (GB01). #Xanthoparmelia lineola (E. C. Berry) Hale – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hale 52819# [US] (GB01). Note: Very common throughout the Great Basin region. Xanthoparmelia maricopensis T. H. Nash & Elix – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Hollinger 7429 [NP] (GB07; GB22). Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyelnik) Hale – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Hollinger 7428 [herb. JH]; Leavitt 17-501, 17-680 [BRY-C] (GB07; GB12; GB20; GB22). #Xanthoparmelia neotaractica Hale – siliceous rock (uncommon); Nash 22935# [ASU] (GB02). Note: This is the only record of this taxon in Nevada and has not yet been verified by the authors. Xanthoparmelia nigropsoromifera (T. H. Nash) Egan – saxicolous/quartzite (uncommon); Kropp s.n. [USU-UTC] (GB15). #Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyelnik) Hale – siliceous rock (common at lower elevations); Nash 22936#, Ryan 11392# [ASU] (GB02; GB07; GB14). Note: X. plittii s. stricto probably does not occur in the Intermountain West, including the Great Basin; and these specimens are most likely conspecific with X. plittii Hale (Leavitt et al. 2011). Xanthoparmelia subcumberlandia Elix & T. H. Nash – saxicolous/quartzite (common); Leavitt 17-550, 17-631 [BRY-C]; Hollinger 7481 [herb. JH]; Hollinger 7490 [NP] (GB03; GB10). #Xanthoparmelia subplittii Hale – siliceous rock (common at lower elevations); Nash 22961# [ASU] (GB02; Gb07; GB13). Note: Very common throughout the Great Basin region. #Xanthoparmelia wyomingica (Gyelnik) Hale – saxicolous/pebbles on soil (uncommon); Hale 52809#, 52815# [US] (GB01). Note: In the Intermountain West, most specimens identified as X. coloradoënsis and X. wyomingica belong to a single morphologically polymorphic species-level lineage, which also includes X. chlorochroa (Leavitt et al. 2011). Evansia 36 (3): 2019 89 Xylographa pallens (Nyl.) Malmgren – epiphyte/conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7472, Noell 1429 [NP] (GB03). Xylographa parallela (Ach.) Fr. – epiphyte/juniper wood/conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7462 [NP]; Leavitt 17-647 [BRY-C] (GB10). Xylographa soralifera Holien & Tønsberg – epiphyte/conifer log (uncommon); Hollinger 7475 [herb. JH, sub. Tetramelas chloroleucus] (GB03). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was supported by Great Basin National Park, Western National Parks Association, and the M. L. Bean Life Science Museum at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. 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