Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Randive et al.
Vol 2, No. 1 (2017), e-ISSN :2456-0251, 26-36
An updated checklist of lichens from Goa with new records from Cotigao Wildlife
Sanctuary
Pallavi Randive1, Sanjeeva Nayaka2 and M.K. Janarthanam3*
1&3
2
Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403206
Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001
Publication Info
Article history:
Received : 00.00.00
Accepted : 00.00.00
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21756/
cab.v2i01.8609
Key words:
Biodiversity, Lichenized fungi,
Protected Areas, Flora, Western
Ghats
ABSTRACT
A checklist of 118 lichens species is prepared by compiling the published literature, unreported
species from herbarium LWG and fresh collection from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary. The study
added 47 species as new to Goa and Anisomeridium angulosum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris as new
to India. The state lichen biota is dominated by crustose lichens belonging to Graphidaceous and
Pyrenocarpous group. Maximum number of lichens are listed from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary
with 67 species. The study would serve as baseline information for further studies on lichen biota
as well as biomonitoring in Goa.
*Corresponding author:
Email: jana@unigoa.ac.in
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (CSIRNBRI, acronym LWG) lichens from Goa state are being
collected since year 1962. Dr. Prakash Chandra, a botanist
from CSIR-NBRI was the first person to collect lichens from
the state. Thereafter, researchers from CSIR-NBRI and
Agharkar Research Institute, Pune collected lichens from
the state mostly for monographic studies of various taxa. In
the recent years, Phatak et al. (2004) surveyed Cotigao
Wildlife Sanctuary of the state and reported 43 lichen taxa,
while Nayaka et al. (2004) reported 21 species from Bondla
and Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary. Later, Nayaka et
al. (2006) explored some coconut and arecanut orchards of
Goa and reported 23 species of lichens (Fig. 1). Singh and
Sinha (2010) in their monumental work ‘Indian lichens, an
annotated checklist’ listed only 48 species of lichens from
Goa, which is a low number for a biodiversity rich state.
Therefore, a detailed exploration of lichen in Goa is recently
initiated starting from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary. It is
observed that several unidentified as well as unreported
specimens collected from Goa are available at the herbarium
LWG. The aim of the present study is to prepare a
comprehensive checklist of lichens for Goa by compiling
published literature, herbarium specimens and freshly
collected samples from the state.
INTRODUCTION
Goa state covers an area of 3702 km2 of which about
60% is covered with forests. The forest of Goa is part of
internationally recognized biodiversity hotspot, the Western
Ghats. The biodiversity conservation has given prime
importance in Goa state where in 20% of its geographical
area is dedicated for the proliferation of wildlife. The
protected areas of the state comprises six Wildlife
Sanctuaries and one National Park (Anonymous 1).
According to the information available at ENVIS site of Goa
the state records a total of 1750 Angiosperms, one
Gymnosperm, 65 Pteridophytes, 297 Algae (fresh water and
marine) (Anonymous 2). The state also records 50 species
of bryophytes (Phatak et al. 2007) and 48 lichens (Singh and
Sinha 2010). This information indicates that while flowering
plants of the state are fairly well studied, non-flowering
plants are insufficiently explored. Lichens are symbiotic
organisms and well knows bioindicators of air pollution and
climate change. India has rich diversity of lichens
represented by about 2511 species (Singh and Dash 2017).
However, the country has several biodiversity rich and
interesting regions that are inadequately explored for lichens
and Goa is one of them.
As per the herbarium records available at CSIR-
myresearchjournals.com
26
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Table 1.
Sr.
No.
Checklist of lichens from Goa [Note: * = New to Goa, GF = Growth Form, CR = Crustoe, FL = Foliose, LP =
Leprose, Corti. = Corticolous, Folii = Foliicolous, Saxi. = Saxicolous, CWS = Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, BMWS
= Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary, BWS = Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary. Names in the parenthesis are the
earlier annotated names]
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
Arthoniaceae
1.
Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.
(= Arthonia tumidula (Ach.) Ach.)
CR
Corti.
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), GU-L20
2.
A. dispersula Nyl.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
3.
Arthothelium chiodectoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010)
4.
A. confertum (A.L. Smith) Makh. & Patw.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001625
5.
*Cryptothecia faveomaculata Makh. &
Patw.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L102, GU-L122
6.
C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makh. & Patw.
CR
Corti.
BMWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2004), Nayaka et al.
(2006), Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03.001679, LWG-02.223409
7.
*C. subnidulans Stirton
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L95
8.
C. subtecta Stirton
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001674,
LWG-03.001683
9.
*Herpothallon cinereum G. Thor
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L59, GU-L76, GU-L129 a,
GU-L130
10.
*H. echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & WillWolf
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L100
Arthopyreniaceae
11.
Arthopyrenia alboatra (Kremplh.) Müll.
Arg.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001602,
LWG-03.001618
12.
A. finkii Zahlbr.
CR
Corti
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001644,
GU-L105, GU-L106
13.
*A. grisea (Schierch.) Körb.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L121
14.
A. indusiata Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
CWS,
BMWS
Phatak et al. (2004), Nayaka et al. (2004),
LWG-03.001625, LWG-L-11441, LWGL-11435, LWG- L11439
15.
A. nidulans Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-02.223410
Caliciaceae
16.
Dirinaria aegialita (Afz. in Ach.) Moore
FL
Corti.
CWS,
Margoa
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-11406
17.
*D. confluens (Fr.) Awasthi
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.,
CWS
LWG-04.004378, GU-L170
18.
Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.
FL
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-02.223402, GU-L19, GUL113
19.
P. cylindrica Kashiw.
FL
Corti.
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), LWG-03.001602
20.
*P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont.
FL
Corti.
Margoa
LWG-s.n
27
Randive et al.
Sr.
No.
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
CR
Corti.
Goa (?)
Singh & Sinha (2010)
Catillariaceae
21.
Catillaria leptocheiloides (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
Collemataceae
22.
*Leptogium azureum (Sw. ex Ach.) Mont.
FL
Corti.
Valpai
LWG-04.004382
23.
*L. chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.
FL
Corti.
CWS
GU-L61
24.
L. denticulatum Nyl.
FL
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-02.223404, GU-L181
25.
L. austroamericanum (Malme) C.W.
Dodge
FL
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), GU-L160
Gomphilaceae
26.
Aulaxina epiphylla (Zahlbr.) R. Sant.
CR
Folii
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001858
27.
A. quadrangula (Stirton) R. Sant.
CR
Folii
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001859
Graphidaceae
28.
Diorygma confluens (Fée) Kalb, Staiger &
Elix
(= Graphina confluens (Fée) Müll. Arg.)
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001634
29.
Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), GU-L12
30.
Graphis adscribens Nyl.
(= Graphina adscribens (Nyl.) Müll. Arg)
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001603
31.
G. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot
CR
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), GU-L09, GU-L47a
32.
G. cleistoblephara Nyl.
(= Graphina cleistoblephara (Nyl.)
Zahlbr.)
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
33.
G. nigroglauca Leight.
CR
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Phatak et al. (2004), Nayaka et al
(2006), Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG04.004384, GU-L11
34.
G. scripta (L.) Ach.
CR
Corti.
BMWS,
Panjim
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-10.29271,
LWG-L11402
35.
*Hemithecium aphanes (Mont. & Bosch)
M. Nakan. & Kashiw.
(= Graphis aphanes Mont. & Bosch)
CR
Corti.
Valpoi
LWG-L11412
36.
H. nakanishianum (Patw. & C.R. Kulk.)
Makh.& Dube
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001621
37.
H. peplophora (M. Wirth & Hale) V.
Tewari & Upreti
CR
Corti.
CWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG -03001604
38.
*Leucodecton anamalaiense (Patw. &
C.R. Kulk.) Rivas Platas& Lücking
(= Myriotrema anamalaiense (Patw. and
Kulk.) Hale)
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001628
39.
*Myriotrema subconforme (Nyl.) Hale
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001627
40.
*Ocellularia andamanica (Nyl.) Tat.
Matsumoto & Deguchi
CR
Corti.
Quepem
LWG-02.223414
28
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Sr.
No.
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
41.
*O. groenhartii Hale
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001622
42.
Pallidogramme chrysenterodes (Nyl.) K.
Singh & Swarnalatha
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
43.
Platygramme wattiana (Müll. Arg.) V.
Tewari & Upreti
(= Pheographina wattiana Müll. Arg.)
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
44.
*Phaeographis brasiliensis (A. Massal.)
Kalb & Matthes-Leicht
(= Phaeographis subtigrina Vain.)
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001605/B
45.
P. extrusula (Stirton) Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
46.
P. platycarpa Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
Lecanoraceae
47.
*Lecanora andina Räsänen
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L14
48.
*L. cenisia Ach.
CR
Corti.
Goa (?)
LWG-11-027817
49.
*L. chlorotera Nyl.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L72a
50.
*L. cinereofusca H. Magn.
CR
Corti.
Margoa
LWG-04.004373
51.
L. fimbriatula Stirton
CR
Corti.
Goa (?)
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-11498
52.
L. helva Stizenb.
CR
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem,
Goa Uni.
Nayaka et al. (2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-04.004379, GU-L13
53.
*L. insignis Degel.
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
LWG-s.n.
54.
*L. leproplaca Zahlbr.
LP
Corti.
CWS
GU-L137
55.
L. tropica Zahlbr.
CR
Corti
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004 )
CR
Corti.
CWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03.001636, GU-L138, GU-L 161, GU-L
150a, GU-L 159
Malmideaceae
56.
Malmidea granifera (Ach.) Kalb, Rivas
Platas & Lumbsch
Monoblastiaceae
57.
*Anisomeridium angulosum (Müll. Arg.)
R.C. Harris
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L48
58.
*A. biforme (Borrer) R.C.Harris
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
LWG-04-0004381
59.
*A. complanatum (Makh.& Patw.) R.C.
Harris
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L109, GU-L131
60.
A. subnexum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
61.
A. terminatum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris
CR
Corti
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Nayaka et al.
(2006), Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03.001698
62.
Monoblastia pellucida Aptroot
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG04.004386, LWG-04.00438
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L07, GU-L92
Naetrocymbaceae
63.
*Naetrocymbe fraxini (A. Massal.) R.C.
Harris
29
Randive et al.
Sr.
No.
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
Parmeliaceae
64.
Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale
FL
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
65.
P. saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale
CR
Corti.
Panjim
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-L11405
Pertusariaceae
66.
*Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl.
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
LWG-04-004376
67.
*P. concinna Erichson
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L30, GU-L163
68.
P. flavida (DC.) J.R. Laundon
CR
Corti.
BWS
Nayaka et al.(2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.00167, LWG03.001658
69.
P. leucostoma (Bernh.) A. Massal.
CR
Corti.
Goa (?)
Singh & Sinha (2010)
70.
*P. pallidula Stirton
CR
Corti.
Panjim
LWG-03.001624
71.
*P. punctata Nyl.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L21
FL
Corti.
Panjim
Joshi et al. (2010), LWG- 09-011804
Phlyctidaceae
72.
Phlyctis karnatakana S. Joshi & Upreti
Physciaceae
73.
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevisan
FL
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-s.n. 3
74.
Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl.
FL
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), GU-L126c, GUL133
Porinaceae
75.
Porina americana Fée
CR
Corti
Quepem
Nayaka et al.(2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-02.223408
76.
P. conica R. Sant.
CR
Folii.
BMWS
Nayaka et al.(2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-1857
77.
P. epiphylla Fée
CR
Folii.
BMWS
Nayaka et al.(2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001861
78.
P. internigrans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03.0016953, GU-L57, GU-L63
79.
P. kameruensis F. Schill
(= P. chrysophora (Stirton) R. Sant.)
CR
Folii.
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004)
80.
P. mastoidea (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
BMWS,
BWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2004), LWG-L114771/B
81.
P. subcutanea Ach.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), GU-L56
82.
P. subhibernica Upreti
CR
Corti.
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al.(2006), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001626, LWGL11468/B, GU-L18, GU-L 58
83.
*P. subinterstes (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
LWG-04.004375/B
84.
P. tetracerae (Afz.) Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
BMWS,
BWS,
CWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2004), Nayaka et
al.(2006), Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03.001614, LWG-03.001635, LWG06.001617, LWG-L11468/A, LWGL11469/A, LWG-l114262, LWG11468, GU-L87
30
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Sr.
No.
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
Pyrenulaceae
85.
*Pyrenula adacta Fée
CR
Corti.
BMWS
LWG-03.001643
86.
P. aggregata (Fée) Fée
(= Pyrenula nuda A. Singh & Upreti)
CR
Corti.
BMWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-79810,
LWG-79875, LWG- L11447
87.
*P. approximans (Krempelh.) Müll. Arg.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L17
88.
P. aspistea (Ach.) Ach.
(= Pyrenula subaggregata (Nyl.) Müll.
Arg., P. subrizalensis A. Singh & Upreti)
CR
Corti.
Valpoi,
Quepem,
Panjim
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-L11457,
LWG-L11423, LWG-11409/D
89.
*P. breutelii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L03, GU-L47b
90.
*P. brunnea Fée
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU- L120
91.
P. castanea (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
(= Pyrenula limae Vain.)
CR
Corti.
Valpoi,
BMWS
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-L81613/B,
LWG- L81745, LWG-L11409/B, LWGL11409/C, LWG-L11419, LWGL11434
92.
P. fetivica (Krempelh.) Müll. Arg.
(= Pyrenula citriformis R.C. Harris)
CR
Corti.
BWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001673/B
93.
P. gibberulosa (Vain.) Aptroot
(= Anthracothecium goaense A. Singh)
CR
Corti.
BMWS
Awasthi (1991)
94.
P. immissa (Stirton) Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
BWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001693, LWG03.001653, LWG-03.001661, LWG03.001652
59.
*P. mamillana (Ach.) Trevisan
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.00186
96.
P. maravalensis Vain.
(= Pyrenula subacutalis Upreti)
CR
Corti.
BMWS
Singh & Sinha (2010)
97.
*P. nitidula (Bres.) R.C. Harris.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L155
98.
P. oculata A. Singh & Upreti
CR
Corti.
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-3.001686
99.
P. quassiaecola (Fée) Fée
(= Pyrenula defossa Müll. Arg., P.
olivaceofusca Müll. Arg., P. pinguis Fée)
CR
Corti.
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001691, LWG-L81153
100.
P. subumbilicata (C. Knight) Aptroot
(= Pyrenula immersa Müll. Arg.)
CR
Corti.
BMWS,
BWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.001668, LWG03.00168
Ramalinaceae
101.
Bacidia connexula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004)
102.
B. polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körb.
CR
Corti.
Castle Rock
Singh & Sinha (2010)
103.
*B. rosella (Pers.) De Not.
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L143
104
B. submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
Goa Uni.
Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG-04.004383
105.
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.
SQ
Corti.
BMWS,
BWS,
Quepem
Nayaka et al. (2004), Nayaka et al.
(2006), Singh & Sinha (2010), LWG03-001681, LWG-03-001673/A
106.
*P. nemoralis Timdal & Krog
SQ
Corti.
CWS
GU-L111
31
Randive et al.
Sr.
No.
Taxa
GF
Substra
tum
Locality
Reference/Herbarium number
107.
P. parvifolia (Pers.) Müll. Arg.
SQ
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010)
108.
P. manipurensis (Müll. Arg.) G. Schneider
SQ
Corti.
CWS
Phatak et al. (2004), LWG-03.001639,
GU-L23, GU-L25a
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L125, GU-L126a
CR
Folii.
BMWS
Nayaka et al. (2004), Singh & Sinha
(2010), LWG-03.00186
CR
Corti.
CWS
GU-L16
Roccellaceae
109.
*Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) Redinger
Strigulaceae
110.
Strigula smaragdula Fr.
(= Strigula elegans (Fée) Müll. Arg.)
Teloschistaceae
111.
*Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) A. Massal.
Trypetheliaceae
112.
*Laurera meristospora (Mont. & Bosch)
Zahlbr.
CR
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001616
113.
*Marcelaria benguelensis (Müll. Arg.)
Aptroot, Nelsen & Parnmen
CR
Corti.
Panjim
LWG-L11401
(= Laurera benguelensis (Müll. Arg.)
Zahlbr.)
114.
*Trypethelium eluteriae Sprengel
FL
Corti.
Quepem
LWG-03.001645
115.
*T. endosulphureum Makh. & Patw.
FL
Corti.
CWS
LWG-03.001649
116.
*T. tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.
FL
Corti.
Quepem,
CWS
LWG-02.223415, LWG-03.001638
Verrucariaceae
117.
*Endocarpon subrosettum A. Singh &
Upreti
SQ
Saxi.
Goa Uni.
LWG-04.004373
118.
*Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwack
CR
Saxi.
Panjim
LWG -04.004377
especially related to Graphidaceae (Staiger 2002, Kalb et al.
2004, Lücking et al. 2009), Pyrenula (Aptroot 2012) and
foliicolous lichens (Singh and Pinokiyo 2014). The lichen
taxa are segregated under various families following
classification by Lücking et al. (2017a,b).
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The lichen taxa identified up to species level in
publications of Phatak et al. (2004) and Nayaka et al. (2004,
2006) are listed. The taxa that are reported in earlier
revisionary studies by various researchers are mostly
included in checklist of Singh and Sinha (2010), however
they were verified by consulting the original literature
wherever necessary. The lichen samples collected from Goa
by researchers of CSIR-NBRI are available at herbarium LWG,
among them only well identified species are utilized for
listing. The recent nomenclature changes are updated by
referring to www.indexfungorum.org and publications
About 50 fresh samples of lichens were collected from
Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary located at Canacona taluka of
Goa during March 2015. These lichens were mostly growing
over tree bark and collected following standard procedure,
air dried and preserved at herbarium of Goa University with
details. The lichens were identified by studying their
morphology, anatomy and chemistry (Nayaka 2014). Orange
32
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Fig. 1. Map of Goa showing localities explored for lichen collection by various researchers
et al. (2001) was followed for chemical analysis of the samples.
Following literature are consulted for identification of
various lichen taxa; Awasthi (1991, 2007), Upreti and Pant
(1993), Upreti (1994, 1998), Harris (1995), Sparrius (2004),
Lücking et al. (2009), Saag et al. (2009), Mishra et al. (2011),
Jagadeesh Ram (2014), Jagadeesh Ram and Sinha (2016),
Nayaka (2005), Singh and Pinokiyo (2014), Aptroot (2012).
which 25 were not reported earlier. The freshly collected
lichens from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary resulted in 39
species of which 23 are further addition to Goa. In total the
present study resulted in 118 species distributed under 23
families and 42 genera, of which 47 are new to Goa (Table 1).
The lichen biota of Goa is dominated by microlichens lichens
represented by 97 crustose, one leprose and five squamulose
forms. The foliose lichens are represented by only 15 species.
Among crustose lichens the Graphidaceous and
Pyrenocarpous lichens exhibited luxuriant growth.
Garaphidaceae with 10 genera and 19 species is the most
common and widespread family in the state. The
RESULT
The compilation of lichens from published literature
resulted in 71 species. The well identified lichens from LWG
yielded about 100 specimens belonging to 70 species of
33
Randive et al.
Fig. 2. Anisomeridium angulosum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris. A. Habit, B. Asci with ascospores, and C. Ascospores
article was not printed completely. Several of these
specimens, especially collected by Nayaka et al. are
recovered from the herbarium LWG. Ajay Singh described a
new species Anthracothecium goaense from Goa (Awasthi
1991, addendum), however Singh and Sinha (2010) excluded
it from Indian lichen biota for unknown reasons. Aptroot
(2012) synonymized this species with Pyrenula gibberulosa
(Vain.) Aptroot. Although type specimen of this species in
untraceable at LWG it is included in the present checklist.
For some species the exact locality of collection in Goa and
collection numbers are not available.
Pyrenocarpous lichens are represented by 44 species under
8 families. Pyrenula and Porina with 16 and 10 species
each are the major genera in the state. The lichens so for
recorded mostly represent epiphytes growing on bark of
the trees, but the state also has good number of foliicolous
lichens represented by six species. Although lichen
collection from Goa is cursory, but the important collections
are from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary (67 species) and
Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary (21 species).
In the present study Anisomeridium angulosum
(Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris is reported as new record for India.
The species is found growing on the tree trunk in Cotigao
Wildlife Sanctuary. The species has a crustose,
endophloeodal, ecorticate, whitish, faint UV+ thallus; black,
exposed perithecia with eccentric ostiole; 8 spored ascus;
uniseriate, hyaline, broadly fusiform, 1-septate ascospore
of size 27.2 - 34.4 x 8.7-10.0 ìm (Fig. 2). Earlier this species is
reported from Cuba (Harris 1995).
As observed in the earlier studies fruticose lichens
are completely absent in Goa. Mesta et al. (2015) also noted
that species of Usnea are absent in Goa. The state lichen
biota also lacks diversity of foliose lichens. Parmelioid
lichens are usually prominent in tropical semi-evergreen
forest such as in Goa, however in the present study only
Parmotrema latissimum (Fée) Hale and P. saccatilobum
(Taylor) Hale are recorded. The reason for such unusual
observation is not clear and it is a matter for detailed
ecological investigation. Intensive study of lichen in the
state in future may yield parmelioid and fruiticose lichens.
Further, dominance of Graphidaceous and Pyrenocarpous
lichens, and importance of foliicolous lichens are already
discussed by Nayaka et al. (2004).
DISCUSSION
In the publications of Phatak et al. (2004), and Nayaka
et al. (2004, 2006) several taxa are identified up to genus
level only and are not considered for preparing the checklist.
Phatak et al. (2004) mentioned the occurrence of 43 species
of lichens from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, however their
list contained only 27 species. It appears that table of their
34
Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment
Goa, India. Check List 9(2): 186–207.
CONCLUSION
Harris RC (1995). More Florida Lichens. Including the 10ø Tour
of the Pyrenolichens. Publ. by the Author, Bronx, N.Y.
Goa state has rich floristic diversity, however their
compiled checklist or databases are not available in the
public domain. For example, fungi of the state are well
explored but their list or authentic total numbers are not
available. Phatak et al. (2007) listed 50 species of bryophytes
from Goa, but many more species are included in revisionary
studies. Absence of such checklist deceives value of
biodiversity for the state. Prabhugaonkar et al. (2009)
opinioned exploration of flora of Goa is inadequate as
publication dealing with new additions are frequenting. Datar
and Lakshminarasimhan (2013) surveyed Bhagwan Mahavir
National Park for flowering plants and reported 721 species.
Intensive exploration of an area not only yields
comprehensive list of organism in the area but also results
in several novel taxa. Thirty nine lichens species from 50
specimens collected from Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary with
23 additions including one new record for India clearly
suggest the lichen richness of the area and encourages for
further detailed exploration. The checklist of 118 lichens
from Goa certainly forms the base for further studies on
lichen biota as well as biomonitoring in Goa.
Jagadeesh Ram TAM (2014). The genus Herpothallon
(Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India. Lichenologist
46(1): 39-49.
Jagadeesh Ram TAM and Sinha GP (2016). A world key to
Cryptothecia and Myriostigma (Arthoniaceae), with new
species and new records from the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, India. Phytotaxa 266(2): 103-114.
Kalb K, Staiger B and Elix JA (2004). A monograph of the lichen
genus Diorygma-A first attempt.Symbolae Botanicae
Upsalienses 34(1): 133-181.
Lücking R (2009). The taxonomy of the genus Graphis sensu
Staiger (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae).
Lichenologist 41(4): 319-362.
Lücking R, Hodkinson BP and Leavitt SD (2017a). The 2016
classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera. Bryologist
119(4): 361-416.
Lücking R, Hodkinson BP and Leavitt SD (2017b). Corrections
and amendments to the 2016 classification of lichenized fungi
in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Bryologist 120(1):
58-69.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Mesta AR, Kanivebagilu SV and Rajeswari N (2015). Distribution
Pattern and Ecology of Usneoid lichens in Western Ghats,
Southern India. J. New Biological Reports 4(3): 247-254.
We are thankful to Director, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow for
providing the facilities to carry out the research and to Dr.
D.K. Upreti for valuable discussion. Authors PR and MKJ
are thankful to Goa University for financial assistance under
Ph.D. programme and to Forest Department of Goa for
permission to survey Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary.
Mishra GK, Upreti DK, Nayaka S, Haridas B (2011). New taxa
and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina)
from India.Mycotaxon115: 29-44.
Nayaka S (2005). Revisionary studies on lichen genus Lecanora
sensu lato from India. Ph.D. Thesis. Dr. RML Avadh
University, Faizabad.
REFERENCES
Anonymous1. http://www.forest.goa.gov.in/npsa. Accessed on 3105-2017
Nayaka S (2014). Methods and techniques in collection,
preservation and identification of lichens. In: Rana TS, Nair
KN and Upreti DK (eds) Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics
- Classical and Modern Methods. New India Publishing Agency,
New Delhi, pp. 101-128.
Anonymous2. http://goaenvis.nic.in/flora.pdf. Accessed on 3105-2017
Aptroot A (2012). A world key to the species of Anthracothecium
and Pyrenula. Lichenologist 44: 5–53.
Nayaka S, Upreti DK, Phatak S and Samuel C (2004). Lichens of
Bondla and Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuaries, Goa.
Biological Memoirs 30(2): 115-119.
Awasthi DD (1991). A Key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and
Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Bd. 40, J. Cramer, Berlin,
Stuttgart.
Nayaka S, Upreti DK, Phatak S and Samuel S (2006). Preliminary
observation on lichen flora of coconut and arecanut orchards
of Goa, India. Phytotaxonomy 6: 23-25.
Awasthi DD (2007). A Compendium of the Macrolichens from
India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh,
Dehra-Dun.
Orange AP, James W and White FJ (2001). Microchemical Methods
for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society, U.K.
Datar MN and Lakshminarasimhan P (2013). Checklist of wild
angiosperms of Bhagwan Mahavir (Mollem) National Park,
Phatak S, Nayaka S, Upreti DK, Singh SM and Samuel C (2004).
35
Randive et al.
Preliminary observation on lichen flora of Cotigao Wildlife
Sanctuary, Goa, India. Phytotaxonomy 4: 104-106.
Checklist. Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Kolkata.
Phatak S, Vijayan MN and Samuel C (2007). Biodiversity and
distribution of bryophytes of Goa- A preliminary study. In:
Nath V and Asthana AK (eds) Current trends in Bryology.
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, pp. 149-160.
Sparrius LB (2004). A Monograph of Enterographa and
Sclerophyton. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 89, J. Cramer, Berlin,
Stuttgart.
Staiger B (2002). Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae. Studien in
Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung.Bibliotheca
Lichenologica, 85, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart.
Prabhugoankar A, Sardesai MM and Janarthanam MK (2009).
Further additions to the flora of Goa. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.
33(1): 37-43.
Upreti DK (1994). Notes on corticolous and saxicolous species of
Porina with Porina subhibernica sp. nov. Bryologist 97(1):
73-79.
Singh P and Dash SS (2017). Lichens. Plant Discoveries 2016.
Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Kolkata: 1-150.
Upreti DK (1998). A key to the lichen genus Pyrenula from India
with nomenclatural notes, Nova Hedwigia 66(3-4): 111-130.
Singh KP and Pinokiyo A (2014). Foliicolous lichens of India.
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh.Dehra Dun.
Upreti DK and Pant G (1993). Notes on Arthopyrenia species
from India. Bryologist 96(2): 226-232.
Singh KP and Sinha GP (2010) Indian Lichens: An Annotated
36
View publication stats
Pallavi Randive