http://www.diva-portal.org Preprint This is the submitted version of a paper published in Fungal diversity. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Wijayawardande, N., Prieto, M., Olariaga, I., Wedin, M. (2017) Notes for genera – Ascomycota Fungal diversity, 86: 1-594 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0386-0 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-2558 Notes for genera – Ascomycota Nalin N. Wijayawardene1,2,3,4 • Kevin D. Hyde1,2,3,4 • Kunhiraman C. Rajeshkumar5 • David L. Hawksworth6,7• Hugo Madrid8 • Paul M. Kirk9 • Uwe Braun10 • Rajshree V. Singh5 • Pedro W. Crous11 • Martin Kukwa12 • Robert Lücking13 • Cletus P. Kurtzman14 • Andrey Yurkov15 • Danny Haelewaters16,17 • André Aptroot18 • H. Thorsten Lumbsch19 • Einar Timdal20 • Damien Ertz21 • Javier Etayo22 • Alan J.L. Phillips23 • Johannes Z. Groenewald11 • Moslem Papizadeh24 • Laura Selbmann25 • Monika C. Dayarathne1,2 • Gothamie Weerakoon26,27 E. B. Gareth Jones28 • Satinee Suetrong29 • Qing Tian2,3 • Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz 30 • Paul Diederich31 • Ka-Lai Pang32 • Kazuaki Tanaka33 • Dong Qin Dai34 • Jariya Sakayaroj 29 • Martina Hujslová35 • Lorenzo Lombard11 • Belle D. Shenoy36 • Ave Suija37 • Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura38 • Kasun M. Thambugala2,4,39 • Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe2,3,4 • Bharati O. Sharma40 • Subhash Gaikwad40 • Gargee Pandit40 • Laura Zucconi24 • Silvano Onofri24 • Eleonora Egidi41 • Huzefa A. Raja42 • Rampai Kodsueb43 • Marcela E. S. Cáceres 44 • Sergio Pérez-Ortega45 • Patrícia O. Fiuza46 • Josiane Santana Monteiro46 • Larisa N. Vasilyeva47 • Roger G. Shivas48 • Maria Prieto49,50 • Mats Wedin50 • Ibai Olariaga50 • Adebola Azeez Lateef 51 • Yamini Agrawal52 • Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli23,53 • Mohammad Ali Amoozegar54 • Guo Zhu Zhao55 • Walter P. Pfliegler56 • Gunjan Sharma57 • Magdalena Oset12 • Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab58 • Susumu Takamatsu59 • Konstanze Bensch11,60 • Nimali Indeewari de Silva1,2,3,61 • André De Kesel21 • Anuruddha Karunarathna2,3,4,62 • Saranyaphat Boonmee2,3 • Donald H. Pfister63 • Yong-Zhong Lu2,3 • Zong-Long Luo2,3,64 • Nattawut Boonyuen 29 • Dinushani A. Daranagama2,4 • Indunil C. Senanayake1,2,3 • Subashini C. Jayasiri2,3 • Milan C. Samarakoon2,61 • Xiang-Yu Zeng2,3,65 • Mingkwan Doilom2 • Luis Quijada 66 • Sillma Rampadarath67 • Gabriela Heredia68 • Asha J. Dissanayake2,3 • Ruvishika Jayawardana2,3 • Rekhani H. Perera2,4,39 • Li Zhou Tang34 • Chayanard Phukhamsakda1,2,3 • Margarita Hernández-Restrepo11,69 • Xiaoya Ma2,3 • Saowaluck Tibpromma2,3,4 • Luis F. P. Gusmao46• Ali H Bahkali70 • Darshani Weerahewa62 • Samantha C. Karunarathna1,2,3,4* 1 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3 World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China 4 Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand 5 National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra, India 6 Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK 7 Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. 8 Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor de Chile, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile. 9 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK 10 Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany 11 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 12 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland 13 Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Konigin-Luise-Str. 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany 14 Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA 15 Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 16 Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 17 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 18 ABL Herbarium, G.v.d. Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands 19 Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA 20 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 21 Botanic Garden Meise - Research Department, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium 22 Department of Biology, IES Zizur, Ronda S. Cristóbal 196, 31180 Zizur Mayor, Navarra, Spain 23 University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 24 Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran 25 DEB, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, Viterbo, Italy 26 Scientific Affiliate, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA 27 Research Associate, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy- SriLanka 28 33 B St. Edwards Road Southsea Hants. PO5 3DH. UK 29 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand 30 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’ (INIFAT), Santiago de Las Vegas, Habana, Cuba 31 Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg 32 Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China 33 Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan 34 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China 35 Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic 36 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam – 17, Andhra Pradesh, India 37 Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 38 Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Alkhoud 123, Oman 39 Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, P.R. China 40 Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Lichens) Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004 Maharashtra, India 41 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, 3086 Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 42 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA 43 Microbiology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand 44 Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 45 Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Plaza Murillo 2, E-28014 Madrid, Spain 46 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Micologia Av. Transnordestina, s/n - Bairro: Novo Horizonte CEP:44036-900 Feira de Santana – BA, Brazil 47 Institute of Biology & Soil Science, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia 48 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia 49 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, C/ Tulipan s/n, 28933 Mostoles, Madrid, Spain 50 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden 51 Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria 52 Shahid Rajguru College of applied sciences for women Vasundhara Enclave, East Delhi, Pin – 110096, India 53 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran 54 Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 55 College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China 56 Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary 57 Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Pin-121001, Haryana, India. 58 Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt 59 Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan 60 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany 61 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand 62 Department of Botany, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 63 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University, 22 Divinity Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 64 College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, P.R. China 65 Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, P.R. China 66 Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal. University of La Laguna, Pharmacy Faculty, 38200 apdo. 456 Avda. Francisco Sánchez s/n. Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 67 Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius 68 Instituto de Ecología A. C. Laboratory of Microfungi. Xalapa, Ver. México 69 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa 70 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 1145, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author: samanthakarunarathna@gmail.com This paper is dedicated to the memory of Walter Gams, Hubertus Antonius van der Aa, Larisa N. Vasilyeva, E. Punithalingam and Vadim A. Mel'nik whose efforts contributed greatly to mycology. Abstract Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the last 10–15 years, and continues to accelerate. Genera have been found to be polyphyletic and their generic concepts narrowed. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of ‘Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’ in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi” published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This is subject to the International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Catenomycopsis Tibell & Constant. reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduce under Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. (Art. 59). Invalid and illegitimate generic names are also provided with nomenclature comments. Keywords Article 59 • Classification • One name • Pleomorphic fungi • Taxonomy Introduction Knowledge of the taxonomy of fungi, has been changing rapidly since the last edition of Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008), as a consequence of new information from DNA and protein sequence studies, and the integration of asexual and asexual morphs into a unified system. Phylogenetic affiliations and taxonomic placements of a large number of genera are being clarified, and at the same time species complexes and generic circumscriptions are being resolved. Sequences are also increasingly being obtained from genera representing fungi with ecologies not previously well-represented in the system, such as rock-inhabiting and lichenicolous fungi, or which are uncultured or unculturable. In addition, neo- and epitypifications are enabling the application of historic species and genera to be accommodated into molecularly based systems. Major progress towards a natural classification system is being made. The ending of dual nomenclature for pleomorphic non-lichenized ascomycetes and basidiomycetes in 2011 (McNeill et al. 2012) has also led to a need to select the name to be adopted for pleomorphic genera. Lists of names are now being proposed for protection or suppression by working groups established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The proposals from the working groups are being published and will then be scrutinized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) and the General Committee (Art. 14.13) established by the last International Botanical Congress. The problem is especially acute in the phylum Ascomycota, the largest in kingdom Fungi, with some 15 classes, 68 orders, 327 families, c. 6300 genera, and over 64 000 species (Kirk et al. 2008). However, 1000-1500 new taxa are introduced each year, and our understanding of the Ascomycota has been developing rapidly. Keeping track of all the changes and the incorporation of so much new knowledge is a major challenge, though some important compilations have been prepared, for example those of Hyde et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) for Dothideomycetes, and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) for Sordariomycetes, which considered both asexually and sexually typified genera. Molecular clock analyses has also provided addition evidence for the placement of genera at the family, order and class levels (Chay et al. 2016; Deepavir et al. 2017; Hongsanan et al. 2017; Hyde et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017). There has also been a major attempt to produce an overall system for Ascomycota referring accepted genera down to family (Jaklitsch et al. 2016a). The long-running series Notes on Ascomycete Systematics (1986–2010) aimed to provide a current awareness system of novel taxa and changes proposed, and provided 5113 notes. This has not, however, been continued to include asexually typified genera. Here we start to redress this problem, taking the last edition of the Dictionary (Kirk et al. 2008) as our starting point. In addition to recent nomenclature changes, we include typification details of the type species of genera (including lecto-, neo- and epitypifications), information on the availability of cultures, and references to accessible sequence data. References to recently established DNA barcodes for plant pathogenic genera are also included where available. In addition to providing an overview of current knowledge on accepted genera of ascomycetes, this work is also intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi” published in 2013 (Kirk et al. 2013), which is anticipated will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will, however, be subject to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists of names supported by the 10th International Mycological Congress in 2014 (Redhead et al. 2014; Hawksworth 2015), and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this study, we list 6540 accepted genera of ascomycetes with an estimate of ** species. They belong in *** families, *** orders and ** classes. We have attempted to include all genera and place them in a natural classification using the most recent evidence and publications. We however, have surely missed some entries and may not have found all of the latest data. We therefore regard this as a working paper and will continually update it in are webpage www.fungalgenera.org. Suggestions for changes or omissions will be welcome and readers can contact the corresponding author. Materials and Methods Data collection Collecting data on existing names of taxa in use was based on Kirk et al. (2008, 2013) and Species Fungorum (2016). The works of Sutton (1977, 1980) and Seifert et al. (2011) were also used for further clarification of nomenclatural issues for asexually typified genera. Previous outlines of sexually typified genera (i.e. Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010) and asexually typified genera (i.e. Hyde et al. 2011; Wijayawardene et al. 2012, 2017) have been used to extract taxonomic placements. For the taxonomic placement of lichen-forming genera, the compilation of Lücking et al. (2016b) was used. Synonyms of generic names (if less than 10) are also provided based on recent publications and Species Fungorum 2017. One fungus: one name Recent proposals on names to be selected for use in non-lichenized pleomorphic ascomycete genera were gathered from the reports of ICTF working groups (Table 1). Table 1. ICTF working groups and reports Taxonomic group Reference Diaporthales Rossman et al. 2015a Dothideomycetes Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b, 2016a Hypocreales Rossman et al. 2013b Leotiomycetes Johnston et al. 2014b Magnaporthales Zhang et al. 2016b Miscellaneous genera Rossman et al. 2016a Pezizomycetes Healy et al. 2016 Sordariomycetes – (except Diaporthales, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Hypocreales, and Magnaporthales) Réblová et al. 2016c Xylariales Stadler et al. 2014; Daranagama et al. 2017; Wendt et al. 2017 Results Validating of invalid families Bartaliniaceae Wijayaw., P.M. Kirk & K.D. Hyde Index Fungorum number: 551079 = Bartaliniaceae Wijayaw., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 73: 85. 2015, Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Type: Bartalinia Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 3: 4 (1900) Description: see Senanayake et al. (2015) Notes: Senanayake et al. (2015) introduced Bartaliniaceae but it is invalid (Art. 42.1) as the identifier cited in the protologue, (i.e. IF511183), was not issued for the name published (i.e. Bartaliniaceae). This identifier was issued for Boletellus exiguus T.W. Henkel & Fulgenzi 2008. A new identifier was obtained (i.e. 551079) thus Bartaliniaceae validly published. Wiesneriomycetaceae Wijayaw., P.M. Kirk, K.D. Hyde Index Fungorum number: IF550306 = Wiesneriomycetaceae Suetrong, Rungjindamai, Somrithipol. & E.B.G. Jones, Phytotaxa 176(1): 288. 2014; Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Type: Wiesneriomyces Koord., Verh. K. Akad. Wet., tweede sect. 13(4): 246 (1907) IF 10438 Description: see Suetrong et al. (2014) Notes: Suetrong et al. (2014) introduced Wiesneriomycetaceae but it is invalid (Art. 42.1) as the identifier cited in the protologue, (i.e. MB809097), was not issued for the name published (i.e. Wiesneriomycetaceae). This identifier was issued for Hypogymnia papilliformis McCune, Tchabanenko & X.L. Wei 2015. A new identifier was obtained (i.e. IF550306) thus Wiesneriomycetaceae is herein validly published. Notes for genera Aaosphaeria Aptroot 1995, Dacampiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. arxii (van der Aa) Aptroot, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for the type: KU158145 (ITS) (unpublished). Abropelta B. Sutton 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. fusarioides B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, caulicolous, terrestrial, India, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 236263. Abrothallus De Not. 1845 (= Abrothallomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Phymatopsis Tul. ex Trevis. 1857; = Pseudolecidea Marchand 1896; = Vouauxiomyces Dyko & D. Hawksw. 1979 fide Rossman et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Abrothallaceae, Abrothallales, Dothideomycetes, c. 40 species, type: A. bertianus De Not., obligately lichenicolous, parasymbiontic or parasitic on macrolichens from several families of lichen-forming fungi, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, some species are known only either by their asexual or sexual morph, terrestrial, worldwide, see Pérez-Ortega et al. (2011b, 2014; anamorph-teleomorph connection, phylogeny), Suija et al. (2015a; phylogeny, key for species on Peltigerales), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), holotype of the type: likely in VER or RO. the species growing on Parmeliaceae are in urgent need of revision, preliminary molecular data suggest that current species delimitation, largely based on the host identity is inaccurate (Pérez-Ortega and Suija, data not published). Absconditella Vězda 1965, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: A. sphagnorum Vězda & Poelt, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Abyssomyces Kohlm. 1970, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. hydrozoicus Kohlm., saprobes, asexual morph unknown, marine, Scotland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acallomyces Thaxt. 1903, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: A. homalotae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera in decaying agarics (Staphylinidae), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), morphologically related to Polyascomyces Thaxter, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiy. 2000, Eoterfeziaceae, Ascomycota family incertae sedis, one species, type: A. terrestris Udagawa & Uchiy., asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: CBM SUM3162. Acanthohelicospora Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2014, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: A. pinicola Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, worldwide, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016b; plant pathogens, new combinations), holotype and extype: MFLU 10-0049, MFLUCC 10-0116 = BCC 52036. Acanthonitschkea Speg. 1908 (= Euacanthe Theiss. 1917; = Fitzpatrickia Cif. 1928; = Hystrix Alstrup & Olech 1993; = Petelotia Pat. 1924; = Sydowinula Petr. 1923 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: A. argentinensis Speg., asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes and on lichens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Acanthophiobolus Berl. 1893 (= Ophiobolus subgen. Ophiochaeta Sacc. 1883; = Ophiochaeta (Sacc.) Sacc. 1895; = Ophiosphaeria Kirschst. 1907 [1906]; = Ophiotrichia Berl. 1893 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. helminthosporus (Rehm) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acanthorus Bat. & Cavalc. 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. maranhensis Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), Wijayawardene et al. (2017) and in here we treat this genus as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis since cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acanthosphaeria Kirschst. 1939, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Acanthostigma De Not., 1863, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, 64 species, type: A. perpusillum de Not., saprobes on dead wood, widespread, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available for three species, strains available for type: UAMH 7237. Acanthostigmella Höhn., 1905, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: A. genuflexa Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Boonmee et al. (2011; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) and Boonmee et al. (2014b) did not accept as a genus in Tubeufiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acanthostigmina Höhn. 1909, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. minuta (Fuckel) Clem. & Shear, saprobes on decaying wood, cosmopolitan, see Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Acanthotheciella Höhn. 1911 (= Acanthotheca Clem. & Shear 1931 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. barbata (Pat.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, on dead scale insects, terrestrial, Asia, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acanthothecis Clem. 1909 (= Acanthographina (Vain.) Walt. Watson 1929; = Acanthographis (Vain.) Walt. Watson 1929; = Acanthotheciopsis Zahlbr. 1923 [1924]; = Acanthothecium Vain. 1890; = Acanthothecium sect. Acanthographina Vain. 1890; = Acanthothecium sect. Acanthographis Vain. 1890; Acanthothecomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Psorographis Clem. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 56 species, type: A. hololeucoides (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb, all with ascomata, lichenized (Trenthepohlia), terrestrial (mainly corticolous), pantropical-subtropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Acanthotrema Frisch 2006, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: A. brasilianum (Hale) Frisch, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. 2013 (genus accepted), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; key), Sipman et al. (2012; key), sequences are available. Acarella Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. costaricensis Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acarellina Bat. & H. Maia 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. psidii Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acaroconium Kocourk. & D. Hawksw. 2008, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. punctiforme Kocourk. & D. Hawksw., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Kocourková and Hawksworth (2008; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), holotype of the type: PRM 8926543, cultures and sequences are unavailable, some lichenicolous Microsphaeropsis species may belong to this genus. Acarocybe Syd. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. hansfordii Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acarocybellina Subram. 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. arengae (Matsush.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acarocybiopsis J. Mena, A. Hern.-Gut. & Mercado 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. cubitaensis J. Mena, A. Hern. Gut. & Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acaropeltis Petr. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. costaricensis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acarospora A. Massal. 1852 (= Myriospora Nägeli 1853; = Myriospora Nägeli ex Uloth 1861 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 200 species, type type: A. schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. all with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (mostly saxicolous or terricolous), cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Westberg et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), polyphyletic, sequences are available. Acarosporina Sherwood 1977, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: A. monilifera (Ellis & Everh.) Sherwood, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Acaulium Sopp 1912 (= Acaulium Sopp 1912; = Masonia G. Sm. 1952; = Masoniella G. Sm. 1952; = Phaeoscopulariopsis M. Ota 1928 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. albonigrescens Sopp, hyphomycetous, the genus was treated as a synonym of Scopulariopsis Bainier 1907 (fide Seifert et al. 2011), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016b; phylogeny, reinstated the genus, new species), cultures and sequences are available. Acephala Grünig & T.N. Sieber 2005, Vibrisseaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. applanata Grünig & T.N. Sieber, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from fine roots of Pinus, terrestrial, Germany, Switzerland, see Munzenberger et al. (2009; morphology, new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type strain of the type: CBS 109321. Acerbiella Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. macrospora (Rick) Sacc. & D. Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acerviclypeatus Hanlin 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. poriformans Hanlin, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves of Vaccinium, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acervuloseptoria Crous & Jol. Roux 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. ziziphicola Crous & Jol. Roux, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2014c, 2015c; morphology and phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-21723, CPC 23707. Acervus Kanouse 1938 (= Phaedropezia Le Gal 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eight species, type: A. aurantiacus Kanouse, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhuang et al. (2011; morphology, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekanayaka et al. (2016; new species, China), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Achaetobotrys Bat. & Cif. 1963, Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. affinis (L.R. Fraser) Bat. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Antennulariellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Achaetomium J.N. Rai, J.P. Tewari & Mukerji 1964, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, asexual morph unknown, type: A. globosum J.N. Rai & J.P. Tewari, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence are available. Achorella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: A. ametableta (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Achorodothis Syd. 1926, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. poasensis Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Achoropeltis Syd. 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. modesta Syd., coelomycetous, saprobes, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Achroceratosphaeria Réblová, J. Fourn., K.D. Hyde & Ranghoo 2010, Pisorisporiaceae, Pisorisporiales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. potamia Réblová, Fournier & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, see Réblová et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: PRM 915719, CBS 125414. Achroiostachys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: A. humicola L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22420, CBS 868.73. Aciascus Doweld 2013, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. purpureus (Thaxt. ex Currah) Doweld, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Index Fungorum (2013; introduced to replace Acitheca Currah 1985), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline),. Aciculoconidium D.S. King & S.C. Jong 1976, Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: A. aculeatum (Phaff, M.W. Mill. & Shifrine) D.S. King & S.C. Jong, asexual morph unknown (budding of cells and formation of true hyphae with blastoconidia), saprophytes, isolated from fruit flies (Drosophila spp.), terrestrial, California, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Aciculopsora Aptroot & Trest 2006, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. salmonea Aptroot & Trest, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype of the type: CR, Lücking 17543, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aciculosporium I. Miyake 1908 (= Albomyces I. Miyake ex I. Hino 1908; = Mitosporium Clem. & Shear 1931 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: A. take I. Miyake, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Tanaka (2009; in situ visualization), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Acicuseptoria Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. rumicis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, one species, France, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology and phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-18163, CPC 522.78. Acidea Hujslová & M. Kolařík 2014, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. extrema Hujslová & M. Kolařík, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, Europe, Antarctica, see Hujslová et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex type of the type: PRM 922617, CBS 136258. Acidiella Hujslová & M. Kolařík 2013, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. bohemica Hujslová & M. Kolarík, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, Europe, Australia, see Hujslová et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Kolařík et al. (2015a; new species), holotype and ex-type of cultures of the type: PRM 859933, CBS 132721. Acidomelania E. Walsh & N. Zhang 2014, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. panicicola E. Walsh & N. Zhang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Walsh et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: RUTPP 61R8 Acidomyces B.J. Baker, M.A. Lutz, S.C. Dawson, P.L. Bond & Banfield ex Selbmann, de Hoog & De Leo 2008 (= Acidomyces B.J. Baker, M.A. Lutz, S.C. Dawson, P.L. Bond & Banfield, Appl. 2004 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, hyphomycetous, two species, type: A. acidophilus (Sigler & J.W. Carmich.) Selbmann, de Hoog & De Leo, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Canada, see Selbmann et al. (2008; morphology; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: UAMH 3460, CBS 270.74. Acidothrix Hujslová & M. Kolařík 2014, Amplistromataceae, Amplistromatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. acidophila Hujslová & M. Kolařík, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in highly acidic soil, terrestrial, CzechRepublic, see Hujslová et al. (2014; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture available for the type: CBS 136259. Acleistia Bayl. Ell. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. alniella Bayl. Ell., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Acolium (Ach.) Gray = Acolium Trevis. 1862; = Calicium subdiv. Acolium Ach. 1808; = Crateridium Trevis. 1862; = Cypheliomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Mycacolium Reinke 1895; = Pseudacoliomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Pseudacolium Stizenb. ex Clem. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: Type species: Calicium tympanellum Ach. (lectotype, designated by Tibell 1984) = Acolium inquinans (Sm.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Acompsomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type: A. corticariae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Cryptophagidae and Lathridiidae), America, Europe, probably worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acontium Morgan 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. album Morgan, see Seifert et al. (2011; mentioned as a doubtful genus), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Acremoniopsis Giraldo, Gené & Guarro 2014, Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. suttonii Giraldo, Gené & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, see Crous et al. (2014d; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-21936, CBS 138708. Acremoniula G. Arnaud ex Cif. 1962 (= Acremoniula G. Arnaud 1954 [1953] nom. inval. fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.) G. Arnaud ex Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmoploitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acremonium Link 1809, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 150 species, type: A. alternatum Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, cosmopolitan, see Weisenborn et al. (2010; new species), Gräfenhan et al. (2011; overview), Kiyuna et al. (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Summerbell et al. (2011; overview), Giraldo et al. (2012, 2014; new species, phylogeny), von Brackel et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lynch et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Acrocalymma Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin 1987, Acrocalymmaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: A. medicaginis Alcorn & J.A.G. Irwin, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Zhang et al. (2012a; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014; phylogeny, introduced Acrocalymmaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type species. Acroconidiella J.C. Lindq. & Alippi 1964, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. tropaeoli (T.E.T. Bond) J.C. Lindq. & Alippi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Acroconidiellina M.B. Ellis 1971 (= Zeuctomorpha Sivan. et al. 1984 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: A. loudetiae M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Zeuctomorpha, widespread (especially in tropical regions), see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acrocordia A. Massal. 1854 (= Acrocordiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Amphididymella Petr. 1928 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: A. gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, temperate, placement in Monoblastiaceae supported by molecular data, see Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available but lacks for the type species. Acrocordiella O.E. Erikss 1982, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. occulta (Romell) O.E. Erikss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acrocordiopsis Borse & K.D. Hyde 1989, Salsugineaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. patilii Borse & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Alias and Jones (2009, monograph), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Pang et al. (2010b; diversity, Malaysia), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity, Thailand), Lee et al. (2012; checklist, Malaysia), Zhang et al. (2012e; phylogeny, morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Samón-Legrá et al. (2014; diversity), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), holotype of type: IMI 297769, available cultures of type: BCC 28167, BCC 28166. Acrodictyella W.A. Baker & Partr. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. obovata W.A. Baker & Partr. 2001, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, wood decaying, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acrodictyopsis P.M. Kirk 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. lauri P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Acrodictys M.B. Ellis1961, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, 22 species, type: A. bambusicola M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhao et al. (2011a; descriptions of Acrodictys and related genera from China), Hu (2011; key to aquatic Acrodictys spp.), Ma et al. (2014, 2016; new species), sequences are available. Acrodontiella U. Braun & Scheuer 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. fallopiae U. Braun & Scheuer, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, foliicolous, associated with leaf-spots, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of type: GZU 294903, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acrodontium de Hoog 1972, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: A. crateriforme (J.F.H. Beyma) de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Videira et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 144.33 = ATCC 15679. Acrogenospora M.B. Ellis 1971 (= Farlowiella Sacc. 1891 fide Rossman et al. 2015b), Pleosporomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: A. sphaerocephala (Berk. & Broome) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Farlowiella, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Hu et al. (2010b; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Acrogenotheca Cif. & Bat. 1963 (= Laterotheca Bat. 1963 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: A. pulcherrima Bat. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acrogynomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type specie: A. eumicri Thaxt, parasitic on African scydmaenid genus Eumicrus, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acrophialophora Edward 1961 (= Taifanglania Z.Q. Liang, Y.F. Han, H.L. Chu & R.T.V. Fox 2009 fide Zhang et al. 2015b), Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: A. nainiana Edward, sexual morph unknown, pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, thermotolerant, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2015a; clinical), Zhang et al. (2015b; DNA), ex-isotype of type: CBS 100.60, ex-type sculture of type: ATCC 22555, IMI 076567. Acrophragmis Kiffer & Reisinger 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. coronata Kiffer & Reisinger, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmoploitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acroscyphus Lév. 1846, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. sphaerophoroides Lév., lichenized, terrestrial (saxicolous), Americas, Asia, Africa, see Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Acrospeira Berk. & Broome 1857 (= Spirospora L. Mangin & Vincens 1920 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. mirabilis Berk. & Broome, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acrospermoides J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps. 1940, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. subulata J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greece, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Acrospermoides J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps. 1940, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. subulata J.H. Mill. & G.E. Thomps., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greece, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Acrospermum Tode 1790 (= Scleroglossum Fr. 1874; = Xyloglossum Pers. 1818 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Acrospermaceae, Acrospermales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: A. compressum Tode, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available for type species. Acrostalagmus Corda 1838, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. cinnabarinus Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Réblová et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Acrostaurus Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. turneri Deighton & Piroz. 1972, asexual morph unknown, fungicolous, saprobes, widespread especially in tropical regions, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actidiographium Lar. N. Vassiljeva 2000, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. orientale Lar & Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Boehm et al. (2009a; accepted as in Hysteriaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), ), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: VLA P-2938, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Actidium Fr. 1815 (= Bulliardella (Sacc.) Paoli 1905; = Mytilinidion subgen. Bulliardella Sacc. 1883; = Ostreionella Seaver 1926 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: A. hysterioides Fr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; accepted as a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Mytilinidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinocladium Ehrenberg 1819, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: A. rhodosporum Ehrenb., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogen of wood and bark of fallen twigs and trunk, worldwide, mainly Europe, Asia, Africa, Carribean, see Manoharachary et al. (2010; two new species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinocymbe Höhn. 1911 (= Limaciniella J.M. Mend. 1925 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: A. separato-setosa (Henn.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, parasitic, epiphyllous to hypophyllous, terrestrial, temperate to tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinomyxa Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. australiensis Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Microthyriaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinoplaca Müll. Arg. 1891 (= Actinoplacomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. strigulacea Müll. Arg., lichenized, terrestrial (foliicolous), tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), sequences are available. Actinotexis Arx 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. mirabilis Berk. & Broome, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinothecium Flot. 1855 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. caricicola Ces., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Actinothyrium Kunze 1823, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: A. graminis Kunze ex Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Acumispora Matsush. 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. uniseptata Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Adautomilanezia Gusmão, S.S. Silva, Fiuza, L.A. Costa, T.A.B. Santos 2016, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. caesalpiniae Gusmão, S.S. Silva, Fiuza, L.A. Costa, T.A.B. Santos, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: HUEFS216632, CCLAMIC 102/12. Adelococcus Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Adelococcaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. alpestris (Zopf) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Adelodiscus Syd. 1931, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. philippinensis Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Adelolecia Hertel & Hafellner in Hafellner 1984 (= Lecideomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: A. pilati (Hepp) Hertel & Hafellner, all with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous, rarely corticolous), temperate regions of both Hemispheres, Ekman et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Adelosphaeria Réblová 2016 [2017], Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. catenata Réblová, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2017; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type: PRM 933853, CBS 138679. Aderkomyces Bat. 1961, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 30 species, type: A. couepiae Bat, currently accepted, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (foliicolous or corticolous), tropical, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Adisciso Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya 2011, Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. yakushimense Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Tanaka et al. (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Adomia S. Schatz 1985, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. avicenniae S. Schatz, saprobes, on mangrove wood, saprobe, Australia, Egypt, Red Sea, Thailand, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; morphology, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aegeritella Balazy & J. Wisn. 1974, Trichosporonaceae, Trichosporonales, Tremellomycetes, five species, type: A. superficialis Bałazy & J. Wiśn., Poland, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, ectoparasite on ants, worldwide, mainly reported from Europe, Brazil, Spain, Morocco, Poland, Czech Republic, North America, Greece, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wrzosek et al. (2016; new insights on phylogeny and biology), reference strain of Aegeritella tuberculata = CBS 141264 (Wrzosek et al. 2016), sequences are available from Wrzosek et al. (2016), needs generic revision. Aequabiliella Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, type: A. effusa Damm & Crous, on living leaves, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Damm et al. (2010b as Phaeomoniella effuse Damm & Crous, morphology), Crous et al. (2015d; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-19998, CBS 120883. Aeruginoscyphus Dougoud 2012, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: A. sericeus (Alb. & Schwein.) Dougoud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Dougoud (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Agaricodochium X.J. Liu 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. camelliae X.J. Liu, A.J. Wei & S.G. Fan, hyphomycetous, on leaves of Camellia oleosa, pathogen of Camellia oleiferra, terrestrial, Zhejiang, China, see Guang-yu et al. (2008; control), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Fangyan et al. (2013; control), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Agarwalomyces R.K. Verma & Kamal 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. indicus R.K. Verma & Kamal, hyphomycetous, on fruit of Lythraceae, terrestrial, India, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aggregatorygma M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking 2014, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. triseptatum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, lichenized, see Cáceres et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Agonimia Zahlbr. 1909 (= Agonimiella H. Harada 1993 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 17 species, type: A. tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2010; DNA), Dymytrova et al. (2011; new species), Guzow-Krzemińska et al. (2012; new species), Aptroot and Cáceres (2013; new species), Harada (2013; new species, Japan), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk (2015; new species), cultures available for the type: L469 (fide Muggia et al. 2010). Agrabeeja Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. kavakapriya Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Singapore, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype MUBL 3140. Agyriella Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. nitida (Lib.) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Agyriellopsis Höhn. 1903, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. caeruleoatra Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Agyrium Fr. 1822 (= Agyrium Fr. 1821; = Exogone Henn. 1908; = Myxomphalos Wallr. 1833 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pertusariaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. rufum (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; DNA), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ahmadia Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. pentatropidis Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ahtiana Goward 1986, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. sphaerosporella (Müll. Arg.) Goward, all with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous, epixylic), western North America, see Thell et al. (2009; phyogeny), Nelsen et al. (2011a; phyogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phyogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; phyogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aigialus Kohlm. & S. Schatz 1986, Aigialaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, asexual morph unknown, five species, type: A. grandis Kohlm. & Schatz, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Alias and Jones (2009, monograph), Jones et al. (2009b, 2012, 2015; classification, outline, review), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2009, 2011a, b, 2014, 2016; phylogeny, morphology), Zhang et al. (2009a, 2012e; phylogeny), Isaka et al. (2009; secondary metabolites), Nambiar and Raveendran (2009a, b; diversity), Nambiar et al. (2009; diversity), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Lumbsch and Huhndorf, (2010; outline), Pang et al. (2010b, 2011b, 2013a; diversity, phylogeny), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Josphine et al. (2011, diversity), Liu et al. (2011b, 2014, 2015; phylogeny, morphology), Boonmee et al. (2012; phylogeny), Dai et al. (2012; phylogeny), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Pang and Jheng (2012a; checklist), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny, morphology, outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Ren et al. (2013b; phylogeny), Kocharin et al. (2013; optimization), Sivakumar (2013; review), Sarma and Raghukumar (2013; diversity), Gnavi et al. (2014, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014b, 2015a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Shearer et al. (2014; phylogeny), Pratibha and Prabhugaonkar (2015; phylogeny), Shen et al. (2015; secondary metabolites), Doilom et al. (2016; phylogeny), holotype: J.K. 4332a (IMS), exisotype strain J.K.4332b (NY). Ainoa Lumbsch & I. Schmitt 2001, Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. geochroa (Körb.) Lumbsch & Schmitt, ascomata apotheciate, conidiomata pycnidial, lichen-forming, saxicolous or terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf, (2010; outline), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aithaloderma Syd. & P. Syd. 1913 (= Asbolisia Bat. & Cif. 1963; = Blastocapnias Cif. & Bat. 1963; Chaetopotius Bat. 1951; = Hypocapnodium Speg. 1918; = Phaeochaetia Bat. & Cif. 1962; = Vertixore V.A.M. Mill. & Bonar 1941 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: A. clavatisporum Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), other recent articles such as Chomnunti et al. (2011), Hyde et al. (2013) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014) did not accept as a genus in Capnodiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; outline, genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aivenia Svrček 1977, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: A. tantula Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ajrekarella Kamat & Kalani 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. polychaetriae Kamat & Kalani, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Akanthomyces Lebert 1858, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 13 species, type: A. aculeatus Lebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on insects and spiders, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Alanphillipsia Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2013, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. aloes Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or possibly pathogenic, associated with leaf lesions, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2013b, 2014d; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-21418, CPC 21298. Alascospora Raja, Violi & Shearer 2010, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. evergladensis Raja, Violi & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Raja et al. (2010c; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: ILL 40789, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Alatosessilispora K. Ando & Tubaki 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. bibrachiata K. Ando & Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the type, need generic revision. Alatospora Ingold 1942, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: A. acuminata Ingold, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Duarte et al. (2015; DNA), neotype of type: IMI 222997, available cultures of the type: CCM Fl2186. Albertiniella Kirschst. 1936, Cephalothecaceae, Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species, type: A. reticulata Kirschst., asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: NBRC 9424. Albifimbria L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: A. verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Albonectria Rossman & Samuels 1999, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: A. rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels, one species, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhao et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Albosynnema E.F. Morris 1967, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. elegans E.F. Morris 1967, asexual morph hyphomycetous, America, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequence are available, needs generic revision. Albotricha Raitv. 1970, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 19 species, type: A. acutipila (P. Karst.) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Alciphila Harmaja 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. vulgaris Harmaja, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aldona Racib. 1900, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, three species, type: A. stella-nigra Racib., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aldonata Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha 1989, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: A. pterocarpi Sivan. & A.R.P. Sinha, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Alectoria Ach. 1809 (= Alectoria sect. Eualectoria Th. Fr. 1880; = Alectoriomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Bryopogon Link 1833; = Ceratocladia Schwend. 1860; = Cornicularia Schaer. 1850; = Eualectoria (Th. Fr.) Gyeln. fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: A. sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., with ascomata, but often absent, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous, terricolous), widespread, see Halonen et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), McMullin et al. (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Aleuria Fuckel 1870 (= Peziza Fuckel 1870; = Peziza subgen. Aleuria (Fuckel) Quél. 1886 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 17 species, type: A. aurantia (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, on soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for the type species. Aleurina Massee 1898 (= Jafneadelphus Rifai 1968 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eleven species, type: A. tasmanica Massee, asexual morph unknown, on soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Alfaria Crous, Montano-Mata & Garcia-Jim. 2014, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: A. cyperi-esculenti Crous, N.J. Montaño-Mata & García-Jim., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogenic, terrestrial, Spain, Italy, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology of sexual morph), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology of asexual morph, phylogeny), ex-type strains of type: CPC 23153; holotype CBS H-21703. Alfariacladiella Crous & R.K. Schumach. 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. spartii Crous & R.K. Schumach., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and culture ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22655, CPC 24966. Algincola Velen. 1939, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. quercina Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Algonquinia R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. inflata R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: INIFAT C89/401, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Catenocuneiphora, Hormomyces and Sphaerosporium. Alina Racib. 1909, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species species, type: A. jasmini Racib., asexual morph hyphomycetous, parasitic on living leaves of Jasminum spp., Buitenzorg, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, recollection and revision required. Aliquandostipite Inderb. 2001, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: A. khaoyaiensis Inderb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, Australia, China, Costa Rica, Egypt, Panama, Thailand, Venesuela, USA, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Shearer et al. (2009; phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2010a, 2011a; outline, phylogeny), Raja et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; morphology), holotype and extype culture of the type: UBC F13875, CBS 118232. Alisea Dupont & E. B. G. Jones 2009, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species (est. spp. five), type: A. longicolla Dupont & Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, ascomata on deep sea sunken wood, south Pacific Ocean and South China Sea, see Dupont et al. (2009; taxonomy), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype of type: PC 0115840. Allantonectria Earle 1901 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synnonyms), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: A. yuccae Earle, four species, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Hirooka et al. (2012; monograph), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Allantoparmelia (Vain.) Essl. 1978 (= Parmelia subgen. Allantoparmelia Vain. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. alpicola (Th. Fr.) Essl., all with ascomata (but often absent), lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous, rarely terricolous), boreal or arctic alpine in Northern Hemisphere, see Crespo et al. (2010b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Spribille et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Allantophomopsiella Crous 2014, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) Crous, saprobes, Europe, see Crous et al. (2014b; morphology, phylogeny), reference specimen and culture of type: CBS H-15946, culture CBS 562.63. Allantophomopsis Petr. 1925 (= Apostrasseria Nag Raj 1983 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: A. cytisporea (Fr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2014b, 2015a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-epitype culture of the type: CPC 24977. Allantoporthe Petr. 1921 (= Allantoporthe Petr. 1921; = Aporhytisma Höhn. 1917; = Chorostate (Nitschke ex Sacc.) Traverso 1906; = Clypeorhynchus Kirschst. 1936; = Dialytes Nitschke 1867; = Diaporthe subgen. Chorostate Nitschke ex Sacc. 1882; = Melanoporthe Wehm. 1938; = Septomazzantia Theiss. & Syd. 1915 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. leucothoës Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Alloanthostomella Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. rubicola (Speg. ex Sacc. & Trotter) Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, see Daranagama et al. (2016a; taxonomy), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Xylariales), cultures and sequences are available. Alloarthopyrenia Phukhamsakda, Lücking & K.D. Hyde 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. italica Phukhamsakda, Camporesi, Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of the type: MFLU 15-0399. Alloascoidea Kurtzman & Robnett 2013, Alloascoideaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: A. africana (L.R. Batra & Francke-Grosm.) C.P. Kurtzman & C.J. Robnett, asexual morph unknown (budding of cells and formation of true hyphae), saprophytes, from trees and associated insects, terrestrial, Europe, Africa, see Kurtzman and Robnett (2013; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Allocalicium M.Prieto & Wedin 2016, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. adaequatum (Nyl.) M. Prieto and Wedin., lichenized, see Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Allocetraria Kurok. & M.Y.Lai 1991 (= Usnocetraria M.J. Lai & J.C. Wei 2007 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: A. stracheyi (C. Bab.) Kurok. & M.J. Lai; lichenized; see Thell et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Alloconiothyrium Verkley, Göker & Stielow 2014, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. aptrootii Verkley & Stielow, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, Papua New Guinea, see Verkley et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny); Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type species CBS H-21035, CBS 980.95. Alloleptosphaeria Ariyawansa, Wanasinghe & K.D. Hyde 2015, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. italica Wanas., Camporesi, Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Europe, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype MFLU 15-1517, cultures and sequences are available. Allonecte (Pat.) Syd. 1939, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. lagerheimii (Pat.) Syd. (=Broomella lagerheimii Pat. 1895), asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Allonectella Petr. 1950, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. rubescens Petr., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Alloneottiosporina Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. carolinensis Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: BPI 1110181. Allophaeosphaeria Ariyaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. muriformia Ariyawansa, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, pylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: MFLU 15-0067, MFLUCC 13– 0349. Allophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: A. tropica (R. Schneid. & Boerema) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), isotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: CBS H-7629, CBS 436.75. Allophoron Nádv. 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. farinosum Nádv., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Colombia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Allophylaria (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 1870 (= Helotidium Sacc. 1884; = Peziza sect. Allophylaria P. Karst. 1869 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: X. sticticum (Fr.) Wallr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Allosoma Syd. 1926, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, four species, type: A. cestri Syd., asexual morph hyphomycetous, epiphytic on leaves or saprobes on dead stems, North and South America, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014c), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, Holotype of type: GZU157-80. Allothyrina Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. serjaniae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Allothyriopsis Bat., Cif. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. landolphiae Bat., Cif. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ghana, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Alnecium Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2014, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. auctum (Berk. & Broome) Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014; taxonomy, phyloeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Alpakesa Subram. & K. Ramakr. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. yuccifolia (J.G. Hall) Subram. & K. Ramakr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Thiwan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), available specimens of type: IMI 177975, cultures are unavailable. Alpakesiopsis Abbas, B. Sutton, Ghaffar & A. Abbas 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. ghaffarii Abbas, B. Sutton & Al. Abbas, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: IMI 202284, cultures are unavailable. Alpestrisphaeria Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. terricola (G.S. Gong) Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, associated with soil, China, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; phylogeny), ex-type culture of type: SC-12. Alternaria Nees 1817 (= Allewia E.G. Simmons 1990 fide Woudenberg et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b; see Woudenberg et al. 2013 for all synonyms), Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 663 species, type: A. alternata (Fr.) Keissl., sexual morph Lewia, saprobes, plant and animal pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aly et al. (2008; cytotoxic metabolites), Andersen et al. (2008; metabolite profiling), Avenot et al. (2008; succinate dehydrogenase mutation), Azcarate et al. (2008; toxins), Bartra et al. (2008; respiratory allergy), Cota et al. (2008; Altenusin), Craven et al. (2008; Anastomosis), Flors et al. (2008; cell signalling), Grinn-Gofroń and Strzelczak (2008; meteorological factors), Harimoto et al. (2008; AMT2 gene), Kumar et al. (2008a, b; variability, India, host resistance), Lawrence et al. (2008; pathogenicity review), Miyamoto et al. (2008, 2009; ACT-toxin biosynthesis, phylogeny), Ostry (2008; Alternaria mycotoxins), Park et al. (2008; phylogeny), Parada et al. (2008; toxin from germinating spores), Pasche and Gudmestad (2008; F129L mutation), Pastor and Guarro (2008; infections), Perello et al. (2008; Argentina, black point of wheat), Rosenzweig et al. (2008; sensitivity to azoxystrobin), Sabirov et al. (2008; nasal polyposis), Saravanakumar et al. (2008; competition for host), Schmechel et al. (2008; environmental immunoassays), Tabar et al. (2008; immunotherapy), Vélëz et al. (2008; Mannitol biosynthesis), Wang et al. (2008c; biocontrol), Yuan et al. (2008; Tricycloalternarenes), Logrieco et al. (2009; pathogenicity review), Latha et al. (2009; host resistance induction), Lee et al. (2009b; protein disruption study), Pogány et al. (2009; biochemistry), Kjer et al. (2009; phenolic extrolites), Mishra et al. (2009; inhibition by Cinnamomum), Kobayashi et al. (2009; hypersensitivity), Hadizadeh et al. (2009; antifungal activity), Andrew et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lin et al. (2009; pathological mechanism), Tu (2009; keratitis), Avenot et al. (2009; protein mutation), Ali et al. (2009; malachite green degradation), Pedras et al. (2009; review), Siegel et al. (2009; HPLC, MS), Grinn-Gofroń and Rapiejko (2009; Poland), Aoki et al. (2009; mycovirus), Wight et al. (2009; biochemistry), Fawzi et al. (2009; antifungal effects), Wang et al. (2009c, d; cerebrosides, postharvest biocontrol), Gu (2009, Bioactive metabolites), Andersen et al. (2009; polyphasic taxonomy), Phuwapraisirisan et al. (2009; antitumour metabolites), Yang et al. (2009; AP1 pathway study), Cho et al. (2009; virulence factors), Fernandes et al. (2009; fermentation extract activity), Stępalska and Wołek (2009; Intradiurnal periodicity), Hedayati et al. (2009; IgE analysis), Nallathambi et al. (2009; Trichoderma effects), Gao et al. (2009; Perylene derivatives), Anand et al. (2009; host resistance), Pose et al. (2009; growth factors), Kim et al. (2009b; Alternaramide), Evidente et al. (2009; Alternethanoxins), Hipolito et al. (2009; brain abscess), Kasahara et al. (2010; Solanapyrone synthase), Mukherjee et al. (2010; infection proteomics), Wolf et al. (2010; CO2 effects), Imazaki et al. (2010; peroxisomes), Lin and Chung (2010; signaling pathways), Ntui et al. (2010; wasabi defensin gene), Horsfield et al. (2010; fungicides), Randriamanantany et al. (2010; allergic rhinitis), Siegel et al. (2010; tenuazonic acid), Boyce et al. (2010; Phaeohyphomycosis), Kilic et al. (2010; effect on children), Lin et al. (2010, 2011; FUS3 MAPK pathway, pathogenicity), Dellavalle et al. (2011; antifungal activity), Kuna et al. (2011; immunotherapy), Boitano et al. (2011; molecular pathogenesis), Dey et al. (2011; lipid profiling), Song et al. (2011; Abscisic acid resistance), Huang et al. (2011; bianthraquinone derivatives), Escuredo et al. (2011; meteorological factors), Joubert et al. (2011a, b; stress adaptation, pathogenicity), Sinha and Chattopadhyay (2011; host proteome profile), Yago et al. (2011; cell signalling), Noser et al. (2011; UPLC-MS/MS), Karaoglanidis et al. (2011; QoI fungicides resistance), Zheng et al. (2012; bioactive metabolites), Doherty et al. (2012; immunology), Fleck et al. (2012; toxins in mammals), Nowicki et al. (2012; crucifers host), Chruszcz et al. (2012; allergen), Pane et al. (2012; whey compost-tea control), Matsuwaki et al. (2012; immunological pathway), Recio et al. (2012; spore fluctuation), Skjøth et al. (2012; Copenhagen), Yang and Chung (2012; stress resistance), Hu et al. (2012d; Genomic characterization), Cho et al. (2012; Amr1), Fuiano et al. (2012; nasal IgE measurement), Asam et al. (2012; mycotoxin in food), Sarkar et al. (2012; Au nanoparticles), Twaroch et al. (2012; vaccine candidates), Chhikara et al. (2012; host resistance), Saha et al. (2012; biochemistry), Woudenberg et al. (2013, 2014; review), Tsuge et al. (2013; toxins), Lawrence et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lou et al. (2013; metabolites review), Jia et al. (2013; host pathogen interaction), Prelle et al. (2013; toxin detection in food), Müller and Korn (2013; mycotoxins in wheat), Chakraborty et al. (2013; congo red dye degradation), Mamgain et al. (2013; pathogenicity), Snelgrove et al. (2014; immunology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; nomenclature), Ouda (2014; nanoparticle effect), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a, c; new species, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Templeton (2016, pathogenesis), Meena et al. (2016; mustard disease), Zhang et al. (2017; LAMP), Molecular data available for most of the species, including type species; GenBank Number NR_131316, epitype and ex-epitype of type: IMI 254138; CBS 916.96. Alternariaster E.G. Simmons 2007, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. helianthi (Hansf.) E.G. Simmons, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, Brazil, see Alves et al. (2013; new species, morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Woudenberg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Alveariospora Meir. Silva, R.F. Castañeda, O.L. Pereira & R.W. Barreto, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. distoseptata Meir. Silva, R.F. Castañeda, O.L. Pereira & R.W. Barreto, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Silva et al. (2012; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: VIC 31399, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Annellophragmia, Annellosympodia and Spiropes. Alveophoma Alcalde 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. caballeroi Alcalde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need further revisions. Alysidiella Crous 2006, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. parasitica Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, Cyprus, South Africa, Uruguay, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Cheewangkoon et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-19742, CPC 12835. Alysidiopsis B. Sutton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. pipsissewae B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need further revisions. Alyxoria Ach. 1821, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, twelve species (many additional species in the tropics; revision needed), type: A. varia (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler, lichenized, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Diederich et al. (2012a; taxonomy, checklist), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Amallospora Penz. 1897, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. dacrydion Penz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Java, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need further revisions. Amandinea M.Choisy ex Scheid. & M. Mayrhofer 1993 (= Amandinea M. Choisy, Bull. 1950 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: A. coniops (Wahlenb.) M. Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; outline, genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2015d; notes), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Amarenographium O.E. Erikss. 1982 (= Amarenomyces O.E. Erikss. 1981 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), ?Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: A. metableticum (Trail) Erikss., asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytic and saprobes, China, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Italy, see Hodhod et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny); Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Amaurascopsis Guarro, Gené & De Vroey 1992, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, asexual morph unknown, two species, type: A. perforata Guarro, Gené & De Vroey, saprobes, from chicken yard soil, Burundi, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequenceas are available. Amauroascus J. Schröt. 1893, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 14 species, type: A. verrucosus (Eidam) J. Schröt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sigler et al. (2013; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Amazonia Theiss. 1913 (= Actinodothis Syd. & P. Syd. 1914; = Amazoniella Bat. & H. Maia 1960; = Meliolaster Doidge 1920 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, more than 70 species, type specie: A. psychotriae (Henn.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, pathogens causing black mildew disease, terrestrial, tropical and subtropical distribution, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2009; host distribution in India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hosagoudar et al. (2010c; new species, morphology), Housagoudar and Robin (2011; new species, morphology), Hosagoudar (2013; new species, morphology), LSU sequence are available for A. acacia. Amazonomyces Bat. 1964, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: A. palmae Bat. & Cavalc., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Amazonotheca Bat. & H. Maia 1959, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: A. santiriae Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amazonotrema Kalb & Lücking 2009, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. nigrum Kalb & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Kalb (2009; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Ambarignomonia Sogonov 2008, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. petiolorum (Schwein.) Sogonov, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Sogonov et al. (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Amblyosporium Fresen. 1863 (= Gueguenia Bainier 1907; = Searchomyces B.S. Mehrotra & M.D. Mehrotra 1963 fide Seifert et al. 2011; Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. botrytis Fresen., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Ambrodiscus S.E. Carp. 1988, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. pseudotsugae S.E. Carp., asexual morph unknown, on bark beetle galleries, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ambrosiella Brader ex Arx & Hennebert 1965, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: A. xylebori Brader, hyphomycetous, obligate, mutualistic symbionts of ambrosia beetles, from bark beetle galleries/ mycangia in Ivory Coast, USA, Africa, Asia, Europe, USA, Japan, Taiwan, terrestrial, polyphyletic, some species belong to Ophiostomataceae, see Six et al. (2009; new species), Alamouti et al. (2009; phylogeny), Harrington et al. (2010, 2014; taxonomic revisions and new combinations), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Mayers et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), isotype: CBS 110.61, sequences are available at GenBank from Alamouti et al. (2009). Ambrosiozyma Van der Walt 1972 (= Hormoascus Arx 1972 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Saccharomycopsidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: A. monospora (Saito) Van der Walt, yeast or yeast-like, fungal symbionts of ambrosia beetles, widespread, see Endoh et al. (2008; phylogeny), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Kurtzman and Robnett (2013a; phylogeny), ex-type strains of type: CBS 2554. Ameghiniella Speg. 1887 (= Ionomidotis E.J. Durand ex Thaxt. 1923; = Poloniodiscus Svrček & Kubička 1967 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. australis Speg., asexual morph unknown, bark beetle galleries, terrestrial, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ameliella Fryday & Coppins 2008, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. andreaeicola Fryday & Coppins, lichenized, see Coppins (2008; taxonomy), Fryday and Tønsberg (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Ameroconium U. Braun & Zhurb. 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. hansfordii Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Zhurbenko and Braun (2013; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: LE 260838, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amerodiscosiella Farr 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. renispora M.L. Farr 1961, coelomycetous, sexual morph unavailable, saprobes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amerodiscosiellina Bat. & Cavalc. 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. annonacearum Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unavailable, saprobes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ameromassaria Hara 1918, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. japonica Hara, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ameromassaria Hara 1918, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. japonica Hara, asexual morph unknown, pathogen, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amerosporiopsis Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. gaubae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unavailable, saprobes, Iran, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amerosympodula Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. malaysiana Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amicodisca Svrček 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: A. brdensis (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Han et al. (2012, 2014; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Amniculicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde 2008 (= Anguillospora Ingold 1942 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Amniculicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: A. lignicola Y. Zhang ter & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes in freshwater habitats, Europe, see Zhang et al. (2008b, 2009c, 2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c), Wanasinghe et al. (2015; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), sequence are available for all species, holotype of type: PC 0092661. Amoenodochium Peláez & R.F. Castañeda 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. humicola Peláez & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: MA-33881, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Acanthodochium, Asperisporium, Megalodochium and Polythrincium. Amoenomyces R.F. Castañeda, Saikawa & Hennebert 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. catenosporus R.F. Castañeda, Saikawa & Hennebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: INIFAT C94/192, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Alternaria, Embellisia and Parapithomyces. Amorosia Mantle & D. Hawksw. 2006, Amorosiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. littoralis Mantle & D. Hawksw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, recovered from intertidal sediments, The Bahamas, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline of marine genera), Thambugala et al. (2015b; phylogeny), holotype of the type: K(M) 139387, cultures and sequences are available, AM292047 (ITS). Amorphomyces Thaxt. 1893, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, ten species, type: A. falagriae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, dioecious, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphylinidae), terrestrial, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amorphotheca Parbery 1969, Amorphothecaceae, Leotiomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species, type: A. resinae Parbery, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on resins, hydrocarbons, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2015b; applications), cultures available for the type: CBS 184.54. Ampelomyces Ces. ex Schltdl. 1852 (= Byssocystis Riess 1853; = Cicinobolus Ehrenb. 1853 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. quisqualis Ces., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; pylogeny), Park et al. (2010; genetic variability), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Verkley et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures of the type: CBS 131.31, CBS 129.79. Amphibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2015, Cainiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. bambusicola Dai & Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2015a; phylogeny, taxonomy), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: MFLUCC 11–0617, MFLU 14–0825. Amphichaetella Höhn. 1916 (= Amphichaete Kleb. 1914 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. echinata (Kleb.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Amphilogia Gryzenh., H.F. Glen & M.J. Wingf. 2005, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Gryzenh., H.F. Glen & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogenic, terrestrial, temperate, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-epitype strain of the type: CBS H-20178, CMW 10470. Amphimyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: A. cerylonis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera from the genus Cerylon (Cerylonidae), West Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amphiporthe Petr. 1971 (= Amphicytostroma Petr. 1921 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. tiliae (Sacc.) Petr., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), needs generic revision. Amphirosellinia Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers, H.M. Hsieh & Lar.N. Vassiljeva 2004, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. nigrospora Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Hsieh et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: HAST Ju & Hsieh 91092308, sequences are available for the type species. Amphisphaerellula Gucevič 1952, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. fagi Gucevič, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, errestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Amphisphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863 (= Macrothelia M. Choisy 1949; = Massariella Speg. 1880; = Massariopsis Niessl 1876; = Phorcys Niessl 1876; = Poikiloderma Füisting 1868; = Rhynchostomopsis Petr. & Syd. 1923 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 266 species, type: A. umbrina (Fr.) De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015, morphology and phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura (2015, 2016; morphology, phylogeny), sequences are available. Amphisphaerina (Cooke) Höhnel 1919, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. texensis (Cooke) Höhnel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, See Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Amphobotrys Hennebert 1973, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. ricini (N.F. Buchw.) Hennebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, need generic revision. Amphoropycnium Bat. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. philippinense Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amphorothecium P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix 2001, Ostropales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. occultum P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Amphorulopsis Petr. 1959, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one specie, type: A. polygonacearum Petr., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, former Yugoslavia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Index Fungorum (2017) listed the type species as a synonym of Ceriospora polygonacearum, needs generic revision. Ampliotrema Kalb ex Kalb 2006 (= Ampliotrema Kalb 2004 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 20 species, type: A. amplius (Nyl.) Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sipman et al. (2012; key Costa Rica), Rivas Plata et al. (2012b; phylogeny), Cáceres et al. (2012b), Rivas Plata and Lücking (2012; classification), Mercado-Díaz et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Amplistroma Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., Greif & Samuels 2009, Amplistromataceae, Amplistromatales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: A. carolinianum Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., Greif & Samuels, asexual morph hyphomycetous, acrodontium-like in culture, sexual morph ascomycetes, saprobes, French Guiana, Costa Rica, Spain, Singapore, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura (2015, 2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype: BPI 878925, sequences are available. Ampullicephala R.F. Castañeda, Minter & M. Stadler 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. setiformis (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda, Minter & M. Stadler, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2009b; txonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: INIFAT C85/79, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Gonatobotryum and Gonatobotrys. Ampulliferina B. Sutton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. persimplex B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: IMI 134269. Amundsenia Søchting, Garrido-Benavent, Arup & Frödén 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. austrocontinentalis Garrido-Benavent, Søchting, Pérez-Ortega & Seppelt, lichenized, see Søchting et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Amycosphaerella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. africana (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PERTH 05849543, CBS 110500. Amygdalaria Norman 1853, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, 14 species, type: A. pelobotryon (Wahlenb.) Norman, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Amylascus Trappe 1971, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: A. herbertianus (J.W. Cribb) Trappe, mycorrhizal, Australia, the Americas, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Healy et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are for several undescribed species. Amylis Speg. 1922, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one specie, type: A. memorabilis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Amylocarpus Cur. 1859 (= Plectolitus Kohlm. 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. encephaloides Curr., asexual morph unknown, drift wood, temperate marine waters, saprobe, sequence are available, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rämä et al. (2014; DNA, records in Norway), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Amylora Rambold 1994, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. cervinocuprea (Arnold) Rambold, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anabahusakala Carmo, J.S. Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. amapensis L.T. Carmo, J.S. Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, Carmo et al. (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Anacraspedodidymum C.R. Silva, R.F. Castañeda & Gusmão 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. aquaticum C.R. Silva, R.F. Castañeda & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Silva et al. (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anaexserticlava T.S. Santa Izabel, R.F. Castañeda & Gusmão 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. caatingae T.S. Santa Izabel, R.F. Castañeda & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Santa Izabel et al. (2015; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anamylopsora Timdal 1991, Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. pulcherrima (Vain.) Timdal (Lecidea pulcherrima Vain.), lichenized, saxicolous, terricolous, temperate northern hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype: TUR-V22644 (holotype), sequences are available. Anaphysmene Bubák 1906 (= Wakefieldia G. Arnaud, Bull 1954 [1953] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. heraclei (Lib.) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, Gautamala see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Anaptychia Körb. 1848 (= Anaptychiomyces E.A. Thomas 1939; = Hagenia Eschw. 1824; = Imbricaria (Schreb.) Michx. 1803; = Lichen sect. Imbricaria Schreb. 1791; Lichenoides Hoffm. 1789 [1790]; = Parmelia sect. Imbricaria (Schreb.) Fr. 1825; = Tornabenia A. Massal. 1853 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: A. ciliaris (L.) Körb. ex A. Massal., lichenized, see Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Prieto and Wedin (2016; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Anarhyma M.H. Pei & Z.W. Yuan 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. rhododendri M.H. Pei & Z.W. Yuan, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anariste Syd. 1927, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. poliothea Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, transferred to Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), placement in Micropeltidaceae supported by morphology, syntype of type: BPI 690985, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Anaselenosporella Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M. Arias 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. sylvatica Heredia, Castañeda & Arias, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2010a; morphology), Pratibha et al. (2011; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: MUCL 45630, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Selenosporella and Selenosporopsis. Anaseptoidium R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & R.M. Arias 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, type: A. mycophilum Castañeda, Heredia & Arias, mycophilous, on synnemata of Phaeoisaria clavulata, terrestrial, Mexico, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of type: XAL CB1696, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Septoidium. Ancistrosporella G. Thor. 1995 (= Ancistrospora G. Thor 1991 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: A. australiensis (G. Thor) G. Thor, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Ancoraspora Mig. Rodr. 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. cubensis Mig. Rodr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Andamanomyces Hosag. 2014, Asterinales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. fragariae Hosag., S.P. Mathew & D. Babu, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, biotrophic, terrestrial, India, see Hosagoudar et al. (2014; morphology, accepted as a genus in Asterinales), placement in Asterinales supported by morphology, holotype: TBGT 6666, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Andreiomyces B.P. Hodk. & Lendemer 2013, Andreiomycetaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: A. morozianus (Lendemer) B.P. Hodk. & Lendemer, lichenized, see Hodkinson and Lendemer (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: NY1377. Anema Nyl. ex Forssell 1885 (= Omphalaria A. Massal. 1855 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, ten species, type: A. decipiens (A. Massal.) Forssell, with ascomata, lichenized (cyanobacteria), terrestrial (saxicolous), arid, semiarid to warm temperate regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), see sequences are available. Angatia Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, five species, type: A. eugeniae Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Angelina Fr. 1849, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. rufescens (Schwein.) Duby, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dermateaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Karakehian et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), culture available for the type: JK 12040101. Angiactis Aptroot & Sparrius 2008, Arthoniales genus incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: A. littoralis (Kantvilas) Aptroot & Sparrius, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Aptroot et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Angiopomopsis Höhn. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. lophostoma Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anguillosporella U. Braun 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. vermiformis (Davis) U. Braun., hyphomycetous, terrestrial, foliicolous, leaf-spotting, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), lectotype of type: BPI 442755, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Angulimaya Subram. & Lodha 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. sundara Subram. & Lodha, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on dung, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, treated as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Angulospora Sv. Nilsson., 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. aquatica Sv. Nilsson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, on submerged decaying wood, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Angustimassarina Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Amorosiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. populi Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, fungicolous or saprobes, terrestrial, Germany and Italy, three species, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of type: MFLU 14–0588, MFLUCC 13–0034. Angustospora Abdel-Aziz 2016, Testudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. nilensis Abdel-Aziz, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Egypt, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: MFLU 15-1511, MF804. Anhellia Racib. 1900 (= Agostaea (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd. 1915; = Ramosiella Syd. & P. Syd. 1917; = Trabutia subgen. Agostaea Sacc. 1895; = Whetzeliomyces Viégas 1945 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: A. tristis Racib., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on leaves, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pinho et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), holotype of the type: F47931. Aniptodera Shearer & M. A. Mill. 1977, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, c. 16 species, type: A. chesapeakensis Shearer & Mill., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type strains of type: CS-97-26 = ATCC 32818, holotype: ILLS 36523. Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd. 1917 (= Apioporthe Höhn. 1917 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. virgultorum (Fr.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Anisomeridium (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy 1928 (= Arthopyrenia sect. Anisomeridium Müll. Arg., Flora 1883; = Compsosporiella Sankaran & B. Sutton 1991; = Ditremis Clem. 1909; = Lembidium Körb. 1855; = Microthelia Körb. 1855; = Sarcinulella B. Sutton & Alcorn 1983 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 200 species, type: A. xylogena Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd. 1914 (= Apiospora subgen. Phaeoapiospora Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902; Phaeoapiospora (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd. 1915; = Stegastroma Syd. & P. Syd. 1916 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: A. papilloideoseptatus (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes?, terrestrial, tropical America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum. 1964, Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. rosae I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch 1996, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. rotundatum K.R.L. Petersen & Jørg. Koch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Denmark, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: K. R. L. Petersen 9 slides numbered 1-9, Herbarium C, Copenhagen, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellodentimyces Matsush. 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. antennatuloideus Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellodochium Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. ramulisporum Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellolacinia B. Sutton 1964, Discosiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. dinemasporioides B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Trinidad, India, Australia, cultures and sequences are unavailable, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; taxonomy, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI37897c. Annellophora S. Hughes 1952 (= Chaetotrichum Syd. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 13 species, type: A. solani (Syd.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellophorella Subram. 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. densa (Syd. & P. Syd.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellophragmia Subram. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. coonoorensis (Subram.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellospermosporella P.R. Johnst. 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. meliolinae P.R. Johnst., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Annellosympodia McTaggart, R.G. Shivas & U. Braun 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. orbiculata McTaggart, Shivas & Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: PERTH 03270173, isotype BRIP 49805, paratype BRIP 19908, living cultures unavailable. Annellosympodiella Crous & Assefa 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. juniperi Crous & Assefa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ethiopia, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-21706, extype strain of type: CPC 23276. Annulatascus Ces. & De Not. 1863, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, c. 19 species, type: A. velatispora K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Boonyuen et al. (2012; new species; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Luo et al. (2015; taxonomy), holotype of type: BRIP 17373; epitype MFLU 16-2204. Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh 2005, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. truncatum (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh, four species, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, Europe, North America, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species, South Africa), Hladki and Romero (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pereira et al. (2010; new species, Brazil), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Li et al. (2016a; new species, Thailand), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Vasilyeva et al. (2016; new species), Kuhnert et al. (2017; new species, revision), Wendt et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer 2004, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. triseptatus (Wong, Hyde & Jones) Campb. & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Australia, Canada, USA, see Réblová et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), neotype of the type: HKU889, cultures available CBS 128831. Anomalographis Kalb 1992, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. madeirensis (Tav.) Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue 1891 (= Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue, Nouv 1891; = Anomomorpha Nyl. 1889; = Aulacographa Leight. 1854; = Ctesium Pers. 1827 [1826-1830]; = Digraphis Clem. 1909; = Diplographis Kremp. ex A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860]; = Dyplolabia A. Massal. 1854; = Graphidomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Opegrapha Humb. 1793; = Oxystoma Eschw. 1824; = Scaphis Eschw. 1824; = Thelographis Nyl. 1857 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: A. turbulenta (Nyl) Hue, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Anopeltis Bat. & Peres 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. venezuelensis Bat. & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Capnodiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anopodium N. Lundq. 1964, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. ampullaceum N. Lundq., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kruys et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Antarctomyces Stchigel & Guarro 2001, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. psychrotrophicus Stchigel & Guarro, asexual morph sporothrix-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bansal et al. (2014; antifreeze proteins), cultures and sequences are available. Anteaglonium Mugambi & Huhndorf 2009, Anteagloniaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: A. abbreviatum (Schwein.) Mugambi & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2009a, 2010, taxonomy), Almeida et al. (2014b, new species), Jayasiri et al. (2016, new species, asexual morph of this genus and reference specimens), Hyde et al. (2013, included in to new family, Anteagloniaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for the type: ANM 925aT. Antennatula Fr. ex F. Strauss 1850 (= Hormisciella Bat. 1956 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: A. pinophila Fr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Antennopsis R. Heim 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. gallica R. Heim & Buchli ex R. Heim, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Antennospora Meyers 1957, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. caribbea Meyers, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Pang et al. (2008b; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Antennulariella Woron. 1915 (= ?Antennariella Bat. & Cif.;= Capnodendron S. Hughes 1963; = Capnociferria Bat. 1963; = Capnocrinum Bat. & Cif. 1963; = Capnodina (Sacc.) Sacc. 1926; = Capnodium subgen. Capnodina Sacc. 1913 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Species Fungorum 2017), Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. fuliginosa Woron., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Antennulariellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, treated Antennariella Bat. & Cif. and Capnodendron S. Hughes as synonyms), Rossman et al. (2015b) did not agree with Wijayawadene et al. (2014c), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anthocanalis Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. sparti Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph nodulisporium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Daranagama et al. (2015a), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), Wendt et al. (2017; phylogeny), holotype and extype strains of type: MFLU 14–0225, MFLUCC 14–0010. Anthonectria Döbbeler 2010, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: A. mammispora Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, epiphytes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Döbbeler (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Anthopsis Fil. March., A. Fontana & Luppi Mosca 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. deltoidea Fil. March., A. Fontana & Luppi Mosca, asexual morph hyphomycetous, Europe, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Anthostoma Nitschke 1867, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. stictarum Nannf. & R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Cryptosphaeria Ces. & De Not.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are available. Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd. 1918 (= Anthostomella subgen. Anthostomaria Sacc. 1905 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. apogyra (Nyl.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision. Anthostomella Sacc. 1875 (= Cryptosordaria De Not. ex Sacc. 1891; = Entosordaria Speg. 1910, nom. Inval.; = Maurinia Niessl 1876; = Myconeesia Kirschst. 1936; ≡ Neesiella Kirschst. 1935; = Paranthostomella Speg. 1910; = Phaeophomatospora Speg. 1909 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, more than 100 species, type: A. tomicoides Sacc., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch. 1928, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. carpinea L.A. Kantsch., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision. Anthostomelloides Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde 2016, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. krabiensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Asia, see Tibpromma et al. (2017a; taxonomy), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Anthracobia Boud. 1885, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 20 species, type: A. melaloma (Alb. & Schwein.) Boud., scytalidium-like asexual morph has been reported, saprobes, terrestrial, on burnt soil, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Anthracocarpon Breuss 1996, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: A. virescens (Zahlbr.) Breuss, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Anthracoderma Speg. 1888, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. hookeri Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, South America see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Anthracothecium Hampe ex A. Massal. 1860 (= Phaeodictyon M. Choisy 1929 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, type: A. doleschallii A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot (2012; key), Weerakoon et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Antimanoa Syd. 1930, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. grisleae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Antoniomyces Inácio 2012, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. loranthicola Inácio, Araúz & M. Piepenbr., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Panama, see Inácio et al. (2012; morphology, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, holotype of type: PMA, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Antromyces Fresen. 1850, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: Antromyces copridis Fresen., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Anulohypha Cif. 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. serpens Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Dominican Republic, see Seifert et al. (2011; did not accept), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Anungitea B. Sutton 1973, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: A. fragilis B. Sutton, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c, 2016a; new species), Xia et al. (2015b; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Anungitopsis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: A. speciosa R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: INIFAT C88/275, sequences are available, compare with Anungitea and Iyengarina. Anzia Stizenb. 1861 (= Chondrospora A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 25 species, type: A. colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb., with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial, tropical to subtropical, see Crespo et al. (2010b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jayalal et al. (2012b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; phylogeny), Wang et al. (2015d; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Anzina Scheid. 1982, Ostropales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. carneonivea (Anzi) Scheid., lichenized, terrestrial, Eurasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Yu-liang et al. (2012; China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aoria Cif. 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. amphistroma Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Dominican Republic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Aparaphysaria Speg. 1922, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: A. doelloi Speg., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, South America, Tierra del Fuego, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apatelomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: A. ogmoceri Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic only host known is Ogmocerus sp. (Coleoptera, Pselaphidae), Afrotropical, Liberia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apatomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: A. laboulbenioides Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, dioecious, biotrophic only host known is Tachys ceylonicus Nietn. (Coleoptera, Carabidae), Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apatoplaca Poelt & Hafellner 1980 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. oblongula (H. Magn.) Poelt & Hafellner, lichenized, see Vondrák et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Apenidiella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. strumelloidea (Milko & Dunaev) Quaedvlieg & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Russia, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: BKMF-2534, ex-type strain of type: CBS 114484. Aphanandromyces W. Rossi 1982, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: A. audisioi W. Rossi, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic only host known is Brachypterus urticae (Coleoptera, Kateretidae), Europe, temperate to cool, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aphanoascus Zukal 1890, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 10 species, type: A. cinnabarinus Zukal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences and culture available. Aphanocladium W. Gams 1971, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. album (Preuss) W. Gams, asexual morphs unknown, on mycetozoans, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Aphanofalx B. Sutton 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. mali B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Pakistan, Zambia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revisions, holotype: IMI293036. Aphanophora Réblová & Unter. 2013, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: A. eugeniae (Crous & Alfenas) Réblová & Unter., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from living leaves of Eugenia uniflora, terrestrial, Rio Grande do Sul, see Réblová et al. (2013; taxonomy), ex-type cultures of the type: CBS 124105. Aphanopsis Nyl. ex Sydow 1882 (= Aphanopsis Nyl. ex P. Syd. 1887 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Aphanopsidaceae, Ascomycota family incertae sedis, two species, type: A. terrigena (Ach.) Nyl. ex P. Syd., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Printzen et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aphanostigme Syd. 1926 (= Gomezina Chardón & Toro 1934; = Somatexis Toro, in Chardon & Toro 1934 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 21 species, type: A. solani Syd., asexual morph unknown, ascomata occurring as a saprophyte or a leaf hair parasite, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aphanotria Döbbeler 2007, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. paradoxa Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Colombia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apharia Bonord. 1864, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one specie, type: H. nigrescens Bonord., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision Aphidomyces Brain 1923, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: no typification data, asexual morph unknown, in insects, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) did not include, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), needs generic revision. Apiculospora Wijayaw., Camporesi, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde 2016, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. spartii Wijayaw., W.J. Li, Camporesi, A.J.L. Phillips & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15–3556, MFLUCC 13–0400. Apinisia La Touche 1968, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: A. graminicola La Touche, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for the type: CBS 721.68. Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers 1987, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. alba Samuels & J.D. Rogers, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Apiocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1919 (= Apiosporella Speg. 1910 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: A. macrospora (Speg.) Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but unpublished, needs generic revision. Apioclypea K.D. Hyde 1994, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: A. livistonae K.D. Hyde, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species. Apiodiscus Petr. 1940, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. gillii Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apiognomonia Höhn. 1917, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 15 species, type: A. veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Vasilyeva and Stephenson (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr 1978, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. populi (E.K. Cash & Waterman) M.E. Barr, asexual morph discula-like, weak pathogens, terrestrial, temperate, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted genus in Valsaceae), Sogonov et al. (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Apioporthella Petr. 1929 (= Apiothecium Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1987 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. bavarica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, temperate, Europe, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Apiorhynchostoma Petr. 1923, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. apiculatum (Sacc.) Petr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams. 1967 (= Cainea S. Hughes 1951; = Echinopodospora B.M. Robison 1970; = Echinospora Mirza 1963; = Lacunospora Cailleux 1969 [1968] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 23 species; type: A. verruculosa Arx & W. Gams, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; genus accepted), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are and culture are available for type: CBS 244.71. Apiosphaeria (Spegazzini) Höhnel 1909 (= Anisochora Theiss. & Syd. 1915; = Oswaldia Rangel 1921 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: A. guaranitica (Speg.) Höhn, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, South America, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; genus accepted), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), culture are available for type: CCMF 766. Apiosporina Höhn. 1910 (= Dibotryon Theiss. & Syd. 1915 fide Zhang et al. 2011d), Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, c. two species, type: A. collinsii (Schwein.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani 1911 (= Guignardia subgen. Apiosporopsis Traverso 1907; = Sphaerognomonia Potebnia ex Höhn. 1917 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. saccardoana Mariani (as 'saccardiana'), asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, Europe, India, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Osono and Masuya (2012; diversity on Betulaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Keča et al. (2015; diversity on Poplars), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available for Apiosporopsis carpinea. Apiothyrium Petr. 1947, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. arcticum Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Finland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apiotypa Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. philippinensis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Phillipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision as Kirk et al. (2008) mentioned that type material is missing. Aplanocalenia Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda 2005, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. inconspicua (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Aplosporella Speg. 1880 (= Aplosporella subgen. Aplosporella Speg. 1880; = Aplosporella subgen. Euaplosporella Petr. & Syd. 1926; = Aplosporella subgen. Pleosphaeropsis (Died.) Petr. & Syd. 1880; = Epicyta Syd. 1926; = Microhaplosporella Sousa da Câmara 1949; = Pleosphaeropsis Died. 1916; = Podosporium Bonord. 1851; = Podosporium Sacc. & Schulzer 1884 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 70 species, type: A. chlorostroma Speg., asexual morph unknown coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Apodospora Cain & J.H. Mirza 1970, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: A. simulans Cain & J.H. Mirza, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), culture and sequences are available. Apodothina Petr. 1970, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. pringlei (Peck) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from living leaves, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apodus Malloch & Cain 1971, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. deciduus Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 506.70. Apogaeumannomyces Matsush. 2003, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. perplexus Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from living leaves, terrestrial, Peru, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: MFC 1P446, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apogloeum Petr. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. concinnum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rarely reported and in case on leaves of Lomatia polymorpha in Tasmania, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype: BPI 1110296. Apoharknessia Crous & S.J. Lee 2004, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. insueta (B. Sutton) Crous & S.J. Lee, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, Mauritius, Brazil, Colombia, see Crous et al. (2012f; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: herb. CBS 9913, CBS 111377. Apomelasmia Grove 1937 (= Cheilariopsis Petr. 1959 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: A.urticae (Fr.) Grove, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016) treated as a genus in Diaporthales, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aporellula B. Sutton 1986 [1985] (= Aporella Syd. 1939 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. erigerontis (Syd.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Ecuador, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, isotype: IMI 288252. Aporomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eleven species, type: A. uniflagellatus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Limnichidae, Histeridae, and Staphylinidae beetles, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossi and Santamaria (2015; Ecuador), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aposphaeria Sacc. 1880, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 189 species, type: A. pulviscula (Sacc.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph ?Melanomma Nitschke ex Fuckel, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Aposporella Thaxt. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A.elegans Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apostrasseria Nag Raj 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. lunata (Shear) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012) treated as a genus in Phacidiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Appendichordella R.G. Johnson, E.B.G. Jones & S.T. Moss 1987, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. amicta (Kohlm.) R.G. Johnson, E.B.G. Jones & S.T. Moss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Denmark, France, Germany, Yogoslavia, USA, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Appendicospora K.D. Hyde 1995, Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. coryphae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Appendicospora K.D. Hyde 1995, Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, type: A. coryphae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), in Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Appendiculella Höhn. 1919 (= Irenina F. Stevens 1927; = Meliola subgen. Irenina (F. Stevens) Cif. 1938 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, c. 110 species, type: A. calostroma (Desm.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Appendispora K.D. Hyde 1994, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. frondicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Didymosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a; transferred to Roussoellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde 2000, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. closterium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Xylariales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Apseudocercosporella Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. trigonotidis Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: KUS-F20054, CBS 131890 = CPC 10864. Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman 2007, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: A. terricola Lücking, Umaña & Sipman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Trypetheliaceae), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b, c; classification), sequences are available. Aquadiscula Shearer & J.L. Crane 1985, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. appendiculata Shearer & J.L. Crane, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on submerged leaf, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aquadulciospora Fallah & Shearer 2001, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. rhomboidia Fallah & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: ILLS 53999, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aqualignicola Ranghoo, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde 2001, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. hyalina Ranghoo, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, terrestrial, China, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hu et al. (2012a; new species, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: HKU (M) 12178, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aquamarina Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1996, Sordariomycetes genera incerate sedis, one species, type: A. speciosa Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, Jamaica, USA, see Lombard et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-epitype of type: CBS 257.54. Aquapeziza D.M. Hu, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde 2012, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: A. globispora D.M. Hu, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, China, see Hu et al. (2012c; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and cultures available for the type: IFRD 8978, DMH-2010. Aquaphila Goh, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho 1998, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. albicans Goh, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho, sexual morph tubeufia-like, saprobes, submerged wood in aquatic habitats, see Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, sexual morph), cultures and sequences are available for authentic strains BCC 3520, BCC 3543 and reference strains MFLUCC16-0010, MFLUCC16-0020. Aquapoterium Raja & Shearer 2008, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. pinicola Raja & Shearer, saprobes, aquatic, see Koukol and Kolárová (2010; demonstrated that Bactrodesmium gabretae Koukol & Kolářová, which was isolated from spruce needles is closely related to A pinicola Raja & Shearer, in the Helotiales), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), ex-type strain F47-1 = MYA 4213 (American Type Culture Collection), holotype: F47-1, ILL 40117 Aquapteridospora J. Yang, K.D. Hyde & Maharachch. 2015, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. lignicola Yang Jing, K.D. Hyde & Maharachch., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Thailand, see Yang et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: MFLU 15-1172. Aquasphaeria K.D. Hyde 1995, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. dimorphospora K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: BRIP 21482, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aquastroma Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Parabambusicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. magniostiolata Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30122, CBS 139680. Aquasubmersa K.D. Hyde & Huang Zhang 2012, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. mircensis Huang Zhang & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Aisa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhang et al. (2012a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Aquaticola W.H. Ho, K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K. D. Hyde 1999, Annulatascaceae, Incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: A. triseptata K.M. Tsui, Hodgkiss & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, Australia, China, see Lumbsch and Hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: HKU(M) 2969. Aquilomyces D.G. Knapp, Kovács, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous 2015, Morosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. patris D.G. Knapp, Kovács, Groenewald & Crous, endophytes, see Knapp et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Arachniotus J. Schröt. 1893 (= Disarticulatus G.F. Orr 1977; = Petalosporus G.R. Ghosh, G.F. Orr & Kuehn 1963; = Plunkettomyces G.F. Orr 1977; = Rollandina Pat. 1905; = Waldemaria Bat., H. Maia & Cavalc. 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: A. ruber (Tiegh.) J. Schröt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, Poland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ropars et al. (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: MUCL 39748, needs generic revision. Arachnocrea Z. Moravec 1956, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. stipata (Fuckel) Z. Moravec, asexual morphs ?verticillium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Arachnomyces Massee & E.S. Salmon 1902, Arachnomycetaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, ten species, type: A. nitidus Massee & E.S. Salmon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Gueidan et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for the type: AB075351, needs generic revision. Arachnopeziza Fuckel 1870 (= Arachnopezizella Kirschst. 1938; = Arachnoscypha Boud. 1885 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Arachnopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 15 species, type: A. aurelia (Pers.) Fuckel., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes worldwide, common in temperate and subtropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequence are available but lacks for the type species. Arachnophora Hennebert 1963 (= Cacahualia Mercado & R.F. Castañeda 1984; = Sopagraha Subram. & Sudha 1979 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. fagicola Hennebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Pratibha et al. (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arachnoscypha Boud. 1885, Arachnopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: A. aranea (De Not.) Boud., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, UK, see Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Index Fungorum (2017; treated as a synonym of Arachnopeziza Fuckel), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arachnospora R.F. Castañeda, Minter & Camino 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. insolita R.F. Castañeda, Minter & Camino, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: MUCL 42859, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Arachnophora and Iyengarina. Arachnotheca Arx 1971, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: A. glomerata (E. Müll. & Pacha-Aue) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sigler et al. (2013; DNA), culture available for the type: UAMH 3551. Araneomyces Höhn. 1909 (= Paranectriella (Henn. ex Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Höhn. fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Paranectriellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: A. acarifer Höhn., sexual morph formerly known in Paranectriella, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arborillus Munt.-Cvetk. & Gómez-Bolea 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. llimonae Munt.-Cvetk. & Gómez-Bolea, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arborispora K. Ando., 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. palma K. Ando, in rainwater draining from leaves of Quercus: Honshu, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sexual morph unknown, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arbusculina Marvanová & Descals 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: A. irregularis (R.H. Petersen) Marvanová & Descals, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Funck et al. (2015; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Archaeorhizomyces Rosling & T.Y. James 2011, Archaeorhizomycetaceae, Archaeorhizomycetales, Archaeorhizomycetes, two species (but many others are predicted from the analysis of environmental sequences), type: A. finlayi Rosling & T.Y. James, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Sweden, Lithuania, see Rosling et al. (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Menkis et al. (2014; new species, Lithuania, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type cultures: MICH 72671, CBS 128710. Architrypethelium Aptroot 1991, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: A. seminudum(Mont.) Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arctocetraria Kärnefelt & Thell 1993, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. andrejevii (Oxner) Kärnefelt & A. Thell, lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous or terricolous), Northern Hemisphere (arctic), see Thell et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arctomia Th. Fr. 1860, Arctomiaceae, Arctomiales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: A. delicatula Th. Fr. lichenized (cyanobacteria), terrestrial (saxicolous, terricolous or corticolous), cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Magain and Sérusiaux (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Otálora and Wedin (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arctomollisia Raitv. 2008, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. oxyparaphysata (Rehm) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Magadan, see Raitviir (2008; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arctoparmelia Hale 1986, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: A. centrifuga (L.) Hale, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (mainly saxicolous), arctic and alpine regions of Northern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arcuadendron Sigler & J.W. Carmich. 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. ovatum Sigler & J.W. Carmich, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, soil, India, former Yugoslavia, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-type strain of type: = ATCC 34519, CBS 122.77, sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arecacicola Joanne E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 2001, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. calami Joanne E. Taylor, J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: HKU (M) 1126a, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arecomyces K.D. Hyde 1996, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: A. frondicola K.D. Hyde, ascomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, reported only from palms, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Vitoria et al. (2011, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arecophila K.D. Hyde 1996, Cainiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 15 species, type: A. gulubiicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South East Asia and Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lee et al. (2013a; sesquiterpenes from A. saccharicola), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data available for two species but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Arenariomyces Höhnk 1954, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. trifurcatus Höhnk, aquatic, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Areolospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis 1974, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. terrophila S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Argentinomyces N.I. Peña & Aramb. 1997, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. naviculisporus Peña & Aramb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Argentina, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Koch (2013, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: LPS 45469. Argopericonia B. Sutton & Pascoe 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. elegans B. Sutton & Pascoe, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprophytes, Australia, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need further revisions, holotype: VPRI13846. Argopsis Th.Fr. 1857, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. megalospora Th. Fr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Brigantiaeaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Argynna Morgan 1895, Argynnaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: A. polyhedron (Schwein.) Morgan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Argynnaceae, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aristastoma Tehon 1933, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. concentrica Tehon, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhu et al. (2012; DNA, pathogens), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arkoola J. Walker & Stovold 1986, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. nigra J. Walker & Stovold, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Zhang et al. (2011d; provisionally accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept as Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Armata W. Yamam. 1958, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. macrospora (W. Yamam.) W. Yamam., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Armatella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (= Artallendea Bat. & H. Maia 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Armatellaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: A. litseae (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide distribution, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2009; distribution on Lauraceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hosagoudar et al. (2013; new species), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; family placement), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arnaudiella Petr. 1927 (= Seynesiola Speg. 1918 fide Wu et al. 2011), Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: A. caronae (Pass.) Petr., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprophyte, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter 1873, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: A. lanuginosum Nitschke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes and coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1994 (= Sulcospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1993 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. junci (Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arpinia Berthet 1974, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: A. inops Berthet, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Arrhenosphaera Stejskal 1974, Ascosphaeraceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: A. craneae Stejskal, asexual morph unknown, from bee hive, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences and culture available. Arthonia Ach. 1806 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, c. 500 species, type: A.radiata (Pers.) Ach. 1808, sexual morph with mainly apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, lichenicolous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Arthophacopsis Hafellner 1998, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: A. parmeliarum Hafellner, lichenicolous, terrestrial, North America, Europe (including Canary Islands), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: Hafellner 41023 (GZU), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Arthopyrenia A. Massal. [nom. cons.] 1852, Arthopyreniaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. cerasi (Schrad.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Arthopyreniaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Arthotheliopsis Vain. 1896, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: A. hymenocarpoides Vain., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arthothelium A. Massal. 1852, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, ten species, type: A. spectabile Flot. ex A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arthrinium Kunze 1817 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 64 species, type: A. caricicola Kunze & J.C. Schmidt, saprobes, pathogenic, endophytic, terrestrial, widely distribute, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous and Groenewald (2013; phylogeny), Crous and Groenewald (2013; asexual morph, morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Dai et al. (2016; sexual and asexual morph, morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species. Arthrobotrys Corda 1839 (= Dactylariopsis Mekht. 1967; = Dactylium Nees 1816 [1816-17]; = Didymozoophaga Soprunov & Galiulina 1951; = Duddingtonia R.C. Cooke 1969; = Monacrosporium Oudem. 1885; = Woroninula Mekht. 1979 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, 112 species, type: A. superba Corda, sexual morph unknown, nematophagous, terrestrial, marine, worldwide see Han et al. (2008; extrolite profiling), Li et al. (2008c, 2009a; taxonomic revision, new species), Swe et al. (2008; new species, marine), Wang et al. (2008b, 2013a, e; amino acid effect, mutant predatory activity, immunological effect of nanoparticles), Braga et al. (2009, 2010, 2014; predatory activity), Ranjbar-Bahadori et al. (2010; in vivo study), Silva et al. (2010; control sheep gastroenteritis), Zhang et al. (2011f, 2012b, 2013e; phylogeny, metabolites studyv, genetic diversity), Carvalho et al. (2011; predatory activity after freeze dry), Niu and Zhang (2011; review), Su et al. (2011a; new species), Wei et al. (2011, 2013; Arthrobotrisins, chitinase encoding gene analysis), Yang et al. (2011b, 2013a; genomics, proteomics), Freire et al. (2012; effect of Fusarium extrolites), Qiao et al. (2012; description), Singh et al. (2012, 2013c; role in plant immunity, biocontrol potential), Wu et al. (2012a; 2013a; new species, metabolite profiling), Arias et al. (2013; developmental biology), Chen et al. (2013c; trap formation), Falbo et al. (2013; characterization), Jamshidnejad et al. (2013; biocontrol activity), Liang et al. (2013, 2015; cell signalling, proteomic and transcriptional analyses), Wang et al. (2013a; nematophagous), Yang et al. (2013; nematode trapping), Braga et al. (2014; predatory activity after preservation), Liu et al. (2014d; new species), Mostafanezhad et al. (2014; nematode control), Pandit et al. (2014; protease study), Zhao et al. (2014b; malate synthase gene), sequences are available for few species, including type: KT215210. Arthrobotryum Ces. 1854 (= Arthrographium Ces. 1854; = Lindauomyces Koord. 1907; = Wettsteiniella Kuntze 1891 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. stilboideum Ces., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Arthrocatena Egidi & Selbmann 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. tenebrio E. Egidi & L. Selbmann, rock-inhabiting fungus, conidia resulting from arthric secession, sexual morph unknown, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type cultures available for the type: CBS 136100 = CCFEE 5413. Arthrocladiella Vassilkov 1960, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: A. lycii (Lasch) Vassilkov, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Arthrocladium Papendorf 1969, Trichomeriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: A. caudatum Papendorf, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa and Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Nascimento et al. (2016; phylogeny, human opportunist), ex-type strains of type: CBS 457.67. Arthrocristula Sigler, M.T. Dunn & J.W. Carmich. 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. hyphenata Sigler, M.T. Dunn & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arthroderma Curr. 1860 (= Nannizzia Stockdale 1961 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 41 species, type: A. curreyi Berk, asexual morph unknown, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus not accepted), sequences and culture are available for type: NCPF 0797 Arthrographis G. Cochet ex Sigler & J.W. Carmich. 1976, Eremomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, twelve species, type: A. kalrae (R.P. Tewari & Macph.) Sigler & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on human, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Giraldo et al. (2014a; phylogeny, new species), cultures available for type: CBS 693.77. Arthrophiala W.S. Lisboa, Meir. Silva & R.W. Barreto 2016, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. arthrospora (D.J. Soares et al.) W.S. Lisboa, Meir. Silva & R.W. Barreto, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: VIC 30505, COAD 658. Arthropsis Sigler, M.T. Dunn & J.W. Carmich. 1982, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: A. truncata Sigler, M.T. Dunn & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, need generic revision. Arthrorhaphis Th. Fr. [nom. cons.] 1860 (= Gongylia Körb. 1855; = Mycobacidia Rehm 1890 [1896]; = Parathalle Clem. 1909; = Raphiospora A. Massal. 1853 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Arthrorhaphidaceae, order incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: A. flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Th. Fr.; lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arthrorhynchus Kolen. 1857 (= Helminthophana Peyr. 1873 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, one additional species (A. acrandros Merola) is doubtful, type: A. nycteribiae (Peyr.) Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, hosts are Nycteribiidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), Eastern Hemisphere distribution, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for type species. Arthrosporium Sacc. 1880 (= Phragmostilbe Subram. 1959 fide Seifert et al. 2011), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. albicans (Sacc.) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Arthrosporum A. Massal. 1853 (= Arthrospora Th. Fr. 1861 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. populorum Massal., with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous), Northern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Arthrowallemia R.F. Castañeda, Dania García & Guarro 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. formosa R.F. Castañeda, Dania García & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: INIFAT C95/88, sequences are unavailable, compare with Arthrocristala, Bahusakala and Parasympodiella. Arthroxylaria Seifert & W. Gams 2002, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. hunteri Lloyd, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Hypoxylaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Articulophora C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. variispora C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype: Wang 11021. Articulospora Ingold 1942, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: A. tetracladia Ingold, hyphomycetous, saprobes, endophytic, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Seena et al. (2012; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Baschien et al. (2013; phylogeny), compare with Geniculospora and Isthmotricladia. Artocarpomyces Subram. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. paradoxa Subram., saprobes, terrestrial, Singapore, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: MUBL 3147, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arundellina Wanasinghe, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2016, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. typhae Wanasinghe, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16-1276, MFLUCC 16-0310. Arwidssonia Arwidssonia B. Erikss. 1974, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. empetri (Rehm) B. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, plant pathogen, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Arxiella Papendorf 1967, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. terrestris Papendorf, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; DNA, new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Arxiomyces P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw. 1983 (= Ceratostoma Pers. 1818; = Phaeostoma Arx & E. Müll. 1954 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. vitis (Fuckel) P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, on bark, Europe, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asahinea W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. 1965, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species; type: A. chrysantha (Tuck.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Asaphomyces Thaxt. 1931 (= Barbariella Middelh. 1949 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: A. cholevae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Leiodidae beetles, terrestrial, widespread, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascitendus J. Campb. & Shearer 2004, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. austriacus (Réblová, Winka & Jaklitsch) J. Campb. & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: PRM 842991, cultures available for the type: CBS 131685. Ascluella DiCosmo, Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1983, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. symplocina (P. Syd.) DiCosmo, Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascobolus Pers. 1792 (= Anserina Velen. 1934; = Ascobolus sect. Sphaeridiobolus (Boud.) Brumm. 1967; = Ascobolus subgen. Dasyobolus Sacc. 1889; = Crouaniella (Sacc.) Lambotte 1887 [1888]; = Dasyobolus (Sacc.) Sacc. 1895; = Phaeopezia subgen. Crouaniella Sacc. 1884; = Seliniella Arx & E. Müll. 1955; = Sphaeridiobolus Boud. 1885 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascobolaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 70 species, type: A. pezizoides Pers., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Doveri (2011, 2014; worldwide key), Mungai et al. (2012c; from dung), Aluoch et al. (2015; fungi on wildlife dung), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Ascocalathium Eidam ex J. Schröt. (1893) [1908], Pezizales, genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: A. stipitatum Eidam ex J. Schröt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Pyronemataceae), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascocalvatia Malloch & Cain 1971, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. alveolata Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for the type: ATCC 22147. Ascocalyx Naumov 1926 (= Bothrodiscus Shear 1907; = Lagerbergia J. Reid 1971 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Godroniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: A. abietis Naumov, asexual morph Bothrodiscus, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Ascocephalophora K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. petasiformis K. Matsush. & Matsush., needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascocephalophora K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1995, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: A. petasiformis K. Matsush. & Matsush., Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascochalara Réblová 1999, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. gabretae Réblová, asexual morph chalara-like, saprobes, Czech Republic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence available but lack for the type species, generic placement is based on non-type species, needs generic revision. Ascochyta Lib. 1830 (= Ascochyta subgen. Ascochytula Potebnia 1907; = Ascochytella Tassi 1902; = Ascochytula (Potebnia) Died. 1912; = Macrodiplodina Petr. 1962 [1961]; = Stagonosporopsis Died. 1912 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 400 species, type: A. pisi Lib., coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Chilvers et al. (2009; pathogens), Aveskamp et al. (2010; phylogeny), de Gruyter et al. (2009; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision as more than 1000 records are available. Ascochytopsis Henn. 1905 (= Cryptogene Syd. 1939; = Cryptogenella Syd. 1939; = Scleroparodia Petr. 1934 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: A. vignae Henn., coelomycetous, saprobes, endophytic, pathogenic, terrestrial and aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascochytulina Petr. 1922 (= Clypeodiplodina F. Stevens 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A.deflectens (P. Karst.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascoclavulina Otani 1974, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: A. sakaii Y. Otani, asexual morph gliomastix-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascocodinaea Samuels, Cand. & Magni 1997, Glomerellales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. stereicola Samuels, Cand. & Magni, asexual morph dictyochaeta-like, saprobes, on old polypore, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ascoconidium Seaver 1942 (= Sageria A. Funk 1975 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: A. castaneae Seaver, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Sageria, saprobes, Asia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Johnston et aal. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascocorticiellum Jülich & B. de Vries 1982, Ascocorticiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: A. vermisporum (Hauerslev) Jülich & B. de Vries, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascocorticium Bref. 1891, Ascocorticiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: A. albidum Bref. & Tavel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascocoryne J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson 1967 (= Coryne Nees 1816; = Pirobasidium Höhn. 1902; Pleurocolla Petr. 1924; = Endostilbum Malençon 1964 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: A. sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson, asexual morph Monilia, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Zhu et al. (2016; pathogens, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ascocratera Kohlm. 1986, Aigialaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. manglicola Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Pang et al. (2010b; diversity), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Zhang et al. (2012e, 2016a; phylogeny), Boonmee et al. (2012; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2012; phylogeny, review), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Wanasinghe et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype and exisotype of type: J.K. 4812a (FH), J.K.4812b (IMS). Ascocylindrica Abdel-Wahab, Bahkali & E.B.G. Jones 2015, Ascocylindricaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. marina Abdel-Wahab, Bahkali & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Saudi Arabia, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-0750, MFLUCC 15-0750. Ascodesmis Tiegh. 1876, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, six species, type: A. aurea Tiegh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doveri (2011; new record from Italy), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species. Ascodichaena Butin 1977 (= Polymorphum Chevall. 1822 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Ascodichaenaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. rugosa Butin, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), culture available for type: DSM 4703. Ascofascicula Matsush. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: A. talaroluteoides Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species. Ascographa Velen. 1934, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. hederae Velen., asexual morph unknown, former Czechoslovakia, on decaying trunk of Hederae helicis, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascoidea Bref. 1891, Ascoideaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: A. rubescens Bref., asexual morph unknown (by budding of cells and formation of hyphae), saprophyte, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde 1998, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph trichocladium-like, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Ascolectus Samuels & Rogerson 1990, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: A. albus Samuels & Rogerson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascomauritiana Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. lignicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Mauritius, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type species HKU (M) 5255. Ascominuta Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde 2000, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. lignicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Thailand, Hong Kong, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: HKU (M) 5246. Ascophanus Boud. 1869, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. granuliformis (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bansal et al. (2014; antifreeze proteins), cultures and sequences are available. Ascopolyporus Möller 1901, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: A. polychrous Möller, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ascoporia Samuels & A.I. Romero 1993 (= Pseudosolidum Lloyd (as McGinty) 1923 fide Hyde et al. 2013), Ascoporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: A. lateritia Samuels & A.I. Romero, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures are unavailable. Ascorhiza Lecht.-Trinka 1931, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. leguminosarum Lecht.-Trinka, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascorhizoctonia Chin S. Yang & Korf 1985, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, seven species, type: A. praecox Chin S. Yang & Korf, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species. Ascorhombispora L. Cai & K.D. Hyde 2007, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. aquatica L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: HKU (M) 10859, cultures and sequences are available. Ascoronospora Matsush. 2003, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. yakuensis Matsush., asexual morph coronospora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascosacculus J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer 2003, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. aquaticus (K.D. Hyde) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, saprobes, aquatic, cosmoplitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Ascosorus Henn. & Ruhland 1900 (= Gymnoascopsis C. Moreau & M. Moreau 1959 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascocorticiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. floridanus (Ellis & G. Martin) Henn. & Ruhland, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascosparassis Kobayasi 1960, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: A. shimizuensis Kobayasi, saprobes, terrestrial, tropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascosphaera L.S.Olive & Spiltoir 1955 (= Pericystis Betts 1912 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascosphaeraceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: A. apis (Maasen ex Claussen) L.S. Olive & Spiltoir, pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and culture available for type: NBRC 31608. Ascostratum Syd. & P. Syd. 1912, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. insigne Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2014; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascotaiwania Sivan. & H.S. Chang 1992, Savoryellaceae, Savoryellales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: A. lignicola Sivan. & H.S. Chang, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; 2016), holotype: IMI 348977. Ascotremella Seaver 1930, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. faginea (Peck) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascotricha Berk. 1838 (= Dicyma Boulanger 1897; = Gonytrichella Emoto & Tubaki 1971; = Puciola De Bert. 1976 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. chartarum Berk., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cheng et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ascotrichella Valldos. & Guarro 1988, Xylariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. hawksworthii Valldos. & Guarro, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ascovaginospora Fallah, Shearer & W.D. Chen 1997, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. stellipala Fallah, Shearer & W.D. Chen, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: ILLS 52319, sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde 2005, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. aquatica L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, aquatic, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ascozonus (Renny) E.C. Hansen 1877 (= Ascobolus sect. Ascozonus Renny, Trans. 1873 [1871-1873]; = Gymnodiscus Zukal 1887; = Streptotheca Vuill. 1887; = Zukalina Kuntze 1891 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, c. six species, type: A. cunicularius (Boud.) Marchal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but acks for the type species. Ashtaangam Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. sundaram Subram., hyphomycete, sexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: MUBL 3127. Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller 1768 (= Chaetosartorya Subram. 1972; = Cristaspora Fort & Guarro 1984; = Dichotomomyces Saito ex D.B. Scott 1970; = Emericella Berk. 1857; = Eurotium Link 1809; = Fennellia B.J. Wiley & E.G. Simmons 1973; = Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiy. 2002; = Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson 2000; = Neosartorya Malloch & Cain 1973; = Petromyces Malloch & Cain 1973; = Phialosimplex Sigler, Deanna A. Sutton, Gibas, Summerb. & Iwen 2010; = Polypaecilum G. Sm. 1961), Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 360 species, type: A. glaucus (L.) Link, mostly terrestrial, but also reported from aquatic environments, mainly saprobes associated with soil, plant material and foodstuffs, but also including phytopathogenic and clinically-relevant fungi causing opportunistic mycoses (aspergillosis) and mycotoxicoses in various vertebrates including humans, cosmopolitan, monophyletic but morphologically diverse both in its sexual and asexual morphs, see Peterson (2008; phylogeny), Sigler et al. (2010b; morphology as “Phialosimplex”), Varga et al. (2010a, b, 2011; phylogeny, new species, mycotoxins), Houbraken and Samson (2011; phylogeny), Guarro et al. (2012; selected soilborne species), Hubka et al. (2013a, 2013b, 2015, 2016a, 2016b; phylogeny, new combinations, new species), Asgari et al. (2014; new species, sexual morph), Samson et al. (2014; polyphasic taxonomy, new species, outline), Sugui et al. (2014; new species), Crous et al. (2015e; new species), Guinea et al. (2015; new species), Jurjević et al. (2015; new section and new species), Arzanlou et al. (2016b; new species), Tsang et al. (2016; new species), Visagie et al. (2017; new species), ex-neotype: CBS 516.65, sequences are available. Asperisporium Maubl. 1913, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: A. caricae (Speg.) Maubl., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Minnis et al. (2011; phylogeny, typification), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), ex-epitype strains of type: CBS 130298. Asperopilum Spooner 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. juncicola (Dennis) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Aspicilia A. Massal. [nom. cons.] 1852 (= Agrestia J.W. Thomson 1961; = Athecaria Nyl. 1897; = Chlorangium Link 1849; Manzonia Garov. 1866; Paraplacodium Motyka 1996; Sagedia Ach. 1809; Sphaerothallia Nees ex Eversm. 1831; = Urceolaria Hook. 1821 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 200 species, type: A. cinerea (L.) Körb., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nordin et al. (2010; phylogeny), Sohrabi et al. (2010; DNA), Raggio et al. (2011; survive exposure to space), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aspiciliopsis (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy 1929, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: A. macrophthalma (Hook. f. & Taylor) B. de Lesd., lichenized, see Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aspidothelium Vain. 1890 (= Aspidopyrenis Clem. & Shear 1931; = Aspidopyrenium Vain. 1890; = Aspidotheliomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Lecania sect. Secoligella Müll. Arg. 1919 [1918]; = Porinopsis Malme 1928; = Secoligella (Müll. Arg.) Vain. 1896 fide Species Fungorum 2017)), Thelenellaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: A. cinerascens Vain., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Aspidotheliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot et al. (2014d; new species), Nelsen et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Aspilaima Bat. & H. Maia 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. platoniae Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aspilidea Hafellner 2001, Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. myrinii (Fr.) Hafellner, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous), restricted to the alpine zone, see Jørgensen and Nordin (2009, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nordin et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Asteridiella McAlpine 1897 (= Irene Theiss. 1917; = Meliola subgen. Irene (Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd.) 1938; = Parasteridiella H. Maia 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, more than 300 species, type specie: A. solani McAlpine, asexual morph unknown, pathogens saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2009; host distribution in India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Asterina Lév. 1845 (see Hongsanan et al. 2014c for synonyms), Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, more than 700 species, type: A. melastomatis Lév., asexual morph coelomycetous or hyphomycetous (=asterostomella-like, clasterosporium-like and mahanteshomyces-like, fide Hofmann 2009). Epiphytes, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, most species do not have molecular data, see Hofmann (2009; review, DNA), Hosagoudar et al. (2010a; morphology of Bheemamyces), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, DNA, keys, nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny, taxonomy, DNA), neotype: PC 0084477, type sequence KP143739 (voucher VIC 42822). Asterinella Theiss. 1912 (= Calothyrium Theiss. 1912; = Opasterinella Speg. 1919 [1918] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, c 40 species, type: A. puiggarii (Speg.) Theiss., asexual morph coelomycetous (= asterostomula-like), epiphytes, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, no molecular data, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriacae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Wu et al. (2014; review, transferred to Asterinaceae), holotype: LPS 1377, cultures and sequences unavailable. Asterinema Bat. & Gayão 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. puiggarii (Speg.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, foliar epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Wu et al. (2014; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterinothyriella Bat. & Cif. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. landolphiae Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Uganda, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterinothyrium Bat., Cif. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. singulatum Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asteristion Leight. 1870, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: A. erumpens Leight., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, placement in Graphidaceae supported by molecular data, new synonym Phaeotrema Müll.Arg., see Medeiros et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016b; classification), sequences are available. Asteroconium Syd. & P. Syd. 1903, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. saccardoi Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, China, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asterodiscus Voglmayr, Gardiennet & Jaklitsch 2016, Stigmatodiscaceae, Stigmatodiscales, Dothideomycetes, two speies, type: A. tamaricis Voglmayr, Gardiennet & Jaklitsch, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Europe, see Voglmayr et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: WU 35906, cultures and sequences are available. Asterodothis Theiss. 1912, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. solaris (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; transferred this genus from Asterinaceae to Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asteroglobulus Brackel 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. giselae Brackel, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Brackel (2011a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asteroma DC. 1815 (= Actinonemella Höhn. 1916; = Cylindrosporella Höhn. 1916; = Depazea Fr. 1818; = Gloeosporina Höhn. 1916; = Ribaldia Cif. 1954; = Titaeosporina Luijk 1920 fide Sutton 1977; Species Fungorum 2017), Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, more than 200 species, type specie: M. stellaris (Pers.) Theiss. & Syd., sexual morph Gnomoniella, Plagiostoma, pathogens associated with leaf spots, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide distribution, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available for A. alneum. Asteromassaria Höhn. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: A. macrospora (Desm.) Höhn., twelve species but could be higher, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, parasites, terrestrial, Europe, India, Japan, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Morosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: CBS H-15119, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Asteromella Pass. & Thüm. 1880 (= Apiosporella Speg. 1912; = Aplosporidium Speg. 1912; = Plectophoma Höhn. 1907; = Porterula Speg. 1920; = Stictochorella Höhn. 1917; = Stictochorellina Petr. 1922 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 265 species, type: A. ovata Thüm., polyphyletic, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Asteromellopsis H.E. Hess & E. Müll. 1951, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. insculpta H.E. Hess & E. Müll., saprobes, Switzerland, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asteromidium Speg. 1888 (= Asterostomidium Lindau 1900 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. imperspicuum Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asteromyces Moreau & M. Moreau ex Hennebert 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. cruciatus Moreau & M. Moreau ex Hennebert, hyphomycetous, on seaweeds, sand grains, drift wood, saprobe, mostly marine temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gulder et al. (2012; biochemistry), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asteronectrioidea Cant. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. heveicola Cant., possibly hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Africa, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asteronia (Sacc.) Henn. 1895 (= Asterina subgen. Asteronia Sacc. 1882 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. sweetiae Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asteroporum Müll. Arg. 1884 (= Asteroporomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: A. perminimum Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Asteroscutula Petr. 1948, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. sydowii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Asterosporium Kunze 1819, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: A. asterospermum (Pers.) Hughes, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Tanaka et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 112404. Asterostomopora Bat. & H. Maia 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. jamaicensis Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, Jamaica, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterostomopsis Bat., Cif. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, A. ghanaensis Bat., Cif. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, rarely reported and in case on leaves of Lawsonia inermis in Ghana and India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterostomula Theiss. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: A. loranthi Theiss., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterostomulina Bat., J.L. Bezerra & H. Maia 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. phoebeicola Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rarely reported and in case on Phoebe rivularis, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Asterotexis Arx 1958, Asterotexaceae, Asterotexales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. cucurbitacearum (Rehm) Arx 1958, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; treated as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny, introdued Asterotexaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Asterotexis Arx 1958, Asterotexaceae, Asterotexiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. cucurbitacearum (Rehm) Arx, asexual morph unknown epiphytes, pathogens, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asteriaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny, DNA, transferred to a newly described family Asterotexaceae), placement in Asterotexaceae supported by morphology and phylogeny, syntype: S-F7565, type sequence KP143734 (voucher VIC 24814), HQ610510 (voucher PMA M-0141224). Asterothyrium Müll. Arg. 1890 (= Actinoteichus Cavalc. & Poroca 1971; = Asterothyriomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Diplopeltopsis Henn. ex Höhn. 1911; = Psorotheciella Sacc. & P. Syd. 1905 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 33 species; type: A. argenteum Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Flakus and Lücking (2008; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Astomella Thirum. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. neolitseae Thirum., saprobes, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Astrochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 26 species, type: A. astroidea (Berk. & Broome) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, ascomata apotheciate, conidiomata pycnidial, lichenforming, corticolous, pantropical, see Parnmen et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; classification). Astrocystis Berk. & Broome 1873, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. invocans Morgan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pinnoi et al. (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2015a; new species, DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Astronatelia Bat. & H. Maia 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. andromedae Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013 genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd. 1913 (= Asterella Hara 1936; = Asterotheca I. Hino 1938; = Astrosphaeria (Höhn.) Syd. 1913; = Astrotheca I. Hino 1938; = Leptosphaeria sect. Astrosphaeria Höhn. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Astrosphaeriellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 10 species, type: A. fusispora Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Tanaka et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type: MFLUCC 100555 Astrosphaeriellopsis Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde 2015, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. thailandensis Phookamsak, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Phookamsak et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Astrothelium Eschw. 1824, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, c. 250 species, type: A. conicum Eschw., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nelsen et al. (2014a; phylogeny) Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification). Asymmetricospora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 1998, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. calamicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Athallia Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: A. holocarpa (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, with ascomata, lichenized (‘Pseudotrebouxia’), (corticolous, epixylic, terricolous, saxicolous), cosmopolitan, see Arup et al. (2013, DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), Vondrák et al. (2016, geographical range), sequences are available for voucher JV14428 of the type: (fide Arup et al. 2013). Atichia Flot. 1850 (= Actinomma Sacc. 1884; = Hyphodictyon Millardet 1866; = Myriophysa Fr. 1849; = Seuratia Pat. 1904 fide Rossman et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota family incertae sedis, four species, type: A. mosigii Flot., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Seuratia Pat., widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atkinsonella Diehl 1950, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. hypoxylon (Peck) Diehl, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), cultures and sequences are available. Atla Savić & Tibell 2008, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, nine species, type: A. alpina Savić & Tibell, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Savic and Tibell (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tibell and Tibell (2015; new species, Alaska), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Pykälä and Myllys (2016; new species), holotype and culture of the type: UPS, Savić 3129, SS193. Atopospora Petr. 1925, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. betulina (Fr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atractilina Dearn. & Barthol. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. callicarpae Dearn. & Barthol., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atractium Link 1809, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. stilbaster Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or isolated from drinking water, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Gräfenhan et al. (2011; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), epitype and ex-epitype: CBS 410.67. Atractobolus Tode 1790, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A.ubiquitarius Tode, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atradidymella M.L. Davey & Currah 2009, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. muscivora M.L. Davey & Currah, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Davey and Currah (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: UAMH 10909, cultures and sequences are available. Atrogeniculata J.S. Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. submersa J.S. Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes of submerged leaves, Brazil, see Santa Izabel et al. (2015; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atrokylindriopsis Y.R. Ma & X.G. Zhang 2015, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. setulosa Y.R. Ma & X.G. Zhang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Ma et al. (2015; taxonomy, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of type: HSAUP H4560; HSAUPmyr4560, HMAS 245592. Atronectria Etayo 2008, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. magellanica Etayo, asexual morph unknown, parasymbion on macrolichens, aquatic, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), need revision, holotype: MAF, Etayo 22938, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Atropellis Zeller & Goodd. 1930, Godroniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: A. pinicola Zeller & Goodd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atrosetaphiale Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. flagelliformis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Atrotorquata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1993, Cainiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: Atrotorquata lineata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), only Atrotorquata spartii has sequence: MFLU 14–0738, MFLUCC 13–0444, further sequences are necessary for confirm its placement in Cainiaceae. Auerswaldia Sacc. 1883, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 20 species, type: A. examinans (Mont. & Berk.) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; phylogeny, treated as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; phylogeny, excluded from Botryosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Auerswaldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1914 (= Dimeriellina Chardón 1939; = Stichodothis Petr. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: A. puccinioides (Speg.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aulacostroma Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: A. palawanense Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aulaxina Fée 1825, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: A. opegraphina Fée, with ascomata, lichenized (Trebouxia), terrestrial (foliicolous and corticolous), tropical, see Lücking (2008; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), Sanders and de los Ríos (2016; outline), sequences are available. Aulographina Arx & E. Müll. 1960, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. pinorum (Desm.) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al (2014c; taxonomy, transferred to Teratosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: PC 0084689. Aulographum Lib. 1834, Aulographaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, c. 30, type: A. hederae Lib., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for type species MFLUCC 13-0001, CPC21373. Aulospora Speg. 1909, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. epimyces (Speg.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Aurantiosacculus Dyko & B. Sutton 1979, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: A. eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Dyko & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, foliicolous, pathogens, saprobes, three species, Australia, see Crous et al. (2012d; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: Reader No. 24 K. Aurapex Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. penicillata Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, ?pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of type: PREM 57520, CMW 10030 = CBS115740. Auratiopycnidiella Crous & Summerell 2012, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. tristaniopsidis Crous & Summerell, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2012d; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; classification, phylogeny), holotype and extype: CBS H-20932, CPC 16371. Aureobasidium Viala & G. Boyer 1891 (= Aureobasis Clem. & Shear 1931; = Dematoidium Stautz 1931; = Pachybasidiella Bubák & Syd. 1915; = Polyspora Laff. 1921 [1920-22]; = Protocoronis Clem. & Shear 1931; = Protocoronospora G.F. Atk. & Edgerton 1907; = Pullularia Berkhout 1923 fide Speccies Fungorum 2017), Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, 36 species, type: A. vitis Viala & G. Boyer, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Peterson et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; taxonomy), exepitype: CBS 130298. Auriculora Kalb 1988, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. byssomorpha (Nyl.) Kalb, lichenized, Neotropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Aurifilum Begoude, Gryzenh. & Jol. Roux 2010, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: A. marmelostoma, asexual morph ceolomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, Cameroon, Taiwan, see Begoude et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), extype: CBS 124928 = CMW28290; exparatypes of type: CBS 124929, CBS 124930; holotype: PREM 60256. Aurophora Rifai 1968, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: A. dochmia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rifai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Aurosphaeria Sun J. Lee, Strobel, Eisenman, Geary, Vargas & S.A. Strobel 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. flaviradians Sun J. Lee, Strobel, Eisenman, Geary, Vargas & S.A. Strobel, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Bolivia, see Lee et al. (2009c; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: MONT 2349, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Australiaena Matzer, H. Mayrhofer & Elix 1997, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. streimannii Matzer, H. Mayrhofer & Elix, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous), Australia, Papua-New Guinea see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Austrella P.M. Jørg. 2004, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. arachnoidea P.M. Jørg., with ascomata, lichenized (Nostoc), terrestrial (corticolous), Australia, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for the type species. Austroafricana Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, hyphomycetous, three species, type: A. associata (Crous & Carnegie) Quaedvl. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: CBS-H 19833, ex-type: CPC 13119. Austrocenangium Gamundí 1997, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: A. australe (Speg.) Gamundí, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Austrographa Sparrius, Elix & A.W.Archer 2010, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: A. kurriminensis Sparrius, Elix & A.W. Archer, lichenized, see Sparrius et al. (2010, 2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Austrolecia Hertel 1984, Catillariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. antarctica Hertel, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Austroparmeliella (P.M. Jørg.) P.M. Jørg. 2014, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: A. arachnoidea P.M. Jørg., with ascomata, lichenized (Nostoc), terrestrial (corticolous), Australia, New Zealand, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Austroparmelina A. Crespo, Divakar & Elix 2010, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: A. endoleuca (Taylor) A. Crespo, Divakar & Elix, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous, saxicolous), Australasia, South Africa, see Crespo et al. (2010a, b; taxonomy), Kantvilas and Divakar (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Austropeltum Henssen, Döring & Kantvilas 1992, Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: A. glareosum Henssen, Döring & Kantvilas, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (terricolous), Tasmania and New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification). Austropezia Spooner 1987, Arachnopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: A. samuelsii (Korf) Spooner, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hyaloscyphaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Austroplaca Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: A. ambitiosa (Darb.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Austropleospora R.G. Shivas & L. Morin 2010, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: A. osteospermi R.G. Shivas & L. Morin, asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, South Africa, see Morin et al. (2010), Thambugala et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; phylogeny), holotype of the type: BRIP 52234, isotype BRIP 51628 (includes ex-isotype culture). Austroroccella Tehler & Ertz 2013, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: A. gayana (Mont.) Tehler & Ertz, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, Chile, see Tehler et al. (2013b; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available Austrostigmidium Pérez-Ortega & Garrido-Benavent 2015, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: A. mastodiae Pérez-Ortega & GarridoBenavent, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Artarctica, Tierra del Fuego, asexual morph coelomycetous, see Pérez-Ortega et al. (2015, phylogeny, taxonomy), closely related to the lichenicolous genus Xanthoriicola and the rock-inhabiting fungal genus Friedmanniomyces, holotype: MA–Lich 18215. Austrotrema I. Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch 2017, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: A. bicinctulum (Nyl.) I. Medeiros, Lücking & Lumbsch, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Medeiros et al. (2017; taxonomy), sequences are available. Autoicomyces Thaxt. 1908, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 28 species, type: A. acuminatus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Hydrophilidae beetles, aquatic, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Autophagomyces Thaxt. 1912 (= Bordea Maire 1916 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 20 species, type: A. platensis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Anthicidae, Phalacridae, and Staphylinidae beetles, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Auxarthron G.F. Orr & Kuehn 1963, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 17 species, type: A. californiense G.F. Orr & Kuehn, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crous et al. (2013b; new species, Portugal), Hubka et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Auxarthronopsis Rahul Sharma, Gräser & S.K. Singh 2011, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 18 species, type: A. californiense G.F. Orr & Kuehn, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Sharma et al. (2011; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Avesicladiella W.P. Wu, B. Sutton & Gange 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: A. britannica Wu, Sutton & Gange, saprobes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, UK, China, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 372453, sequence are unavailable. Avettaea Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: A. philippinensis Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Awasthiella Kr. P. Singh 1980, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: A. indica Kr. P. Singh, lichenized, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ayria Fryar & K.D. Hyde 2004, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A. appendiculata Fryar & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, aquatic, Costa Rica, USA, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al (2016), holotype: HKU (M) 15553. Azbukinia Lar. N. Vassiljeva 1989, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: A. ferruginea (Fuckel) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Azureothecium Matsush. 1989, Eurotiomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: A. australiense Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Babjeviella Kurtzman & M. Suzuki 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: B. inositovora (Golubev & Blagod.) Kurtzman & M. Suzuki, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and cells are short-ellipsoid to elongate, saprophytes, known from peat, rotted balsam fir (Abies balsamea), insect frass, unidentified tree, Russia, Canada, USA, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), Kurtzman and Robnett (2013; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Bachmanniomyces D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incerate sedis, type: B. uncialicola (Zopf) D. Hawksw. (syn. Phyllosticta uncialicola Zopf), three species, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, gall-forming on lichens, Europe, North and South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), lectotype: E, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bacidia De Not. 1846 (= Bacidiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Byssopsora A. Massal. 1861; = Psorella Müll. Arg. 1894; = Sporacestra A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860]; = Urophora Sommerf. ex Arnold 1899 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 230 species, type: B. rosella (Pers.) De Not., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bacidina Vězda [nom. cons.] 1991, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: B. phacodes (Körb.) Vězda, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Czarnota and Guzow-Krzeminska (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bacidiopsora Kalb 1988, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: B. squamulosa (Nyl.) Kalb (Lecidea squamulosa Nyl.), lichenized, corticolous, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bacillopeltis Bat. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. paypayrolae Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bactridium Kunze 1817 (= Damnosporium Corda 1842; = Ericianella Brond. 1828 [18281830; = Podobactridium Penz. & Sacc. ex Petch 1916 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: B. flavum Kunze, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bactrodesmiastrum Hol.-Jech. 1984, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. obscurum Hol.-Jech., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Bactrodesmiella M.B. Ellis 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. masonii (S. Hughes) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bactrodesmium Cooke 1883, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, more than 48 species, type: B. abruptum (Berk. & Broome) Mason & Hughes, sexual morph Stuartella spp., saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, worldwide, see Zhao et al. (2009; outline, diversity), da Cruz and Gusmão (2009; diversity), Koukol and Kolářová (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Kalko (2011; diversity), Seephueak et al. (2011a, 2011b; diversity), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2013; morphology), Tanaka et al. (2015; phylogeny), sequences are available. Bactrosphaeria Penz. & Sacc. 1897, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one specie, type: B. asterostoma Penz. & Sacc, asexual morph unknown, saprobe, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bactrospora A. Massal. 1852 (= Bactrosporomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Melampydiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Melampylidium Stirt. ex Müll. Arg. 1894; = Scolecactis Clem. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, 35 species, type: B. dryina (Ach.) A. Massal., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Knudsen et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sobreira et al. (2015; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Bactrospora A. Massal. 1852, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, 35 species; type: B. dryina (Ach.) A. Massal., lichenized, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Baculifera Marbach & Kalb 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 14 species, type: B. orosa Marbach., with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (mostly corticolous and lignicolous), tropical, see Elix and Kantvilas (2014; new records), Elix and Mayrhofer (2016; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; DNA, genus accepted), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Baculospora Zukal 1887, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. pellucida Zukal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bacusphaeria Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong 2017, Tirisporellaceae, Tirisporellales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. nypae Norlailatul, Alias & Suetrong, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Malaysia, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2017; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 13-0617, BCC51275 Badarisama Kunwar, J.B. Manandhar & J.B. Sinclair 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. sojae Kunwar, J.B. Manandhar & J.B. Sinclair, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Badimia Vězda [nom. cons.] 1986 (= Pseudogyalecta Vězda 1975 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 18 species, type: B. dimidiata (Bab. ex Leight.) Vězda, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Badimiella Malcolm & Vězda 1994, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. serusiauxii Malcolm & Vězda, lichenized, south temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Baeomyces Pers. 1794 (= Baeomycetomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Cladoniopsis Zahlbr. 1941; = Cyanobaeis Clem. 1909; = Ludovicia Trevis. 1857; = Sphyridiomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Sphyridium Flot. 1843 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: B. byssoides (L.) P. Gaertn., G. Mey. & Scherb., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Baflavia Lücking 2008, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. flavescens (Lücking) Lücking, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Bagadiella Cheew. & Crous 2009, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. lunata Cheew. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, Australasia, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2011a; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-20281, CBS 124762. Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon 1954, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. albomaculans (Fukui) Hino & Katumoto asexual morph unknown, mild pathogens, terrestrial, temperate and tropical, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bagcheea E. Müll. & R. Menon 1954, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. albomaculans (Fukui) Hino & Katumoto asexual morph unknown, mild pathogens, terrestrial, temperate and tropical, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Baggea Auersw. 1866, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. pachyascus Auersw., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), neotype: K herbarium. Bagliettoa A. Massal. 1853, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 20 species, type: B. limborioides A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bagnisiella Speg. 1880 (= Robertomyces Starbäck 1880 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: B. australis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; transferred to Aplosporellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Bagnisimitrula S. Imai 1942, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. saccardoa (Bagnis) S. Imai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bahianora Kalb 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. poeltii Kalb, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Bahuchashaka Subram. 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. graminis (Matsush.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bahukalasa Subram. & Chandrash. 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. samala Subram. & Chandrash., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bahusakala Subram. 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. olivaceonigra (Berk. & Broome) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Caribbean, North America, see Kang et al. (2010; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Bahusandhika Subram. 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. indica (Subram.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bahusutrabeeja Subram. & Bhat 1977, Botryosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: B. dwaya Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, sometimes aquatic, cosmopolitan see Shenoy et al. (2010, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2013; new species, key), Gao et al. (2015a; new record for B. angularis from China), sequences are available. Baipadisphaeria Pinruan 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. spathulospora Pinruan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, on decaying leaves of peat swamp palm Licuala longicalycata, Thailand, see Pinruan et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and extype culture of type: BBH Pinruan Wah32A, BCC16119. Bakerophoma Died. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: B. sacchari Died., lichenocolous, see Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Balaniopsis P.M. Kirk 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. africana (Kiffer) P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, Africa, Australasia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Balanium Wallr. 1833, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. stygium Wallr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Balansia Speg. 1885 (= Dothichloë G.F. Atk. 1894; = Ephelis Fr. 1849; = Ophiodothis Sacc. 1883 fide Rossman et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 27 species, type: B. claviceps Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, subtropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Balazucia R.K. Benj. 1968, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: B. bilateralis R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Staphylinoidea beetles, terrestrial, Central America and Japan, see Rossi and Weir (2008; treated as a synonym of Cucujomyces), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Balazusia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Balladyna Racib. 1900 (= Wageria Stevens & Dalbey. 1918), Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, c. 17 species, type: B. gardeniae Racib., asexual morph unknown, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Balladynocallia Bat. 1965, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: B. glabra (Hansf.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprophytes on leaves, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Balladynopsis Theiss. & Syd., 1917 (= Balladynastrum Hansf. 1941 [1940-41]; = Xenostigmella Petr. 1950 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, 17 species, type: B. philippinensis Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph hyphomycetous, mostly saprophyte on leave, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences unavailable. Balsamia Vittad. 1831 (= Pseudobalsamia E. Fisch. 1907 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, six species, type: B. vulgaris Vittad., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available. Bambusaria Jaklitsch, D.Q. Dai, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr 2015, Valsariaceae, Valsariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. bambusae (J.N. Kapoor & H.S. Gill) Jaklitsch, D.Q. Dai, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, India and Thailand, see Jaklitsch et al. (2015; phylogeny, morphology, sexual and asexual morphs), reference specimen culture of type: MFLUCC 12–0851 = CBS 139763 = MUCL 55880. Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2012, Bambusicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: B. massarinia D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Dai et al. (2012, 2015, 2016; phylogeny, morphology, sexual morph, key), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), ex-type: MFLUCC 11–0389 = CBS 139985. Bambusicularia Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. brunnea Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Japan, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: CBS H-21839, extype strain of type: CBS 133599. Bambusistroma D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2015, Massarinaceae, Massarineae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. didymosporum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Adamčík et al. (2015; phylogeny, morphology, sexual morph), holotype and ex-type strain of type: MFLU 15–0057, MFLUCC 13–0862. Banhegyia Zeller & Tóth 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. setispora L. Zeller & Tóth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Sanderson et al. (2009; excluded the genus Banhegyia due to differing morphology and phylogeny and synonymized Banhegiya with Mycoelaspilea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept as a genus in Patellariaceae but included in key due to historical reasons), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; did not accept as a genus in Patellariaceae), holotype: BP 2835. Banksiamyces G.W. Beaton 1982, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: B. macrocarpus G.W. Beaton, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence (ITS) is available for an unidentified species, needs generic revision. Bapalmuia Sérus. 1993, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 23 species, type: B. palmularis (Müll. Arg.) Sérus., lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), van den Broeck et al. (2014; new species, Congo), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Barbarosporina Ķirulis 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. rhytismatis Ķirulis, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, former USSR see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Barbatosphaeria Réblová 2008 (= Tectonidula Réblová 2009 fide Réblová et al. 2015c), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: B. barbirostris (Dufour) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Réblová et al. (2015c; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 121149. Barnettella D. Rao & P. Rag. Rao 1964 (= Vinculum R.Y. Roy, R.S. Dwivedi & P.K. Khanna 1965 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. speciosa D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Barnettozyma Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.-Powers 2008, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: B. populi (Phaff, Y. Yamada, Tredick & M. Miranda) Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers, asexual reproduction by budding, saprophytic, on soil, water, tree fluxes, insect frass in trees, animal dung, one clinical isolate, worldwide, see Kurtzman et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Barrenia E. Walsh & N. Zhang 2015, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. panicia E. Walsh & N. Zhang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, root endophytes, terrestrial, USA, see Walsh et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: RUTPP WSF1R37. Barretomyces Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, hyphomycetous, one species, type: B. calatheae (Soares, Rocha & Barreto) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Brazil, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), holotype of the type: VIC 30699, ex-type strain of type: CBMAI 1060. Barria Z.Q. Yuan 1994, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. piceae Z.Q. Yuan, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; transferred the genus Barria from Phaeosphaeriaceae to Didymosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Didymosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, isotype of type species NY 00164027. Barrina A.W. Ramaley 1997, Coniochaetaceae, Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes, one specie (type): B. polyspora A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph Phialophora-like, saprobes, USA see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), sequences are available. Barriopsis A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 39. 2008, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. fusca N.E. Stevens [ Barriopsis fusca nom. illeg.;  Barriopsis stevensiana A.J.L. Phillips & Pennycook], coelomycetous, saprobes, weak pathogens, terrestrial, distribution not known, see Abdollahzadeh et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), ex-type: CBS 174.26, needs generic revision. Barriopsis stevensiana A.J.L. Phillips & Pennycook, nom. nov. MycoBank MB819573  Barriopsis fusca (N.E. Stevens) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 39. 2008, nom illeg. [ICN(Melbourne) Art. 52.1], replaced synonym.  Phaeobotryosphaeria fusca (N.E. Stevens) Petr., Sydowia 6: 317. 1952.  Physalospora fusca N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 18: 210. 1926. Etymology: Named in honour of N.E. Stevens, the American mycologist and plant pathologist. See Phillips et al. (2008) for illustrations, description and diagnosis. Holotype: Cuba, Herradura, on twigs of Citrus sp., 15 Jan. 1925, N.E. Stevens, holotype BPI 599052, culture ex-type CBS 174.26. Notes: Phillips et al. (2008) introduced Barriopsis fusca as a new combination based on Physalospora fusca, but inadvertantly rendered it illegitimate (superfluous) by listing Botryosphaeria disrupta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx & E. Müll., as a synonym. However, this synonymy is erroneous; the dark brown, aseptate ascospores of B. stevensiana are distinct from the light brown (“hellbraun”) ascospores of B. disrupta sensu von Arx and Müller (1954), and clearly distinct from the hyaline ascospores of Sphaeria disrupta, the basionym of B. disrupta (Berkeley 1876). Barrmaelia Rappaz 1995, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: B. rhamnicola Rappaz, six species, asexual morph libertella-like, terrestrial, saprobes, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available. Barssia Gilkey 1925 (= Phymatomyces Kobayasi 1937 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: B. oregonensis Gilkey, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; new species), sequences are available for the type species. Bartalinia Tassi 1900 (= Hyalotia Guba 1961; = Pestalozzina P. Karst. & Roum. 1890 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: B. robillardoides Tassi, saprobes, associated with leaf spots, cosmopolitan, see Marincowitz et al. (2010; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; phylogeny, taxonomy, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny, morphology), cultures and sequences are available. Bartlettiella D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jørg. 1990, Lecanoromycetes genus incertae sedis one species, type: B. fragilis D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jørg., with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), lichenized, terrestrial (saxicolous), New Zealand, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Barubria Vezda 1986, Pilocarpacae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: B. fuscorubra (Vezda) Vezda with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (foliicolous), Neotropics and tropical Africa, rare see Lücking (2008; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Farkas (2015; nomenclature), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Basauxia Subram. 1995 (= Basauxia Subram. 1992 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. pulchra Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: MUBL 3126, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Basavamyces Hosag. 2005, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. litseae Hosag., C.K. Biju & T.K. Abraham, asexual morph unknown, obligate parasites, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Housagoudar and Archana (2009; key), holotype (HCIO 43453), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Basidiobotrys Höhn. 1909, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. clautriavii (Pat.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, see Wendt et al. (2017; resurrected the genus), cultures and sequences are available. Basifimbria Subram. & Lodha 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: B. aurea Subram. & Lodha, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as genus in Pyronemataceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Batcheloromyces Marasas, P.S. van Wyk & Knox-Dav. 1975, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: B. proteae Marasas, P.S. van Wyk & Knox-Dav., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Thailand, see Crous et al. (2009e; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017, phylogeny, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures available for type: CBS 110696. Bathelium Ach. 1803, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: B. mastoideum Afzel. ex Ach., lichenized, see Nelsen et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b, c; phylogeny; classification), sequences are available. Bathyascus Kohlm. 1977, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: B. vermisporus Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: J.K. 1947 = 00966736, NYBG. Batistia Cif. 1958 (= Acrostroma Seifert 1987 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Batistiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: B. annulipes (Mont.) Cif., asexual morph formerly known in Acrostroma, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Batistina Peres 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type species B. splendida Peres, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Batistinula Arx 1960, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. gallesiae Arx, asexual morph triposporium-like, epiphytes, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny, DNA), holotype: URM 19988, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Batistospora J.L. Bezerra & M.P. Herrera 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. septentrionalis J.L. Bezerra & M.P. Herrera, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Neotropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Battarrina (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear 1931 (= Hypocrea subgen. Battarrina Sacc. 1883 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. inclusa (Berk. & Broome) Clem. & Shear, asexual morph unknown, parasitic (fungicolous), terrestrial, UK, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), holotype: K. Baudoinia J.A. Scott & Unter. 2007, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: B. compniacensis (Richon) J.A. Scott & Unter., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Scott et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype: DAOM 238773, UAMH 10808. Beauveria Vuill. 1912, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: B. bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rehner et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Robène-Soustrade et al. (2015; new species), Imoulan et al. (2016; new species, entomopathogens), cultures and sequences are available. Beauveriphora Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. sporotricis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017, outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Beccopycnidium F. Stevens 1930, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. palmicola F. Stevens, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Beejadwaya Subram. 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. bispora (Matsu.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017, outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype: Matsushima herb. 4861. Beelia F. Stevens & R.W. Ryan 1925, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: B. suttoniae F. Stevens & R.W. Ryan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Elsinoaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jayawardena et al. (2014; transferred to Chaetothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Belemnospora P.M. Kirk 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: B. epiphylla P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Belizeana Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1987, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. tuberculata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Belize, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Elsinoaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c: outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bellemerea Hafellner & Cl. Roux 1984, Lecanoromycetes genus incertae sedis; nine species, type: B. alpina (Sommerf.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux,, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous), Eurasia, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica, montane and boreal, arctic-alpine/antarctic regions, see Ekman et al. (2008, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available for the type:. Bellemerella Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux 1997, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: B. trapeliae Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bellojisia Réblová 2008, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. rhynchostoma (Höhn.) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Réblová (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), culture of the type: CBS 118484. Bellulicauda B. Sutton 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. dialii (Syd.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, Sierra Leone, Zambia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, new species, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 21609. Belonioscyphella Höhn. 1918, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: B. hypnorum (Syd. & P. Syd.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Huhtinen et al. (2010; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are available, needs generic revision. Beltramono Rashmi Dubey, A.K. Pandey bis & Manohar. 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. costi Dubey, Pandey & Manohar., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, India, see Dubey et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Beltrania Penz. 1882, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: B. rhombica Penz., saprobes, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015e; emended the family), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rajeshkumar et al (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Beltraniella Subram. 1952 (= Ellisiopsis Bat. 1956 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 21 species, type: B. odinae Subram., saprobes, worldwide, see Shirouzu et al. (2010; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2014c, 2016a; new species, New South Wales), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Beltraniomyces Manohar., D.K. Agarwal & Rao 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. lignicola Manohar., D.K. Agarwal & Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Beltraniopsis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: B. odinae Subram., saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2014c; new species, New South Wales), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Benguetia Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. omphalodes Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philipplnes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Beniowskia Racib. 1900 (= Clathrotrichum Pat. 1921 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. graminis Racib., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pantropical, saprobes, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Benjaminiomyces I.I. Tav. 2000 (= Benjaminella I.I. Tav. 1981 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: B. melanophthalmae (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Cryptophagidae, Latridiidae, Monotomidae, and Phalacridae beetles, terrestrial, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Benjpalia Subram. & Bhat 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. sundara Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc. 1891 (= Byssostilbe Petch 1912; = Hypomyces subgen. Berkelella Sacc. 1883 fide Species Fungorum 2017)), Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. caledonica (Pat.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, on Myxomycetes, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Berkleasmium Zobel 1854, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 36 species, type: B. concinnum (Berk.) S. Hughes, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, see McKenzie (2008; new species), Zhang et al. (2009a; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Whitton et al. (2012a; key to 34 Berkleasmium species), Hüseyın et al. (2014; new species), Qu et al.(2014; new species), three species have sequences, needs generic revision. Bertia De Not. 1844 (= Sphaeria a Bertiae (De Not.) Fr. 1849 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Bertiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, 30 species, type: B. moriformis., worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Bertiella (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: B. polyspora Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Bettsia Skou 1972, Ascosphaeraceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: B. alvei (Betts) Skou, asexual morph hyphomycetous, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pitt et al. (2013; new species), sequences and culture available. Beverwykella Tubaki., 1975, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: B. pulmonaria (Beverw.) Tubaki, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; phylogeny, transferred to Pleomassariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available for authentic strains CBS 283.53, MFUCC 15–0183, reference specimen MFLU 15–1398. Bhadradriella Nagaraju, Kunwar & Manohar. 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. hyalina Nagaraju, Kunwar & Manohar., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Nagaraju et al. (2011b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: HCIO 50143, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bhadradriomyces Sureshk., Manohar. & Kunwar 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. elegans Sureshk., Manohar. & Kunwar, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Suresh Kumar et al. (2009; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: HCIO 43002, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bharatheeya D'Souza & Bhat 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. goanensis (Bhat & W.B. Kendr.) D'Souza & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: DAOM 214612, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision Bhatia W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. malabarica (Subram. & Bhat) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biappendiculispora Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. japonica Thambug., Wanas., Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on Poaceae spp., terrestrial, river bank, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of type: HHUF 27313, ex-type living culture of type: MAFF 239452. Biatora Fr. 1817, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 42 species, type: B. vernalis (L.) Fr., usually with ascomata an often pycnidia, some species sorediate, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (various substrata), probably cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Printzen (2014; DNA), Rodriguez Flakus and Printzen (2014; DNA), sequences are available. Biatorella De Not. 1846 (= Maronella M. Steiner 1959; = Myrioblastus Trevis. 1857; = Piccolia A. Massal. 1856 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Biatorellaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: B. rousselii (Durieu & Mont.) De Not., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Biatoridium J. Lahm ex Körb. 1860 (= Chiliospora A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lichinomycestes genera incerte sedis, two species, type: B. monasteriense J. Lahm ex Körb., with ascomata only, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous), Northern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Biatriospora K.D. Hyde & Borse 1986, Biatriosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: B. marina K.D. Hyde & Borse, asexual morph coelomycetous, on mangroves, human mycetoma, Seychelles, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; introduced Biatriosporaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ahmed et al. (2014a; new species, asexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences and culture are available. Bibanasiella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. ramispora R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: INIFAT C91/137, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Catenosynnema and Speiropsis. Biciliopsis Diederich 1997, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. leptogiicola Diederich, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Biciliospora Petr. 1952, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. velutina Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Nitschkia), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Biciliosporina Subram. & Sekar 1993, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. karwarensis Subram. & Sekar, asexual unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: herb. FSI [sic] 3189; isotype IMI 32468, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bicoloromyces Heuchert, U. Braun & D. Hawksw. 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. kyffinensis Heuchert, U. Braun & D. Hawksw., sexual morph unknown, on sterile lichen on rock, Antarctica, see Heuchert et al. (2015; taxonomy), holotype: MAF 19121, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Biconiosporella Schaumann 1972, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. corniculata Schaumann, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Germany, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bicornispora Checa, Barrasa, M.N. Blanco & A.T. Martínez 1996, Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. exophiala Checa, Barrasa, M.N. Blanco & A.T. Martínez, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Coryneliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Galán et al. (2015; phylogeny, new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:, needs generic revision. Bicrouania Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1990, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. maritima (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine aquatic, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bifidocarpus Cano, Guarro & R.F. Castañeda 1994, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: B. cubensis Cano, Guarro & R.F. Castañeda saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 356298, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Renispora and Onygena. Biflagellospora Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. japonica Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biflagellosporella Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. amazonensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biflua Jørgen Koch & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. physasca Jørg. Koch & Jones, asexual morph unknown, on wood associated with sand, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bifrontia Norman 1872, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: B. compactior Norman, saprobes on decaying wood, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bifusella Höhn. 1917, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: B. linearis (Peck) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished). Bifusepta Darker 1963, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. tehonii Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bilimbia De Not. 1846, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: B. hexamera De Not., lichenized, see Ekman et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Printzen (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bimeris Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. aperta Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bimuria D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan 1979, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, type: B. novae-zelandiae D. Hawksw., Chea & Sheridan, one species, asexual morph unknown, isolated from soil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: K(M)-IMI 229814, cultures and sequences are available. Bioconiosporium Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. baccharidis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biophomopsis Petr. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: B. brenesii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, West Indies, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Bioscypha Syd. 1927, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. cyatheae Syd., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biostictis Petr. 1950, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: B. rubiacearum (Pat.) Petr., with ascomata only, terrestrial (parasitic on leaves), tropical America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Bipolaris Shoemaker 1959, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 121 species, type: B. maydis (Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake) Shoemaker, sexual morph Cochliobolus, plant and animal pathogen, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aggarwal et al. (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011a, b; intraspecific variations, DNA fingerprinting, pathogen histopathology), Antoniazzi et al. (2008; xanthan and allicin as elicitors), Chand et al. (2008, 2014; cell biology, disease resistance screening), de Moura Nascimento and Van Der Sand (2008; restriction analysis), Durkin et al. (2008; phaeohyphomycotic keratitis), Dyer et al. (2008; bronchopulmonary mycosis), Felle et al. (2008; host pathogen interaction), Geng et al. (2008; Echinochloa control), Ghazvini and Tekauz (2008; Host-pathogen interaction), Janni et al. (2008; resistance in wheat), Jiang and Zhang (2008; new species), Kihara et al. (2008, 2009; BMR1 gene characterization), Kobayashi et al. (2008; Disseminated infection), Motlagh and Kaviani (2008; Iran), Pandey et al. (2008; clonal variability), Persson et al. (2008, 2009; mutant host resistance), Shabana et al. (2008; pathogen control), Asad et al. (2009; Pakistan), Bashir et al. (2009; keratomycosis, endophthalmitis), El Mhadri et al. (2009; Citrullus lanatus host), Iftikhar et al. (2009a, b; synthetic host screening), Kamal and Mia (2009; DNA fingerprinting), Kumar et al. (2009; host resistance), Naumann et al. (2009; host enzyme modification), Poloni et al. (2009a, b; morphology, physiology, virulence, vegetative incompatibility), Zhang and Li (2009; new species), Bashyal et al. (2010, 2011; conidiogenesis study, host resistance components), Carissimi et al. (2010; Bacillus sp. E164 activity), Dong et al. (2010; TaPIEP1 study), Gomathinayagam et al. (2010; Trichoderma effect), Han et al. (2010b; cytology), Kleczewski and Flory (2010; Microstegium vimineum host), Knight et al. (2010; genetic variation), Kumar et al. (2010; host resistance), Lapmak et al. (2010; L-asparaginase production), Martinez et al. (2010; Tanzania), Matusinsky et al. (2010; species specific detection), Motlagh and Anvari (2010; genetic variation), Saha et al. (2010; Ag nanoparticle production), Shali et al. (2010; SG2 chitinases inhibition), TomasoPeterson and Balbalian (2010; Mississippi), Acharya et al. (2011; review), Ahmadpour et al. (2011, 2012; new species), Baturo-Ciesniewska (2011; Poland), Ben-Ze’ev et al. (2011; Israel), Chowdhary et al. (2011; bronchopulmonary mycosis), Dallagnol et al. (2011a, b, 2013; host pathogen interaction), Giri et al. (2011; phaeohyphomycosis in dog), Ishihara et al. (2011; defense response), Jiao et al. (2011; MYB73 analysis), Kawahigashi et al. (2011; resistance gene cloning), Kumar et al. (2011; molecular and pathological characterization), Moya-Elizondo et al. (2011; population dynamics), Rosow et al. (2011; Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis), Vu et al. (2011, 2015; on switchgrass), Arunpanichlert et al. (2012; metabolite profiling), Da Cunha et al. (2012; clinical diversity), Manamgoda et al. (2012; phylogeny), Mizuno et al. (2012; host pathogen interaction), Nizam et al. (2012; transformation), Zhang et al. (2012d, j; host resistance, from soil), Almaguer et al. (2013; conidial germination), Burgos et al. (2013; Philippines), Eisa et al. (2013; resistance screening), Gupta et al. (2013; fungicidal management), Rossman et al. (2013a; name conservation), Tarnowski et al. (2013; South Florida), Wang et al. (2013c; metabolite as drug), Yazawa et al. (2013; transcriptome analysis), Amaradasa and Amundsen (2014; Nebraska), Bencsik et al. (2014; Ophiobolin A), Manamgoda et al. (2014; review), Meena et al. (2014; genetic evaluation of host), Minckler et al. (2014; Bipolaris endophthalmitis), Mishra et al. (2014b; Ag nanoparticle fungicide), Small et al. (2014; endophthalmitis), Teran et al. (2014; fatal infection), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; phylogeny), Eghtedari (2015; conjunctiva cyst), Fatima et al. (2015; nanoparticle synthesis), Kuan et al. (2015; phylogeny, genomics), Waxman and Bergstrom (2015; New York), Kekuda et al. (2016; antifungal activity), sequences are available, paratype and ex-paratype of type species CBS 136.29. Biporispora J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand. 1999, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. europaea J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bisbyopeltis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. phoebes Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Biscogniauxia Kuntze 1891 (= Albocrustum Lloyd 1925; = Kommamyce Nieuwl., Am. Midl. 1916; = Nummularia Tul. & C. Tul 1863; = Nummulariella Eckblad & Granmo 1978; = Numulariola House 1923 fide Wendt et al, 2017), Graphostromataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 33 species, type: B. nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Mugambi et al. (2009; new species, Kenya), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Vasilyeva and Stephenson (2010; new species), Vasilyeva et al. (2012; new species, Thailand), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; transferred to Graphostromataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Bisifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: B. dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 108944. Bispora Corda 1837, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 31 species, type: B. moniliodes Corda, hyphomycetous, phialophora-like synanamorph, sexual morph unknown, meristematic black fungi, saprobes on wood and leaves, widespread (temperate), producer of various enzymes possessing industrial applications, see Luo et al. (2009a, b; enzymes), Wang et al. (2010a; enzyme), Dubey and Pandey (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Xu et al. (2013; enzymes), Hua et al. (2014; enzyme), Liu et al. (2015b; enzyme), molecular data not available from the type materials, needs generic revision. Bisporella Sacc. 1884 (= Bispora Fuckel 1870 [1869-70]; = Calycella Quél. 1886 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: B. monilifera (Fuckel) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Bisporostilbella Brandsb. & E.F. Morris 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. fusca Brandsb. & E.F. Morris, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bisseomyces R.F. Castañeda, 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. havanensis R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: C84/90-2, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Neojohnstonia and Parapithomyces. Bivallum P.R. Johnst. 1991, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: B. zelandicum P.R. Johnst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Chile, Panama, see Hou and Piepenbring (2009a; new species, Panama), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blasdalea Sacc. & P. Syd., 1902 (= Singeriella Petr. 1959; = Chrysogloeum Petr. 1959 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Species Fungorum 2017), Vizellaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: B. disciformis (Rehm) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph coelomycetous, ring-like or linear loculus arrangement, associated with leaf spots on leaves of Escallonia vaccinioidess, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2016a; accept the genus status), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastacervulus H.J. Swart 1988, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. eucalypti H.J. Swart, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Planistromellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS124759. Blastenia A. Massal. 1852, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, eleven species, type: B. ferruginea (Huds.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Blasticomyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: B. lispini (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Hydrophilidae, Sphaeridiinae and Staphylinidae beetles, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters and Yaakop (2014; Borneo), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Blastobotrys Klopotek 1967 (= Sympodiomyces Fell & Statzell 1971; = Trichomonascus H.S. Jackson emend Kurtzman & Robnett 2007; = Stephanoascus M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Johannsen 1976 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 30 species, type: B. nivea Klopotek, asexual reproduction by budding (occasionally) or hyphomycetous, primarily saprophytic, some species cause human infections, insect frass from trees, growth on mushrooms, moss, ensiled maize, soil, air, sea water, bat liver, human infections, worldwide, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Blastocatena Subram. & Bhat 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. pulneyensis Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastodesmia A. Massal. 1852, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: B. nitida A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype US National Herbarium barcode 01138889 – on bark of Fraxini, Austria (Schuler J), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Blastodictys M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. hibisci (Hansf.) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastofusarioides Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. fusca Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastomyces Gilchrist & W.R. Stokes 1898 (≡ Gilchristia Cif. & Redaelli 1934; = Ajellomyces McDonough & A.L Lewis 1968; = Zymonema Beurm. & Gougerot 1909) Ajellomycetaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, (but phylogenetic studies suggest the existence of more taxa fide de Hoog et al. 2016), type: B. dermatitidis Gilchrist & W.R. Stokes, terrestrial, pathogenic to humans, canids, felines and other animals, also reported from soil, Africa, India, North America, Blastomyces Gilchrist & W.R. Stokes is an illegitimate genus (Art. 53.1) but, due to its wide use in medical literature, most modern authors prefer this name instead of any of its synonyms (Seifert et al. 2011), and a proposal of conservation against an earlier homonym, Blastomyces Costantin & Rolland, has been published (de Hoog et al. 2016), see Saccente and Woods (2010; clinical and laboratory aspects), Brown et al. (2013; phylogeny, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), exepitype strain of the type species = CBS 674.68, sequences are available. Blastophorella Boedijn 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. smithii Boedijn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South East Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastophorum Matsush. 1971, Reticulascaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: B. truncatum Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, China, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blastophragma Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. subulatum Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gao et al. (2015a; new species), Xia et al. (2016; new species), holotype: MUBL 3128, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blennoria Moug. & Fr. 1825, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. buxi Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes and plant endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blennoriopsis Petr. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. moravica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rarely reported and in case as saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blennothallia Trevis. 1853, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: need typification, lichenized, see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bleptosporium Steyaert 1961 (= Monochaetina Subram. 1961 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. montteae Speg. ex Steyaert, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Blodgettia Harv. 1858 (= Blodgettia E.P. Wright 1881; = Blodgettiomyces Feldmann 1939 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. confervoides Harv., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bloxamia Berk. & Broome 1854 (= Endosporostilbe Subram. 1958; = Thecostroma Clem. 1909; = Trichotheca P. Karst. 1887 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: B. truncata Berk. & Broome, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, fresh water, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spooren (2014; new species), Guatimosim et al. (2016b; new species, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Blumeria Golovin ex Speer 1974 (= Oidium Link 1824 fide Braun and Cook 2012), Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. graminis (DC.) Speer, asexual morphs hyphomycetous, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), neotype: Germany, Bonn, Botanical garden Poppelsdorf, on Triticum aestivum, 25 June 1869, Körnicke, in herb. De Candolle (G 00122110), cultures and sequences are available. Blumeriella Arx 1961 (= Higginsia Nannf. 1932; = Microgloeum Petr. 1922; = Phloeosporella Höhn. 1924 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: B. jaapii (Rehm) Arx, asexual morphs Microgloeum, Phloeosporella, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Boeremia Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley 2010, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: B. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, see Aveskamp et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Chen et al. (2015b; phylogeny), ex-type: CBS 101207 (Boeremia exigua var. pseudolilacis), CBS 443.94 (Boeremia exigua var. heteromorpha), CBS 100167 (Boeremia exigua var. populi). Boerlagiomyces Butzin 1977 (= Boerlagella Penz. & Sacc. 1897; = Garethjonesia K.D. Hyde 1992 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 9 species, type: B. velutinus (Penz. & Sacc.) Butzin, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, Australia, India, Indonesia, Philippines and USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b); Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are available. Bogoriella Zahlbr. 1928 (= Bogoriellomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1954 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 29 species, type: B. subpersicina Zahlbr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nelsen et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b, c; phylogeny), sequences are available. Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc. 1882 (= Naemaspora Willd. 1849 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: B. tubulina (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Camarops P. Karst.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bombardia (Fr.) P. Karst. 1873, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. bombarda (Batsch) J. Schröt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Bombardiastrum Pat. 1893, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. andinum Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bombardiella Höhn. 1909, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. caespitosa Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bombardioidea C. Moreau ex N. Lundq. 1972 (= Bombardioidea C. Moreau 1954 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: B. bombardioides (Auersw.) C. Moreau ex C. Moreau, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks the type:. Bommerella Marchal 1885, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. trigonospora Marchal, asexual morph scopulariopsis-like, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, worlwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), type species have been transferred to Chaetomium (fide Index Fungorum 2016). Bonanseja Sacc. 1906, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. mexicana Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bonaria Bat. 1959, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. lithocarpi (V.A.M. Mill. & Bonar) Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Micropeltidaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bondiella Piroz. 1972, Mesnieraceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: B. palmicola Piroz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Tanzania, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Boothiella Lodhi & Mirza 1962 (= Thielaviella Arx & T. Mahmood 1968 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. tetraspora Lodhi & J.H. Mirza, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Boreoplaca Timdal 1994, Ophioparmaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: B. ultrafrigida Timdal, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype: O-L-127, sequences are available. Borinquenotrema Mercado-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen 2014, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. sorediocarpum Mercado-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype: UPR, Mercado-Díaz 883, sequences are available. Botryandromyces I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski 1976, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: B. heteroceri (Maire) I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski, asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Heteroceridae beetles, semi-aquatic, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence is available but lacks for the type species. Botryobambusa Phook., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde 2012, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. fusicoccum R. Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 110179, MFLUCC 11-0143. Botryochora Torrend 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. nigra (Torrend) Torrend, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Botryoderma Papendorf & H.P. Upadhyay 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. lateritium Papendorf & H.P. Upadhyay, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Botryodiplodina Dias & Sousa da Câmara 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. mori Dias & Sousa da Câmara, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Portugal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Botryohypoxylon Samuels & J.D. Rogers 1986 (= Iledon Samuels & J.D. Rogers 1986 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. nigra (Torrend) Torrend, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Botryola Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1964, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: B. tetrasperma Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Botryolepraria Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona 1997, Verrucariales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: B. lesdainii (Hue) Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona, lichenized, see Kukwa and Pérez-Ortega (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lecanoromycetes, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Botryomonilia Goos & Piroz. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: B. scheeleae Goos & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863 (= Fusicoccum Corda 1829; = Dichomera Cooke 1878 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c, 2016b; Rossman et al. 2015b; Art. 59), Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: B. dothidea (Moug. Fr.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pthogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Abdollahzadeh et al. (2013; species in Iran), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Dissanayake et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Botryosporium Corda 1831 (= Peylia Opiz 1857; Radaisiella Bainier 1910 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: B. diffusum (Grev.) Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Choi et al. (2014; pathogens, DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Botryostroma Höhn. 1911 (= Parodiellina Viégas 1944; = Robledia Chardón 1929 fide Species Fungorum 2017)), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. inaequale (G. Winter) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America (tropical) see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Botryozyma Shann & M.Th. Smith emend. Lachance & Kurtzman 2013, Trigonopsidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, four species, type: B. nematodophila Shann & M.T. Smith, asexual reproduction by budding (multilateral), ?saprophytic, from Panagrellus nematodes or associated with Drosophila flies, Northwestern USA, Italy, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lachance and Kurtzman (2013; re-visited, generic revision), cultures and sequences are available. Botrytis P. Micheli ex Pers. 1794 (= Botryotinia Whetzel 1945 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: B. cinerea Pers., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Boubovia Svrček 1977, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: B.luteola (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperte, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species. Boudiera Cooke 1877 (= Svrcekia Kubička 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: B.areolata Cooke & W. Phillips, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Boudierella Sacc. 1895, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: B. cana Marchal & É.J. Marchal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bouvetiella Øvstedal 1986, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species; type: B. pallida Øvstedal, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Brachiosphaera Nawawi 1976, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: B. tropicalis Nawawi, isolated from river foam: Peninsular Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Suetrong et al. (2011a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sexual morph unknown, cultures and sequences are available for authentic strains SS2523, E192–1. Brachyalara Réblová & W. Gams 2011, Helotiales, genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. straminea Réblová & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Réblová and Gams (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 175.74. Brachycephala J.S. Monteiro, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. exotica J.S. Monteiro, Gusmaño & Castañeda-Ruiz, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Monteiro et al. (2015b; morphology), holotype of the type: HUEFS 210446, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Acarocybellina, Brachysporiella and Kramabeeja. Brachyconidiella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990 Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, Dothidiomycetes, one species, type: B. monilispora R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: INIFAT C88/300, sequences are available, compare with Brachyconidiellopsis and Matsushimaea. Brachyconidiellopsis Decock, R.F. Castañeda & Adhikari 2004, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. fimicola Decock, R.F. Castañeda & Adhikari, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), holotype: MUCL 44677, cultures and sequences are available. Brachydesmiella G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: B. biseptata G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brachyphoris Juan Chen, L.L. Xu, B. Liu & Xing Z. Liu 2007, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, five species, type: B. oviparasitica (G.R. Stirling & Mankau) Juan Chen, L.L. Xu, B. Liu & Xing Z. Liu, saprobes, on nematode eggs, on soil, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Brachysporiella Bat. 1952 (= Edmundmasonia Subram. 1958; = Monosporella S. Hughes1953; = Monotosporella S. Hughes 1958; = Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat 1989 [1987] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, 15 species, type: B. gayana Bat., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011: morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences available, needs generic revision. Brachysporiellina Subram. & Bhat 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. pulneyensis Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brachysporiopsis Yanna, W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. chinensis Yanna, W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brachysporium Sacc. 1886 (= Cryptadelphia Réblová & seifert 2004 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: B. obovatum Keissl., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Bradymyces Hubka, Réblová, Selbmann & M. Kolařík 2014, Trichomeriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: B. oncorhynchi Hubka, Řehulka Réblová, & M. Kolařík, sexual morph unknown, cold-blooded, water vertebrates opportunist, rock-inhabiting, see Hubka et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016b; new species), holotype and ex-type: PRM 861507 CBS 133066 = CCF 4369 = CCFEE 6134 Bramhamyces Hosag. 2009, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. ilicis Hosag. & Chandrapr, sexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, India, see Hosagoudar and Chandraprabha (2009a; protologue, accepted as an anamorphic genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), holotype: HCIO 48300, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Brasilicia Lücking, Kalb & Sérus. 2008, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: B. brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Kalb & Sérus., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Brasiliomyces Viégas 1944 (= Californiomyces U. Braun 1981; = Salmonia S. Blumer & E. Müll. 1964 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: B. malvastri Viégas, asexual morphs unknown, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, South America, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IACM 3719. Braunomyces V.A. Melnik & Crous 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. dictyosporus V.A. Melnik & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Vietnam, see Mel'nik and Crous (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: HAL 2606 F, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brefeldiella Speg. 1889, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, four species, type: B. brasiliensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, appearance as thallus on leave, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), need recollecting and sequencing to verify generic placement. Brefeldiopycnis Petr. & Cif. 1932, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. membranacea Petr. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brefeldochium Verkley 2005, Helotiales genera incertae sedis Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. pruinosum Verkley, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, taxonomy), cultures available for the type: CBS 160.92. Brenesiella Syd. 1929, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. erythroxyli Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brettanomyces Kufferath & van Laer 1921, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: B. bruxellensis Kufferath & van Laer, asexual reproduction is either by multilateral budding or, rarely, by bipolar budding on a narrow base, saprophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Brevicatenospora R.F. Castañeda, Minter & Saikawa 2006, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. enteroproliferata R.F. Castañeda, Minter & Saikawa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic (fresh water), Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: INIFAT C04/111, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Annellophora, Acrogenospora, Belemnospora, Sporidesmiella and Repetophragma. Brevistachys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: B. variabilis L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22431, CBS 141057. Brianaria S. Ekman & M. Svensson 2014, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: B. sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, lichenized, terrestrial, see Ekman and Svensson (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), type specimen UPS-L-133138 (lectotype), sequences are available. Briancoppinsia Diederich, Ertz, Lawrey & van den Boom 2012, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: B. cytospora (Vouaux) Diederich, Ertz, Lawrey & van den Boom, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Diederich et al. (2012b; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), sequences are available. Briania D.R. Reynolds 1989, Meliolinaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species, type: B. fruticetum D.R. Reynolds, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaiian Island, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bricookea M.E. Barr 1982, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: B. sepalorum (Vleugel) M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Lophiostoma), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Brigantiaea Trevis. 1853 (= Myxodictyon A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860]; = Myxodictyonomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Brigantieaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 29 species; type: B. tricolor (Mont.) Trevis., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Briosia Cavara 1888, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: B. ampelophaga Cavara, hyphomycetous, plant pathogen, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Brobdingnagia K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon 1999, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. nigeriensis (Sivan. & Okpala) Hyde & Cannon, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Sierra Leone, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of Brobdingnagia nigeriensis subsp. corneri IMI 390a. Brodoa Goward 1987, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: B. oroarctica (Krog) Goward, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Brooksia Hansf. 1956 (= Capnogonium Bat. & Peres 1961; = Hiospira R.T. Moore 1962; = Overeemia G. Arnaud 1954 [1953] fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b; Species Fungorum 2017), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, three variety, type: B. tropicalis Hansf., hyphomycetous, on leaf as parasite, common in tropical regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), sequences are unavailable, need recollecting to verify generic placement. Broomella Sacc. 1883 (= Keissleria Höhn. 1918 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: B. vitalbae (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Li et al. (2015d; taxonomy), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: MFLUCC 15-0023 (fide Li et al. 2015). Brownliella S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell & Hur 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: need typification data, lichenized, terrestrial, see Kondratyuk et al. (2013a, 2015b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bruceomyces Rikkinen 2012 (= Brucea Rikkinen 2003 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: B. castoris (Rikkinen) Rikkinen, lichenized, terrestrial, see Tuovila et al. (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Brunneiapiospora K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl. & Joanne E. Taylor 1998, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: B. javensis K.D. Hyde, J. Fröhl. & Joanne E. Taylor, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Vitoria et al. (2012; new species), Crous et al. (2012c; new species, New Zealand), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species. Brunneiperidium Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, asexual morph hyphomycetous, only known for B. gracilentum, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, Europe, two species, all the species have molecular data, see Daranagama et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), ex-type: MFLUCC 14-0011; holotype MFLU 14-0229. Brunneocarpos Giraldo & Crous 2016, Mycocaliciaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: B. banksiae Giraldo & Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22633, CPC 29841. Brunneoclavispora Phook. & K.D. Hyde 2015, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. bambusae Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 11-0213, MFLUCC 11-0177. Brunneodinemasporium Crous & R.F. Castañeda 2012, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. brasiliense Crous & Castañeda, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2012g; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; classification, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), ex-type: CPC 112007; holotype CBS H-20948. Brunneomycosphaerella Dissan., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde 2015, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. laburni Dissanayake., J. K. Liu & K. D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype: MFLU 14-0808, sequences are available. Brunneosphaerella Crous 2009, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: B. protearum (Syd. & P. Syd.) Crous., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2009d, 2011d; morphology; phylogeny), Schoch et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as in Mycosphaerellaceae), epitype: CBS H-20335, ex-epitype culture CBS 130597 = CPC 16368. Brunneosporella Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde 2001, Papulosaceae, Diaportheomycetidae families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. aquatica Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde, one species, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Annulatascaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Papulosaceae), holotype: HKU (M) 5251. Brunnipila Baral 1985, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. clandestina (Bull.) Baral, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Brycekendrickia Nag Raj 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. indica Nag Raj., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Nag Raj et al. (1973; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Brycekendrickomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2009, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: B. acaciae Crous & Wingf, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Indonesia, see Crous et al. (2009a; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-20198, CPC 15078 = CBS 124104. Bryobilimbia Fryday, Printzen & S. Ekman 2014, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: B. hypnorum (Lib.) Fryday, Printzen & S. Ekman, lichenized, see Fryday et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bryocaulon Kärnefelt 1986, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: B. divergens (Ach.) Kärnefelt, lichenized, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bryocentria Döbbeler 2004, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: B. brongniartii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Döbbeler, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, epiphytes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Döbbeler (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Bryochiton Döbbeler & Poelt 1978, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, four species, type: B. monascus Döbbeler & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Bryoclaviculus L. Ludw., P.R. Johnst. & Steel 2013, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. campylopi P.R. Johnst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Johnston et al. (2013; taxonomy, DNA), holotype of the type: OTA 062197, cultures and sequences are available. Bryodina Hafellner 2001, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: B. rhypariza (Nyl.) Hafellner, with ascomata, terrestrial (bryophilous), Northern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Bryoglossum Redhead 1977, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. gracile (P. Karst.) Redhead, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: DAOM178087. Bryogomphus Lücking, W.R. Buck, Sérus. & L.I. Ferraro 2005, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. caribaeus (W.R. Buck) Lücking, W.R. Buck, Sérus. & L.I. Ferraro, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Bryonora Poelt 1983, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, eleven species, type: B. castanea (Hepp) Poelt, with ascomata, terrestrial (bryophilous), bipolar, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available only for the type species. Bryopelta Döbbeler & Poelt 1978, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. variabilis Döbbeler & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bryoplaca Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: B. sinapisperma (DC.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, lichenized, Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bryorella Döbbeler 1978, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: B. acrogena Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or parasitic, terrestrial, Europe (Italy, Austria, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Bryoria Brodo & D. Hawksw. 1977 (= Bryopogon Th. Fr. 1860; Setaria Ach. ex Michx. 1803 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 60 species, type: B. trichodes (Michx) Brodo & D. Hawksw., widespread but mainly N Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Myllys et al. (2011, 2014; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Velmala et al. (2014; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype: PC, sequences are available. Bryoscyphus Spooner 1984 (= Calyptellopsis Svrček 1986 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: B. conocephali (Boyd) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Bryosphaeria Döbbeler 1978, Trematosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: B. cinclidoti (Racov.) Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014b; transferred to Trematosphaeriaceae), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bryostigma Poelt & Döbbeler 1979, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: B. leucodontis Poelt & Döbbeler, lichenized, see Sundin et al. (2012; taxonomy), Frisch et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bryostroma Döbbeler 1978, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: B. rhacomitrii Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bryothele Döbbeler 1998, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. mira Döbbeler & Melnik, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or parasitic, terrestrial, America and Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Budhanggurabania P. Wong, Khemmuk & R.G. Shivas 2015, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. cynodonticola P. Wong, Khemmuk & R.G. Shivas, coelomycetous, saprobes, Australia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype: BRIP 59305. Buellia De Not. [nom. cons.] 1846, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 300 species, type: B. disciformis (Fr.) Mudd, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Buelliastrum Zahlbr. 1930, family incertae sedis, order incertae sedis, subclass incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: need typification data, lichenized, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Buelliella Fink 1935, Asterinales genera incerte sedis, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: B. minimula (Tuck.) Fink, lichenicolous, Asia, see Hafellner et al. (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pérez-Ortega and Etayo (2010; new species), van den Boom (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ertz and Diederich (2015; phylogeny, aceepted s Asterinales), sequences are available. Buerenia M.S. Reddy & C.L. Kramer 1975, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, three species, type: B. cicutae (Lindr.) M.S. Reddy & C.L. Kramer, asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes or parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Buergenerula Syd. 1936 (= Yukonia R. Sprague 1962 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: B. biseptata (Rostr.) Syd., asexual morph harpophora-like and pyricularia-like, pathogen, marine and freshwater habitats, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Yuan et al. (2010; phylogeny), Al-Nasrawi and Hughes (2012; diversity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Luo and Zhang (2013; phylogeny), Chen et al. (2014; mitoviruses), Hujslová et al. (2014; phylogeny), Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny), Calado et al. (2015; diversity, ecology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bulbilopycnis Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. caffra Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Transvaal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bulbithecium Udagawa & T. Muroi 1990, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. hyalosporum Udagawa & T. Muroi, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Giraldo et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 318.91. Bulbocatenospora R.F. Castañeda & Iturr. 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. complanata R.F. Castañeda, Iturr. & Decock, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: MUCL 40705, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Piricauda, Chuppia, Neoarbuscula and Peyronelia. Bulbomollisia Graddon 1984, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: B. radiata Graddon, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, UK, see Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bulbothrix Hale 1974, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: B. semilunata (Lynge) Hale, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kirika et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Bulgaria Fr. 1822, Phacidiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. inquinans (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, northern and southern temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014b; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 315.71. Bulgariella P. Karst. 1885, Helotiales genera incerate sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: B. pulla (Fr.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished). Bulgariopsis Henn. 1902, Helotiales genera incerate sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: B. moelleriana Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bullanockia Crous 2016, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. australis Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22879, CPC 28976. Bullaserpens Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. bignoniacearum Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Bullimyces A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., C. Sarmiento & Shearer 2012, Sordariomycetidae incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: B. communis A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., Sarmiento & Shearer, Costa Rica, see Ferrer et al. (2012; taxonomy), Cai et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: AF281-1, ILL, cultures and sequences are available. Bunodophoron A. Massal. 1861, Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 24 species, type: B. australe (Laurer) A. Massal., , lichenized, terrestrial, mainly in the temperate rainforests of the Southern Hemispheres, rarely in oceanic areas of the Northern Hemisphere or in high-altitude rainforests in tropical or subtropical areas, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Burenia M.S. Reddy & C.L. Kramer 1975, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, three species, type: B. cicutae (Lindr.) M.S. Reddy & C.L. Kramer, asexual reproduction is nknown, plant parasitic, parasitic on Apiaceae, Europe, see see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Bussabanomyces Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: B. longisporus (Bussaban) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, enodophyte, terrestrial, Thailand, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: BCC11377, CBS 125232. Butleria Sacc. 1914, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: B. inaghatahani Sacc., asexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, tropical, holotype of type: PAD 1677, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Li et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Byrsomyces Cavalc. 1972, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. olivaceus Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), type material is not in good condition hence need to recollect and subject them to molecular analysis, holotype: URM 27661 /Exs. 20057. Byssoascus Arx 1971, Myxotrichaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: B. striatosporus (G.L. Barron & C. Booth) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: BF 24290, cultures available for type: UAMH 3572. Byssocallis syd. 1927, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. phoebes Syd., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on living leaves (Phoebe tonduzii Mez. and Podocarpus elongate L’Herit.), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) and Boonmee et al. (2014b) did not accept as a genus in Tubeufiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Byssocaulon Mont. 1835, Chrysotrichaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, six species, type: B. niveum Mont., lichenized, saxicolous or epiphytic, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Byssogene Syd. 1922, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. amboinensis Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil and Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), da Silva (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Saccardiaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Byssolecania Vain. 1921 (= Dothiomyces Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1961; = Gonolecania Zahlbr. 1924; = Lecaniella Vain. 1896 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: B. fuscolivida Vain., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Byssoloma Trevis. 1853 (= Calidia Stirt. 1876; = Limbalba Nieuwl. 1916; = Pilocarpon Vain. 1890; = Tricholechia A. Massal. 1853; = Wainioa Nieuwl. 1916 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, possibly heterogeneous, c. 50 spp., type: B. leprieurii Trevis., sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata usually having a byssoid margin, asexual morph coelomycetous, rarely campylidial, lichenized, terrestrial, mainly foliicolous in tropical rainforests, see Lücking (2008; morphology), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), van den Boom (2016; new species), holotype: Leprieur 1366 (PC), sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Byssonectria P. Karst. 1881 (= Inermisia Rifai 1968; = Pseudocollema Kanouse & A.H. Sm. 1940 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eleven species, type: B. obducens P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lindemann et al. (2015; new species, DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Byssoonygena Guarro, Punsola & Cano 1987, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: B. ceratinophila Guarro, Punsola & Cano, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for the type: IMI 370021. Byssophytum Mont. 1848, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. sulphureum Mont., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Java, Tahiti, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Byssosphaeria Cooke 1879 (= Macbridella Seaver 1909; = Xenonectria Höhn. 1920 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: B. keithii (Berk. & Broome) Cooke, chaetophoma-like, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences of type species are unavailable, needs generic revision. Byssotheciella Petr. 1923, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: B. tiliae Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Byssothecium Fuckel 1861, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: B. circinans Fuckel, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or parasites, terrestrial, freshwater or marine, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2009e) accepted as Massarinaceae but Zhang et al. (2012e) showed it distinct from Massarinaceae, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Byssotrema M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking 2014, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: B. mirabile M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, lichenized, see Cáceres et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Caccobius Kimbr. 1967, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, c. six species, type: C. minusculus Kimbr., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cacumisporium Preuss 1851, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. tenebrosum Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, North America, see Wongsawas et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 15 species, type: C. fastigiata Lagerb. & Melin, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Navarrete et al. (2011; associated with grapevine trunk diseases), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Day et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Travadon et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Caeruleum Arcadia 2012, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, two species; type: C. heppii (Nägeli ex Körb.) K. Knudsen & Arcadia, lichenized, see Arcadia and Knudsen (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Caespitotheca S. Takam. & U. Braun 2005, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. forestalis (Mena) S. Takam. & U. Braun, asexual morphs hyphomycetous, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, South America (Argentina), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Cainia Arx & E. Müll. 1955, Cainiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: C. graminis (Niessl) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph coelomyctous, saprobes, pathogenic, terrestrial, temperate, see Kirk et al. (2008, 2013; genus accepted), Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, reference specimens: CBS 136.62, MFLUCC 15-0540 = It 1462. Cainiella E. Müll. 1957, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. johansonii (Rehm) E. Müll., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kruys and Castlebury (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cainomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniales genera incertae sedis, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. isomali Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calathaspis I.M. Lamb & W.A. Weber 1972, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. devexa I.M. Lamb & W.A. Weber, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Calcarispora Marvanová & Marvan 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. hiemalis Marvanová & Marvan, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, Europe and Canada, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calcarisporium Preuss 1851, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 15 species, type: C. arbuscula Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sun et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calceispora Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. hachijoensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calceomyces Udagawa & S. Ueda 1988, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. lacunosus Udagawa & S. Ueda, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial (collected from activated sludge), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type: CBS 633.88 = NHL 2983. Calenia Müll. Arg. 1890 (= Phlyctidium Müll. Arg. 1888 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: C. depressa Müll. Arg., lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Caleniopsis Vězda & Poelt 1987 (= Caleniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. laevigata (Müll. Arg.) Vězda & Poelt, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Caleutypa Petr. 1934, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. maculans Petr., saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Caliciopsis Peck 1883 (= Capnodiella (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905; = Capnodium subgen. Capnodiella Sacc. 1882; = Hypsotheca Ellis & Everh. 1885; = Lagenula G. Arnaud 1930; = Sorica Giesenh. 1904 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, 31 species, type: C. pinea Peck, asexual morph coelomycetous (phoma-like), parasites, pathogens, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pratibha et al. (2010; new species), Garrido-Benavent and Pérez-Ortega (2015; new species), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wood et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 139.64. Calicium Pers. 1794 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms; = Cyphelium Ach. 1815), Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: C. viride Pers., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Prieto and Wedin (2016; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Callebaea Bat. 1962, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rutideae (Hansf.) Bat., saprobes, terrestrial, Uganda, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Callerascus Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 2012, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. tunicaerulus Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Whitton et al. (2012b; taxonomy holotype of the type: IFRD 9021, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Callistospora Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. gaubae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Callome Otálora & Wedin 2014, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. multipartita (Sm.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, lichenized, see Otálora et al. (2013; 2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Calloria Fr. 1836 (= Beloniella Rehm 1892; = Belonopeziza Höhn. 1917; = Cylindrocolla Bonord. 1851; Callorina Korf 1971 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: C. fusarioides (Berk.) Fr., asexual morph Cylindrocolla, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology of asexual morph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Calloriopsis Syd. & P. Syd. 1917 (= Diplothrix Vain. 1921 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: C. gelatinosa (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calogaya Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 14 species, type: C. biatorina (A. Massal.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting; lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Calonectria De Not. 1867 (= Cylindrocladium Morgan 1892; = Candelospora Rea & Hawley 1912 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacc., 248 species are listed in Index Fungorum (2016), type: C. daldiniana De Not., pathogenic to plants or isolated from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lombard et al. (2010a, b, 2015a, b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), ex-epitype: CBS 749.70; epitype: of the type: CBS H-15110. Calongea Healy, Bonito & Trappe 2009, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. prieguensis (Mor.-Arr., J. Gómez & Calonge) Healy, Bonito & Trappe, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Europe, see Healy et al. (2009b; taxonomy), holotype of the type: MA (Fungi) 33502, cultures and sequences are available. Calongeomyces Hawksworth & Etayo 2011 (= Calongia D. Hawksw. & Etayo 2010 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. gibelluloides (D. Hawksw. & Etayo) D. Hawksw. & Etayo, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Cladonia, Flavoparmelia, Pertusaria, terrestrial, southern Europe, see Hawksworth and Etayo (2011; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), holotype: (K, (M) 164014, J. Etayo & A. Etayo), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Calopadia Vězda 1986 (= Crocicreomyces Bat. & Peres 1964 [1963]; = Cyrta Bat. & H. Maia 1961 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 27 species, type: C. fusca (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Calopadiopsis Lücking & R. Sant. 2002, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. tayabasensis (Vain.) Lücking & R. Sant., lichenized, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Calophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: C. clematidina (Thüm.) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H-16193, CBS 108.79. Caloplaca Th. Fr. [nom. cons.] 1860 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 350 species, type: C. cerina (Hedw.) Th. Fr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Caloscypha Boud. 1885 (= Geniculodendron G.A. Salt 1974; = Otidella Sacc. 1889 fide Healy et al. 2016; Species Fungorum 2017), Caloscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: C. fulgens (Pers.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 152. Calosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul. 1863 (= Calosphaeriophora Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous 2004 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Calosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. princeps Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Damm et al. (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2015a, 2016c; phylogeny, nomenclature), cultures available but lacks for the type species. Calosphaeriopsis Petr. 1941, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. huberiana (Kirschst.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calosporella J. Schröt. 1897, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. innesii (Curr.) J. Schröt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, ex-type and epitype: CBS 123810, WU 32161. Calostilbe Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902 (= Calostilbella Höhn. 1919; = Nectria subgen. Phaeonectria Sacc. 1895; = Phaeonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & Trotter 1913; = Xenostilbum Petr. fide Rossman et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. striispora (Ellis & Everh.) Seaver, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes on wood and bark, commonly in tropical regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015a; phylogeny); Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), lectotype: NY, iso-lectotypes BPI 553210, 553211. Calothyriopsis Höhn. 1919 (= Ptychopeltis Syd. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. conferta (Theiss.) Höhn., saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calotrichopsis Vain. 1890, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: C. insignis Vain., lichenized, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Calvitimela Hafellner 2001, Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: C. armeniaca (DC.) Hafellner, lichenized, see Fryday (2011; taxonomy), Bendiksby et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Calvolachnella Marinc., T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. guaviyuensis (Marinc. T.A. Duong, M.J. Wingf. & C.A. Perez) Marinc., T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Uruguay, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: PREM 60964, CBS 134695 = CMW 39055. Calycella (Sacc.) Sacc. 1899 (= Helotium subgen. Calycella Sacc. 1889 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. gelatinosa (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calycellina Höhn. 1918 (= Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz. 1965; Phialina Höhn. 1926; = Phialoscypha Raitv. 1977; = Scutoscypha Graddon 1980; = Setoscypha Velen. 1934 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 45 species, type: C. punctiformis (Grev.) Höhn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology of asexual morph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Calycellinopsis W.Y. Zhuang 1990, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. xishuangbanna W.Y. Zhuang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Calycidium Stirt. 1877 (= Calycidiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Coniophyllum Müll. Arg. 1892 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. cuneatum Stirt., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Calycidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Calycina Nees ex Gray 1821 (= Antinoa Velen. 1934; = Calycella (Fr.) Boud., 1885; = Cystopezizella Svrček 1983; Eubelonis Clem. 1909; = Gemmina Raitv. 2004; = Helotium subgen. Calycella Fr. 1849; = Malotium Velen. 1934; = Parthenope Velen. 1934; = Pezizella Fuckel 1870 [1869-70]; = Septopezizella Svrček 1987; = Weinmannioscyphus Svrček fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. herbarum (Pers.) Gray, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, cones scales, herbaceous stems and leaves, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Baral et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; genus accepted), Baral and Rämä (2015; genus accepted), type in S herbarium, cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type of the type species, needs generic revision. Calyptra Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, five species, type: C. cordobensis (Speg.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calyptronectria Speg. 1909, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: C. platensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences of type species are unavailable, needs generic revision. Calyptrozyma Boekhout & Spaay 1995, Eurotiomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. arxii Boekhout & Spaay, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 354.92. Camaroglobulus Speer 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. caespitosa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camarographium Bubák 1916, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: C. stephensii (Berk. & Broome) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2011c; new species, key), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Camaropella Lar. N. Vassilyeva 1997, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. pugillus (Schwein.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North tempetrate zone, see Huhndorf and Miller (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Untereiner et al. (2013; phylogeny), Friebes and Wendelin (2014), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Camarops P. Karst. 1873 (= Biscogniauxia sect. Camarops (P. Karst.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva et al. 1998; = Bolinia (Nitschke) Sacc. 1882; = Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1993; = Hypoxylon sect. Bolinia Nitschke 1867; = Peridoxylon Shear 1923; = Phaeosperma Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870 [1869-70]; = Sarcostromella Boedijn 1959; = Solenoplea Starbäck 1901 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: C. hypoxyloides P. Karst., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Huhndorf and Miller (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Camaropycnis E.K. Cash 1945, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. libocedri E.K. Cash, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camarosporellum Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. nervisequum (Tassi) Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; taxonomy, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camarosporioides W.J. Li & K.D. Hyde 2016, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. phragmitis W.J. Li & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16-1488, MFLUCC 13-0365. Camarosporiopsis Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. capparis (S. Ahmad) Abbas, Sutton & Ghaffar, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, saprobes, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camarosporium Schulzer 1870 (= Piringa Speg. 1911; = Sclerotheca Bubák & Vleugel 1917 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pleosporineae genera incertae sedis, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, more than 100 spp., type: C. quaternatum Schulzer, coelomycetous, sexual morph cucurbitaria-like, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014a, c, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), Liu et al. (2015a, taxonomy, phylogeny), Tibpromma et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences are available for 11 species, needs generic revision. Camarosporula Petr. 1954 (= Anthracostroma Petr. 1954 fide Rossman et al. 2015b), Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. persoonii (Henn.) Petr., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2011e; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: CBS 116258. Camarosporulum Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ampelopsidis Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camarotella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. astrocaryae (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Coccodiella Hara), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cameronia Kantvilas 2012, Cameroniaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. pertusarioides Kantvilas, lichenized, see Kantvilas (2012; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Camillea Fr. 1849 (= Bacillaria Mont. 1840; Diatrype subgen. Nummularoidea Cooke & Massee 1892; = Diatrypeopsis Speg. 1884; = Nummularioidea (Cooke & Massee) Lloyd 1924; = Xylocladium P. Syd. ex Lindau 1900; = Jongiella M. Morelet 1971; = Nummularioidea (Cooke & Massee) Lloyd 1924 fide Species Fungorum 2017; Wendt et al. 2017), Graphostromataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, more than 41 species, type: C. leprieurii (Mont.) Mont., endophytes-saprobes, widespread and high in tropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; transferred to Graphostromataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Campoa Speg. 1921 (= Myxostomella Syd. 1931 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: C. pulcherrima Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, Philipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camporesia W.J. Li & K.D. Hyde 2016, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. sambuci W.J. Li & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wendt et al. (2017; transferred to Xylariales genera incertae sedis), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 15–3905, MFLUCC 13–0203. Camposporidium Nawawi & Kuthub. 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. cristatum Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camposporium Harkn. 1884, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 18 species, type: C. antennatum Harkn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Leptosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Adamčík et al. (2015; new species), cultures available for the type: ICMP15321. Camptomeriphila Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. leucaenae Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22884, CPC 27608. Camptomeris Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. calliandrae Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Camptomyces Thaxt. 1894, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eight species, type: C. melanopus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Staphylinidae beetles, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Camptophora Réblová & Unter. 2013, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. hylomeconis (Crous, de Hoog & H.D. Shin) Réblová & Unter., asexual morph unknown, from living leaves of Hylomecon vernalis, terrestrial, South Korea, see Réblová et al. (2013; genus accepted), Madrid et al. (2016; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-19907, CBS 113311. Camptosphaeria Fuckel 1870, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. sulphurea Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Campylocarpon Halleen, Schroers & Crous 2004, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. fasciculare Schroers, Halleen & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogenic on Vitis vinifera, South Africa see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type of the type: Holotype CBS 6590, CBS 112613 = CPC 3970. Campylospora Ranzoni. 1953, Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis, five species, type: C. chaetocladia Ranzoni, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, aquatic, Asia, Europe, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Marvanová and Laichmanová (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available for authentic strains CCM F–17708, CCM F–10610, CCM F–10710, CCM F–10810. Campylothelium Müll. Arg. 1883, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: C. puiggarii Müll. Arg., lichenized, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nelsen et al. (2014b; taxonomy), cultures available for the type: MPN268. Canalisporium Nawawi & Kuthub 1989 (= Ascothailandia Sri-indr. et al. 2010 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Savoryellaceae, Savoryellales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: C. caribense (Hol.-Jech. & Mercado) Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, freshwater habitats except C. microsporum and C. nigrum, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), SriIndrasutdhi et al. (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclatue). Canariomyces Arx 1984, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. notabilis Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canary Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype of the type: MUCL 44677, a sequence available but unpublished. Canavirgella W. Merr., N.G. Wenner & Dreisbach 1996, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. banfieldii W. Merr., N.G. Wenner & Dreisbach, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cancellidium Tubaki 1975, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. applanatum Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhao et al. (2013a; China), Pratibha et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Candelabrum Beverw. 1951 (= Dionysia G. Arnaud fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. spinulosum Beverw, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on decaying leaves in water, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Candelaria A. Massal. 1852, Candelariaceae, Candelariales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: C. concolor (Dicks.) Arnold, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Candelariella Müll. Arg. 1894 (= Caloplacopsis (Zahlbr.) B. de Lesd. 1932; = Candelariella sect. Caloplacopsis Zahlbr. 1926; = Candelariellomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953 [1952], = Candelariellopsis Werner 1936; =Eklundia C.W. Dodge 1968; = Pleochroma Clem. 1909 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Candelariaceae, Candelariales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species; type: C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Aslan (2012; new records), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), sequences are available. Candelina Poelt 1974, Candelariaceae, Candelariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: C. mexicana (B. de Lesd.) Poelt, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), sequences are available. Candelosynnema K.D. Hyde & Seifert 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ranunculosporum K.D. Hyde & Seifert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Candida Berkhout 1923 (= Lodderomyces Van der Walt 1966), Candidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 40 species, type: C. tropicalis var. tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and formation of pseudohyphae and true hyphae, saprophytic, others pathogens or opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals, terrestrial, worldwide, phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences shows that there are about 40 species in the Candida tropicalis clade, the type species of the genus Candida, which also includes C. albicans and Lodderomyces elongisporus. Prior to DNA sequence analysis and changes in the Code of nomenclature for fungi (Melbourne Code), approximately 400 described anamorphic species were included in the genus Candida Cannonia Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde 1999, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. australis (Speg.) Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Argentina, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wendt et al. (2017; transferred to Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Canoparmelia Elix & Hale 1986, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species; type: C. texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Leonardo et al. (2011; indicator for environmental pollution), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kirika et al. (2016; phylogeny and circumscription), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cantharomyces Thaxt. 1890, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 29 species, type: C. bledii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Dryopidae, Hydrophilidae, Limnichidae, and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters and De Kesel (2013; morphology),cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capillataspora K.D. Hyde 1989, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. corticola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, collected from mangroves, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capillipes R. Sant. 1956, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. cavorum R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Lapland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capillistichus Santam. 2004, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. tenellus Santam., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Hydrophilidae beetles, aquatic, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Capitofimbria L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. compacta (R.F. Castañeda et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS-H6584a, CBS 111739. Capitorostrum Bat. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. asteridiellae Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Papua New Guinea, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capitotricha (Raitv.) Baral 1985, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: C. bicolor (Bull.) Baral, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, UK, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hyaloscyphaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Index Fungorum (2017; treated as a synonym of Lachnum Retz.), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Capnobotryella Sugiy. 1987, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: C. renispora Sugiy., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Sert et al. (2011, 2012; new species, Australia), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 214.90. Capnobotrys S. Hughes 1970, Metacapnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: C. neesii S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, sooty mould on living plants, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, South America, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hughes and Seifert (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Metacapnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capnocheirides J.L. Crane & S. Hughes 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rhododendri (Kunze) J.L. Crane & S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Capnodiastrum Speg. 1886, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. guaraniticum Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable thus placed in Ascomycota incertae sedis in here, needs generic revision. Capnodium Mont. 1849 (= Polychaeton (Pers.) Lév. 1846; = Fumagospora G. Arnaud 1911 fide Chomnunti et al. 2011; Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. citri Berk. & Desm., asexual morph coelomycetous, sooty moulds, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2011, 2014; taxonomy, nomenclature), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Capnofrasera S. Hughes 2003, Antennulariellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. dendryphioides S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capnokyma S. Hughes 1975, Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: C. corticola S. Hughes, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Euantennariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Caprettia Bat. & H. Maia 1965 (= Porinula Vězda 1975 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: C. amazonensis Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, thallus epiphyllous, worldwide, see Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011b; taxonomy), Yeshitela et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capricola Velen. 1947, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. fuscidula Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Capronia Sacc. 1883 (= Berlesiella Sacc. 1888; = Caproniella Berl. 1899; = Dictyotrichiella Munk 1953; = Didymotrichiella Munk 1953; = Herpotrichiella Petr. 1914; = Melanostigma Kirschst. 1939; = Polytrichiella M.E. Barr 1972 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 60 species, type: C. sexdecimspora (Cooke) Sacc., asexual morphs hyphomycetous, parasitic (on fungi or lichens) or saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Badali et al. (2008; taxonomy), Halici et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Untereiner et al. (2011; phylogeny), Friebes (2012; morpholgy), Diederich et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2014a; phylogeny), sequences are available. Caproniella Berl. 1896, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. pleiospora (Mouton) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Caproventuria U. Braun 1998, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. hanliniana (U. Braun & Feiler) U. Braun, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, soil-borne, Africa, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), strains of the type: ATCC 9601, IFM 52023, holotype of type: Germany, ascomata formed in culture, dried culture on SNA, 1994, F. Feiler (HAL 7623 F). Capsicumyces Gamundí, Aramb. & Giaiotti 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. delicatus Gamundí, Aramb. & Giaiotti, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capsulospora K.D. Hyde 1996, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: C. frondicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, sexual morph ascomycetes, saprobes on dead branches, Vanuatu, Brunei, Jawa, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Capulatispora Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. sagittiformis (Kaz. Tanaka & Hosoya) Thambugala & Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype of type: TNS-F-12453, ex-type strains of type: JCM 15100. Carassea S. Stenroos 2002, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: C. connexa (Vain.) S. Stenroos, lichenized, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Carbacanthographis Staiger & Kalb in Staiger (2002), Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 28 species, type: C. chionophora (Redinger) Staiger & Kalb, lichenized (Trenthepohlia), terrestrial (mainly corticolous), tropical, see Tripp et al. (2010; new species), Sharma et al. (2010; key), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; tribe Wirthiotremateae), Sharma and Khadilkar (2011; new species), Kukwa et al. (2013; new species), sequences are available. Carbomyces Gilkey 1954, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species; type: C. emergens Gilkey, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Moreno et al. (2012b; re-visited, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a genus in Pezizaceae and Carbomycetaceae as a synonym of Pezizaceae), sequences are available for the voucher AH 39344 of the type species. Carbonicola Bendiksby & Timdal 2013, Carbonicolaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota; three species; type: C. anthracophila (Nyl.) Bendiksby & Timdal; lichenized; temperate northern hemisphere, Australia, see Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype: H-NYL-20375 p.p. (lectotype by Timdal 1984), sequences are available. Carbosphaerella I. Schmidt 1969, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. pleosporoides Schmidt, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Denmark, Germany, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Carestiella Bres. 1897, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. socia Bres., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Baloch et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Caribaeomyces Cif. 1962, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. tetrasporus (Toro) Cif., saprobes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Carinispora K.D. Hyde 1992, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. nypae K.D. Hyde, saprobes, marine habitat (collected from palm Nypa fruticans), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision, holotype: BCC 36316. Carnegieispora Etayo 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rimeliae Etayo & Berger, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Parmotrema, terrestrial, Azores, see Etayo and Berger (2009; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology), holotype: LI, F. Berger 18380, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Carnia Bat. 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. tabebuiae Bat. & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Carpophoromyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. cybocephali Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Cybocephalidae beetles, terrestrial, Asia, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Carrismyces R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. proliferatus Castañeda & Heredia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: XAL CB736, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Bioconosporium, Oncopodiella, Pseudopetrakia and Septosporium. Caryophylloseptoria Verkley, Quaedvl. & Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: C. lychnidis (Desm.) Verkley, Quaedvlieg & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Verkley et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), reference material CBS H-21161, living cultures CBS 109098, 109102. Caryospora De Not. 1855, Caryosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: C. putaminum (Schwein.) De Not., saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, introduced Caryosporaceae), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Caryosporella Kohlm. 1985, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rhizophorae Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine aquatic, America, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Samón-Legrá et al. (2014; diversity), Tian et al. (2015; morphology; nomenclature; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: JK 5302A. Casaresia Gonz. Frag. 1920 (= Ankistrocladium Perrott 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. sphagnorum Gonz. Frag, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cashiella Petr. 1951, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. atra Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Castanedaea W.A. Baker & Partr. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. minor (R.F. Castañeda) W.A. Baker & Partr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Castanediella M. Hern.-Restr., Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: C. acaciae Crous, M. Hern.-Restr. & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Crous et al. (2015d, 2016a, b; taxonomy), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a; new species; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22225, CPC 24869 = CBS 139896. Castanedomyces Cano, L.B. Pitarch & Guarro 2002, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. australiensis Cano, L.B. Pitarch & Guarro., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Liang et al. (2009a; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: IMI 370015. Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (= Pseudonectriella Petr. 1959 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Catabotrydaceae, Amplistromatales, Sordriomycetes, one species, type: C. palmarum (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Catapyrenium Flot. 1850 (= Catapyrenium Flot. 1849; = Endopyrenium Flot. 1855; = Involucrocarpon Servít 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, six species, type: C. cinereum (Pers.) Körb., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2010b; species in in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cataractispora K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones 1999, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: C. aquatica K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type species HKU (M) 5239, cultures and sequences are available. Catarraphia A. Massal. 1860 (= Cyclographa Vain. 1921 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: C. dictyoplaca (Mont. & Bosch) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Catarrhospora Brusse 1994, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. mira Brusse, lichenized, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Catenarina Søchting, Søgaard, Arup, Elvebakk & Elix 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: C. desolata Søchting, Søgaard & Elvebakk, lichenized, see Søchting et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Catenocuneiphora Matsush. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. mucosa Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Catenophoropsis Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. eucalypticola Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Catenosubulispora Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. honiaraensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South East Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Catenosynnema Kodsueb, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. micheliae Kodsueb, K.D. Hyde & W.H. Ho, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: PDD 87914, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Catenularia Grove 1886, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, type: C. simplex Grove, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial (wood), worlwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Catenulomyces Egidi & de Hoog 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. convolutus Egidi & Quaedvlieg, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting, Spain, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline, accepted as Capnodiales genera incerte sedis), ex-type cultures of the type species CBS 118609 = TRN9 Catenulostroma Crous & U. Braun 2007, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: C. protearum (Crous & M.E. Palm) Crous & U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph ?teratosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teratosphaeriaceae), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny, introduced new genus Neocatenulostroma), holotype and ex-type of the type: BPI 1107938, CPC 18276. Catillaria A. Massal. 1852 (= Catillaria A. Massal. ex R. Sant. 1952; = Microlecia M. Choisy 1949; = Ulocodium A. Massal. 1855 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Catillariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 150 species, type: C. chalybeia (Borrer) A. Massal., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Catillochroma Kalb 2007, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: C. endochroma (Fée) Kalb, lichenized, see Lendemer (2010; re-visit), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Catinaria Vain. [nom. cons.] 1922 (= Biatorina A. Massal. 1852 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. atropurpurea (Schaer.) Vězda & Poelt, lichenized, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Catinella Boud. 1907, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one or two species, type: C. olivacea (Batsch) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes or parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence are available only for the type specie, needs generic revision. Catinopeltis Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. recifensis Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Catolechia Flot. 1850 (= Dimaura Norman 1853 [1852]; = Xanthopsis Acloque 1893 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Rhizocarpaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. wahlenbergii (Ach.) Flot., lichenized, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), type specimen UPS-ACH-L-244 (isotype), sequences are available. Catulus Malloch & Rogerson 1978, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. aquilonius Malloch & Rogerson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Caudatispora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 1995, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. palmicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, America (tropical), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available but lacks for the type species. Caudella Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. oligotricha Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline) cultures and sequences are unavailable. Caudospora Starbäck 1889, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. taleola (Fr.) Starbäck, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cavaraella Speg. 1921, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. micraspis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi, Dargan & K.S. Thind 1977, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. indicum Yoshim. Doi, Dargan & K.S. Thind, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cazia Trappe 1989, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. flexiascus Trappe, asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for voucher SOC 469 of the type species. Cecidiomyces U. Braun & Zhurb. 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. santessonii U. Braun & Zhurb, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, lichenicolous, Australia, see Zhurbenko and Braun (2012; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of type: UPS F-552770, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cecidioskyttea Etayo 2004, ?Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. osorioi Etayo, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph stromatic and hairy and spores simples, parasymbiont on macrolichens belonging to Parmeliaceae, South America, see Suija et al. (2015c; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: Hb. Osorio, H,S. Osorio & G. Geymonat 9639a. Cecidonia Triebel & Rambold 1988, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. umbonella (Nyl.) Triebel & Rambold, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ceeveesubramaniomyces Pratibha, K.D. Hyde & Bhat 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. litseae Pratibha, K.D. Hyde & Bhat 2005, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: GUBH P 198, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cejpia Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. coerulea Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Celerioriella Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: C. dura (Damm & Crous) Crous, coelomcetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Damm et al. (2010b as Phaeomoniella dura Damm & Crous, morphology), Crous et al. (2015d, 2016a; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-19999, CBS 120882. Celoporthe Nakab., Gryzenh., Jol. Roux & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. dispersa Nakab., Gryzenh., Jol. Roux & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogenic, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chen et al. (2011; species from Eucalyptus and Syzygium trees in China and Indonesia), Crous et al. (2012d; phylogeny), Vermeulen et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-epitype strain of the type: PREM 58896, CMW 9976. Celothelium A. Massal. 1860, Celotheliaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: C. socialis (Zenker) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2014b; taxonomy, DNA), Chen et al. (2015a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Celtidia J.D. Janse 1897, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. duplicispora J.D. Janse, asexual morph unnown, marine habitat (root nodules of Celtis in Java), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cenangiopsis Rehm 1912 (= Pyrenopezizopsis Höhn. 1917 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. quercicola (Romell) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KL174, needs generic revision. Cenangium Fr. 1818 (= Cenangina Höhn. 1909; = Cenangium trib. Clithris Fr. 1822; = Clithris (Fr.) Bonord. 1851 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. ferruginosum Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KL390, needs generic revision. Cenangiumella J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 2000, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. rattanicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cenococcum Moug. & Fr. 1829, Gloniaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: C. geophilum Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, ectomycorrhizal, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Gloniaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Peter et al. (2016; DNA, ectomycorrhizal), cultures and sequences are available. Cenozosia A.Massal. 1854, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. inanis (Mont.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Cephaliophora Thaxt. 1903 (= Cephalomyces Bainier 1907 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizales genera incertae sedis, four species, type: C. tropica Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on dung, soil, terrestrial, pantropical, temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cephaloascus Hanawa 1920 (= Ascocybe D.E. Wells 1954; = Aureomyces Ruokola & Salonen 1970 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cephaloascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: C. dispersa Nakab., Gryzenh., Jol. Roux & M.J. Wingf., asexual reproduction by budding and blastoconidia, saprophytic, although one strain of C. fragrans was isolated from a human ear, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kurtzman and Robnett (2013b; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cephalophysis (Hertel) H. Kilias 1985 (= Lecidea subgen. Cephalophysis Hertel 1967 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. leucospila (Anzi) H. Killas & Scheid., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Arup et al. (taxonomy; 2013), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cephalotheca Fuckel 1871 (= Aposphaeriopsis Died. 1913; = Carothecis Clem. 1931; = Crepinula Kuntze 1891; Erythrosphaera Sorokīn 1871 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cephalothecaceae, Sordariomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: C. sulfurea Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cephalotrichiella Crous 2014, Microascales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. penicillata Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Crous et al. (2014c; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H21725, CPC 23865. Cephalotrichum Link 1809 (= Berkeleyna Kuntze 1898; = Capnostysanus Speg. 1918; = Doratomyces Corda 1829; = Stelechotrichum Ritgen 1831; = Stysanopsis Ferraris 1909; = Stysanus Corda 1837; = Synpenicillium Costantin 1888; = Trichurus Clem. 1896 fide Seifert et al. 2011; Species Fungorum 2017), Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: C. stemonitis (Pers.) Nees, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, soil, dung terrestrial, worldwide, see Jiang et al. (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), de Beer et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Ceramoclasteropsis Bat. & Cavalc. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. coumae Bat. & Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ceramothyrium Bat. & H. Maia 1956, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 34 species, type: C. paiveae Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph hyphomycetous, Stanhughesia Constant., epiphytic, epiphyllous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2012; 2014 morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zeng et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences of type species are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratocarpia Rolland 1896, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: C. cactorum Rolland, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2014; morphology; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratocladium Corda 1839, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. microspermum Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratocystiopsis H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. 1975, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: C. minuta (Siemaszko) H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Plattner et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ceratocystis Ellis & Halst. 1890 (= Chaetonaemosphaera Schwarzman 1968); = Milowia Massee 1884; = Mycorhynchella Höhn. 1918; = Rostrella Fabre 1879 [1878]; = Rostrella Zimm. 1900 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, c. 70 species, type: C. fimbriata Ellis & Halst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), van Wyk et al. (2009, 2010, 2011; new species), Kajitani and Masuya (2011; new species, pathogens), Tarigan et al. (2011; new species, Indonesia), Nkuekam et al. (2012; new species), Chen et al. (2013a; species associated with Eucalyptus, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2015d; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ceratolenta Réblová 2013, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. caudata Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Réblová et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type cultures available for the type: PRM 899854, CBS 125234. Ceratomyces Thaxt., 1892, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 32 species, type: C. mirabilis Thaxt., parasitic on Hydrophilidae and Staphylinidae beetles, terrestrial and aquatic, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence is available for the type: AF431764 (SSU). Ceratophacidium J. Reid & Piroz. 1966, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. aristosporum (Bonar) J. Reid & Piroz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratophoma Höhn. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rostrata (Fuckel) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratophorum Sacc. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. helicosporium (Sacc.) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratoporthe Petr. 1925, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. didymospora Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ceratopycnis Höhn. 1915 (= Rhynchophorus Hollós 1926 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. clematidis Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceratospermopsis Bat. 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: need typification data, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Ceratosphaerella Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill. 2008, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. castillensis (C.L. Sm.) Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, see Huhndorf et al. (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type culture of type: SMH1865. Ceratosphaeria Niessl 1876, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: C. lampadophora (Berk. & Broome), asexual morph harpophora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Huhndorf et al. (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), culture available for type: CBS 117555. Ceratosporella Höhn. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 20 species (14 valid taxa as per Monteiro and Gusmao 2014), type: C. bicornis Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Monteiro and Gusmao (2014; key to species), sequence available but lacks for the type species. Ceratosporium Schwein. 1832, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 14 species, type: C. fuscescens Schwein, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus not accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ceratostomella Sacc. 1878 (= Cerastomis Clem. 1931; = Rhynchophoma P. Karst. 1884 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Réblová and Štěpánek (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Cercidospora Körb. 1865 (= Neonorrlinia Syd. 1923; = Norrlinia Vain. 1921; = Pleosphaeropsis Vain. 1921; = Prolisea Clem. 1931; = Vainiona Werner 1943 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, more than 100 species, type: C. ulothii Körb., on lichens, temperate, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2009; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cercophora Fuckel 1870 (= Bovilla Sacc. 1883; = Heteronectria Penz. & Sacc. 1898 [1897]; = Lasiosordaria Chenant. 1919; = Lasiosordariopsis Chenant. 1919 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 51 species, type: C. mirabilis Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Chang et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Catania et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kruys et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species), Dai et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cercosperma G. Arnaud ex B. Sutton & Hodges 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. arnaudii B. Sutton & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Cercospora Fresen. 1863 (= Cercosporina Speg. 1911; = Virgasporium Cooke 1875 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, about 3000 described species (c. 700 accepted species), and 357 orthographic variants (Mycobank), type: C. apii Fresen., hyphomycetous, saprobes, plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Groenewald et al. (2008, 2013; sexual reproduction, phylogeny), To-Anun et al. (2010, 2011; phylogeny, key), Hesami et al. (2011; phylogeny, new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Bakhshi et al. (2015a, b; phylogeny), Nguanhom et al. (2015; phylogeny), Braun and Crous (2016; nomenclature), sequences are available for most of the species, holotype: Fungi rhen. 117. Cercosporella Sacc. 1880, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 251 species, type: C. cana (Sacc.) Sacc., hyphomyceteous, sexual morph of mycosphaerella-like, saprobes, plant pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirschner (2009; differentiation from Ramularia), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Braun (2013a; taxonomy), Braun and Urtiaga (2013; new species), Braun et al. (2015; new species, key), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Machado et al. (2012; pathology), Zhang et al. (2013b; secondary metabolites), Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), lectotype K, non-European reference cultures CPC 19492, CPC 11461, CBS 113304, holotype of type: BPI 420584. Cercosporidium Earle 1901, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 70 species, of which five are confirmed based on DNA, type: C. euphorbiae Tracy & Earle, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Braun et al. (2013; morphology), Videira et al. (2017; morphology, phylogeny), resurrect the genus, and designate an epitype. Cerillum Clem. 1931, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. paradoxa (Har. & Pat.) Clem., terrestrial, saprobes, see Wendt et al. (2017; resurrected the genus in Xylariales), cultures and sequences are available. Cerion Massee 1901, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. coccineum Massee & Rodway, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, America (tropical), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceriophora Höhn. 1919, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type species: C. palustris (Sacc.) Höhn., Europe, doubtful genus, see Kirk et al. (2008; genus accepted), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ceriospora Niessl 1876 (= Ceriophora Höhn. 1919; = Hindersonia Moug. & Nestl. ex J. Schröt. 1897 [1908] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type species: C. dubyi Niessl., doubtful genus, see Kirk et al. (2008; 2013), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ceriosporopsis Barghoon & Linder 1944, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. halima Linder, asexual morph not unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline, phylogeny), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; new species, phylogeny, however this species is invalid fide Index Fungorum 2017), sequence data available for C. halima (BCC15553). Cerodothis Muthappa 1969, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. aurea Muthappa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cerothallia Arup, Frödén & Søchting 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. luteoalba (Turner) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cesariella W. Rossi & Santam. 2008, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. graeca W. Rossi & Santam., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Carabidae beetles, terrestrial, Europe, Rossi and Santamaría (2008; taxonomy, did not explicitly state family level placement, but suggested very close relationship to Laboulbenia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Laboulbeniales incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cesatiella Sacc. 1878, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type species: C. australis Sacc. & Speg., see Kirk et al. (2008, 2013; genus accepted), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cetradonia J.C. Wei & Ahti. 2002, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. linearis (A. Evans.) J.C. Wei & Ahti., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cetraria Ach. 1803 nom. cons. (= Cetrariomyces E.A. Thomas 1939; = Coelocaulon Link 1833; = Geissodea Vent. 1799; = Platisma Hoffm. 1796 [1795]; = Platyphyllum Vent. 1799; = Pseudocornicularia Gyeln. 1933; = Squamaria Hoffm. 1789 [1790] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 21 species, type: C. islandica (L.) Ach., asexual morph unknown, epiphytic or saxicolous, widespread, see Thell et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cetrariella Kärnefelt & A. Thell, 1993, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial temperate and artic regions of nothern hemisphere, see Thell et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cetrelia W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. 1968, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 18 species, type: C. cetrarioides (Delise) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial or on lignum, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crespo et al. (2010b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cetreliopsis M.J. Lai. 1980, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: C. rhytidocarpa (Mont. & Bosch) Lai, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ceuthodiplospora Died. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. robiniae (Roberge) Died., asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceuthosira Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. aesculicarpa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ceuthosporella Petr. & Syd. 1923 (= Microcyta Petr. & Syd. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. sambuci Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chadefaudia Feldm.-Maz. 1957 (= Mycophycophila Cribb & J.W. Cribb 1960 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: C. marina Feldm.-Maz., saprobes, ?marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline of marine genera), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chadefaudiella Faurel & Schotter 1959, Chadefaudiellaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. quezelii Faurel & Schotter, saprobes, coprophilous, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chadefaudiomyces Kamat, V.G. Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa 1974, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. indicus Kamat, V.G. Rao, A.S. Patil & Ullasa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaenocarpus Rebent. 1804 (= Chaenocarpus Spreng. 1806; = Chaenocarpus Lév. 1843; = Coenocarpus Fr. 1825; = Cryptothamnium Wallr. 1842; = Simoninus Roum. 1879 fide Species Fungorum 2017; Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. setosus (Roth) Rebent., asexual morph unknown, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016: outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaenotheca (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr. 1860 (= Allodium Nyl. 1896 [1895]; = Calicium b Chaenotheca Th. Fr. 1856; = Chaenothecomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Cybebe Tibell 1984; = Cyphelium Chevall. 1826; = Embolus Batsch 1786; = Eucyphelis Clem. 1909; = Heydeniopsis Naumov 1915 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Coniocybaceae, Coniocybales, Coniocybomycetes, c. 25 species, type: C. trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, widespread but mostly Northern Boreal, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chaenothecopsis Vain. 1927 (= Catenomycopsis Tibell & Constant. 1991 = Chaenotheciella Räsänen 1943; = Pseudocalicium Marchand 1896; = Strongyleuma Vain. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017; Art. 59), Mycocaliciaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, 27 species, type: C. rubescens Vain., lichenicolous, fungicolous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology of Catenomycopsis), Tuovila et al. (2011; new species, Oregon), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Selva (2013; new species), Hawksworth et al. (2014; new species), Rikkinen et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Chaetarthriomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: C. flexatus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Hydrophilidae beetles, aquatic, widespread, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2014b; Netherlands), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetasbolisia Speg. 1918, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: C. erysiphoides Griffon & Maubl., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 148.94. Chaetendophragmia Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: C. triangularis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetendophragmiopsis B. Sutton & Hodges 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. pulchra Sutton & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, two species, saprobes, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetoamphisphaeria Hara 1918, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. japonica Hara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetoblastophorum Morgan-Jones 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ingramii Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetocapnodium Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde 2015, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. siamensis Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 14–0747, MFLUCC 13–0778. Chaetoconis Clem. 1909 (= Amphorula Grove 1922 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. polygoni (Ellis & Everh.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 405.95. Chaetocrea Syd. 1927, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. parasitica Syd., asexual morph unknown, fungicolous associated with black areas of fungi on leaves, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; excluded from Tubeufiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetocytostroma Petr. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. arundinacea Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetodiplis Clem. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. hirta (Sacc.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetodiplodia P. Karst. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: C. caulina P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Chaetodiplodina Speg. 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. graminicola Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetomastia (Sacc.) Berl. 1890 (= Herpothrix Clem. 1909; = Melanomma subgen. Chaetomastia Sacc. 1883 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Teichosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: C. hirtula (P. Karst.) Berl., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teichosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetomella Fuckel 1870 (= Harikrishnaella D.V. Singh & A.K. Sarbhoy 1972 [1971]; = Volutellospora Thirum. & P.N. Mathur 1965 [1964]; = Zoellneria Velen. 1934 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetomellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: C. oblonga Fuckel, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, in soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species, Zambia), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: BPI 843552. Chaetomidium (Zopf) Sacc. 1882 (= Chaetomium subgen. Chaetomidium Zopf 1881 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 16 species, type: C. fimeti (Fuckel) Zopf, asexual morph phialophora-like, saprobes, in soil, coprophilous, worldwide, see Greif et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 168.71. Chaetomiopsis Moustafa & Abdul-Wahid 1990, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. dinae Moustafa & Abdul-Wahid, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Egypt, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetomium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt 1817 (= Achaetomiella Arx 1970; = Bolacotricha Berk. & Broome 1851; = Bommerella Marchal, 1885; = Botryotrichum Sacc. & Marchal 1885; Chaetomiotricha Peyronel 1914; = Cladochaete Sacc. 1912; = Trichocladium Harz 1871; = Vanhallia L. Marchand 1828 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, more than 150 species., type: C. globosum Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt (1817), asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprophytic fungus that primarily resides on plants, soil, straw, and dung, potential biological control agents, worldwide, see Ahmed et al. (2012; enzymes), Maharachchikumbura et al (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wang et al. (2016d; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Chaetomyces Thaxt. 1938, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: C. pinophili Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Staphylinidae beetles, terrestrial, North and South America, Rossi and Bergonzo (2008; Brazil), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetonaevia Arx 1951, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. nannfeldtii Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetonectrioides Matsush. 1996, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. malaysiana Matsush., saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), holotype: 5T121 (Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetopeltaster Katum. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. japonicus Katum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetophiophoma Speg. 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. trematis Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetophoma Cooke 1878, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 30 species, type: C. quercifolia Cooke, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetoplaca Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. memecyli Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2016; taxonomy, transferred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem. 1931 (= Pyrenophora subgen. Chaetoplea Sacc. 1883 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 17 species, type: C. calvescens (Fr.) Clem., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; morphology, accepted as Leptosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, morphology of asexual morph), sequence data and cultures are unavailable. Chaetopreussia Locq.-Lin. 1977, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. chadefaudii Locq.-Lin., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Sporormiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetopsina Rambelli 1956 (= Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type: C. fulva Rambelli, hyphomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Nagaraju et al. (2011a; new species), Crous et al. (2013b, 2014c, morphology, new species), Lombard et al. (2015b; DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), available cultures of type: CBS 142.56. Chaetopsis Grev. 1825 (= Chaetopsella Höhn. 1930 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. wauchii Grev., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetopyrena Pass. 1881 (= Sclerochaeta Höhn. 1917 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. poae (Niessl) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetorostrum Zelski, Raja, A.N. Mill. & Shearer 2011, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. quincemilense Zelski, Raja, A.N. Mill. & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Peru, see Zelski et al. (2011b; morohology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: ILL 40822, cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetosclerophoma Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. coluteae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetoscutula E. Müll. 1958, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: C. juniperi E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetoseptoria Tehon 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. vignae Tehon, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetosphaerella E. Müll. & C. Booth 1972 (= Cladotrichum Corda 1831; = Dimera Fr. 1825; = Diplosporium Link 1824; = Gongylocladium Wallr. 1833; = Jacobaschella Kuntze 1891; = Oedemium Link 1824; = Sphinctrosporium Kunze 1849; = Veramyces Subram. 1994; = Veramycina Subram. 1995 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetosphaerellaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: C. phaeostroma (Durieu & Mont.) E. Müll. & C. Booth, hyphomycetous, Chaetosphaerella sexual morph reported for E. didymium (= E. atrum) and E. minus, while Acrogenotheca sexual morph reported for E. robustum, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature). Chaetosphaeria Tul. & C. Tul. 1863 (= Aposphaeriella Died. 1912; = Chaetolentomita Maubl. 1915; = Didymopsamma Petr. 1925; = Lentomita Niessl 1876; = Melanopsammina Höhn. 1919; = Miyoshia Kawam. 1907; = Miyoshiella Kawam. 1929; = Montemartinia Curzi 1927; = Trichocollonema Höhn. 1902; = Urnularia P. Karst. 1866 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, more than 100 species, type: C. innumera Berk. & Broome ex Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph complex, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Chaetosphaerides Matsush. 2003, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, one species, typ species: C. ramichloridifera Matsush., saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis), holotype: MFC 210, sequences and cultures are unavailable. Chaetosphaeronema Moesz 1915 (= Pseudophoma Höhn. 1916 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: C. hispidulum (Corda) Moesz, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, see de Gruyter et al. (2010; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), sequence are available. Chaetosphaerulina I. Hino 1938 (= Thaxteriellopsis Sivan. 1977 [1976] fide Species Fungorum 2017), ?Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycete, six species, type: C. yasudai I. Hino, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes on dead wood, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; treated as a doubtful genus but listed under Tubeufiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline),cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chaetosticta Petr. & Syd. 1925 (= Pyrenochaeta subgen. Trichocicinnus Sacc. 1906 [1905]; = Trichocicinnus (Sacc.) Höhn. 1919 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, three species, type: C. perforata (Ellis & Everh.) Petr. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes or parasitic, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, North America and South America, see, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), no sequence data available, need adequate sequence data, needs generic revision. Chaetotheca Zukal 1890, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. fragilis Zukal, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, on bile concretion, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment. Chaetothiersia B.A. Perry & Pfister 2008, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. vernalis B.A. Perry & Pfister, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), holotype of the type: FH, Perry 492, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Chaetothyrina Theiss. 1913 (= Ceratochaetopsis F. Stevens & Weedon 1927; = Chaetopeltopsis Theiss. 1913; = Plochmopeltidella J.M. Mend. 1925; = Setopeltis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1959 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: C. musarum (Speg.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Singtripop et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: MFLUCC 15-0383. Chaetothyriomyces Pereira-Carv., Inácio & Dianese 2009, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. brasiliensis Pereira-Carv., Inácio & Dianese, asexual morph unknown, epiphytic, terrestrial, Brazil, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2009a; morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chaetothyriothecium Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde 2014, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. elegans Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, Thailand, see Hongsanan et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Chaetothyrium Speg. 1888 (= Almeidaea Cif. & Bat. 1962; = Chaetasterina Bubák 1909; = Gilmania Bat. & Cif. 1962; = Sphaerochaetia Bat. & Cif. 1962; = Trotterula Speg. 1921; = Uloseia Bat. 1963; = Zukalia Sacc. 1891 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 66 species, type: C. guaraniticum Speg., asexual morph ceolomycetous, epiphytic, sooty moulds, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2012; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; morphology; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for some species, needs generic revision. Chalara (Corda) Rabenh. 1844 (= Chaetochalara B. Sutton & Piroz. 1965; = Cylindrocephalum Bonord. 1851; = Excioconidium Plunkett 1925; = Excioconis Clem. & Shear 1931; = Hughesiella Bat. & A.F. Vital 1956; = Stilbochalara Ferd. & Winge 1910; = Torula subgen. Chalara Corda 1838 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 100 species, type: C. fusidioides (Corda) Rabenh., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pthogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Kowalski and Holdenrieder (2009; pathogens), Koukol (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016a, b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Chalarodendron C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. fuscum C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chalarodes McKenzie 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. bisetis McKenzie, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chalaropsis Peyronel 1916, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, c. five species, type: C. thielavioides Peyronel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Beer et al. (2014; revision, new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures are available. Chalazion Dissing & Sivertsen 1975, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: C. sociabile Dissing & Sivertsen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: FH, Perry 492, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Chamaeascus L. Holm, K. Holm & M.E. Barr 1993, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. arcticus L. Holm, K. Holm & M.E. Barr, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chamaeleomyces Sigler 2010, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. granulomatis Sigler, asexual morph unknown, reptile pathogen, terrestrial, America, see Sigler et al. (2010a; taxonomy), Schmidt et al. (2012; outline), Schmidt (2015; reptile pathogens), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Chantransiopsis Thaxt. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. decumbens Thaxt., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, entomogenous, terrestrial, Java, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chapeckia M.E. Barr 1978, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. nigrospora (Peck) M.E. Barr, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kruys and Castlebury (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 125532. Chapsa A. Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 62 species, type: C. indica A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Mangold et al. (2009; key Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; key), Sipman et al. (2012; key, Costa Rica), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Characonidia Bat. & Cavalc. 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ingae Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Charcotiana Søchting, Garrido-Benavent & Arup in Søchting et al. 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. antarctica Søchting et al., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Anctartica, see Søchting et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Charomyces Seifert 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. amphimelas Seifert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaiian Island, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Charonectria Sacc. 1880, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. sceptri (P. Karst.) Lowen, temperate, dead leaves or lichenicolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chasakopama Manohar., Bagyanaryana, N.K. Rao & Kunwar 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. velgodensis Manohar., Bagyanaryana, N.K. Rao & Kunwar, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Manoharachary et al. (2009; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: IMI 296874, sequences are unavailable. Cheilaria Lib. 1830, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. agrostidis Lib., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), isotype: IMI 152241, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cheilymenia Boud. 1885 (= Coprobia Boud. 1885 fide Species Fungorum 2017, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 66 species, type: C. stercorea (Pers.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cheiroidea W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. triarmata (Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial (on Pandunus), Mauritius, see Gams et al. (2009; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotyp: HKU(M) 13034, cultures and sequence unavailable, needs generic revision. Cheiromycella Höhn. 1910, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. speiroidea (Höhn.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on cheese and fungi, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Braun et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, treated as a genus in Hyaloscyphaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cheiromyceopsis Mercado & J. Mena 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. echinulata Mercado & J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cheiromycina B. Sutton 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: C. flabelliformis B. Sutton, five species, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenized, Austria, Russia, Sweden, see Diederich et al. (2008; treated C. ananas Aptroot & Schiefelb. as a synonym of Dictyocatenulata alba Finley & E.F. Morris), An et al. (2012; morphology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype: IMI288326. Cheiropolyschema Matsush. 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. formosana Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Taiwan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: MFC-6717, sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cheirospora Moug. & Fr. 1825 (= Hyperomyxa Corda 1839; = Moronopsis Delacr. 1891; = Myriocephalum De Not. ex Corda 1842; = Rabdosporium Chevall. 1826; = Thyrsidium Mont. 1848 [1846-49] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. botryospora (Mont.) Berk. & Broome, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2015c; morphology, phylogeny, DNA), Wijayawarden et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny, outline), reference specimens available for type: MFLU 15–3550, cultures available: CPC 24603 = CBS 139999, CPC 24605, CPC 24607, CPC 24611. Cheirosporium L. Cai & K.D. Hyde 2008, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. triseriale L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Egypt, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Chevalieropsis Arnaud. 1923 (= Chevalieria Arnaud 1920; = Parodiellinopsis Hansf. 1946 [1944-45] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. ctenotricha (Pat. & Har.) G. Arnaud, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, need recollecting to verify generic placement. Chiastospora Riess 1852, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. parasitica Riess, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chikaneea B. Sutton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. holleroniae B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Chiodecton Ach. 1814 (= Melanodecton A. Massal. 1860 [1859-1860] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, c. 24 species, type: C. sphaerale Ach., lichenized, corticolour or saxicolous, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chionomyces Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. meliolicola (Cif.) Deighton & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide (tropical), see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chirleja Lendemer & B.P. Hodk. 2012, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. buckii Lendemer & B.P. Hodk., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, South America, see Lendemer and Hodkinson (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chithramia Nag Raj 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. elegantissima Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: BPI 71492, sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chitonomyces Peyr. 1873 (= Heimatomyces Peyr. 1873 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 98 species, type: C. melanurus Peyr., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Goldmann and Weir (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for type: (SSU, LSU). Chitonospora E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc. 1891, Phlogicylindriaceae, Xylariales, Xylariomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. ammophila E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc., from dead grasses, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chlamydomyces Bainier 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. diffusus Bainier, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chlamydopsis Hol.-Jech. & R.F. Castañeda 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. proliferans Hol.-Jech. & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: INIFAT C84/140, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Acrodictys, Ashtaangam and Petrakia. Chlamydorubra K.B. Deshp. & K.S. Deshp. 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. verrucosa K.B. Deshp. & K.S. Deshp., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chlamydosauromyces Sigler, Hambl. & Paré 2002, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. punctatus Sigler, Hambl. & Paré, asexual morph unknown, from bee hive, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences and culture available. Chlamydotubeufia Boonmee & K.D. Hyde. 2011, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: C. huaikangplaensis Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, saprobes on decaying wood, Thailand, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Boonmee et al. (2011, 2012; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of the type: MFLUCC 10-0926, MFLU 10-0972. Chlorencoelia J.R. Dixon 1975, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: C. versiformis (Pers.) J.R. Dixon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ren and Zhuang (2014; new species, China), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Chloridium Link 1809 (= Gonytrichum Nees & T. Nees 1818; = Melanopsammella Höhn. 1920 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. five new species, type: C. viride Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Chlorociboria Seaver ex C.S. Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R. Batra 1958, Chlorociboriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 22 species, saprobes, worldwide, see Huhtinen et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Chloroepilichen Etayo 2010, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. rolfii Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Southern America, see Etayo (2010; description and distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype: UPS, R. Santesson & G. Thor P75:5. Chloroscypha Seaver 1931 (= Parksia E.K. Cash 1945 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 14 species type: C. seaveri Rehm ex Seaver, asexual morph sporodochia-like, endophytic, weak pathogen and saprobes, on leaves of Cupressaceae (rarely Taxodiaceae), widespread in temperate areas, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: NY herbarium (NY00915009), living cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type of the type species. Chlorospleniella P. Karst. 1885, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. fennica (P. Karst.) Sacc. ex Clem. & Shear, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chlorosplenium Fr. 1849 (= Chrysosplenium Allesch. 1898 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: C. chlora (Schwein.) M.A. Curtis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chlorostroma A.N. Mill., Lar. N. Vassiljeva & J. D. Rogers. 2007, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. subcubisporum A.N. Mill., Lar.N. Vassiljeva & J.D. Rogers, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Chlorovibrissea L.M. Kohn 1989, ?Vibrisseaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species type: C. bicolor (G.W. Beaton & Weste) L.M. Kohn, asexual morph phialophora-like, aquatic or semi-aquatic on wood and twigs, Australasia, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sandoval-Leiva et al. (2014; DNA), holotype in MELU herbarium, cultures and sequences are available. Choanatiara DiCosmo 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. lunata DiCosmo & Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Canada, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Choiromyces Vittad. 1831 (= Choeromyces Tul. & C. Tul. 1862; = Piersonia Harkn. 1899; = Tartufa (Gray) Kuntze 1898; = Tuber sect. Tartufa Gray 1821; = Zobelia Opiz 1855 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, type: C. meandriformis Vittad., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wedén et al. (2009; edible truffle Choiromyces venosus in Sweden), Bonito et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Moreno et al. (2012b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Chondroderris Maire 1937, Helotiales, genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. nevadensis Maire, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chordomyces Bilanenko, M.L. Georgieva & Grum-Grzhimaylo 2016, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. antarcticus E.N. Bilanenko, M.L. Georgieva, A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo, saprobes, from soil, see Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2016; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Choreospora Constant. & R. Sant. 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. tibellii Constant. & R. Sant., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chorioactis Kupfer ex Eckblad 1968 (= Chorioactis Kupfer 1902 nom. inval. Art. 38.5, Ex. 1 (Melbourne), Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. geaster (Peck) Kupfer ex Eckblad, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences are available. Chrismofulvea Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. dialyta (Nyl.) Marbach, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, North and South America, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chromatochlamys Trevis. 1860 (= Microglaenomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; = Weitenwebera Körb. 1863 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Thelenellaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: C. muscicola (Ach.) Trevis., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chromendothia Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1993, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. appendiculata Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate north-eastern Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; phylogeny, outline), holotype of type: VLA P-2939, sequences are available for C. citrina. Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. 1890 (= Ocellularia sect. Chroodiscus Müll. Arg. 1883; = Phyllobrassia Vain. 1921 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 14 species, type: C. coccineus (Leight.) Müll. Arg., lichenized (Trenthepohlia or Phycopeltis), terrestrial (foliicolous), tropical, see Papong et al. (2009a, b; DNA), Parnmen et al. (2012; DNA), Sipman et al. (2012; key), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; DNA), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chrysachne Cif. 1938, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. hyphochoria Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Chrysocrypta Crous & Summerell 2012, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. corymbiae Crous & Summerell, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: CBS H-20963, cultures and sequences are available. Chrysofolia Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. colombiana Crous, Rodas & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, saprobes, Colombia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22238, CPC 24986. Chrysoporthe Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2004 (= Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2004 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016), Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. cubensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, one species, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chungu et al. (2010; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: BPI 631857, cultures and sequences are available. Chrysosporium Corda 1833 (= Aleurophora O. Magalh. 1916; = Atrichophyton Castell. & Chalm. 1919; = Blastomyces Costantin & Rolland 1889 [1888]; = Emmonsia Cif. & Montemart. 1959; = Rhinocladiella Kamyschko 1960; = Rhinocladiopsis Kamyschko1961 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 70 species, type: C. corii Corda, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes on keratinous substrates, but also reported from other sources, including dung, soil and foodstuffs, several species are opportunistic pathogens of vertebrates including humans, cosmopolitan, highly polyphyletic, see Liang et al. (2009a; taxonomy), Pitt et al. (2013; reallocation of some xerophilic species, with comments on the polyphyly of the genus), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences properly representing the type species are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment, Chrysosporium is tentatively considered herein as a member of Onygenaceae following de Hoog et al. (in press). Chrysothrix Mont. 1852 (= Allarthonia (Nyl.) Zahlbr. 1902; = Plearthonis Clem. 1909 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Chrysotrichaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 14 species, type: C. noli-tangere (Mont.) Mont., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous or epiphytic, widespread, see Nelsen et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Laundon (2012, conserved against Alysphaeria), Sundin et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Chuppia Deighton 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. sarcinifera Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences and cultures unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciboria Fuckel 1870 (= Ciboriopsis Dennis 1962; = Moellerodiscus Henn. 1902 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 21 species, type: C. caucus (Rebent.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ciborinia Whetzel 1945, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 16 species, type: C. bifrons (Whetzel) Whetzel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cicadocola Brain 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cicadarum (Šulc) Bain, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences and cultures unavailable, needs generic revision. Cidaris Fr. 1849, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: C. caroliniana (Schwein.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cidaris Fr. 1849, Pezizales, genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. caroliniana (Schwein.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Helvellaceae), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ciferria Gonz. Frag. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. coccothrinacis Gonz. Frag., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciferriascosea Senan., Bhat, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phlogicylindriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. rectamurum Senanayake, Bhat, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Senanayake et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ciferrina Petr. 1932, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. pulchella Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciferriopeltis Bat. & H. Maia 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. domingensis (Petr. & Cif.) Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliella Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. epidendri (Rehm) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliochora Höhn. 1919 (= Petrakomyces Subram. & K. Ramakr. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. longiseta (Racib.) Höhn. coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliochorella Syd. 1935 (= Phaeociliospora Bat. & Peres 1967; = Plagionema Subram. & K. Ramakr. 1927 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pestalotiopsidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. mangiferae Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Allegrucci et al. (2011; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, phylogeny, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tangthirasunun et al. (2015; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), available specimens and cultures of type: MFLU 13-0264, MFLUCC 12-0310 = ICMP 20052. Ciliofusospora Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1963, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. oenocarpi Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ciliolarina Svrček 1977, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. laricina (Raitv.) Svrček, asexual morph hyphomycetous (septonema-like), saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Filippova (2012; records from west Siberia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliophora Petr. 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. cryptica Petr. coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliophorella Petr. 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. insignis Petr. coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cilioplea Munk 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. coronata (Niessl) Munk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Lophiostomataceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciliosporella Petr. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. selenospora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ciposia Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. wheeleri (R.C. Harris) Marbach, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, North America, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Circinaria Link 1809, Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: C. contorta (Hoffm.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell, lichenized, see Nordin et al. (2010; phylogeny), Sohrabi et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Circinoconiopsis A. Hern.-Gut. 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. amazonica A. Hern. Gut., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Hernández-Gutiérrez (2013; morphology), holotype: MG 203121, sequences and cultures unavailable. Circinoconis Boedijn 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. paradoxa Boedijn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, East Indies, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Circinoniesslia Samuels & M.E. Ban 1997, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. nectriae Samuels & M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or fungicolous, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: BPI, Samuels 8028, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Circinotrichum Nees 1816 (= Dephilippia Rambelli 1959; = Gyrocerus Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 1: 9 1837; = Gyrotrichum Spreng. 1827 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 20 species, type: C. maculiforme Nees, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, cultures available for type: CBS 122758, CPC 24566. Cirrenalia Meyers & R.T. Moore 1960, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: C. macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & R.T. Moore, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny, key), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available MUCL 15736. Cirrosporium S. Hughes 1980, Eurotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. novae-zelandiae S. Hughes, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Réblova and Seifert (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, phylogeny, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: PDD 36101, cultures available CBS 123236, ICMP 18891. Cirsosia G. Arnaud 1918 (= Cirsosiella G. Arnaud 1918 [1917]; = Halbanina G. Arnaud 1918 [1917]; = Lembopodia Bat. 1960; = Morqueria Bat. & H. Maia 1963 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: C. manaosensis (Henn.) G. Arnaud, asexual morph coelomycetous (= homalopeltis-like fide Hofmann 2009), epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Asterinaceae supported by morphology, isotype of type: K(M) 176510, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cirsosina Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. rhododendri Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Bomeo, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cirsosiopsis Butin & Speer 1979, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. violacescens Butin & Speer, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Wu et al. (2014; review, transferred to Parmulariaceae) placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, holotype: ZT Myc 4325, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cissococcomyces Brain 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. natalensis Brain, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cistella Quél. 1886 (= ?Chimaeroscypha Raitv. 2004; Clavidisculum Kirschst. 1938 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 45 species, type: C. dentata (Pers.) Quél., asexual morph unknown, erroneously linked with Phialophora-like anamorph (Cistella rubescens = Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus, saprobes on wood, dead herbaceous stems, fallen leaves, needles and cones, widespread, mainly in temperate zones, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; taxonomy), Baral et al. (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Citeromyces Santa María 1957, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: C. matritensis (Santa María) Santa María, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kurtzman (2012; new species), Casaregola et al. (2013; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Civisubramaniania Vittal & Dorai 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. eucalypti Vittal & Dorai hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: IMI 298300, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cladia Nyl. 1870 (= Clathrina Müll. Arg. 1883 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 25 species, type: Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, austral or widespred, see Parnmen et al. (2010; generic delimitation), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lecanoraceae), Lumbsch et al. (2010b; generic delimitation), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cladidium Hafellner 1984 (= Cladodium (Tuck.) Gyeln. 1934; = Lecanora sect. Cladodium Tuck. 1882 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. thamnitis (Tuck.) Hafellner (= C. bolanderi (Tuck) B.D. Ryan), asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Cladochasiella Marvanová 1997, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. divergens Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Czech Republic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype and ex-type of the type: PRM 842967, CCM F-13489. Cladoconidium Bandoni & Tubaki 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. articulatum Bandoni & Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cladographium Peyronel 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rivulorum Peyronel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cladonia P. Browne 1756 (see Species Fugorum 2017 for synonyms), Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 550 species, type: C. subulata (L.) F.H. Wigg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terricolous or on lignum, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lecanoraceae), Pino-Bodas et al. (2012; polymorphic species), Ahti and Stenroos (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cladoniicola Diederich, van den Boom & Aptroot 2001, Pezizomycotina, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. staurospora Diederich, van den Boom & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, temperate, see Etayo (2010b; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cladophialophora Borelli 1980, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 35 species, type: C. carrionii (Trejos) de Hoog, Kwon-Chung & McGinnis, hyphomycetous, mostly terrestrial, but also reported from mangrove environments, mainly saprobes associated with soil and plant material but a few species are lichenicolous, endophytic or plantpathogenic, several species cause infections in animals, including humans, cosmopolitan, although the type species belongs in Herpotrichiellaceae, some species are related to other families of Chaetothyriales, see Crous et al. (2011c, 2013a; new species, pathogenicity to plants), Badali et al. (2008, 2009, 2011; outline, new species), Diederich et al. (2013; lichenicolous species), Feng et al. (2013; new species), Seyedmousavi et al. (2013; pathogenicity to animals), Gueidan et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Madrid et al. (2016; new species, comments about the polyphyly of the genus), Usui et al (2016; new species), ex-type strain of the type: = CBS 160.54, sequences are available. Cladoriella Crous 2006, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. eucalypti Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or ?pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, South Africa, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; morphology, new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-18043, CPC 10953–10955 = CBS 115898–115890. Cladorrhinum Sacc. & Marchal 1885 (= Bahupaathra Subram. & Lodha 1964 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. foecundissimum Sacc. & Marchal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Madrid et al. (2011a; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Carmaran et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), available cultures of type: BCCM 6980. Cladosphaera Dumort. 1822, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cespitosa (Tode) Dumort., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cladosporiella Deighton 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: C. cercosporicola Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cladosporiopsis S.C. Ren & X.G. Zhang 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ovata S.C. Ren & X.G. Zhang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, terrestrial, China, see Ren et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cladosporium Link 1816 (= Acrosporella Riedl & Ershad 1977 [1976]; = Azosma Corda 1831; = Davidiella Crous & U. Braun 2003; = Didymotrichum Bonord. 1851; = Heterosporium Klotzsch ex Cooke 1877; = Hormodendrum Bonord. 1851; = Mydonosporium Corda 1833; = Myxocladium Corda 1837; = Polyrhizium Giard 1889; = Spadicesporium V.N. Boriss. & Dvoïnos 1982; = Sporocladium Chevall. 1826 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b; Species Fungorum 2017), Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 300 species, type: C. herbarum (Pers.) Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Davidiella, saprobes, endophytes, animal, human and plant pathogens, worldwiede, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Bensch et al. (2012, 2015; phylogeny, taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cladosporiaceae), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2015b; clinical), lectotype of type: Sine loco, sine dato (L 910.225-733), epitype: CBS-H 19853; ex epitype culture, CBS 121621. Clandestinotrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: C. clandestinum (Ach.) Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch, lichenized, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Clasteropycnis Bat. & Cavalc. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. coumae Bat. & Cavalc., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clasterosphaeria Sivan. 1984, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. cyperi Sivan., asexual morph clasterosporium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Malayasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: IMI 56878, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clasterosporium Schwein. 1832 (= Apotemnoum Corda 1833; = Brachydesmium (Sacc.) Costantin 1888; = Cheiropodium Syd. & P. Syd. 1915; = Clasterosporium sect. Brachydesmium Sacc. 1886; = Cometella Schwein. ex Fr. 1849; = Hymenopodium Corda 1837; = Phanerocoryneum Höhn. 1923; = Sporhelminthium Speg. 1918 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: C. caricinum Schwein., sexual morph ?clasterosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, sexual-asexual link was not confirmed. Clathroconium Samson & H.C. Evans 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. arachnicola Samson & H.C. Evans, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, entemopathogens, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clathroporina Müll. Arg. 1882, Porinaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: C. endochrysea (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Clathrosphaerina Beverw. 1951, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. zalewskii Beverw., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clathrospora Rabenh. 1857, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, more than 40 species, type: C. elynae Rabenh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; morphology, accepted as Pleosporaceae), sequences are available, type sequence data are available: CBS 161.51; CBS 196.54, needs generic revision. Clathrosporium Nawawi & Kuthub. 1987, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. intricatum Nawawi & Kuthub., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aeroaquatic, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Claurouxia D. Hawksw. 1988 (= Pseudolecidea Clauzade & Cl. Roux 1984 [1983] fide Species Fungorum 2017), Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. chalybeioides (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Europe, North America, see Gilbert and Hawksworth (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Claussenomyces Kirschst. 1923 (= Corynella Boud. 1885; = Dendrostilbella Höhn. 1905 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: C. jahnianus Kirschst., asexual morph formerly known in Dendrostilbella, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline and asexual morph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), sequence data are available for unidentified Claussenomyces species. Clauzadea Hafellner & Bellem. 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: C. monticola (Ach.) Hafellner & Bellem., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Clauzadeana Cl. Roux 1984, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. instratula (Nyl.) Cl. Roux, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Asia, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Clauzadella Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux 1996, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. gordensis Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, lichenized, on Verrucaria viridula (Schrad.) Ach., France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clauzadeomyces Diederich 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. verrucosus Diederich, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, Belgium (Ardennes), see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: LG, Lambinon, 22 Aug. 1965, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clavariana Nawawi 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. aquatica Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in river foam, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clavascidium Breuss 1996, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type species: C. umbrinum (Breuss) Breuss, asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial, lichenized, occurring on soil, rocks and mosses, America, Asia, Europe, see Gueidan et al. (2009; phylogeny, proposal to synonymize Clavascidium with Placidium A. Massal.), Prieto et al. (2010b, 2012; morphology, reinstatement of Clavascidium as a distinct genus), sequences of the type material of the type species are unavailable, but sequences of non-type material are available. Clavatispora Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2014, Venturiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. thailandica Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Boonmee et al. (2014a; taxonomy), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type: MFLU 10-0038, MFLUCC 10-0107 = BCC 38863 = IFRD 2170. Clavatisporella K.D. Hyde 1995, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. musicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Irian Jaya (Papua), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype: BRIP 22403, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv Nilsson 1971 (= Clavatospora Sv. Nilsson 1933 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. longibrachiata (Ingold) Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv. Nilsson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph corollospora-like, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs revision since genus shown to be polyphyletic, reference cultures of type: UMB-1109.13. Claviceps Tul. 1853 (= Sphacelia Lév. 1827; = Ustilagopsis Speg. 1880 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 56 species, type: C. purpurea (Fr.) Tul., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pažoutová et al. (2008, 2011, 2015; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kolařík (2015; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Claviradulomyces P.R. Johnst., D.C. Park, H.C. Evans, R.W. Barreto & D.J. Soares 2010, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. dabeicola P.R. Johnst., D.C. Park, H.C. Evans, R.W. Barreto & D.J. Soares, asexual morph (putative) pycnidial on branches of vascular plants, Africa, South America, see Evans et al. (2010; taxonomy), Barreto et al. (2012; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Clavispora Rodrigues de Miranda 1979, Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: C. lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, asexual reproduction by budding, saprophytic, from cacti, agave, processed dates and other high osmotic environments, occasionally an opportunistic human pathogen, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cleistocystis Sousa da Câmara 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rosarum Sousa da Câmara, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Portugal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cleistoiodophanus J.L. Bezerra & Kimbr. 1976, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. conglutinatus J.L. Bezerra & Kimbr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cleistonium Speer 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. parasiticum Speer, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c) accepted as a genus in Gloniaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, accepted as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cleistophoma Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. suberis (Prill. & Delacr.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cleistosphaera Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: C. macrostegia Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, S. America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Perisporiopsidaceae, key), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cleistothelebolus Malloch & Cain 1971, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. nipigonensis Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Clematidis Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. italica Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 14–0669, MFLUCC 15–0084. Clematomyces Thaxt. 1900, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, five species, type: C. pinophili Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Asia, West Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Clibanites (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 1871, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. paradoxa (P. Karst.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes on wood, Finland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype in H. Cliostomum Fr. 1825, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 25 species, type: C. corrugatum (Ach.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, world-wide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Printzen (2014; phylogeny and relationships), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Clohesyomyces K.D. Hyde 1993, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. aquaticus K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Australia, see Zhang et al. (2012a; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: BRIP 20092, cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Clohiesia K.D. Hyde 1995, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. corticola K.D. Hyde, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Australia, see umbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: BRIP 21485, cultures available for Clohiesia corticola HKUCC 3712. Clonophoromyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: C. grenadinus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, West Indies, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015c; notes), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Clonostachys Corda 1839 (= Bionectria Speg. 1919 fide Rossman et al. 2013b), Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 50 species, type: C. araucaria Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Bionectria, on soil, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny, new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), cultures and sequences are available. Clypeispora A.W. Ramaley 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. angustifoliorum A.W. Ramaley, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted),Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: BPI 1102631, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeoceriospora Sousa da Câmara 1946, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rubi Sousa da Câmara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeochorella Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. orientalis (Sacc. & Penz.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeococcum D. Hawksw. 1977, Polycoccaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: C. cladonema (Wedd.) D. Hawksw., on lichens, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Dacampicaeae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ertz et al. (2015a; sequences two species, but not the type species), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; accepted as a genus in Dacampicaeae), holotype of type: PC. Clypeoloculus Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Morosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: C. akitaensis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: HHUF 27557, CBS 139681. Clypeolum Speg. 1881, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: C. atroareolatum Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeopatella Petr. 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cylindrospora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Rhodes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeophialophora Bat. & Peres 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. erythroxyli Bat. & Peres, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeoporthe Höhn. 1919, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. monocarpa Höhn., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeoporthella Petr. 1924, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. brencklei Petr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeopycnis Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. aeruginascens Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeopyrenis Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: C. microsperma (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Clypeoseptoria F. Stevens & P.A. Young 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. rockii F. Stevens & P.A. Young, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeosphaerella Guatimosim, R.W. Barreto & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. quasiparkii (Cheew., K.D. Hyde & Crous) Guatimosim, R.W. Barreto & Crous, asexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Guatimosim et al. (2016a; morphology, phylogeny), holotype CBS H-22088, isotype VIC 42607, culture ex-type CPC 24705. Clypeosphaeria Fuckel 1870, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. notarisii Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes (dead wood and bark), terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Clypeosphaerulina Sousa da Câmara 1939, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. vincae (Sousa da Câmara) Sousa da Câmara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Portugal, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeostagonospora Punith. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. muhlenbergiae Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Clypeostroma Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. spilomeum (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australasia, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccidiascus Chatton emend. Lushbaugh, Rowton & McGhee 1976, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: C. legeri Chatton, asexual reproduction by budding, perhaps parasitic on Drosophila spp., found within the intestinal epithelial cells of Drosophila, possibly worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccidioides G.W. Stiles 1896, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: C. immitis G.W. Stiles, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, southern USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Coccidomyces Buchner 1912, Saccharomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: C. pierantonii Buchner, asexual morphs unknown, in insects, terrestrial, Germany, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccinonectria L. Lombard & Crous 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. pachysandricola (B.O. Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph hyphomyctous, saprobes, France, USA, see Lombard et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), available cultures of the type: CBS 501.63 476.92 Cocciscia Norman 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. hammeri Norman, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Scandinavia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccocarpia Pers. 1827, Coccocarpiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 25 species, type: C. molybdaea Pers., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic or epiphyllous, worldwide tropical-subtropical, see Wedin et al. (2009b; systematics), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Coccochora Höhn. 1909, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. quercicola (Henn.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccochorina Hara 1927, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Clypeosphaeria), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccodiella Hara 1910, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, 21 species, type: C. arundinariae Hara, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for C. melastomatum CMU78543, C. miconiae ppMP 1342. Coccodinium A. Massal. 1860, Coccodiniaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: C. bartschii A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Coccodiniaceae; excluded family from Dothideomycetes), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. sphaeroidea (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, Georgia, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Coccogloeum Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. microsporum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccoidea Henn. 1900, Coccoideaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: C. quercicola Henn. & Shirai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, India, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Coccoideaceae, morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccoidella Höhn. 1909, Coccoideaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. scutula (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, America, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Coccoideaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccomyces De Not. 1847, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, 118 species, type: C. coronatus (Schumach.) De Not., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, worldwide, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species, morphology), Jia et al. (2011; new species, morphology), Li et al. (2014c, 2015b; new species, morphology), Moreno-Rico et al. (2014; new species, morphology), Wang et al. (2014c; new species, morphology), sequences are available for C. dentatus and C. strob, needs generic revision. Coccomycetella Höhn 1917, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. belonospora (Nyl.) Höhn, asexual morph unknown, epixylic, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Baloch et al. (2013; systematics), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences are available. Cocconia Sacc. 1889, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, c 25 species, type: C. placenta (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jayasiri et al. (2015; re-visited), placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, unknown, cultures are sequences unavailable. Coccostromella Petr. 1968, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. puttemansii (Henn.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Dothideaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Thambugala et al. (2014a; excluded from Dothideaceae and placed Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coccotrema Müll. Arg. 1888, Coccotremataceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: C. antarcticum Müll.Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terricolous, saxicolous or epiphytic, world-wide in arctic and subantarctic areas, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available Cochliomyces Speg. 1912, Euceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: C. argentinensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cocoicola K.D. Hyde 1995, Phaeochoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: C. cylindrospora (C. Booth & D.E. Shaw) K.D. Hyde, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Codinaea Maire 1937, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 80 species, type: C. monocarpa Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Almeida et al. (2014c; new species, Brazil), Crous et al. (2014d, 2015d; new species), Granados et al. (2014; new species, Costa Rica), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Xia et al. (2015a; new species, China), Barbosa et al. (2016; new species, Brazil), Oliveira et al. (2016b; new species, Brazil, aquatic), cultures and sequences are available. Codonmyces Calatayud & Etayo 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. lecanorae Calat. & Etayo, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: VAB (lich.) 15404, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coelodictyosporium Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. pseudodictyosporium (Qing Tian, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, all species has sequence data, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype: MFLU 14–0737, ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 13–0451. Coelopogon Brusse & Kärnefelt 1991, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. abraxas Brusse, lichenized, south temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Coenogonium Ehrenb. ex Nees 1820, Coenogoniaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 90 species, type: C. linkii Ehrenb., lichenized, see Baloch et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Colemaniella Agnihothr. 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ossoorii Agnihothr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Colensoniella Hafellner 1979, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. torulispora (W. Phillips) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2014; morphology; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coleodictyospora Charles 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cubensis Charles, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coleophoma Höhn. 1907, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, more than 35 species, type: C. crateriformis (Durieu & Mont.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogenic, saprobes or endophytic on a wide host range, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016a; new species), holotype of type: FH 00304449. Coleoseptoria Petr. 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ephedrae (Auersw.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coleosperma Ingold 1954, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. lacustre Ingold, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coleroa Rabenh. 1850, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: C. chaetomium (Kunze) Rabenh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for Coleroa robertiani CBS 458.64. Colipila Baral & Guy García 2012, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. masduguana Baral & Guy Garcia, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Baral et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype: M-014088, cultures and sequences are available. Colispora Marvan'Ová 1988, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: C. elongata Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and cultures available for Colispora elongata (F-08382 fide Baschien et al. 2013), needs generic revision. Collarina Giraldo, Gené & Guarro 2014, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. aurantiaca Giraldo, Gené & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from water sediment, aquatic, Spain, see Crous et al. (2014d; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Collema F.H. Wigg. [nom. cons.] 1780, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species, type: C. lactuca (Weber) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Collematospora Jeng & Cain 1976, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. venezuelensis Jeng & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Collembolispora Marvanová & Pascoal 2003, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. barbata Marvanová, Pascoal & Cássio, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Portugal, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2012c; new species, DNA, morphology), holotype and ex-type: IMI 389661, UMB-088.01. Collemopsidium Nyl. 1881, Xanthopyreniaceae, Collemopsidiales, Dothiodeomycetes, c. 40 species (but the number could be higher), type: C. iocarpum (Nyl.) Nyl., molecular data suggest that the number of marine species has been largely underestimated (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2016), asexual morph coelomycetous, lichen-forming fungi, associated with cyanobacteria, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2016, phylogeny), lectotype of type: H-NYL 42858. Colletoconis de Hoog & Aa 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. aecidiophila (Speg.) de Hoog, Aa & U.P. Singh, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, Argentina, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Colletogloeum Petr. 1953, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. sissoo (Syd.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2009f; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Colletotrichum Corda. 1831 (= Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk 1903 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Glomerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sodariomycetes, more than 100 spp., type: C. lineola Corda, coelomycetous sexual morph Glomerella, pathogens, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic worldwide, many species have molecular data including the epitype or neotype, sequence data available for accepted species, see Hyde et al. (2009, 2014; phylogeny, species number), Cannon et al. (2012; phylogeny), O'Connell et al. (2012; pathogenic species), Damm et al. (2010a, 2012a,b, 2013, 2014; species complexes, phylogeny), Weir et al. (2012; phylogeny, species complex), Liu et al. (2015a), ex-epitype: CBS 125337, epitype of type: CBS H-20362. Collodiscula I. Hino & Katum. 1955 (= Acanthodochium Samuels et al. 1987 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. japonica I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph hyphomycetous (Acanthodochium), saprobes, Japan, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Stadler et al. (2013; one name), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, one name), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Collophorina Damm & Crous, nom. nov. MycoBank MB821422  Collophora Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 64. 2010. nom. illeg., [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 53.1], non Collophora Mart. 1830 (Apocynaceae). Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, five species, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, saprobes, plant pathogens, Baleares, Pacific Northwest regions (USA), South Africa, Germany, Iran, see Damm et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Gramaje et al. (2012; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline), Xie et al. (2013; new species). See Damm et al. (2010) for illustrations, description and diagnoses. Holotype: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Paarl, from wood of Prunus persica, 10 Jun. 2004, U. Damm, holotype CBS H-19992, ex-type strain of the type species C. rubra: CBS 120873 = STE-U 6109. Collophorina aceris (J. Xie, Strobel & Geary) Damm & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 821434  Collophora aceris J. Xie, Strobel & Geary, Microbial Ecology 66: 787. 2013. Collophorina africana (Damm & Crous) Damm & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB821423  Collophora africana Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 65. 2010.  Collophora capensis Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 67. 2010. Collophorina hispanica (Gramaje, Armengol & Damm) Damm & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB 821430  Collophora hispanica Gramaje, Armengol & Damm, Persoonia 28: 9. 2012. Collophorina paarla (Damm & Crous) Damm & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB821427  Collophora paarla Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 67. 2010.  Collophora pallida Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 69. 2010. Collophorina rubra (Damm & Crous) Damm & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank MB821428  Collophora rubra Damm & Crous, Persoonia 24: 69. 2010. Notes: The genus Collophora Damm & Crous 2010 is illegitimate, being a later homonym of the plant genus Collophora Mart. 1830. In order to replace this name, the new name Collophorina nom. nov. is provided for this genus. Species of the genus are associated with black spots and dark brown to black streaking of the xylem tissues of woody plant hosts, and can cause wood necroses (Gramaje et al. 2012; Arzanlou et al. 2016a); it was also collected from air samples (Fischer et al. 2017). Collostroma Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. gelatinosum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Austria, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Colonomyces R.K. Benj. 1955, Euceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: C. appendiculatus R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Colpoma Wallr. 1833, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, 14 species, type: C. quercinum (Pers.) Wallr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lantz et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lee et al. (2016; antifungal properties), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available cultures for type: Lantz 368 (UPS). Columnodomus Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. microsporus Petr. coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Columnomyces R.K. Benj. 1955, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: C. grenadinus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Columnothyrium Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. myriospermum (C. Massal.) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coma Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1972 (= Ascocoma H.J. Swart 1987 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Wijayawardene et al. 2016b), Phacidiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. circularis (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., coelomycetous, sexual morph Ascocoma, saprobes, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, one name, morphology), available specimens for type: BRIP 14753, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Comatospora Piroz. & Shoemaker 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. suttonii Piroz. & Shoemaker, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Combea De Not. 1846, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: C. mollusca (Ach.) Nyl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Roccellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz and Tehler (2011; taxonomy, placed in Opegraphaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Comesella Speg. 1923, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. anomala (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Comesia Sacc. 1884, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. felicitatis (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Comminutispora A.W. Ramaley 1996 (= Hyphospora A.W. Ramaley 1996 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. agavacearum A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph hyphomycetous (Hyphospora), saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as Planistromellaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accepta as Planistromellaceae); Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), holotype: BPI 802958, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Comocephalum Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. vismiae Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Equador, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Comoclathris Clem. 1909, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 26 species, type: C. lanata Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as a genus in Diademaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Diademaceae) Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline; accepted as as a genus in Diademaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; morphology, accepted as Pleosporaceae), Li et al. (2016a; new species, Russia), holotype of the type: COLO 62872, sequences are available. Complexipes C. Walker 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. moniliformis C. Walker, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Otideaceae, Pezizales), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as a genus in Pyronemataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; transferred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Compositrema Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. cerebriforme J.E. Hern. & Lücking, lichenized, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012b), Kraichak et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Compsocladium I.M. Lamb 1956, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. archboldianum I.M. Lamb, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Compsomyces Thaxt. 1894, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, seven species, type: C. verticillatus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Condylospora Nawawi 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: C. spumigena Nawawi, hyphomycetous, saprobes, on decaying leaves, aquatic, Brazil, Malaysia, Poland, Puerto Rico, Republic of Cameroon, Venezuela, Vietnam, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fiuza et al. (2015c; first record from Amazon), sequence data available for one species, compare with Angulospora, isotype of type: IMI 193709. Coniambigua Etayo & Diederich 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. phaeographidis Etayo & Diederich, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: MA (Lich.), Etayo 4215, sequence data of type species is unavailable. Coniangium Fr. 1821, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: C. vulgare Fr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sundin et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Coniarthonia Grube 2001, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, seven species, type: C. pyrrhula (Nyl.) Grube, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Conicomyces R.C. Sinclair, Eicker & Morgan-Jones 1983, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. transvaalensis R.C. Sinclair, Eicker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, morphology, DNA), sequences are available for C. pseudotransvaalensis (HHUF 29956 fide Liu et al. 2015). Conidiascus Holterm. 1898, Saccharomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. paradoxus Holterm., asexual morphs unknown, terrestrial, Java, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Conidiotheca Réblová & L. Mostert 2007, Togniniaceae, Togniniales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. tympanoides (M.E. Barr) Réblová & L. Mostert, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), holotype: holotype of Romellia tympanoides, NY. Coniella Höhn. 1918 (= Schizoparme Shear 1923; Pilidiella Petr. & Syd. 1927 fide Alvarez et al. 2016), Schizoparmeaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 29 species, type: C. pulchella Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph Schizoparme, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, widespread, see Crous et al. (2015c; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), Alvarez et al. (2016; revision, nomenclature, treated Schizoparme and Pilidiella as synonyms), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Coniobrevicolla Réblová 1999, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. larsenii Réblová, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coniocarpon DC. 1805, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, five species, type: C. cinnabarinum DC., lichenized, see Sundin et al. (2012; taxonomy), Frisch et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Coniocessia Dania García, Stchigel, D. Hawksw. & Guarro 2006, Coniocessiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: C. nodulisporioides (D. Hawksw.) Dania García, Stchigel, D. Hawksw. & Guarro, asexual morph hyphomycetous (nodulisporium-like), terrestrial, saprobes, coprophilous, from soil, Jordan, Iran, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Asgari and Zare (2011; new species, DNA), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: IMI 204247 (as Coniochaeta nodulisporioides D. Hawksw.), sequence data and cultures available. Coniochaeta (Sacc.) Cooke 1887 (= Lecythophora Nannf. 1934 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Coniochaetaceae, Coniochaetales, Sordariomycetes, 78 species, type: C. ligniaria (Grev.) Cooke, asexual morph formerly known in Lecythophora, terrestrial, aquatic, saprobes, coprophilous, widespread, see Damm et al. (2010b; South Africa, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), ex-type cultures are unavailable but none-type cultures are available. Coniolariella Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro 2006, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. gamsii Asgari & Zare, asexual morph rhinocladiellalike, saprobes, worldwide, see Checa et al. (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zare et al. (2010; new species, morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype: IRAN 12363F (as Coniochaeta gamsii Asgari & Zare), sequence data available. Conioscypha Höhn. 1904 (= Conioscyphascus Réblová & Seifert 2004 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Conioscyphaceae, Conioscyphales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: C. lignicola Höhn., sexual morph formerly known in Conioscyphascus, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2014c; new species, DNA), Zelski et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Conioscyphopsis Goh & K.D. Hyde 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. australiensis Goh & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coniosporium Link 1809, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: C. olivaceum (Link) Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Li et al. (2008a; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Tsuneda et al. (2011; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Coniothyrina Syd. & P. Syd. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. agavicola (Speg.) Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, subtropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coniothyrium Corda 1840 (= Dactuliochaeta G.L. Hartm. & J.B. Sinclair 1988 fide de Gruyter et al. 2012), Coniothyriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 50 species, type: C. palmarum Corda, coelomycetous, terrestrial, pathogens, saprobes, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; phylogeny, generic concept) Verkley & Gruyter), Crous et al. (2013b, 2016a; new species), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Verkley et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, reference culture for type: CBS 400.71. Coniozyma Crous 2008, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one sprcies, type: C. leucospermi (Crous & Denman) Crous, coelomycetous, terrestrial, pathogens, saprobes, South Africa, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: PREM 55348, CBS 114035 = STE-U 2852. Conjunctospora Udagawa & Uchiy. 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. vesiculifera Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: CBM, Uchiyama SUM3064, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Conlarium F. Liu & L. Cai 2012, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one sprcies, type: C. dupliciascosporum F. Liu & L. Cai, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, pathogens, saprobes, China, see Liu et al. (2012a; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type: HMAS243129, CGMCC3.14939 = GD34-5-2. Connersia Malloch 1974, Pseudeurotiaceae, Leotiomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: C. rilstonei (C. Booth) Malloch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), available cultures of the type: CBS 537.74, AFTOL-ID 1264. Conoideocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora 2009, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: C. luteorostrata (Zimm.) D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, two species, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Johnson et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Conoplea Pers. 1797, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eleven species, type: C. sphaerica (Pers.) Pers., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; DNA), Rivera-Orduña et al. (2011; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Conostomatium Doweld 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. oenocarpi (Bat. & J.L. Bezerra) Doweld, asexual morph unknown, fossil Pteridospermae, see Index Fungorum (2017). Conostroma Moesz 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. didymum (Fautrey & Roum.) Moesz (current name: Colpoma quercinum (Pers.) Wallr. fide Species Fungorum 2017), coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Conotremopsis Vězda 1977, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. weberiana Vězda, lichenized, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Consetiella Hol.-Jech. & Mercado 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. solida (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hol.-Jech. & Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Constantinomyces Egidi & Onofri 2014, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: C. virgultus Egidi & Onofri, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting, Spain, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: CBS 117930 = TRN 79. Constrictolumina Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Aptroot 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: C. cinchonae (Ach.) Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot, lichenized, see Nelsen et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy) Lücking et al. (2016b, c; taxonomy), sequences are available. Cookeina Kuntze 1891, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 13 species, type: C. tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cookella Sacc. 1878, Cookellaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, seven species, type: C. microscopica Sacc., asexual morph unknown, parasites, fungicolous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cooksonomyces H.J. Swart & D.A. Griffiths 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. banksiae H.J. Swart & D.A. Griffiths, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Kirk et al. (2008), however Kirk et al. (2013) did not accept, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cophinforma Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde 2012, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: C. eucalypti Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, USA, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2012b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; taxonomy, new species, phylogeny), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 12–0752, MFLUCC 11–0425. Coppinsia Lumbsch & Heibel 1998, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. minutissima Lumbsch & Heibel, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Coprobolus Cain & Kimbr. 1970, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. poculiformis Cain & Kimbr., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Copromyces N. Lundq. 1967, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. bisporus N. Lundq., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Sweden, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coprotiella Jeng & J.C. Krug 1976, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. gongylospora Jeng & J.C. Krug, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coprotus Korf & Kimbr. 1967, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 29 species, type: C. sexdecimsporus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kimbr. & Korf, asexual morph unknown, cupfungus, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Corallicola Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm. 1992, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. nana Volkm.-Kohlm. & Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Belize, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type cultures are unavailable, holotype of type: J.K. 5004 = 01594700, NYBG. Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang 1980, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. oryzae Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang, coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, sequence data available only for C. ornithocopreoides, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline). Corallomycetella Henn. 1904 (= Rhizostilbella Wolk 1914 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: C. heinsenii Henn., three species, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, associated with diseased plants, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Herrera et al. (2013; new species, revision), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Corallonectria C. Herrera & P. Chaverri 2013, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. jatrophae (Möller) C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, associated with diseased plants, cosmopolitan, see Herrera et al. (2013; new species, revision), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cordana Preuss 1851 (= Porosphaerella E. Müll. & Samuels 1982; = Pseudobotrytis Krzemien. & Badura 1954 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Cordanaceae, Cordanales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. pauciseptata Preuss, hyphomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, sequence data available for all species, see Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Zelski et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type: IMI 232041a; holotype of type: CBS H-21148. Cordierites Mont. 1840, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. guianensis Mont., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Peterson and Pfister (2010; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cordyceps Fr. 1818, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 500 species, type: C. militaris (L.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, on insect, widespread, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Sanjuan et al. (2015; phylogeny), Tasanathai et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Coremiella Bubák & Krieg. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cystopodoides Bubák & Krieg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Coreomyces Thaxt. 1903, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 21 species, type: C. corisae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lee and Na (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Coreomycetopsis Thaxt. 1920, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. oedipus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic (on termites), West Indies, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corethromyces Thaxt. 1892, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 82 species, type: Corethromyces cryptobii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, West Indies, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corethrostroma Kleb. 1933, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. laricis Kleb., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Cornicularia (Schreb.) Ach. 1794, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. tristis (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Hoffm., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Corniculariella P. Karst. 1884, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. abietis P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Oliveira et al. (2010; new species, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data available for C. brasiliensis but type species lack sequences, needs generic revision. Cornipulvina Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge 2005, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. ellipsoides Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cornucopiella Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. mirabilis Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cornuntum Velen. 1947, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. fagineum Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; treated as a synonym of Strossmayeria Schulzer), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cornutispora Piroz. 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: C. limaciformis Piroz., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, worldwide, see Etayo (2010; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cornutostilbe Seifert 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: C. medusa Seifert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, Indonesia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: BO 14356. Cornuvesica C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs 2000, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: C. falcata (E.F. Wright & Cain) C.D. Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs, hyphomycetous, asexual morph chalara-like, from soil, saprobes, Europe, N. America, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Marincowitz et al. (2015; new species, morphology, phylogeny), sequences are available for all species. Corollospora Werderm. 1922 (= Varicosporina Meyers & Kohlm. 1965; = Halosigmoidea Nakagiri et al. 2009 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: C. maritima Werderm., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; diversity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Coronatomyces Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro 2004, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. cubensis Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type: IMI 385316, FMR 7132. Coronellaria (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 1870, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: C. delitschiana (Auersw.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coronopapilla Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1990, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. avellina Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Suetrong et al. (2009; morphology), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Lee et al. (2012; checklist, Malaysia), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-isotype: J.K. 5144a (IMS), J.K.5144b (IMS 330805). Coronophora Fuckel 1864, Coronophoraceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: C. gregaria Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline; phylogeny), available cultures of type: ANM1555 (fide Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010). Coronophorella Höhn. 1909, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. chaetomioides (Penz. & Sacc.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Indonesia, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Nitschkia), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), available cultures of type: GKM1099. Coronoplectrum Brusse 1987, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. namibicum Brusse, lichenized, see Thell et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Corticifraga D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.1990, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: C. peltigerae (Fuckel) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant., lichenicolous, terrestrial, widespread, asexual morph unknown, see Zhurbenko (2009; new species, review), Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Spribille et al. (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype: ?G and isotypes K(M)-IMI and S. Corticiruptor Wedin & Hafellner 1998, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. abeloneae (P.M. Jørg.) Wedin & Hafellner, asexual morphs unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corticorygma M. Cáceres, Feuerstein, Aptroot & Lücking 2014, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. stellatum M. Cáceres, Feuerst., Aptroot & Lücking, lichenized, see Cáceres et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Corylomyces Stchigel, M. Calduch & Guarro 2006, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, type: one species, C. selenosporus Stchigel, M. Calduch & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: ILLS 57506, FMR 8279. Corylophomyces R.K. Benj. 1994, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 82 species, type: C. cryptobii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, West Indies, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corynascella Arx & Hodges 1975, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: C. humicola Arx & Hodges, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), van den Brink et al. (2012; DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wang et al. (2016c; DNA), sequences are available. Corynecercospora V.K. Pal, Akhtar, N. Ahmad, Kamal & D.K. Agarwal 2006, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. teraiensis V.K. Pal, Akhtar, N. Ahmad, Kamal & D.K. Agarwal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate regions, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Corynecystis Brusse 1985, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: C. capensis Brusse, lichenized, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Corynelia Ach. 1823, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, nine species, type species: C. uberata Fr., asexual morph unknown, but spermogonia often produced, terrestrial, parasitic on members of the plant family Podocarpaceae, Africa, Central and South America, Japan, Oceania, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wood et al. (2016; phylogeny, new species, proposal of the subclass Coryneliomycetidae), epitype: PREM 61207. Coryneliella Har. & P. Karst. 1890, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. consimilis Har. & P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mauritius, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Coryneliopsis Butin 1972, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type species: C. cupulifera Butin, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, always associated with members of Cyttaria Berk. which parasitize Nothofagus spp., Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wood et al. (2016; morphotaxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Coryneliospora Fitzp. 1942, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: C. fructicola (Pat.) Fitzp., asexual morph unknown, but spermogonia often produced, terrestrial, parasitic on fruits of Rapanea Aubl. and Myrsine L., China, India, New Guinea, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wood et al. (2016; morphotaxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Corynespora Güssow 1906 (= Corynesporasca Sivan. 1996 fide Rossman et al. 2015b), Corynesporascaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, more than 130 species, type: C. mazei Güssow, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Corynesporasca, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2009; outline, sexual morph), Zhang et al. (2009d; phylogeny), Ma et al. (2011c; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), sequences are available for two species, type sequence data are not available, needs generic revision. Corynesporella Munjal & H. S. Gill 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: C. urticae Munjal & H.S. Gill, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhang et al. (2012f, g; new species), Ma et al. (2012g; new species), Xia et al. (2014a; new species; key to species), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corynesporina Subram. 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. elegans Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Singapore, see Gams et al. (2009; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: MUBL 3523, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Corynesporopsis P. M. Kirk 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: C. quercicola (Borowska) P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2010c; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2010a, 2012b; new species, China), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2014b; new species), Xia et al. (2013a, 2014b; new species), Kirschner (2015; new species), and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Coryneum Nees 1816 (= Pseudovalsa Ces. & De Not. 1863 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Pseudovalsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. umbonatum Nees, sexual morph Pseudovalsa, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate regions, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, morphology, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Coscinocladium Kunze 1846, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: C. occidentale Kunze, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Cosmariospora Sacc. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. bizzozeriana Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cosmospora Rabenh. 1862, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 50 species, type: C. coccinea Rabenh., asexual morph acremonium-like, on fruiting bodies and stromata of other fungi or isolated from soil, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), lectotype of the generic type: BPI, designated by Rossman et al. (1999), cultures and sequences are available. Costanetoa Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. caryotae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crandallia Ellis & Sacc. 1897, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: C. juncicola Ellis & Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, ?worldwide, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combinations for pathogens), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Craneomyces Morgan-Jones, R.C. Sinclair & Eicker 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. verrucosus Morgan-Jones, R.C. Sinclair & Eicker, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Craspedodidymum Hol.-Jech. 1972, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: C. elatum Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ma et al. (2011c; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Mel’nik et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Crassicarpon Y. Marín, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano 2015, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. thermophilum (Fergus & Sinden) Y. Marín, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano, asexual morph hyphomycetous, from soil, USA, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Marin-Felix et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Crassiparies Matsumura, K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka 2016, Pleosporales incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. quadrisporus Matsumura, K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Li et al. (2016a; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: HHUF 30409, MAFF 245408. Crassoascus Checa, Barrasa & A.T. Martínez 1993, Clypeosphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. fusisporus Checa, Barrasa & A.T. Martínez asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Catania and Romero (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: MA-Fungi 26331, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crassochaeta Réblová 1999, Chaetosphaerellaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. nigrita (Sacc.) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype: K37405, cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Cratiria Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: C. lauricassiae (Fée) Marbach, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Crauatamyces Viégas 1944, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. eupatorii Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Creodiplodina Petr. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. fusispora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Creographa A. Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: C. brasiliensis A. Massal., lichenized, see Rivas Plata et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Creonecte Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. biparasitica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous (on Uredo), terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Creoseptoria Petr. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. watzlii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caucasus, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Creosphaeria Theiss. 1910, Lopadostomataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. sassafras (Schwein.) Y.M. Ju, F. San Martín & J.D. Rogers, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Sir et al. (2016; DNA), Wendt et al. 2017; transferred to Lopadostomataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Creothyriella Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. sideroxyfoliae Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cresponea Egea & Torrente 1993, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 21 species; type: C. premnea (Ach.) Egea & Torrente, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015b, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, accepted as a genus in Opegraphaceae), sequences re available. Cresporhaphis M.B. Aguirre 1991, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. wienkampii (J. Lahm ex Hazsl.) M.B. Aguirre, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Harada (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cribropeltis Tehon 1933, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. citrullina Tehon, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Criella (Sacc.) Henn. 1900, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. austrocaledonica (Crié) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crinigera I. Scmidt 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. maritima I. Schmidt, asexual morph unknown, marine, temperate, on wood, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crinitospora B. Sutton & Alcorn 1985, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. pulchra B. Sutton & Alcorn, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, Thailand, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014a; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), epitype and exepitype culture of type: CBS H-21729, CBS 138014. Criserosphaeria Speg. 1912, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. phyllostictoides Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cristula Chenant. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. integra Chenant., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011) did not accept the genus, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cristulariella Höhn. 1916 (= Nervostroma Narumi & Y. Harada 2006 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: C. depraedans (Cooke) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph Nervostroma, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, sexual morph), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Cho et al. (2015; DNA, pathogens), cultures and sequences are available. Crocellina Tehler & Ertz 2014, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: C. cinerea (Müll. Arg.) Tehler & Ertz, lichenized, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Crocicreas Fr. 1849, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: C. gramineum (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread (esp. north temperate), see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Whitton et al. (2012b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Crocodia Link 1833, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species; type: C. aurata (Ach.) Link, lichenized, see Galloway and Elix (2013; taxonomy), Moncada et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Crocynia (Ach.) A. Massal. [nom. cons.] 1860, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: L. gossypina (Sw.) Ach., lichenized, tropical, see Ekman et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Crotone Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. drimydis (Lév.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis ), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crucellisporiopsis Nag Raj 1983, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. gelatinosa Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, New Zealand, Zambia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; new species, morphology, DNA), holotype: PDD 41405, sequence data available for C. marquesiae P.W. Crous (holotype CBS H-21977, culture ex-type CPC 22539 = CBS 138895 fide) Crucellisporium M.L. Farr 1968, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: C. selaginellae M.L. Farr, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Tanzania, see Marincowitz et al. (2010; new species, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequencea are available for C. umtamvunae Marinc. et al., needs generic revision. Cruentotrema Rivas Plata, Papong, Lumbsch & Lücking 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: C. cruentatum (Mont.) Rivas Plata, Lumbsch & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, placement in Graphidaceae supported by molecular data, see Sipman et al. 2012 (key), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b), Kalb et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Crumenella P. Karst. 1890 (= Obscurodiscus Raitv. 2002 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. myricae (P. Karst.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequencea are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crumenulopsis J.W. Groves 1969 (= Digitosporium Gremmen 1953 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. pinicola (Rebent.) J.W. Groves, asexual morph Digitosporium, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature) Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology of Digitosporium). Crustodiplodina Punith. 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. integra Chenant., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Crustospathula Aptroot 1998, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: C. cartilaginea Aptroot, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Crustospathula Aptroot 1998, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. cartilaginea Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Crutarndina Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: C. petractoides (P.M. Jørg. & Brodo) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch, lichenized, see Parnmen et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cryomyces Selbmann, de Hoog, Mazzaglia, Friedmann & Onofri 2005, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: C. antarcticus Selbmann, de Hoog, Mazzaglia, Friedmann & Onofri, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting, holotype CBS 116301. From sandstone, Linnaeus Terrace, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica; = CCFEE 534 (NCBI accession numbers: DQ028269 (ITS), DQ066713 (SSU)), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. Additional species: C. minteri Selbmann, de Hoog, Mazzaglia, Friedmann & Onofri, MB500194. For diagnosis see Studies in Mycology 51: 21 (2005); C. montanus Isola & Zucconi, MB802901 and C. funiculosus Selbmann & de Hoog, MB802893, described from the Alps (Selbmann et al., 2014). These last two taxa were invalidly published, since the holotypes are missing in the original publication [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 40]; the two species are here validated as follows: Cryomyces montanus Isola & Zucconi sp. nov., MB819850. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 177 (2014). Holotype: CBS 135221. From rock, Val de la Mare, Passo dello Stelvio, Italy; =CCFEE 5476. Culture preserved in liquid nitrogen and in dried condition (NCBI accession numbers: KC315849 (ITS), GU250352 (SSU), GU250394 (LSU), GU250434 (mtSSU)), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. Cryomyces funiculosus Selbmann & de Hoog sp. nov., MB819849. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 175 (2014). Holotype: CBS 134687. From rock, Colle delle Pisse, Monte Rosa, Italy; = CCFEE 5554. Culture preserved in liquid nitrogen and in dried condition (NCBI accession number: KC315848 (ITS)), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. Cryphonectria (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. parasitica D. Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gryzenhout et al. (2009; new species, revision),Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braganca et al. (2011; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptandromyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 13 species, type: C. geniculatus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cryptascoma Ananthap. 1988, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. bisetula Ananthap., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain 1970, Cephalothecaceae, Sordariomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species, type: C. hypophloia Malloch & Cain, asexual morph hyphomycetous (chalara-like), from soil, on human as pathogen, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lysková et al. (2014; DNA, human pathogen), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), living cultures and sequence data available CBS 796.84, CBS 508.70, CBS 138.78. Crypthonia Frisch & G. Thor 2010, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, c. 15 species, type: C. polillensis (Vain.) Frisch & G. Thor, lichenized, widespread tropical, see Frisch and Thor (2010; taxonomy), Menezes et al. (2013; taxonomy, key), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frisch et al. (2014; systematics), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Cryptoascus Petri 1909, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. oligosporus Petri, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptoceuthospora Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. moravica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptocline Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: C. effusa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptocoryneopsis B. Sutton 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. umbraculiformis B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of the type: IMI 234264a. Cryptocoryneum Fuckel 1870, Pleosporales incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 20 species, type: C. fasciculatum Fuckel, hyphomycetous, dictyosporium-like, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), da Silva et al. (2015; morphology), Hashimoto et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype: PRM 155688, type species lacks cultures, seven species have sequence data. Cryptodictyon A. Massal. 1860, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. holleana Mont. & Bosch, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Cryptodiscus Corda 1838, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species; type: C. pallidus (Pers.) Corda, lichenized, see Baloch et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cryptohymenium Samuels & L.M. Kohn 1987, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. pycnidiophorum Samuels & L.M. Kohn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptolechia A. Massal. 1853, Gyalectaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 specie, type: C. carneolutea (Turner) A. Massal., with ascomata, lichenized (Trentepohlia), terrestrial (corticolous or rarely lignicolous), mainly tropical, rarely noted in the Northern Hemisphere see Mangold et al. (2008b; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kalb et al. (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), sequences are available. Cryptoleptosphaeria Petr. 1923, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. moravica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz. 1997, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. orbicularis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes & Piroz., asexual morph produced from the hyphae, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, Kenya, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptometrion Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2010, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. aestuescens Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., asexual morphs coelomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, North Sumatra, Indonesia, see Gryzenhout et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and culture ex-type: CMW 22535. Cryptomycella Höhn. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. pteridis (Kalchbr.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknwon, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptomyces Grev. 1825, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. wauchii Grev., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Cryptomycetaceae), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; treated Cryptomycetaceae as a synonym of Rhytismataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptomycina Höhn. 1917, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. pteridis (Rebent.) Höhn., asexual morph ? Cryptomycella, saprobes, terrestrial, North Temperate, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptonectriella (Höhn.) Weese 1919, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. biparasitica (Höhn.) Weese, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Cryptonectriopsis (Höhn.) Weese 1919, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, type: C. biparasitica (Höhn.) Höhn., see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Phomatospora Sacc.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Cryptoniesslia Scheuer 1993, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. setulosa Scheuer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptopezia Höhn. 1919, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. mirabilis Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Samoa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptophaea Van den Broeck & Ertz 2016, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: C. phaeospora Van den Broeck & Ertz, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Democratic Republic of the Congo, see Van den Broeck and Ertz (2016; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype and ex-type: Van den Broeck 5964 (BR). Cryptophiale Piroz. 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 18 species, type: C. kakombensis Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptophialoidea Kuthub. & Nawawi 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. secunda (Kuthub. & B. Sutton) Kuthub. & Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, Malaysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptosphaerella Sacc. 1882, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, c. 15 species, type: C. nitschkei (Auersw.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, Malaysia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 13 species, type: C. millepunctata Grev., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, teperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Trouillas et al. (2015; new species, USA, DNA, Phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptosporella Sacc. 1877 (= Disculina Höhn. 1916; = Cryptospora Tul. & C. Tul. 1863; = Cryptospora subgen. Winterella Sacc. 1883; = Cryptosporina Höhn. 1905; = Hystricula Cooke 1884; = Ophiovalsa Petr. 1966; = Winterella (Sacc.) Kuntze 1891 fide Mejia et al. 2008; Rossman et al. 2015a; Species Fubgorum 2017), Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 26 species, type: C. hypodermia (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mejía et al. (2008, 2011; new species, DNA, Phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptosporium Kunze 1817, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 25 species, type: C. atrum Kunze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptostroma P.H. Greg. & S. Waller 1952, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. corticale (Ellis & Everh.) P.H. Greg. & S. Waller, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cryptothecia Stirt. 1877 nom. cons., Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomyecetes, c. 65 species, type: C. subnidulans Stirt., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic and foliicolous, widespread, pantropical to subtropical, see Ertz et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bungartz et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny: genus Myriostigma reinstated for the Cryptothecia candida group), Jagadeesh Ram and Sinha (2016; world key), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cryptothele Th. Fr. 1866, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, six species, type: C. permiscens (Nyl.) Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), sequences are unavailable. Cryptovalsa Ces. & De Not. ex Fuckel 1870, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 24 species, type: C. protracta (Pers.) De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; as Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Trouillas et al. (2010; pathogens), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Li et al. (2016a; coelomycetous asexual morph), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cryptumbellata Udagawa & Uchiy. 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. terricola Udagawa & Uchiy., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ctenomyces Eidam 1880, Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. serratus Eidam, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, common on keratinous substrates, especially feathers, also occurring in soil and on dung, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Guarro et al. (2012; morphology), van den Brink et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), de Hoog et al. (2016; phylogeny, outline), ex-neotype: CBS 187.61. Ctenosporium R. Kirschner 2006, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. pectinatum R. Kirschner, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Panama, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cubasina R.F. Castañeda 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. albofusca R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: INIFAT C85/154, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cucujomyces Speg. 1917, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 20 species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Rossi and Weir (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cucullosporella K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1986, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. mangrovei (K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones) K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cucurbidothis Petr. 1921, Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. pityophila (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ariyawansa et al. (2014e; accepted as agenus in Cucurbitariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available for Cucurbidothis but needs verification. Cucurbitaria Gray 1821, Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 40 species, type: C. berberidis (Pers.) Gray, asexual morph coelomycetous, with pyrenochaeta-like asexual morph, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doilom et al. (2013; txonomy, typification), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), ex-epityp: CB1 = CBS 130007 = MFLUCC11-0384; Epitype of type: MFLU 12-0111. Cucurbitopsis Bat. & Cif. 1957, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. ramulorum Bat., Nascim. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cudonia Fr. 1849, Cudoniaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: C. circinans (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: AFTOL-ID 353. Cudoniella Sacc. 1889, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 31 species, type: C. queletii (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph hyphomycetous (Tricladium?), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad and Miller (2011b; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available available, type lacks sequence data. Cudoniopsis Speg. 1925, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: C. pusilla Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable. Culbersonia Essl. 2000, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, two species; type: C. americana Essl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are unavailable. Culicidospora R.H. Petersen 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. aquatica R.H. Petersen, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Newfoundland, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable. Culicinomyces Couch, Romney & B. Rao 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. clavisporus Couch, Romney & B. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on mosquitos, aquatic, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data available for Culicinomyces bisporalis Sigler, Frances & C. Panter, type lacks sequence data. Cumulospora I. Schmidt 1985, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. marina I. Schmidt, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cupulina Dougoud, Van Vooren & M. Vega 2015, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. montana Dougoud, Van Vooren & M. Vega, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Dougoud et al. (2015; morphology, taxonomy), holotype and isotype: G00262366 (herbarium Geneva), R. Dougoud RD32.43.544.13. Cupulomyces R.K. Benj. 1992, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: C. lasiochili (Thaxt.) R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Grenada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Curreya Sacc. 1883 Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. conorum (Fuckel) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doilom et al. (2013; acceptd as a genus in Cucurbitariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; acceptd as a genus in Cucurbitariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), ex-holotype: S F8461. Curucispora Matsush. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: C. ponapensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Curvatispora V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde 2001, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. singaporensis V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Singapore, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Curvicladiella Decock & Crous 2006 (= Curvicladium Decock & Crous 1998 nom. inval. Art. 53), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. cignea (Decock & Crous) Decock & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, French Guiana, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype and ex-type: MUCL 40269, CPC 1595 = CBS 109167. Curvularia Boedijn 1933 (= Pseudocochliobolus Tsuda, Ueyama & Nishih. 1978 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, more than 100 species, type: C. lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, asexual morph hyphomycetous, pathogenic or saprobes on plant or humans, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Manamgoda et al. (2012, 2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), sequence data available for more than 50 species, ex-neotype: CBS 730.96. Curvulariopsis M.B. Ellis 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. cymbisperma (Pat.) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Ecuador, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cuspidatispora Shearer & Bartolata 2006, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. xiphiago Shearer & Bartolata, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: ILL, Shearer A184-1, cultures and sequences are available. Custingophora Stolk, Hennebert & Klopotek 1968, Gondwanamycetaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. olivacea Stolk, Hennebert & Klopotek, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kolarík and Hulcr (2009; new species), Nagaraju et al. (2011a; new species), Crous et al. (2013b; new species, DNA), Dubey and Moonambeth (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for type: CBS 335.68. Cyanoannulus Raja, J. Campb. & Shearer 2003, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. petersenii Raja, J. Campb. & Shearer, see Boonyuen et al. (2012; phylogeny), Cai et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: R044-1, ILL 86218, cultures and sequences are available. Cyanochyta Höhn. 1915, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. cyanogena (Speg.) Höhn, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyanodermella O.E. Erikss. 1981, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: C. viridula (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) O.E. Erikss., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), van Nieuwenhuijzen et al. (2016; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cyanodiscus E. Müll. & M.L. Farr 1971, Saccardiaceae, Pezizomycotina families incertae sedis, two species, type: C. occidentalis E. Müll. & M.L. Farr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, sub tropical regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyanonectria Samuels & P. Chaverri 2009, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. cyanostoma (Sacc. & Flageolet) Samuels & P. Chaverri, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, French Guiana, see Samuels et al. (2009; morphology), Schroers et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cyanopatella Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. iranica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyanophomella Höhn. 1918, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. acervalis (Sacc.) Höhn, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Rhenogovia, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyanoporina Groenh. 1951, Pezizomycotina genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. granulosa Groenh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Pyrenotrichaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences unavailabe, needs a revision. Cyanopulvis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 2000, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. australiensis J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences unavailabe, needs a revision. Cyanopyrenia H. Harada 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. japonica H. Harada, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: HIRO, Harada 3444, cultures and sequences unavailabe, needs a revision. Cyathicula De Not. 1864 (= Conchatium Velen. 1934 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: C. coronata (Bull.) De Not., asexual morph Glarea (fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), saprobes on leaves, culms, herbaceous stems and wood, widespread, Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), acceptd in Jaklitsch et al. (2016a), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type. Cyberlindnera Minter 2009, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 30 species, type: C. americana (Wickerham) Minter, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding and formation of pseudohyphae and true hyphae, saprophytic, one species is an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, see Minter (2009; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Cyclaneusma DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter 1983, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycete, two species, type: C. minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cyclodomus Höhn. 1909, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. umbellulariae Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyclomarsonina Petr. 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C.cedrelae (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) Petr., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyclopeltella Petr. 1953, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. orbicularis Petr., saprobes, terrestrial, Phillipines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, reduced under Cyclopeltis), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cycloschizon Henn. 1902, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, c. 13 species, type: C. brachylaenae (Rehm) Henn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cyclostomella Pat. 1896, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: C. disciformis Pat., epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cyclotheca Theiss. 1914 nom. cons. prop., Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: C. miconiae (P. Syd.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Cyclothyrium Petr. 1923, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. ulmigenum (Berk.) Petr., coelomycetous, ?sexual morph thyridaria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Damm et al. (2008; phylogeny), de Gruyter et al. (2012; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cylindrium Bonord. 1851, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, c. 50 species, type: C. elongatum Bonord., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on soil, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Cylindrocarpostylus R. Kirschner & Oberw. 1999, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. gregarius (Bres.) R. Kirschner & Oberw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in bark beetle galleries, Europe, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindrocladiella Boesew. 1982 (= Nectricladiella Crous & C. L. Schoch 2000 fide Rossman et al. 2013b), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: C. parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesew., soil-borne fungi, pathogenic and/or saprobes of various plant hosts and substrates, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2012, 2015b), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-epitype: CBS 114524 = ATCC 28272 = CPC 2370; holotype: ATCC 28272. Cylindrodendrum Bonord. 1851, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type C. album Bonord., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogenic or isolated from soil, marine, fresh-water and terrestrial, worldwide, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2012, 2015b), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-epitype: CBS 301.83 = ATCC 46842 = IMI 255534; isotype: CBS H-3483A = CBS H-3483B = CBS H-3483C. Cylindrogloeum Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. arcticum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Lapland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindromyces Manohar., D.K. Agarwal & N.K. Rao 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. striatus Manohar., D.K. Agarwal & N.K. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindrophoma (Berl. & Voglino) Höhn. 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. smilacina (Desm.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindroseptoria Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: C. ceratoniae Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, DAN, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-21301, CBS 471.69. Cylindrosporella Höhn. 1916, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: C. carpini (Lib.) Höhn., saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindrosympodioides Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Venturiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: C. brabejum Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22594, CPC 25934. Cylindrosympodium (de Hoog) W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, twelve species, type: C. variabile (de Hoog) W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: CBS-H 1634, sequence data, vailable, compare with Mirandina, Parasympodiella, Solosympodiella and Subulispora. Cylindrothyrium Maire 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. subericola Maire, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cylindrotrichum Bonord. 1851 (= Reticulascus Réblová & W. gams 2011 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Reticulascaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: C. oligospermum (Corda) Bonord., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Reticulascus, Europe, see Réblová et al. (2011, 2016c; sexual morph, DNA, morphology, phylogeny, nomenclature), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), cultures available for type: CBS 561.77, CBS 570.76, CBS 557.74. Cylindroxyphium Bat. & Cif. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. virginianum Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cymostachys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: C. fabispora L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22433, CBS 136180. Cyniclomyces van der Walt & D.B. Scott 1971, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, pe Saccharomycetes, one species, type: C. guttulatus (C.P. Robin) van der Walt & D.B. Scott, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophyte, stomach and intestines of rabbits and certain other herbivores, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kurtzman and Robnett (2013b; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Cyphelium Ach. 1815, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: C. tigillare (Ach.) Ach., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy, here Cyphelium is included in Calicium), sequences are available. Cyphellophora G.A. de Vries 1962, Cyphellophoraceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 25 species, type: C. laciniata G.A. de Vries, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, southern USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2013; new species), Feng et al. (2014; new species), Gao et al. (2015; new species), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), Madrid et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Cyphellophoriella Crous & A.J. Sm. 2015, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: C. pruni Crous & A.J. Sm., hyphomycetous, saprobes, USA, see Crous et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22255, CPC 25120. Cyrtidium Vain. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. naevium Vain., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) excluded from Dothideomycetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyrtidula Minks 1876, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) excluded from Dothideomycetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cyrtopsis Vain. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. fumosa Vain., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) excluded from Dothideomycetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cystocoleus A. Massal. 1849, Cystocoleaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species; type: C. ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites, lichenized, lichenicolous, terrestrial, see Muggia et al. (2008; taxonomy), Nelsen et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hawksworth et al. (2011b; typification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2014; morphology; nomenclature), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Cystodendron Bubák 1914, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: C. dryophilum (Pass.) Bubák, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Grunig et al. (2009; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Selçuk et al. (2014; Turkey), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Cystodium Fée 1837, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) excluded from Dothideomycetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cystotheca Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1860 (≡ Sphaerotheca sect. Cystotheca ; = Lanomyces Gäum. 1922 = Sphaerotheca auct. p.p. fide Braun and Cook 2012), Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: C. wrightii Berk. & M.A. Curtis, sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morphs, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Asia and North America, asexual morph: Setoidium (R.T.A. Cook, A.J. Inman & C. Billings) R.T.A. Cook & U. Braun, see Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), lectotype of C. wrightii: Japan, Ryukyu Island (Loo-Choo Islands), on Quercus cf. stenophylla, C. Wright coll., Herb. Of U.S. Pacific Expl. Exped. (K(M) 168934), sequences are available. Notes: Setoidium was originally described as Oidium subgen. Setoidium R.T.A. Cook, A.J. Inman & C. Billings, typified by Oidium japonicum Syd. (Cook et al. 1997), this subgenus was subsequently raised to genus status by Braun and Cook (2012), but no binomial in Setoidium was given to the type species. Oidium japonicum is the asexual morph of C. wrightii (Braun and Cook 2012) and under unitary nomenclature, the genus Setoidium should be considered as synonym of Cystotheca. In addition, two names in Setoidium which lack a Cystotheca sexual state are known. The generic affinity of S. castanopsidis Meeboon & S. Takam. has been proven by means of molecular sequence data, justifying the reallocation of this species to Cystotheca. However, the combination S. murrayae (Hosag., U. Braun & Rabindran) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook was only based on morphological similarity and has not yet been confirmed by sequence data, precluding a reallocation to Cystotheca in the current state. The respective synonymy and a new combination are introduced as follows: Cystotheca wrightii Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4:130. 1860 = Oidium japonicum Syd., Mém. Herb. Boissier 4:6. 1900. Cystotheca castanopsidis (Meeboon & S. Takam.) Meeboon & S. Takam., comb. nov. IndexFungorum: IF553185 Basionym: Setoidium castanopsidis Meeboon & S. Takam., Mycoscience 54:275. 2012. Cystotrichiopsis Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, type: C. salvadorae Abbas, Sutton & Ghaffar, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: UCMH 759 (IMI 322594), cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Cytodiscula Petr. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. carnea Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Madeira, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytogloeum Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. tiliae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytomelanconis Naumov 1951, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: C. systema-solare Naumov, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Fan et al. (2016; species associated wit Betula), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytonaema Höhn. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. spinella (Kalchbr.) Höhn., coelomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Austria, South Africa, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytoplacosphaeria Petr. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. rimosa Petr., coelomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, Hong Kong, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytoplea Bizz. & Sacc. 1885, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: C. arundinacea (Sacc.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, asexual morph roussoella-like, saprobes, Europe, Hong Kong, see, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b; outline, morphology, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Cytosphaera Died. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: C. mangiferae Died., coelomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytospora Ehrenb. 1818 (= Valsa Fr. 1825; = Valsella Fuckel 1870; = Leucostoma (Nitschke) Höhn. 1917; = Valseutypella Höhn. 1919; = Leucocytospora (Höhn.) Höhn. 1927 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 120 species, type: C. chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph Valsa, saprobes, pathogens, worldwide, see Fotouhifar et al. (2010; phylogeny), Fan et al. (2014, 2015; morphology, pathogens, China), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), Yang et al. (2015b; pathogens, China), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Cytosporella Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 32 species, type: C. sycina (Sacc.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, temperate regions, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Cytostagonospora Bubák 1916, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: C. photiniicola Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, temperate regions, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for C. martiniana (CBS 135102), type lacks sequence data, needs generic revision. Cyttaria Berk. 1842, Cyttariaceae, Cyttariales, Leotiomycetes, type: C. darwinii Berk., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, south temperate regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Peterson and Pfister (2010; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Cyttariella skottsbergii Palm, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: C. skottsbergii Palm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dacampia A. Massal. 1853, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 14 species, type: D. hookeri (Borrer) A. Massal., lichenicolous, or saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Halici et al. (2008, 2009; new species), Brackel (2010a; new species), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline), Ertz et al. (2015a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, available cultures for type: Hafellner 81840 (GZU), Hafellner 75980 (GZU), Hafellner 74269 (GZU), Hafellner 73897 (GZU). Dacryoma Samuels 1988, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type D. album Samuels, sexual morph unknown, saprobes on palms, terrestrial, Indonesia Peru, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), holotype: BO, isotype NY. Dactylaria Sacc. 1880, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, c. 100 species, type: D. purpurella, hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, parasites, terrestrial and aquatic, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Magalhães et al. (2014), Mel'nik et al. (2013; new species), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), few sequence available for this genus but not available for the type, sexual morph hypomyces-like reported for D. mycophila, needs generic revision. Dactylella Grove 1884, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, hetergenous, type: D. minuta Grove, c. 70 species, hyphomycetous, ?sexual morph Orbilia, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2010d; new species), Qin et al. (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Dactylellina M. Morelet 1968, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, c. 23 species, type: D. leptospora (Drechsler) M. Morelet, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, nematode trapping, in soil, terrestrial, aquatic, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hanying et al. (2012; development), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Wu et al. (2012b; first report of D. candidum in Korea), Yu et al. (2012; biology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dactylifera Alcorn 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. australiensis Alcorn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dactylina Nyl. 1860, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: D. arctica (Richardson) Nyl., asexual reproduction by small lateral lobules and sexual by apothecia (rarely developed), lichenized, terricolous, circumpolar, arctic-alpine Northern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: AFTOL 225. Dactylonectria L. Lombard & Crous 2014, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: D. macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) L. Lombard, van der Merwe & J.Z. Groenew. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2014, 2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Dactylospora Körb. 1855, Dactylosporaceae, Eurotiomycetes incertae sedis, c. 50 species, type: D. floerkei Körb., asexual morph unknown, on lichens, hepatics or saprobes, terrestrial or marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Diederich et al. (2013; phylogeny), Pang et al. (2014), sequence data available for for species, ex-type cultures and holotype unavailable. Dactylosporium Harz 1871, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. macropus (Corda) Harz, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Daldinia Ces. & De Not. 1863 (= Annellosporium M.L. Davey 2010; = Hemisphaeria Klotzsch 1843; = Peripherostoma Gray 1821; = Stromatosphaeria Grev. 1824; = Versiomyces Whalley & Watling 1989 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Wendt et al. 2017), Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 40 species, type: D. concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Kuhnert et al. (2017; new species, revision), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Dangeardiella Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: D. macrospora (J. Schröt.) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014c; transferred to Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Danielozyma Kurtzman & Robnett 2014, Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: D. ontarioensis (Kurtzman & Robnett) Kurtzman & Robnett, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and from formation of pseudohyphae and true hyphae, saprophyte, in insect frass from various tree species, see Kurtzman and Robnett (2014; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Darkera H.S. Whitney, J. Reid & Piroz. 1975, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. parca H.S. Whitney, J. Reid & Piroz., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, Europe, Cuba, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015b; revision, morphology, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Darksidea D.G. Knapp, Kovács, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous 2015, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. alpha D.G. Knapp, Kovács, Groenewald & Crous, endophytes, see Knapp et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Dasyscyphella Tranzschel 1898 (= Lachnaster Höhn. 1917 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. cassandrae Tranzschel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Dasysphaeria Speg. 1912, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. andicola Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dasysticta Speg. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. sapindophila Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Davidgallowaya Aptroot 2007, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetidae, one species, type: D. cornutispora Aptroot, asexual morph, unknown, terrestrial, New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Davidsoniella Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. virescens (R.W. Davidson) Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph hyphomycetous, enodophyte, terrestrial, Thailand, have sequence data, see de Beer et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Davisiella Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. elymina (Davis) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Davisomycella Darker 1967, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: D. ampla (Davis) Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence available for D. medusa (BPI842078). Davisoniella H.J. Swart 1988, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. eucalypti H.J. Swart, coelomycetous, sexual morph teratosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dawsicola Döbbeler 1981, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. neglecta Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dawsomyces Döbbeler 1981, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. mirabilis Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dawsophila Döbbeler 1981, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. pygmaea Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, New Guinea, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Deakozyma Kurtzman & Robnett 2014, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: D. indianensis Kurtzman & Robnett, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and from formation of pseudohyphae and true hyphae, saprophyte, rotting wood, insect eggs, Indiana, Michigan, USA, see Kurtzman and Robnett (2014; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dearnessia Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. apocyni Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Debaryomyces Lodder & Kreger-van Rij 1952, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 15 species, type: D. indianensis Kurtzman & Robnett, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and some species may also form poorly developed pseudohyphae, saprophytic, but several of the species are opportunistic pathogens of humans, soil, sea and fresh water, high osmotic foods such as cheese and sausages, bees, tree exudates, spoiled sake, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Decaisnella Fabre, 1878, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: D. spectabilis Fabre, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial and marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), sequences are available only one species, need recollection to verify generic placement. Decorospora Inderb., Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 2002, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. gaudefroyi (Pat.) Inderb., Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Degelia Arv. & D.J. Galloway 1981, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 22 species, type: D. gayana (Mont.) Arv. & D.J. Galloway, , lichenized, epiphytic or on mossy rocks, Southern hemisphere, in humid regions, see Wedin et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spribille and Muggia (2013; phylogeny), Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny, Degelia is heterogeneous and excluded the section Amphiloma as the genus Pectenia), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), need generic revision. Degeliella P. M. Jørg 2004, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: D. rosulata (P.M. Jørg. & D.J. Galloway) P.M. Jørg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic or on mossy rocks, Gondwana distribution, Australia (Tasmania), southermost South America, See Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny, non-monophyly of the genus), Jørgensen and Andersen (2015; showed that the name Degeliella was superfluous and that Psoromaria (type: P. versicolor) should be taken up for the genus, which is still likely to be non-monopyletic), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence available for voucher Galloway 840b (BG) of the type (unpublished). Deichmannia Alstrup & D. Hawksw. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. caespitosa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Deightoniella S. Hughes 1952, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: D. africana S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Zhang et al. (2016b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available for Deightoniella roumeguerei (CBS 128780), needs generic revision. Dekkera Van der Walt 1964, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: D. bruxellensis Van der Walt, saprophytic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Delastria Tul. & C. Tul. 1843, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: D. rosea Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, Europe (southem), Northern America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Alvarado et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Delitschia Auersw. 1866, Delitschiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 52 species, type: D. didyma Auersw., asexual morph unknown, commonly occurs as coprophilous and saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology and phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: L 1950, cultures available for type: UME 31411,. Delortia Pat. & Gaillard 1888, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. palmicola Pat. & Gaillard, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Delphinella (Sacc.) Kuntze 1898, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: D. strobiligena (Desm.) Sacc. ex E. Müll. & Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: PC 0084688. Delpinoella Sacc. 1899, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. insignis Sacc. & Trotter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Delpinoëlla Sacc. 1899, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. insignis Sacc. & Trotter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Delpinoina Kuntze 1891, Ascodichaenaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: D. lusitanica (Pass. & Thüm.) Kuntze, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Delpontia Penz. & Sacc. 1901, ? Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: D. pulchella Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on fern stalks, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline: doubtful position), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revisión. Deltopyxis Baral & G. Marson 2012, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. triangulispora Baral & G. Marson, saprobes, terrestrial, Luxembourg, see Baral and Marson (2012; taxonomy), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), a sequence is available. Dematiocladium Allegr., Aramb., Cazau & Crous 2005, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type D. celtidis Allegr., Aramb., Cazau & Crous, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), ex-type: CBS 115994; holotype of the type: LPS 47255, isotype CBS 9921. Dematiopleospora Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. 2017 Index Fugorum number: IF552175 Description: see Wanasinghe et al. (2014) = Dematiopleospora Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 35(2): 110 (2014), Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Type: Dematiopleospora mariae Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Notes: Wanasinghe et al. (2014) introduced Dematiopleospora but it is invalid (Art. 42.1) as the genus and type species both have same identifier IF550536. Three other species are consequently not validly published. Thus, new identifiers have been obtained and species are validly published. Dematiopleospora alliariae Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde Index Fugorum: IF552256 Description: see Hyde et al. (2016) = Dematiopleospora alliariae Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 89 (2015); nom. inval., Art. 35.1 Dematiopleospora cirsii Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Index Fugorum number: IF552282 Description: see Hyde et al. (2016) = Dematiopleospora cirsii Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 80: 89 (2015); nom. inval., Art. 35.1 Dematiopleospora luzulae Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Index Fugorum number: IF552283 Description: see Hyde et al. (2016) = Dematiopleospora luzulae Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 75: 103 (2015); nom. inval., Art. 35.1 Dematiopleospora mariae Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde Index Fugorum number: IF552185 Description: see Wanasinghe et al. (2014) = Dematiopleospora mariae Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 35 (2): 110 (2014); nom. inval., Art. 35.1 Dematioscypha Svrček 1977 (= Schizocephalum Preuss 1852; Haplographium Berk. & Broome 1859 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: D. dematiicola (Berk. & Broome) Svrček, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, Europe, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequence data available for Haplographium delicatum. Dencoeliopsis Korf 1971, Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: D. johnstonii (Berk.) Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dendriscosticta Moncada & Lücking 2013, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: D. wrightii (Tuck.) Moncada & Lücking, lichenized, see Moncada et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dendroclathra Voglmayr & G. Delgado 2001, Hypocreomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. caeruleofusca Voglmayr & G. Delgado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dendrodomus Bubák 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. annulatus Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dendrographa Darb. 1895, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, six species, type: D. leucophaea (Tuck.) Darb., lichenized, corticolous and saxicolous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny and taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dendrophoma Sacc. 1880, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 100 species, type: D. cytisporoides Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Dinemasporium), Crous et al. (2012g; reinstated the genus, DNA, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), epitype and ex-epitype: CBS H-12004, CBS 223.95. Dendrosphaera Pat. 1907, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: D. eberhardtii Pat., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, probably mycorrhizal, Asia, see Houbraken and Samson (2011; morphotaxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment. Dendrospora Ingold 1943, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: D. erecta Ingold, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, subtropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Duarte et al. (2015; DNA), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dendrosporium Plakidas & Edgerton ex J.L. Crane 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. lobatum Plakidas & Edgerton ex J.L. Crane, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Dendryphiella Bubák & Ranoj. 1914, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: D. interseminata (Berk. & Ravenel) Bubák, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2014c, 2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dendryphion Wallr. 1833, Torulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 66 species, type: D. comosum Wallr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; phylogeny), sequences are available for five species, needed generic placement. Dendryphiosphaera Lunghini & Rambelli 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: D. taiensis Lunghini & Rambelli, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Ivory coast, pantropical, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Deniquelata Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde 2013, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. barringtoniae Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2013b, 2014c; morpholology, DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type of the type: MFLU 12-0303, MFLUCC 12-0257. Dennisiella Bat. & Cif. 1962, Coccodiniaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, seven species, type: D. babingtonii (Berk.) Bat. & Cif., asexual morph microxyphium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as genera in Coccodiniaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dennisiodiscus Svrcek 1976, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: D. prasinus (Quél.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dennisiopsis Subram. & Chandrash. 1977, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: D. octospora Subram. & Chandrash., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dennisographium Rifai 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. episphaeriae Rifai, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Java, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Denticularia Deighton 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: D. modesta (Syd.) Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dentocircinomyces R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. occidentalis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of the type: INFAT C88/114, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Cryptumbellata, Hansfordia and Redbia. Derexia Naras. 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. lecanii (Zimm.) Naras., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on Lecanium viride, India, Indonesia, Java, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dermapteromyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: D. ctenophorus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, America (tropical), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dermateopsis Nannf. 1932, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: D. tabacina (Cooke) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dermatiscum Nyl. 1867, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: D. thunbergii (Ach.) Nyl., asexual morph is coelomycetous, lichenized, saxicolous, South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena, see Aptroot (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available for the type: AF540507 (ITS). Dermatocarpon Eschw. 1824, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 20 species, type: D. miniatum (L.) W. Mann, asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial, lichenized, on rocks and soil, cosmopolitan, see Gueidan et al. (2009; phylogeny, outline), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences of the type material of the type are unavailable, but sequences of non-type material are available. Dermatodothella Viégas 1944, Polystomellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: D. multiseptata Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Ariyawansa et al. (2013c; morphology, accepted as Polystomellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dermatodothis Racib. ex Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: D. javanica Racib., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dermea Fr. 1825 (= Sphaeronaema Fr. 1815; = Foveostroma DiCosmo 1978 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 25 species, type: D. cerasi (Pers.) Fr., asexual morphs formerly known in Sphaeronaema and Foveostroma, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature, new comb.), cultures and sequences are available. Dermiscellum Hafellner, Mayrhofer, & Poelt 1979, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: D. catawbense (Willey) Hafellner & Poelt, asexual morph is coelomycetous, lichenized, saxicolous, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Descalsia A. Roldán & Honrubia 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. cruciata A. Roldán & Honrubia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, isolated from Spanish streams, South western Europe, Spain, Northwest Portugal, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 328087, sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Desertella Mouch. 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. globulifera Mouch., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, submerged wood in river, Egypt, USA, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures are unavailable, unverified sequences are available (KR230020-KR230041), needs generic revision. Deshpandiella Kamat & Ullasa 1973, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. jambolana (T.S. Ramakr., Sriniv. & Sundaram) Kamat & Ullasa, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Desmazierella Lib. 1829 (= Verticicladium Preuss 1851 fide Healy et al. 2016), Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: D. acicola Lib., asexual morph Verticicladium, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Pfister et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Martinović et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeographic structure), cultures and sequences are available. Desmidiospora Thaxt. 1891, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. myrmecophila Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, North America, Canada, Northwest Territories, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Devriesia Seifert & N.L. Nick. 2004, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 24 species, type: D. staurophora (W.B. Kendr.) Seifert & N.L. Nick., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Schoch et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2011a, 2012c, e; new species, DNA), Frank et al. (2010; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Li et al. (2012a; new species, China), Egidi et al. (2014; new species, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Dexhowardia J.J. Taylor 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. tetraspora J.J. Taylor, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Diaboliumbilicus I. Hino & Katum. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. mirabilis I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diachora Jul. Müll. 1893 (= Diachorella Höhn. 1918 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: D. onobrychidis (DC.) Jul. Müll., asexual morph Diachorella, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diacrochordon Petr. 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: D. rehmii Petr. 1955, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diadema Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. 1989, Diademaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: D. tetramerum Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011b; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Ariyawansa et al. (2014c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Diademosa Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. 1992, Diademaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. californiana (M.E. Barr) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes on herbaceous, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; generic placement), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences unavailable, needed generic placement. Diademospora B.E. Soderstr. & Bååth 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. ramigera B.E. Söderstr. & Bååth, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from forest soil, coniferous, Sweden, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex- type: CBS 427.76, IMI 203569, ATCC 42210, needs generic revision. Dialaceniopsis Bat. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. landolphiae Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from Landolphia ugandensis, Uganda, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dialhypocrea Speg. 1919, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. puiggariana Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diamantinia A.N. Mill., Læssøe & Huhndorf 2003, Xylariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. citrina A.N. Mill., Læssøe & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Xylariales), holotype and extype: SP, Buck 26886. Diandromyces Thaxt. 1918, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: D. chilenus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Chile, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species, Ecuador), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dianesea (F. Stevens) Inácio & P.F. Cannon 2002, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. palmae (F. Stevens) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, saprobes, terrestrial, Cost Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jayasiri et al. (2015; re-described type), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diaphorographis A.W. Archer & Kalb 2009, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: D. queenslandica Kalb & A.W. Archer, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Kalb et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Diaphoromyces Thaxt. 1926, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: D. marginatus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diaporthe Nitschke 1870 (= Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák 1905 fide Udayanga et al. 2012; Rossman et al. 2015a; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, more than 125 species, type: D. eres Nitschke, asexual morph coelomycetous, endophytes, pathogens, saprobes, associate with wide host range, worldwide, see Udayanga et al. (2012, 2014a, b; review, nomenclature, phylogeny), Gomes et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and culture ex-epitype: BPI 892912, AR5193, Diaporthella Petr. 1924, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: D. aristata (Fr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, Eastern Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gomes et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the cultures. Diarimella B. Sutton 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. setulosa B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown,saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, Canada, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 103785, cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Diatractium Syd. & P. Syd. 1921, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. cordiae (F. Stevens) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Palmateer et al. (2008; DNA, pathogens), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm. 2016, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. australiensis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on mangroves, Central and South America, see Palmateer et al. (2008; DNA, pathogens), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline; taxonomy), Index Fungorum(2017; validate the genus), cultures and sequences are available. Diatrype Fr. 1849 (= Libertella Desm. 1830 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, cf. 60 species, type: D. disciformis (Hoffm.) Fr., asexual morph Libertella, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline; taxonomy), Senanayske et al. (2015; phylogeny, outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not. 1863, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 35 species, type: D. verruciformis (Ehrh.) Nitschke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline; taxonomy), Senanayske et al. (2015; phylogeny, outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Almeida et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Diatrypoidiella Manohar., Kunwar & D.K. Agarwal 2005, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. lignicola Manohar., Kunwar & D.K. Agarwal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline; taxonomy), holotype of the type: HCIO 43762, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dibaeis Clem. 1909, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: D. rosea (Pers.) Clem., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), ), culture available for the type: AFTOL-ID 358. Dicarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1921, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: D. lignicola Manohar., Kunwar & D.K. Agarwal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Dicephalospora Spooner 1987, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: D. calochroa (Syd.) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Dichelostroma Bat. & Peres 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. powellii Bat. & Peres, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dichlaena Durieu & Mont. 1849, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: D. lentisci Durieu & Mont., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, occurring on decaying plant material, wood and dung, Algeria, Brazil, India, Italy, Mauritania, USA, see Houbraken and Samson (2011), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment. Dicholobodigitus G.P. White & Illman 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. niger G.P. White & Illman, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on rotten wood of Pinus contorta, Canada, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dichosporidium Pat. 1903, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, eight species, type: D. glomeratum (Pat.) Pat., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, widespread (tropical), corticolous (occasionally saxicolous), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015c; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dichotomophthora Mehrl. & Fitzp. ex P.N. Rao 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: D. portulacae Mehrl. & Fitzp. ex P.N. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves and stems of Portulacca oleracea, Hawaii, USA, widespread (esp. tropical), see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dichotomophthoropsis M.B. Ellis 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. nymphaearum (F.V. Rand) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogen, India, USA, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), reference strain of Di. nymphaearum = ATCC 64770, ATCC 204261-204266, sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dichotophora Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. setiramosa Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Whitton et al. (2012a; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: IFRD 9016, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diclonomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: D. eumicrophilus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dicranidion Harkn. 1885, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, four species, type: D. fragile Harkn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are available. Dictyoarthrinium S. Hughes 1952, Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six new species, type: D. quadratum S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread (tropical), see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous and Groenewald (2013; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Dictyoasterina Hansf. 1947, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. conopharyngiae Hansf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; accepted as genus in Venturiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dictyocatenulata Finley & E.F. Morris 1967, Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: D. alba Finley & E.F. Morris, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Karnataka, India, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), An et al. (2012; phylogenetic revision), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dictyochaeta Speg. 1923 (= Codinaeopsis Morgan-Jones 1972; = Dictyochaetopsis Aramb. & Cabello 1990; = Menisporella Agnihothr. 1962 fide Seifert et al. 2011; Species Fungorum 2017), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 80 species, type: D. fuegiana Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial/aquatic, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Silva and Gusmão (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Dictyocheirospora D'souza, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2016, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. rotunda D'souza, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Thailand, see Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: MFLUCC 14-0293, cultures and sequences are available. Dictyocoprotus J.C. Krug & R.S. Khan 1991, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: C. nipigonensis Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Mexico, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyocyclus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen 1998, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. hydrangeae Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, Taiwan, no molecular data, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Dissanayake et al. (2014; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Myriangiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Myriangiaceae), placement in Myriangiaceae supported by morphology, holotype: IMI 371179, cultures and sequences unavailable. Dictyodesmium S. Hughes 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: D. ulmicola (Ellis & Kellerm.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves of Ulmus fulva, USA; France, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dictyodochium Sivan. 1984, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. prinsepiae Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: D. berberidis (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are available. Dictyographa Müll. Arg. 1893, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: D. arabica Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as a synonym of Opegrapha), Ertz and Tehler (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dictyomeridium Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: D. proponens (Nyl.) Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dictyonella Höhn. 1909, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, seven species, type: D. erysiphoides (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyopalmispora Pinruan, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2016, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. palmae Pinruan & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Thailand, see Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: BBH 39848, cultures and sequences are available. Dictyopeltella Bat. & I.H. Lima 1959, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: D. domingensis (Petr. & Cif.) Bat. & I.H. Lima, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyopeltis Theiss. 1913, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: D. vulgaris (Racib.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyophrynella Bat. & Cavalc. 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. bignoniacearum Bat. & Cavalc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, Brazil, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dictyopolyschema M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. pirozynskii, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes on dead twigs of Picea, Great Britain, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-type: IMI 89652, sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dictyoporthe Petr. 1955, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: D. ahmadii Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, Taiwan, see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2008; DNA, transferred Dictyoporthe acerophila M.E. Barr to Prosthecium), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Dictyorostrella U. Braun 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. caricicola (U. Braun & Melnik) U. Braun, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, foliicolous, Asia (Far East of Russia), North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: (DAOM), isotype: HAL 1645 F, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyospiropes M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. ziziphi M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dictyosporella Abdel-Aziz 2015, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. aquatica Abdel-Aziz, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Egypt, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22127, MD1302. Dictyosporium Corda 1836, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 50 species, type: D. elegans Corda, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, widespread, see Crous et al. (2009a; new species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Boonmee et al. (2016; new species), cultures available for type species NBRC 32502. Dictyostomiopelta Viégas 1944, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. manihoticola Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyothyriella Speg. 1924, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. bauhiniae (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cape Horn, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyothyrina Theiss. 1913, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. fecunda (Sacc.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dictyothyrium Theiss. 1912, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. chalybeum (Rehm) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diddensiella Péter, Dlauchy & Kurtzman 2012, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: D. caesifluorescens G. Péter, Dlauchy & Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, rotten wood and forest litter, worldwide, see Péter et al. (2012; taxonomy), sequences are available. Didonia Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: needs typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Didymascella Maire & Sacc. 1903, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. oxycedri Maire & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available for Didymascella thujina. Didymascus Sacc. 1896, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. metkinoffi Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Siberia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Didymella Sacc. 1880 (= Arcangelia Sacc.1890; = Haplotheciella Höhn. 1918; = Mycosphaerellopsis Höhn. 1918 fide Hyde et al. 2013), Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 100 species, type: D. exigua (Niessl) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; phylogeny), Aveskamp et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae, taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Chen et al. (2015b; phylogeny, new species, taxonomy), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Didymellocamarosporium Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2016, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. tamaricis Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 15–3548, MFLUCC 14–0241. Didymellopsis (Sacc.) Clem. & Shear 1931, Xanthopyreniaceae, Collemopsidiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: D. latitans (Nyl.) Sacc. ex Clem. & Shear, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, family placed as Ascomycota family incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko et al. (2015b; new species), holotype: H–NYL 42670. Didymobotryum Sacc. 1886, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. rigidum (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for type: JCM 8837. Didymochaetina Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. galactiae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Jamaica, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymochora Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. betulina Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Jamaica, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, listed under Mycosphaerellaceae and Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis respectively), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymocoryne Sacc. & Trotter 1913, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, type: D. striata (Ellis & Everh.) Sacc. & Trotter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; reduced D. solitaria (Rehm) Sacc. & Trotter under Ascocoryne albida (Berk.) Seifert, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymocrea Kowalski 1965, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. sadasivanii (T.K.R. Reddy) Kowalski, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genera in Didymosphaeriaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; accepted as a genera in Didymosphaeriaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures available for type: CBS 438.65. Didymocyrtidium Vain. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymocyrtis Vain. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. consimilis Vain., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymolepta Munk 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. winteriana (Sacc.) Munk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymopleella Munk 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: Didymopleella cladii (P. Larsen & Munk) Munk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymosphaeria Fuckel (1870) [1869-70], Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: D. futilis (Berk. & Broome) Rehm, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a, d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision.. Didymosporiella Traverso & Migliardi 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: D. aeluropodis Traverso & Migliardi, Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted. Didymosporina Höhn. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. aceris (Lib.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Didymostilbe Henn. 1902, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: D. coffeae Henn., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Bionectriaceae), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Didymothozetia Rangel 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. mimosoensis Rangel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diederimyces Etayo 1995, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: D. fuscideae Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diedickea Syd. & P. Syd. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. singularis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diehliomyces Gilkey 1954, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: D. microsporus (Diehl & E.B. Lamb.) Gilkey, asexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Ascomycota, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Diffractella Guarro, P.F. Cannon & Aa 1991, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. curvata (Fuckel) Guarro, P.F. Cannon & Aa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Digicatenosporium S.M. Leão, Gusmão & R.F. Castaneda 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. polyramosum S.M. Leão, Gusmão & R.F. Castaneda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Leão-Ferreira et al. (2015; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Digitodesmium P.M. Kirk 1981, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: D. elegans P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Silvera-Simon et al. (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: BBH 39848, cultures and sequences are available. Digitodochium Tubaki & Kubono 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. rhodoleucum Tubaki & Kubono, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Digitomyces Mercado, M. Calduch & Gené 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. verrucosus (Tzean & J.L. Chen) Mercado, M. Calduch & Gené, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Digitopodium U. Braun, Heuchert & K. Schub. 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. hemileiae (Steyaert) U. Braun, Heuchert & K. Schub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, fungicolous, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of the type: BPI 426854. Digitoramispora R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. caribensis R.F. Castaneda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: INIFAT C89/167, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Acrodictys, Acrodictyopsis, Cheiroidea and Cryptocoryneopsis. Digitosarcinella S. Hughes 1984, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, three species, type: D. caseariae S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Digitothyrea P. P. Moreno & Egea 1992, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: D. rotundata (Büdel, Henssen & Wessels) P.P. Moreno & Egea, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, Africa, Central America, saxicolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dilophospora Desm. 1840 (= Lidophia J. Walker & B. Sutton 1974 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. two species, type: D. graminis Desm., coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Lidophia, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclaturea), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diluviicola K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones 1998, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, type: D. capensis K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Diluvicola), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; accepted as a genus in Annulatascaceae, misspelled as Diluvicola), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dimastigosporium Faurel & Schotter 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. musimonum Faurel & Schotter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sahara, India, see Yadav and Bhat (2009a; new species, India), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dimelaena Norman 1852, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, c. ten species, type: D. oreina (Ach.) Norman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, lichenicolous, saxicolous, on siliceous or basaltic rocks, world-wide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Knudsen et al. (2013b; key), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny; showed that Dimelaena is non-monophyletic as currently circumscribed), sequences available. Dimeriella Speg. 1908, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: D. hirtula Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dimerina Theiss. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. ten species, type: D. strychni (Henn.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sahara, India, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dimerium (Sacc. & P. Syd.) McAlpine 1903, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: D. pulveraceum (Speg.) Theiss., see Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; did not include), data inadequate, needs generic revision. Dimeromyces Thaxt. 1896, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 114 species, type: D. africanus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species, Ecuador), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossi et al. (2015; new species, Ecuador), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dimerosporiella Speg. 1908, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type D. paulistana Speg, on living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: LPS, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dimidiographa Ertz & Tehler 2011, Roccellographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: D. loandensis (Nyl.) Ertz, Bungartz & Tehler, sexual morph with lirelliform ascomata, coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for three species. Dimorphiopsis Crous 2013, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: D. brachystegiae Crous, coelomycetous or hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Zambia, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-21430, CPC 22679, 22680 = CB 136422. Dimorphiseta L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. terrestris L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22442, CBS 127345. Dimorphomyces Thaxt. 1893, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 27 species, type: Dimorphomyces denticulatus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dimorphospora Tubaki 1958, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. foliicola Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dimorphotricha Spooner 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. australis Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dinemasporium Lév. 1846, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, 35 species, type: D. graminum (Lib.) Lév., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2012g, 2014c; new species, morphology, phylogeny), Hashimoto et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), isotype, epitype and ex-epitype: K(M) 175981, CBS H-20952, CBS 828.84. Dingleya Trappe 1979, Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, six species, type: D. verrucosa Trappe, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Dioicomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 32 species, type: D. anthici Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, patasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bernardi et al. (2014; Ecuador), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Diorygma Eschw. 1824, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 71 species, type: D. hieroglyphica (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Archer (2009; key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. 2013 (genus accepted), Feuerstein et al. (2014; key), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Diphymyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 32 species, type: D. appendiculatus (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, patasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi and Santamaria (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2014a; new species), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Diplacella Syd. 1930, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 32 species, type: D. paulliniae (Gonz. Frag. & Cif.) Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Diplocarpa Massee 1895, Cordieritidacea, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. curreyana Massee, asexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dermateaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny, treated as a genus in Cordieritidacea), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: KL317. Diplocarpon F.A. Wolf 1912 (= Entomosporium Lév. 1857; = Bostrichonema Ces. 1867; = Marssonina Magnus 1906; = Entomopeziza Kleb. 1914 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: D. rosae F.A. Wolf, asexual morph Entomosporium; Marssonina, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Diplochorina Gutner 1933, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. naumovii Gutner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Diplocladiella G. Arnaud ex M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. scalaroides G. Arnaud ex M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diplococcium Grove 1885, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, c. 25 species, type: D. spicatum Grove, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Shenoy et al. (2010; phylogeny, polyphyletic), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), HernándezRestrepo et al. (2012b; new species, key), Ma et al. (2012h, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Silva et al. (2014; new species), Almeida et al. (2015, new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Helminthosphaeriaceae), cultures available for type species CBS 162.47, CBS 852.73, needs generic revision. Diplodia Fr. 1834, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, 23 species, type: D. mutila (Fr.) Mont., holomorph, asexual morph coelomycetous, endophytes, pathogens, saprobes, associated with cankers, dieback and fruit rot, worldwide, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; morphology, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Alves et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-epitype: BPI 599153 and CBS 136014, Diplodinis Clem. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. rostrupi (Vestergr.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Scandinavia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diplodinula Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diplogelasinospora Cain 1961, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: D. princeps Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as genus in Lasiosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species, DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Chaetomiaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Diplogramma Müll. Arg. 1891, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: D. australiensis Müll. Arg., lichenized, Australia, epiphytic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; treated as a synonym of Opegrapha), sequences are unavailable Diploicia A. Massal. 1852, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: D. canescens (Dicks.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, corticolous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bungartz et al. (2016: generic concept, key to all species; discussed the distinction from Diplotomma, but showed both are distinct), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence are available for voucher MAF 8656 of the type. Diplolaeviopsis Giralt & D. Hawksw. 1991, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: D. ranula Giralt & D. Hawksw., on lichens, sexual morph unknown, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2015b; position), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: BCC-Lich 4120. Diplomyces Thaxt. 1895, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: D. actobianus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Diplonaevia Sacc. 1889, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 23 species, type: D. caricum (Auersw.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diploöspora Grove 1916, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. rosea Grove, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diploplenodomus Died. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. malvae Died. ex Died., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diplopodomyces W. Rossi & Balazuc 1977, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: D. callipodos W. Rossi & Balazuc, asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Santamaría et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diploschistella Vain. 1926, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: D. urceolata Vain., lichenized, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Diploschistes Norman 1852, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 33 species, type: D. scruposus (Schreb.) Norman, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized (young states sometimes parasitic), on rocks, soil or over mosses and other lichens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Fermández-Brime et al. (2013; phylogeny), Mangold et al. (2009; key, Australia), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; key, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2013b; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 98. Diplosporonema Höhn. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. delastrei (Lacroix) Höhn. ex Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Diplotomma Flot. 1849, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: D. alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Diplozythiella Died. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. bambusina Died., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dipodascopsis Batra & P. Millner emend. Kurtzman, Albertyn & Basehoar-Powers 2007 (= Babjevia Van der Walt & M.T. Sm. 1995 fide Kurtzman et al. 2007), Lipomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: D. uninucleata (Biggs) L.R. Batra & Millner, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding and pseudohyphae may be present, saprophytic, soil, wood, fruit fly, Canada, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kurtzman and Robnett (2013b; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available. Dipodascus de Lagerheim 1892, Dipodascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: D. albidus Lagerh., asexual reproduction present (arthroconidia, chlamydospores may be formed), saprophytic, insects, insect galleries in pine trees, fluxes from trees, mushroom gills, cacti, worldwide, see Nagahama et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Dipodomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: D. monstruosus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Diporotheca C.C. Gordon & C.G. Shaw 1961, Diporothecaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, two species, type: D. rhizophila C.C. Gordon & C.G. Shaw, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hawksworth et al. (2016; Diporotheca palynomorph), holotype: WSP 48900, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dipyrgis Clem. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: data inadequate asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dirina Fr. 1825, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 24 species, type: D. ceratoniae (Ach.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous and corticolous, worldwide (coastal regions of mediterranean and subtropical climates), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tehler et al. (2013a; phylogeny and taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, but recording only 13 species), sequences are available. Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem. 1909, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species; type: D. picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shear, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Dirinastrum Müll.Arg. 1893, Caliciaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species; type: D. australiense Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bungartz et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, treated as a genus in Roccellaceae), sequences are unavailable. Diromma Ertz & Tehler 2014, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: D. dirinellum (Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Mediterranean and Canary Islands, see Ertz et al. (2015c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), lectotype and ex-type strain of type: Dufour (H-NYL4756). Discina (Fr.) Fr. 1849, Discinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 20 species, type: D. perlata (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discinella Boud. 1885 (= Pachydisca Boud. 1885; Geocoryne Korf 1978 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: D. boudieri (Quél.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Disciotis Boud. 1885, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: D. venosa (Pers.) Arnould, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Methven et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Carris et al. (2016; mitosporic stage; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Discocainia J. Reid & A. Funk 1966, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, type: D. treleasei (Sacc.) J. Reid & A. Funk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014c; new species, Japan), cultures and sequences are available. Discocolla Prill. & Delacr. 1894, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. pyrina Prill. & Delacr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discocurtisia Nannf. 1983, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: D. arundinariae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discogloeum Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. veronicarum (Ces.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discomycella Höhn. 1912, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. tjibodensis Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discomycetoidea Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. aequatorialis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discorehmia Kirschst. 1936, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. eburnea Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discosia Lib. ex Durieu & Mont. 1849, Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: D. strobilina Lib., coelomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Senanayake et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Discosiellina Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. longiciliata (Agnihothr.) Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discosphaerina Höhn. 1917, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: D. discophora Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Discosporina Höhn. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. deplanata (Höhn.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discotheciella Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. bakeri (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Discozythia Petr. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. bakeri (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Disculoides Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & Jacq. Edwards 2012, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. eucalypti Crous, Pascoe, I.J. Porter & Jacq. Edwards, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2012d, 2016a; morphology, new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; classification, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-20935, CPC 17650. Dissitimurus E.G. Simmons, McGinnis & Rinaldi 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. exedrus E.G. Simmons, McGinnis & Rinaldi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on human, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dissoconium de Hoog, Oorschot & Hijwegen 1983, Dissoconiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: D. aciculare de Hoog, Oorschot & Hijwegen, hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2009d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Distocercospora N. Pons & B. Sutton 1988, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: D. pachyderma (Syd. & P. Syd.) N. Pons & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, India, New Zealand, Philippines, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Verma and Rai (2014; morphology, new species), Braun et al. (2014b; morphology and typification), neotype S-F37683, epitype MUMH11476, duplicate: CBS H-21733; ex-epitype cultures: MUCC1716, CBS 138247. Distolomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: D. fijianus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Distopyrenis Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: D. americana Aptroot, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Distorimula F. San Martín, P. Lavínn & Esqueda 1999, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. mexicana F. San Martín, P. Lavín & Esqueda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: FSM, Esqueda 3693, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Distoseptispora K.D. Hyde, McKenzie & Maharachch. 2016, Distoseptisporaceae, Diaportheomycetidae, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: D. fluminicola McKenzie, H.Y. Su, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, China, Thailand, see Hyde et al. (2016; new species), Doilom et al. (2016; species on Tectonia), Su et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and extype: HKAS84006, MFLUCC 15–0417. Distothelia Aptroot 2005, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, three species; type: D. isthmospora Aptroot, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Ditopella De Not. 1863, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. fusispora De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Mejía et al. (2008, 2011; DNA, phylogeny), Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for D. ditopa. Ditopellina J. Reid & C. Booth 1967, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. saccardoana (Traverso & Spessa) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ditopellopsis J. Reid & C. Booth 1967, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: D. clethrae J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Mejía et al. (2008, 2011; DNA, phylogeny), Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, transferred Ditopellopsis racemula (Cooke & Peck) M.E. Barr to Gnomoniopsis), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified Ditopellopsis sp. Diutina Khunnamwong, Lertwattanasakul, Jindamorakot, Limtong & Lachance 2015, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, eight species, type: D. rugosa (Anderson) Khunnamwong, Jindamorakot, Limtong & Lachance, asexual reproduction by multilateral and pseudohyphae are produced, sexual reproduction unknown, saprophytic, but some species are common clinical isolates, rice leaf, bee, soil, soybean factory, clinical, worldwide, see Khunnamwong et al. (2015; taxonomy), sequences are available. Diversimorbus S.F. Chen & Jol. Roux 2013, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. metrosideri S.F. Chen bis & Jol. Roux, with coelomycetous asexual morph, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, have sequence data, see Chen et al. (2013b; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), holotype and ex-type: PREM 60741, CMW37322. Divinia Cif. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. diatricha Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dixomyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: D. perpendicularis (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dolabra C. Booth & W.P. Ting 1964, Chaetothyriomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: D. nepheliae C. Booth & W.P. Ting, asexual morph coelomycetous (fide Rossman et al. 2010), saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Rossman et al. (2010, 2012; Eurotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, DNA, phylogeny, asexual morph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014b; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Dolichocarpus R. Sant. 1949, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: D. chilensis R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous and epiphytic, Chile and Saint Helena, see Aptroot (2008; taxonomy), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogenetic position), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Doliomyces Steyaert 1961, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. senegalensis (Speg.) Steyaert, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, South America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as in Amphisphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; placed in Bartaliniaceae based on morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Domingoella Petr. & Cif. 1932, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: D. asterinarum Petr. & Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on fungi, terrestrial, Pantropical, Australasia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Donadinia Bellem. & Mel.-Howell 1990, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: D. helvelloides (Donadini, Berthet & Astier) Bellem. & Mel.-Howell, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Carbone et al. (2013, 2014; new species; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Doratomyces Corda 1829, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. neesii Corda, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Dothichiza Lib. ex Roum. 1880, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: D. populea Sacc. & Briard, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zalar et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as Dothioraceae, and Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis respectively), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gonzalez-Menendez et al. (2016; DNA), Hyde et al. (2013) and Thambugala et al. (2014a) excluded from Dothioraceae, cultures and sequences are available. Dothidasteroma Höhn. 1909, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, five species, type: D. pterygotae (Berk. & Broome) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys, excluded from Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dothidasteromella Höhn. 1910, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. sepulta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Asterinaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dothidea Fr. 1818, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, around 500 spp. (the actual number of species could be less than 100), type: D. sambuci (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), ex-type strains of type: DAOM 231303, epitype of type: GZU 78–2002. Dothidella Speg. 1880, Polystomellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: D. australis Speg., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Dothideodiplodia Murashk. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. agropyri Murashk., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dothideopsella Höhn. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. agminalis (Sacc. & Morthier) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Leptosphaeria), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dothidotthia Höhn. 1918, Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. ten species, type: D. symphoricarpi (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Phillips et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype: BPI 871823, CPC 12929 = CBS 119687. Dothiopeltis E. Müll. 1957, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, cf. one species, type: D. arunci E. Müll., asexual morph idriella-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Leptopeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dothiora Fr. 1849, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, more than 50 species, type: D. pyrenophora (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph coelomycetous, hormonema-like synasexual morph, dothichiza or hormonema-like, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a), cultures and sequences are available. Dothiorella Sacc. 1880, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, 24 species, type: D. pyrenophora Sacc., holomorph, asexual morph coelomycetous, endophytes, pathogens, saprobes, associated with wide range of woody hosts, worldwide distribution, See Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; morphology, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al. (2016, morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and culture exepitype: IMI 63581b, CBS 115038, Dothioropsis Riedl 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. corni Riedl, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dothistroma Hulbary 1941, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: D. pini Hulbary, coelomycetous, sexual morph mycoshaerella-like, plant pathogenic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Barnes et al. (2014; neotypification of Dothistroma septosporum and epitypification of D. pini), Braun et al. (2014b; morphology and typification), epitype and exepitype: CBS H-12211, CMW 10951 = CBS 116487. Dothivalsaria Petr. 1966, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. megalospora (Auersw.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as genus in Massariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not include as a genus in Massariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available. Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson 1985 (= Haptocillium W. Gams & Zare fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015), Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. coniospora (Drechsler) W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson, sexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Spatafora et al. (2015; new species), Zhang et al. (2016c; endoparasites of nematodes, DNA), cultures and sequences are available. Drechslerella Subram. 1964, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, two species, type: D. acrochaeta (Drechsler) Subram., sexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Castillo et al. (2010; biocontrol), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2014c; genomic studies), cultures and sequences are available. Drepanomyces Thaxt. 1931, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: D. malayanus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, Sumatra, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Drepanopeziza (Kleb.) Höhn. 1917 (= Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont. 1849; = Gloeosporidiella Petr. 1921 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. ribis (Rehm ex Kleb.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Drudeola Kuntze 1891, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. sarraceniae (Peck & Cooke) Kuntze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Drumopama Subram. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. girisa Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dryosphaera Jørgen Koch & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. navigans Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones asexual morph unknown, on wood associated with sand, marine, temperate and tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Dualomyces Matsush. 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. asterinarum Petr. & Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dubitatio Speg. 1882, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. dubitationum Speg., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Massariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) excluded from Massariaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dubujiana D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilbert 2005, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. glandulifera D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilbert, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Duebenia Fr. 1849, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. rufa Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dufourea Ach. 1809, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 23 species, type: D. flammea (L. f.) Ach., lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kondratyuk et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dumontinia L.M. Kohn 1979, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: D. tuberosa (Bull.) L.M. Kohn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Duosporium K.S. Thind & Rawla 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. cyperi K.S. Thind & Rawla, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, China, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Duplicaria Fuckel 1870, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. empetri (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zou et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but type lacks DNA. Duplicariella B. Erikss. 1970, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: D. phyllodoces B. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Duradens Samuels & Rogerson 1990, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species type: D. lignicola Samuels & Rogerson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Clypeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, excluded from Clypeosphaeriaceae and placed in Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Durandiella Seaver 1932, Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: D. fraxini (Schwein.) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Durispora K.D. Hyde 1994, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: D. elaeidicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Durotheca Læssøe, Srikitik., Luangsa-ard & M. Stadler 2013, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: D. depressa Læssøe & Srikitikulchai, asexual morph nodulisporium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Læssøe et al. (2013; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Li et al. (2016a; new species, DNA), holotype and ex-type: BBH 18222, BBC 23016. Dussiella Pat. 1890, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. tuberiformis (Berk. & Ravenel) Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dwayaangam Subram. 1978, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, seven species, type: D. quadridens (Drechsler) Subram., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Dwayabeeja Subram. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: D. sundara Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwayaloma Subram. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: D. trina Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwayalomella Brisson, Piroz. & Pauzé 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. vaccinii Brisson, Piroz. & Pauzé, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwibahubeeja N. Srivast., A.K. Srivast. & Kamal 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. indica N. Srivast., A.K. Srivast. & Kamal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwibeeja Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. sundara Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwiroopa Subram. & Muthumary 1986, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. ramya Subram. & Muthumary, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dwiroopella Subram. & Muthumary 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: D. sundara Subram. & Muthumary, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Dyfrolomyces K.D. Hyde, K.L. Pang, Alias, Suetrong & E.B.G. Jones 2013, Dyfrolomycetaceae, Dyfrolomycetales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: D. tiomanensis K.L. Pang, S.A. Alias, K.D. Hyde, Suetrong & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on wood in aquatic or terrestrial environments, worldwide, see Hyde et al (2013; phylogeny, morphology, outline), Pang et al. (2013a; phylogeny, morphology), Shearer et al. (2014; review), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; classification, marine), holotype: MFLU 13-00063. Dyplolabia A. Massal. 1854, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: D. afzelii (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kalb et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Dyrithiopsis L. Cai, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde 2003 (= Monochaetiopsis L. cai et al. 2003 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Réblová et al. 2016c), Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. lakefuxianensis L. Cai, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph formerly known in Monochaetiopsis, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Bartaliniaceae), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: HKU (M) 8280, cultures and sequences are available. Dyrithium M.E. Barr 1994, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: D. lividum (Fr.) M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Dysrhynchis Clem. 1909, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: D. pulchella (Sacc.) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ebollia Minter & Caine 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. valdiviensis (Speg.) Minter & Caine, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ebullia K.L. Pang 2015, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. octonae (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Brunei, Hawaiian Islands, India, Taiwan, sequence data available, see Chu et al. (2015), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype: J.K. 4474a = 01271926, NYBG. Echidnocymbium Brusse 1987, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. speciosum Brusse, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, saxicolous, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Echidnodella Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, 34 species, type: E. linearis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd., asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, no molecular data, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Asterinaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Echidnodes Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, c. 17 species, type: E. liturae (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Echidnodes), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Echinoascotheca Matsush. 1995, Phaeotrichaceae, Phaeotrichales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. duplooformis Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as genus in Phaeotrichaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as genus in Phaeotrichaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Echinobotryum Corda 1831, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. atrum Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Echinocatena R. Campb. & B. Sutton 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. arthrinioides R. Campb. & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 199279, cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Echinochondrium Samson & Aa 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. pulchrum Samson & Aa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Echinoconidiophorum Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. cerradense Pereira-Carv. & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Echinodiscus Etayo & Diederich 2000, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: E. lesdainii (Vouaux) Etayo & Diederich, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, Eurasia, see Zhurbenko (2009; morphology, new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable but lacks for th type species. Echinomyces Rappaz 1987, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. obesa (Syd.) Rappaz, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Echinoplaca Fée 1825, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 40 species, type: E. epiphylla Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, widespread (tropical), foliicolous (but a few species are corticolous), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Echinosphaeria A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf 2004, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Sordariomycetidae, families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: E. canescens (Pers.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Bell and Mahoney (2008, 2016; new species), Declercq (2009; new species), Dhargalkar and Bhat (2009; new species), Bell (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miller et al. (2014; new species; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for type: SMH4666, TL5730. Echinula Graddon 1977, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. asteriadiformis Graddon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Echria (N. Lundq.) Kruys, Huhndorf & A.N. Mill. 2015, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. macrotheca (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Kruys, Huhndorf & A.N. Mill., saprobes, marine, USA, see Kruys et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ecteinomyces Thaxt. 1903, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: E. trichopterophilus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2014b; the Netherlands), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ectendomeliola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal 2006, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. walsurae Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal, asexual morph produced from the hyphae, on living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2010a; new species, India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae), holotype: HCIO 45237, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Edenia M.C. González, Anaya, Glenn, Saucedo & Hanlin 2007, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. gomezpompae M.C. González, Anaya, Glenn, Saucedo & Hanlin, asexual morph unknown, endophytes, human pathogens, terrestrial, Pakistan, Quintana Roo, see Crous et al. (2009a; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Cui et al. (2013; DNA, human pathogens), Sun et al. (2013; new species, endophytic), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; phylogeny, excluded from Pleosporaceae and placed in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Pili et al. (2015; endophytes, Kenya, DNA), Keilor Rojas-Jimenez et al. (2016; endophytes, DNA, Costa Rica), holotype: MEXU 25346, cultures and sequences are available. Edrudia W. P. Jord. 1980, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. constipans (Nyl.) W.P. Jord., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, California, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Edwardiella Henssen 1986, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: E. mirabilis Henssen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Marion Island, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Effetia Bartoli, Maggi & Persiani 1984, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. craspedoconidica Bartoli, Maggi & Persiani, asexual morph virgariella-like, from soil, terrestrial, Ivory Coast, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: horto botanico Roma105S, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eiglera Hafellner 1984, Eigleraceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: E. flavida (Hepp) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; accepted as a genus in Hymeneliaceae, Pertusariales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; the phylogenetic placement of Eiglera outside of the Hymeneliaceae, sister to Acarosporaceae, needs to be confirmed, which would justify the reinstitution of the family Eigleraceae belonging to the Acarosporales), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eilifdahlia S. Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell et J.-S. Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: E. dahlii (Elix, S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, epiphytic, Australia, South Africa, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eiona Kohlm. 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, asexual morph unknown, one species, type: E. tunicata Kohlm., on wood often associated with sand, temperate, no sequence data, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Elachopeltella Bat. & Cavalc. 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. sapindacearum Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Elaeodema Syd. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. cinnamomi Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Sutton (1977; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Elaphomyces Nees 1820, Elaphomycetaceae, Elaphomycetales, Eurotiomycetes, apparently polyphyletic, c. 78 species, type: E. granulatus Fr., terrestrial, hypogeous, forming mycorrhizas with conifers and broad-leaved trees, cosmopolitan, see Zhang and Minter (2011; new species), Castellano et al. (2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2016; new species, phylogeny), Paz et al. (2012; new species), Buyck et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Elasticomyces Zucconi & Selbmann 2008, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. elasticus Zucconi & Selbmann, hyphomycetous,sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Selbmann et al. (2008; morphology, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-20177, CBS 122538. Elattopycnis Bat. & Cavalc. 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. protii Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eleutherascus Arx 1971, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: E. lectardii (Nicot) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type: CBS 626.71. Eleutheromycella Höhn. 1908, Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. mycophila Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eleutheromyces Fuckel 1870, Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. subulatus (Tode) Fuckel, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype: CBS H-12355, CBS113.86. Elixia Lumbsch 1997, Elixiaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, two species; type: E. flexella (Ach.) Lumbsch, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, type specimen UPS-ACH-L-1286 (syntype). Elletevera Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. pulchrum Samson & Aa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Elliottinia L.M. Kohn 1979, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. kerneri (Wettst.) L.M. Kohn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KL402, specimen voucher TU:104529. Ellisembia Subram. 1992, Sordariomycetes genera incerte sedis, c. 61 species, type: E. coronata (Fuckel) Subram., sexual reported for E. adscendens (Berk.) Subram., saprobes, lichenicolous (e.g. E. lichenicola), terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Ma et al. (2008, 2010b; new species), McKenzie (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; phylogeny), Rajeshkumar et al. (2012; new species), Delgado (2013; new species), Rajeshkumar et al. (2013; new species), Ren et al. (2013c; new species), Xia et al. (2015b; new species), Santa Izabel et al. (2013; new combinations), cultures and sequences are available for few species (not from type material) but lacks for the type. Ellisembiopsis T.S. Santa Izabel & Gusmão 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. brasiliensis T.S. Santa Izabel & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, China, see Santa Izabel et al. (2013; morphology), holotype of the type: HUEFS 155102, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Elmerinula Syd. 1934, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. capnoides Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Phillipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Elongatopedicellata J.F. Zhang, J.K. Liu, K.D. Hyde & Z.Y. Liu 2015, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. lignicola J.F. Zhang, J.K. Liu, K.D. Hyde & Z.Y. Liu, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: MFLU 15-2717, MFLUCC 15-0642. Elotespora R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. mexicana R.F. Castaneda & Heredia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2010b; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype: XAL CB883, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Artocarpomyces, Colemaniella and Glomerobolus. Elsinoë Racib. 1900 (= Sphaceloma de Bary 1874 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Elsinoaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 30 species (known by cultures), type: E. canavaliae Racib., asexual morph coelomycetous (Sphaceloma), pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Phillipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chung (2011; pathogens), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b, 2016a; nomenclature, new combinations), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Elytroderma Darker 1932, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. deformans (Weir) Darker, asexual morph unknown, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for unidentified species. Emarcea Duong, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde 2004, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: E. castanopsidicola Duong, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, Taiwan, see Li et al. (2009b; new species, Taiwan), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015d; new species; DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), isotype: MRC DLA 008, HKUM 17498, CMU H224410, PDD 78748, ex-type: CBS and HKUCC 10344. Emblemospora Jeng & J.C. Krug 1976, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. monotrema Jeng & J.C. Krug, asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Embryonispora G.Z. Zhao 2014, Pezizomycotina, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. bambusicola, G.Z. Zhao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Zhao et al. (2014a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Emericellopsis J.F.H. Beyma 1940, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: E. terricola J.F.H. Beyma, asexual morph hyphomycetous, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), GrumGrzhimaylo et al. (2013b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, hyphomycetous asexual morph), sequences are available. Emilmuelleria Arx 1986, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. spirotricha (R.K. Benj.) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Emodomelanelia Divakar & A. Crespo 2010, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. masonii (Essl. & Poelt) Divakar & A. Crespo, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Asian endemic (mainland China, India, Nepal and Taiwan), see Crespo et al. (2010a; phylogeny and taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Enantioptera Descals 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. tetraalata Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in river foam, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Enarthromyces Thaxt. 1896, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: E. indicus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Encephalographa A. Massal. 1854, Melaspileaceae, Eremithallales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. cerebrina (DC.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous, Europe (southern), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, doubtful position in Arthoniomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz and Diederich (2015; phylogenetic position), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences and cultures are available; the placement of all species but E. elisae in Encephalographa should be reassessed. Enchnoa Fr. 1849, Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. lanata (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Nitschkiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Calosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Enchylium (Ach.) Gray 1821, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: need typification, lichenized, see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Encoelia (Fr.) P. Karst. 1871, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 40 species, type: E. furfuracea (Roth) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; morphology, ultrastructure, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Encoeliopsis Nannf. 1932, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: E. rhododendri (Ces. ex Rabenh.) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Helotiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for type: KL118. Endobotrya Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1874, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. elegans Berk. & M.A. Curtis, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endobotryella Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. oblonga (Fuckel) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endocalyx Berk. & Broome 1876, Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. thwaitesii Berk. & Broome, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Capdet and Romero (2010; Argentina), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Endocarpon Hedw. 1788, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 70 species, type: E. pusillum Hedw., asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial and aquatic (maritime and freshwater), lichenized, occurring on rocks, soil and bark, cosmopolitan, see Gueidan et al. (2009; phylogeny, outline), Yang and Wei (2008; new species), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Joshi and Hur (2013a, b; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Endocena Cromb. 1877, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. informis Cromb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terricolous, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Endococcus Nyl. 1855, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 34 species, type: E. rugulosus (Borrer ex Leight.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; outline, genus accepted), Kocourková and Knudsen (2011; new species), Zhurbenko et al. (2012; new species), Jayasiri et al. (2015; re-visited), a culture and sequence is available, needs generic revision. Endocolium Syd. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. costaricanum Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endoconidioma Tsuneda, Hambl. & Currah 2004, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. populi Tsuneda, Hambl. & Currah, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Endoconidiophora Münch 1907, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. coerulescens Münch, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Endoconospora Gjaerum 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. cerastii Gjaerum, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endocoryneum Petr. 1922, ?Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. loculosum (Sacc.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, accepted as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis and Didymellaceae respectively), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for E. festucae Wijayaw. et al. (MFLUCC 14–0461), needs generic revision. Endodothiora Petr. 1929, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. sydowiana Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Endogenospora R.F. Castañeda, O. Morillo & Minter 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: E. aspectabilis R.F. Castaneda, O. Morillo & Minter, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al., (2010a; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: INIFAT C09/74, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Ascoconidium, Sporoschisma and Sporoschismopsis. Endohyalina Marbach 2000. Physciaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetidae, type: E. rappii (Imshaug ex R.C. Harris) Marbach, ten species, three varieties, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, corticolous, lignicolous, sometimes obligately lichenicolous, Australia, tropical to subtropical, see Giralt et al. (2010; taxonomy, Elix and Kantvilas (2015; new records, new taxa), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Endomelanconiopsis E.I. Rojas & Samuels 2008, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. endophytica E.I. Rojas & Samuels, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; taxonomy, new species, phylogeny), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Endomelanconium Petr. 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: E. pini (Corda) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz. 1994, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. dingleyae S. Hughes & Piroz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: DAOM 167533, cultures and sequences are available for PDD:98304 (unpublished). Endomyces Reess 1870, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, four species, type: E. decipiens (Tul. & C. Tul.) Reess, asexual reproduction is by pseudohyphae or septate hyphae or blastoconidia, parasite of mushrooms, grow on various mushrooms, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Endophoma Tsuneda & M.L. Davey 2011, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. elongata Tsuneda & M.L. Davey, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes (soil of bat cave), terrestrial, Canada, see Tsuneda et al. (2011a; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Chen et al. (2015b; phoma-like taxa in Didymellaceae), holotype and ex-type: UAMH 11216. Endophragmiella B. Sutton 1973, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 70 species, type: E. pallescens B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, Manitoba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2012c; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Endophragmiopsis M.B. Ellis 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. pirozynskii M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endoplacodium Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. nigrescens Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endoramularia Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. ulmi Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endoscypha Syd. 1924, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. perforans Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available PDD:102231 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Endosporoideus W.H. Ho, Yanna, K.D. Hyde & Goh 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. pedicellatus W.H. Ho, Yanna, K.D. Hyde & Goh, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endostilbum Malençon 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. cerasi (Bourdot & Galzin) Malençon, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Morocco, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endothia Fr. 1849 (= Calopactis Syd. & P. Syd. fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. gyrosa (Schwein.) Fr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Endotryblidium Petr. 1959, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. insculptum (Cooke) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Endoxyla Fuckel 1871, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: E. operculata (Nitschke) Sacc., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Untereiner et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Endoxylina Romell 1892, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: E. stellulata Romell, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Vasilyeva (2010; new species; Russia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Untereiner et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Endozythia Petr. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. moravica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Yugoslavia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Enerthidium Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. canarii Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Engelhardtiella A. Funk 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. alba A. Funk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Englerodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: E. kilimandscharica (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys, excluded from Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences unavailable. Engleromyces Henn. 1900 (≡ Stromne Clem. 1909; Colletomanginia Har. & Pat. 1906 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. goetzei Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Whalley et al. (2010; new species. China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Englerula Henn. 1904, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: E. macarangae Henn., asexual morph coelomyceteous, saprobes, epiphytic, terrestrial, Africa, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Englerulaceae), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Engyodontium de Hoog 1978, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: E. parvisporum (Petch) de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on insects and spiders, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Enigmotrema Lücking 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. rubrum Lücking, lichenized, see Sipman et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2013, 2016b; phylogeny, classification), Lücking (2014; taxonomy), sequences are available. Enridescalsia R.F. Castañeda & Guarro 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. speciosa R.F. Castaneda & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic (fresh water), Cuba, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: INIFAT C95/96, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Xylomyces and Gonatobotrys. Enterocarpus Locq.-Lin. 1977, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. uniporus Locq.-Lin., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Sahara, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Enterodictyon Müll. Arg. 1892, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: E. indicum Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Enterographa Fée 1824, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, ± 60 species, type: E. crassa (DC.) Fée, sexual morph with punctiform or rounded to lirelliform ascomata, lichenized, rarely lichenicolous, terrestrial, world-wide with a preference for (sub)tropical regions, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot et al. (2013a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015c, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Enthallopycnidium F. Stevens 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. gouldiae F. Stevens, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Entoderma Hanula, Andreadis & M. Blackw. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. colletosporium Hanula, Andreadis & M. Blackw., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Entodesmium Riess 1854, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: E. rude Riess, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Schoch et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, Russia, DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 650.86. Entoleuca Syd. 1922, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: E. callimorpha Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Entonaema Möller 1901, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: E. liquescens Möller, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Eoaleurina Korf & W.Y. Zhuang 1986, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: E. foliicola (Henn.) Korf & W.Y. Zhuang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eopyrenula R.C. Harris 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: E. leucoplaca (Wallr.) R.C. Harris, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eosphaeria Höhn. 1917, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. uliginosa (Kunze) Höhn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eoterfezia G.F. Atk. 1902, Eoterfeziaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, type: E. parasitica G.F. Atk., six species, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epaphroconidia Calat. & V. Atienza 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. hawksworthii Calat. & V. Atienza, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Spain, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ephebe Fr., 1825. Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetidae, 13 species, type: E. lanata (L.) Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, corticolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline). Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ephelidium C.W. Dodge & E.D. Rudolph 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. heardense C.W. Dodge & E.D. Rudolph, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epibelonium E. Müll. 1963, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: E. plagiochilae (Gonz. Frag.) Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epibryon Döbbeler 1978, Epibryaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: E. plagiochilae (Gonz. Frag.) Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA, symbioses), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2014a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Epichloë (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1865 (= Neotyphodium Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin 1996 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: E. typhina (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Young et al. (2014; endophytes), Hettiarachchige et al. (2015; endophytes), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Epicladonia D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: E. sandstedei (Zopf) D. Hawksw., on lichens, sexual morph unknown, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, topotype material of type: B (Krypt. Exs. Vindob. No. 1330b). Epiclinium Fr. 1849, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. pezizoideum (Schwein.) Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epicoccospora Budathoki & S.K. Singh 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. nepalensis Budathoki & S.K. Singh, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Nepal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epicoccum Link 1816, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. ten species, type: E. nigrum Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aveskamp et al. (2009, 2010; DNA, new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, new species, DNA, phylogeny), ex-type cultures available for type: CBS 173.73. Epicoleosporium Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. ramularioides Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype KUS-F19603, isotype CBS H-22542, culture ex-type: CBS 141103 = CPC 10672. Epicrea Petr. 1950, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: E. insignis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Epidermophyton Sabour. 1907, Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species: E. floccosum (Harz) Langeron & Miloch., hyphomycetous, terrestrial, on human skin, one of the main etiological agents of dermatophytosis worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), neotype strain of the type: = CBS 230.76, sequences are available from de Hoog et al. (in press). Epigloea Zukal 1889, Epigloeaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, 13 species, type: E. bactrospora Zukal, on algae, Europe, Antarctica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epilichen Clem. 1909, Rhizocarpaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, three species; type: E. scabrosus (Ach.) Clem., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. type specimen UPS-ACH-L-130 (isotype), Epinephroma Zhurb. 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. kamchatica Zhurb. & Stepanch., coelomycetous, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Russia, see Zhurbenko et al. (2012; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epiphloea Trevis 1880, Heppiaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: E. terrena (Nyl.) Trevis., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline). Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Episclerotium L.M. Kohn 1984, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: E. sclerotiorum (Rostr.) L.M. Kohn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Episphaerella Petr. 1924, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, six species, type: E. manihotis (Henn.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Africa, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), cultures and sequences are available for Episphaerella dodonaeae PDD:104466 (unpublished). Episporogoniella U. Braun 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. muscigena (Speg.) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, muscicolous, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: LPS 12764, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Epistigme Syd. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. nidulans Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epithamnolia Zhurb. 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. karatyginii Zhurb., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South Africa, see Zhurbenko (2011; morphology, key), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Epithyrium (Sacc.) Trotter 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. resinae (Sacc. & Berl.) Trotter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eremascus Eidam 1877, Eremascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: E. albus Eidam, asexual morph absent in the type species, but hyphomycetous in E. terrestris Asthana & Mahmud (Asthana & Mahmud 1944), terrestrial, saprobes, usually xerophilic, occurring on substrates with low water and high carbohydrate content, such as dried fruits, honey, jams, mustard and others, also reported from soil, Argentina, Australia, India, Western Europe, see Gueidan et al. (2008; phylogeny), Pitt and Hocking (2009; morphology, food spoilage), Wynns (2015; phylogeny, proposal of a segregate genus), material of the type species is lost (Harrold 1950) and neotypification is necessary. Eremastrella S. Vogel, 1955 Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: E. tobleri S. Vogel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Ekman, and Blaalid, (2011; molecular sequence), Lumbsch, and Huhndorf, (2011; list), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Eremiomyces Trappe & Kagan-Zur 2005, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: E. echinulatus (Trappe & Marasas) Trappe & Kagan-Zur, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, South Africa, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Pezizaceae), Alvarado et al. (2011b; new species, Spain, DNA, placed in Tuberaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Eremithallus Lücking, Lumbsch & Umaña, 2008, Melaspileaceae, Eremithallales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. costaricensis Lücking, Lizano & Chaves, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, corticolous, Costa Rica, see Lücking et al. (2008b; molecular), Ertz and Diederich (2015; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2016; taxonomy), sequences are available. Eremomyces Malloch & Cain 1971, Eremomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. bilateralis Malloch & Cain, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Netherlands, see Malloch and Sigler (1988; asexual morph, morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphlogy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Eremothecella Syd. & P. Syd. 1917. Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetidae, type: E. calamicola Syd. & P. Syd., eleven species, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, Netherland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline). Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cáceres and Aptroot (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), molecular and culture data unavailable. Eremothecium Borzi emend. Kurtzman 1995, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: E. cymbalariae Borzí, asexual reproduction is by budding cells are absent or present, and when present, budding is multilateral on a narrow base, enteroarthric conidia are infrequently produced by one species, pseudohyphae and true hyphae are generally present, plant pathogens, cotton, hazel nuts, tomatoes, mustard, insects, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Erikssonia Penz. & Sacc. 1898, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: E. pulchella Penz. & Sacc., sexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Erikssonopsis M. Morelet 1971, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: E. ericae (Fr.) M. Morelet, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Erinacellus T. Sprib., Muggia & Tønsberg 2014, Peltigerales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: E. dendroides (Henssen) T. Sprib., Tønsberg & Muggia, lichenized, see Spribille et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eriocercospora Deighton 1969, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. balladynae (Hansf.) Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, mycoparasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eriocercosporella Rak. Kumar, A.N. Rai & Kamal ex U. Braun 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. indica Rak. Kumar, A.N. Rai & Kamal ex U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, foliicolous, plant pathogenic, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 302747. Erioderma Feé 1825, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species, type: E. polycarpum Fée, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eriomycopsis Speg. 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 13 species, type: E. bomplandi Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eriopezia (Sacc.) Rehm 1892, Arachnopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 30 species, type: E. caesia (Pers.) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Erioscyphella Kirschst. 1938, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. ten species, type: C. bicolor (Bull.) Baral, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Lachnum Retz.), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Eriosphaeria Sacc. 1875, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: E. vermicularia (Nees) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eriospora Berk. & Broome 1850, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. leucostoma Berk. & Broome, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe. South America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eriosporella Höhn. 1916, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: E. calami (Niessl) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Thailand, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014e; new species, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for Eriosporella bambusicola D.Q. Dai et al. (ex-type MFLUCC 11-0436), needs generic revision. Eriosporopsis Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. albida Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eriothyrium Speg. 1887, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. dubiosum Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Erispora Pat. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. parasitica Pat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, holotype is lost. Ernakulamia Subram. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. cochinensis (Subram.) Subram, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South East Asia, see Capdet and Romero (2010; Argentina), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Erysiphe R. Hedw. ex DC. 1805 Fr. 1829 emend. Braun & Takamatsu 2000, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, 378 species in Erysiphe and 72 species in Pseudoidium, type: E. polygoni DC., hyphomycetous asexual morphs, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Takamatsu et al. (2015a, b; phylogeny), lectotype of type: G 00122108. Erythrocarpon Zukal 1886, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: E. microstomum Zukal, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Erythrodecton G. Thor 1991, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species; type: E. granulatum (Mont.) G. Thor, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Erythrogloeum Petr. 1953, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. hymenaeae Gonz. Frag. & Cif. ex Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Costa Rica, South and Central America, see Crous et al. (2012d; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype of the type: CBS H-20937, CPC 18819 = CBS 132185. Erythromada Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge 2005, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. lanciospora Huhndorf, A.N. Mill., F.A. Fernández & Lodge, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Eschatogonia Trevis. 1853, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species; type: E. montagnei Trevis., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), isotype of the type: UPS-L129880, sequences are unavailable. Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin 2012, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. nivea H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin, asexual morph hyphomycetous, on nest of leaf-cutting ants, terrestrial, Brazil, see Augustin et al. (2012; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype IMI 501181; isotype DOA627-VIC 31754, cultures and sequences are available. Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia 1990, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. weberi J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on nest of attine ants, terrestrial, worldwide, see Augustin et al. (2012; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Masiulionis et al. (2015; new species), Meirelles et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Esdipatilia Phadke 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. indica Phadke, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: AMH4616, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Esfandiariomyces Ershad 1985, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. insignis (Petr.) Ershad, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Esslingeriana Hale & M.J. Lai 1980, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: E. idahoensis (Essl.) Hale & M.J. Lai, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Esteya J.Y. Liou, J.Y. Shih & Tzean 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. vermicola J.Y. Liou, J.Y. Shih & Tzean, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Taiwan, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Etayoa Diederich & Ertz 2014, Phaeococcomycetaceae, Lichenostigmatales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: E. trypethelii (Flakus & Kukwa) Diederich & Ertz, both sexual and asexual morphs stromatic, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, on corticolous lichens, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2014b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Etheirophora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1989, Etheirophoraceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: E. bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., saprobes, marine, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type. Euacanthe Theiss. 1917, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. usambarensis (Rehm) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and and Huhndorf (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for Euacanthe foveolata (GKM1221 fide Mugambi and and Huhndorf 2010), treated as a synonym of Acanthonitschkea Speg. in Species Fungorum (2016). Euantennaria Speg. 1918, Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: E. tropicicola Speg., saprobes, parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eubelonis Höhn. 1926, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: E. albosanguinea Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eucalyptostroma Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. eucalypti Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22871, CPC 28764. Eucantharomyces Thaxt. 1895, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 26 species, type: E. atrani Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Rossi and Ponziani (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eucasphaeria Crous 2007, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: E. capensis Crous, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Azeem et al. (2015; DNA), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and the ex-type strains of the type: CBS-H19764, CPC 12796 = CBS 120028. Euceramia Bat. & Cif. 1962, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: E. palmicola Bat. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, epiphytic, epiphyllous, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Euceratomyces Thaxt. 1931, Euceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: E. terrestris Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eudarluca Speg. 1908, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. five species, type: E. australis Speg., asexual morph unknown, hyperparasitic associated with rust species (but not necessarily parasitic), terrestrial, worldwide, all species have sequence data, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), isotype of the type: S-F11420, cultures and sequences are available. Eudimeriolum Speg. 1912, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eight species, type: E. elegans Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Euepixylon Füisting 1867, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. udum (Pers.) Læssøe & Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Eastern Russia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eugeniella Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb 2008, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: E. psychotriae (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, Sérus. & Kalb, lichenized, see Lücking (2008; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Euhaplomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: E. ancyrophori Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Rossi and Ponziani (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eumela Syd. 1925, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, one species, type: E. chiococcae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, all species have sequence data, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eumonoicomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two or three species, type: E. californicus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Rossi and Ponziani (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Euopsis Nyl. 1875, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, two species, type: E. granatina (Sommerf.) Nyl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eupelte Syd. 1924 (= Maurodothina G. Arnaud ex Piroz. & Shoemaker 1970; Pirozynskia Subram. 1972 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: E. amicta Syd., asexual morph (= sporidesmium-like, fide Sivanesan 1984), epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, treated as a doubtful genus in Asterinales), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), holotype of type: IMI 240625, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eupenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. venezuelensis (Crous & U. Braun) Quaedvl. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (phylogeny, nomenclature), holotype, ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-19934, CBS 106.75. Euphoriomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 14 species, type: E. bilateralis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Rossi and Ponziani (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lee and Na (2011; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Eupropolella Höhn. 1917, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: E. vaccinii (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Euryachora Fuckel 1870, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: E. sedi (Link) Fuckel, asexual morph placosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Eurytheca De Seynes 1878, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. monspeliensis De Seynes, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Trinidad, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: F11411. Eusynaptomyces Thaxt. 1931, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, five species, type: E. borealis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Rossi and Carolina Proaño Castro (2009; compare with Rhachomyces), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Euteratosphaeria Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. verrucosiafricana (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Indonesia, have sequence data, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-19705, ex-type strain of type: CBS 118496. Eutiarosporella Crous 2015, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: E. tritici (B. Sutton & Marasas) Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Thynne et al. (2015; new species, pathogens), Li et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PREM 60866, CMW 38423. Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul. 1863, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 35 epithets, type: E. lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogenic, terrestrial, widely distribute, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny, new species), Dai et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny, new species), Almeida et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequence are available, but lacks for type materials, need generic revision. Eutypella (Nitschke) Sacc. 1875, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: E. cerviculata (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathology, terrestrial, worldwide, see Carmarán et nal. (2009; Argentina), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Trouillas et al. (2010, 2011; new species, Australia), Fournier and Lechat (2011; new species), Isaka et al. (2011; endophytes, active compounds), Chacón et al. (2013; Panama, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Almeida et al. (2016; new species, Brazil), Jurc et al. (2016; pathogens), cultures and sequences are available. Euzodiomyces Thaxt. 1900, Euceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: E. lathrobii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Evanidomus Caball. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. valentinus Caball., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Everhartia Sacc. & Ellis 1882, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: E. hymenuloides Sacc. & Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Evernia Ach. 1809, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: E. prunastri (L.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Everniicola D. Hawksw. 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. flexispora D. Hawksw., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on lichens, terrestrial, Europe and North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype material of type: E. Everniopsis Nyl. 1860, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: E. trulla (Ach.) Nyl., lichenized, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Eversia J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. subopaca (Cooke & Ellis) J.L. Crane & Schokn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Evlachovaea B.A. Borisov & Tarasov 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. kintrischica B.A. Borisov & Tarasov, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Rocha and Luz (2009; fungicides), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Humber et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exarmidium P. Karst. 1873, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: E. hysteriiforme P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Excipularia Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. fusispora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Russia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Excipulariopsis P.M. Kirk & Spooner 1982 (= Kentingia Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh 1989 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. narsapurensis (Subram.) Spooner & P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Kentingia, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; sexual morph), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exiliseptum R.C. Harris 1986, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. ocellatum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Trypetheliaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Trypetheliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exochalara W. Gams & Hol.-Jech. 1976, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: E. longissima (Grove) W. Gams & Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Europe, see Réblová et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available: CBS 393.82 and CBS 980.73. Exophiala J.W. Carmich. 1966, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, polyphyletic, (the core of the genus belongs in Herpotrichiellaceae, but some species are related to other families of Chaetothyriales, such as Chaetothyriaceae and Trichomeriaceae), c. 41 species, type: E. salmonis J.W. Carmich., predominantly terrestrial, although some species occur in freshwater or sea environments, mostly saprobes associated with soil and plant material, but also occurring as endophytes or as opportunistic pathogens in a wide spectrum of animal hosts, including humans, certain species are common in harsh habitats such as rock surfaces or areas contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons, cosmopolitan, see Zeng and de Hoog (2008; diagnostics of selected species), Crous and Groenewald (2011; new species), Gueidan et al. (2008, 2014a; phylogeny), de Hoog et al. (2011; DNA), Seyedmousavi et al. (2013; pathogenicity to various animals), Zupančič et al. (2016; species in indoor enviroments), Isola et al. (2013, 2016; species associated with polluted habitats and rock surfaces), Maciá-Vicente et al. (2016; new endophytic species), Madrid et al. (2016; phylogeny, some species from soil and river sediments). ex-type: CBS 157.67. Exophoma Weedon 1926, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. magnoliae Weedon, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Sutton (1977; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exormatostoma Gray 1821, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, type: E. nebulosa (Pers.) Gray, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Exosporella Höhn. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. symploci Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exosporiella P. Karst. 1892 (= Anomalemma sivan. 1983 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: E. fungorum (Fr.) P. Karst., sexual morph Anomalemma Sivan., saprobes or fungicolous, terrestrial, commonly occur on Corticium species in Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; 2014; 2016; outline, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Tian et al. (2015; morphology; nomenclature, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable for both sexual and asexual morphs, needs generic revision. Exosporium Link 1809, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. tiliae Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exosporodiella Ganie, Azam & A.H. Wani 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Exosporodiella phoenicis Ganie, Azam & A.H. Wani, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Ganie et al. (2012; morphology), holotype of the type: HCIO 50058, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Exserohilum K.J. Leonard & Suggs 1974 (= Setosphaeria K.J. Leonard & Suggs 1974 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 30 species, type: E. turcicum (Pass.) K.J. Leonard & Suggs, hyphomycetous, sexual morph Setosphaeria, on grasses, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Exserticlava S. Hughes 1978, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: E. vasiformis (Matsush.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph chaetosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Extrawettsteinina M.E. Barr 1972, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: E. minuta M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; morphology, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Extremus Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, hyphomycetous, two species, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting, terrestrial, Antarctica, Spain, have sequence data, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), holotype of the type: CBS 118292, ex-type strain of type: CBS 118292. Extrusothecium Matsush. 1996, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. caffrum Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Leptosphaerulina), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fabrella Kirschst. 1941, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: F. tsugae (Farl.) Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Fairmaniella Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. leprosa (Fairm.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, morphology, taxonomic notes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 57994, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Falciformispora K.D. Hyde 1992, Trematosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: F. lignatilis K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on mangrove wood or pathogenic on human, Mexico, Senegal, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Trematosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ahmed et al. (2014a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type species BRIP 16972, cultures and squences are available. Falcocladium S.F. Silveira, Alfenas, Crous & M.J. Wingf. 1994, Falcocladiaceae, Falcocladiales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: F. multivesiculatum S.F. Silveira, Alfenas, Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Cruz and Gusmão (2009; diversity), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: PREM 51541, cultures and sequences are available. Fanniomyces T. Majewski 1972, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: F. ceratophorus (Whisler) T. Majewski, asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Fantasmomyces DongHyeon Lee, Marinc., Z.W. de Beer, M.J. Wingf. 2016, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. hyalinus DongHyeon Lee, Marinc., Z.W. de Beer, M.J. Wingf., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PREM 61340, CBS 139038. Farasanispora Abdel-Wahab, Bahkali & E.B.G. Jones 2016, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. avicenniae Abdel-Wahab, Bahkali & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Saudi Arabia, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22559, MF 1207. Farnoldia Hertel 1983, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: F. jurana (Schaer.) Hertel, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016; classification), sequences are available. Farriolla Norman 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. distans Norman, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Farrowia D. Hawksw. 1975, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: F. longicollis (Krzemien. & Badura) D. Hawksw., asexual morph botyrotrichum-like, on cellulosic substrata, Europe, Asia and North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: BPI-A 1212. Fasciatispora K.D. Hyde 1991, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: F. nypae K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; designate reference speciemen and deposited cultures), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), reference speciemen and available cultures for type: MFLU 15-0042, MFLUCC 11-0382. Fassia Dennis 1964, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: F. scabrosa Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Faurelina Locq.-Lin. 1975, Chadefaudiellaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: F. fimigena Locq.-Lin., asexual morph arthrographis-like, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Réblová et al. (2011; DNA), Rossman et al. (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are avaible F. indica (CBS 301.78), F. elongate. Fauriea S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös & J.-S.Hur 2016, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: F. orientochinensis S.Y. Kondr., X.Y. Wang & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2016b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Favostroma B. Sutton & E.M. Davison 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. crypticum B. Sutton & E.M. Davison, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 266341, cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Feigeana Mies, Lumbsch & Tehler 1995, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: F. socotrana Mies, Lumbsch & Tehler, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Felipes Frisch & G.Thor 2014, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: F. leucopellaeus (Ach.) Frisch & G. Thor, lichenized, see Frisch et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Felisbertia Viégas 1944, Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: F. melastomacearum (Speg.) Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fellhanera Vězda 1986, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 97 species, type: F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2013b; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fellhaneropsis Sérus. & Coppins 1996, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: F. myrtillicola (Erichsen) Sérus. & Coppins, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Feltgeniomyces Dieder. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: F. luxemburgensis, hyphomycetous, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: Diederich 8477 (LG: holotype; IMI 335016, UPS, herb. Diederich: isotypes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fenestella Tul. & C. Tul. 1863, Fenestellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, c. two species, type: F. princeps Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, saprobes or biotrophic or hemibiotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Fenestellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak and Hyde (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Fenestroconidia Calatayud & Etayo 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. caloplacae Calat. & Etayo, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: VAB (lich.) 15301, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ferrarisia Sacc. 1919, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, ten species, type: F. philippina Sacc., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Parmulariaceae is supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ferraroa Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda 2005, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: F. hyalina (Lücking) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Fibrillithecis Frisch 2006, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: F. vernicosa (Zahlbr.) Frisch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, placement in Graphidaceae supported by molecular data, see Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; key, taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Filariomyces Shanor 1952, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: F. forficulae Shanor, asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Filicupula Y.J. Yao & Spooner 1996, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: F. suboperculata (Döbbeler & P. James) Y.J. Yao & Spooner, asexual morph unknown, parasites, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted),cultures and sequences are unavailable. Filiella Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. pastinacae (P. Karst.) Videira & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, neotype is in HAL. Filosporella Nawawi 1976, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: F. aquatica Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Filsoniana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetidae, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: F. australiensis (S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt & Filson) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell & J.S. Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fimetariella N. Lundq. 1964, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: F. rabenhorstii (Niessl) N. Lundq., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Finkia Vain. 1929, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: F. portoricensis Vain., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Fischerula Mattir. 1928, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: F. macrospora Mattir., asexual morph unknown, ectomycorrhizal, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Morchellaceae), Trappe et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Alvarado et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Helvellaceae), Healy et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny, ectomycorrhizal), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; accepted as a genus in Morchellaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Fissuricella Pore, D'Amatao & Ajello 1977, Trichosporonaceae, Tremellales, Tremellomycetes, one species, type: F. filamenta, non-filamentous (yeast forming), arthroconidia present, sexual morph unknown, often associated with superficial trichosporonosis, but few cases of disseminated trichosporonosis were reported, human body and bovine mastitis, considered rare, worldwide, ITS sequence data available for ex-type strains, clinical Trichosporon species were reviewed by Taj-Aldeen et al. (2009), Kirk et al. 2013 (genus accepted), ex-type strain of basionym (Prototheca filamenta) of type: CBS 7623 = ATCC 22432 = JCM 9196 = 45-681-69; Ex-type strains of synonym (Parendomyces asteroides) of type: CBS 2481 = IFM 48559 = IGC 3471 = JCM 2937 = UAMH 7656 = PYCC 3471. Fissurina Fée 1824, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, over 150 species, type: F. dumastii Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Archer (2009; key Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available Fissuroma Jian K. Liu, Phook., E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2011, Aigialaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: F. maculans (Rehm) J.K. Liu, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2011b; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as agenus in Aigialaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type of the type: MFLU 11-1143, MFLUCC 10-0886. Fitzpatrickella Benny, Samuelson & Kimbr. 1985, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, one species: F. operculata Benny, Samuelson & Kimbr., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, parasitic on fruits of Drimys confertifolia Phil., Juan Fernández Island, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wood et al. (2016; morphotaxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment. Flabellocladia Nawawi 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: F. gigantea, hyphomycetous, from foam, aquatic, worldwide, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Fiuza and Gusmão (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Flabellospora Alas. 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: F. crassa, hyphomycetous, on submerged plant material, aquatic, worldwide, see Patil et al. (2010; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Flagellosphaeria Aptroot 1995, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordriomycetes, one species, type: F. polytrichospora (Lucas & Sousa de Câmara) Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Flagellospora Ingold 1942, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: F. curvula Ingold, hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Flakea O.E.Erikss. 1992, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: F. papillata O.E. Erikss., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flammeascoma Phook. & K.D. Hyde 2015, Anteagloniaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: F. bambusae Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, new species), Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 10-0061, MFLUCC 10–0551. Flammispora Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 2004, Savoryellales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: F. bioteca Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Thailand, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: BBH WAH134, BCC13368. Flammocladiella Crous, L. Lombard & R.K. Schumach. 2015, Flammocladiaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: F. aceris Crous, L. Lombard & R.K. Schumach., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Germany, see Crous et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22263, CPC 24422. Flavobathelium Lücking, Aptroot & G. Thor 1997, Strigulaceae, Strigulales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. epiphyllum Lücking, Aptroot & G. Thor, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Strigulaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: MPN67 (fide Nelsen et al. 2011). Flavocetraria Kärnefelt & A. Thell 1994, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: F. cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A. Thell, asexual morph, unknown, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndrf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flavomyces D.G. Knapp, Kovács, Groenewald & Crous 2015, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. fulophazii D.G. Knapp, Kovács, Groenewald & Crous, endophytes, see Knapp et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Flavoparmelia Hale 1986, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species, type: F. caperata (L.) Hale, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Del-Prado et al. (review, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flavoplaca Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 27 species, type: F. citrina (Hoffm.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Helici et al. (2014; taxonomy, molecular), Helici (2015; new records), Vondrak and Malicek (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flavopunctelia (Krog) Hale 1984, seven species, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, type: F. flaventior (Stirt.) Hale, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny, molecular), Divakar et al. (2015; evolutionary study of family), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flegographa A.Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: F. leprieurii (Mont.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Rivas Plata et al. (2013; taxonomy, reinstated the genus), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Flosculomyces B. Sutton 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. floridaensis B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Ivory Coast, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: IMI 215981c, cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Fluctua Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: F. megapotamica (Malme) Marbach, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Fluminicola S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1999, Papulosaceae, Diaportheomycetidae, families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: F. bipolaris S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, as a genus in Annulatascaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2013; placed in Papulosaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Papulosaceae), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 3127. Fluviatispora K.D. Hyde 1994, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: F. tunicata K.D. Hyde, saprobes, aquatic, Brunei, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al (2016), cultures and sequences re unavailable, holotype of type: BRIP 21391. Fodinomyces Vázquez-Campos & Neilan 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. uranophilus X. Vázquez-Campos, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Australia, see Vazquéz-Campos et al. (2014; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS 136962. Foliocryphia Cheew. & Crous 2009, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: F. eucalypti Cheew. & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of type: CBS H-20299, ex-type CPC 12494 = CBS 124779. Follmannia C.W. Dodge 1967, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: F. rufa C.W. Dodge, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; reinstated the genus), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Follmanniella Peine & B. Werner 1995, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: F. scutellata Peine & B. Werner, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Fonsecaea Negroni 1936, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: F. pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni, hyphomycetous, mostly terrestrial, in soil and on plant material, but also reported from aquatic environments, most species are pathogenic to animals, ranging from crustaceans to humans, America, Asia, Europe and Africa, see Vicente et al. (2008, 2012; environmental reservoirs, new species), Najafzadeh et al. (2010, 2011a, 2011b; phylogeny, new species, molecular epidemiology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Seyedmousavi et al. (2013; pathogenicity to animals), de Azevedo et al. (2015; new species), ex-neotype: CBS 271.37. Fontanospora Dyko 1978, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: F. eccentrica (R.H. Petersen) Dyko, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Baschien et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Forliomyces Phukhamsakda, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. uniseptata Phukhamsakda, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Phukhamsakda et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16-0031, MFLUCC 15-0765. Fouragea Trevis. 1880, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: F. filicina (Mont.) Trevis., lichenized, see Frisch et al. (2014a; reinstated), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Foveostroma DiCosmo 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: F. drupacearum (Lév.) DiCosmo, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fracchiaea Sacc. 1873, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: F. heterogenea Sacc., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; DNA), Vasilyeva et al. (2010; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for Fracchiaea broomeana (SMH347 fide Mugambi and Huhndorf 2010). Fragosphaeria Shear 1923, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: F. purpurea Shear, asexual morph hyphomycetous, from soil, pathogens (human), worldwide, see Yaguchi et al. (2006; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for type: CBS 133.34. Franwilsia S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: F. bastowii (S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur; lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fremineavia Nieuwl. 1916, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: Fremineavia berkeleyi (Berl.) Nieuwl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Fremitomyces P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans 1999, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: F. punctatus P.F. Cannon & H.C. Evans, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, East Africa, Seychelles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Friedmanniomyces Onofri 1999, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: F. endolithicus Onofri, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Selbmann et al. (2008, 2014; DNA, review, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teratosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Egidi et al. (2014; phylogeny), Ertz et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 119427= CCFEE 524. Frigidispora K.D. Hyde & Goh 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: F. colnensis K.D. Hyde & Goh, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, British Isles, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Frigidopyrenia Grube 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. bryospila (Nyl.) Grube, lichenized, subarctic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Xanthopyreniaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Frondicola K.D. Hyde 1992, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: F. tunitricuspis K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Frondisphaeria K.D. Hyde 1996, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. palmicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Frondisphaera), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, misspelled as Frondisphaera), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Frondispora K.D. Hyde 1993, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: F. bicalcarata (Ces.) K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Frutidella Kalb 1994, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: F. caesioatra (Schaer.) Kalb, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fujimyces Minter & Caine 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. oödes (Bayl. Ell.) Minter & Caine, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI35344, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fulgidea Bendiksby & Timdal 2013, Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: F. oligospora (Timdal) Bendiksby & Timdal, lichenized, see Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. holotype of type species: O-L-767, Fuligomyces Morgan-Jones & Kamal 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. macrosporus, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes (symptoms on leaves similar to sooty mould), terrestrial, India, (Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: AUA, IMI 248960, GPU (KA 69), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fulvia Cif. 1954, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. fulva (Cooke) Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on Lycopersicon esculentum, plant pathogenic, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype BPI 426698, for epitypification see Videira et al. (2017). Fulvocentrum E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab 2014, Juncigenaceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: F. aegyptiaca (Abdel-Wahab, El-Shar. & E.B.G. Jones) E.B.G. Jones & Abdel-Wahab, asexual morph undermined, marine, tropical/subtropical, see Jones et al. (2014, 2015; morphology, phylogeny, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Fulvoflamma Crous 2006, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: F. eucalypti Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strains of the type: CBS H-18045, 1243 = CBS 118549. Fulvophyton Ertz & Tehler 2011, Roccellographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, nine species, type: F. stalactinum (Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with punctiform or shortly lirellate ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Tehler et al. (2013a; one new combination), Lücking et al. (2016a; classification), sequences are available. Fumagopsis Speg. 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. triglifioides, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or plant pathogenic on plant leaves, terrestrial, known from Argentina and India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: in LPS, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fumiglobus D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilbert 2006, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: F. ficinus (Bat., Nascim. & Cif.) D.R. Reynolds & G.S. Gilbert, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Bose et al. (2014; DNA, new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Funbolia Crous & Seifert 2011, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: F. dimorpha Crous & Seifert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Crous et al. (2011a; morphology, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type strains of the type: CBS H-20577, CPC 14170. Funiliomyces Aptroot 2004, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordriomycetes, one species, type: F. biseptatus Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available for the type: AY772015 (LSU) (fide Aptroot 2004). Furcaspora Bonar 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. pinicola Bonar, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI35344, ex-type cultures and sequences are available for Furcaspora eucalypti Crous & Verkley (CPC 12556 = CBS 119111), needs generic revision. Fusamen (Sacc.) P. Karst. 1890, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. fungicola P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Euope, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fusariella Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 19 species, type: F. atrovirens, asexual morph hyphomycetous, on plants, leaf litter, dung and in soil, terrestrial, worldwide, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Fusarium Link 1809 (= Gibberella Sacc. 1877 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; see Lombard et al. 2015 for all synonyms), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 120 species, type: F. sambucinum Fuckel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph Gibberella, terrestrial, pathogens, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Fuscidea V.Wirth & Vězda 1972, Fuscideaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: F. aggregata (Flot.) V. Wirth & Vězda, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fuscoderma (D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jørg.) P.M. Jørg. & D.J. Galloway 1989, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: F. applanatum (D.J. Galloway & P.M. Jørg.) P.M. Jørg. & D.J. Galloway, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fuscolachnum J.H. Haines 1989, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: F. pteridis (Alb. & Schwein.) J.H. Haines, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, epiphytes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg. [nom. cons. prop.] 1994 (= Kroswia P.M. Jørg. 2002 ; = Moelleropsis Gyeln. 1939 fide Jørgensen et al. 2013; Species Fungorum 2017), Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 58 species, type: F. leucosticta (Tuck.) P.M. Jørg., lichenized, see Ekman et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jørgensen et al. (2013; Fuscopannaria over Moelleropsis), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Fuscophialis B. Sutton 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: F. brasiliensis B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Cuba, Mauritius, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type:, cultures and sequences are unavailable, genus need revision. Fuscostagonospora Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: F. sasae Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 29106, CBS 139687. Fusichalara S. Hughes & Nag Raj 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: F. dimorphospora S. Hughes & Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, treated as a genus in Chaetosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; excluded from Chaetosphaeriaceae and placed in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fusicladiella Höhn. 1919, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: F. aronici (Sacc.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012; treatd as Mycosphaerellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Fusicladium Bonord. 1851, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 75 species, type: P. virescens Bonord., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Braun (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures are available. Fusicolla Bonord. 1851, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: F. betae Bonord., hyphomycetous, holomorph, diverse substrates and hosts, terrestrial and aquatic, worldwide, see Gräfenhan et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny) Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Fusoidiella Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: F. depressa (Berk. & Broome) Videira & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, plant pathogenic, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), no ex-type strain available, authentic specimen (herb. K(M) 29181, on Angelica sylvestris, Great Britain). Fusoidispora Vijaykr., Jeewon & K.D. Hyde 2005, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: F. aquatica Vijaykr., Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 17484, cultures and sequences are available. Fusticeps Webster & R.A. Davey 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: F. bullatus Webster & R.A. Davey, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on plant litter in water, aquatic, Tropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2014; key), holotype of type: IMI 245198, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gaeumanniella Petr. 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. singularis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gaeumannomyces Arx & D.L. Olivier 1952 (= Harpophora W. Gams 2000 fide Jing et al. 2015), Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 13 species, type: G. graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011c; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jing et al. (2015; phylogeny), Luo et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Gaillardiella Pat. 1895, Bertiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Gaillardiella pezizoides Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: GKM1245. Galactomyces Redhead & Malloch 1977, ?Dipodascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: G. geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch, asexual reproduction is present, saprophytic, soil, rotted fruit and other plant parts, tree exudates, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Galeoscypha Svrček & J. Moravec 1989, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: G. pileiformis (Svrček) Svrček & J. Moravec, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Galiella Nannf. & Korf 1957, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eight species, type: G. rufa (Schwein.) Nannf. & Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Galiicola Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Galliicola pseudophaeosphaeria Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures available for type: MFLUCC 14-0524. Gampsonema Nag Raj 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G.. exile (Tassi) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gamsia M. Morelet 1969, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: G. dimera (W. Gams) M. Morelet, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016b; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for G. simplex (CBS 546.69) and G. aggregata (CBS 251.69), needs generic revision. Gamsylella M. Scholler, Hagedorn & A. Rubner 1999, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, type: G. arcuata (Scheuer & J. Webster) M. Scholler, Hagedorn & A. Rubner, cf. six species, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gangliophora Subram. 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. casuarinae (Matsush.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gangliostilbe Subram. & Vittal 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. indica Subram. & Vittal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ma et al. (2014; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Garnaudia Borowska 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: G. elegans Borowska, hyphomycetous, synanamorph selenosporella-like, on wood, bark and dead leaves, terrestrial, Cuba, Poland, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: WA 20592, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gassicurtia Feé 1825, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 27 species, type: G. coccinea Fée, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Gaubaea Petr. 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. insignis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, central Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Geastrumia Bat. 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. polystigmatis Bat. & M.L. Farr, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Geejayessia Schroers, Gräfenhan & Seifert 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. five species, type: G. cicatricum (Berk.) Schroers (current name: Fusarium cicatricum (Berk.) O'Donnell & Geiser fide Geiser et al. 2013), sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Geiser et al. 2013; treated the type species as a synonym of Fusarium cicatricum), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Geisleria Nitschke 1861, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: G. sychnogonoides Nitschke, lichenized, see Aptroot et al. (2015b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gelasinospora Dowding 1933, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. tetrasperma Dowding, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ivory Coast, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nygren et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for type: ATCC 11345. Gelatinipulvinella Hosoya & Y. Otani 1995 (= Aureohyphozyma Hosoya & Y. Otani fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: G. astraeicola Hosoya & Y. Otani, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobe, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), holotype of the type: TNS-F-52070. Gelatinocrinis Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. roseus Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gelatinomyces N. Sanoamuang, W. Jitjak, S. Rodtong & A.J.S. Whalley 2013, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. siamensis N. Sanoamuang, W. Jitjak, S. Rodtong & A.J.S. Whalley, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Sanoamuang et al. (2013; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a synonym of Myriodiscus), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: K(M) 188078, CBS 135071, close to Leotiomycetes in phylogenetic analyses. Gelatinopsis Rambold & Triebel 1990, Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, cf. eight species, type: G. geoglossi (Ellis & Everh.) Rambold & Triebel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Navarro-Rosinés et al. (2008; new species), Kocourková and Knudsen (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gelatinopycnis Dyko & B. Sutton 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. hartigiana (Allesch.) Dyko & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gelatinosporium Peck 1873, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. betulinum Peck, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gelineostroma H.J. Swart 1988, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: G. athrotaxis H.J. Swart, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Geltingia Alstrup & D. Hawksw. 1990, Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: G. associata (Th.Fr.) Alstrup & D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, on lichens, terrestrial, Arctic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Odontotremataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2014; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al.(2016; position), holotype of type: UPS, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Geminispora Pat. 1893, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. mimosae Pat., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, East Africa, Seychelles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Geminoarcus K. Ando 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: G. pachysporus K. Ando, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gemmaspora D. Hawksw. & Halici 2007, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: G. lecanorae (Werner) D. Hawksw. & Halici, lichenicolous, Syria, Turkey and Uzbekistan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), holotype of type: BC and epitype ERC- MGH 02274, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gemmulina Descals & Marvanová 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. botryosa (Descals) Descals & Marvanová, asexual morph hyphomycetous, has a yeast-like phase, from foam in streams, aquatic, Canada and United Kingdom, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of type: IMI 254853, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Genea Vittad. 1831, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: G. pileiformis (Svrček) Svrček & J. Moravec, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Alvarado et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Alvarado et al. (2016; revisit), Kaounas et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Geniculospora Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv. Nilsson 1971, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: G. inflata (Ingold) Sv. Nilsson ex Marvanová & Sv. Nilsson, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Duarte et al. (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Geodina Denison 1965, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: G. guanacastensis Denison, asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, Costa Rica, Canary Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Geoglossum Pers. 1794, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, two species, type: G. glabrum Pers., asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Arauzo and Iglesias (2014; new species), Loizides et al. (2015; new species), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Geopora Harkn. 1885, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 20 species, type: G. cooperi Harkn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Frank et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Flores-Rentería et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Geopyxis (Pers.) Sacc. 1889, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: G. carbonaria (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2016c; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Geosmithia Pitt 1979, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. lavendula (Raper & Fennell) Pitt, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Kolařík et al. (2010, 2011, 2015b; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wu et al. (2013b; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Geotrichum Link 1809, ?Dipodascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: G. candidum Link, asexual morph present, saprophytic, soil, rotted fruit and other plant parts, tree exudates, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gesasha Abdel-Wahab & Nagahama 2011, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: G. peditatus Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., saprobes, marine, Japan, asexual morph unknown, see Abdel-Wahab and Nagahama (2011; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype of the type: IMI 397958. Gibbago E.G. Simmons 1986, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. trianthemae E.G. Simmons, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Akhta et al. (2013; pathogens, Pakistan), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gibbera Fr. 1825, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 28 species, tpye: G. trianthemae E.G. Simmons, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available. Gibberidea Fuckel 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. visci Fuckel, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gibbosporina Elvebakk, Hong & P.M. Jørg. 2016, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: G. boninensis (Kurok.) Elvebakk & P.M. Jørg., lichenized, see Elvebakk et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gibellia Sacc. 1885, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. dothideoides Sacc. & Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gibellina Pass. 1886, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: G. cerealis (Pass.) Pass., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for type: MF-C22704 (unpublished). Gibellula Cavara 1894, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. pulchra Cavara, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Han et al. (2013; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for Gibellula leiopus. Gibellulopsis Bat. & H. Maia 1959, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. piscis Bat. & H. Maia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Han et al. (2013; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hirooka et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Gigantospora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde 2003, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. gigaspora B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gilkeya M.E. Sm., Trappe & Rizzo 2007, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: G. compacta (Harkn.) M.E. Sm. & Trappe, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gladdish et al. (2010; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Gilletiella Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. chusqueae (Pat.) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph coelomycetous (ascochyta-like), saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gillotia Sacc. & Trotter 1913, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: G. orbicularis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Sacc. & Trotter, asexual morph asteromellalike, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gilmaniella G.L. Barron 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: G. humicola, hyphomycetous, from soil, dung, litter and bamboo, terrestrial, worldwide, see Dubey et al. (2011; new species, India), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Goh et al. (2013; new species, Malaysia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-type strain of type: ATCC 16013 = O.A.C. 10076. = CBS 220.65 = IFO 9235, Holotype of type: O.A.C. 10076 (dried culture). Gintarasia Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch 2013, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: G. megalophthalma (Müll. Arg.) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Kraichak et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Giulia Tassi 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. tenuis (Sacc.) Tassi ex Sacc. & D. Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Glaphyriopsis B. Sutton & Pascoe 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. brunnea B. Sutton & Pascoe, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Glarea Bills & Paláez 1999, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: G. lozoyensis Bills & Peláez, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestral, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, listed as a genus in Dermateaceae), Chen et al. (2013d; DNA, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Helotiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for type: ATCC 20868. Glaucotrema Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: G. glaucophaenum (Kremp.) Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, lichenized, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Glaxoa P.F. Cannon 1997, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. pellucida P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Boonmee et al. (2014b; accepted as genus in Pleosporales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Glaziella Berk. 1880, Glaziellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: G. vesiculosa Berk., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Glioannellodochium Matsush. 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Glioannellodochium australiense Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: Matsushima, MFC-8A230, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Glioblastocladium Matsush. 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. australiense Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: Matsushima, MFC-8A329, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gliocephalis Matr. 1899, Pyxidiophoraceae, Pyxidiophorales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: G. hyalina Matr., asexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (fide Jacobs et al. 2005). Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt. 1962, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: G. bulbilium J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, associated with post-harvest fruit spoilage of several important tropical fruit crops, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2014, 2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: BPI 414619, ex-type of the type: CBS 242.62 = ATCC 22228 = IFO 9325 = IMI 096357 = MUCL 18575 = NRRL 2899 = QM 9007. Gliocladiopsis S.B. Saksena 1954, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type G. sagariensis S.B. Saksena., soil-borne fungi, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Lombard and Crous (2012), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), holotype of the type: CBS 199.55, ex-type of the type: CBS 199.55. Gliomastix Guég. 1905, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 25 species, type: G. chartarum (Cooke) Guég., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, in soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Summerbell et al. (2011; revision, phylogeny), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Globoa Bat. & H. Maia 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. toddaliae Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Uganda, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Globobotrys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. sansevieriicola (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Tanzania, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22220, CBS 138872. Globoconidiopsis G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. cerradensis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, superficial on leaf trichomes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of type: UB Mycol. Col. 9926, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Globoconidium G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. cerradense, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, superficial on leaf trichomes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of type: UB Mycol. Col. 8387, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Globonectria Etayo 2008, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. cochensis Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo (2008; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), holotype of the type: COL Etayo 15859, sequences are unavailable. Globosphaeria D. Hawksw. 1990, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. jamesii D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, terrestrial, Australia (Tasmania), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: NSW Ll4339, sequences are unavailable. Globulina Speg. 1889, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. toddaliae Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Uganda, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gloeandromyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, five species (est. spp. 5+), type: G. streblae (Peyr.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), neotropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015b, 2017b; DNA, taxonomy), ribosomal sequence data available but not for the type:. Gloeodiscus Dennis 1961, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. nigrorufus (Berk.) Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gloeoheppia Gyeln. 1935, Gloeoheppiaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, five species, type: G. turgida (Ach.) Gyeln., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Gloeopeziza Zukal 1891, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, c. eight species, type: G. rehmii Zukal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gloeosporidiella Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. ribis (Lib.) Petr., coelomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gloeosporidina Petr. 1921, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. moravica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gloeosporiella Cavara 1892, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. rosicola Cavara, hyphomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gloeotinia M. Wilson, Noble & E.G. Gray 1954 (= Endoconidium Prill. & Delacr. fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: G. temulenta (Prill. & Delacr.) M. Wilson, Noble & E.G. Gray, asexual morph Endoconidium, saprobe, terrestrial, India, Canary Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Gloiosphaera Höhn. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. globuligera Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Glomerilla Norman 1869, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: G. subtilis Norman, lichenized, terrestrial, Norway, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Glomerobolus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1996, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: G. gelineus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., saprobes, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMS, Kohlmeyer 5555, cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Glomerulophoron Frisch, Ertz & G.Thor 2015, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: G. mauritiae Frisch, Ertz & G. Thor, lichenized, see Frisch et al. (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gloniella Sacc. 1883, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: G. sardoa Sacc. & Traverso, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial/aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; overview of genus) Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Hysteriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gloniopsis De Not. 1847, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: G. decipiens De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous (aposphaeria-like fide Lohman 1933a), saprobes, terrestrial, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; overview of genus), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data indicate this genus is polyphyletic. Glonium Muhl. ex Fr. 1823, Gloniaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 13 species, type: G. stellatum Mühl., asexual morph asteromella-like, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Gloniaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Glutinium Fr. 1849, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. exasperans Fr., hyphomycetous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Glutinoglossum Hustad, A.N. Mill, Dentinger & P.F. Cannon 2013, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, two species, type: G. glutinosum (Pers.) Hustad, A.N. Mill., Dentinger & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hustad et al. (2013; morphology, taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: 910.261-767 (L 0110938 [Persoon Herb.], cultures and sequences are available: ANM 2231. Glyphis Ach. 1814, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: G. cicatricosa Ach., lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Glyphium Nitschke ex F. Lehm. 1886, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: G. dolabriforme (Wallr.) F. Lehm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boehm et al. (2015; phylogeny, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Glypholecia Nyl. 1853, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: G. candidissima Nyl., lichenized, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Glyphopeltis Brusse 1985, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: G. eburina Brusse, lichenized, Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Glyphopsis Aptroot 2014, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: G. aurantiodisca Aptroot, lichenized, see Aptroot (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Gnomonia Ces. & De Not. 1863, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 70 species, type: G. vulgaris Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Mejía et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Sogonov et al. (2008; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Gnomoniella Sacc. 1881, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 70 species, type: G. tubaeformis (Tode) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Singh et al. (2009; new species, India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Gnomoniopsis Berl. 1893, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: G. chamaemori (Fr.) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Sogonov et al. (2008; reinstated the genus), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Walker et al. (2010; new species, revision), Visentin et al. (2012; new species, pathogens), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Godronia Moug. & Lév. 1846 (= Cenangiella Lambotte 1887; = Cenangium trib. Scleroderris Fr. 1822; = Crumenula De Not. 1864; Scleroderris (Fr.) Bonord. 1851 = Sphaeronaema Fr. fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Godroniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: G. muehlenbeckii Moug. & Lév., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Godroniopsis Diehl & E.K. Cash 1929 (= Sphaeronaema Fr., fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: G. quernea (Schwein.) Diehl & E.K. Cash, asexual morph ?Sphaeronaema, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Golovinomyces (U. Braun) Heluta 1988 (= Euoidium Y.L. Paul & J.N. Kapoor 1985 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, c. 63 species, type: G. cichoracearum (DC.) Heluta, asexual morphs hyphomycetous, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cunnington et al. (2010; phylogeny), Takamatsu et al. (2013; phylogeny), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), lectotype of type: France, on Scorzonera hispanica, “Erysiphe cichoracearum ad.fl. fr. in Scorzonera hispanica [ex herb. de Candolle] (G 00298360). Gomphillus Nyl. 1855, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: G. calycioides (Delise ex Duby) Nyl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gonatobotrys Corda 1839, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, type: G. simplex Bonord., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, Index Fungorum (2016) listed Gonatobotrys as a synonym of Melanospora Corda. Gonatobotryum Sacc. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: G. fuscum (Sacc.) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for Gonatobotryum apiculatum (unpublished) but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Gonatophragmium Deighton 1969, Acrospermaceae, Acrospermales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: G. mori (Sawada) Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; new species, DNA), Berger et al. (2015; new species, lichenicolous, Austria), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Gonatorrhodum Corda 1839, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. speciosum Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gondwania Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: G. cribrosa (Hue) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Goniopila Marvanová & Descals 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. monticola (Dyko) Marvanová & Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for type: CCM F-11686, needs generic revision. Goosia B. Song 2003, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: G. melastomatis B. Song, asexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Goosiella Morgan-Jones, Kamal & R.K. Verma 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. helicospora Morgan-Jones, Kamal & R.K. Verma, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Goosiomyces N.K. Rao & Manohar. 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. digitatus N.K. Rao & Manohar., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dubey and Neelima (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gordonomyces Crous & Marinc. 2011, Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: G. mucovaginatus Crous & Marinc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2011d; morphology, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016; outline, morphology, phylogeny), holotype and extype strains of the type: PREM 59592, CMW 22212. Gorgadesia Tav. 1964, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: G. mira Tav., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gorgomyces M. Gönczöl & Révay 1985, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. hungaricus J. Gönczöl & Révay, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, nematophagous, aquatic, Hungary, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-type culture of the of the type: CCM F-12696. Gorgoniceps (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 1871, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: G. aridula (P. Karst.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gossypiothallon Aptroot 2014, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: G. appendisporum Aptroot, lichenized, see Aptroot (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Govindua Bat. & H. Maia 1960, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. shoreae Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; transferred to Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) and Hongsanan et al. (2014c) did not accept as Asterinaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gowardia Halonen, Myllys, Velmala & Hyvärinen 2009, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: G. nigricans (Ach.) Halonen, Myllys, Velmala & Hyvärinen, lichenized, see Myllys et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gracilistilbella Seifert 2000, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: G. clavulata (Mont.) Seifert, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Graddonia Dennis 1955, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: G. coracina (Bres.) Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dermateaceae), Hustad and Miller (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type: ILLS60491. Graddonidiscus Raitv. & R. Galán 1992, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: G. coruscatus (Graddon) Raitv. & R. Galán, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Grahamiella Spooner 1981, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: G. dryadis (Nannf. ex L. Holm) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Grallomyces F. Stevens 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. portoricensis F. Stevens, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Grandibotrys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. pseudotheobromae L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Nepal, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22443, CBS 136170. Grandigallia M.E. Barr, Hanlin, Cedeño, Parra & R. Hern. 1987, Shiraiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: G. dictyospora M.E. Barr, Hanlin, Cedeño, Parra & R. Hern., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela., see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Ariyawansa et al. (2013c; accepted as a genus in Shiraiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Shiraiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Granulomanus de Hoog & Samson 1978, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. aranearum (Petch) de Hoog & Samson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasitic on Arachnida, terrestrial, British Isles, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for Gibellula leiopus. Granulopyrenis Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, six species, type: G. antillensis Aptroot, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Graphidastra (Redinger) G. Thor 1991, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: G. multiformis (Mont. & Bosch) G. Thor, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Graphiopsis Trail 1889, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: G. chlorocephala (Fresen.) Trail, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, New Zealand, see Braun et al. (2008; nomenclature), Crous et al. (2009d; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-neotype strain of type: CBS 121523 = CPC 11969, neotype of type: HAL 1924 F. Graphiothecium Fuckel 1870, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. fresenii Fuckel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Graphis Adans. 1763, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 500 species, type: G. scripta (L.) Ach., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Lücking et al. (2008a, 2009, 2016b; key, Costa Rica, classification), Archer 2009 (key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Barcenas Peña et al. (2014; key), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Kraichak et al. (2015; taxonomy), sequences are available. Graphium Corda 1837, Graphiaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: G. penicillioides Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or from soil terrestrial, worldwide, see Cruywagen et al. (2010; new species, South Africa), Paciura et al. (2010b; new species, China), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kolařík et al. (2015b; new species; Costa Rica), Wu et al. (2015; new species, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type strain of the type: JCM 1049. Graphostroma Piroz. 1974, Graphostromataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. platystoma (Schwein.) Piroz., asexual morph hyphomycetous (nodulisporium-like), saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Koukol et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 1249. Graphyllium Clem. 1901, Hyseriales genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: G. chloës Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Diademaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as Diademaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Almeida et al. (2014b; DNA, new species, phylogenetic analyses showed that G. caracolinense D.A.C. Almeida et al. belongs to Hysteriales), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available only for G. caracolinense, needs generic revision. Greeneria Scribn. & Viala 1887, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, three species, type: G. fuliginea Scribn. & Viala, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Tangthirasunun et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequence available for G. saprophytica (MFLUCC 12-0298 fide Tangthirasunun et al. 2014). Gregarithecium Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: G. curvisporum Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30134, CBS 139688. Gregatothecium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. humicola L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22445, CBS 205.96. Gregorella Lumbsch 2005, Arctomiaceae, Arctomiales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: G. humida (Kullh.) Lumbsch, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gremmenia Korf 1962, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: G. pinicembrae (Rehm) Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2014b; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Gremmeniella M. Morelet 1969 (= Brunchorstia Erikss 1891 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Godroniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: G. abietina (Lagerb.) M. Morelet, asexual morph Brunchorstia, pathogens, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Laflamme and Smerlis (2012; DNA, new species, Canada), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Griggsia F. Stevens & Dalbey 1919, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: G. cyathea F. Stevens & Dalbey, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014c; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Grimmicola Döbbeler & Hertel 1983, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: G. parasiticus Döbbeler & Hertel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Marion Island, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Griphosphaerioma Höhn. 1918 (= Labridella Brenckle 1929 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Wijayawardene et al. 2016b), Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: G. symphoricarpi (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn. ex Petr., asexual morphs Labridella, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; taxonomy, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2016a) proposed to protect Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Groenewaldozyma Kurtzman 2016, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: G. auringiensis (Santa María) Kurtzman, saprophytic, worldwide, see Kurtzman (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Groenhiella Jorg., E.B.G. Jones & S.T. Moss 1983, Nitschkiaceaem, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. bivestia Jørg. Koch, E.B.G. Jones & S.T. Moss, asexual morph unknown, marine, on wood often associated with sand, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline) cultures and sequences are unavailable. Grosmannia Goid. 1936, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. penicillata (Grosmann) Goid., holomorph, asexual morph hyphomycetous, associated with bark beetles, terrestrial, worldwide, see Masuya et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Duong et al. (2012; new species, phylogeny), Linnakoski et al. (2012, 2016; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Andoa et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CMW43738. Groveolopsis Boedijn 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. pandani (Höhn.) Boedijn, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Grovesia Dennis 1960, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: G. parasiticus Döbbeler & Hertel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Grovesiella M. Morelet 1969, Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: G. abieticola (Zeller & Goodd.) M. Morelet & Gremmen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: ZT 91110. Grovesinia M.N. Cline, J.L. Crane & S.D. Cline 1983 (= Hinomyces Narumi & Y. Harada 2006 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: G. pyramidalis M.N. Cline, J.L. Crane & S.D. Cline, asexual morph Hinomyces, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature). Guanomyces M.C. González, Hanlin & Ulloa 2000, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. polythrix M.C. González, Hanlin & Ulloa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, Trinidad, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available (see Gonzalez et al. 2000). Gudelia Henssen 1995, Gloeoheppiaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: G. mexicana Henssen, lichenized, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Guedea Rambelli & Bartoli 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. sacra Rambelli & Bartoli, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Guelichia Speg. 1886, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. paradoxa Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b) and Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) did not accept as a genus in Tubeufiaceae, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Guestia G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde 2001, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. gonetropospora G.J.D. Sm. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Guilliermondia Boud. 1904, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: G. saccoboloides Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Guttulispora Thambugala, Qing Tian & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: G. crataegi Qing Tian, Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype of type: MFLU 14–0584, ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 13–0442. Gyalecta Ach. 1808, Gyalectaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: G. cupularis (Hedw.) Schaer., lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous), mainly temperate, see Baloch et al. (2010, 2013; txonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; DNA), Aptroot and Moon (2015; new species), Resl et al. (2015; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Gyalectaria Lumbsch, Kalb & Schmitt 2010, Coccotremataceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: G. jamesii (Kantvilas) I. Schmitt, Kalb & Lumbsch, lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous), Chile, New Guinea, North America, Tasmania, from lowland to subalpine, see Schmitt et al. (2010b; taxonomy), Resl et al. (2015; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyalectidium Müll. Arg. 1881, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 52 species, type: G. filicinum Müll. Arg., lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyalidea Lettau ex Vězda [nom. cons.] 1966, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: G. lecideopsis (A. Massal.) Lettau ex Vězda, lichenized, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyalideopsis Vězda [nom. cons.] 1972, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 95 species, type: G. peruviana G. Merr. ex Vězda, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyalolechia A. Massal. 1852, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: G. aurea (Schaer.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kondratyuk et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gymnascella Peck 1884, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 14 species, type: G. aurantiaca Peck, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gymnoascoideus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh 1977, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: G. petalosporus G.F. Orr, K. Roy & G.R. Ghosh, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gymnoascus Baran. 1872, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: G. reessii Baran., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gymnoderma Nyl. 1860, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: G. coccocarpum Nyl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gymnographopsis C.W. Dodge 1967, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species; type: G. chilena C.W. Dodge, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. 2013 (genus accepted), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Gymnohydnotrya B.C. Zhang & Minter 1989, Discinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: G. australiana B.C. Zhang & Minter, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Gymnostellatospora Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya 1993, Myxotrichaceae, Leotiomycetes, families incertae sedis, two species, type: G. japonica Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: BF 24290, cultures available for type: UAMH 9239 (fide Rice and Currah 2006). Gymnoxyphium Cif., Bat. & I.J. Araújo 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. malum Bat., Nascim. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gynonectria Döbbeler 2012, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, six species, type: G. intraspora Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Döbbeler (2012; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gyoerffyella Kol 1928 Helotiales genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: G. tatrica Kol, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures unavailable for the type:, ex-type strains available for G. entomobryoides (CBS268.63 fide Baschien et al. 2013), G. tricapillata (CBS 451.64 fide Baschien et al. 2013). Gypsoplaca Timdal 1990, Gypsoplacaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: G. macrophylla (Zahlbr.) Timdal, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyrocollema Vain. 1929, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, two species, type: G. scyphuliferum Vain., with ascomata, lichenized (Nostoc), terrestrial (saxicolous), North and Central America, see Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Gyrographa Ertz & Tehler 2015, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: G. gyrocarpa (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with knot-like or clustered-gyrose to lirelliform ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Gyromitra Fr. 1849, Discinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 20 species, type: G. esculenta (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Methven et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 5017. Gyronactis Ertz & Tehler 2015, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: G. asiatica Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Gyrophthorus Hafellner & Sancho 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: G. perforans Hafellner & Sancho, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gyrostroma Naumov 1914, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Gy. sinuosum Naumov, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Hirooka et al. (2012; morphology, accepted as a genus in Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; accepted as a genus in Hypocreales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Diaporthales, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type: thus Gyrostroma s. str. uncertain, needs generic revision. Gyrothrix Corda 1842 (= Campsotrichum sect. Gyrothrix Corda 1839; = Peglionia Goid. 1937 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 22 species, type: G. podosperma (Corda) Rabenh, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Rambelli et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Gyrotrema A. Frisch 2006, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: G. sinuosum (Sipman) Frisch, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (corticolous), Central and South America see Rivas Plata et al. (2008; outline), Kalb (2009; outline), Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lümbsch et al. (2011; outline); Cáceres et al. (2014; DNA), Kraichak et al. (2014; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for type. Hadronema Syd. & P. Syd. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: H. orbiculare Syd. & P. Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, UK see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hadrospora Boise 1989, Trematosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. fallax (Mouton) Boise, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Trematosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hadrosporium Syd. 1938, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. fraserianum Syd., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Austaralia, New Zealand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hadrotrichum Fuckel 1865, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. phragmitis Fuckel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for H. pyrenaicum (YMJ 320 fide Hsieh et al. 2005). Haematomma A. Massal. 1852, Haematommataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 40 species, type: H. vulgare A. Massal., with ascomata, lichenized (Pseudotreobuxia), terrestrial (corticolous, lignicolous or saxicolous), cosmopolitan, but most diverse in the tropics, see Brodo et al. (2008; outline and chemistry), Ekman et al. (2008; DNA), Kalb et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch et al. (2008; DNA), Stocker-Wörgötter et al. (2009; chemistry, mycobionts), Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Haematomyxa Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. vinosa (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hagleromyces Sousa, Morais, Lachance & Rosa 2014, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: H. auroranensis Sousa, asexual reproduction by multilateral budding, saprophytic, from water tanks (phytotelmata) of Bromelia karatas in the cerrado ecosystem of Aurora do Tocantins, Brazil, see Sousa et al. (2014; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Haiyanga K.L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones 2008, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. salina (Meyers) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Pang et al. (2008b; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Halazoon Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. 2010, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: H. melhae Abdel-Aziz, Abdel-Wahab & Nagah., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: IMI 397964, MF819. Halbania Racib. 1889, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: H. cyathearum Racib., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Asterinaceae supported by morphology, holotype of type: ZT Myc 1488, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Halecania M. Mayrhofer 1987, Catilliariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 22 species, type: H. alpivaga (Th. Fr.) M. Mayrhofer, with ascomata, lichenized (green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous, corticolous, lichenicolous or growing on mosses and plant debris), cosmopolitan, see Ekman et al. (2008; DNA), van den Boom (2009; new species), Andreev (2010; new species), Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lendemer and Hodkinson (2013; taxonomy), Aptroot and Moon (2015; new species), Kondratyuk (2015; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for type: AY756368 (LSU). Halegrapha Rivas Plata & Lücking 2011, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: Ha. chimaera Rivas Plata & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, Lücking et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Halenospora E.B.G. Jones 2009, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. varia (Anastasiou) E.B.G. Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobe, marine, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline, phylogeny), Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Haleomyces D. Hawksw. & Essl. 1993, ?Verrucariacae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: H. oropogonicola D. Hawksw. & Essl., lichenicolous, terrestrial, Mexico, asexual morph unknown, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; outline), holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 3551875. Haligena Kohlm. 1961, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. elaterophora Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 297765. Halodiatrype Dayarathne & K.D. Hyde 2016, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales Sordariomycetes, three species, type: H. salinicola Dayarathne & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, found on decaying wood at mangrove stands, Thailand, see Dayarathne et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of type: MFLU 15-0179. Halographis Kohlm. & Volkm.Kohlm. 1988, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: H. runica Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., endolithic lichenoid from corals and snails, marine, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Haloguignardia Cribb & J. W. Cribb 1956, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: H. decidua Cribb & J.W. Cribb, asexual morph unknown, endophytes or parasites, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Halojulella Suetrong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 2013, Halojulellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. avicenniae (Borse) Suetrong, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, on woody substrates in mangrove habitats, worldwide, sequence data available, see Ariyawansa et al. (2013a, 2014a, c; phylogeny, morphology), Hyde et al (2013; phylogeny, morphology, outline), Abdel-Wahab et al. (2014; diversity), Gnavi et al. (2014, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; classification, marine), Liu et al. (2015a; phylogeny), holotype of type: IMI 304217, cultures and sequences are available. Halokirschsteiniothelia Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2012, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. maritima (Linder) Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USA, see Boonmee et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny; treated as a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accepta a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; listed as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures available for the type: CBS 221.60. Halomassarina (Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch 2009, Trematosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. thalassiae (Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.) Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Boonmee et al. (2012; phylogeny), Dai et al. (2012; phylogeny), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Jones et al. (2012; phylogeny), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology, phylogeny), Borse et al. (2013; checklist), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Ahmed et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Gnavi et al. (2014; phylogeny), Shearer et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Singtripop et al. (2015; phylogeny), Sarma (2015; key), Sharma et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype and ex-isotype strain of type: J.K. 4804a, J.K.4804b. Halonectria E.B.G. Jones 1965, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. milfordensis E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine, on wood, mostly temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Haloplaca Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: H. britannica (R. Sant.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, lichenized (with green algae), saxicolous, corticolous, lignicolous, lichenicolous, terrestrial, United Kingdom, Greece, Morocco, Turkey, see Vondrák et al. (2012; DNA as Caloplaca suaesae s. l.), Arup et al. (2013, DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for all species KC179292 (ITS) (fide Arup et al. 2013). Halorosellinia Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Laessoe, 2000, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: H. oceanica (S. Schatz) Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Læssøe, asexual morph unknown, tropical, on wood especially mangrove substrates, sequence data for both species, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Halosarpheia Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. 1977, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, polyphyletic, four species, type: H. fibrosa Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, marine, freshwater, saprobes on herbaceous material, wood, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline), holotype of the type: NY J.K. 3726a, cultures available for type: AFTOL-ID 409, CBS 197.60. Halosphaeria Linder 1944, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: H. appendiculata Linder, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, temperates, subtropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence are available. Halosphaeriopsis T.W. Johnson 1958 (= Culcitalna Meyers & R.T. Moore fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. mediosetigera (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) T.W. Johnson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, temperates, subtropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence are available. Halotthia Kohlm. 1963, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. posidoniae (Durieu & Mont.) Kohlm., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, marine habitats, mediterranean, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b; classification), Zhang et al. (2012e, 2013c; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; classification). Halysiomyces E.G. Simmons 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. saxatilis E.G. Simmons, hyphomycetous, epiphyte, free living, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hamatocanthoscypha Svrček 1977, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: H. laricionis (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures available for the type: TNS-F13530. Hamigera Stolk & Samson 1971 (= Merimbla Pitt 1979 fide Houbraken and Samson 2011), Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: H. avellanea Stolk & Samson, asexual morph formerly named in Merimbla, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Peterson et al. (2010; phylogeny), Houbraken and Samson (2011; phylogeny, nomenclature), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Hamigera Stolk & Samson 1971, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, 13 species, type: H. avellanea Stolk & Samson, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, occurring on decaying plant material, wood and dung, worldwide, see Peterson et al. (2010; new species), Houbraken and Samson (2011), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs phylogenetic assessment. Hanliniomyces Raja & Shearer 2008, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. hyaloapicalis Raja & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, freshwater, northern and southern Florida, see Raja and Shearer (2008; taxonomy), Raja et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: R037-3, ILL 40116, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hanseniaspora Zikes 1912 (= Kloeckera Janke 1928), Saccharomycodaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 15 species, type: H. valbyensis Klöcker, asexual reproduction is by bipolar budding on a broad base (bud-fission), saprophytic, in soil, fresh water, sea water, rotting plants, fruit, fruit juices, fruit flies, grape must, beer, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Hansfordia Hughes 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: H. ovalispora S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, marine, China, UK, Spain, and India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hansfordiella Hughes 1951, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: H. asterinearum S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, saprobes, on fungi, terrestrial, wide spread, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hansfordiellopsis Deighton 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. aburiensis Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Africa, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: IMI 4778, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hansfordiopeltis Bat. & C.A.A. Costa (1956), Ascomycota genera, incertae sedis, incertae sedis, five species, type: H. congoensis Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Congo and Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hansfordiopeltopsis M.L. Farr 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. amazonensis M.L. Farr, ceolomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hansfordiopsis Bat. 1959, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. phaeospora (Hansf.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept as a genus Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), holotype of the type: PDD 6788 (as Microthyriella phaeospora Hansf.), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hapalocystis Auersw. ex Fuckel 1863, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: H. berkeleyi Auersw. ex Fuckel, asexual morphs coelomycetous (phoma-like), saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see de Silva et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: AR 3851. Hapalosphaeria Syd. 1908, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. deformans (Syd.) Syd., coelomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, Germany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision Haplariopsis Oudem. 1903, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. fagicola Oudem., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Holland, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haplobasidion Erikss. 1889, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: H. thalictri Erikss., hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Sweden, Asia, Malaysia, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haplodina Zahlbr. 1930, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, need typification, lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous, saxicolous), China, see Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haplographium Berk. & Broome 1859, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 15 species, type: H. delicatum Berk. & Broome, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type species FMR 11585, TNS-F17834. Haplolepis Syd. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: H. polyadelpha Syd., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Sri Lanka, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haploloma Trevis. 1857, Lecanoromycetes genus incertae sedis, one species, type: H. fraudulentum Trevis., lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haplomyces Thaxt. 1893, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: H. californicus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species, Ecuador), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Haplopeltheca Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. 1963, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. hyleensis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Haplophyse Theiss. 1916, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: H. oahuensis Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hapsidascus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1991, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. hadrus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, marine, on mangrove wood and salt marsh sedge, tropical, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; marine, outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hapsidospora Malloch & Cain 1970, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: H. irregularis Malloch & Cain, asexual morph hyphomycetous (acremonium-like), saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: ATCC 22087. Haptocara Drechsler 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. latirostrum Drechsler, hyphomycetous, saprobes, insect-trapping, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Haptospora G.L. Barron 1991, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: H. appendiculata G.L. Barron, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, New Zealand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Haradamyces Masuya, Kusunoki, Kosaka & Aikawa 2009, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. foliicola Masuya, Kusunoki, Kosaka & Aikawa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: TFM FPH7930, cultures available for the type: MAFF 411026. Haraea Sacc. & P. Syd. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: E. dingleyae S. Hughes & Piroz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and extype culture of the type: DAOM 167533, MAFF 411026. Harknessia Cooke 1881, Harknessiaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 50 species, holomorph with wuestneia-like sexual morphs, pathogens, saprobes, terrestiral, worldwide, have sequence data, see Crous et al. (2012f; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; morphology, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures and sequences are available. Harknessiella Sacc. 1889, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. purpurea (W. Phillips & Harkn.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Harmoniella V.N. Boriss. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. chrysocephalus V.N. Boriss, hyphomycetouss, saprobes, terrestrial, Ukraine, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Harpidium Körb. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: H. rutilans Körb., with ascomata and conidia, lichenized (with green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous), Eurasian mountains, North America, South Africa, see Lümbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lümbsch et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Harpographium Sacc. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: H. fasciculatum Sacc., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Harposporium Lohde 1874 (= Podocrella Seaver 1928; Atricordyceps Samuels 1983; Polyrhina Sorokīn 1876 fide Quandt et al. 2014; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015), Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: H. anguillulae Lohde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasitic on nematodes, terrestrial, temperate, see Kuo et al. (2008; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), Spatafora et al. (2015; new species), cultures available for the type: ARSEF 5593. Harpostroma Höhn. 1928, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. notha (Sacc.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on cheese and fungi, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Valsaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Harzia Costantin 1888, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: H. acremonioides (Harz) Costantin, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, foliicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2013b; new species, DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), ex-type cultures available for H. cameroonensis Crous & Jol. Roux (CPC 22065, 22066 = CBS 136420). Hassea Zahlbr. 1902, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. bacillosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Havispora K. L. Pang & Vrijmoed 2008, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. longyearbyenensis K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Arctic, see Pang et al. (2008a, 2011a; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: BBH 18329, cultures and sequences are available. Hawksworthiana U. Braun 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, UK, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hegermila Raitv. 1995, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: H. andina (Pat.) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Heimiodora Nicot 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. verticillata Nicot, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heiomasia Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata 2010, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: H. sipmanii (Aptroot, Lücking & Rivas Plata) Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata, lichenized, see Nelsen et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Heleiosa Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1996, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. barbatula Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, tropical, marine on maritime sedge, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helensiella (R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & R.M. Arias) Minter, R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. rigidophora (R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & R.M. Arias) Minter, R.F. Castañeda & Heredia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Index Fungorum (2017), holotype: XAL CB1692, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Ceratosporella and Dendryphion. Heleococcum C.A. Jørg. 1922, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: H. aurantiacum C.A. Jørg., isolated from soil, marine or freshwater, Asia and Europe see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type of the type: CBS 201.35, slides of holotype of the type: C, NY (few remaining ascomata were broken). Helhonia B. Sutton 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. rhamnigena (Fautrey) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence are unavailable. Heliastrum Petr. 1931, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. concinnum Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philipplnes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicangiospora Boonmee, Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2014, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, type: H. lignicola Boonmee, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: MFLU11–0137, MFLUCC 11–0378 = BCC 52029 = ICMP 20069. Helicascus Kohlm. 1969, Morosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: H. kanaloanus Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Amnuaykanjanasin et al. (2009; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhang et al. (2013a, 2014c; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for the type: F1R2B2 (fide Amnuaykanjanasin et al. 2009). Helicobolomyces Matzer 1995, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: H. lichenicola Matzer, with conidiomata, lichenized (with green algae) or lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helicocentralis Sri-indr., Chuaseehar., Boonyuen, K. Yamag., Suetrong & C.K.M. Tsui 2015, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. hyalina Sri-indr., Chuaseehar., Boonyuen, K. Yamag., Suetrong & C.K.M. Tsui, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, Thailand, see Sri-indrasutdhi (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: BBH27889. Helicodendron Peyronel 1918 (= Belospora Clem. 1909; Ciboriella Seaver 1951; Hymenoscypha (Fr.) W. Phillips 1887; Lambertellinia Korf & Lizoň 1994; = Peziza trib. Hymenoscypha Fr. 1822; Poculopsis Kirschst. 1935; Septatium Velen. 1934 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016; Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: H. paradoxum Peyr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aero-aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Chuaseeharonnachai et al. (2013; diversity, Thailand), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Panzer et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Sri-indrasutdhi et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KF767. Helicodochium S. Monteiro, R.F. Castañeda, A.C. Cruz & Gusmão 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. amazonicum J.S. Monteiro, R.F. Castañeda, A.C. Cruz & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lignicolous, terrestrial, Brazil, see Monteiro et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helicofilia Matsush. 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. madrasensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, UK, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: MFC-11630, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw. 1983, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. celastri (S.-V. Kale & S.V.S. Kale) Lodha & D. Hawksw., asexual morphs unknown, on twigs, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: HCIO 29374. Helicogonium W.L. White 1942 (= Myriogonium Cain 1948 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Helicogoniaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: H. jacksonii W.L. White, asexual reproduction is present or absent, and when present, produce phialides directly on the hyphae, or form small phialide-bearing penicilli, mycoparasitic, Europe, North America, see Baral and Kutorga (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Helicogoosia Hol.-Jech. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. paradoxa Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Czechoslovakia, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicoma Corda 1837, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, type: H. muelleri Corda, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), available cultures for the type: CBS 964.69. Helicomyces Link 1809, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 15, type: H. roseus Link, hyphomycetous, saprobes, aero-aquatic, worldwide, see Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), available cultures for the type: AFTOL-ID 1613, CBS 283.51. Helicoön Morgan 1892, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, c. 20 species, type: H. sessile Morgan, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helicorhoidion S. Hughes 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: H. botryoideum (Cooke) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Asia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicosingula P.S. van Wyk, Marasas, Baard & Knox-Dav. 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. leucadendri P.S. van Wyk, Marasas, Baard & Knox-Dav., hyphomycetous, pathogen, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicosporium Nees 1816, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 15, type: H. vegetum Nees, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cruz et al. (2009; new species, Brazil), Dharkar et al. (2010; new species, India), Boonmee et al. (2011, 2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), available cultures for the type: BCC 3332. Helicothyrium I. Hino & Katum. 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. ryukyuense I. Hino & Katum., coelomycetouss, pathogen, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012; 2017, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helicoubisia Lunghini & Rambelli 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. coronata Lunghini & Rambelli, hyphomycetous, saprobe, terrestrial, Ivory Coast, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heliocephala V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog 1984 (= Holubovaniella R.F. Castañeda 1985 fide Abarca et al. 2010), Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: H. proliferans V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Abarca et al. (2010; genus revised), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mel'nik et al. (2013; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision, compare with Holubovaniella, Gonatobotrys and Uncispora. Heliscella Marvanová 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. stellata (Ingold & V.J. Cox) Marvanová, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heliscina Marvanová 1980, Ascomycota genera, incertae sedis, two species, type: H. campanulata Marvanová, hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, former Czechoslovakia, see see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helminthascus Tranzschel 1898, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. arachnophthorus Tranzschel, asexual morphs unknown, on insects, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helminthocarpon Fée 1837, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: H. leprevostii Fée, lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous, saxicolous), tropical, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bungartz et al. (2013a; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Helminthopeltis Sousa da Câmara 1950, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. almeidaeana Sousa da Câmara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Microthyriaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helminthosphaeria Fuckel 1870, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: H. clavariarum (Desm.) Fuckel, asexual morph diplococcium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miller et al. (2014; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Bell and Mahoney (2016; new species), culture available for the type: SMH4609 (fide Huhndorf et al. 2004). Helminthosporiella Hern.-Restr., G.A. Sarria & Crous 2016, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. stilbacea (Moreau) Hern.-Restr., G.A. Sarria & Crous, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Colombia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Helminthosporiomyces G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. cerradensis G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helminthosporium Link 1809, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, c. 40 species, type: H. velutinum Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, listed under Massarinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accepte as a genus in Massarinaceae, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Zhu et al. (2016; DNA, new species), cultures and reference specimen available for the type: MFLUCC 15-0243, HKAS 84015 (fide Zhu et al. 2016). Helocarpon Fr. 1860, Helocarpaceae, Lecanoromycetes family incertae sedis, three species; type: H. crassipes Th. Fr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Helochora Sherwood 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. hypertropha Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, UK, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as agenus in Mesnieraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013) Wijayawardene et al. (2014c) did not regard as a Dothideomycetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Helodiomyces F. Picard 1913, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: H. elegans F. Picard, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Helotiella Sacc. 1884, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, ?one species, type: H. citri (Penz.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2008; accepted as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Helotiales, genera incertae sedis), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), needs generic revision. Helvella L. 1753, Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 60 species, type: H. mitra L., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?from soil, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hwang et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Landerosa et al. (2015; phylogeny), Zhao et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Hemibeltrania Piroz. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: H. cinnamomi (Deighton) Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision as have different opinions. Hemicorynespora M.B. Ellis 1972, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: H. deightonii M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whiton et al. (2012; new species), Jian et al (2012; new species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Hemicorynesporella Subram. 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. guadalcanalensis (Matsush.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Guadalcanal, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemidothis Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. miconiae Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemiglossum Pat. 1890, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. yunnanense Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemigrapha (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. ex D. Hawksw. 1975, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eight species, type: H. asteriscus (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. ex D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Parmulariaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemileucoglossum S. Arauzo 2014, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, four species, type: H. littorale (Rostr.) S. Arauzo, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Japan, see Hustud and Miller (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: C: 35673. Hemimyriangium J. Reid & Piroz. 1966, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. betulae J. Reid & Piroz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), the genus was not accepted in Kirk et al. (2013). Hemisphaericaspora Hui, Ren, Chen, Li, Zhang & Niu 2014, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: H. nanyangensis F.L. Hui, Y.C. Ren, L. Chen, Z.H. Li, L. Zhang, Q.H. Niu, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, frass of beetle larvae, South Africa, China, see Hui et al. (2014; taxonomy), sequences are unavailable. Hemisphaeropsis Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. magnoliae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemisynnema Subram. (1995) [1992], Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. malayasianum Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hemithecium Trevis. 1853, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 50 species, type: H. balbisii (Fée) Trevis., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Archer 2009 (key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016; classification), sequences are available. Hendersoniella (Sacc.) Tassi 1900, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. epixyla Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hendersonina E.J. Butler 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. sacchari E.J. Butler, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hendersoniopsis Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. thelebola (Sacc.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hendersonula Speg. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 20, species, type: H. australis Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or plant pathogenic, worlwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hendersonulina Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Henfellra Halici, D. Hawksw., Z. Kocak & M. Kocak. 2016, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. muriformis Halici, D. Hawksw., Z. Kocak & M. Kocak, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotyper of the type: ERC-MGH 1.231. Henicospora P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: H. minor P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Monteiro et al. (2014b; Brazil), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Henningsiella Rehm 1895, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, two species, type: H. quitensis Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Henrica B.de Lesd. 1921, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: H. ramulosa B. de Lesd., lichenized, Europe, North America, see Savić and Tibell (2008b; taxonomy, revision), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Heppia Nägeli 1854, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, seven species, type: H. adglutinata A. Massal., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Heppsora D.D. Awasthi & K.Singh 1977, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: H. indica D.D. Awasthi & Kr.P. Singh, lichenized, India, Middle East, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Heptameria Rehm & Thüm. 1879, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. elegans Rehm & Thüm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014cc; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heracleicola Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. premilcurensis Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, Italy, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures available for type: MFLUCC 14-0518. Herbampulla Scheuer & Nograsek 1993, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. crassirostris Scheuer & Nograsek, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Hercospora Fr. 1825, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. tiliae (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype and ex-type of the type: BPI 748440, AR3526. Hermatomyces Speg. 1911, Lophiotremataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: H. tucumanensis Speg., saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Doilom et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; new species), Tibpromma et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Herpomyces Thaxt. 1902, Herpomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 25 species (est. spp. 25+), type: H. chaetophilus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, dioecious, hosts are Blattodea, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015b; DNA), sequences are available for type: (SSU, ITS, LSU), GenBank accession number for ITS of Herpomyces chaetophilus: KT800039 Herposira Syd. 1938, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. velutina Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Herpothallon Tobler 1937, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 46 species, type: H. sanguineum (Vain.) Tobler, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Herpotrichia Fuckel 1868, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 101 species, type: H. herpotrichoides (Fuckel) P.F.Cannon, asexual morph ceolomycetous, parasitic or saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; 2014; 2016; outline; phylogeny, coelomycetous taxa), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Herreromyces R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. catenosporus R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: INIFAT C91/47, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Exochalara, Chloridium and Monilochaetes, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Herteliana P. James 1980, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: H. taylorii (Salwey) P. James, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Hertelidea Printzen & Kantvilas 2004, Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: H. botryosa (Fr.) Printzen & Kantvilas, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Hertella Henssen 1985, Placynthiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota; three species; type: H. subantarctica Henssen, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Hesperomyces Thaxt. 1891, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eleven species (est. spp. 11+), type: H. virescens Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, hosts are Biphyllidae, Coccinellidae, Mycetophagidae (Coleoptera), and Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015b, 2016; DNA), sequences are available for the type: (SSU, ITS, LSU), GenBank accession numbers for ITS of Hesperomyces virescens: JN127409, KF192910–KF192920, KT800043–KT800048, KU574864 Heterocarpon Müll. Arg. 1885, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: H. ochroleucum (Tuck.) Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Heterocephalum Thaxt. 1903, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. aurantiacum Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Matei and Fendrihan (2008; Antarctica), Puangsombat et al. (2010; Thailand), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Silva et al. (2011; Amazon forest), Cort (2012; distribution), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and Sequences are unavailable, neotype of type: CBS H-15402. Heteroconium Petr. 1949, Dothideomycetes genera incerte sedis, 20 species, type: H. citharexyli Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ruíz et al. (2008; new species), Zhang et al. (2010c; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2012f; new species), Ren et al. (2012b; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Xia et al. (2013b; new species), Lahlali et al. (2014; resistance to clubroot), sequences are available for most of the species. Heterocyphelium Vain. 1927, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: H. leucampyx (Tuck.) Vain., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tibell and Frisch (2010; Africa), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pandit (2015; India), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Heterodermia Trevis. 1868, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 90 species, type: H. speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Heteroepichloë E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Gafur & Tsuda 2002, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: H. bambusae (Pat.) E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Gafur & Tsuda, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available Heteromyces Müll. Arg. 1889, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: H. rubescens Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Heterophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: H. sylvatica (Sacc.) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), neotype and ex-neotype culture of the type: HMAS 246700, CBS 874.97. Heteroplacidium Breuss 1996, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, twelve species, type: H. imbricatum (Nyl.) Breuss, lichenized; see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Heteroseptata E.F. Morris 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. bacillospora E.F. Morris, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heterosphaeria Grev. 1824 (= Heteropatella Fuckel fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Heterosphaeriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: H. patella (Tode) Grev., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature; new combinaion), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heterosphaeriopsis Hafellner 1979, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. fulvodisca (Pat.) Hafellner, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Holotype of type: (FH, Sweden).cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heterosporicola Crous, nom. nov. MycoBank MB821707  Phoma sect. Heterospora Boerema, Gruyter & Noordel., Persoonia 16(3): 336. 1997.  Heterospora (Boerema, Gruyter & Noordel.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Stud. Mycol. 75: 18. 2012 [2013]. nom. illeg., [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 53.1], non Heterospora P. Kuckuck 1895 (Tilopteridaceae) Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobic or pathogenic on stems and leaves of Chenopodium spp., Argentina, Belgium, Peru, The Netherlands, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny). Holotype: Belgium, Beverloo, from leaves of Chenopodium suecicum (album) and Chenopodium urbicum (Chenopodiaceae), no date, G.D. Westendorp, Herb. Crypt. (Ed. Beyaert-Feys), No. 959. BR, holotype of Phyllosticta chenopodii Westend. ex herb. G.D. Westendorp. Epitype (designated by de Gruyter et al. 2012): Netherlands, Baarn, from leaf spots in Chenopodium album, 3 Jul. 1968, H.A. van der Aa, CBS H-16386; culture exepitype, CBS 448.68. Heterosporicola chenopodii (Westend.) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank: MB821708  Phyllosticta chenopodii Westend., Bull. Acad. R. Sci. Belg., Cl. Sci., sér. 2 2(7): 567. 1857.  Heterospora chenopodii (Westend.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Stud. Mycol. 75: 18. 2012 [2013]. ≡ Septoria westendorpii G. Winter, Hedwigia 26: 26. 1887. nom. inval., [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 36.1(b)], ≡ Phoma variospora Aa & Kesteren, Persoonia 10: 268. 1979. nom. illeg., [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 53.1], ≡ Phoma heteromorphospora Aa & Kesteren, Persoonia 10: 542. 1980. Heterosporicola dimorphospora (Speg.) Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank: MB821709  Phyllosticta dimorphospora Speg., Anal. Mus. nac. B. Aires, Ser. 3 13: 334. 1911.  Phoma dimorphospora (Speg.) Aa & Kesteren, Persoonia 10(2): 269. 1979.  Heterospora dimorphospora (Speg.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, Stud. Mycol. 75: 18. 2012 [2013]. = Stagonospora chenopodii Peck, Rep. (Annual) New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 40: 60. 1887. Notes: The genus Heterospora (Boerema, Gruyter & Noordel.) Gruyter, Verkley & Crous 2012 is illegitimate, being a later homonym of the algal genus Heterospora P. Kuckuck 1895. In order to replace this name, the new name Heterosporicola nom. nov. is provided for this genus. Species of the genus are known plant pathogens of Chenopodiaceae in South America and Europe (de Gruyter et al. 2012). Heuflera Bail 1860, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: Heuflera betulae Bail, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Heufleridium Müll. Arg. 1883, Pyrenulales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: H. pentagastricum (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., asexual morphs unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hexacladium D.L. Olivier 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. corynephorum D.L. Olivier, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hexagonella F. Stevens & Guba ex F. Stevens 1925, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, two species, type: H. peleae F. Stevens & Guba ex F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Heydenia Fresen. 1852, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: H. alpina Fresen., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Leuchtmann and Clemencon (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), cultures available for the type: 0732. Heyderia Link 1833, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: H. abietis (Fr.) Link, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hemiphacidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Cenangiaceae), cultures available for the type: KL20. Hidakaea I. Hino & Katum. 1955, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. peleae F. Stevens & Guba ex F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2010; placed in Hypocreales genera incertae cedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, generic revesion is essential as it has different opinions. Hiemsia Svrček 1969, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: H. pseudoampezzana (Svrček) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hilberina Huhndorf & A.N. Mill. 2004, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: H. caudata (Fuckel) Huhndorf & A.N. Mill., asexual morph diplococcium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Declercq (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miller et al. (2014; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Bell and Mahoney (2016; new species), culture available for the type: SMH1542 (fide Miller et al. 2014). Himantormia I.M. Lamb 1964, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: H. lugubris (Hue) I.M. Lamb, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Hinoa Hara & 1. Hino 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. sasae (Hara & I. Hino) Hara & I. Hino, ?coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hippocrepidea Sérus. 1997, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: H. nigra Sérus., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Hirudinaria Ces., 1856, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. mespili Ces., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hispidicarpomyces Nakagiri 1993, Hispidicarpomycetaceae, Spathulosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species (probably more than this), type: H. galaxauricola Nakagiri, spermatiophores or asexual morph hyphomycetous, biotrophic on marine red alga, Japan, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, the family accepted as in Spathulosporales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IFO H-12135 and paratype IFO H-12136, needs generic revision since have different opinions. Hispidoconidioma Tsuneda & M.L. Davey 2010, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. alpinum Tsuneda & M.L. Davey, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Tsuneda et al. (2010; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: UAMH 11010, L2-2. Histeridomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type: H. ramosus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Histoplasma Darling 1906, Ajellomycetaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, seven species, type: H. capsulatum Darling, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on humans and animals, bat guano, terrestrial, Africa, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Hobsoniopsis D. Hawksw. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. santessoniii (Lowen & D. Hawksw., sexual morphs unknown, lichenicolous, Europe, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: UPS. Hoehneliella Bres. & Sacc. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. perplexa Bres. & Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hoffmannoscypha Stielow, Göker & Klenk 2012 [2013], Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: H. pellita (Sacc.) Stielow, Göker & Klenk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Stielow et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), epitype of the type: M-0156529 (holotype of Peziza pellita), cultures and sequences are available. Holmiella Petrini, Samuels & E. Müll. 1979, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. sabina (De Not.) Petrini, Samuels & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Holocryphia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. eucalypti (M. Venter & M.J. Wingf.) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chen et al. (2013b; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: PREM 56211, cultures and sequences are available. Holubovaea Mercado 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. roystoneicola Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Holwaya Sacc. 1889 (= Crinula Fr. 1821 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: H. ophiobolus (Ellis) Sacc., asexual morph Crinula, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), living cultures and sequences are available for sexual morph (fide Wang et al. 2006). Homaromyces R.K. Benj. 1955, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: H. epieri R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Homortomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2012, Homortomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, type: H. combreti Crous & M.J. Wingf., two species, saprobes, South Africa, Italy, see Crous et al. (2012b; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; morphology, phylogeny), ex-epitype strains of type: CPC 19800; epitype CBS H-21049. Homostegia Fuckel 1870 [1869-70], Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, five species, type: H. adusta Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Homothecium A. Massal. 1853, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: H. opulentum (Mont.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekman et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Hongkongmyces C.C.C. Tsang, J.F.W. Chan, N.J. Trendell-Sm., A.H.Y. Ngan, I.W.H. Ling, K.Y. Yuen, S.K.P. Lau & P.C.Y. Wood 2014, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. pedis C.C.C. Tsang et al., asexual morph unknown, human pathogen, Hong Kong, see Tsang et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of the HKU35. Hoornsmania Crous 2007, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. pyrina Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, hyperparasitic on Neonectria ditissima, terrestrial, France, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-19769, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hormiactis Preuss 1851, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: H. alba Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Sri Lanka, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormiokrypsis Bat. & Nascim. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. libocedri Bat. & Nascim., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, sooty mould on plants, terrestrial, Australasia, North America, Oceania, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Metacapnodiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Metacapnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormiscioideus M. Blackw. & Kimbr. 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. filamentosus M. Blackw. & Kimbr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on isects, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormisciomyces Bat. & Nascim. 1957, Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eight species, type: H. prepusus Bat. & Nascim., sooty mould, terrestrial, Australasia, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hormocephalum Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: H. ecuadorense Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Sri Lanka, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormocladium Höhn. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. ecuadorense Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormoconis Arx & G.A. de Vries 1973, Amorphothecaceae, Leotiomycetes, families incertae sedis, two species, type: H. resinae (Lindau) Arx & G.A. de Vries, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes on resins, hydrocarbons, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Hormographis Guarro, Punsola & Arx 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. ramirezii Guarro, Punsola & Arx, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hormonema Lagerb. & Melin 1927, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: Hormonema dematioides Lagerb. & Melin, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Crous et al. (2015d; new species, DNA), ?polyphyletic, needs generic revision and epitypification. Hormosphaeria Lév. 1863, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: H. tessellata Lév., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Hortaea Nishim. & Miyaji 1984, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. werneckii (Horta) Nishim. & Miyaji, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teratosphaeriaceae), Egidi et al. (2014; phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 117931= TRN122 (fide Egidi et al. 2014). Hosseusia Gyeln. 1940, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: H. gertrudiana Gyeln., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Houjia G.Y. Sun & Crous 2010, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, USA, China, see Yang et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strains of the type: CBS H-20325, CPC 16114. Huangshania O.E. Erikss. 1992, Triblidiaceae, Triblidiales, Leotomycetes, two species, type: H. verrucosa O.E. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Huea C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker 1938, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: H. flava C.W. Dodge & G.E. Baker, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Teloschistaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Hueidea Kantvilas & P.M. McCarthy 2003, Fuscideaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: H. australiensis Kantvilas & P.M. McCarthy, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Hughesinia J.C. Lindq. & Gamundí 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. chusqueae J.C. Lindq. & Gamundí, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Chile, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Humaria Fuckel 1870, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 16 species, type: H. hemisphaerica (F.H. Wigg.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Palmer et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaitnieks et al. (2016; DNA), Klavina et al. (2016; DNA, mycorrhization), cultures and sequences are available. Humicola Traaen 1914, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. fuscoatra Traaen, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Jiang and Zhang (2010; new species, China), Ko et al. (2011; new species), Wu and Zhang (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Geng and Zhang (2014; new species), Zhang and Zhang (2014; new species, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: NRRL 22980, DAOM 35882. Humicolopsis Cabral & S. Marchand 1976, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. cephalosporioides Cabral & Marchand, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Huneckia S.Y. Kondr., Elix, Kärnefelt, A. Thell & Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: H. pollinii (A. Massal.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014a; txonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Huntiella Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: H. moniliformis (Hedgc.) Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see De Beer et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; phylogeny, outline), sequences are available. Hyalacrotes (Korf & L.M. Kohn) Raitv. 1991, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: H. laricionis (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hyalobelemnospora Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. amazonica Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Peru, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalocamposporium Révay & J. Gönczöl 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: H. longiflagellatum Révay & J. Gönczöl, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: BP 98968, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalocephalotrichum Nagaraju, Kunwar, Sureshk. & Manohar. 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Hyalocephalotrichum indicum Nagaraju, Kunwar, Sureshk. & Manohar., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see holotype of the type: HCIO 50144, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalocladium Moustafa 1977 [1976], Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. moubasheri Moustafa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Kuwait, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalocrea Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, four species, type: H. epimyces Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalocylindrophora J.L. Crane & Dumont 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: H. rosea (Petch) Réblová & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on cheese and fungi, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Reblova et al. (2011; reinstated the genus), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, treated as a genus in Australiascaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalodendriella Crous 2007, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. betulae Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strains of the type: CBS-H 19895, CBS 261.82. Hyaloderma Speg. 1884, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. imperspicuum Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalodermella Speg. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. gardeniae (Keissl.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalodictyum Woron. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. colchicum Woron., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalohelicomina T. Yokoy. 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. deutziae (T. Yokoy.) T. Yokoy., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalomeliolina F. Stevens 1924, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, two species, type: H. guianensis F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, central and south America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hyalopeziza Fuckel 1870, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: H. patula (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph phialophora-like, saprobes, ?lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Huhtinen et al. (2008; new species, Alaska), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Hyalopleiochaeta R.F. Castañeda, Guarro & Cano 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. delicata R.F. Castañeda, Guarro & Cano, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: INIFAT C94/140, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Camposporium. Hyalorbilia Baral & G. Marson 2001, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, 13 species, type: H. berberidis (Velen.) Baral, asexual morph ?hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Hyalorhinocladiella H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr. 1975, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. minuta-bicolor (R.W. Davidson) H.P. Upadhyay & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, saprobes, worldwide, see Lu et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Hyalorostratum Raja & Shearer 2010, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. brunneisporum Raja & Shearer, freshwater, Alaska and New Hampshire see Raja et al. (2010a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: A573-1 ILL 40792. Hyaloscolecostroma Bat. & J. Oliveira 1967, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. rondoniense Bat. & J. Oliveira, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; outline, genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), culture and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyaloscypha Boud. 1885 (= Eupezizella Höhn. 1926; = Meliniomyces Hambl. & Sigler 2005; = Orbiliopsis Höhn. 1926; = Parorbiliopsis Spooner & Dennis 1986 [1985]; = Pseudaegerita J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1981; = Truncicola Velen. 1934 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 45 species, type: H. vitreola (P. Karst.) Boud., asexual morph hyphomycetous in H. albohyalina var. spiralis and H. albohyalina var. monodictys, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Baral et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type: M220 (fide Baral et al. 2009). Hyaloseta A.W. Ramaley 2001, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. nolinae A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type culture for the type: CBS 109837 (fide Lombard et al. 2015). Hyalosphaera F. Stevens 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: H. miconiae F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North and Central America, see Alves et al. (2010; new species, Costa Rica), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for unidentified Hyalosphaera species, needs generic revision. Hyalosynnema Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. multiseptatum Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Taiwan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalotheles Speg. 1908, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. dimerosperma Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Alves et al. (2010; new species, Costa Rica), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Elsinoaceae), Li et al. (2011; excluded from Elsinoaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for unidentified Hyalosphaera species, needs generic revision. Hyalothyridium Tassi 1900, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. viburnicola Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyalotiella Papendorf 1967, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: H. transvalensis Papendorf, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2015d; new species); Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), sequence data and cultures available but lacks for the type:, needs generic revision. Hyalotiopsis Punith. 1970 (= Ellurema Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. subramanianii (Agnihothr. & Luke) Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Ellurema, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hydea K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2010, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. pygmea (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, pantropical, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Hydnobolites Tul. & C. Tul. 1843, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: H. cerebriformis Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Healy et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type: PA9 (fide Kalvina et al. 2016). Hydnocystis Tul. & C. Tul. 1845, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: H. arenaria Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, Japan, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished) but lacks for the type. Hydnotrya Berk. & Broome 1846, Discinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 15 species, type: H. tulasnei (Berk.) Berk. & Broome, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stielow et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny, new species), Methven et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: BB70 (766) (fide Stielow et al. 2010). Hydnotryopsis Gilkey 1916, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: H. setchellii Gilkey, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, North America, see Brock et al. (2009; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stielow et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: RBG Kew K(M)99871. Hydraeomyces Thaxt. 1896, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: H. halipli (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hydrocina Scheuer 1991, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. chaetocladia Scheuer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Baschien et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for the type: HME4375 (fide Wang et al. 2005), CCM F-10890 (fide Baschien et al. 2013). Hydromelitis A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., C. Sarmiento & Shearer 2012, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, one species, H. pulchella A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., Sarmiento & Shearer, freshwater, submerged substrates, Costa Rica, see Ferrer et al. (2012; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: AF284-2, ILL 40117. Hydrometrospora J. Gönczöl & Révay 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. symmetrica J. Gönczöl & Révay, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hungary, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype and cultures of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hydronectria Kirschst. 1925, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. kriegeriana Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, algicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, cultures and sequences of type species are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hydrophilomyces Thaxt. 1908, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, twelve species, type: H. rhynchophorus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hydropisphaera Dumort. 1822, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: H. peziza (Tode) Dumort., asexual morph unkniwn, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, Farr and Platas (2008; new species), Lechat et al. (2010; asexual morph), Luo and Zhuang (2010; new species), Zeng and Zhuang (2016; new species), Cultures and sequences are available. Hydropunctaria C. Keller, Gueidan & Thüs 2009, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: H. maura (Wahlenb.) C. Keller, Gueidan & Thüs, marine, lichenized, Asia, Europe, Australia, South America, see Gueidan et al. (2009; description, phylogeny), Roux et al. (2011; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, but not from type material. Hymenelia Kremp. 1852, Hymeneliaceae, Hymeneliales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: H. prevostii (Duby) Kremp., lichenized, worldwide, see Wirth et al. (2011; Germany), Himelbrant et al. (2013; Russia), Aptroot and Moon (2014; Korea), Kantvilas (2014b; new species), Hansen (2015; Greenland), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), Cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species. Hymenella Fr. 1822, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: H. arundinis Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype or ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hymeniopeltis Bat. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: H. erythroxyli Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hymenobia Nyl. 1854, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. insidiosa Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype or ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hymenobolus Durieu & Mont. 1845, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: H. agaves Durieu & Mont., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hymenopsis Sacc. 1886, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 13 species, type: H. trochiloides (Sacc.) Sacc., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schmidt et al. (2010a; extrolites), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hymenoscyphus Gray 1821, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 170 species, type: H. fructigenus (Bull.) Gray, asexual morph ?hyphomycetous, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Queloz et al. (2011; cryptic species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Baral et al. (2014; nomenclature), Gross et al. (2014; pathogens), Zheng and Zhuang (2014; new species, China), cultures and sequences are available. Hymenotorrendiella P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán 2014, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: H. eucalypti (Berk.) P.R. Johnst., Baral & R. Galán, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Johnston et al. (2014a; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Hyperdermium J.F. White, R.F. Sullivan, Bills & Hywel-Jones 2000, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: H. caulium (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, asexual morph unknown, pathogens or saprobes, terrestrial, Central and South America, see Chaverri et al. (2008; recombined), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: K(M) 120327 (as Corticium caulium Berk. & M.A. Curtis). Hyperphyscia Müll. Arg. 1894, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: H. synthalea (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., lichenized, worldwide, see Charak et al. (2009; effect of coal mines), Kinalioglu (2010; Turkey), Esslinger et al. (2012; new species), Estrabou et al. (2014; Argentina), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available. Hyphochlaena Cif. 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. caespitosa Cif., sterile mycelium, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyphoconis Egidi & Quaedvlieg 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae saedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. sterilis Egidi & Quaedvlieg, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 118321 = TRN278. Hyphodiscosia Lodha & K.R.C. Reddy 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: H. jaipurensis Lodha & K.R.C. Reddy, hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogen, terrestrial, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, India, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, Holotype and ex-type of type species RUBL 730, needs generic revision. Hyphodiscosioides Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. tambopataensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Peru, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype and ex-type of type species MFC 1P-449,?, needs generic revision. Hyphodiscus Kirschst. 1907 (= Catenulifera Hosoya 2002 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: H. gregarius Kirschst., asexual morph Catenulifera (hyphomycetous), saprobes, North temperate, see Huhtinen et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hosoya et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny, new species), Pärtel and Põldmaa (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature; new combinations), Cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, Holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Hyphopeziza J.G. Han, Hosoya & H.D. Shin 2014, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. pygmaea (Mouton) J.G. Han, Hosoya & H.D. Shin, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Han et al. (2014; taxonomy), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype and available cultures of the type species Mouton 473 (BR), KUS F51564. Hyphopichia von Arx & van der Walt 1976, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, nine species, type: H. burtonii (Boidin, Pignal, Lehodey, Vey & Abadie) von Arx & van der Walt, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, on pollen, alfalfa silage, grain, various fruits, human skin, sputum, decaying insect infested wood, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Hyphopolynema Nag Raj 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: H. tropicale Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, India, USA, UK, see Pinho et al. (2010; morphology, new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hyphoscypha Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. loricata Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyphosoma Syd. 1924, Metacapnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. hypoxyloides Syd., see Kirk et al. (2008; nom. conf.), needs generic revision. Hyphostereum Pat. 1892, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. pendulum Pat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hyphothyrium B. Sutton & Pascoe 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. pallidum B. Sutton & Pascoe, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hypobryon Döbbeler 1983, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: H. poeltii (Döbbeler) Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, on hepatics, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypocenomyce M.Choisy 1951, Ophioparmaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: H. scalaris (Ach. ex Lilj.) M. Choisy, lichenized, worldwide, see Romanova (2009; Novosibirsk), Björk (2010; USA), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013, phylogeny, taxonomy), Stepanchikova et al. (2013; Russia), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; Poland), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and extype of type species unavailable. Hypocline Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. penniseti Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Dominican Republic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypocopra (Fr.) J. Kickx f. 1867 (=Coprolepa Fuckel 1870 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 35 species, type: H. merdaria (Fr.) J.J. Kickx, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, mainly coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jayanetti et al. (2014; applications), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Hypocrella Sacc. 1878 (= Aschersonia Mont. fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Rossman et al. 2016a), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 43 species, type: H. discoidea (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., asexual morph Aschersonia, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), Cultures and sequences are available. Hypocreodendron Henn. 1897 (=Discoxylaria J.C. Lindq. & J.E. Wright 1964 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. sanguineum Henn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Discoxylaria, saprobes, Argentina, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Daranagama et al. (2017; morphology, taxonomy, key, sexual-asexual link), sequence data available for one species D. myrmecophila. Hypocreopsis P. Karst. 1873, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: H. lichenoides, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes and/or pathogens, terrestrial, Atlantic coast of Europe, Eastern USA, South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outlineStasiska (2011; Poland), Grundy et al. (2012; molecular analysis), ), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Hypoderma De Not. 1847, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. rubi (Pers.) DC., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantieri et al. (2011; phylogeny, new species), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Wang et al. (2013d; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are available, lectotype ‘Hb. Pers. mis Chaill. Hypodermella Tubeuf 1895, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: H. laricis Tubeuf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypodermellina Höhn. 1917, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: H. ruborum Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypodermina Höhn. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. nervisequa (Link) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypoflavia Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: H. velloziae (Kalb) Marbach, lichenized, Brazil, Thailand, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hypogloeum Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. euonymi Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. 1896, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 90 species, type: H. physodes (L.) Nyl., lichenized, worldwide, see Hauck (2008; metal homeostatis), McCune (2008; new species), Ranković et al. (2008; antimicrobial activity), McCune and Schoch (2009; new species), Solhaug et al. (2009; morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wei et al. (2010; new species), McCune (2011; new species), Miądlikowska et al. (2011, phylogeny), Balabanova et al. (2012; biomonitoring), Goward et al. (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available. Holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Hypohelion P.R. Johnst. 1990 (= Leptostroma Fr. 1815 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: H. scirpinum (DC.) P.R. Johnst., asexual morph Leptostroma, saprobes, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wang et al. (2014b; DNA, phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: Lantz 394 (UPS) (fide Lantz et al. 2011), Holotype and ex-type of type species unknown. Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. 1870 (= Cladobotryum Nees 1816; = Sepedonium Link 1809; = Stephanoma Wallr. 1833 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, more than 150 species, type: H. lactifluorum, asexual morph hyphomycetous, fungicolous, worldwide, see Jaklitsch et al (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Põldmaa (2011; new species, red pigment), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology of asexual morphs), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Gea et al. (2016; pathogenicicity of Cladobotryum), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, nomenclature), sequence data available, holotype of type: CBS H-19806 (as Sphaeria lactifluorum Schw., Syn. Fung. 1190-44 Herb.), ex-type strains are unavailable for type species. Hyponectria Sacc. 1878, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: H. buxi (DC.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), DNA sequences and cultures available (fide Winka and Eriksson 2000), type specimen of type: CBS H-4954. Hypophloeda K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: H. rhizospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine, mangrove roots, Brunei, Seychelles, see Jones et al. (2009b; key, description), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hypospilina (Sacc.) Traverso 1913, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: H. bifrons (DC.) Traverso, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hypotarzetta Donadini 1985, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: H. insignis (Berthet & Riousset) Donadini, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Hypotrachyna (Vain.) Hale 1974, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 260 species, type: H. brasiliana (Nyl.) Hale, lichenized, worldwide, see Sipman et al. (2009; review), Yánez-Ayabaca and Eliasaro (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Flakus et al. (2012; new species), Divakar et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available. Hypotrachynicola Etayo 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. rubra Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: COL Etayo 16515. Hypoxylon Bull. 1791 (= Nodulisporium Preuss 1849 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; see Wendt et al. 2017 for synonyms), Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 140 species, type: H. fragiforme (Pers.) J. Kickx f., asexual morph formerly known in Nodulisporium, terrestrial, saprobes, mainly coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wendt et al. (2017; phylogeny, resurrected Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision as the genus comprises more than 1000 species epithets (Index Fungorum 2017). Hypsostroma Huhndorf 1992, Hypsostromataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. saxicola Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2009a; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Hypsostromataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: SMH 5005, holotype of type species NY, Harris 26462, needs generic revision. Hysteridium P. Karst. 1905, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. phragmitis P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysterium Pers. 1791, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, 14 species, type: H. pulicare (Lightf.: Fr.) Pers., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b, overview of genus), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type species CBS 123377, holotype of type: CBS H-5484. Hysterobrevium E. Boehm & C.L. Schoch 2010, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: H. mori (Schwein.) E.W.A. Boehm & C.L. Schoch, asexual morph coelomycetous (aposphaeria-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; overview), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: BPI878733, CBS 123336. Hysterocarina H. Zogg 1949, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. paulistae H. Zogg, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysterodifractum D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill. 2014, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, one specie, type: H. partisporum D.A.C. Almeida, Gusmão & A.N. Mill, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Almeida et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: HUEFS:42865 Hysterodiscula Petr. 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: H. kalmiae Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysteroglonium Rehm ex Lindau 1896, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: H. ovatum (Cooke) Lindau, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysterographium Corda 1842, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: H. elongatum (Wahlenb.) Corda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2009b; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; key to distinguish from other hysteriaceous genera), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Logesh et al. (2013; new species, India), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Hysteronaevia Nannf. 1984, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: H. holoschoeni (De Not.) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hysteropatella Rehm 1890, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: H. prostii (Duby) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Boehm et al. (2009a; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as genus in Hysteriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Hysteriaceae, Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as agenus in Patellariaceae), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species H.B. 9934b Hysteropeltella Petr. 1923, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: H. moravica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Ariyawansa et al. (2013c; trasferred to Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysteropezizella Höhn. 1917, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: H. subvelata (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hysteropsis Rehm 1887, Dothideomycetes genera incertae saedis, four species, type: H. culmigena Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hysteropycnis Hilitzer 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysterostegiella Höhn. 1917, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: H. fenestrata (Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Hysterostomella Speg. 1885, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 40 species, type: H. guaranitica Speg., asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable. Hyweljonesia R.G. Shivas, Y.P. Tan, Marney & Abell 2016, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: H. queenslandica R.G. Shivas, Y.P. Tan, Marney & Abell, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: BRIP 61322b. Ialomitzia Gruia 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. cavernicola Gruia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Icmadophila Trevis. [nom. cons.] 1852, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: I. aeruginosa (Scop.) Trevis., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available. Idiocercus B. Sutton 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: I. pirozynskii B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 107154a. Idiomyces Thaxt. 1893, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: I. peyritschii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Idriella P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh. 1956, Microdochiaceae, Xylariles, Sordariomycetes, c. 30 species, type: I. lunata P.E. Nelson & S. Wilh., hyphomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, in soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Idriellopsis Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, Xylariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. uncinospora (R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Igneocumulus A.W. Ramaley 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: I. yuccae A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph hyphomycetous (lecythophora-like), saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species UC 1713843, needs generic revision. Ijuhya Starbäck 1899, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: I. vitrea Starbäck, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lechat and Courtecuisse (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lechat and Fournier (2017; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Illosporiopsis D. Hawksw. 2001, Incertae sedis, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. christiansenii (B.L. Brady & D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, Europe, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 226836. Illosporium Mart. 1817, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type: I. carneum Fr., asexual morph hyphomycetous, lichenicolous, USA and Europe, see Pindi (2012; marine), Kossowska and Szczepańska (2013; Poland), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Cultures and sequences are available. Ilyomyces F. Picard 1917, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: I. mairei F. Picard, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 22 species, type: I. destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous, root pathogenic or saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Chaverri et al. (2011; phylogeny), Cabral et al. (2012; new species), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, Ex-type of type species CBS 264.65. Ilytheomyces Thaxt. 1917, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 15 species, type: I. elegans Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Imaia Trappe & Kovács 2008, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: I. gigantea (S. Imai) Trappe & Kovács, asexual morph unknown, ectomycorrhizal, saprobes, terrestrial, North American, East Asia, see Kovács et al. (2008; DNA, taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, Holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Imazekia Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe 1992, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: I. ryukyuensis Tak. Kobay. & Y. Kawabe, asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable Holotype of type species TFM, FPH-7163. Imicles Shoemaker & Hambl. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: I. leptospora (Sacc. & Roum.) Shoemaker & Hambl., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Sporidesmium, needs generic revision. Immersaria Rambold & Pietschm. 1989, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species; type: I. athroocarpa (Ach.) Rambold & Pietschm., lichenized, Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Valadbeigi et al. (2011b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pandit (2014; India), Gasparyan et al. (2016; Armenia), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available. Immersidiscosia Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya 2011, Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. eucalypti (Pat.) Kaz. Tanaka, Okane & Hosoya, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, Japan, Tunisia, see Tanaka et al. (2011a; morphology, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type species in FH, ex-type strain unavailable. Immersiella A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf 2004, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: I. immersa (P. Karst.) A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type species SMH2589, SMH4104, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Immersiporthe S.F. Chen, M.J. Wingf. & Jol. Roux [2012] 2013, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. knoxdaviesiana S.F. Chen, M.J. Wingf. & Jol. Roux, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Chen et al. (2013e; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and the ex-type of type: PREM 60738, CMW37314 = CBS132862. Immersisphaeria Jaklitsch 2007, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. eichleriana (Bres.) Jaklitsch, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Daranagama et al. (2016b; accepted in Xylariales), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Immotthia M.E. Barr 1987, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. hypoxylon (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr, asexual morph coniothyrium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Immotthia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Imshaugia F.C. Mey. 1985, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: I. aleurites (Ach.) S.L.F. Mey., lichenized, boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and from cool-montane regions in the Southern Hemisphere, see Hauck et al. (2009; acid tolerance), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thell et al. (2012; description, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kharpukhaeva and Mukhortova (2016; Baikal), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Inaequalispora L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. prestonii (M.C. Tulloch) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from forest soil, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: CBS H-7392, CBS 175.73. Incertomyces Egidi & Zucconi 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: I. perditus Egidi & Zucconi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown rockinhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 136105 = CCFEE 5385. Incrucipulum Baral 1985, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: I. ciliare (Schrad.) Baral, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Hosoya et al. (2010; new species, Japan, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Incrupila Raitv. 1970, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: I. aspidii (Lib.) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Induratia Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrini 1987, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. apiospora Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrini, asexual morph nodulosporium-like, saprobes, New Zeland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Daranagama et al. (2017; morphology, taxonomy, key), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Inesiosporium R.F. Castañeda & W. Gams 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: I. longispirale (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; valid genus), Argôlo Magalhães et al. (2014; Bahia), Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2016a; distribution), compare with Ceratophorum and Zalerion, Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species INIFAT C84/107. Inflatispora Yin. Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde 2011, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: I. pseudostromatica Ying Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France and Thailand, see Zhang et al. (2011e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Tibpromma et al. (2017b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: IFRD 8989, CBS 123110. Infundibulomyces Plaingam, Somrith. & E.B.G. Jones 2003, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: I. cupulata Plaingam, Somrith. & E.B.G. Jones, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype of the type: SFC 1615, BCC 13400. Infundichalara Réblová & W. Gams 2011, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: I. microchona (W. Gams) Réblová & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, Czech Republic, see Réblová and Gams (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Koukol (2012; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of the type: CBS-H 19895, CBS 261.82. Ingaderia Darb. 1897, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: I. pulcherrima Darb., lichenized, Chile, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Notov (2014; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ingvariella Guderely & Lumbsch 1997, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: I. bispora (Bagl.) Guderley & Lumbsch, lichenized, arid and semi-arid area, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Fernández-Brime et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Inifatiella R.F. Castañeda, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. nectandrae R.F. Castañeda, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Inocyclus Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eight species, type: I. psychotriae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, pathogens, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, placed in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; review, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available. Inoderma (Ach.) Gray 1821, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: I. byssaceum (Weigel) Gray, lichenized, temperate Europe, North America, Eastern Siberia, Japan, and eastern Africa (Uganda), see Frisch et al. (2015; phylogeny, key, description), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), sequences are available. Intercalarispora J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species (probably more described as synasexual morphs of Helicoma, Monodictys or Xenosporium), type: I. nigra J.L. Crane & Schokn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown (probably Tubeufia), saprobes, on rotten submerged wood, America and Africa, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ILLS 43047. Intralichen D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: I. christiansenii (D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. & M.S. Cole, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, North Temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Involucropyrenium Breuss 1996, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, nine species, type: I. waltheri (Kremp.) Breuss, lichenized, Europe, North America, Asia, see Sun et al. (2008; China), Prieto et al. (2010a; key, description), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Breuss (2016; nomenclature), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Involucroscypha Raitv. 2002, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: I. involucrata (B. Erikss.) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species TAA165831, needs generic revision. Iodophanus Korf 1967, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 16 species, type: I. carneus (Pers.) Korf, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schmitt et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, type material of type species CBS H-6320. Iodosphaeria Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrini 1987, Iodosphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: I. phyllophila (Mouton) Samuels, E. Müll. & Petrini, asexual morph hyphomycetous (selenosporella-like and ceratosporium-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: PDD 47872. Iodowynnea Medel, Guzmán & S. Chacón 1996, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: I. auriformis (Pat. ex Le Gal) Medel, Guzmán & S. Chacón, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schmitt et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Ionaspis Th.Fr. 1871, Hymeneliaceae, Hymeneliales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: I. chrysophana (Körb.) Th. Fr., lichenized, worldwide, see Kınalıoğlu (2010; Turkey), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Ionophragmium Peres 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. notatum Peres & L. Xavier, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, compare with Asterostomella, holotype of type: IMUR 20676, needs generic revision. Ioplaca Poelt 1977, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: I. sphalera Poelt, lichenized, Himalayas, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); cultures and sequences are available. Iraniella Petr. 1949, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. rechingeri Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Irenopsis F. Stevens 1927, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, 75 species, type: I. tortuosa (G. Winter) F. Stevens, asexual morph produced from the hyphae, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2010b; new species, India), Hosagoudar and Sabeena (2010; new species, India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pinho et al. (2013; new species, Brazil, DNA, phylogeny), Hosagoudar et al. (2014; new species, Andaman Islands), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; new species, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rodríguez et al. (2015; new species), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Iridinea Velen. 1934, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, data inadequate, needs generic revision. Irpicomyces Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: I. schiffnerulae Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on leaves or twigs, Malaysia and Japan, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species IMI 54929b. Irydyonia Racib. 1900, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: I. filicis Racib., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Isalonactis Ertz, Tehler, Eb. Fisch., Killmann, Razafin. & Sérus. 2014, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: I. madagascariensis Ertz, Tehler, Eb. Fisch., Killmann, Razafin. & Sérus., sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, Madagascar, see Ertz et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, lectotype and ex-type strain of type: Ertz 13024. Isaria Pers. 1794 (= Alphitomyces Reissek 1856; = Amphichorda Fr. 1825; = Coremiopsis Sizova & Suprun 1957; = Beejasamuha Subram. & Chandrash. 1977), Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 13 species, type: I. farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr., hyphomycetous, entomogenous, worldwide, see Jiang et al. (2008; metabolite properties), Meyer et al. (2008; Florida), Zimmermann (2008; biology, ecology), Avery et al. (2009; in vitro infection), Ali et al. (2010; enzyme evaluation), Kim et al. (2010; thermotolerance), Ma et al. (2010; extrolites), Hoy et al. (2010; Diaphorina citri control), Asai et al. (2011; Tenuipyrone ), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-type of type: CBS-H6586, CBS 111113. Isariella Henn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: I. auerswaldiae Henn., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Dominican Replublic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Atractilina, sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species SF40445, needs generic revision. Ischnostroma Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. merrillii Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Trachythyriolum, sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Isia D. Hawksw. & Manohar. 1978, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: I. neocaledoniensis (C. Moreau) D. Hawksw. & Manohar, on plant material, Asia and Pacific, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Isomunkia Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. pulvinula (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Isothea Fr. 1849, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: I. rhytismoides (Bab.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), DNA sequences are unavailable. Isthmoconidium Etayo & Berger 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. bacidiicola Etayo & F. Berger, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Bacidia, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Etayo and Berger (2013; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species LI, F. Berger 22323 & S. La Greca. Isthmolongispora Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: I. intermedia Matsush., hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic and terrestrial, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Portugal, Scotland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Venezuela and West Indies, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Isthmophragmospora and Wiesneriomyces, cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: MFC-3052, needs generic revision. Isthmophragmospora Kuthub. & Nawawi 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: I. verruculosa Kuthub. & Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on submerged rotten angiosperms twigs, on submerged decaying leaves in a black water stream, Malaysia and Brazil, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Monteiro et al. (2014b; new species), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 344358. Isthmospora F. Stevens 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: I. spinosa F. Stevens, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Isthmosporella Shearer & J.L. Crane 1999, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: I. pulchra Shearer & J.L. Crane, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, placed in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Zhang et al. (2012e; placed in Pleosporales), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; excluded from Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ILLS 53086, needs generic revision. Isthmotricladia Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: I. laeensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic and terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Articulospora, holotype of type: MFC-2803, cultures are available, needs generic revision. Ityorhoptrum P.M. Kirk 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: I. verruculosum (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Mel’nik et al. (2014; key species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ivanpisutia S.Y. Kondr., L. Lokös & Hur 2015, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: I. oxneri S.Y. Kondr., Lőkös & Hur, lichenized, Russia, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015e; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: KoLRI 020233. Iwilsoniella E.B.G. Jones 1991, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: I. rotunda E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine on wood, Great Britain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline),Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species IMI 271838. Iyengarina Subram. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: I. elegans Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, India, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: MUBL 2015 (Madras, India) (?IMI 113126) Jackrogersella L. Wendt, Kuhnert & M. Stadler 2017, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: J. multiformis (Fr. . Fr.) L. Wendt, Kuhnert & M. Stadler, four species, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Wendt et al. (2017; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Jacobsonia Boedijn 1935, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: J. glauca Boedijn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sumatra, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Jaffuela Speg. 1921, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: J. chilensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; transferred to Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Jafnea Korf 1960, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: J. fusicarpa (W.R. Gerard) Korf, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, Australia, Tasmania, see Antonín and Moravec (2010; Czech Republic), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gates and van Vooren (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Jahniella Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: J. bohemica Petr., coelomycetous, saprobe, pathogen, terrestrial, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Septoria, sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 204129, needs generic revision. Jahnula Kirschst. 1936, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: J. aquatica (Plöttner & Kirschst.) Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Raja et al. (2008a; new species), Sivichai and Boonyuen (2010; new species), Sivichai et al. (2011; asexual morph), Jones et al. (2012; phylogeny), Fournier et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available, GenBank Number: NR_120015 (Jahnula bipileata), holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Jalapriya D'souza, Su, Luo & K.D. Hyde 2016, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: J. pulchra D'souza, Su, Luo & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Jamesiella Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda 2005, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: J. anastomosans (P. James & Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda, lichenized, cosmopolitan, see Hauck (2009, Europe), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Motiejūnaitė (2011; Lithuania), Khodosovtsev et al. (2013; Ukaraine), Yatsyna and Motiejūnaitė (2015; Belarus), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable. Janannfeldtia Subram. & Sekar 1993, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: J. karwarensis Subram. & Sekar, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable, isotype of the type: IMI 324682. Janetia M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 22 species, type: J. euphorbiae M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwild, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Silva et al. (2016; morphology and phylogeny), compare with Sporidesmium and Stanjehughesia, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of type: IMI 163941, needs generic revision. Japewia Tønsberg 1990, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: J. tornoënsis (Nyl.) Tønsberg, lichenized, cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, see Czarnota (2009; Carpathians), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kantvilas (2011; Australia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Allen and Lendemer (2015; key), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Japewiella Printzen 1999, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: J. carrollii (Coppins & P. James) Printzen, lichenized, humid temperate and subtropical regions, see Giordani and Incerti (2008; climate effects), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kantvilas (2011; Australia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Allen and Lendemer (2015; new species, key), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Jarmania Kantvilas 1996, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: J. tristis Kantvilas, lichenized, Australia, New Zealand, Kerguelen Islands, see Kantvilas (2008; Australia), Øvstedal and Gremmen (2009; Kerguelen Islands), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ludwig and kantvilas (2015; New Zealand), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Jarxia D. Hawksw. 1989, Naetrocymbaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: J. thelenula (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw., on twigs, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Naetrocymbaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species G. Jasonhuria S.Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös & S.O. Oh 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: J. bogilana (Y. Joshi & Hur) S.Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & S.O. Oh, lichenized, South Korea, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015h; genera proposed), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species KoLRI, Hur 041679. Jattaea Berl. 1900, Calosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: J. algeriensis Berl., asexual morph hyphomycetous (phialophora-like), from living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Réblová et al. (2011; taxonomy, revision, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2015b; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available; GenBank Number: NR_135946, verified culture for type species STE-U 6201 (fide Damm et al. 2008). Javaria Boise 1984, Astrosphaeriellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: J. samuelsii Boise, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2015b; phylogeny), sequences are unvailable, needs generic revision. Javonarxia Subram. ex Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: J. triseptata Subram. ex Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on twigs, Malaysia, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: MUBL 3124. Jayarambhatia J. Pratibha 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: J. mangrovei J. Pratibha, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Pratibha (2013; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HCIO 51502. Jenmania W.Wächt. 1897, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, two species, type: J. goebelii W. Wächt., lichenized, British Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unknown. Jerainum Nawawi & Kuthub. 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: J. triquetrum Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on submerged rotten twigs, Malaysia, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species KLU 300009. Jobellisia M.E. Barr 1993, Jobellisiaceae, Jobellisiales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: J. luteola (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, fresh water, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Untereiner et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, GenBank Number: NR_138381 (Jobellisia guangdongensis), holotype of the type: J.P. Morgan 1109. Joergensenia Passo, Stenroos & Calvelo 2008, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: J. cephalodina (Zahlbr.) Passo, S. Stenroos & Calvelo, lichenized, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: UPS L-78746. Johansonia Sacc. 1889, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, c.12 species, type: J. setosa (G. Winter) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread (tropical), see Crous et al. (2010a; phylogeny), Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Johnalcornia Y.P. Tan & R.G. Shivas 2014, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: J. aberrans (Alcorn) Y.P. Tan & R.G. Shivas, asexual morph hyphomycetous, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, Australia, see Tan et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: BRIP 16281, isotype: IMI 335210, ex-isotype: CBS 510.91. Josefpoeltia S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt 1997, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: J. boliviensis S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, lichenized, Peru, Chile, see Gaya et al. (2008; phylogeny), Arup et al. (2013, taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species MIN (2732). Jubispora B. Sutton & H.J. Swart 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: J. acaciae B. Sutton & H.J. Swart, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; morphology, outline), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 167364. Jugulospora N. Lundq. 1972, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: J. rotula (Cooke) N. Lundq., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species ATCC 38359, type material of type species CBS H-13717. Julella Fabre 1879, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: J. buxi Fabre, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: S F599, needs generic revision. Jumillera J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & F. San Martín 1997, Lopadostomataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: J. mexicana J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & F. San Martín, asexual morph libertella-like, with geniculosporium-like synanamorph, saprobes, Rio Grande do Sul, Hawaiian Island, Mexico, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, key), sequences are unavailable, placement in Lopadostomataceae needs to be confirmed by molecular data. Juncaceicola Tennakoon, Camporesi, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde 2016, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: J. luzulae Tennakoon, Camporesi, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Tennakoon et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), holotype of the type: HKAS 93700, cultures and sequences are available. Juncigena Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1997 (= Moheitospora Abdel-Wahab et al. 2010 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Juncigenaceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: J. adarca Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., asexual morph formerly known in Moheitospora, saprobes, marine, widespread, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Junctospora Minter & Hol.-Jech. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: J. pulchra Minter & Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species IMI 243573, needs generic revision. Junewangia W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: J. sphaerospora W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species AUA. Kabatia Bubák. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: K. latemarensis Bubák, coelomycetous, pathogen, terrestrial, Armenia, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Spain, Scotland, Switzerland, Turkey, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), compare with Leptothyrium, sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 213594, needs generic revision. Kabatiella Bubák 1907, Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, 18 species, type: K. microsticta Bubák, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Simon et al. (2009; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Bai et al. (2012; pathogens), Bills et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Kabatina R. Schneid. & Arx 1966, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: K. thujae R. Schneid. & Arx, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogen, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Kacosphaeria Speg. 1887, Calosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Kacosphaeria antarctica Speg., asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Kaernefeltia Thell & Goward 1996, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: K. californica (Tuck.) A. Thell & Goward, lichenized, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Kaernefia S.Y.Kondr., Elix, A.Thell & Hur 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: K. kaernefeltii (S.Y. Kondr., Elix & A. Thell) S.Y. Kondr., A.Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & J.-S. Hur, lichenized, Australia, see Kondratyuk et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Kainomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: K. isomali Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Western Africa, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kalaallia Alstrup & D. Hawksw. 1990, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one genus, type: K. reactiva Alstrup & D. Hawksw., on lichens, Europe, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; synonym of Opegrapha, Roccellaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: C. Kalaharituber Trappe & Kagan-Zur 2005, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: K. pfeilii (Henn.) Trappe & Kagan-Zur, mycorrhizal, terrestrial, see Adeleke and Dames (2014; interaction with bacteria), Trappe et al. (2008; desert truffles), Chaturvedi et al. (2015; antioxidant property), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type species unavailable. Kalamarospora G. Delgado 2010 [2011], Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. multiflagellata G. Delgado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: BPI 879811A. Kalapuya M.J. Trappe, Trappe & Bonito 2010, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: K. brunnea M.J. Trappe, Trappe & Bonito, asexual morph unknown, epigeous, saprobes, mycorrhizal, terrestrial, Italy, USA, see Trappe et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; accepted as a genus in Morchellaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Kalbiana Henssen 1988, Verrucariales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: K. brasiliensis Henssen, lichenized, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Kalbographa Lücking 2007, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: K. caracasana (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Kalb et al. (2009; Thailand), Plata et al. (2012a; placed in family), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Kalchbrenneriella Diederich & M. S. Christ. 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. cyanescens (Kalchbr.) Diederich & M.S. Christ., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, North America and Papua New Guinea, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Joshi et al. (2016; India), sequences are unavailable. Kaleidosporium Van Warmelo & B. Sutton 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. fenestratum (Ellis & Everh.) Van Warmelo & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kallichroma Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1993, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, type: K. tethys (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., two species, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, temperate and tropical regions of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and east coast of Australia, see Dethoup and Manoch (2009; Thailand), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Abdel-Wahab et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Kallistoskypha Pfister, Agnello, Lantieri & LoBuglio 2013, Caloscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: K. incarnata (Duvernoy & Maire) Pfister, Agnello, Lantieri & LoBuglio, on soil associated with Eucalyptus, Mediterranean region, see Pfister et al. (2013; proposed genera), sequences are unavailable. Kalmusia Niessl 1872 (= Dendrothyrium Verkley et al. 2013 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: K. ebuli Niessl, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genera in Didymosphaeriaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016; phylogeny, taxonomy, outline, nomenclature), Zhang et al. (2014d; neotypified Kalmusia ebuli), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, Italy), Tanaka et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, neotype and ex-neotype culture for type: BJFC 200201, CBS 123120. Kamalomyces R.K. Verma, N. Sharma & Soni 2008, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: K. indicus R.K. Verma, N. Sharma & Soni, asexua morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kamatella Anahosur 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. indica Anahosur, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable. Kameshwaromyces Kamal, R.K. Verma & Morgan-Jones 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: K. globosus Kamal, R.K. Verma & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Verma et al. (2008; new species, India), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Kananascus Nag Raj 1984, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: K. verrucisporus Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Kantvilasia P.M. McCarthy, Elix & Sérus. 2000, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: K. hians P.M. McCarthy, Elix & Sérus., lichenized, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species HO 445410. Kapooria J. Reid & C. Booth 1989, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. musarum (J.N. Kapoor) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unknown, needs generic revision. Karschia Körb. 1865, Asterinales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: K. talcophila (Ach.) Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Muggia et al. (2013; phylogeny), Thambugala et al. (2014b; transferred to Lichenotheliaceae ), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Lichenotheliaceae), Ertz and Diederich (2015; phylogeny, accepted as Asterinales), cultures and sequences are available. Karstenella Harmaja 1969, Karstenellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: K. vernalis Harmaja, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe (Finland) and North America (New Mexico), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pfister et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Karstenia Fr. 1885, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: K. sorbina (P. Karst.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Baral (2015; new combination), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Karsteniomyces D. Hawksw. 1980, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: K. peltigerae (P. Karst.) D. Hawksw., asexual macroconidial morphs of Scutula Tul. (Wedin et al. 2007), lichenicolous, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species H-Karst 2041. Karstenula Speg. 1879, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: K. rhodostoma (Alb. & Schwein.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; taxonomy, accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tanaka et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), holotype of the type species PH 01048835 (holotype of Sphaeria rhodostoma), cultures available for type species CBS 690.94, CBS 691.94. Kashiwadia S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös & Hur 2014, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: K. orientalis (Kashiw.) SY Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, lichenized, eastern Asia, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Kastanostachys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. aterrima (Fuckel) L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, from forest soil, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: PRM 934970, CBS 101310. Kathistes Malloch & M. Blackw. 1990, Kathistaceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, type: K. calyculata Malloch & M. Blackw., three species, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences and cultures are available (unpublished), holotype of type species TRTC 51145. Katumotoa Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada 2005, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: K. bambusicola Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2009, 2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type species HHUF 28661, JCM 13131. Kazachstania Zubkova 1971, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 35 species, type: K. viticola Zubcova, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but a few species are opportunistic pathogens of mammals, in soil, maize silage, waste water, soft drinks, fermented foods, tree fluxes, feces, infected mammals, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Keinstirschia J. Reid & C. Booth 1989, Diaporthales incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. megalosperma (Kirschst.) J. Reid & C. Booth, terrestrial, saprobes, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species (see MBT#133497), needs generic revision. Keissleriella Höhn. 1919, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 34, type: K. aesculi (Höhn.) Höhn., asexual morph dendrophoma-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Lentitheciaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Lentitheciaceae), Crous et al. (2014c; new species, The Netherlands), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, Italy), Singtripop et al. (2015; new specie, phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2015; new specie, phylogeny), Thambugala et al. (2016; new species, Italy), cultures and sequences are available. Keissleriomyces D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. sansteadeans (Keissl.) D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species W 1921/185. Kellermania Ellis & Everh. 1885 (= Planistromella A.W. Ramaley 1993 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Planistromellaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: K. yuccigena Ellis & Everh., coelomycetous, sexual morph Planistromella, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Minnis et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, nomenclature), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Monkai et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Kendrickomyces B. Sutton, V.G. Rao & Mhaskar 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: K. indicus B. Sutton, V.G. Rao & Mhaskar, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 190465. Kensinjia J. Reid & C. Booth 1989, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. umbrina (Jenkins) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kephartia R.C. Harris & Lendemer 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: K. crystalligera R.C. Harris & Lendemer, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lendemer et al. (2013; taxonomy), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: NY(26883). Keratosphaera H.B.P. Upadhyay 1964, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: K. batistae H.B.P. Upadhyay, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Farkas (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kernia Nieuwl. 1916, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: K. nitida (Sacc.) Nieuwl., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype material of type: CBS H-13743, needs generic revision. Kerniomyces Toro 1939, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: K. costi Toro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ketubakia Kamat, Varghese & V.G. Rao, 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. indica Kamat, Varghese & V.G. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Kiehlia Viégas 1944, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: K. obscura Viégas, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype of type species IACM. Kiliophora Kuthub. & Nawawi 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. fusispora Kuthub. & Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, foliicolous, Ivory Coast, Malaysia and Vietnam, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hidayat et al. (2014; phylogeny, placed in Amphisphaeriaceae), Rajeshkumar et al. (2016; family needs revision), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species IMI 355816. Kimbropezia Korf & W.Y. Zhuang 1991, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: K. campestris Korf & W.Y. Zhuang, saprobes, terrestrial, Canary Island, cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CUP-MM 2762. Kionocephala P.M. Kirk 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. catenulata (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, UK, Russia, Cuba, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Kionochaeta P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton 1986, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: K. ramifera (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of the type: IMI188783. Kirschsteiniothelia D. Hawksw. 1985 (= Dendryphiopsis S. Hughes 1953 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, 19 species, type: K. aethiops (Berk. & Curtis) D. Hawksw., asexual morph Dendryphiopsis, on wood, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Boonmee et al. (2012; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Kirschsteiniotheliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species K(M), genus remains polyphyletic. Kirstenboschia Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. diospyri Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H21326, CBS 134911. Kitesporella Jheng & K. L. Pang 2012, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. keelungensis J.S. Jheng & K.L. Pang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Taiwan, see Pang and Jheng (2012a; placement in Halosphaeriaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; genus accepted), sequence are unavailable, holotype of type: BBH30190. Klasterskya Petr. 1940, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. acuum (Mouton) Petr., asexual morph hyalorhinocladiella-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Kleidiomyces Thaxt. 1908, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: K. furcillatus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kluyveromyces van der Walt 1971, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, eight species, type: K. marxianus (E.C. Hansen) van der Walt, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, sea water, Drosophila spp., mushrooms, tree fluxes, cacti, dairy products, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Kmetia Bres. & Sacc. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. exigua Bres. & Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kmetiopsis Bat. & Peres 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. hymenaeae Bat. & Peres, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Knemiothyrium Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. weldenii Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Jamaica, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Knoxdaviesia M.J. Wingf., P.S. van Wyk & Marasas 1988 (= Gondwanamyces G.J. Marais & M.J. Wingf. 1998 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: K. proteae M.J. Wingf., P.S. van Wyk & Marasas, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), de Beer et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aylward et al. (2014, 2015; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: PREM48928, cultures and sequences are available. Knufia L.J. Hutchison & Unter. 1996, Trichomeriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 13 species, type: K. cryptophialidica L.J. Hutchinson & Unter., hyphomycetous, mostly terrestrial, associated with soil, bark, rock surfaces and human skin, America, Asia and Europe, see Li et al. (2008; human infection, as “Coniosporium”), Tsuneda et al. (2011b; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Untereiner et al. (2011; phylogeny, sexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2013b; new species), Réblová et al. (2013; phylogeny, new combination), Isola et al. (2015; new species), holotype and exisotype strain of the type: TRTC 51492, DAOM 216555. Kochiella Sakayaroj, K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2011, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. crispa (Kohlm.) Sakay., K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Denmark, Hawaii, Japan, Liberia, Martinique, Taiwan, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Kockiozyma Jindam., Yukphan, & Y. Yamada 2012, Lipomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: K. suomiensis (M.T. Sm., Van der Walt & Y. Yamada) Jindam., Yukphan & Y. Yamada, saprophytic, see Jindamorakot et al. (2012; taxonomy). Kodamaea Y. Yamada, T. Suzuki, Matsuda & Mikata emend. Rosa, Lachance, Starmer, Barker, Bowles & Schlag-Edler 1999, ?Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, seven species, type: K. ohmeri (Etchells & T.A. Bell) Y. Yamada, Suzuki, M. Matsuda & Mikata, saprophytic, on flowers of morning glory, (Hibiscus spp.) and other plants including cacti, various beetles, on Drosophila, pickle brines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Freitas et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Kodonospora K. Ando 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. tetracolumnaris K. Ando, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves, Japan, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: TNS F-176499. Koerberia A. Massal. 1854, Koerberiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: K. biformis A. Massal., lichenized, Europe, Asia, USA,?, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Placynthiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spribille and Muggia (2013, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Koerberiella Stein 1879, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: K. wimmeriana (Körb.) Stein, lichenized, Europe, North America, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Kohlmeyeriella E. B. G. Jones, R. G. Johnson & S. T. Moss 1983, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: K. tubulata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Kohlmeyeriopsis S. Klaubauf, M.H. Lebrun & P.W. Crous 2014, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. medullaris (Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, holomorph, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, marine, USA, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2014; phylogeny), Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type culture of type species unavailable, holotype of type species J.K. 5528 = 01315596-99 = 01315600-05, NYBG. Kohninia Holst-Jensen, Vrålstad & T. Schumach. 2004, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: K. linnaeicola Holst-Jensen, Vrålstad & T. Schumach., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Kolletes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. undulatus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; not accepted as valid genus), cultures and Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMS, Kohlmeyer 5728, needs generic revision. Komagataella Y. Yamada, Matsuda, Maeda & Mikata 1995, ?Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: K. pastoris (Guilliermond) Y. Yamada, M. Matsuda, K. Maeda & Mikata, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, fluxes from various trees and from rotted wood, worldwide, see Kurtzman (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Kompsoscypha Pfister 1989, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: K. chudei (Pat. ex Le Gal) Pfister, saprobes, on leaves, fruits and twigs, tropical and subtropical, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Konenia Hara 1913, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: K. bambusae Hara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Konradia Racib. 1900, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: K. bambusina Racib., asexual morph unknown, sapbrobe, terrestrial, Java, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kontospora A. Roldán, Honrubia & Marvanová 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. halophila A. Roldán, Honrubia & Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Koorchaloma Subram. 1953, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: K. madreeya Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread (pantropical), see Allegrucci et al. (2011; key to species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Koorchalomella Chona, Munjal & J.N. Kapoor 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. oryzae Chona, Munjal & J.N. Kapoor, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Koordersiella Höhn. 1909 (= Hansfordiellopsis Deighton 1960; Ascohansfordiellopsis D. Hawksw. 1979 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. javanica Höhn., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Koralionastes Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1987, Koralionastetaceae, Koralionastetales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: K. ovalis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Campbell et al. (2009a; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; genus accepted), holotype: J.K. 4965a, cultures and sequences are available. Korfia J. Reid & Cain 1963, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: K. tsugae (E.K. Cash & R.W. Davidson) J. Reid & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Korfiella D.C. Pant & V. P. Tewari 1970, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: K. karnika D.C. Pant & V.P. Tewari, saprobes, on conifer needles, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Korfiomyces Iturr. & D. Hawksw. 2004, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. gelatinosus Iturr. & D. Hawksw. (as “gelatinosum"), asexual morph unknown, on resin and wood, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: VEN Iturriaga 615. Korunomyces Hodges & F.A. Ferreira 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. terminaliae Hodges & F.A. Ferreira, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, ex-type of type: CBS 224.80, needs generic revision. Kostermansinda Rifai 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. magna (Boedijn) Rifai, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kostermansindiopsis R.F. Castañeda 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. theobromae R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kramabeeja G.V. Rao & K.A. Reddy 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. shrungashakha G.V. Rao & K.A. Reddy, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on dead rachis of Areca, India, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kramasamuha Subram. & Vittal 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. sibika Subram. & Vittal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kraurogymnocarpa Udagawa & Uchiy. 1999, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: K. lenticulispora Udagawa & Uchiy., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sigler et al. (2013; DNA), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Kravtzevia Schwarzman 1961, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. halimodendri Schwarzman, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kregervanrija Kurtzman 2006, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, three species, type: K. fluxuum (Phaff & E.P. Knapp) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction multilateral budding, saprophytic, on tree fluxes, apples, apple juice, wine and other fermented beverages, pickle brines, Europe and North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Kreiseliella U. Braun 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. typhae (Vasyag.) U. Braun, coelomycetous, terrestrial, foliicolous, leaf-spotting, Asia (Kazakhstan), see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kretzschmaria Fr. 1849 (= Ustulina Tul. & C. Tul. 1863; = Ascostroma Bonord. 1851; = Rhopalopsis Cooke 1883 fide Wedt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, more than 50 species, type: K. clavus (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph unkown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, key), sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Kretzschmariella Viégas 1944, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: K. culmorum (Cooke) Y.-M. Ju & J. D. Rogers, asexual morph present, saprobes, Thaiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, key), sequences are unavailable. Kriegeriella Höhn. 1918, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: K. mirabilis Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, placed in Pleosporaceae), Wu et al. (2011; classification), Zhang et al. (2012e; placed in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; classification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, generic revision is essential Krishnamyces Hosag. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. indica Hosag., ?hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Krogia Timdal 2002, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: K. coralloides Timdal, lichenized, Asia, Africa, see Timdal (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species O L21909. Kroswia P.M.Jørg. 2002, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: K. crystallifera P.M. Jørg., lichenized, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; China), Magain and Sérusiaux (2015; nomenclature), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species US Hale 43843. Kruphaiomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: K. trochoidei Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Fiji, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kuehniella G.F. Orr 1976, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: K. racovitzae (Lagarde) G.F. Orr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Northern America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Kullhemia P. Karst. 1878, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. moriformis (Ach.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kumanasamuha P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: K. sundara P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignocolous, widespread, see Nagao et al. (2009; new species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kundalinella Hande & Subhedar 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. raoella Hande & Subhedar, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kuraishia Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata 1994, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, seven species, type: K. capsulata (Wickerham) Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, on insect frass, rotted wood, soil, mushroom, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Kurssanovia Kravtzev 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. vassiljevskii Kravtzev, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kurtzmaniella Lachance & Starmer 2008, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, twelve species, type: K. cleridarum Lachance & Starmer, in asexual reproduction cells produced by asexual reproduction are ovoid to ellipsoid and form by multilateral budding, saprophytic, one species is an opportunistic human pathogen, cactus flowers, mushrooms, tree fluxes, beetles, rotted wood, insect frass, apple cider, rotted fruit, olives, soil, seawater, human feces, sputum, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lachance et al. (2013b; DNA), sequences are available. Kusanobotrys Henn. 1904, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: K. bambusae Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Kylindria DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr. 1983, Reticulascaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: K. triseptata (Matsush.) DiCosmo, S.M. Berch & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2010e; new species, China), Réblová et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species. Kyphomyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 14 species, type: K. ansatus (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Kyphophora B. Sutton 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: K. avicenniae B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Laboulbenia Mont. & C.P. Robin 1853, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, c. 625 species, type: L. rougetii Mont. & C.P. Robin, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are diverse, including Acari, Blattodea, Coleoptera (Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Erotylidae, Gyrinidae, Staphylinidae, and others), Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and Orthoptera (Gryllotalpidae), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015b; DNA), Rossi et al. (2016a; morphology), Wang et al. (2016b; morphology), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Laboulbeniopsis Thaxt. 1920, Laboulbeniomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. termitarius Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on termites, terrestrial, North America, Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Labrocarpon Pérez-Ortega & Etayo 2010, Asterinales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. canariense (D. Hawksw.) Etayo & Pérez-Ortega, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous on Pertusaria species, parasymbiont, Canary Islands, Madeira, mainland Spain and Portugal, Italy and Greece, see Pérez-Ortega and Etayo (2010; genus proposed), Ertz and Diederich (2015, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 259313. Laburnicola Wanasinghe, Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2016, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: L. muriformis Wanasinghe, E. Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Russia, see Wanasinghe et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: MFLU 16-0230, MFLUCC 160290. Labyrintha Malcolm, Elix & OweLarsson 1995, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. implexa Malcolm, Elix & Owe-Larss., lichenized, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species CHR 470232. Labyrinthomyces Boedijn 1939, Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: L. steenisii Boedijn, truffles, ectomycorrhizal, terrestrial, Australia, see Trappe et al. (2008; desert truffles), Vellinga et al. (2009; distribution pattern), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Lacazia Taborda, V.A. Taborda & McGinnis 1999, Onygenales, genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: L. loboi Taborda, V.A. Taborda & McGinnis, asexual morph unknown, on humans and animals, terrestrial, neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Lacellina Sacc. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. graminicola (Berk. & Broome) Petch, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknwon, on plants, widespread (pantropical), see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lacellinopsis Subram. 1953, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. sacchari Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves (grasses) and litter, widespread (pantropical), see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lachancea Kurtzman 2003, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: L. thermotolerans (Filippov) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, tree fluxes, rotted wood, alpechin, fruit, fruit flies, spoiled beverages, soil, seawater near mangroves, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), sequences are available. Lachnellula P. Karst. 1884, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 40 species, type: L. chrysophthalma (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogen, terrestrial, widespread (temperate), see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Whitton et al. (2012b; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Schumacher et al. (2015; pathogens), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Lachnodochium Marchal 1895, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. candidum Marchal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lachnum Retz. 1769 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 50 species, type: L. agaricinum Retz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes on ferns, bamboo culms, herbs, herbaceous stems, cones, cupules, wood or leaves of palms, coniferous or broadleaved trees, cosmopolitan, see Nagao (2008; Japan), Hosoya et al. (2010; phylogeny, cultures), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Laciniocladium Petri 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. candidum Marchal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Laciniocladium Petri 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. castaneae Petri, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lacrymospora Aptroot 1991, Requienellaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. parasitica Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: herb. Aptroot, Aptroot and Hensen 12613. Lacunospora Cailleux 1969, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. stercoraria Cailleux, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Laetinaevia Nannf. 1932, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 15 species, type: L. lapponica (Nannf.) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Baral and Rama (2015; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Laeviomyces D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: L. pertusariicola (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., sexual morphs unknown, lichenicolous, terricolous, widespread, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko and Otte (2012; genus accepted, illustrations), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species HNyl 23576. Lagenulopsis Fitzp. 1942, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: Lagenulopsis bispora Fitzp., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Northern America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wood et al. (2016; phylogeny, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Lahmia Körb. 1861, Lahmiaceae, Lahmiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: Lahmia kunzei Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable. Lahmiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. piceae Cif. & Tomas., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a genus in Patellariaceae),cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lambdasporium Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. wauense Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lambertella Höhn., 1918, Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. six species, type: L. corni-maris Höhn., asexual morph helicodendron-like, terrestrial, aquatic, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhao et al. (2013b; Japan), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Galán et al. (2015; phylogeny), sequence data available for ten species, holotype and extype of type species unavailable.. Lambiella Hertel 1984, Xylographaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: L. psephota (Tuck.) Hertel, lichenized, see Spribille et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lambinonia Sérus. & Diederich 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. strigulae (Elenkin & Woron.) Sérus. & Diederich, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, on foliicolous lichens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lambro Racib. 1900, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. insignis Racib., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lamproconium (Grove) Grove 1937, Lamproconiaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. desmazieri (Berk. & Broome) Grove, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Norphanphoun et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CBS H-13785, needs generic revision. Lamprospora De Not. 1864 (= Moravecia Benkert, Caillet & Moyne 1987 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, c. 60 species, type: L. miniata (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) De Not., parasitic on mosses, worldwide, see Eckstein and Eckstein (2009; Germany), Mann (2009; laccase production), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pradhan et al. (2013; India), Egertova et al. (2015; Czech), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: CBS H-14139. Lanatosphaera Matzer 1996, Dothideomycetes genera ncertae sedis, two species, type: L. porinicola Matzer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species GZU, Matzer 1422 & Pelzmann, needs generic revision. Lanceispora Nakagiri, Okane, Tad. Ito & Katum. 1997, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. amphibia Nakagiri, Okane, Tad. Ito & Katum., asexual morph unknown, endophytic, saprophytic, subtropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Amphisphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: IFO H-12218, NBRC 32918. Lanspora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1986, Ophiostiomatales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. coronata K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Seychelles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Lanzia Sacc. 1884, Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 55 species, type: L. flavorufa (Sacc.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Johnston and Park (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of type species unavailable. Laocoön J.C. David 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. paradoxus (Syd. & P. Syd.) J.C. David, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, transferred to Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lapidomyces de Hoog & Stielow 2014, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. hispanicus de Hoog & Stielow, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 118355 = TRN500. Lappodochium Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Lappodochium langeniforme Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on soil, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Laquearia Fr. 1849, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. sphaeralis (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lareunionomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. syzygii Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type species CBS H-22623, CPC 26531. Larissia Raitv. 2008, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. pyrolae Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Raitviir (2008; taxonomy), the genus was not listed in any recent outlines or checklists, cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species TAA-182408. Lasallia Mérat 1821, Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: L. pustulata (L.) Mérat, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lasiobelonium Ellis & Everh. 1897, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 20 species, type: L. subflavidum Ellis & Everh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type species, needs generic revision. Lasiobertia Sivan. 1978, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. africana Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ghana, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lack for the type species, holotype of the type: IMI 38816. Lasiobolidium Malloch & Cain 1971, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, seven species, type: L. spirale Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on dung, North America, see Doveri et al. (2013; key, Italy), Hansen et al. (2013; polyphyletic genus), cultures and sequences are available. Lasiobolus Sacc. 1884, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eleven species, type: L. pilosus (Fr.) Sacc., coprophilous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on herbivore dung, worldwide, see Güngör et al. (2008; proposed family), Chang and Wang (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CBS H-13792. Lasiobotrys Kunze 1823, Venturiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Lasiobotrys lonicerae (Fr.) Kunze, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, ulocladium-like, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Venturiaceae, Zhang et al. (2011d; accepted as a genus in Venturiales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. 1896, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, at least 31 species, type: L. theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Pavlic et al. (2008; new species), Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Abdollahzadeh et al. (2010; new species), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Úrbez-Torres et al. (2012; new species), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), neotype and ex-neotype of the type: CBS H-21411, CBS 164.96 (fide Phillips et al. 2013). Lasiodiplodiella Zambett 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. triflorae (B.B. Higgins) Zambett., coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable. Lasioloma R.Sant. 1952, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: L. arachnoideum (Kremp.) R. Sant., lichenized, Asia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lasiomollisia Raitv. & Vesterh. 2006, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. phalaridis Raitv. & Vesterh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: TAA (M), Hanson 2003-147. Lasionectria (Sacc.) Cooke 1884, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: L. mantuana (Sacc.) Cooke, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lechat and Fournier (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 72 species, type: L. ovina (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miller et al. (2014; phylogeny), Kruys et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Bell and Mahoney (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures available for the type species ANM 1295 (Raja et al. 2011), holotype of type: CBS H-13806. Lasiosphaeriella Sivan. 1975, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: L. dennisii Sivan., asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Huhndorf and Miller (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lasiosphaeriopsis D. Hawksw. & Sivan. 1980, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: L. salisburyi D. Hawksw. & Sivan, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, widespread, terrestrial, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 80468. Lasiosphaeris Clem. 1909 (= Lasiadelphia Réblová & W. Gams 2011 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: L. hispida (Tode) Clem., asexual morph formerly known in Lasiadelphia, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miller et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: TL6019, SMH 3336 (Miller and Huhndorf 2004). Lasiostemma Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, five species, type: L. melioloides (Berk. & Ravenel) Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mapook et al. (2016; transferred to Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lasiostictella Sherwood 1986, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. bambusae Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lasiothyrium Syd. & P. Syd. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. cycloschizon Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lasmenia Speg. 1886, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: L. balansae Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, South America, Australia, Hong Kong, Philippines, see Serrato-Diaz et al. (2011; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lasmeniella Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 13 species, type: L. guaranitica (Speg.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lasseria Dennis 1960, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. chrysophthalma Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), living cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Latericonis G.V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. obscura V. Rao, K.A. Reddy & de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lateriramulosa Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: L. uniinflata Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Laterispora Uecker, W.A. Ayers & P.B. Adams 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. brevirama Uecker, W.A. Ayers & P.B. Adams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lathagrium (Ach.) Gray 1821, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: ?L. nigrescens (Huds.) Gray, lichenized, North America, Europe, Russia,?, see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; phylogeny, review), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species ?. Lathraeodiscus Dissing & Sivertsen 1989, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. arcticus Dissing & Sivertsen, on soil with mosses with Octospora, Lamprospora, Geopora, high arctic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species C, isotype TRH. Latorua Crous 2015, Latoruaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. caligans (Bat. & H.P. Upadhyay) Crous, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22267, CBS 576.65. Lauderlindsaya J.C. David & D. Hawksw. 1989, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: L. borrerei (Tul.) J.C. David & D. Hawksw., some species lichenicolous, some species lichenized, Europe, Japan, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2010; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype of type species K-Borrer. Lauriomyces R.F. Castañeda 1990, Leotiomycetes, genera incertae sedis, five species, type: L. pulcher R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Crous et al. (2009a; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, Thailand, accepted as Ascomycota incertae sedis), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lautitia S. Schatz 1984, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Lautitia danica (Berl.) S. Schatz, asexual morph unknown, parasites, marine, Denmark, France, UK, USA, see Jones et al. (2009b; review), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype and ex-type unavailable. Lautospora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Lautosporaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. gigantea K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Australia, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 327273. Lawalreea Diederich 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. lecanorae Diederich, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: LG (66/14656), needs generic revision. Lazarenkoa Zerova 1938, Incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: L. selaginellae Zerova, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Siberia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lazarenkoella S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. zoroasteriorum S.Y. Kondr. & M. Haji Moniri ex S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, Iran, Uzbekistan, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species KW-L. Lazuardia Rifai 1988, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. lobata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Rifai, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: AAU 43756. Lecanactis Körb. [nom. cons.] 1855, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 25 species, type: L. abietina (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Körb., lichenized, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Lecania A.Massal. 1853, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: L. fuscella (Schaer.) A. Massal., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), van den Boom (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare 2001, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 26 species, type: L. lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, entomogenous, fungicolous and in soil, see Goettal et al. (2008; disease management), Zare and gams (2008; phylogeny), Vandermeer et al. (2009; hyperparasitism), Kouvelis et al. (2008; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, neotype and ex-neotype of type: IMI 331550, CBS 102067. Lecanidiella Sherwood 1986, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. contortae Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), holotype of the type: CBS, Aptroot 38022, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lecaniocola Brain 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. parasitica (Linder) Brain, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Lecanographa Egea & Torrente 1994, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 37 species, type: L. lyncea (Sm.) Egea & Torrente, sexual morph with rounded to lirelliform ascomata, lichenized, rarely lichenicolous, terrestrial, rather world-wide with a preference for coastal habitats with a Mediterranean or Desert type climate, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Lecanora Ach. 1809, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 550 species, type: L. allophana Nyl., lichenized, worldwide, see Brand (2008; new species), Laundon (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2010; phylogeny), Ranković et al. (2011; Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lecanosticta Syd. 1922 (= Eruptio M.E. Barr 1996 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: L. pini Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Eruptio, pathogens, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016; taxonomy, phyloeny), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype of type: CBS H-21113, CBS 133791. Lecanostictopsis B. Sutton & Crous 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: L. kamatii (Ullasa) B. Sutton & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, India, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 147817. Lecidea Ach. 1803, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, 100 species, type: L. fuscoatra (L.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lecidella Körb. 1855, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 80 species, type: Lecidella viridans (Flot.) Körb., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kantvilas and Elix (2013; review), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Lecideopsella Höhn. 1909, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, c. eleven species, type: L. gelatinosa Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak et al. (2016; new species, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lecidoma Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel 1981, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. demissum (Rutstr.) Gotth. Schneid. & Hertel, lichenized, clearings of alpine grasslands and in places with prolonged snow cover, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Lecidopyrenopsis Vain. 1907, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: L. corticola Vain., lichenized, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Leciophysma Th. Fr. 1865, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: L. finmarkicum Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Siberia, see Wedin et al. (2009b; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Øvstedal and Lewis Smith (2011; new species, Antarctica), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekman et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Lecophagus M.W. Dick 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. fasciculatus M.W. Dick, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lectera P.F. Cannon 2012, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. colletotrichoides (J.E. Chilton) P.F. Cannon, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cannon et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype and cultures of the type species ISC 217496, CBS 109728 Lecythiomyces Doweld 2013, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. aeruginea (Zukal) Doweld, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lecythothecium Réblová & Winka 2001, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: L. duriligni Réblová & Winka, asexual morph hyphomycetous (sporidesmium-like), terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: PRM 842977, CBS 101317. Leeina Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. philippinensis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leifidium Wedin 1993, Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. tenerum (Laurer) Wedin, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Leightoniella Henssen 1965, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. zeylanensis (Leight.) Henssen, lichenized, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Weerakoon et al. (2016, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Leightoniomyces D. Hawksw. & B. Sutton 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. phillipsii (Berk. & Leight.) D. Hawksw. & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Pérez-Vargas et al. (2013; morphology, new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: TFC Lich 12742. Leimonis R.C. Harris 2009, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. erratica (Körb.) R.C. Harris & Lendemer, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, see Harris (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Leioderma Nyl. 1888, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. pycnophorum Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekman et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences and cultures are available. Leiorreuma Eschw. 1824, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: L. hepaticum Eschw., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, see Lendemer and Knudsen (2008; new species), Moon et al. (2008; new species), Dubey et al. (2010; new species), Joshi et al. (2013a; Taiwan), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McDonald et al. (2013; DNA), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016; taxonomy), Poengsungnoen et al. (2014; new species), Wang et al. (2015c; China), sequences and cultures are available. Leiosphaerella Höhn. 1919, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: L. praeclara (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, isotype of the type: W11860, epitype and ex-epitype of the type species WU 31314, CBS 125586. Leiothecium Samson & Mouch. 1975, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: L. ellipsoideum Samson & Mouch., saprobes, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Houbraken and Samson (2011; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Marin-Felix et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Lemalis Fr. 1825, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotimycetes, three species, type: L. alismatis (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Lembosia Lév. 1845, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, 257 species, type: L. tenella Lév., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, DNA, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny, DNA), most species do not have molecular data, needs generic revision. Lembosiella Sacc. 1891, Aulographaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: L. polyspora (Pat.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lembosina Theiss. 1913, Aulographaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, 21 species, type: L. aulographoides (E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lembosiopeltis Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1967, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. nectandrae Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lembosiopsis Theiss. 1918, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. andromedae (Tracy & Earle) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; transferred to Mycosphaerellaceae from Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lembuncula Cif. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. pothoidei Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Santo Domingo, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lemkea Morgan-Jones & R.C. Sinclair 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. sphaerospora Morgan-Jones & R.C. Sinclair, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, North America, South Africa, Spain, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lemmopsis (Vain.) Zahlbr. 1906, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: L. arnoldiana (Hepp) Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see van den Boom and Brand (2008; Netherlands), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Motiejūnaitė (2012; Lithuania), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lemonniera De Wild. 1894, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: L. aquatica De Wild., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lempholemma Körb. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 35 species, type: L. compactum (Wallr.) Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lack for the type species. Lentithecium K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Ying Zhang 2009, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: L. fluviatile (Aptroot & Van Ryck.) K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, aquatic (freshwater or marine), Europe, Japan, Africa, See, Zhang et al (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Tibpromma et al. (2017b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequence are available, holotype of type species GENT (509). Lentomitella Höhn. 1906, Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: L. vestita (Sacc.) Höhn., saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Huhndorf et al. (2008; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species, South Africa), Raja and Shearer (2009; compare with Hanliniomyces), Réblová and Štěpánek (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Réblová et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data and cultures available but lacks for the type species. Leohumicola N.L. Nick. 2005, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: L. verrucosa N.L. Nick., Hambl. & Seifert, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Nguyen and Seifert (2008; new species, phylogeny), Chen et al. (2009; new records to China), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Takashima et al. (2014; symbiotic associations with Lycopodiaceae roots), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: DAOM 226889, DAOM226889. Leotia Pers. 1797, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: L. lubrica (Scop.) Pers., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Palmer et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen of type species CBS H-13841. Lepidocollema Vain. 1890, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: L. carassense Vain., lichenized, Brazil, Solomon Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ekman et al. (2014; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Lepidopterella Shearer & J.L. Crane 1980, Argynnaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: L. palustris Shearer & J.L. Crane, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Shearer et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Argynnaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Peter et al. (2016; DNA, comparison), cultures available for the type species CBS 459.81. Lepidosphaeria Parg.-Leduc 1970, Testudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. nicotiae Parg.-Leduc, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Kruys and Wedin (2009; DNA), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Testudinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for type species CBS H-7282, CBS 559.71 (fide Kruys and Wedin 2009). Lepidotia Boud. 1885, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. hispida (Quél.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list the genus), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lepisticola W. Gams 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. capitata (Costantin & Matr.) W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Gams et al. (2009; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Leprantha Dufour ex Körb. 1855, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: need typification, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Lepraria Ach. 1803, Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 74 species, type: L. incana (L.) Ach., sterile, terrestrial (various substrata), cosmopolitan, see Nelsen et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lendemer (2010a, 2011, 2012, 2013; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Flakus and Kukwa (2011; new species), Flakus et al. (2011; new species), Bungartz et al. (2013b; new species), Elix (2013; new species), Lendemer and Hodkinson (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014, DNA), sequences are available. Leprieuria Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley 1989, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. bacillum (Mont.) Læssøe, J.D. Rogers & Whalley, asexual morph geniculosporium-like, saprobes, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stadler et al. (2013), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, key), sequences are unavailable. Leprieurinella Bat. & H. Maia 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. ingae Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leprocaulon Nyl. 1879, Leprocaulaceae, Leprocaulales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: L. nanum Nyl., coelomycetous, lichenized, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lendemer and Hodkinson (2013; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Leprocollema Vain. 1890, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: L. americanum Vain., lichenized, Europe, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Leproplaca (Nyl.) Nyl. 1888, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: L. xantholyta (Nyl.) Nyl., lichenized, Europe, see Arup et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Leptascospora Speg. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. uredinis (Racib.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded the genus from Meliolaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable. Lepteutypa Petr. 1923, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: L. fuckelii (Nitschke) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Leptochidium M. Choisy 1952, Massalongiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: Leptochidium albociliatum (Desm.) M. Choisy, lichenized, Europe, North America, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Leptochlamys Died. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. scapicola (P. Karst.) Died., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptocucurthis Aptroot 1998, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: L. quadrata Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species CBS, Aptroot 37234. Leptodermella Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. incarnata (Bres.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptodiscella Papendorf 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. africana (Papendorf) Papendorf, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Spain, South Africa, see Madrid et al. (2011b; new species, DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures for the type: CBS 400.65, type specimen of type species CBS H-720. Leptodontidium de Hoog 1979, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: L. elatius (F. Mangenot) de Hoog, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures for the type species CBS H-7283, CBS 329.53 (Sogonov et al. 2005). Leptogidium Nyl. 1873, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: L. dendriscum (Nyl.) Nyl., lichenized, Europe, North America, see Muggia et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Leptogium (Ach.) Gray 1821, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: L. lacerum (Sw.) Gray, lichenized, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Schultz et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Leptographium Lagerb. & Melin 1927, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, 68 species, type: L. lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin, asexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, saprobes, worldwide, see Zhou et al. (2008; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Duong et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Paciura et al. (2010a; new species), Beer et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Huang and Chen (2014; new species), Romón et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Yin et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Leptoguignardia E. Müll. 1955, Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: L. onobrychidis E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline, accepted as a genus in Phyllostictaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type species CBS H-13858, needs generic revision. Leptokalpion Brumm. 1977, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: L. albicans Brumm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptomassaria Petr. 1914, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. simplex (Nitschke ex G.H. Otth) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe and Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, key), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), sequences are unavailable, placement in Xylariaceae needs to be confirmed by molecular data. Leptomelanconium Petr. 1923, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: L. asperulum (Moesz) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph teratosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Crous et al. (2009f; transferred L. australiense to Teratosphaeria), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Teratosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptomeliola Höhn. 1919, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, nine species, type: L. hyalospora (Lév.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; symbiosis with bryophytes, DNA), Silvério et al. (2011; taxonomy, South America), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Leptopeltis Höhn. 1917, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. filicina (Lib.) Höhn., asexual morph leptothyrium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Leptopeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-13860, needs generic revision. Leptoperidia Rappaz 1987, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. macropunctata (Rehm) Rappaz, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-6460, needs generic revision. Leptophyllosticta I.E. Brezhnev 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. lychnitis I.E. Brezhnev, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptorhaphis Körb. 1855, Naetrocymbaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: L. oxyspora (Nyl.) Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted in Naetrocymbaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptosacca Syd. 1928, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. lumae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species (see MBT# 199061), needs generic revision. Leptosillia Höhn. 1928, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. notha Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptosphaerella Speg. 1909, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: L. fagaricola Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. 1863, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 148 species, type: L. doliolum (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or parasitic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequence are available, available specimen for type: CBS H-13880. Leptosphaerulina McAlpine 1902, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 30 species, type: L. australis McAlpine, asexual morph hyphomycetous (pithomyces-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crous et al. (2011d; DNA, phylogeny, on Proteaceae), Zhang et al. (2012e; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2013; new species with asexual morphs), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Chen et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for type: CBS H-13980, CBS 311.51. Leptospora Rabenh. 1857, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: L. porphyrogona (Tode) Rabenh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted in Naetrocymbaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hyde et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc. 1897, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: L. gregaria Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Huhndorf and Miller (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Dai et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny, new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type material, needs generic revision. Leptostromella (Sacc.) Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. septorioides Sacc. & Roum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptothyrella Sacc. 1885, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: L. mougeotiana Sacc. & Roum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptothyrina Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. rubi (Duby) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptothyrium Kunze 1823, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. lunariae Kunze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptotrochila P. Karst. 1871 (= Sporonema Desm. 1874 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 15 species, type: L. radians (Desm.) P. Karst., asexual morphs formerly named in Sporonema, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leptoxyphium Speg. 1918, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: L. graminum (Pat.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, sooty moulds, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Chomnunti et al. (2011; taxonomy, new species), Crous et al. (2011a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Yang et al. (2014; DNA, new species), Kajale et al. (2015; associated with insects), Park et al. (2015; pathogens), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Letendraea Sacc. 1880, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. eurotioides Sacc. asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Bolanos et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures available for the type species CBS 212.31 (fide Kodsueb et al. 2016). Letendraeopsis K.F. Rodrigues & Samuels 1994, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, , one species, type: L. palmarum K.F. Rodrigues & Samuels, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; not listed in Tubeufiaceae),Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. 1892, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: L. vulpina (L.) Hue, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see McCune and Altermann (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species unavailable. Lethariella (Motyka) Krog 1976, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: L. intricata (Moris) Krog, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Letrouitia Hafellner & Bellem. 1982, Letrouitiaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: L. domingensis (Pers.) Hafellner & Bellem., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Elix and Kondratyuk (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gays et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Joshi et al. (2013b; Vietnam), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Shi et al. (2015; Cambodia), cultures available for type species AFTOL-ID 102. Lettauia D. Hawksw. & R. Sant. 1990, Fuscideaeaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: L. cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, on lichens, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2103; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences not available, holotype of type species B 7700. Leucangium Quél. 1883, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. ophthalmosporum Quél., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, worldwide, see Trappe (2009; North America), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sbissi et al. (2010; phylogeny, comparison), Trappe et al. (2010; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Leucoconiella Bat., H. Maia & Peres 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type species L. paraguayensis Bat., H. Maia & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Paraguay, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leucoconis Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. erysiphina (Syd. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leucodecton A. Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, type: L. compunctum (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, pantropical, see Mangold et al. (2009; key, Australia), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a; key), Sipman et al. (2012; key, Costa Rica), Joshi et al. (2010b; Korea, India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking and Breuss (2012; new combination), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Leucodermia Kalb 2015, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: L. leucomelos (L.) Kalb, lichenized, see Mongkolsuk et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species GB, Arvidsson & Arvidsson 4158 (as Heterodermia fertilis Moberg). Leucodiaporthe Lar.N. Vassiljeva 2007, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: L. acerina M.E. Barr & Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate zone, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: VLA P-2941. Leucodochium Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: L. pipturi Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leucoglossum S. Imai 1942, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, two species, type: L. durandii (Teng) S. Imai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Leotiomycetes), Arauzo and Iglesias (2014; new species), Fedosova and Kovalenko (2015; DNA, phylogeny, Russia), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Leuconeurospora Malloch & Cain 1970, Pseudeurotiaceae, Leotiomycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: L. pulcherrima (G. Winter) Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for type species CBS H-14009, CBS 343.76. Leucoscypha Boud. 1885, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: L. leucotricha (Alb. & Schwein.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Leucosphaerina Arx 1987, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. indica (Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh) Arx, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Bionectriaceae), Giraldo et al. (2012; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: CBS 123.78. Leucothecium Arx & Samson 1973, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: L. emdenii Arx & Samson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on marine and river sediments, Spain, see Gueidan et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Onygenaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Giraldo et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-7299 CBS 576.73. Leucovibrissea (A. Sánchez) Korf 1990, Vibrisseaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. obconica (Kanouse) Korf, asexual morph unknown, from fine roots of Pinus, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leuliisinea Matsush. 1985, [as 'Leuiisinea'], Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. bambusicola Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, Australia, Peru and Taiwan, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leveillella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. drimydis (Lév.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Chile, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, excluded from Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Dothideomycetes), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type species PC 0084470. Leveillina Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. arduinae (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Leveillula G. Arnaud 1921, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, 40 species, type: Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud ( Erysiphe taurica Lév.), hyphomycetous asexual morphs, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Khodaparast et al. (2012, 2016; phylogeny), Braun & Cook (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: Tauria, “Balaklava”, ex herb. Léveillé (G 00298357). Libartania Nag Raj 1979, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: Libartania laserpitii (Bres.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Liberomyces Pažoutová, M. Kolařík & Kubátová 2012, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. saliciphilus Paoutová, M. Kolarík & Kubátová, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Pažoutová et al. (2012; morphology, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type species PRM 921954, CCF 4020. Libertasomyces Crous & Roets 2016, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. myopori Crous & Roets, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, New Zealand, see Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22617, CPC 27354. Libertiella Speg. & Roum. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: L. malmedyensis Speg. & Roum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Motiejūnaitė et al. (2011; record from Lithuania), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), current generic concept is uncertain, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lichenobactridium Diederich & Etayo 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. pertusariae Diederich & Etayo, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species LG, Diederich 9219. Lichenobarya Etayo, Diederich & Lawrey 2015, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. usneae (Etayo) Etayo, Diederich & Lawrey, asexual morphs unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lawrey et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences are available. Lichenochora Hafellner 1989, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: L. thallina (Cooke) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo and Navarro-Rosines (2008; new species), Zhurbenko (2008; new species, Italy), Halc et al. (2009a; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Etayo (2011; new species), Hafellner and Zimmermann (2012; new species), Etayo et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko (2103; new species), Lender et al. (2016; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K. Lichenoconium Petr. & Syd. 1927, Lichenoconiaceae, Lichenoconiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: L. lichenicola (P. Karst.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lawrey et al. (2011; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Lichenodiplis Dyko & D. Hawksw. 1979, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, 13 species, type: L. lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D. Hawksw., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Atienza et al. (2009; morphology, new species), Knudsen and Kocourkova (2009; morphology, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pérez-Vargas et al. (2013; new species), Muggia et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, morphology, phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type species ANGUC. Lichenohendersonia Calatayud & Etayo 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. squamarinae Calat. & Etayo, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on different lichens, terrestrial, Northern Hemisphere, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology), sequence data and cultures unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 363556. Lichenopeltella Höhn. 1919, Trichothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, c. 31 species, type: L. maculans (Zopf) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Pérez-Ortega and Spribille (2009; new species), Etayo (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Zhurbenko (2010a; new species), Brackel (2010b, 2011b; new species),Flakus and Kukwa (2012; new records in Bolivia), van den Boom and Giralt (2012; records in Portugal), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; transferred to Mycosphaerellaceae from Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Zhurbenko and Pino-Bodas (2015; new species, New Zealand), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lichenopeziza Zukal 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. bryophile Zukal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), current generic concept is uncertain, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lichenopuccinia D. Hawksw. & Hafellner 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. poeltii D. Hawksw. & Hafellner, sexual morphs unknown, terrestrial, lichenicolous, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type species K(M)-IMI 281393. Lichenopyrenis Calat., M.J. Sanz & Aptroot 2001, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. galligena Calat., M.J. Sanz & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Spain, Canada, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species MA (Lich.) 12715. Lichenostella Etayo & Calat. 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. hypotrachynae Etayo & Calat., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lichenosticta Zopf 1898, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. podetiicola Zopf, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, North temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), current generic concept is uncertain, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lichenostigma Hafellner 1983, Phaeococcomycetaceae, Lichenostigmatales, Arthoniomycetes, type: L. maureri Hafellner, asexual morph hyphomycetous, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Pérez-Ortega and Calatayud (2009; new species, Spain), Fernández-Brime et al. (2010; new species), Knudsen and Kocourkova (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Valadbeigi and Brackel (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2013b; new species), Ertz et al. (2014b; new species; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, current generic concept is uncertain, cultures available for type species Diederich 1730, Diederich 17337, Diederich 17326, Diederich 17337. Lichenothelia D. Hawksw. 1981, Lichenotheliaceae, Lichenotheliales, Dothideomycetes, 29 species, type: L. scopularia (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., asexual morphs pycnidial or hyphomycetous, on rock or lichenicolous, terrestrial, widespread, some species may belong in Lichenostigma Hafellner, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; genus accepted), Muggia et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), cultures and sequences are available, isotypes of type species BM and K(M) [Anzi, Lich. Langob. 35]. Lichenoverruculina Etayo 2011, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. sigmatospora (Speg.) Etayo & Sharuddin, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous on Heterodermia, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo and Sharuddin (2011; genus proposed), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species J. Puiggari 124 (LPS1715). Lichina C. Agardh [nom. cons.] 1817, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, nine species, type: L. pygmaea (Lightf.) C. Agardh, lichenized, marine, west-european coast, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lichinella Nyl. 1873, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 30 species, type: L. stipatula Nyl., lichenized, North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lichinodium Nyl. 1875, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, four species, type: L. sirosiphoideum Nyl., lichenized, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Licopolia Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd. 1900, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. franciscana Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Kenya, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lignincola Höhnk 1955, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: L. laevis Höhnk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Jones (2010; diversity), AbdelWahab (2011a; diversity), Liu et al. (2011a; morphology), Pang et al. (2011b, 2013b; monograph, phylogeny), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a,b; phylogeny, diversity), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Pang and Jheng (2012a; checklist), Alsheikh-Hussain et al. (2014, review), Overy et al. (2014; natural product), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, neotype of type species J.K. 4459a. Ligninsphaeria J.F. Zhang, J.K. Liu, K.D. Hyde & Z.Y. Liu 2016, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. jonesii J.F. Zhang, J.K. Liu, K.D. Hyde & Z.Y. Liu, saprobes, Thailand, see Zhang et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype: MFLU 15-2718, cultures and sequences are available. Lignoscripta B.D.Ryan 2004, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. atroalba B.D. Ryan & T.H. Nash, lichenized, Pacific Northwest, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. 2016 (classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species ASU (9092). Lignosphaeria Boonmee, Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. thailandica Boonmee, Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type of type species MFLU 11–0135, MFLUCC 11–0376. Lillicoa Sherwood 1977, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. palicoureae (Seaver & Whetzel) Sherwood, saprobes, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Limaciniaseta D.R. Reynolds 1988, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. californica D.R. Reynolds, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Limaciniopsis J.M. Mend. 1925, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: L. rollandiae J.M. Mend., data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, Limacinula Höhn. 1907, Coccodiniaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 16 species, type: L. samoënsis Höhn., aerial surface of living plants, epifoliar fungus, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Limacospora Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones 1995, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. sundica (Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones) Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Limnaiomyces Thaxt. 1900, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: L. tropisterni Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Limtongia Jindam., Am-in, Yukphan & Y. Yamada 2011, Lipomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: L. smithiae (Van der Walt, M.J. Wingf. & Y. Yamada) Jindam., Am-in, Yukphan & Y. Yamada, saprophytic, see Jindamorakot et al. (2011; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lindauella Rehm 1900, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. pyrenocarpoidea Rehm, asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Lindgomyces K. Hiray., Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer 2010, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type species: L. ingoldianus (Shearer & K.D. Hyde) K. Hirayama, Kaz. Tanaka & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, China, Japan, USA, see Hirayama et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Raja et al. (2011b, 2013a; morphology, phylogeny), Zhang et al. (2014e; morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015e; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type species ILLS 52289, ATCC 200398. Lindquistomyces Aramb., E. Müll. & Gamundí 1982, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. antarcticus (Speg.) Aramb., E. Müll. & Gamundí (Art. 33.3; Invalid), asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lindra I. M. Wilson 1956, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: L. inflate I.M. Wilson, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; review), sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 62909. Lineolata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1990, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. rhizophorae (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Zhang et al. 2012e; phylogeny, morphology), AbdelWahab et al. (2014; diversity), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: J.K. 2390a. Lineostroma H.J. Swart 1988, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. banksiae (Cooke) H.J. Swart, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jayasiri et al. (2015; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-5512, needs generic revision. Linkosia A. Hern.-Gut. & B. Sutton 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: L. coccothrinacis (A. Hern. Gut. & J. Mena) A. Hern. Gut. & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ma et al. (2011a; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Almeida et al. (2014c; morphology, new species), Delgado (2014; morphology), sequence data available, holotype of the type species HAC, HACCM 206. Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 42 species, type: L. pandani Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph phialophora-like, saprobes, pathogen, endophytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures available for type: HKUM16278, HKUM16279. Linochora Höhn. 1910, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: L. leptospermi Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species unknown, needs generic revision. Linochorella Syd. & P. Syd. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. striiformis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Linodochium Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. hyalinum (Lib.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Helotiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Linopeltis I. Hino & Katum. 1961, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, two species, type: L. ryukyuensis I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lipomyces Lodder & Kreger-van Rij 1952 (= Myxozyma van der Walt, Weijman & von Arx 1981), Lipomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: L. starkeyi Lodder & Kreger, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, predominantly from soil, but not uncommon in tree frass from bark beetles, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Yamazaki and Kawasaki (2014; new species, DNA), sequences are available. Lirellodisca Aptroot 1998, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. pyrenulispora Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species CBS, Aptroot 38022, needs generic revision. Lirula Darker 1967, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: L. nervisequa (DC.) Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Fan et al. (2012b; new species, China, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Listeromyces Penz. & Sacc. 1901, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. insignis Penz. & Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, Asia, Oceania, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lithoglypha Brusse 1988, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. aggregata Brusse, lichenized, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lithographa Nyl. 1857, Xylographaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: L. petraea (Nyl.) Nyl., lichenized, North and South America, Australia, see Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lithogyalideopsis Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda 2005, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: L. poeltii (Vězda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda, lichenized,?, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lithophila Selbmann & Isola, MB811675. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 76: 88 (2016). Trichomeriacaeae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, rock-inhabiting fungus, monospecific; sexual morph unknown; type species Lithophila guttulata Selbmann & Isola, MB811676. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 76: 90 (2016). Holotypus: CBS 139723. From marble stone, Cortile della Pigna (Vatican City State); = CCFEE 5907 (NCBI accession numbers: KP791773 (ITS), KR781061 (LSU)), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. Lithophila Selbmann & Isola (2016), introduced as a genus of Trichomeriacaeae, is a later homonym of Lithophila Sw., Prodr, 14, 1788, a name previously and validly published for a genus of Amaranthaceae. Notes: Lithophila Selbmann & Isola is illegitimate and unavailable for use [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 53.1]; it is here renamed Lithohypha Selbmann & Isola nom. nov., MB819853. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 76: 88 (2016). The type species is here renamed Lithohypha guttulata (Selbmann & Isola) Selbmann & Isola comb. nov., MB819854. Lithopythium Bornet & Flahault 1891, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. gangliiforme Bornet & Flahault, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lithothelium Müll. Arg. 1885, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, eight species, type: L. cubanum Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Valadbeigi and Sipman (2010; Iran), Valadbeigi et al. (2010; checklist), Weerakoon et al. (2012a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Livia Velen. 1947, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. aurea Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lizonia (Ces. & De Not.) De Not. 1863, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: L. empirigonia (Auersw.) De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type species CBS H-14093. Llimonaea Egea & Torrente 1991, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: L. occulta Egea & Torrente, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Arthoniales), Ertz and Tehler (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, holotype of type: MUB 13619. Llimoniella Hafellner & Nav.-Ros. 1993, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: L. scabridula (Müll. Arg.) Nav.-Ros. & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm. 1796, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: L. pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Moncada et al. (2013a; classification), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Cornejo and Scheidegger (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lobariella Yoshim. 2002, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: L. crenulata (Hook.) Yoshim., lichenized, neo- tropical distribution, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a synonym of Lobaria), Moncada et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lobarina Nyl. ex Cromb. 1894, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: L. scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl., lichenized, Northern Hemisphere and in oceanic areas of Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America, see Moncada et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lobatopedis P.M. Kirk 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: L. foliicola P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaf litter, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Heredia et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type species IMI 222919. Lobothallia (Clauzade & Cl.Roux) Hafellner 1991, Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: L. alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner, lichenized, Asia, Europe, North America, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lockerbia K. D. Hyde 1994, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. palmicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, freshwater, Australia, Florida, see Raja and Shearer (2008; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BRIP 21334. Loculistroma F. Patt. & Charles 1910, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. bambusae F. Patt., Charles & Veihmeyer, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BPI 632466. Loculohypoxylon M.E. Barr 1976, Teichosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. grandineum (Berk. & Ravenel) M.E. Barr, asexul morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teichosporaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Loculotuber Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez 1993, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: L. gennadii (Chatin) Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lodderomyces van der Walt 1971, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, c. 40 species, type: L. elongisporus (Recca & Mrak) van der Walt, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but some species are common human and animal pathogens, clinical isolates, soil, plant debris, beetles, water, yeast cake, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Loekoesia S.Y. Kondr., S.O. Oh & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. austrocoreana (S.Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös & J.S. Hur) S.Y. Kondr., J. Kim, A.S. Kondr., S.O. Oh & J.S. Hur, lichenized, South Korea, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015d; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species KoLRI 015504. Loflammia Vězda 1986, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: L. flammea (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, lichenized, Australia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Loflammiopsis Lücking & Kalb 2000, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. brasiliensis Lücking & Kalb, lichenized, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species Kalb, Kalb & Kalb 27140. Logilvia Vězda 1986, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. gilva (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, lichenized, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lohwagia Petr. 1942, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: L. intermedia (Speg.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, terrestrial, central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lojkania Rehm 1905, Fenestellaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, ten species, type: L. hungarica Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Fenestellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak and Hyde (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Lolia Abdel-Aziz & Abdel-Wahab 2011, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. aquatica Abdel-Aziz & Abdel-Wahab, coelomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, Egypt, see Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Wahab (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Lindgomycetaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Abdel-Aziz (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type species IMI 398675, MF644. Loliomyces Maire 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. temulenti Maire, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Morocco, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lollipopaia Inderb. 2001, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. minuta Inderb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Lomaantha Subram. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: L. pooga Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, dead wood and culms, India and China, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Ma et al. (2011c; new species, revision), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lomachashaka Subram. 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. kera Subram., hyphomycetous, saprobes, Western Africa, India, see Yadav and Bhat (2009b; new species, India), Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Longicollum Zelski, F.R. Barbosa, Raja, A.N. Mill. & Shearer 2011, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. biappendiculatum Zelski, F.R. Barbosa, Raja, A.N. Mill. & Shearer, asxual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, South America, see Zelski et al. (2011a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: ILL 40794, needs generic revision. Longiostiolum Doilom, Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde 2016, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. tectonae Doilom, Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 12–0562, MKT 078, ICMP 21259, Holotype of type species MFLU 15–3532. Lopadium Körb. [nom. cons.] 1855, Lopadiaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: L. pezizoideum (Ach.) Körb., lichenized, worldwide, see Ekman et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Lopadostoma (Nitschke) Traverso 1906, Lopadostomataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: L. turgidum (Pers.) Traverso, asexual morph libertella-like, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2014a), Senanayake et al. (2015), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequence are available but lacks for the type species. Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner 1990, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. versicolor (Fée) Kalb & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, Morocco, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type species AFTOL-ID 108, needs generic revision. Lophiella Sacc. 1878, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. cristata (Pers.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, Index Fungorum (2016) treated type species as a synonym of Lophiostoma angustilabrum (Berk. & Broome) Cooke, holotype of type material unavailable, needs generic revision. Lophiohelichrysum Dayarathne, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. helichrysi Dayarathne, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-0175, MFLUCC 15-0701. Lophionema Sacc. 1883, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: L. vermisporum (Ellis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Lophiopoacea Ariyaw., Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. arundinis Ariyawansa, Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on Poaceae, terrestrial, Italy, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequenced are available, holotype and ex-type of type species MFLU 14–0590, MFLUCC 11–0463. Lophiosphaerella Hara 1948, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: L. euryae (Syd.) Hara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014b; transferred to Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Lophiostoma Ces. & De Not. 1863, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 100 species, type: L. macrostomum (Tode) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, only known for L. semiliberum, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, sequence data available for four species, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hirayama and Tanaka (2011; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Thambugala et al. (2015b; phylogeny, review), cultures and sequences are available, epitype of the type: IFRD 2005. Lophiotrema Sacc. 1878, Lophiotremataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: L. nucula (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial habitats, worldwide, See Hirayama and Tanaka (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: Scler. suec. n. 230. Lophium Fr. 1818, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: L. mytilinum (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph papulaspora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as agenus in Mytilinidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Lophodermella Höhn. 1917, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: L. sulcigena (Link) Tubeuf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Lophodermium Chevall. 1826 (= Lophomerum Quell. & Magasi 1966 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, c. 145 species, type: L. arundinaceum (Schrad.) Chevall., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Lophophacidium Lagerb. 1949, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: L. hyperboreum Lagerb., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lafalmme et al. (2015; pathogens, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Lophotrichus R.K. Benj. 1949, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. ampullus R.K. Benj., asexual morph hyphomycetous (humicola-like), saprobes, human pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Eghrari et al. (2015; human pathogens, DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-14124, UAMH 11809. Loramyces W. Weston 1929, Loramycetaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: Loramyces juncicola W. Weston, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; phylogeny), Tanney et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Loranitschkia Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1990, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. viticola Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Vasilyeva et al. (2009, 2010, 2013; taxonomy, distributon), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: VLA, Vasil'eva. Loratospora Kohlm. & Volkm. 1993, Phaeosphariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: L. aestuarii Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; revision), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type: IMS J.K. 5505, JK 5535B. Loricella Velen. 1934, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: L. juncina Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lotinia Pérez-Butrón, Fern.-Vic. & P. Alvarado 2015, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. verna Pérez-Butrón, Fern.-Vic. & P. Alvarado, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Spain, see Crous et al. (2015e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Loxospora A.Massal. 1852, Sarrameanaceae, Sarrameanales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: L. elatina (Ach.) A. Massal., lichenized, Australia, Asia, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016bb; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Loxosporopsis Henssen 1995, Pertusariaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. corallifera Brodo, Henssen & Imshaug, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: herb. Henssen, Henssen 13604; isotypes CANL, FH, GZU, UPS, US. Lucidascocarpa A. Ferrer, Raja & Shearer 2008, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. pulchella A. Ferrer, Raja & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, submerged wood from freshwater, Panama, Ecuador, see Ferrer et al. (2008; genus proposed), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ILL 40558 (AF178-2). Luciotrichus R. Galán & Raitv. 1995, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: L. lasioboloides R. Galán & Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: RG [sic] 6808. Ludwigomyces Kirschst. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. parasiticus Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lueckingia Aptroot & Umaña 2006, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. polyspora Aptroot & Umaña, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Hundorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species INB, Aptroot 60206. Lulwoana Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräfenhan 2005, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. uniseptata (Nakagiri) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräfenhan, asexual morph unknown, endophytic, saprobes, marine, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline of marine genera), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Panzer et al. (2015; DNA, distribution), Torta et al. (2015; endophytes, DNA), cultures and sequences are available. Lulwoidea Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campbell, Spatafora & Gräfenhan 2005, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. lignoarenaria (Jørg. Koch & E. B. G. Jones) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., J. Campb., Spatafora & Gräfenhan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: Herb. J. Koch 398, slides 1-5 (CP). Lulworthia G. K. Sutherl. 1915, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: L. fucicola G.K. Sutherl., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), exneotype of type: ATCC 64288. Lunatiannulus Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: L. irregularis Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph libertella-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, Europe, see Daranagama et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strains of type species MFLU 14-0236, MFLUCC 14–0014. Lunulospora Ingold 1942, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, two species, type: L. curvula Ingold, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Luteocirrhus C.F. Crane, B.L. Shearer & T.I. Burgess 2013, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: L. shearii C.F. Crane, B.L. Shearer & T.I. Burgess, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Crane and Burgess (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Shearer and Crane (2014; pathogens), Norphanphoun et al. (2016; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and the ex-type cultures of the type species PERTH 08439362, CBS 130776 = WAC 13425. Luttrellia Shearer 1978, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: L. estuarina Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, fresh water, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Luzfridiella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: L. insignis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lylea Morgan-Jones 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: L. catenulata Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Karandikar and Singh (2010; new species, India), McKenzie (2009; new species, New Zealand), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Xia et al. (2014; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lyromma Bat. & H. Maia 1965, Lyrommataceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, seven species, type: L. nectandrae Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, lichenized, worldwide, see Lücking (2008; new species, taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012; outline, accepted as Pyrenulales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Flakus and Farkas (2013; new species, Bolivia), Farkas and Flakus (2015; South Africa), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Lysotheca Cif. 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: L. suprastromatica Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Dominican Republic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Maasoglossum K.S. Thind & R. Sharma 1985, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, one species, type: M. verrucisporum K.S. Thind & R. Sharma, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Leotiomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hustad and Miller (2015c; revision, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CUP-IN-000606, needs generic revision. Macgarvieomyces Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. borealis (de Hoog & Oorschot) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, hyphomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, UK, Netherlands, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny, morphology, asexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences available, ex-type strain of type species CBS 461.65, needs generic revision. Mackenziella Yanna & K.D. Hyde 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. livistonae (Yanna & K.D. Hyde) Yanna & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Yanna and Hyde (2009; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HKU (M) 13304. Macowaniella Doidge 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. congesta (G. Winter) Doidge, epiphytes, terrestrial, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, treated as a doubtful genus in Asterinales), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Macroallantina Speer 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Metazythia caespitosa Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Macroconia (Wollenw.) Gräfenhan, Seifert & Schroers 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: Macroconia leptosphaeriae (Niessl) Gräfenhan & Schroers, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, mostly fungicolous, Northern hemisphere, see Gräfenhan et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: K(M) 165805. Macroderma Höhn. 1917, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. curtisii (Berk. & Ravenel) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Macrodiaporthe Petr. 1920, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. occulta (Fuckel) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, Needs generic revision. Macrodiplodia Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. curreyi (Sacc. & Roum.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Macrodiplodiopsis Petr. 1922, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: M. desmazieri (Mont.) Petr., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014b, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; taxonomy, sexual morph, typification), Tanaka et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype: PC 0142158, epitype and exepitype: CBS H-22269, CBS 140062. Macrographa Etayo 2008, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. antarctica Etayo, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, parasymbiont, or parasite on Nephroma antarcticum, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Trichothyriaceae, but without molecular data), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species MAF, Etayo 23269. Macrohilum H.J. Swart 1988, Macrohilaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. eucalypti H.J. Swart, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and exepitype of the type: CBS H-22279, CBS 140063. Macrophomina Petr. 1923, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, in soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Macrorhabdus Tomaszewski, Logan, Snowden, Kurtzman & Phalen 2003, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: M. ornithogaster Tomasz., asexual reproduction is by fission, yypically infects the stomach area of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) and other birds causing a wasting disease, on Budgerigars and other birds, worldwide, sequences are available. Macroskyttea Etayo, Flakus, Suija & Kukwa 2015, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type species: M. parmotrematis Etayo, Flakus & Kukwa, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Bolivia, see Etayo et al (2015; DNA, description), DNA sequences available, cultures unavailable, holotype of type species in UGDA. Macrovalsaria Petr. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. leonensis (Deighton) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Botryosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Botryosphaeriaceae), Doilom et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Macroventuria Aa 1971, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. anomochaeta Aa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Aveskamp et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Maculatifrondes K.D. Hyde 1996, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. aequatoriensis K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BRIP 23240, needs generic revision. Maculatipalma J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 1995, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. frondicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BRIP 21402, needs generic revision. Madurella Brumpt 1905, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: M. mycetomatis (Laveran) Brumpt, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, human (causal agent of black-grain mycetoma) and animal pathogens, worldwide, see Fahala et al. (2010; pathogen, treatments), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), de Hoog et al. (2012, 2013; new species, Sudan, Sumatera), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Irinyi et al. (2015; barcode), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species CBS 247.48, needs generic revision. Magmopsis Nyl. 1875, Arthopyreniaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. pertenella Nyl., lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Magnaporthiopsis J. Luo & N. Zhang 2013, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: M. poae (Landsch. & N. Jacks.) J. Luo & N. Zhang, asexual morph hyphomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Luo and Zhang (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Klaubauf et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Luo et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015e; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Khemmuk et al. (2016; phylogeny), holotype and cultures available for the type species DAR 59044, M47. Magnibotryascoma Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Floricolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. uniseriatum (Mugambi, A.N. Mill. & Huhndorf) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species ANM 909. Magnicamarosporium Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Sulcatisporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type species: M. iriomotense Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology, phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type: HHUF 30125, CBS 139696. Magnisphaera J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer 2003 (= Matsusphaeria K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jone fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016), Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: Magnisphaera spartinae (E.B.G. Jones) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept as a valid genus), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Magnohelicospora R.F. Castañeda, Hern.-Restr., Gené & Guarro 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. iberica R.F. Castañeda, Hern.-Restr., Gené & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Portugal, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2013c; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: HAL (Fungi) 2447, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Magnusiomyces Zender 1977 (= Saprochaete Coker & Shanor ex D.T.S. Wagner & Dawes 1970), Dipodascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, eight species, type: M. ludwigii Zender, asexual reproduction consists of true hyphae that branch at acute angles with acuminate apices, and that disarticulate into arthroconidia, saprophytic, but clinical isolates are not uncommon, soil, tree fluxes, waste water, insect tunnels in trees, worldwide, cultures and sequences are available. Mahabalella B. Sutton & S.D. Patil 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. acutisetosa B. Sutton & S.D. Patil, hyphomycetous, with acremonium-like synasexual morph, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Maheshwaramyces Hosag. 2009, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. pachygones Hosag., Archana & Dan, asexual morph unknown, living on leves, India, see Hosagoudar and Archana (2009; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Maireella Syd. ex Maire 1908, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: M. maculans Syd. ex Maire, data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Gibbera), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable. Majewskia Y.B. Lee & K. Sugiy. 1986, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: M. japonica Y.B. Lee & K. Sugiy., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Malacaria Syd. 1930, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. meliolicola Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; not listed in Tubeufiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Malaysiasca Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Glomerellales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. phaii Crous & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22616, CPC 27548. Malbranchea Sacc. 1882, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 22 species, type: M. pulchella Sacc. & Penz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, dung, keratin, cellulose, man and other substrata, terrestrial, Northern America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Malcolmiella Vězda 1997, Teloschistales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. cinereovirens Vězda, lichenized, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kalb et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, holotype of type: CHR (2757). Mallochia Arx & Samson 1986, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: M. echinulata (B.G. Dutta & G.R. Ghosh) Arx & Samson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, paleotropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Onygenaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-6703, needs generic revision. Malmeomyces Starbäck 1899, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. pulchellus Starbäck, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Malmidea Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch 2011, Malmideaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: M. piperis (Spreng.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch, ascomata apotheciate, conidiomata pycnidial, lichen-forming, mostly on bark, pantropical, see Kalb et al. (2011; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Malmographina M. Cáceres, Rivas Plata & Lücking 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. plicosa (C.F.W. Meissn.) M. Cáceres, Rivas Plata & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, pantropical, see Cáceres et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Malthomyces K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon 1999, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. calamigena (Berk. & Broome) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Sri Lanka, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Mamiania Ces. & De Not. 1863, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: M. fimbriata (Pers.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Mamianiella Höhn. 1917, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: M. coryli (Batsch) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Sogonov et al. (2008; accepted as Diaporthales), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted asa genus in Gnomoniaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as Diaporthales), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H14211, BPI 877578. Mamillisphaeria K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones 1996, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. dimorphospora K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), holotype of the type: BRIP 22967, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mammaria Ces. ex Rabenh. 1854 (= Pseudocercophora Subram. & Sekar 1986 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. echinobotryoides Ces., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-14212. Manglicola Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. 1971, Manglicolaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: M. guatemalensis Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Brunei, Guatemala, Thailand, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Suetrong et al. (2010, 2011a; morphology, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Shearer et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-isotype strain of type species J.K. Nos. 2700 (NY), J.K. 2700a (IMS). Mangoldia Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: M. australiana Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, see Lücking et al. (2012, 2014; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), sequences are available, holotype: CANB, Mangold 27zB. Mangrovispora K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri 1991, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. pemphii K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Australia, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; accepted as Phyllachorales), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), holotype of the type: BRIP 17112. Manoharachariella Bagyan., N.K. Rao & Kunwar 2009, Tubeufiaeae, Tubeufiales, Dothidiomycetes, four species, type: M. lignicola Bagyan., N.K. Rao & Kunwar, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia and Turkey, see Bagyanarayana et al. (2009; established genera), Rajeshkumar and Singh (2012; new species), Faruk et al. (2014; new species), Doilom et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available for M. tectonae, holotype of type: IMI 296857. Manokwaria K.D. Hyde 1993, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Manokwaria notabilis K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: BRIP 20854, needs generic revision. Mapletonia B. Sutton 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. falcata B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 263431a. Marasasiomyces Crous 2015, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. karoo (B. Sutton & Marasas) Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: PREM 44967, CBS 118718. Marcelaria Aptroot, Nelsen & Parnmen 2013, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot, Nelsen & Parnmen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aptroot et al. (2013b; taxonomy), Nelsen et al. (2014b; DNA, phylogeny), Luangsuphabool et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type species 236 (PC), MPN323A (fide Nelsen et al. 2014). Marcelleina Brumm., Korf & Rifai 1967, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. persoonii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Brumm., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lantieri and Pfister (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rubio et al. (2011; new species, Spain), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: TL-5696, needs generic revision. Marchantiana S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell & Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. occidentalis (Elix, S. Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014, 2015b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and available cultures of the type: CANB Elix 32479, SK981 and SK982. Margaritispora Ingold 1942, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. aquatica Ingold, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson 1974, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: Mariannaea elegans (Corda) Samson, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes and in soil, Asia, see Gräfenhan et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species in herb. Corda (as Penicillium elegans). Marielliottia Shoemaker 1999, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. nolinae A.W. Ramaley, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted AY004786 (DAOM 208987) as the ITS barcode), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Marinokulati E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang 2014, Juncigenaceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. chaetosa (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, saprobes, marine, temperate, asexual morph unknown, see Jones et al. (2014, 2015; morphology, phylogeny; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Marinosphaera K.D. Hyde 1989, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. mangrovei K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brunei, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; phylogeny, outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 325412, needs generic revision. Marinospora A.R. Caval 1966, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. calyptrata (Kohlm.) A.R. Caval., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Argentina, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Scotland, Iceland, Spain, USA, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Marisolaris Jørgen Koch & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. ansata Jørg. Koch & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine, temperate, on wood associated with sand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), no sequence data, needs generic revision. Maronea A.Massal. 1856, Fuscideaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: M. berica A. Massal., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Maronella M. Steiger 1959, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. laricina M. Steiner, lichenized, temperate northern hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Marthamyces Minter 2003, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: M. emarginatus (Cooke & Massee) Minter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Martinellisia V.G. Rao & Varghese 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. indica V.G. Rao & Varghese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Martininia Dumont & Korf 1970, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: M. panamaensis Dumont & Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Martiniozyma Kurtzman 2015, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: M. abiesophila (Kurtzman) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, water, soil, fruit, sap of red fir, worldwide, see Kurtzman (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Martinjahnsia S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, J.S. Hur & A. Thell 2012, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: M. resendei (Poelt & C. Tav.) S.Y. Kondr., Fedorenko, S. Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, J.S. Hur & A. Thell, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Fedorenko et al. (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Masonhalea Kärnefelt 1977, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: M. richardsonii (Hook.) Kärnefelt, lichenized, Arctic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Massalongia Körb. 1855, Massalongiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: M. carnosa (Dicks.) Körb., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Massalongina Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. aquilina (C. Massal.) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Massaria De Not. 1844, Massariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 31 species, type: M. inquinans (Tode) De Not., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or weak parasitic, terrestrial, northern temperate climate zone, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for 17 species, holotype of type species WU 30526. Massarina Sacc. 1883, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 100 species, type: M. eburnea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2009a, b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tanaka et al (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Massariola Füisting 1868, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Massariosphaeria (E. Müll.) Crivelli 1983, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: M. phaeospora (E. Müll.) Crivelli, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Tanaka et al. (2011b; new species, Pakistan), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Lophiostomataceae) Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2015b; excluded from Lophiostomataceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Pleosporales), cultures available for the type: CBS 611.86 (fide Schoch et al. 2009), needs generic revision. Massariothea Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: M. themedae Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Massariovalsa Sacc. 1882 (= Melanconiopsis Ellis & Everh. fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: M. sudans (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-14272, needs generic revision. Masseea Sacc. 1889, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. quisquiliarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mastigosporella Höhn. 1914 (= Wuestneiopsis J. Reid & Dowsett 1990 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: M. hyalina (Ellis & Everh.) Höhn., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2013b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2015a; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lack for the type, needs generic revision. Mastigosporium Riess 1852, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: M. album Riess, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, temperate, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014a; taxonomy, epitypification, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Mastodia Hook.f. & Harv. 1847, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, type: M. tessellata (Hook. f. & Harv.) Hook. f. & Harv., lichenized, Southern hemisphere, especially Anctartica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Mastodiaceae), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2010; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Matsushimaea Subram. 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: M. fasciculata (Matsush.) Subram., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North America, Africa, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Rambelli (2011; Mediterranean), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Matsushimamyces Rahul Sharma & Rohit Sharma 2015, Latoruaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. bohaniensis Rahul Sharma, Rohit Sharma & Crous, hyphomycetous, keratinophilic, from soil, India, see Sharma et al. (2015; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Matsushimiella R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. queenslandica (Matsush.) R.F. Castañeda & Heredia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Monteiro et al. (2015a; new species, Brazil), holotype of type: MFC-8A063, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Minimelanolocus, Nigrolentilocus, Pseudospiropes and Spiropes. Matsushimomyces V.G. Rao & Varghese 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. indicus V.G. Rao & Varghese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Matsusporium E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang 2010, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. tropicale (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, pantropical, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 325412. Mattirolella S. Colla 1929, Kathistaceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. silvestrii S. Colla, saprobes, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mattirolia Berl. & Bres. 1889, Thyridiaceae, Sordariomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: M. roseovirens Berl. & Bres., saprobes, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Checa et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences and cultures are unavailable, epitype of type: WU 32154. Mattirolomyces E. Fisch. 1938, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. terfezioides (Mattir.) E. Fisch., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Trappe et al. (2010; DNA), Kovács et al. (2011b; DNA, new combination), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Maublancia G. Arnaud 1918, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. myrtacearum G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; excluded from Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, accepted in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-14276. Mauginiella Cavara 1925, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. scaettae Cavara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, South America, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Abdullah et al. (2015; pathogens), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mauritiana Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally 2000, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. rhizophorae Poonyth, K.D. Hyde, Aptroot & Peerally, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, see Alias and Jones (2009; monograph), Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline, marine), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Lee et al. (2012; checklist, Malaysia), Zhang et al. (2012e; phylogeny, morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline),cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: HKU(M) 10219. Mawsonia C.W.Dodge 1948, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: M. harrissonii C.W. Dodge, lichenized, Brazil, Antarctica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mazaediothecium Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: M. rubiginosum Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, Costa Rica, Malaysia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: Aptroot (17464). Mazosia A. Massal. 1854, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 27 species, type: M. rotula (Mont.) A. Massal., sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, rarely lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical to subtropical regions, see Lücking (2008, morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015b, c; phylogeny), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence data available for a few species, holotype of species unavailable. Mazzantia Mont. 1855 (= Mazzantiella Höhn. 1925 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: M. galii (Fr.) Mont., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, America, see Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type: AR4658 (fide Udayanga et al. 2014). Mebarria J. Reid & C. Booth 1989, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. thujina (Nag Raj & DiCosmo) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Medeolaria Thaxt. 1922, Medeolariaceae, Medeolariales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. farlowii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Medusamyces G.L. Barron & Szijarto 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. lunulosporus G.L. Barron & Szijarto, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on rotifers, aquatic, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: OAC 10845. Megacapitula J.L. Chen & Tzean 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. villosa J.L. Chen & Tzean, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Prabhugaonkar and Bhat (2011; record in India, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype and cultures available for the type: PPH17, GUFCC 15515. Megalaria Hafellner 1984, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 29 species, type: M. grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner, lichenized, worldwide, see Ekman et al. (2008; Ancestral state reconstructions), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Megaloblastenia Sipman 1983, Megalosporaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: M. flavidoatra (Nyl.) Sipman, lichenized, Australia, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Megalodochium Deighton 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: M. palmicola Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, China, India, Sierra Leone (tropical Africa), see Tiwari and Rai (2009; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; morphology), Crous et al. (2015d; compare with Melanconium), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Megalohypha A. Ferrer & Shearer 2007, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. aqua-dulces A. Ferrer & Shearer, freshwater, Panama, Thailand, see Suetrong et al. (2011a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: AF005 ILL. Megaloseptoria Naumov 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. mirabilis Naumov, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Megalospora Meyen 1843, Megalosporaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: M. sulphurata Meyen, lichenized, tropical and warm temperate zones, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kantvilas and Lumbsch (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Megalotremis Aptroot 1991, Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: M. verrucosa (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, India, Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, see Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for type: MPN104 (fide Nelsen et al. 2011), needs generic revision. Megaspora (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Hafellner & V.Wirth 1987, Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V. Wirth, lichenized, Austria, Iran, Armenia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Valadbeigi et al. (2011a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Zakeri et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Meionomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type: M. asteni Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Melanamphora Lafl. 1976, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. spinifera (Wallr.) Lafl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanconiella Sacc. 1882, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. spodiaea (Tul. & C. Tul.) Sacc., asexual morph discosporina-like and melanconiumlike, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Voglmayr et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny, asexual morph, typification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type species SPOD1, SPOD, MVS, MSH (fide Voglmayr et al. 2012), needs generic revision. Melanconis Tul. & C. Tul. 1863 (= Melanconium Link 1809 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 100 species, type: M. stilbostoma (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph forrmerly known in Melanconium, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy of Melanconium, outline), cultures and sequences are available. Melanelia Essl. 1978, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: Melanelia stygia (L.) Essl., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Melanelixia O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch 2004, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: M. glabra (Schaer.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch (syn. Parmelia olivacea f. glabra Schaer.), lichenized, widespread, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type species G. Melanocamarosporium Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2016, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. galicola Wijayaw., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15–3451, MFLUCC 13–0545. Melanocarpus Arx 1975, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: M. albomyces (Cooney & R. Emers.) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Sordariales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), van den Brink et al. (2015; thermophilic nature), cultures and sequences are available. Melanocephala S. Hughes 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: M. cupulifera S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanodothis R.H. Arnold 1972, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Melanodothis caricis R.H. Arnold, asexual morph ramularia-like, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanographium Sacc. 1913, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: M. spleniosporum Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanohalea O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch 2004, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 19 species, type: M. exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Divakar, Essl., D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch (syn. Parmelia exasperata De Not.), lichenized, widespread, terrestrial, see Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species RO. Melanolecia Hertel 1981, Hymeneliaceae, Hymeneliales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: M. transitoria (Arnold) Hertel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: Meltra167, needs generic revision. Melanomma Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 30 species, type: M. pulvis-pyrius (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for type: CBS 371.75, CBS 109.77, CBS 124080, CBS 371.75. Melanopeziza Velen. 1939, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. artemisiae Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Melanophloea P.James & Vězda 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. pacifica P. James & Vězda, lichenized, Mid-Atlantic region of eastern North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Thelocarpaceae), Aptroot and Schumm (2012b; evolution), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanophoma Papendorf & J.W. du Toit 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. karroo Papendorf & G.W. du Toit, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melanops Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Melanopsaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. tulasnei Fuckel, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips and Alves (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Slippers et al. (2014; phylogeny, introduced of a new family Melanopsaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype of the type: LISE 95179, CBS 116805. Melanopsamma Niessl 1876, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 40 species, type: M. pomiformis (Pers.) Sacc., asexual morph custingophora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Hunduf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Niessliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2015e; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures available for type: CBS 114119, CBS 325.50, CBS 114119, CBS 101322. Melanormia Körb. 1865, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. velutina Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Melanospora Corda 1836 (= Gonatobotrys Corda 1839 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, 35 species, type: Melanospora zamiae Corda, asexual morphs formerly named in Gonatobotrys, saprobes, from soil, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Fan et al. (2012a; species from China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Melanotopelia Lumbsch & Mangold 2008, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: M. toensbergii (Vězda & Kantvilas) Lumbsch & Mangold, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Mangold et al. (2008a; taxonomy), Sérusiaux et al. (2009a; new species, Rwanda), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2010a, 2015; new species, Falkland Island, accepted in Graphidaceae), Rivas Plata et al. (2012; accepted in Graphidaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of the type species BG, Tønsberg 25545 (holotype of Topeliopsis toensbergii Kantvilas & Vězda). Melanotrema Frisch 2006, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, eleven species, type: M. platystomum (Mont.) Frisch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Mangold et al. (2009; new species, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Papong et al. (2010; new species), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kraichak et al. (2014; new species), Sipman (2014; new species), Lumbsch et al. (2015; accepted in Graphidaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: DNA3492, needs generic revision. Melanotrigonum Réblová 2015, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. ovale Réblová, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2017; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type: PRM 933852, CBS 138743. Melarthonis Frisch & G. Thor 2014, Chrysotrichaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: Melarthonis piceae Frisch & G. Thor, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Frisch et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype of the type: UPS, Thor 25995, sequences are available. Melaspilea Nyl. 1857, Melaspileaceae, Eremithallales, Dothideomycetes, 163 species, type: M. arthonioides (A. Massal.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine and terrestrial, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Pérez-Ortega and Etayo (2010; morphology), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activities), Zhurbenko and Zhdanov (2013; morphology), Flakus et al. (2014; morphology), Ertz and Diederich (2015; phylogeny), Perlmutter et al. (2015; morphology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Melaspileopsis (Müll. Arg.) Ertz & Diederich 2015, Melaspileaceae, Eremithallales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. diplasiospora (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich, sexual morph with lirelliform ascomata, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical and subtropical, see Ertz and Diederich (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Ertz et al. (2016, phylogeny), sequences are available, lectotype of the type: Lindig 846 (PC0146198). Melastiza Boud. 1885, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 14 species, type: M. miniata (Fuckel) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Melchioria Penz. & Sacc 1897, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: M. leucomelaena Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Indonesia and South America, cultures and sequences are unavailable, Holotype and ex-type strain unavailable. Meliniomyces Hambl. & Sigler 2005, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: M. variabilis Hambl. & Sigler, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Meliola Fr. 1825, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, c. 1300, type: M. nidulans (Schwein.) Cooke, asexual morph produced from the hyphae, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Meliolaster Höhn. 1918, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. clavisporus (Pat.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys), cultures and sequences unavailable, holotype of type: FH 258798. Meliolina Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Meliolinaceae, Dothideomycetes, families incertae sedis, c. 40 species, type: M. cladotricha (Lév.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; listed the family under excluded, doubtful and poorly known families), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Melioliphila Speg. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, Incertae sedis, , seven species, type: M. graminicola (F. Stevens) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Tubeufiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Tubeufiaceae), Boonmee et al. (2014b; excluded from Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mellitiosporiella Höhn. 1919, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. pulchella Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Index Fungorum (2015), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mellitiosporium Corda 1838, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. versicolor Corda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Rhytismatales, genera incertae sedis), Lantz et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Melnikia Wijayaw., Goonas., D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, 2016, Phaeosphaeriacea, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. anthoxanthii Wijayaw., Goonas., Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15–2657, MFLUCC 14–1010. Melnikomyces Crous & U. Braun 2014, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: M. vietnamensis Crous & U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Vietnam, see Crous et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of type: CBS H-21715, CPC 23554. Meloderma Darker 1967, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: M. desmazieri (Duby) Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Melogramma Fr. 1849, Melogrammataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: M. campylosporum Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Melanconidaceae), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr. (2012; phylogeny, accepted in Melogrammataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Melomastia Nitschke ex Sacc. 1875, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: M. friesii Nitschke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Melophia Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: M. ophiospora (Lév.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Memnoniella Höhn. 1923, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: M. echinata (Riv.) Galloway (≡ Penicillium echinatum Riv.), hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; synonym of Stachybotrys), Wang et al. (2015e; synonym of Stachybotrys), Lombard et al. (2016; reinstated the genus, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype culture of type species CBS H-22447, CBS 216.32. Mendogia Racib. 1900, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incerte sedis, four species, type: M. bambusina Racib. , asexual morph unknown, epiphytic, terrestrial, Indonesia, Philippine, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mendoziopeltis Bat. 1959, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: M. byrsonimae Bat. & Nascim. ex Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Menegazzia A. Massal. 1854, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: M. terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Menidochium R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. formosum R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Menispora Pers. 1822 (= Zignoëlla sacc. 1878 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: Melomastia friesii Nitschke, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Zignoëlla, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Menisporopsis S. Hughes 1952 (= Menisporopascus Matsush. 2003 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: Menisporopsis theobromae S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Menisporopascus, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H-19592. Mercadomyces J. Mena 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. camagueyensis J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Meridianelia Kantvilas & Lumbsch 2009, Elixiaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. maccarthyana Kantvilas & Lumbsch, lichenized, corticolous, Tasmania, see Kantvilas and Lumbsch (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Merismatium Zopf 1898, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, eleven species, type: M. lopadii (Anzi) Zopf, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Yazici and Aslan (2016; Asia, Turkey), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Merismella Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: M. concinna Syd., sexual morph Chaetothyrium Speg., epiphytic, terrestrial, Brazil, Greece, India, Panama, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Meristemomyces Isola & Onofri 2014, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. frigidus Isola & Onofri, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rockinhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), cultures available for the type: CBS 136109 = CCFEE 5508. Merodontis Clem. 1909, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. tenella (Penz. & Sacc.) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Merugia Rogerson & Samuels 1990, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: M. palicoureae Rogerson & Samuels, saprobes, terrestrial, Guyana, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: NY, Samuels 6552, needs generic revision. Mesniera Sacc. & P. Syd. 1902, Mesnieraceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: M. rottlerae (Racib.) Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-4212, needs generic revision. Metacapnodium Speg. 1918 (= Antennularia Rchb. 1828; = Capnocybe S. Hughes 1966; = Capnophialophora S. Hughes 1966; = Capnobotrys S. Hughes 1970; Capnosporium S. Hughes 1976 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Metacapnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: M. juniperi (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, sooty mould on living plants, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hughes et al. (2012; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Metacapnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metacoleroa Petr. 1927, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. dickiei (Berk. & Broome) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Venturia Sacc.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Metacordyceps G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora 2007, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 16 species, type: M. taii (Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, entomogenous and in soil and dung, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kepler et al. (2012a; sexual morph), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Metadiplodia Syd. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, c. 40 species, type: M. eucalypti Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worlwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metadothella Henn. 1904, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. stellata Henn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Peru, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype and ex-type strain not available. Metahyphopichia Sipiczki & Pfliegler 2016, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: M. laotica Sipiczki, Pfliegler, Safar, Morais, & Rosa, dimorphic, asexual morph unknown, on plants, terrestrial, Southeast Asia, South America, see Sipiczki et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Metamelanea Henssen 1989, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: M. umbonata Henssen, lichenized, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2015; records in Sweden), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metameris Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. japonica (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; placed in Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Botryosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metapezizella Petr. 1968, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. phyllachorivora Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Metapochonia Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber 2014, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: M. suchlasporia (W. Gams & Dackman) Kepler, Rehner & Humber, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, nematogenous and in soil, rotifers and plant roots, cosmopolitan, see Kepler et al. (2014; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, Holotype and ex-type of type species in Suecia, C. Dackman No. 10 (1983); CBS 251.83. Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li, R.S. Cowles, Vossbrinck 2008, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. microspora D.W. Li, R.S. Cowles & Vossbrinck, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, entomogenous, USA, see Li et al. (2008b; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: BPI 878276 = UAMH 10901. Metarhizium Sorokin 1879, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 24 species, type: M. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, entomogenous and in soil, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kepler et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Metathyriella Syd. 1927, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: M. roupalae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metazythia Petr. 1950, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. caespitosa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metazythiopsis M. Morelet 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. halepensis M. Morelet, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Metschnikowia Kamienski 1899, Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, c. 100 species (including c. 50 Candida species in the Metschnikowia clade), type: M. bicuspidata (Metschnikoff) T. Kamienski, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, on beetles, fruit flies, rotted plants, berries, water, seawater, flowers of various plant species, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015d; new species, phylogeny), asexual species in this clade are classified in the genus Candida, but will be transferred to Metschnikowia as new combinations, sequences are available. Metulocladosporiella Crous, Schroers, J.Z. Groenew., U. Braun & K. Schub. 2006, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: M. musae (E.W. Mason) Crous, Schroers, J.Z. Groenew., U. Braun & K. Schub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Xu et al. (2011; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Metus D.J. Galloway & P. James 1987, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. conglomeratus (F. Wilson) D.J. Galloway & P. James, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch et al. (2010b; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b, classification), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 4945 (Miądlikowska et al. 2014), needs generic revision. Meyerozyma Kurtzman & M. Suzuki 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: M. guilliermondii (Wickerham) Kurtzman & M. Suzuki, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but M. guilliermondii is a common clinical species, atmosphere, soil, water, sugar cane and other plants, plant debris, fruit, mammals, worldwide, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), Bautista-Rosales et al. (2013; bio control agent of Colletotrichum sp.), Coda et al. (2013; antifungal properties), sequences are available. Micarea Fr. [nom. cons.] 1825, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 100 species, type: M. prasina Fr., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Micareopsis R.C. Harris & Lendemer 2013, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. irriguata R.C. Harris & Lendemer, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lendemer et al. (2013; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species NY, Buck 49935. Micraspis Darker 1963, Tympanidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: M. acicola Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Index Fungorum (2015; new family), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Microascus Zukal 1886, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 51 species, type: M. longirostris Zukal, asexual morph hyphomycetous, coprophilous, on human, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), Jagielski et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), neotype and ex-neotype of type: CBS H-14440, MUCL 9058. Microblastosporon Cif., 1930, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. botryoideum (Chaborski) Cif., hyphomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, Europe, See Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; accepted as valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microcalicium Vain. 1927, Microcaliciaceae, Ascomycota family Incertae sedis, four species, type: M. disseminatum (Ach.) Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture for the type species (sequence data also deposited under this number) Wedin 6353 (Prieto et al. 2012), needs generic revision. Microcallis Syd. 1926, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, ten species, type: M. phoebes Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Microcera Desm. 1848, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: M. coccophila Desm., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, entomogenous, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gräfenhan et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: K(M) 165807. Microclava F. Stevens 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: M. miconiae F. Stevens, hyphomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microcyclella Theiss. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. nervisequia (Höhn.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microcyclephaeria Bat. 1958, Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. palmicola (Syd.) Bat. & H. Maia ex Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microcyclospora J. Frank, Schroers & Crous 2010, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: M. pomicola J. Frank, B. Oertel, Schroers & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Canada, Iran, see Frank et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Arzanlou and Bakhshi (2011; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2012c; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are availabl. Microcyclosporella J. Frank, Schroers & Crous 2010, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. mali J. Frank, Schroers & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, epiphytic, Slovenia, see Frank et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: CBS H20413; CBS 126136. Microcyclus Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd. 1904, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 15 species, type: M. angolensis Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, pathogen, saprobes, endophytes, see Lumbsch and Hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Microdiplodia Allesch. 1901, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 30 species, type: M. conigena Allesch., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Canada, Iran, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, taxonomic notes and treated as doubtful), cultures and sequences are available, need generic revision and epitypification. Microdiscula Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. rubicola (Bres.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or plant pathogenic, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted); cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microdiscus Sacc. 1916, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. americanus (Sacc.) Trotter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Microdochiella M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2016, Orbiliales, genera incertae sedis, Orbiliomycetes, one species, type: M. fusarioides (D.C. Harris) M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: IMI 281715, CBS 741.83. Microdochium Syd. & P. Syd. 1924 (= Monographella Petr. 1924 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Microdochiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: M. phragmitis Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Monographella, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; phylogeny, introduced Microdochiaceae), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), holotype and epitype of the type: K-IMI 193888, CBS H-22135, exepitype culture CBS 285.71. Microdothella Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. culmicola Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microdothiorella C.A.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. sphaeralceae M.E.A. Costa & Sousa da Câmara, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Portugal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microeurotium Ghatak 1936, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: M. albidum Ghatak, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or coprophilous, terrestrial, UK, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microglossum Gillet 1879, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: M. olivaceum (Pers.) Gillet, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kucera et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type species SAV 9902 (Kucera et al. 2014) and KL220, needs generic revision. Microhendersonula Dias & Sousa da Câmara 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. cestri Dias & Sousa da Câmara, coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, Portugal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microhilum H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath 1989, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. oncoperae H.Y. Yip & A.C. Rath, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, entomogenous, Australia, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2011; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; Sordariomycetes), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species DATH 64D6. Microidium (To-anun & S. Takam.) To-anun & S. Takam. 2012, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: M. phyllanthi (J.M. Yen) To-anun & S. Takam. ( Oidium phyllanthi J.M. Yen), hyphomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Tam et al. (2015; Vietnam), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Micromastia Speg. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. trigonospora Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Micronectria Speg. 1885, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. guaranitica Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Micronematobotrys Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo 2010, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 14 species, type: M. verrucosus Xiang Sun & L.D. Guo, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Sun and Guo (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for type species HMAS 186049; E13-2151. Micropeltis Mont. 1842, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 110 species, type: M. applanata Mont., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hongsanan et al. (2015a; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Microperella Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. quercus Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Micropeziza Fuckel 1870 (= Actinoscypha P. Karst. 1888; = Calloriella Höhn. 1918; = Crustomollisia Svrček 1987 [1986]; = Niesslella Höhn. 1919 [1918] fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: M. cornea (Berk. & Broome) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Micropodia Boud. 1885, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. pteridina (Nyl.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Micropustulomyces R.W. Barreto 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. mucilaginosus R.W. Barreto, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microscypha Syd. & P. Syd. 1919, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: M. grisella (Rehm) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, China, see Huhtinen et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Microsomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: M. psammoechi Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Microsphaeropsis Höhn. 1917, Microsphaeropsidaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 37 species, type: M. olivacea (Bonord.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens of both plants and animals, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Pethybridge et al. (2008; new species, Australia), de Gruyter et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Etayo and Yazici (2009; new species, lichenicolous), Alves et al. (2010; new species, Costa Rica), Crous et al. (2011d; new species, pathogens, Proteaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Brackel (2014; new species), Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 116669, CBS 442.83. Microsporum Gruby 1843, Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 17 species, type: M. audouinii Gruby, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on humans and other mammals, causing microsporoses, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; taxonomy), Choi et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Hubka et al. (2014a; new species), Mirhendi et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, culture available for the type: CBS 280.63 (fide Mirhendi et al. 2014), needs generic revision. Microstoma Bernstein 1852, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. hiemale Bernstein, asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, Costa Rica, Canary Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microtheliopsis Müll. Arg. 1890, Microtheliopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, four species, type: M. uleana Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, Central and South America, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microthia Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. havanensis (Bruner) Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and cultures available for the type: BPI 614275; CMW 10879 = CBS 115758, PREM 57522. Microthyrium Desm. 1841, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 60 species, type: M. microscopicum Desm., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Microtyle Speg. 1919, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. bergii Speg., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, South America, See Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microxiphium (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm. 1879 (= Dennisiella Bat. & Cif. 1962 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Coccodiniaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: M. footii (Harv. ex Berk. & Desm.) Thüm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Dennisiella, sooty moulds, Europe, North America, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microxyphiella Speg. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: M. fuligo (Berk. & Desm.) Speg., coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Microxyphiopsis Bat. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. byrsonimae Bat., coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Micularia Boedijn 1961, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. merremiae Boedijn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, parasitic, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted genus as in Elsinoaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Myriangiaceae), Dissanayake et al. (2014; accepted in Myriangiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Middelhovenomyces Kurtzman & Robnett 2014, ?Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: M. tepae (J. Grinbergs) C.P. Kurtzman & C.J. Robnett, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding and from formation of pseudohyphae, saprophytes, rotted wood, Chile, see Kurtzman and Robnett (2014; taxonomy), sequences are available. Midotiopsis Henn. 1902, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. bambusicola Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America (tropical), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Miladina Svrček 1972 (= Actinosporella Descals et al. 1999 fide Healy et al. 2016), Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: M. lecithina (Cooke) Svrček, asexual morph formerly named in Actinosporella, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the type species from voucher KH.04.22 (Hansen et al. 2013), needs generic revision. Millerburtonia Cif. 1951, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. oyedaeae Cif., coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Millerozyma Kurtzman & M. Suzuki 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: Millerozyma farinosa (Lindner) Kurtzman & M. Suzuki, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, on beetle larvae, food contaminants, dung, worldwide, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), sequences are available. Milospium D. Hawksw. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: M. graphideorum (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, terrestrial, sexual morph unknown, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, conserved type and epitype of type species BM (Herb. Lich. Paris 72), CBS H-22271. Miltidea Stirt. 1898, Miltideaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: L. rubricatula Stirt., lichenized, Southern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Widhelm and Lumbsch (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mimeomyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 16 species, type: M. decipiens Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, parasites, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and culture unavailable. Mindoa Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. ingae Petr., coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, South America, See Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Miniancora Marvanová & Bärl. 1989, Leotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. allisoniensis Marvanová and Bärl., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, Canada, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Barchien et al. (2013; phylogeny), sequence is available, ex-type strain CCM F-30487, needs generic revision. Minimelanolocus R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2001, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 26 species, type: M. navicularis (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, China, Portugal, Mexico, Cuba, see Ma et al. (2011a, b; China; new species), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2013; Portugal), Heredia et al. (2014; Mexico), Xia et al. (2014; China), Liu et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; new species), sequence available but lacks for the type species, holotype of the type: INIFAT C86/157, compare with Pseudospiropes, Spiropes and Sympodioplanus. Minimidochium B. Sutton 1970 (= Neottiosporella Hohn. ex Graniti 1951 fide Seifert et al. 2011), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: M. setosum B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread (tropical), see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 103360c, needs generic revision. Minksia Müll. Arg. 1882, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, six species, type: M. caesiella Müll. Arg., lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mintera Inácio & P.F. Cannon 2003, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: M. reticulata (Starbäck) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, Isotype of type species S F20503. Minteriella Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M. Arias 2013, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. cenotigena Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M. Arias, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Mexico, see Heredia et al. (2013; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: XAL CB897, compare with Cylindrosympodium, Polyscytalum and Sympodioplanus. Minutiella Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: M. tardicola (Damm & Crous), coelomcetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Damm et al. (2010b; as Phaeomoniella tardicola, morphology), Crous et al. (2015d; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20000, CBS 121757. Minutisphaera Shearer, A.N. Mill. & A. Ferrer 2011, Minutisphaeraceae, Minutisphaerales, Dothidiomycetes, four species, type: M. fimbriatispora Shearer, A.N. Mill. & A. Ferrer, freshwater, USA, Japan, see Ferrer et al. (2011; taxonomy), Raja et al. (2013b, 2015; phylogeny, new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: A242-8 (ILL). Minutoexcipula V. Atienza & D. Hawksw. 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: M. tuckerae V. Atienza & D. Hawksw., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, lichenicolous, Europe, North America, see Atienza et al. (2009; generic concept), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 352335. Minutophoma D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. chrysophthalmae D. Hawksw., sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, Europe, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mirandina G.Arnaud ex Matsush. 1975 (= Chaetonectrioides Matsush. 1996 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: M. corticola G. Arnaud ex Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ma et al. (2015: morphology), Fiuza et al. (2016: morphology), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mirannulata Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, A.N. Mill. & Lodge 2003, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, four species, type: M. samuelsii Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, A.N. Mill. & Lodge, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, neotropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures for the type species F (Huhndorf 1880); SMH 1880. Miricatena Punith. & Spooner 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. prunicola Punith. & Spooner, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, UK, see Punithalingam and Spooner (2011b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mirimyces Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. pulcher Nag Raj, coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: DAOM 215253. Miriquidica Hertel & Rambold 1987, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: M. complanata (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold (Lecanora complanata Körb.), lichenized fungi, saxicolous, lichenicolous, worldwide temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Singh et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogenetic placement), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence are available, needs generic revision. Misgomyces Thaxt. 1900, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: M. dyschirii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mitopeltis Speg. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. chilensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mitrula Fr. 1821, Mitrulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: M. paludosa Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Mitrulinia Spooner 1987, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. ushuaiae (Rehm) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, southern hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures or sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Miuraea Hara 1948, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. degenerans (Syd. & P. Syd.) Hara, hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerellalike, plant pathogenic, see Crous et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: M. Miura 572 (S-F1753). Mixtoconidium Etayo 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. canariense Etayo, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Ramalina, terrestrial, Canary Islands, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI Etayo 3470. Mixtura O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue 1990, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. saginata (Syd.) O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; placed in Didymellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Miyakeomyces Hara 1913, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. bambusae Hara, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Miyoshiella Kawam. 1929, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. fusispora Kawam., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; not accepted as valid genus), Index Funogrum (2016; synonym of Chaetosphaeria), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Moana Kohlm. & Volkman-Kohlm. 1989, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. turbinulata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, marine, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mobergia H. Mayrhofer & Sheard 1992, Physciaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. calculiformis (W.A. Weber) H. Mayrhofer & Sheard, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Moelleriella Bres. 1896, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: M. sulphurea Bres., asexual morph hyphomycetous or coelomycetous, terrestrial, entomogenous, tropical South America and French Guiana, see Chaverri et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2016a; new species, coelomycetous), cultures and sequences are available, neotype of type: CUP 067787, ex-type strain P.C. 756. Moleospora Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah. 2010, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Moleospora maritima Abdel-Wahab, Abdel-Aziz & Nagah., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; phylogeny, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available. Molleriella G. Winter 1886, Elsinoaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: M. mirabilis G. Winter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jayawardena et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mollicamarops Lar.N. Vassiljeva 2007, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. stellata Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate zone, see Huhndorf and Miller (2008; morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Untereiner et al. (2013; accepted in Boliniaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: VLA P-2942. Mollisia (Fr.) P. Karst. 1871 (= Aleuriella (P. Karst.) P. Karst. 1871; = ?Atrocybe Velen. 1947; = Belonopsis (Sacc.) Rehm 1891; = Crustula Velen. 1934; = Cystodendron Bubák 1914; = Dibeloniella Nannf. 1932; = Haglundia Nannf. 1932; Mollisiella Boud. 1885; Peziza sect. Aleuriella P. Karst. 1869; Peziza trib. Mollisia Fr. 1822; = Syntexis Theiss. 1916; = Tapesia (Pers.) Fuckel 1870 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a; Species Fungorum 2017), Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 130 species, type: M. cinerea (Batsch) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tanney et al. (2016; DNA), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-14530, AFTOL-ID 76. Mollisina Höhn. ex Weese 1926, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: M. rubi (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Mollisinopsis Arendh. & R. Sharma 1984, Pezizellaceae V, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: Mollisinopsis filicis Arendh. & R. Sharma, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mollisiopsis Rehm 1908, ?Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: M. subcinerea Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification; treated as a synonym of Pyrenopeziza Fuckel), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Monandromyces R.K. Benj. 1999, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eleven species, type: M. microveliae (Thaxt.) R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Monascella Guarro & Arx 1986, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: M. botryosa Guarro & Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 233.85, needs generic revision. Monascostroma Höhn. 1918, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. five species, type: M. innumerosum (Desm.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Hendersonia Berk.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Monascus Tiegh. 1884 (= Basipetospora G.T. Cole & W.B. Kendr. 1968; Backusia Thirum. et al. 1965 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Monascaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, 14 species, type: Monascus ruber Tiegh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen for type: CBS H-14541. Monerolechia Trevis. 1857, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: M. bayrhofferi (Schaer.) Trevis., lichenized, Asia, Australia, Europe, see Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Monilinia Honey 1928 (= Monilia Bonord. 1851 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species, type: M. fructicola (G. Winter) Honey, asexual morph formerly named in Monilia, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Zhu et al. (2016; pathogens, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Monilochaetes Halst. ex Harter 1916 (= Australiasca sivan. & Alcorn 2002 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Australiascaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. infuscans Harter, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Australiasca, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2011, 2016c; taxonomy, phylogeny, nomenclature), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-1013, CBS 869.96. Monoblastia Riddle 1923, Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: M. palmicola Riddle, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monoblastiopsis R.C. Harris & C.A. Morse 2008, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. konzana R.C. Harris & C.A. Morse, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: KANU 371963, needs generic revision. Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. 1902, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 28 species, type: M. monochaeta (Desm.) Allesch., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-14561; CBS 115004, CBS 191.82. Monochaetiella E. Castell. 1943, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: M. hyparrheniae E. Castell., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or plant pathogenic, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monochaetiellopsis B. Sutton & DiCosmo 1977 (= Hypnotheca Tommerup 1970 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. themedae (M. Kandasw. & Sundaram) B. Sutton & DiCosmo, coelomycetous, sexual morph Hypnotheca, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Australia, Tanzania, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species is not designated, other specimens IM I78370a, 151159a, 62200. Monochaetinula Muthumary, Abbas & B. Sutton 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: M. terminaliae (Bat. & J.L. Bezerra) Muthumary, Abbas & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monocillium S.B. Saksena 1955, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 15 species, type: M. indicum S.B. Saksena, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on fungi and lichens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Monodia Breton & Faurel 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. elegans Breton & Faurel, coelomycetous, coprophilous and saprobes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monodictys S. Hughes 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 50 species, type: M. putredinis (Wallr.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexul morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, treated as heterogenous), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Monodidymaria U. Braun 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: M. canadensis (Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun ( Ramularia canadensis Ellis & Everh.), asexual morphs hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogenic, leaf-spotting, Asia, Europe, North and South America, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequence are unavailable, lectotype of type: NY 1293230. Monodisma Alcorn 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. fragilis Alcorn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, cultures available for type: IMI 73184, IMI 41189, needs generic revision. Monoicomyces Thaxt. 1900, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 49 species, type: M. homalotae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species, Ecuador), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available only for MT004. Monorhizina Theiss. & Syd. 1916, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. filicina (Berk. & Broome) Theiss. & Syd., terrestrial, on leaves, Sri Lanka, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monosporascus Pollack & Uecker 1974, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. cannonballus Pollack & Uecker, asexual morph unknown, thermophilic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Sordariomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Correia et al. (2014; chemical compounds), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: BPI 71820; ATCC 26931 (unpublished), FMR6682 (fide Collado et al. 2002), needs generic revision. Monostichella Höhn. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: M. robergei (Desm.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Monotosporella S. Hughes 1958, Savoryellaceae, Savoryellales, Sordariomycetes, probably polyphyletic, c. 10 species, type: M. albida G. Weber, Spaaij & Oberw., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, treated as Pleosporales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Montagnella Speg. 1881, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: M. curumamuel Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Montagnula Berl. 1896, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 30 species, type: M. infernalis (Niessl) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a, d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Wanasinghe et al. (2016; phylogeny), Tennakoon et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Montanelia Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl. 2012, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: M. panniformis (Nyl.) Divakar, A. Crespo, Wedin & Essl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Divakar et al. (2012; taxonomy), Leavitt et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Steven et al. (2015; phylogeny), Szczepańska et al. (2015; distribution in Poland and Europe), cultures and sequences are available. Monticola Selbmann & Egidi 2014, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. elongata Selbmann & Egidi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rockinhabiting, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 136206 = CCFEE 5394. Moorella P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao 1964, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. speciosa P.Rag. Rao & D. Rao, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Morakotiella (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones) Sakay. 2005, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. salina (C.A. Farrant & E.B.G. Jones) Sakay., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: IMI 297765. Moralesia Urries 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. arundinis Urries, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canary Islands, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Morchella Dill. ex Pers. 1794 (= Costantinella Matr. 1892 fide Healy et al. 2016), Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 40 species, type: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Isiloglu et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Clowez (2012; new species, France), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Elliott et al. (2014; new species, New South Wales), Loizides et al. (2016; new species, Cyprus), cultures and sequences are available, epitype of type: PhC10. Morenoina Theiss. 1913, Aulographaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: M. antarctica (Speg.) Theiss., asexual morph coelomycetous (acarella-like), epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, accepted in Aulographaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Aulographaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, epitype of type: IMI 349680. Morinia Berl. & Bres. 1889, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. pestalozzioides Berl. & Bres., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Moriola Norman 1872, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 15 species, type: M. descensa Norman, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Moriolomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. descensae Cif. & Tomas., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Moristroma A.I. Romero & Samuels 1991, Chaetothyriomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: M. polysporum A.I. Romero & Samuels, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Moromyces Abdel-Wahab, K.L. Pang, Nagah., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones 2010, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. varius (Chatmala & Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab, K.L. Pang, Nagah., Abdel-Aziz & E.B.G. Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Egypt, Japan and Thailand, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Jones et al. (2015; phylogeny, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: BBH IT152. Morosphaeria Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch 2009, Morosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. velatispora (K.D. Hyde & Borse) Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L. Schoch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on wood in mangrove habitats, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2009, 2011a, b; phylogeny, morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activity), Pang et al. (2011b; monograph), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Boonmee et al. (2012; phylogeny), Zhang et al. (2012e; phylogeny, morphology), Hyde et al (2013; phylogeny, morphology, outline), Sarma and Raghukumar, (2013; diversity), Ariyawansa et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Gnavi et al.(2014; phylogeny), Shearer et al. (2014; phylogeny, freshwater), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Liu et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2015, phylogeny), Singtripop et al. (2015; phylogeny), sequence data available for two species, holotype of type species IMI297770. Morrisographium M. Morelet 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: M. pilosum M. Morelet, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, freshwater, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Moserella Pöder & Scheuer 1994, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. radicicola Pöder & Scheuer, asexual morph unknown, on roots, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mouliniea C.P. Robin 1853, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, accepted as a genus in Pezizomycotinain Kirk et al. (2008) and Kirk et al. (2013) genus accepted. However, previous outlines i.e. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) or Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017) did not list as a genus in Pezizomycotinain. Moutoniella Penz. & Sacc. 1902, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. polita Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Muciturbo P.H.B. Talbot 1989, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: M. reticulatus P.H.B. Talbot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Kirk et al. (2008; genus accepted), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; genus not accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; genus not accepted), Healy et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus not accepted), Index Fungorum (2016; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mucoharknessia Crous, R.M. Sánchez & Bianchin. 2015, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: M. cortaderiae Crous, R.M. Sánchez & Bianchin, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, Italy, see Crous et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), isotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: CBS H21853, CBS 131032. Mucomassaria Petr. & Cif. 1932, Mucomassariaceae, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. maxima Petr. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Mucomycosphaerella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. eurypotami (Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss.) Quaedvl. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, USA, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences available, holotype and ex-type of type: JK5586; JK5586J. Muellerella Hepp ex Müll. Arg. 1862, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 18 species, type: M. polyspora Hepp ex Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species, Magallanes) Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Berger and LaGreca (2014; new species, Bermuda), Muggia et al. (2015b; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Muellerites L. Holm 1968, Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. juniperi (E. Müll. & Arx) L. Holm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, Switzerland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Dothideomycetes), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014a; transferred to Dothidotthiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Muelleromyces Kamat & Anahosur 1968, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. indicus Kamat & Anahosur, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muiaria Thaxt. 1914, Laboulbeniales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. gracilis Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Africa, Borneo, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muiogone Thaxt. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. chromopteri Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogen, terrestrial, West Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muirella R. Sprague 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. alascensis R. Sprague, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mulderomyces Crous, Jacq. Edwards & P.W.J. Taylor 2016, Ostropales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. natalis Crous, Jacq. Edwards & P.W.J. Taylor, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22609, CPC 25519. Multiclavula R.H.Petersen 1967, Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Agaricomycetes, 16 species, type: Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H. Petersen, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Multilocularia Phook., Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde 2016, Parabambusicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. bambusae Phook., Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: MFLU 11–0216, MFLUCC 11-0180. Multiseptospora Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde 2015, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Multiseptospora thailandica Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 11–0219, MFLUCC 11–0183. Multisporascus Marinc., M.J. Wingf. & Crous 2008, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. proteae Marinc., M.J. Wingf. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: PREM 59465. Munkia Speg. 1886, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: M. martyris Speg., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, South America, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Munkiella Speg. 1885, Polystomellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, three species, type: M. caa-guazu Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Munkovalsaria Aptroot 1995, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, three species, type: M. donacina (Niessl) Aptroot, asexual morph hyphomycetous (lecythophoralike), saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pitt et al. (2014; from grapevine, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for the type: CBS H-14398; HVVV01. Muraeriata Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill. 2008, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. collapsa Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Huhndorf et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and available cultures for the type: GKM1084, SMH4553. Murangium Seaver 1951, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. sequoiae (Plowr. ex W. Phillips) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muricopeltis Viégas 1944, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. brasiliensis Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muriformistrickeria Q. Tian, Wanasinghe, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. rubi Q. Tian, Wanasinghe, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph ceolomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Tian et al. (2015; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for type species, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 15–1409; MFLUCC 15–0681 = KUMCC15-0079. Murilentithecium Wanasinghe, Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2014, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. clematidis Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph camarosporium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wanasinghe et al. (2014b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type species MFLU 14–0334; MFLUCC 14-0562 = MUCL 55405. Muriphaeosphaeria Phukhams., Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. galatellae Phukhams., Bulgakov & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Phukhamsakda et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: MFLU 150087, cultures and sequences are available. Murispora Y. Zhang bis, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde 2009, Amniculicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: M. rubicunda (Niessl) Y. Zhang ter, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph phoma-like, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, Europe, significantly substrate stained purple, see Zhang et al. (2009a, 2009b, 2012e; morphology, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Amniculicolaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Wanasinghe et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Muroia I. Hino & Katum. 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. nipponica I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept in Lophiostomataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Muscicola Velen. 1934, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. dubia (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Muscodor Worapong, Strobel & W.M. Hess 2001, Sordariomycetes genera incetae sedis, 19 species, type: M. albus Worapong, Strobel & W.M. Hess, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, key), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Musicillium Zare & W. Gams 2007, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. theobromae (Turconi) Zare & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, neotype (dry culture) and ex-type culture of the type: Herb. CBS 19864, CBS 968.72. Muyocopron Speg. 1881, Muyocopronaceae, Muyocopronales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. corrientinum Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; introduced Muyocopronaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Mapook et al. (2016c; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Mycelephas R.F. Castañeda 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. robustus (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myceliophthora Costantin 1892 (= Corynascus Arx 1973 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016), Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. lutea Costantin, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), van den Brink et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type species CBS 146.50, CBS 145.77 (van den Brink et al. 2015), available specimen for type: CBS H-10236. Mycerema Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. 1963, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: M. vochysiacearum Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., asexual morph plenotrichaius-like, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak et al. (2016; new species, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycoarachis Malloch & Cain 1970, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: M. inversa Malloch & Cain, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, dung, Africa and North America, see Hirooka et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Bionectriaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: TRTC 662166f; CBS 517.70. Mycoarctium K.P. Jain & Cain 1973, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. ciliatum K.P. Jain & Cain, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Canary Islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycoarthris Marvanová & P.J. Fisher 2002, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. corallina Marvanová & P.J. Fisher, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Mycobilimbia Rehm 1890, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: M. obscurata (Sommerf.) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Joshi and Hur (2012; Korea), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Mycoblastus Norman [nom. cons.] 1853, Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: M. sanguinarius (L.) Norman, lichenized, worldwide, see Spribille et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mycocalicium Vain. 1890, Mycocaliciaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, twelve species, type: M. ciliatum K.P. Jain & Cain, asexual morph phialophora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mycocentrodochium K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. curvisporum K. Matsush. & Matsush., asexual morph hyphomycetous, Japan, saprobes or plant pathogenic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, 5M406, needs generic revision. Mycocentrospora Deighton 1972, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: M. acerina (R. Hartig) Deighton ( Cercospora acerina R. Hartig), hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogenic (leaves, roots) and saprobes (isolated from soil), Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, New Zealand, see Seifert et al. (2011; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, neotype of type: Herb. Mycol. Oecon. 743 (B). Mycochaetophora Hara & Ogawa 1931, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. japonica Hara & Ogawa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kobayashi et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Mycochlamys S. Marchand & Cabral 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. macrospora S. Marchand & Cabral, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures available for type: CBS 639.76, BAFC 2663, IMI 185605, F277901, needs generic revision. Mycocitrus A. Møller 1901, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: M. aurantium Möller, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogen, South America, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, epitype of type: BPI 631727. Mycoclelandia Trappe & G.W. Beaton 1984, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. arenacea (Trappe) Trappe & G.W. Beaton, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Trappe et al. (2010; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: OSC:131132, needs generic revision. Mycocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth 1987, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Mycocryptospora anthostomoides (Rehm) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycodidymella C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & Katum. 1998, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Mycodidymella aesculi C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: HHUF 22892. Mycodiella Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. eucalypti Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type: CBS H-22885, CPC 29226. Mycoënterolobium Goos 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. platysporum Goos, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Karandikar et al. (2015; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycofalcella Marvanová, Om-Kalth. & J. Webster 1993, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: M. calcarata Marvanová, Om-Kalth. & J. Webster, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, British Isles (Great Britain), Pakistan, see Baschien et al. (2013; phylogeny), Benucci et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and culture available for type species IMI 351879; CCM F-10289. Mycogalopsis Gjurašin 1925, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: M. retinospora Gjurašin, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or plant pathogenic, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycoglaena Höhn. 1909, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 16 species, type: M. subcoerulescens (Nyl.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes and plant pathogens, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycogone Link 1809, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 29 species, type: M. rosea Link, hyphomycetous, widespread, mycoparasites (mushroom), saprobes or plant pathogenic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Rossman et al. (2013b; phylogeny), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 132.97, CBS 260.39, CBS 488.67, CBS 527.80, CBS 563.78A, CBS 563.78B, available specimen of type: CBS H-14849, CBS H-14850. Mycohypallage B. Sutton 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: M. congesta (Berk. & Broome) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, South Asia, Russia, see Marincowitz et al. (2010; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IM I84983. Mycoleptodiscus Ostaz. 1968, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. eleven species, type: M. terrestris (Gerd.) Ostaz., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Mycomalus Möller 1901, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. bambusinus Möller, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Tanaka et al. (2008; compare with Ustilaginoidea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycomedusiospora G.C. Carroll & Munk 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. flavida (Rick) Carroll & Munk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Tanaka et al. (2008; compare with Ustilaginoidea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycomelanea Velen. 1947, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. ludmilae Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Mycomelaena), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a synonym of Coccomyces De Not.),cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycomicrothelia Keissl. 1936, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: M. macularis (Hampe ex A. Massal.) Keissl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Trypetheliaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Myconeesia Kirschst. 1936, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. formosa (Kirschst.) Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Anthostomella Sacc.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycopappus Redhead & G.P. White 1985, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: M. alni (Dearn. & Barthol.) Redhead & G.P. White, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lee et al. (2013b; pathogens, DNA), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Tian et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Mycopara Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. shawii Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Africa, Borneo, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycopepon Boise 1987, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. anensis Boise, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Mycophilomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. periconiae Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22878, CPC 27558. Mycophycias Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1998, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: M. ascophylli (Cotton) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., saprobes, marine, cosmopolitan, see see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Verrucariaceae), Toxopeus et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outine), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, accepted as a genus in Verrucariaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Mycoporellum Müll. Arg. 1884, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: M. sparsellum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycoporis Clem. 1909, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. perexigua (Müll. Arg.) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; transferred to Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycoporopsis Müll. Arg. 1885, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: M. sorenocarpa (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycoporum Flot. ex Nyl. [nom. cons.] 1855, Mycoporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: M. elabens (A. Massal.) Flot. ex Nyl., asexual morph unknown, nonlichenized or facultatively lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycorhynchidium Malloch & Cain 1971, Pyxidiophoraceae, Pyxidiophorales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: M. saccatum Malloch & Cain, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Kenya, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycosphaerangium Verkley 1999, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: M. tetrasporum (Ellis) Verkley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Mycomelaena), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mycosphaerelloides Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. madeirae (Crous & Denman) Videira & Crous, asexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type of type species CBS H-9898; CBS 112895 = CPC 3745. Mycospraguea U. Braun 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. campicola (Rogerson & R. Sprague) U. Braun, coelomycetous (acervular), terrestrial, plant pathogenic, leaf-spotting, North America, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype and isotypes of type: WSP 42832; NY 256526, 1028516. Mycosticta Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. ovalis (Pass.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycosylva M.C. Tulloch 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: M. clarkii M.C. Tulloch, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Great Britain, Finland, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures for type: CBS 608.73, ATCC 32970, IMI 163345, type specimen of type species CBS H-14862. Mycosymbioces J.L. Frank 2014, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. mycenophila J.L. Frank [as 'mycenaphila'], asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Index Fungorum (2017; taxonomy), holotype of the type: JLF2627 (OSC148294), sequences are available. Mycothyridium Petr. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 30 species, type: X. elliptica G.H. Otth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Mycotodea Kirschst. 1936, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 14 species, type: Mycotodea heufleri (Niessl) Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycousteria M.L. Farr 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. morulinae (Bat. & H. Maia) M.L. Farr, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mycovellosiella Rangel 1917, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. cajani Henn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, ?, see Videira et al. (2017; morphology, phylogeny, and designation of neotype), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Mycowinteria Sherwood 1986, Protothelenellaceae, Lecanoromycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: M. anodonta (Nyl.) Sherwood & Boise, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix & Hale 1987, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: M. aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, lichenized, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myeloconis P.M. McCarthy & Elix 1996, Porinacea, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. fecunda P.M. McCarthy & Elix, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nelsen et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: MPN3C, MPN759, holotype of type: E, Coppins 5131. Myelorrhiza Verdon & Elix 1986, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: M. antrea Verdon & Elix, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australaia, see Lumbsch et al. (2010b; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Myelosperma Syd. & P. Syd. 1915, Myelospermataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: M. tumidum Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myiocoprula Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. gregaria Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myochroidea Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg 2008, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: M. rufofusca (Anzi) Printzen, T. Sprib. & Tønsberg, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Printzen et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myriangiella Zimm. 1902, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incerte sedis, five species, type: M. orbicularis Zimm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myriangiopsis Henn. 1902, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. sulfurea (G. Winter) Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Myriangium Mont. & Berk. 1845, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. duriaei Mont. & Berk., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Algeria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type species NL 8414. Myriellina Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. cydoniae (Desm.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Papua New Guinea, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Pl. crypt. Fr. nr. 79, needs generic revision. Myriochapsa M. Cáceres, Lücking & Lumbsch 2013, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. psoromica (M. Cáceres, Santos de Jesus & Santos Vieira) M. Cáceres, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Parnmen et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; accepted in Graphidaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: ASE, Cáceres 7595 (holotype of Chapsa psoromica M. Cáceres, L.S. de Jesus & T.S. Vieira), cultures available for the type: CHAR106 (fide Lumbsch et al. 2014). Myrioconium Syd. & P. Syd. 1912, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. ten species, type: M. scirpi Syd. & P. Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myriodiscus Boedijn 1935, Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. sparassoides Boedijn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on bamboo culms, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myriodontium Samson & Polon. 1978, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: M. keratinophilum Samson & Polon., sexual morph unknown, human pathogen, saprobes, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Man et al. (2015; DNA), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-7385; S7-P-3-16 (fide Man et al. 2015). Myriogenospora G.F. Atk. 1894, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. paspali G.F. Atk., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Myriolecis Clements 1909, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 31 species, type: M. sambuci (Pers.) Clem., lichenized, worldwide, see Śliwa et al. (2012; phylogeny), Zhao et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myrionora R.C. Harris 1988, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: M. albidula (Willey) R.C. Harris, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myriophacidium Sherwood 1974, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: M. aphyophyllicum Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hou and Piepenbring (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Myriosclerotinia N.F. Buchw. 1947 (= Myrioconium Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: M. scirpicola (Rehm) N.F. Buchw., asexual morph unknown, on roots, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Andrew et al. (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Myriospora Nägeli ex Uloth 1861, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: M. rufescens (Ach.) Nägeli, lichenized, Europe, USA, Africa, see Arcadia and Knudsen (2012; phylogeny), Gueidan et al. (2014c; phylogeny), Westberg et al. (2015; phylogeny), Roux et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myriostigma Kremp. 1874, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, seven species, type: M. candidum Kremp., lichenized,?, see Frisch et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Ertz et al. (2015b, new combination), Jagadeesh Ram and Sinha (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016bb; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myriostigmella G. Arnaud 1952, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. guatteriae (G. Arnaud) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Myriotrema Fée 1825, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 54 species, type: M. olivaceum Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Mangold et al. (2009; key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sipman et al. (2012; key, Costa Rica), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; accepted as a valid genus), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016b; phylogeny, cassification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myrmaeciella Lindau 1897, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: M. endoleuca (Sacc.) Lindau, asexual morph unknown, saprobes or fungicolous, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2011; taxonomic notes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Myrmaecium Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Valsariaceae, Valsariales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: Myrmaecium rubricosum (Fr.) Fuckel asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2015; taxonomy, and phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of the type: L9118162, cultures available for the type: CBS 139067. Myrmecomyces Jouvenaz & Kimbr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. annellisiae Jouvenaz & Kimbr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Argentina, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: FLAS 55591, needs generic revision. Myrmecridium Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous 2007, Myrmecridiaceae, Myrmecridiales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: M. schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2012e, 2015d, 2016a; new species, phylogeny), Jie et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted in Hypocreomycetidae), Réblová et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type: CBS 134.68 = ATCC 16310, needs generic revision. Myrotheciastrum Abbas & B. Sutton 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. salvadorae Abbas & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 139985i. Myrothecium Tode 1790, Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 83 species, type: M. inundatum Tode, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; notes), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), Chen et al. (2016; review, phylogeny), Dai et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny, new species), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, epitype of type: CBS H-14898. Myrtapenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: M. tenuiramis (Crous & Summerell) Quaedvl. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Thailand, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Crous et al. (2015d, 2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type of the type species CBS H-20253; CPC 13692. Mystrosporiella Munjal & Kulshr. 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. litseae Munjal & Kulshr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Mytilinidion Duby 1861, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: M. aggregatum (DC.) Duby, asexual morph septonema-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Mytilodiscus Kropp & S.E. Carp. 1984, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: M. alnicola Kropp & S.E. Carp., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Mytilostoma P. Karst. 1879, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. deflectens P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Finland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Myxocephala G. Weber, Spaaij & Oberw. 1989, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. setosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Germany, see Kirk et al. (2008, 2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Myxocyclus Riess 1852, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: M. confluens Riess, coelomycetous, sexual morph Splanchnonema sensu lato, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Canada, Japan, see Pastirčáková and Pastirčák (2010; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 180178. Myxoparaphysella Caball. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: M. cocoës Caball., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxophora Döbbeler & Poelt 1978, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, seven species, type: M. amerospora Döbbeler & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxospora L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: M. masonii (M.C. Tulloch) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from forest soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 174.73. Myxosporella Sacc. 1881, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. miniata Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxosporidiella Negru 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. fritillariae Negru, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Roumania, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxostomellina Syd. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. apoensis Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxothyriopsis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. astronifolia Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxothyrium Bubák & Kabát 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: M. leptideum (Fr.) Bubák & Kabát, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Myxotrichum Kunze 1823, Myxotrichaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, twelve species, type: M. chartarum Kunze, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Nadsonia Sydow 1912 (= Schizoblastosporion Cif. 1930), ?Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, four species, type: N. fulvescens (Nadson & Konokotina) Syd., asexual reproduction is by budding, saprophytic, on exudates of various trees, soil, peat, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kurtzman and Robnett (2014; DNA, taxonomy), sequences are available. Nadsoniella Issatsch. 1914, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. nigra Issatsch., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nadvornikia Tibell 1984, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: N. hawaiiensis (Tuck.) Tibell, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Plata et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; accepted in Graphidaceae), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Naemacyclus Fuckel 1874, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: N. pinastri Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Helotiales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Naemosphaera P. Karst. 1888, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. rudis P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Finland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naemosphaerella Höhn. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. ceratophora (Speg.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Brazil, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Naetrocymbe Körb. 1865, Naetrocymbaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: N. fuliginea Körb., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Alstrup et al. (2009; new species, USA), Knudsen and Lendemer (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Minter et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naevala B. Hein 1976, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: Naevala minutissima (Auersw.) B. Hein, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 115920, CBS 115003 (Verkley and van Kempen unpub.), available specimen for type: CBS H-15904. Naeviella Clem. 1909, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: N. paradoxa (Rehm) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Chlebicki (2009b; endophytes, Poland), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naeviopsis B. Hein 1976, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: N. epilobii (P. Karst.) B. Hein, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Raitviir (2008; Magadan), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nagrajia R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. havanensis R.F. Castañeda, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: INIFAT C91/10-3, needs generic revision. Nagrajomyces Melnik 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. dictyosporus Melnik, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naïs Kohlm. 1962, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: N. inornata Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, marine, freshwater, on wood, worldwide, see Pang (2011; review), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nakaseomyces Kurtzman 2003, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, seven species, type: N. delphensis (van der Walt & Tscheuschner) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but several of the species are important human pathogens, on exudate of oaks, figs, human pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Limtong et al. (2011; asexual morph as Candida sp.), sequences are available. Nakataea Hara 1939 (= Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster 1972 fide Zhang et al. 2016b), Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. ten species, type: N. oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang, sexual morph formerly known in Magnaporthe, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, sexual morph), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Nakatopsis Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. malaysiana Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HKU (M) 5093. Nakazawaea Y. Yamada, Maeda & Mikata 1994, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: N. holstii (Wickerham) Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, on beetle larvae tunnels in spruce and pine trees, alpechin, cider, grapes, sauerkraut, silage, mastitis milk, embalmed human corpse, human feces, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kaewwichian and Limtong (2014; new species, DNA), Kurtzman and Robnett (2014; taxonomy), sequences are available. Nalanthamala Subram. 1956 (= Rubrinectria Rossman & Samuels 1999 fide Rossman et al. 2013b), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: N. madreeya Subram., sexual morph formerly known in Rubrinectria, saprobes, plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ligoxigakis et al. (2013; Greece), Hong et al. (2013; selective medium), Severn-Ellis et al. (2012; South Africa), Li et al. (2013; indoor, phylogeny), Peršoh et al. (2011; EcoChip), Rossman et al. (2013b; acceptance of genus), Su et al. (2013; secondary metabolite), Wilk et al. (2009; secondary metabolite), Summerbell et al. (2011; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, but lacks for type. Nannfeldtia Petr. 1947, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, one species, type: N. atra Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nannizziopsis Currah 1985, Nannizziopsidaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. vriesii (Apinis) Currah, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, animal pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stchigel et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), type specimen and ex-type of the type: CBS H-6714; IMI 149994 (fide Stchigel et al. 2016). Nanomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: N. fijianus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Pacific, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Nanoschema B. Sutton 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. elaeocarpi B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Solomon Islands, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 187436. Nanoscypha Denison 1972, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: N. tetraspora (Seaver) Denison, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Nanostictis M.S. Christ. 1954, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: N. peltigerae M.S. Christ., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naothyrsium Bat. 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. splendidum Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Narasimhella Thirum. & P.N. Mathur 1966, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. poonensis Thirum. & P.N. Mathur, asexual morph unknown, from bee hive, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), sequences and culture unavailable. Natantiella Réblová 2009, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. ligneola (Berk. & Broome) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Réblová and Štěpánek (2009; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype and culture of the type species K 84426 (holotype of Sphaeria ligneola); CBS 123470. Natantispora J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer 2003, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: N. retorquens (Shearer & J.L. Crane) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, marine, freshwater, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Natarajania Pratibha & Bhat 2006, Stilbosporaceae, Diaporthales incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. indica Pratibha & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Shenoy et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2012f; phylogeny, familial position unresolved), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Natipusilla A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill. & Shearer 2011, Natipusillaceae, Natipusillales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: N. decorospora A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill. & Shearer, saprobes, on submerged wood, Central and South America, see Raja et al. (2012; placed in Natipusillaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Natipusillaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: AF236-1 (ILL 86249). Naumovela Kravtzev 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: need typification, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Naumovozyma Kurtzman 2008, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: N. dairenensis (H. Naganiishi) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, spoiled milk, ensiled maize, fermented vegetables, dried fruit, cecum of baboon, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), sequences are available. Nautosphaeria E.B.G. Jones 1964, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. cristaminuta E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine, on submerged wood, temperate, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Navicella Fabre 1879, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: N. julii Fabre, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014e; transferred to Melanommataceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Tian et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Nawawia Marvanová 1980, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, type: N. filiformis (Nawawi) Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2009b; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Goh et al. (2014a; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Nebularia P.M. Jørg. 2014, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: N. incrassata (P.M. Jørg.) P.M. Jørg., lichenized, Ecuador, see Ekman (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nectria (Fr.) Fr. 1849 (= Tubercularia Tode 1790 fide Rossman et al. 2013b), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, around 1000 species, type: N. cinnabarina (Tode) Fr., saprobes, pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hirooka et al. (2011; monograph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype of the type: BPI 879981; CBS 125165 = AR 4477 = CLL 7152. Nectriella Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 74 species, type: N. fuckelii Nitschke ex Fuckel, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nectriopsis Maire 1911, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 70 species, type: N. violacea (J.C. Schmidt ex Fr.) Maire, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, fungicolous, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Luo and Zhuang (2010; new species), Brackel and Zimmermann (2012; new species), Whitton et al. (2012b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Kondratyuk et al. (2016a; new species), Zare and Gams (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neelakesa Udaiyan & Hosag. 1992, Pseudeurotiaceae, Leotiomycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: N. lignicola Udaiyan & V.S. Hosag., saprobes, submerged wood, freshwater, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Nemania Gray 1821 (= Geniculosporium Chesters & Greenh. 1964; = Gamosphaera Dumort. 1822; = Geniculisynnema Okane & Nakagiri 2007 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 68 species, type: N. serpens (Pers.) Gray, asexual morph formerly named in Geniculosporium, saprobes or endophytes, terrestrial or marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are avilable, needs generic revision. Nematococcomyces C.L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw. 2004, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: N. rhododendri C.L. Hou, M. Piepenbr. & Oberw., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tian et al. (2013; new species, China, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and culture available for type: HMAS (112); voucher HOU 469A. Nematogonum Desm. 1834, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. aurantiacum Desm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, mycoparsites, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nematographium Goid. 1935, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Nematographium hippotrichoides (Lindau) Goid., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type species B herb. Lindau, needs generic revision. Nematostoma Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, 13 species, type: N. artemisiae Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nematothecium Syd. & P. Syd. 1912, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, two species, type: N. vinosum Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nemozythiella Höhn. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. lonicerae (Died.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neoacanthostigma Boonmee, Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2014, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. fusiforme Boonmee, Bhat & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and available ex-type cultures for the type: MFLU 11-1146; MFLUCC 11–0510 = BCC 52383 = ICMP 20073. Neoalpakesa Punith. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. poae Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 252188. Neoanthostomella D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2016, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. pseudostromatica D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, lichenicolous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Dai et al. (2016; phylogeny, morphology, sexual morph), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), holotype and ex-type of type species MFLU 15–1190; MFLUCC 11– 0610. Neoarachnotheca Ulfig, Cano & Guarro 1997, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. keratinophila Ulfig, Cano & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on marine and river sediments, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf et al. (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 351982. Neoarbuscula B. Sutton 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. eugeniae (Bat. & Peres) B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, specimens available for the type: IMI 159330, 192110, 198635, 199104, 227705a, 227705b, 296847. Neoascochyta Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: N. exitialis (Morini) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neoastrosphaeriella Jian K. Liu, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2011, Aigialaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. krabiensis J.K. Liu, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2011b; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as agenus in Aigialaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype: MFLU 11-1148. Neobambusicola Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Sulcatisporaceae, Ploesporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. strelitziae Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2014d; morphology, DNA), Tanaka et al. (2015; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type species CBS H-22000; CPC 24182 = CBS 138869. Neobarclaya Kuntze 1898, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Neobarclaya primaria (Ellis & Everh.) Kuntze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neobarya Lowen 1986, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: N. parasitica (Fuckel) Lowen, asexual morph acremonium-like, mycoparasites, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lawrey et al. (2015; lichenicolous, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence available for type species; GenBank Number: KP899626, needs generic revision. Neobroomella Petr. 1947, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. ciliata Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Syria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015; accepted in Phlogicylindriaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neobulgaria Petr. 1921, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: N. pura (Pers.) Petr., asexual morph hyphomycetous (phialophora-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Johnston et al. (2010; new species, New Zealand, asexual morph, DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for type: CBS H-15111; AFTOL-ID 1259 (Schoch unpub.). Neocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: N. goegapense Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2014d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, taxonomy), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; phylogeny, new combination), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of the type species CBS H-21722; CPC 23676. Neocarpenteles Udagawa & Uchiy. 2002, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. acanthosporum (Udagawa & Takada) Udagawa & Uchiy., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type: NHL 22462; CBS 447.65, CBS 558.71. Neocatapyrenium H. Harada 1993, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: N. cladonioideum (Vain.) H. Harada, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of type species TUR (142). Neocatenulostroma Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. microsporum (Joanne E. Taylor & Crous) Quaedvl. & Crous, hyphomycetous, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, Germany, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, nomenclature), holotype and ex-type of the type species PREM 56207a; CPC 1960. Neoceratosperma Crous & Cheew. 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: N. eucalypti Crous & Cheew., hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, pathogens or associated with leaf spots, Brazil, China, Thailand, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type species CBS H-21712; CPC 23465. Neocercospora M. Bakhshi et al. 2015, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. ammicola M. Bakhshi, Arzanlou, Babai-ahari & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, see Bakhshi et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: IRAN 16461 F; CCTU 1186 = CBS 136450. Neochaetosphaerella Lar. N. Vassiljeva, S.L. Stephenson & Chernyshev 2012, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. thaxteriospora Lar. N. Vassiljeva, S.L. Stephenson & Chernyshev, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, southern USA, see Vasilyeva et al. (2012; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: VLA P-2489. Neochaetospora B. Sutton & Sankaran 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. quezelii (Faurel & Schotter) B. Sutton & Sankaran, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Sahara, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neocladophialophora Crous & R.K. Schumach. 2014, Eurotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. quercina Crous & R.K. Schumach., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: CBS H-22003; CPC 24426. Neoclaviceps J.F. White, Bills, S.C. Alderman & Spatafora 2001, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. monostipa J.F. White, Bills, S.C. Alderman & Spatafora, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species INBio 6-141, holotype: RUTPP INBio 6-141. Neococcomyces Y.R. Lin, C.T. Xiang & Z.Z. Li 1999, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: N. rhododendri Y.R. Lin, C.T. Xiang & Z.Z. Li, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Hou and Piepenbring (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: AAU [Anhui] AAUFP 67, needs generic revision. Neocoleroa Petr. 1934, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: N. sibirica Petr., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Farkas (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neocordana Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: N. musae (Zimm.) M. Hern.-Rest. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), neotype and ex-neotype culture of the type: CBS H-22054, CPC 18127. Neocordyceps Kobayasi 1984, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. kohyasanensis Kobayasi, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neocosmospora E.F. Sm. 1899, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: N. vasinfecta E.F. Sm., asexual morph hyphomycetous (acremonium-like), saprobes, pathogens on human, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nalim et al. (2011; new species), Hirooka et al. (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neocrinula Crous 2016, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: N. xanthorrhoeae Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22859, CPC 29474. Neocryptospora Petr. 1959, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. rickii Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neocudoniella S. Imai 1941, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: N. jezoënsis (S. Imai) S. Imai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neocylindroseptoria K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2014, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. pistaciae (Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Thambugala et al. (2015c; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and extype of type: CBS H-21301; CBS 471.69. Neodasyscypha Suková & Spooner 2005, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: N. cerina (Pers.) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Whitton et al. (2012b; on Pandunus), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H-15118. Neodeightonia C. Booth 1970, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: N. subglobosa Booth, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, in soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: IMI 57769(f), CBS 448.91. Neodeightoniella Crous & W.J. Swart 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. phragmiticola Crous & W.J. Swart, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: CBS H21427; CPC 22059. Neodevriesia Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Neodevriesiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 17 species, type: N. hilliana (Crous & U. Braun) Quaedvl. & Crous, hyphomycetous, with teratosphaeria-like sexual morph, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), Crous et al. (2015d; morphology, phylogeny, sexual morph), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H-20340; CPC 15382. Neodidymella Phookamsak, R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: N. thailandicum Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU11-0176, MFLUCC 11-0140. Neodidymelliopsis Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: N. cannabis (G. Winter) Q. Chen & L. Cai, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 121.75. Neodiplodina Petr. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. verruciformis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Neoeriomycopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. aristata (B. Sutton & Hodges) Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, saprobes, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H-22243, CPC 25050. Neoërysiphe U. Braun 1999, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, c. 15 species, type species: Neoerysiphe galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun, sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morphs, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, almost worldwide, asexual morph: Striatoidium (R.T.A. Cook, A.J. Inman & C. Billings) R.T.A. Cook & U. Braun, see Takamatsu (2008a; phylogeny), Heluta et al. (2010; phylogeny), Braun & Cook (2012; taxonomy), DNA sequences available, lectotype of type species “Erysiphe galeopsidis No. 233” [in herb. de Candolle] (G 00122104). Notes: Striatoidium was originally described as Oidium subgen. Striatoidium R.T.A. Cook, A.J. Inman & C. Billings, typified by Oidium leucas-javanicae Sawada, which is a synonym of Oidium lamii Rabenh. according to Braun and Cook (2012). This subgenus was subsequently raised to genus status by Braun and Cook (2012), but no binomial in Striatoidium was given to the type species. In addition, four species in Striatoidium which lack a Neoërysiphe sexual morph are known, i.e. S. aloysiae (S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl.) S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl., S. baccharidis (Havryl. & U. Braun) U. Braun & Havryl., S. jaborosae M.G. Cabrera & U. Braun, and S. maquii (Havryl. & U. Braun) U. Braun & Havryl. Oidium lamii is the asexual morph of N. galeopsidis (Braun and Cook 2012) and under unitary nomenclature, the genus Striatoidium should be considered a synonym of Neoërysiphe. Oidium leonuri-sibiricae Sawada is also a synonym of O. lamii (Braun & Cook 2012), therefore these names and O. leucas-javanicae need to be synonymized with N. galeopsidis. In addition, molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed the placement of S. aloysiae, S. baccharidis, and S. maquii in Neoërysiphe, indicating that these names need to be reallocated accordingly. The phylogenetic placement of S. jaborosae is unknown and therefore no new combination can be proposed for this taxon in the current state. Neoërysiphe galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun, Schlechtendalia 3:50. 1999 = Oidium lamii Rabenh., Flora 36:204. 1853. = Oidium leucas-javanicae Sawada, Bull. Dept. Agric. Gov. Res. Inst. Formosa 24:22. 1927 = Oidium leonuri-sibiricae Sawada, loc. cit.:24 Additional synonyms of N. galeopsidis are listed in Braun and Cook (2012) Neoërysiphe aloysiae (S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl.) S. Takam., comb. nov. IndexFungorum number: IF553242 Basionym: Oidium aloysiae S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl., in Takamatsu et al. Mycol Res. 112:644, 2008. ≡ Striatoidium aloysiae (S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl.) S. Wolcan, S. Takam. & Havryl., in U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook, Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews): 347. 2012. Neoërysiphe baccharidis (Havryl. & U. Braun) S. Takam., comb. nov. IndexFungorum number: IF553243 Basionym: Oidium baccharidis Havryl. & U. Braun, Nova Hedwigia 66(3–4):515. 1998. ≡ Striatoidium baccharidis (Havryl. & U. Braun) U. Braun & Havryl., Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews):348. 2012. Neoërysiphe maquii (Havryl. & U. Braun) S. Takam., comb. nov. IndexFungorum number: IF553244 Basionym: Oidium maquii Havryl. & U. Braun, Nova Hedwigia 66(3–4):518. 1998. ≡ Striatoidium maquii (Havryl. & U. Braun) U. Braun & Havryl., Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews):349. 2012. Neofabraea H.S. Jacks. 1913 (= Allantozythia Höhn. 1924; = Phlyctema Desm. 1847 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: N. malicorticis H.S. Jacks., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Raitviir (2008; Magadan), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature, new combination), Crous et al. (2015e; new species), de Jong et al. (2015; phylogeny), Chen et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: DAOM 227090, neotype of type: CBS H-22219. Neoflageoletia J. Reid & C. Booth 1966, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. bambusina (Syd.) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neofracchiaea Teng 1938, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. callista (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Neofuckelia Zeller & Goodd. 1935, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. pinicola (Zeller & Goodd.) Zeller & Goodd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neofusicoccum Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips 2006, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 29 species, type: N. parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, coelomycetous (with dichomera-like synasexual morphs), saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Pavlic et al. (2009; new species), Inderbitzin et al. (2010; new species), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PDD 45438, ATCC 58191. Neogaeumannomyces D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2015, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2015a; phylogeny, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: MFLU 14–0822; MFLUCC 11–0390. Neogymnomyces G.F. Orr 1970, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. demonbreunii (Ajello & S.L. Cheng) G.F. Orr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-7197; CBS 233.85. Neohaplomyces R.K. Benj. 1955, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: N. medonalis R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Neohendersonia Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: N. piriformis (G.H. Otth) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neoheppia Zahlbr. 1909, Peltulaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: N. brasiliensis Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neoheteroceras Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. flageoletii (Sacc.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, Japan, see Yonezawa and Tanaka (2008; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: PAD 940. Neohortaea Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. acidophila (Hölker, Bend, Pracht, Tetsch, Tob. Müll., M. Höfer & de Hoog) Quaedvl. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type strain of type: CBS 113389. Neohypodiscus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Læssøe 1994, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: N. rickii (Lloyd) J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Læssøe, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015; accepted in Xylariomycetidae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neoidriella M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. desertorum (Nicot & Mouch.) Hern.-Restr. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Egypt, see HernándezRestrepo et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neojohnstonia B. Sutton 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. colocasiae (M.B. Ellis) B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type was not designated but several specimens are at IMI and CBS (CBS H-4370). Neokalmusia Ariyaw. & K.D. Hyde 2014, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. brevispora (Nagas. & Y. Otani) Kaz. Tanaka, Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Dai et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Neolamya Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. peltigerae (Mont.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Kocourková (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neolecta Speg. 1881, Neolectaceae, Neolectales, Neolectomycetes, three species, type: N. flavovirescens Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, north teperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Neoligniella Naumov 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: N. immersa Naumov, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neolinocarpon K.D. Hyde 1992, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: N. globosicarpum K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; treated as a genus in Sordariomycetes), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Neolophiostoma S. Boonmee & K.D. Hyde 2015, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. pigmentatum Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 10-0062, MFLUCC 10-0129. Neomassaria Mapook, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Massariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. fabacearum Mapook, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16-1875, MFLUCC 14-1117. Neomassariosphaeria Y. Zhang bis, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde 2009, Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. typhicola (P. Karst.) Y. Zhang ter, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Zhang et al. (2009d; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Amniculicolaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Amniculicolaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; acceptd as a genus in Lindgomycetaceae), Jones et al. (2015; outline, accepted as a genus in Amniculicolaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neomelanconium Petr. 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: N. gelatosporum (Zimm.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neomicrosphaeropsis Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: N. italica Thambug., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Thambugala et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16-0674, MFLUCC 16-0284. Neomunkia Petr. 1947, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. sydowii Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Neomycosphaerella Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. pseudopentameridis Crous, asexual morph unknown, foliicolous, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: CBS H-21416; CPC 21127. Neomyrothecium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. humicola L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22456, CBS 310.96. Neonectria Wollenw. 1917 (= Heliscus Sacc. 1880; = Cylindrocarpon Wollenw. 1913 fide Rossman et al. 2013b, 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 28 species, type N. ramulariae Wollenw., on bark, sometimes causing cankers, cosmopolitan, mostly in temperate regions, see Chaverri et al. (2011; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2013b; Neonectria protected against Cylindrocarpon), Lombard et al. (2015b; synonymised Heliscus under Neonectria), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: CBS 151.29 = IMI 113894 = MUCL 28083), holotype of the type species B. Neooccultibambusa Doilom & K.D. Hyde 2016, Occultibambusaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. chiangraiensis Doilom & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, see Dai et al. (2016; phylogeny), Doilom et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 15–3531; MFLUCC 12–0559, MKT 075, ICMP 21165. Neoophiosphaerella Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. sasicola (Nagas. & Y. Otani) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype, epitype and exepitype strain of the type species TMI 3176, HHUF 29443; CBS 120247. Neoovularia U. Braun 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: N. nomuriana (Sacc.) U. Braun ( Tuberculina nomuriana Sacc.), asexual morphs hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogenic, leaf-spotting, Asia, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable. Holotype of type species Nomura (PAD). Neoparodia Petr. & Cif. 1932, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: Neoparodia ekmanii Petr. & Cif., asexual morph chuppia-like or sarcinella-like, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neopeckia Sacc. 1883, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. coulteri (Peck) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Neopeltella Petr. 1950, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales,, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. aequatoriensis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Schizothyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2016; placed in Micropeltidaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neopeltis Syd. 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: N. brenesii Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, central America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neopenidiella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. nectandrae (Crous, U. Braun & R.F. Castañeda) Quaedvlieg & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, foliicolous, terrestrial, Cuba, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: INIFAT C87/45; CBS 734.87. Neopericonia Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: N. indica Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neopestalotiopsis Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous 2014, Pestalotiopsidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 27 species, type: N. protearum (Crous & L. Swart) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens on plants, worldwide, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014; phylogeny, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, taxonomy), sequence data available for all species, holotype and extype strain of the type: PREM 56186; CBS 114178. Neopetromyces Frisvad & Samson 2000, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. muricatus (Udagawa, Uchiy. & Kamiya) Frisvad & Samson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of type species CBM BF42515; NRRL 35674. Neophacidium Petr. 1950, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: N. macrocarpum (Pat.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neophaeococcomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Strelitzianaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: N. aloes (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South Africa, Switzerland, see Crous et al. (2015e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-21441, CPC 21873. Neophaeocryptopus Wanasinghe, Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2016, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. cytisi Wanasinghe, Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph bitunicate ascomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of type: MFLU 15-3542; MFLUCC 14-0970. Neophaeomoniella Rooney-Latham & Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: N. eucalypti Rooney-Latham & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, endophytic, terrestrial, USA, South Korea, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2015d; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-22249; CPC 25161. Neophaeosphaeria M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley 2003, Neophaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: N. filamentosa (Ellis & Everh.) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or pathogenic, terrestrial, Mexico, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Leptosphaeriaceae), Crous et al. (2013b; taxonomy), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for all species, needs generic revision. Neophaeothecoidea Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. proteae (Crous) Quaedvlieg & Crous, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-20092; CPC 2828. Neophoma Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. graminella (Sacc.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America., see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neophyllis F. Wilson 1891, Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: Neophyllis melacarpa F. Wilson, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for the type species, holotype of type species available. Neophysalospora Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Hypocreomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. eucalypti Crous & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Mozambique, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2014d; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Neoplaconema B. Sutton 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. napelli (Maire & Sacc.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Germany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), sequences are available, holotype of the type species was not designated (IMI 24787). Neoplatysporoides Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. aloeicola Crous & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Tanzania, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22230, CPC 24435. Neopodoconis Rifai 2008, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: N. ampullacea (Petch) Rifai, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Indonisia, see Rifai (2008; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species available, needs generic revision. Neopseudocercospora Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. terminaliae Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Zambia, type, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology), Braun et al. (2014b; morphology, keys), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H- 21431; CPC 22685. Neopseudocercosporella Videira & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. capsellae (Ellis & Everh.) Videira & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, plant pathogenic on Brassica species, USA, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype and isotype of type species NY 883641; BPI 399944. Neopseudolachnella A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka 2015, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: N. acutispora A. Hashim., Sat. Hatak. & Kaz. Tanaka, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Hashimoto et al. (2015b; morphology, pgylogeny), sequences are available, holotype and extype strain of type: HHUF 29727; MAFF 244358. Neopsoromopsis Gyeln. 1940, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: Neopsoromopsis argentina Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thell et al. (2012; review), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neopyricularia Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. commelinicola (M.J. Park & H.D. Shin) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Korea, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and available cultures for the type: KUS (F) 22838; CBS 128308 = KACC 43081 Neoramularia U. Braun 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: N. eurotiae (Gamalizk.) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, plant pathogenic, leaf-spotting, Asia, Europe, North America, see Ruszkiewicz-Michalska and Wolczanska (2008; Europe), Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: LE 41968. Neorehmia Höhn. 1902, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: N. ceratophora Höhn., asexual morph tritirachium-like, saprobes, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neoroussoella J.K. Liu, Phook. & K.D. Hyde 2014, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. bambusae Phook., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Liu et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neosartorya Malloch & Cain 1973, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, 15 species, type: N. fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain, asexual morph Aspergillus, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H-15123. Neoscolecobasidium Crous 2016, Microthyriales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. agapanthi Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22870, CPC 28778. Neoscytalidium Crous & Slippers 2006, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogen, tropical and sub-tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, see Liu et al. (2012; phylogeny), Phillips et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny, new comb. for type species), cultures and sequences are available, isotype and ex-isotype strain of the type species CBS H-7745; CBS 145.78. Neoseptoria Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. caricis W. Quaedvlieg, G.J.M. Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-21293; CBS 135097. Neoseptorioides Crous, J. Edwards & I.G. Pascoe 2015, Saccharataceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. eucalypti Crous, J. Edwards & I.G. Pascoe, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Crous et al. (2015e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22395, CPC 25529. Neosergipea M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot 2016, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: N. aurata (M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot) Lücking, M. Gut. & Moncada, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lücking et al. (2016a, b; taxonomy, classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species ISE, Céceres & Jesus 12539 (as Sergipea aurata M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot). Neosetophoma Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 2010, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. samararum (Desm.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes and plant endophytes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2015c; phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: CBS H-20319; CBS 138.96 = PD 82/653. Neospegazzinia Petr. & Syd. 1936, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. pulchra Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neosphaerellopsis Crous & Trakun. 2014, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. thailandica Crous & Trakun., on uredinio rust sori on leaves of Bothriochloa bladhii, terrestrial, Thailand, see Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-21847; CPC 21659. Neosporidesmium Mercado & J. Mena 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. maestrense Mercado & J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Ma et al. (2011b; new species), Mel’nik and Braun (2013; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prasher and Verma (2014; new species, India), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neostagonospora Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. caricis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H-21306; CBS 135092. Neostrelitziana Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. acaciigena Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22232, CPC 24873. Neosulcatispora Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. agave Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, France, see Crous et al. (2015e, 2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22404, CPC 26407. Neotapesia E. Müll. & Hütter 1963, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: N. graddonii E. Müll. & Hütter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neotestudina Segretain & Destombes 1961, Testudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. rosatii Segretain & Destombes, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Testudinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-200; CBS 690.82. Neothyridaria Petr. 1934, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. moravica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kocourková (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Neothyronectria Crous & Thangavel 2016, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. sophorae Crous & Thangavel, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22880, CPC 29690. Neotorula Ariyawansa, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde 2016, Torulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. aquatica Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Hyde et al. (2016; new species), Su et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neotrematosphaeria Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. biappendiculata (Kaz. Tanaka, Y. Harada & M.E. Barr) Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph pleurophomopsis-like, saprobes, freshwater, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type of type species HHUF 28026; MAFF 239297. Neotrimmatostroma Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: N. excentricum (B. Sutton & Ganapathi) Quaedvl. & Crous, with hyphomycetous asexual morph, foliicolous, terrestrial, Australia, New Zealand, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of sexual morph of the type: CBS H-19829, ex-type strain of the type: CPC 13092. Neotrotteria Sacc. 1921, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: A N. pulchella Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and and Huhndorf (2010; DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Neotruncatella Hyang B. Lee & T.T.T. Nguyen 2016, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. endophytica Hyang B. Lee, P.M. Kirk, K.D. Hyde, S.S.N. Maharachch., & T.T.T. Nguyen, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, terrestrial, Korea, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-0399, EMLAS5-1. Neottiella Cooke Sacc. 1889, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, 13 species, type: N. albocincta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neottiospora Desm. 1843, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. caricum Desm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neottiosporina Subram. 1961, Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: N. apoda (Speg.) Subram., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australia, South America, see de Gruyter et al. (2009; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline), Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for one species (N. paspali). Neotyphodium Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin 1996, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: N. coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, C.W. Bacon & Hanlin, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and culture for type: CBS H-3511; CBS 494.82. Neournula Paden & Tylutki 1969, Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: N. nordmanensis Paden & Tylutki, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Europe, North Africa, see Pfister et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of type: WSP 56281. Neoventuria Syd. & P. Syd. 1919, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. argentinensis (Speg.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Neozythia Petr. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. nectrioidea (Petr.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nephroma Ach. 1809, Nephromataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 36 species, type: N. polaris (Ach.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nephromopsis Müll. Arg. 1891 (= Cetrariopsis Kurok. 1980; = Flavocetrariella D.D. Awasthi 2007 fide Lücking et al. 2016b), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 24 species, type: N. stracheyi (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Argentina, see Thell et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Randlane et al. (2013; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neptunella K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2003, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. longirostris (Cribb & J.W. Cribb) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al. (2015; review), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nereiospora E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss 1983, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: N. comata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss, asexual morph hyphomycetous, on wood, marine, worldwide, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Neta Shearer & J.L. Crane 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. patuxentica Shearer & J.L. Crane, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ILLS 34520, needs generic revision. Neurospora Shear & B.O. Dodge 1927 (= Chrysonilia Arx 1981 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 52 species, type: N. sitophila Shear & B.O. Dodge, asexual morph formerly named in Chrysonilia, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Villalta et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nygren et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for type species, needs generic revision. Nevesia P.M. Jørg, L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman 2014, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: N. sampaiana (Tavares) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ekman et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nidulispora Nawawi & Kuthub. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. quadrifida Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Malaysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nidulispora Nawawi & Kuthub. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. quadrifida Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Niebla Rundel & Bowler 1978, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 22 species, type: N. homalea (Ach.) Rundel & Bowler, lichenized, New World, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sérusiaux et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Niesslia Auersw. 1869, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 42 species, type: N. chaetomium (Corda) Auersw., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolus, parasitizing members of Peltigerales, terrestrial, Australia, Asia and Europe, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; three new species), Motiejūnaitė et al. (2008; Poland), Zhurbenko and Dillman (2010; Alaska), Etayo et al. (2013; new species), Himelbrant et al. (2014; Russia), Judith et al. (2015; phylogeny), Zhurbenko and Pino-Bodas (2015; New Zealand), sequence data available for Niesslia exilis. Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon 2003, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. scleroticus (Pat.) Ryley, asexual morph contains simple conidiophores, endophytes, terrestrial, Africa, SE Asia, Australia, see Cheplick and Faeth (2009; ecology), Wijaywardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Pańka et al. (2013; Poland), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), DNA sequence data available (as Balansia sclerotica), culture data unavailable, neotype of the type species FH (Farlow Herbarium). Nigrolentilocus R.F. Castañeda & Heredia 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: N. africanus (B. Sutton) R.F. Castañeda & Heredia, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial & aquatic, Malawi, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 347112a, compare with Matsushimiella, Minimelanolocus, Pseudospiropes, Spiropes and Sympodioplanus. Nigromacula Etayo 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. hypotrachynae Etayo, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, Europe, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: COL Etayo 16185. Nigromammilla K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl. 2003, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. calami K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl. [as 'Nigramammilla calami'], asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: HKU (M) JF212. Nigropuncta D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. rugulosa D. Hawksw., coelomycetous, lichenized, lichenicolous, Europe, terrestrial, sexual morph unknown, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; morphology, outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 241409. Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain 1970, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: N. globosum Malloch & Cain, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Bionectriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; accepted in Hypocreales), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species TRTC 43288. Nigrospora Zimm. 1902 (= Khuskia H.J. Huds. 1963 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, four species, type: N. panici Zimm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Khuskia, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nigrovothelium Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Aptroot 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: N. tropicum (Ach.) Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b, c; phylogeny, classification), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype and iso-lectotype of type: H-ACH 707A; BM-ACH. Nimbospora Jørg. Koch 1982, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: N. effusa Jørg. Koch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Chu et al. (2015; phylogeny), sequences are available, holotype of type species J. Koch 387, Herbarium CP, Denmark. Nimisiostella Calat., Barreno & O.E. Erikss. 1997, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. lichenicola Calat., Barreno & O.E. Erikss., lichenized, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species VAB (Lich.) 7546. Nipholepis Syd. 1935, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: N. filicina Syd., lichenized, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nipicola K.D. Hyde 1992, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: N. carbospora K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unkown, saprobes, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2017 morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, key), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nipponoparmelia (Kurok.) K.H. Moon, Y. Ohmura & Kashiw. 2010, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: N. laevior (Nyl.) K.H. Moon, Y. Ohmura & Kashiw., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Argentina, see Crespo et al. (2010b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kondratyuk et al. (2013d; new species), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Niptera Fr. 1849 (= Nimbomollisia Nannf. 1983 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. ten species, type: N. lacustris (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Whitton et al. (2012b; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Nipterella Starbäck ex Dennis 1962, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: N. duplex (Starbäck) Starbäck & Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nitidochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch 2013, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: N. leprieurii (Mont.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Parnmen et al. (2013; genus proposed), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex P. Karst. 1873, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, 27 species, type: N. cupularis (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, available specimen of type: CBS H-4803. Nitschkiopsis Nannf. & R. Sant. 1975, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. stictarum Nannf. & R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Niesslia Auersw.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Nodobryoria Common & Brodo 1995, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: N. abbreviata (Müll. Arg.) Common & Brodo, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, Greenland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, voucher specimen of type: St. Clair 52291 (BRY-C). Nodulosphaeria Rabenh. 1858, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 52 species, type: N. hirta Rabenh., asexul morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogey), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zang et al. (2012; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, Italy), Li et al. (2015c; new species, phylogeny, asexual morph), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, Italy), Mapook et al. (2016a; new species, revision), cultures and sequences are available. Nohea Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1991, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: N. umiumi Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab (2011b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: J.K. 4847 = 01348233, NYBG. Nomuraea Maubl. 1903, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: N. prasina Maubl., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Noosia Crous, R.G. Shivas & McTaggart 2011, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. banksiae Crous, R.G. Shivas & McTaggart, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2011a; morphology, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), holotype and extype: of the type CBS H-20587; CPC 17282 = CBS 129526. Normandina Nyl. 1855, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: N. jungermanniae (Nyl.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Ascomycota), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Muggia et al. (2010; phylogeny), Frisch and Ohmura (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Norrlinia Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: N. peltigericola (Nyl.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for the type species, needs generic revision. Nosophloea Fr. 1849, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: need typification, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nothojafnea Rifai 1968, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: N. cryptotricha Rifai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Pyronemataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Nothomitra Maas Geest. 1964, Geoglossomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: N. cinnamomea Maas Geest., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad and Miller (2011a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hustad et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Nothophacidium J. Reid & Cain 1962, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: N. abietinellum (Dearn.) J. Reid & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: DAOM herb. J. Dearness 5748, needs generic revision. Nothophoma Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: N. infossa (Ellis & Everh.) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), neootype and ex-neotype culture of the type: CBS H-20145, CBS 123395. Nothorhytisma Minter, P.F. Cannon, A.I. Romero & Peredo 1998, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: N. nahuelitae Minter, P.F. Cannon, A.I. Romero & Peredo, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BAFC, needs generic revision. Nothospora Peyronel 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. ambigua Peyronel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Notocladonia S. Hammer 2003, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: N. cochleata (Müll. Arg.) S. Hammer, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Notolecidea Hertel 1984, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. subcontinua (Nyl.) Hertel, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Notoparmelia A.Crespo, Ferencova & Divakar 2014, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: N. signifera (Nyl.) A. Crespo, Ferencova & Divakar, lichenized, Australasia, see Ferencova et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Novomicrothelia Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: N. oleosa (Aptroot) Aptroot, M.P. Nelsen & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: F, ISE. Novozymia W.P. Wu 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. elegans W.P. Wu, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nummospora E. Müll. & Shoemaker 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. hexamera E. Müll. & Shoemaker, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nusia Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. scheeleae Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nyctalospora E.F. Morris 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: N. compacta E.F. Morris, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nycteromyces Thaxt. 1917, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: N. streblidinus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, only known from Strebla wiedemanni, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Nymanomyces Henn. 1899, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: N. aceris-laurini Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Nypaella K.D. Hyde & B. Sutton 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: N. frondicola K.D. Hyde & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, on intertidal fronds of Nypa fruticans, Brunei, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 348629. Nyungwea Sérus., Eb. Fisch. & Killmann 2006, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: N. pallida Sérus., Eb. Fischer & Killmann, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny), sequences are available. Obconicum Velen. 1939, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Obeliospora Nawawi & Kuthub. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: O. basispira Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Obolarina Pouzar 1986, Graphostromataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: O. dryophila (Tul. & C. Tul.) Pouzar, asexual morph hyphomycetous (rhinocladiellalike), saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pažoutová et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Mirabolfathy et al. (2013; new species, Iran), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; trnsferred to Graphostromataceae), cultures available for the type: H76, needs generic revision. Obryzum Wallr. 1825, Obryzaceae, Ascomycota family incertae sedis, two species, type: O. corniculatum (Hoffm.) Wallr., asexual morph unidentified, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Obstipipilus B. Sutton 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. malabaricus (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 110502. Obstipispora R.C. Sinclair & Morgan-Jones., 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. chewaclensis R.C. Sinclair & Morgan-Jones, sexual morph unknown, submerged decaying leaves, Alabama, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BPI. Obtectodiscus E. Müll., Petrini & Samuels 1980, Loramycetaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: O. aquaticus E. Müll., Petrini & Samuels, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ocala Raja & Shearer 2009, Natipusillales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: O. scalariformis Raja & Shearer, submerged wood, Florida, see Raja et al. (2009a, 2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Shearer et al. (2009; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: F121-1, ILL Occultibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2016, Occultibambusaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: O. bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Dai et al. (2016; phylogeny, morphology, sexual and asexual morphs), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures of type: MFLU 15–1212; MFLUCC 13–0855 = CBS 139960 = MUCL 55882. Occultitheca J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju 2003, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. costaricensis J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: INB Rogers, needs generic revision. Occultocarpon L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang 2012, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. ailaoshanense L.C. Mejía & Zhu L. Yang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Mejía et al. (2012; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: BPI 879253, LCM524.01. Oceanitis Kohlm. 1977, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: O. scuticella Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater or marine, worldwide, see Dupont et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data available for all species, holotype of type: J.K. 2971a, not found in NYBG. Ocellomma Ertz & Tehler 2015, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: O. picconianum (Bagl.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, Mediterranean, see Ertz et al. (2014b; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, lectotype and ex-type strain of type: Ertz 17143; 17132. Ocellularia G. Mey. 1825, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 400 species, type: O. obturata (Ach.) Spreng., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Mangold et al. (2009; key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Sipman et al. (2012; key, Costa Rica), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking (2014; key), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016b; classification, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ochotrichobolus Kimbr. & Korf 1983, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: O. polysporus Kimbr. & Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: CUP 59844. Ochrocladosporium Crous & U. Braun 2007, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: O. elatum (Harz) Crous & U. Braun, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Africa, Europe, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ochroconis de Hoog & Arx 1974, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: O. constricta (E.V. Abbott) de Hoog & Arx, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, opportunistic pathogens on human and animals, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ge et al. (2012; human pathogen), Giraldo et al. (2014b; new species), Machouart et al. (2014; phylogeny), Samerpitak et al. (2014, 2015; human and animal pahogens, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2015e, 2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for type: CBS H-15203; CBS 211.53, CBS 202.27. Ochrolechia A. Massal. 1852, Ochrolechiaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: O. tartarea (L.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Aslan (2012; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence are available for the type, needs generic revision. Ochronectria Rossman & Samuels 1999, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: O. calami (Henn. & E. Nyman) Rossman & Samuels, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Guu et al. (2010; Taiwan), Pinruan et al. (2010; Thailand), Luo and Zhuang (2010; China), Li et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and culture data unavailable. Ocostaspora E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss 1983, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. apilongissima E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Wales, Denmark, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ocotomyces H.C. Evans & Minter 1985 (= Uyucamyces H.C. Evans & Minter fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. parasiticus H.C. Evans & Minter, asexual morph formerly named in Uyucamyces, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 286340, needs generic revision. Octopodotus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. stupendous Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Octospora Hedw. 1789, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizales, c. 60 species, type: O. leucoloma Hedw., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Octosporella Döbbeler 1980, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, nine species, type: O. jungermanniarum (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, on mosses and liverwarts, terrestrial, Europe, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stenroos et al. (2010; DNA), Döbbeler (2011; new species, Costa Rica and French Guiana), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Octosporopsis U. Lindem. & M. Vega 2014, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, nine species, type: O. nicolai U. Lindemann, M. Vega & T. Richter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lindemann et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences are available, voucher specimen for type: MV20130205-1. Oculimacula Crous & W. Gams 2003 (= Helgardia Crous & W. Gams 2003 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: O. yallundae (Wallwork & Spooner) Crous & W. Gams, asexual morph formerly named in Helgardia, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Germany, Australia, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type species unavailable. Odontodictyospora Mercado 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. comasii Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Odontotrema Nyl. 1858, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. seven species, type: O. phacidioides Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, temperate, see Baloch et al. (2010; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko (2010a; new species), sequences are available. Oedocephalum Preuss 1851, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 23 species, type: O. elegans Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Nematode trapping, in soil, terrestrial, aquatic, Asia, Europe, see Davisonet al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Oedocephalum Preuss 1851, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: O. elegans Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Davison et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type species, needs generic revision. Oedohysterium E.W.A. Boehm & C.L. Schoch 2009, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: O. insidens (Schwein.) E. Boehm & C.L. Schoch, saprobes, terrestrial, North and South America, Europe, South Africa, China, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; generic review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Oedothea Syd. 1930, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. vismiae Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oevstedalia Ertz & Diederich 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. antarctica (C.W. Dodge) Ertz & Diederich, sexual morph perithecioid, asexual morph represented by true ascoconidia, lichenized, on wood, rock, detritus and whale bones, Antarctica, probably endemic, first lichenized ascomycete known to produce true ascoconidia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: Follmann 14173 (FH-Dodge). Ogataea Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata 1994, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 40 species, type: O. minuta (Wickerham) Y. Yamada, K. Maeda & Mikata, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, flowers, tree leaves, tree sap, rotted wood, insect frass in trees and other plants, animal feces, fruit of osage orange, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Ohleria Fuckel 1868, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: O. modesta Fuckel, asexual morph hyphomyctous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species Rhenani exsicc. 2173 present in G, needs generic revision. Ohleriella Earle 1902, Delitschiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: O. neomexicana Earle, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Delitschiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oidiodendron Robak 1932, Myxotrichaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: O. fuscum Robak, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for type: CBS 238.31, MUCL 1057, needs generic revision. Ojibwaya B. Sutton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. perpulchra B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Belarus, Canada, Malawi, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 132708. Okeanomyces K. L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones 2004, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. cucullatus (Kohlm.) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, marine, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data available, holotype of type: J.K. 1686 = 00966750, NYBG. Olegblumia S.Y.Kondr., L.Lőkös & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: O. demissa Flot. ex S.Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr., S.O. Oh & J.S. Hur, lichenized, Europe and North America, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015d; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Oleoguttula Selbmann & de Hoog 2014, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: O. mirabilis Selbmann & de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 136102 = CCFEE 5523. Oletheriostrigula Huhndorf & R.C. Harris 1996, Strigulaceae, Strigulales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: O. papulosa (Durieu & Mont.) Huhndorf & R.C. Harris, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequence are unavailable, needs generic revision. Olla Velen. 1934, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: O. ulmariae Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Olpitrichum G.F. Atk. 1894, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: O. carpophilum G.F. Atk., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ombrophila Fr. 1849, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: O. violacea (Hedw.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Osmundson et al. (2013; DNA), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Omega B. Sutton & Minter 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. coenobiticum B. Sutton & Minter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greece, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species IMI 326014. Ommatomyces Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1995, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: O. coronatus Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine or terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMS JK5509, needs generic revision. Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn 1994, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. affinis P.F. Cannon & Alcorn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: BRIP 17195. Omphalodium Meyen & Flot. 1843, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: O. pisacomense Meyen & Flot., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Omphalora T.H. Nash & Hafellner 1990, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: O. arizonica (Tuck. ex Willey) T.H. Nash & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, see Crespo et al. (2010b; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Omphalospora Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: O. stellariae (Lib.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oncocladium Wallr. 1833, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: O. flavum Wallr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, soilborne, Europe, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oncopodiella G. Arnaud ex Rifai 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 14 species, type: O. trigonella (Sacc.) Rifai, hyphomycetous, soilborne, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; accepted as valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, cultures available for the type: CBS 126413, MUCL 52643, needs generic revision. Oncopodium Sacc. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, twelve species, type: O. antoniae Sacc. & D. Sacc., hyphomycetous, soilborne, Europe and North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; accepted as valid genus), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Oncospora Kalchbr. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: O. bullata Kalchbr. & Cooke , coelomycetous, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oncosporella P. Karst. 1887, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. punctiformis P. Karst. 1887, coelomycetous, Finland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oncostroma Bat. & Marasas 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. toddaliae Bat. & Marasas, hyphomycetous, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Ondiniella E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss 1984, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. torquata (Kohlm.) E.B.G. Jones, R.G. Johnson & S.T. Moss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on wood, marine, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Onychocola Sigler 1990, Arachnomycetaceae, Arachnomycetales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, type: O. canadensis Sigler, human pathogens, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, UTMB 3250, needs generic revision. Onychophora W. Gams, P.J. Fisher & J. Webster 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. coprophila W. Gams, P.J. Fisher & J. Webster, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous (rabbit dung), terrestrial, UK, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: CBS 1740. Onygena Pers. 1800, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: O. equina (Willd.) Pers., asexual morph unknown, on feathers, bones, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Huang et al. (2015b; DNA, protein degrading taxa), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species (Huang et al. 2013), type specimen of type species CBS H15271. Onygenopsis Henn. 1910, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. engleriana Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Oomyces Berk. & Broome 1851, Acrospermaceae, Acrospermales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: O. carneoalbus (Lib.) Berk. & Broome, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Oosporidium Stautz 1931, Saccharomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: O. margaritiferum Stautz, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe and North America, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for type species CBS 2531, ATCC 10676, CCRC 21536, DSM 70351, IFO 1208, NRRL Y-1519, VKM Y-816, needs generic revision. Oothyrium Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. butyrospermi Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Opegrapha Ach. 1809, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, but strongly polyphyletic, 300 species, type: O. vulgata (Ach.) Ach., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2009; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ophidiomyces Sigler, Hambl. & Paré 2013, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: O. ophiodiicola (Guarro, Deanna A. Sutton, Wickes & Rajeev) Sigler, Hambleton & Paré, asexual morph unknown, pathogens on snakes, Nothern America, see Sigler et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Allender et al. (2015; pathogens), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type species UAMH 10717 (Sigler et al. 2013), needs generic revision. Ophiobolus Riess 1854, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: O. disseminans Riess, asexul morph coniothyrium-like; phoma-like, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zang et al. (2012e; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ophioceras Sacc. 1883, Ophioceraceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 39 species, type: O. dolichostomum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., saprobes, aquatic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hu et al. (2012b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Ophiociliomyces Bat. & I.H. Lima 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. bauhiniae Bat. & I.H. Lima, asexual morph unknown, from living leaves, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded the genus from Meliolaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophiocordyceps Petch 1931 (= Cordycepioideus Stifler 1941 fide Index Fungorum 2017), Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 200 species, type: O. blattae (Petch) Petch, asexual morph acremonium-like, on insects, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Evans et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wen et al. (2014; new species), Araújo et al. (2015; new species), Ban et al. (2015; new species), Kobmoo et al. (2015; new species), Sanjuan et al. (2015; new species), Spatafora et al. (2015; new species, nomenclature), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ophiodeira Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1988, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: O. monosemeia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., marine, Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences available, needs generic revision. Ophiodiaporthe Y.M. Ju, H.M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu, C.Y. Chen & T.T. Chang 2013, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. cyatheae Y.M. Ju, H.-M. Hsieh, C.H. Fu, C.Y. Chen & T.T. Chang, asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Fu et al. (2013; phylogeny, taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of type: YMJ1364; CRC 34961. Ophiodothella (Henn.) Höhn. 1910, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: O. atromaculans (Henn.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hanlin and González (2013; new species), Fu et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ophiognomonia (Sacc.) Speg. 1896, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 46 species, type: O. melanostyla (DC.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, endophytes, pathogens, saprobes, primarily temperate and rarely subtropics, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Walker et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ophioirenina Sawada & W. Yamam. 1959, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. theae Sawada & W. Yamam., asexual morph unknown, from leaves, terrestrial, India, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; outline, excluded the genus from Meliolaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophiomassaria Jacz. 1894, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. selenospora (G.H. Otth) Jacz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes or endophytes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophiomeliola Starbäck 1899, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: O. lindmanii Starbäck, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophionectria Sacc. 1878 (= Antipodium Piroz. 1974 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: O. trichospora (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for the type: CBS H-6331; CBS 109876. Ophioparma Norman 1852, Ophioparmaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: O. ventosa (L.) Norman, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Khare et al. (2010; taxonomy, India), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Le Pogam et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 1694, needs generic revision. Ophioparodia Petr. & Cif. 1932, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: O. pulchra Petr. & Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophiorosellinia J.D. Rogers, A. Hidalgo, F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf 2004, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. costaricensis J.D. Rogers, A. Hidalgo, F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: USJ72848. Ophiosira Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. austriaca Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ophiosphaerella Speg. 1909, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: O. graminicola Speg., asexul morph wojnowicia-like, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogey), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zang et al. (2012; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Ophiostoma Syd. & P. Syd. 1919, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, c. 230 species, type: O. piliferum (Fr.) Syd. & P. Syd., saprobes, worldwide, see Linnakoski et al. (2008, 2010; new species), Kamgan Nkuekam et al. (2010, 2012; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Beer et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Romón et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Oplothecium Syd. & P. Syd. 1923, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: O. arecae Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Austria, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Neorehmia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Orbicula Cooke 1871, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: O. cyclospora Cooke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Orbilia Fr. 1836, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, c. 75 species, type: O. leucostigma (Fr.) Fr., asexul morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2009f; new species, China), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Su et al. (2011b; new species, China), Quijada et al. (2013; new species, Spain), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Orbiliopsis (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd. 1924, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: O. coleosporioides (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Orbimyces Linder 1944, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. spectabilis Linder, sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, marine, see Jones et al. (2008; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype: CBS H-15318. Orbiocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora 2009, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. petchii (Hywel-Jones) D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, asexual morphs unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Thailand, see Johnson et al. (2009; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Orcadia G.K. Sutherl. 1914, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: O. ascophylli G.K. Sutherl., asexual morph unknown, marine, on brown algae, terrestrial, UK, Norway, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Pezizales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, maine), cultures and sequences are unavailable, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Orceolina Hertel 1970, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: O. kerguelensis (Tuck.) Hertel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, subantarctic islands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kantvilas et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Orcularia (Malme) Kalb & Giralt 2011, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: O. insperata (Nyl.) Kalb & Giralt, asexual morph present (in the original description, authors mentioned that genus has filiform conidia), lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kalb and Giralt (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Orientophila Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: O. loekoesii (S.Y. Kondr. & J.S. Hur) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kondratyuk et al. (2014, 2016; new species, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Ormomyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: O. clivinae (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Africa, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Oropogon Th. Fr. 1861, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Leavitt et al. (2012; diversity in Neotropical), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Divakar et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, voucher specimen for the type: Nelson 4197A (F). Orphanocoela Nag Raj 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: O. calamagrostidis (H.C. Greene) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, USA, Africa, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Mexico, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species unavailable. Orphniospora Körb. 1874, Elixiaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: O. groenlandica Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Leavitt et al. (2012; diversity in Neotropical), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bilovitz and Mayrhofer (2014; new records in Vorarlberg, Australia), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Orphnodactylis Malloch & A. Mallik 1998, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: O. kalmiae Malloch & A. Mallik, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Orromyces B. Sur & G.R. Ghosh 1987, Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: O. spiralis B. Sur & G.R. Ghosh, asexual morph chrysosporium-like, saprobes, from soil, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Orthobellus A.A. Silva & Cavalc. 1973, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: O. leguminosarum A.A. Silva & Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2016; taxonomy, transferred to Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Oscarbrefeldia Holterm. 1898, Saccharomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. pellucida Holterm., information unavailable, see Kirk et al. (2008; genus accepted in Saccharomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Osoriomyces Terada 1981, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: O. rhizophorus Terada, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ostracoderma Fr. 1825, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: O. pulvinatum Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ostracodermidium Mukerji 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. serpentinum (J.N. Rai & J.P. Tewari) Mukerji, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ostreichnion Duby 1861, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: O. americanum Duby, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Atlantic, China, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ostreola Darker 1963, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: O. consociata Darker, asexual morph septonema-like, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as agenus in Mytilinidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ostropa Fr. 1825, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: O. barbara (Fr.) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-15322; AFTOL-ID 77. Ostropella (Sacc.) Höhn. 1918, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: O. albocincta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Platystomaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Oswaldina Rangel 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. icarahyensis Rangel, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Phyllachoraceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; not accepted in Phyllachoraceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Otidea (Pers.) Bonord. 1851, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 40 species, type: O. onotica (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Carbone and Van Vooren (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Olariaga et al. (2015; taxonomy, monograph), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and cultures are available for the type species KH.10.284 (S - epitype); KH.10.284. Otthia Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: O. spiraeae (Fuckel) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: HKUCC 10896 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Otwaya G.W. Beaton 1978, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: O. verruculospora G.W. Beaton, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, or endophytes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treatead as a synonym of Aeruginoscyphus Dougoud), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ovadendron Sigler & J.W. Carmich. 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. sulphureo-ochraceum (J.F.H. Beyma) Sigler & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, human pathogen, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ovadendron Sigler & J.W. Carmich. 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: O. sulphureo-ochraceum (J.F.H. Beyma) Sigler & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from human, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oviascoma Y.J. Yao & Spooner 1996, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: O. paludosum (Dennis) Y.J. Yao & Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ovicuculispora Etayo 2010, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: O. parmeliae Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Etayo (2010; morphology), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ovulinia F.A. Weiss 1940 (= Ovulitis N.F. Buchw 1970 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, nine species, type: O. azaleae F.A. Weiss, asexual morph formerly named in Ovulitis, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oxnerella S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur 2014, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: O. safavidiorum S.Y. Kondr., Zarei-Darki, Lőkös & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014d; phylogeny), Resl et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: KW-L 70296. Oxodeora K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon 1999, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: O. petrakii (Cif.) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, on living palm leaves, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc. 1898, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: O. grisea Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Paathramaya Subram. 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. sundara Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype: CBS H-194, need generic revision. Pachnolepia A. Massal. 1855, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. pruinata (Pers.) Frisch & G. Thor, lichenized, see Frisch et al. (2014a; reinstated), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, need generic revision. Pachyascus Poelt & Hertel 1968, Pachyascaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. lapponicus Poelt & Hertel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Pachycladina Marvanová 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. mutabilis Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Pachydisca Boud. 1885, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. guernisacii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a synonym of Discinella Boud.), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Pachyella Boud. 1907, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 19 species, type: P. barlaeana (Bres.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Healy et al. (2009b; species in USA and Mexico), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Pachypatella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. alsophilae (Racib.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype and isotype of type species KRAM?; S F9863. Pachypeltis Søchting, Arup & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. castellana (Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pachyphlodes Zobel 1854 (= Pachyphloeus Tul. & C. Tul. 1845 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 19 species, type: P. ligericus Zobel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Doweld (2013; new combinations), Healy et al. (2015; new species, DNA), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pachyphysis R.C. Harris & Ladd 2007, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. ozarkana R.C. Harris & Ladd, asexual morph unknown, on dolomite, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures are available for the type species Pacoza51; NY, Harris 44707. Pachysacca Syd. 1930, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. eucalypti Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as genus in Dothideaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; excluded from Dothideaceae and place in Teratosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pachysolen Boidin & Adzet 1957, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: P. tannophilus Boidin & Adzet, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, extracts of chestnut (Castanea vesca) and mimosa (Acacia mollissima) for use in leather tanning, France, Germany, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Pachythyrium G. Arnaud ex Spooner & P.M. Kirk 1990, Trichothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis, one species, type: P. parasiticum (Fabre) G. Arnaud ex Spooner & P.M. Kirk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Trichothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Pachytrype Berl. ex M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju 1993, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type species: P. princeps (Penz. & Sacc.) M.E. Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, asexual morph cytospora-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Paecilomyces Bainier 1907 (= Byssochlamys Westling 1909 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Thermoascaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 50 species, type: P. variotii Bainier, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Byssochlamys, widespread, see Liang et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures available for type species CBS 102.74, CBS 110431. Palawania Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. grandis (Niessl) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Palawaniella Doidge 1921, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eight species, type: P. eucleae Doidge, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: PREM 12375. Palicella Rodr. Flakus & Printzen 2014, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. glaucopa (Hook. f. & Taylor) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen, lichenized, Argentina, Canada, Europe, see Rodriguez-Flakus & Printzen (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Paliphora Sivan. & B. Sutton 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. aurea Sivan. & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gusmão et al. (2008; morphology, new species, distribution), Goh et al. (2014b; morphology, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), sequences are available, holotype: IMI 263424g. Pallidocercospora Crous 2012, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: P. heimii (Crous) Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph reported, pathogenic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2012a; morphology; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype: PREM 51749 (sexual morph), holotype of the type: PREM 51748 (asexual morph), ex-type strain of type: CPC 760. Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking 2008, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: P. chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Archer (2009; key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016b; phylogeny, classification), Cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type species PC (Leprieur 23). Palmiascoma Phook. & K.D. Hyde 2015, Bambusicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. gregariascomum Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 11–0211, MFLUCC 11–0175. Palmicola K.D. Hyde 1993, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. archontophoenicis K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, holotype of the type: BRIP 20438. Pandanicola K.D. Hyde 1994, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. calocarpa (Syd. & P. Syd.) K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pannaria Delise ex Bory 1828, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: P. rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delise, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2011; new species), Passo and Calvelo (2011; new species), Elvebakk (2012; new species), Jørgensen and Gjerde (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Magain and Serusiaux (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pannoparmelia (Müll. Arg.) Darb. 1912, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: P. angustata (Pers.) Zahlb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thell et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Panorbis J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer 2003, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: P. viscosus (I. Schmidt) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson & Shearer, on debries near sea, Germany, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pantospora Cif. 1938, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. guazumae Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, terrestrial, see Minnis et al. (2011; morphology; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-type of type: BPI 880778; CBS 130299. Paoayensis Cabanela, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde 2007, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lignicola Cabanela, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type species HKU(M) 17516, holotype of type: HKUCC 10927. Papilionospora V.G. Rao & B. Sutton 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. aspergilloides (Speg.) V. Rao & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Myanmar, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Papilionovela Aptroot 1997, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: P. albothallina Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: CBS Aptroot 33014. Pappimyces B. Sutton & Hodges 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. hastatus B. Sutton & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Papulaspora Preuss 1851, Melanosporales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 24 species, type: P. sepedonioides Preuss, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Ahmed et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen for type species B. Papulosa Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1993, Papulosaceae, Diaportheomycetidae family incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. amerospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type species IMS J.K. 5491; AFTOL-ID 748. Paraaoria R.K. Verma & Kamal 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. himalayana R.K. Verma & Kamal, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Nepal, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 294092, needs generic revision. Paraarthrocladium Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. amazonense Matsush, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Peru, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Matsushima Fungus Collection Kobe 0P-146, need generic revision. Parabagliettoa Gueidan & Cl. Roux 2009, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: Parabagliettoa dufourii (DC.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Diederich et al. (2009), Gueidan et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: G; AFTOL-ID 2254. Parabambusicola Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Parabambusicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. bambusina (Teng) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Parablastocatena Y.D. Zhang & X.G. Zhang 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. tetracerae Y.D. Zhang & X.G. Zhang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Zhang et al. (2012g; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: HSAUP H3357, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraboeremia Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. selaginellae (Sacc.) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), neotype and ex-neotype culture of the type: HMAS 246693, CBS 122.93. Paracainiella Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1983, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. dryadis Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, arctic north-eastern Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species VLA P-2943. Paracamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde 2014, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. psoraleae (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Africa, USA, see Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, d, 2016b; outline, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015c; new species, phylogeny), Thambugala et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures available for the type: CBS H-21440; CPC 21632. Paracapsulospora Konta. & K. D. Hyde 2016, Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. metroxyli Konta. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-0704, MFLUCC 15-0250. Paraceratocladium R.F. Castañeda 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. silvestre R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paracercospora Deighton 1979, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. egenula (Syd.) Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogenic, terrestrial, see Crous et al. (2012a; morphology; phylogeny), Braun et al. (2013; morphology), Cultures and sequences are available, reference specimen and culture of type: CBS H-20836; CPC 12537, holotype and isotype of type species PRE 25999; IMI 89597, genus requires epitypification. Parachionomyces Thaung 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. acroconidiellinae Thaung, asexual morph hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Myanmar, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Parachnopeziza Korf 1978, Arachnopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: P. miniopsis (Ellis) Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paracladophialophora Crous 2016, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. carceris Crous & Roets, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22865, CPC 27596. Paracoccidioides F.P. Almeida 1930, Ajellomycetaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: P. brasiliensis (Splend.) F.P. Almeida, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, humn pathogen, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), de Melo Teixeira et al. (2014; clinical control), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Paracollema Otálora & Wedin 2014, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. italicum (B. de Lesd.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, see Otálora et al. (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraconiothyrium Verkley 2004, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. estuarinum Verkley & M. da Silva, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b; outline, phylogeny, taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Verkley et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type species CBS H-10528, CCT6596 = CBS 109850. Paracostantinella Subram. & Sudha 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pulchra Subram. & Sudha, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidetified species, needs generic revision. Paracremonium L. Lombard & Crous 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. inflatum L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lynch et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and cultures of the type: CBS H21946; CBS 110348. Paracryptophiale Kuthub. & Nawawi 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. kamaruddinii Kuthub. & Nawawi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Malaysia, China, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: KLU 300030, needs generic revision. Paracylindrocarpon Crous, Roets & L. Lombard 2016, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. aloicola Crous, Roets & L. Lombard., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22613, CPC 27362. Paracytospora Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. salicis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paradendryphiella Woudenberg & Crous 2013, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. salina (G.K. Sutherl.) Woudenberg & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, Europe, see Woudenberg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type species and culture ex-type were not mentioned. Paradendryphiopsis M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. cambrensis M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Europe, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type species IMI 6151c, need generic revision. Paradictyoarthrinium Matsush. 1996, Paradictyoarthriniaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. diffractum Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Transvaal, Thailand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Isaka et al. (2015; DNA, secondary metabolites), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, Thailand, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type available for the type: Matsushima Fungus Collection Kobe 5A135; MFC-5A135. Paradidymobotryum C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. oblongum C.J.K. Wang & B. Sutton, asexual morph hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Paradiplodia Speg. ex Trotter 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. aurantiorum (Speg.) Clem. & Shear, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Paradischloridium Bhat & B. Sutton 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ychaffrei Bhat & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paradiscula Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. spuria (Vestergr.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paradoxa Mattir. 1935, Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: P. monospora Mattir., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept genus), cultures and sequences are available, need generic revision. Paradoxomyces Matzer 1996, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. nymanii Matzer, sexual morph with lirellate ascomata, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Nyman 87b (UPS). Paraëpicoccum Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. amazonense Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Peru, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parafulvia Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. indica Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parahaplotrichum W.A. Baker & Partr. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. idahoense W.A. Baker & Partr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraharknessia Matsush. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ellipsoidea Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parahyalotiopsis Nag Raj 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. borassi (Thaung) Nag Raj 1976., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Myanmar, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraidriella M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. jambosae (R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr.) M. Hern.Restr. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Paraidriella M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2016, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. jambosae (R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr.) M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; taxonomy) Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Paraingaderia Ertz & Tehler 2011, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. placodioidea Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with punctiform to shortly lirelliform ascomata in groups (synascomata), lichenized, terrestrial, Socotra island, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, holotype of type: Tehler 9344 (S). Parainoa Resl & T. Sprib. 2014, Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. subconcolor (Anzi) Resl & T. Sprib., lichenized, see Resl et al. (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Paralecanographa Ertz & Tehler 2011, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. grumulosa (Dufour) Ertz & Tehler, lichenicolous (becoming sometimes lichenized), terrestrial, mainly (sub-)tropical, Mediterranean, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; morphology, phylogeny), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Paralecia Brackel, Greiner, Peršoh & Rambold 2015, Squamarinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: P. pratorum Brackel, Greiner, Peršoh & Rambold, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Thell et al. (2012; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: M-0045925. Paraleptosphaeria Gruyter, Verkley & Crous 2012, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. nitschkei (Rehm ex G. Winter) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype of the type: CBS H-20822; CBS 306.51. Paralethariicola Calatayud, Etayo & Diederich 2001, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. aspiciliae Calat., Etayo & Diederich, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, Italy and Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species MA (Fungi) 49914. Paraliomyces Kohlm. 1959, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lentifer Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Pang and Jheng (2012a; checklist), Zhang et al. (2012e; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen of type: CBS H-5921. Paramassariothea Subram. & Muthumary 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. falcata Subram. & Muthumary., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parameliola Hongsanan, Peršoh & K.D. Hyde 2016, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. dimocarpi Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Saudi Arabia, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of the type: MFLU 15–0045. Paramenisporopsis Matsush. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. undulosetulata Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paramicrodochium M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous 2015, Microdochiaceae, Xylariles, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. gracile (Mouch. & Samson) M. Hern.-Restr. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, on rabbit dung, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016b; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Paramicrothyrium H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde 2011, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Paramicrothyrium chinensis H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, Phillipines, see Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as agenus in Microthyriaceae), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of the type: IFRD 8987; IFRDCC2258. Paramphisphaeria F.A. Fernández, J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju, Huhndorf & Umaña 2004, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. costaricensis F.A. Fernández, J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju, Huhndorf & L. Umaña, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Xylariaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: INB 3466410. Paramycoleptodiscus Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Acrospermales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. albizziae Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22615, CPC 27552. Paramycosphaerella Crous & Jol. Roux 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 15 species, type: P. brachystegia Crous & Jol. Roux, asexual morph hyphomycetous (zasmidium-like), foliicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Guatimosim et al. (2016; phylogeny, new comb.), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-21445; CPC 21136. Paramyrothecium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: P. roridum (Tode) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H-22438, CBS 357.89. Paranannizziopsis Sigler, Hambl. & Paré 2013, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: P. australasiensis Sigler, Hambleton & Paré, asexual morph hyphomycetous, animal pathogens, USA, see Sigler et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: UAMH 11645, cultures available for the type: UAMH 10439, UAMH 11719. Paranectria Sacc. 1878, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: P. affinis (Grev.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraniesslia K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss 2001, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. tuberculata K.M. Tsui, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype: HKU (M) 4647. Parapenidiella Crous & Summerell 2012, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. tasmaniensis (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2012c; morphology; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: PREM 55340. Parapericonia M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. angusii M.B. Ellis., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa and Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parapericoniella U. Braun, Heuchert & K. Schub. 2005, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. asterinae (Deighton) U. Braun, Heuchert & K. Schub., hyphomycetous, terrestrial, fungicolous, Africa, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2012; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: (K(M) IMI 11851b). Paraphaeoisaria de Hoog & Morgan-Jones 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. alabamensis de Hoog & Morgan-Jones., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paraphaeomoniella Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. capensis Crous & A.R. Wood, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, endophytic, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20159; CPC 15416. Paraphaeosphaeria O.E. Erikss. 1967, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 33 species, type: P. michotii (Westend.) O.E. Erikss., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al (2014a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Verkley et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequence data available for 12 species, holotype for type species. Paraphoma Morgan-Jones & J.F. White 1983, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. radicina (McAlpine) Morgan-Jones & J.F. White, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Parapithomyces Thaung 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. brideliae Thaung., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Myanmar and Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parapleurotheciopsis P.M. Kirk 1982, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. inaequiseptata (Matsush.) P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, Japan, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), DNA sequence available, available specimen and cultures for the type: IMI 234741; MUCL 41089. Paraporpidia Rambold & Pietschm. 1989, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. aboriginum Rambold, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, on soil and boulders, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parapyrenis Aptroot 1991, Requienellaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: P. aurora (Zahlbr.) Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parapyricularia M.B. Ellis 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. musae M.B. Ellis & Peregrine., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pararobillarda Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. caffra Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cape Province, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parasarcopodium Mel’nik, S.J. Lee & Crous 2004, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. ceratocaryi Melnik, S.J. Lee & Crous, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and extype culture of type: PREM 57603; STE-U 5494. Parascedosporium Gilgado, Gené, Cano & Guarro 2007, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. tectonae (C. Booth) Gilgado, Gené, Cano & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and extype strain of the type species CBS H-7195; CBS 127.84. Paraschismatomma Ertz & Tehler 2011, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. ochroleucum (Zahlbr.) K. Knudsen, Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, Californian coast and Baja California, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Parascutellinia Svrček 1975, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: P. violacea (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Parasiphula Kantvilas & Grube 2006, Coccotremataceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: Parasiphula fragilis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Kantvilas & Grube, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parasphaeropsis Petr. 1953, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. shearii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parastagonospora Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, pathogenic, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Wijyawardene et al. (2014, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), culture of type species CBS 110109 (no ex-type cultures), needs generic revision. Parastenella J.C. David 1991, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. magnoliae (Weedon) J.C. David, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, asscociated with leaf spots, USA, Brazil (Rondônia), Taiwan, see Dornelo-Silva et al. (2008; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirschner and Chen (2010; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Parasterinopsis Bat. 1960, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. sersalisiae (Hansf.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: URM 11923, needs generic revision. Parastigmatea Doidge 1921, Polystomellaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, three species, type: P. nervisita Doidge, sexual morph unknown, widespread (tropical), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Polystomellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Parastigmatellina Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. asiatica Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines and Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parasympodiella Ponnappa 1975, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: P. laxa (Subram. & Vittal) Ponnappa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, specimens available for the type: IMI 50645, IMI 173095h, cultures available for the type: CBS 102698. Parateratosphaeria Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. bellula (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype strain of the type: CBS H-20094; CPC 1821. Paratetraploa M.K.M. Wong & K.D. Hyde 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. exappendiculata M.K.M. Wong, Goh & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type species HKU (M) 12646, needs generic revision. Paratomenticola M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lanceolata (Cooke) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Paratopeliopsis Mercado-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen 2014, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. caraibica Mercado-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Mercado-Díaz et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: Mercado-Díaz 836. Paratricharia Lücking 1997, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. paradoxa (Lücking) Lücking, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Plata et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: UPS (114). Paratricharina Van Vooren, U. Lindemann, M. Vega, Ribes, Illescas & Matočec 2015, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. poiraultii (Boud.) Van Vooren, U. Lindemann, M. Vega, Ribes, Illescas & Matočec, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Van Vooren et al. (2015; taxonomy), sequences are available, voucher specimen of the type: U.L. 178-14. Paratrichoconis Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. chinensis (Hansf.) Deighton & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paratrichophaea Trigaux 1985, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: P. macrocystis Trigaux, asexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Benkert et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available but lacks for the type species, needs generic revision. Paraulocladium R.F. Castañeda 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. angulosporum R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parauncinula S. Takam. & U. Braun 2005, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. septata (E.S. Salmon) S. Takam. & U. Braun, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Asia (China, Japan), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Cultures and sequences are available, Lectotype of type species TNS-F-214605. Paravalsa Ananthap. 1990, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. indica Ananthap., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parawiesneriomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Wiesneriomycetaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. syzygii Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22630, CPC 26528. Parberya C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde 2001, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. kosciuskoa C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: DAR 28023, needs generic revision. Parencoelia Petr. 1950, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: P. andina Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parenglerula Höhn. 1910, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, nine species, type: P. macowaniana (Thüm.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytic, terrestrial, tropical region, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pareutypella Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers 1996, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. sulcata Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Parmelia Ach. [nom. cons.] 1803, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: P. saxatilis (L.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Crespo et al. (2010a, b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Divakar (2012, 2013; India, phylogeny), Ferencova et al. (2014; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Parmeliella Müll. Arg. 1862, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 90 species, type: P. triptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg., lichenized (with cyanobacteria), terrestrial (saxicolous, corticolous or lignicolous), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Parmelina Hale 1974 (= Parmeliomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: P. tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale, lichenized (with green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous, corticolous or lignicolous), Northern Hemisphere with a center of distribution in western North America and Europe, see Crespo et al. (2010a, b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Núñez-Zapata et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence data available for six species, including the generic type, needs generic revision. Parmelinella Elix & Hale 1987, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: P. wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & Hale, lichenized (with green algae), terrestrial (saxicolous, corticolous or lignicolous), tropical, see Crespo et al. (2010a, b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Benatti (2014; current status), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence data available only for the type species, needs generic revision. Parmeliopsis (Nyl.) Nyl. 1866, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: P. ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Mark et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 199, needs generic revision. Parmostictina Nyl. 1875, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: Sticta hirsuta Mont., lichenized,?, rejected against Pseudocyphellaria Vain. 1890, see Moncada et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Parmotrema A.Massal. 1860, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 300 species, type: P. perforatum (Jacq.) A. Massal., lichenized, terrestrial (corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous or lignicolous), worldwide, but with the center of distribution in tropical regions, see Crespo et al. (2010a, b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Del-Prado et al. (2011; Parmotrema reticulatum), Lendemer and Hodkinson (2012; phylogeny), Divakar et al. (2013b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Parmotremopsis Elix & Hale 1987, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. antillensis (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Central America, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parmularia Lév. 1846, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 31 species, type: P. styracis Lév., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, see Inácio and Cannon (2008; morphlogy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type material, holotype and epitype of type: PC; VIC 42447. Parmulariella Henn. 1904, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. vernoniae Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: K, NY, needs generic revision. Parmulariopsella Sivan. 1970, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. burseracearum Sivan., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 34052. Parmulariopsis Petr. 1954, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pulchella Petr., asexual morph unknown., epiphytes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: IMI 330018. Parmulina Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: P. exsculpta (Berk.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, neotype of type: K Herb. C.E. Broome 593. Parodiella Speg. 1880, Parodiellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, four species, type: P. perisporioides (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Speg., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parodiellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-15496, needs generic revision. Parodiellina Henn. ex G. Arnaud 1918, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. manaosensis (Henn.) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paropodia Cif. & Bat. 1956, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: P. intermedia Cif. & Bat., data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Triposporiopsis), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable. Parorbiliopsis Spooner & Dennis 1986, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. minuta Spooner & Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Parvacoccum R.S. Hunt & A. Funk 1988, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. pini R.S. Hunt & A. Funk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: DAVFP 23419, needs generic revision. Parvomyces Santam. 1995, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. merophysiae Santam., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Parvoplaca Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: P. tiroliensis (Zahlbr.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Arup et al. (2013, 2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, culture available for the type: U1289, U1290, needs generic revision. Parvothecium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. terrestre L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H4380, CBS 198.89. Paschelkiella Sherwood 1987, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. pini (Romell) Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paspalomyces Linder 1933, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. aureus Linder, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Passalora Fr. 1849, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 250 species, type: P. bacilligera Fr. & Mont., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Guatimosim et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), MorenoRico et al. (2014; new species), Braun et al. 2015; new species), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Passeriniella Berl. 1890, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. dichroa (Pass.) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine habitat, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Zhang et al. (2009b, 2012e; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline, marine), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Lee et al. (2012; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Passerinula Sacc. 1875, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. candida Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes or fungicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Patellaria Fr. 1822, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: P. atrata (Hedw.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Schoch et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Patellariaceae, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 958.97, BCC 28876, holotype of type: CBS H-17437. Patellariopsis Dennis 1964, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. clavispora (Berk. & Broome) Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Patescospora Abdel-Wahab & El-Sharouny 2002, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. separans Abdel-Wahab & El-Shar., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, Egypt, see Suetrong et al. (2010; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: IMI 386405, ? Patinella Sacc. 1875, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. hyalophaea Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures are available for the type (unpublished), needs generic revision. Patinellaria P. Karst. 1885, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. sanguinea (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Patriciomyces D. Hawksw. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. valentinianus D. Hawskw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures are sequences unavailable. Pauahia F. Stevens 1925, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. sideroxyli F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paucispora Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. quadrispora (K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka) Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: HHUF 27321; MAFF 239455. Paucithecium Lloyd 1923, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. rickii Lloyd, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Paulia Fée 1836, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, ten species, type: P. pullata Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lack for the type, needs generic revision. Paulkirkia Wijayaw., Wanasinghe, Tangthirasunun, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Teichosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. arundinis Wijayaw., Wanasinghe, Tangthirasunun, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 13–0315, MFLUCC 12–0328. Paurocotylis Berk. 1855, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. pila Berk., asexual morph unknown, from soil, hypogeous, terrestrial, Europe, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2016c; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, voucher specimen of the type: Trappe 12583 (OSC). Payosphaeria H.Y.M. Leung 1990, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. minuta H.Y.M. Leung, asexual morph unknown, marine, on wood, mangrove, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 327472. Payosphaeria W.F. Leong 1990, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. minuta H.Y.M. Leung, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, marine, Singapore, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Hypocreales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, mispelled as Payoshaeria), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Peccania A. Massal. ex Arnold 1858, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, eight species, type: P. coralloides (A. Massal.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pectenia P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman 2014, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. plumbea (Lightf.) P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, Africa, mostly along the Atlantic coast, see Ekman et al. (2014; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pectinotrichum Varsavsky & G.F. Orr 1971, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. llanense Varsavsky & G.F. Orr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for the type, available specimen of type: CBS H-7460. Pedumispora K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1992, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Pedumispora rhizophorae K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, mangroves, marine, Republic of Seychelles, Guam, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Klaysuban et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data available, holotype of type: BRIP 19201. Peethambara Subram. & Bhat 1978, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. sundara Subram. & Bhat, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, extype culture of type: CBS 646.77, needs generic revision. Peethasthabeeja P.Rag. Rao 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. krishna P. Rag. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pellionella (Sacc.) Sacc. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. deformans Penz. & Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Pellucida Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally 2001, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. pendulina Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Mauritius, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Mauritius (Dulymamode P6), needs generic revision. Pellucida Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally 2001, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. pendulina Dulym., Sivan., P.F. Cannon & Peerally, sexual morph unknown, see Kirk et al. 2008, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type, needs generic revision. Peloronectria Möller 1901, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. vinosa Möller, asexual morph unknown, South America, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Peltaster Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. hedyotidis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, Philippines, South America, Slovenia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Medjedović et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Peltasterella Bat. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ocoteae Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltasterinostroma Punith. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. rubi Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltasteropsis Bat. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. discreta Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltigera Willd. [nom. cons.] 1787, Peltigeraceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 100 species, type: P. canina (L.) Willd., lichenized (green algae or, and cyanobacteria), terrestrial (saxicolous, terricolous, corticolous or lignicolous) or aquatic, worldwide, see Sérusiaux et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Peltigeromyces Möller 1901, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. microsporus Möller, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Peltistroma Henn. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. juruanum Henn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype of type: K (Mycotheca Brasiliensis no. 93), needs generic revision. Peltistromella Höhn. 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. brasiliensis Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltosoma Syd. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. freycinetiae Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltostromellina Bat. & A.F. Vital 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. atra Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sri Lanka, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltostromopsis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. artocarpi Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sri Lanka, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peltula Nyl. 1853, Peltulaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 32 species, type: P. radicata Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McDonald et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Marques et al. (2013; new species, Portugal), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Peltularia R. Sant. 1944, Coccocarpiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. gyrophoroides (Räsänen) R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, South America, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pemphidium Mont. 1840, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: P. nitidum Mont., coelomycetous, common on palms, terrestrial, South America, Australia, Indonesia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type: CBS H-6336, needs generic revision. Pendulispora M.B. Ellis., 1961, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. venezuelanica M.B. Ellis, sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, on dead branches, Venezuela, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Penicillifer Emden 1968 (= Viridispora Samuels & Rossman 1999 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; outline; Lombard et al. 2016; Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: P. pulcher Emden, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and culture available for type: CBS H-7461; CBS 560.67. Penicilliopsis Solms 1887, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: P. clavariiformis Solms, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Houbraken and Samson (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Trichocomaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype and culture available for type: Hauman (BR); CBS 761.68. Penicillium Link 1809, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 300 species, type: P. crustaceum Link, hyphomycetous, pathogens, saprobes, widespread (common moulds), see Houbraken and Samson (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences available. Penidiella Crous & U. Braun 2007, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: P. columbiana Crous & J.K. Stone, hyphomycetous, sexual morph teratosphaeria-like, pathogens, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2009e; morphology, phylogeny), Crous and Groenewald (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, outline), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype strain of the type: CBS H-9937; CBS 486.80. Penidiellopsis Sandoval-Denis, Gené, Deanna A. Sutton & Guarro 2016, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. syzygii Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, human pthogen, terrestrial, USA, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22389, CBS 140695. Pentagenella Darb. 1897, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: P. fragillima Darb., lichenized, terrestrial, neotropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Penzigomyces Subram. 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 13 species, type: P. nodipes (Penz. & Sacc.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Perelegamyces R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. parviechinulatus W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Perennicordyceps Matočec & I. Kušan 2014, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. prolifica (Kobayasi) Matočec & I. Kušan, asexual morph unknown, South America, see Matočec et al. (2014; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Periamphispora J.C. Krug 1989, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. phacelodes J.C. Krug, asexual morph unknown, on dung, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Periconia Tode 1791, Periconiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 45 species, type: P. lichenoides Tode, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Tanaka et al. (2015: phylogeny), sequence data available, needs generic revision. Periconiella Sacc. 1885, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 70 species, type: P. velutina (G. Winter) Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, terrestrial, see cultures and sequences are available, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), epitype and ex-epitype of type: CBS H-15612; CBS 101948. Peridiothelia D. Hawksw. 1985, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. fuliguncta (Norman) D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, on bark, Europe, terrestrial, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Peridiothelia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype of type: O. Periglandula U. Steiner, Leistner & Leuchtm. 2011, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. ipomoeae U. Steiner, E. Leistner & Schardl, asexual morph unknown, on living leavs, terrestrial, Ecuador, Panama, see Steiner et al. (2011; taxonomy, outline), Beaulieu et al. (2015; DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Perigrapha Hafellner 1996, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: P. superveniens (Nyl.) Hafellner, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Asia, Europe and North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Perischizon Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. oleifolium (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted in Parmulariaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded from Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences unavailable, Holotype of type: K (P. MacOwan 7). Perisporiopsis Henn. 1904, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 17 species, type: P. struthanthi Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, tropical, see Chaverri and Gazis (2010, 2011; new species, endophytes), Kawada et al. (2010; antitumour compounds), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Peristomialis (W. Phillips) Boud. 1907, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. five species, type: P. berkeleyi Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), cultures and sequences are available. Perizomella Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. inquinans Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peroneutypa Berl. 1902, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 47 species, type: P. bellula (Desm.) Berl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Dai et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Peroschaeta Bat. & A.F. Vital 1957, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. artocarpi Bat. & A.F. Vital, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Perrotia Boud. 1901, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 19 species, type: P. flammea (Alb. & Schwein.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Monaghan et al. (2009; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), sequence available for the type, needs generic revision. Persiciospora P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw. 1982, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. moreaui P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., fungicolous, widespread, terricolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 238745. Pertusaria DC. [nom. cons.] 1805, Pertusariaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 500 species, type: P. communis DC., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Perusta Egidi & Sielow 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae saedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. inaequalis Egidi & Sielow, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 118271 = TRN272. Pesotum J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1973 (= Phialographium H.P. Upadhyay & WB. Kendr. 1974 fide Seifert et al. 2011), Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: P. ulmi (M.B. Schwarz) J.L. Crane & Schokn., hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, worldwide, see Kamgan Nkuekam et al. (2008; new species), Grobbelaar et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Pestalopezia Seaver 1942, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. brunneopruinosa (Zeller) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pestalotiopsis Steyaert 1949 (= Pestalosphaeria M.E. Barr 1975 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Pestalotiopsidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 300 species, type: P. maculans (Corda) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Pestalosphaeria, saprobes or pathogens on plants, worldwide, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012, 2014; phylogeny, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), 55 species have ex-type sequences, type specimen of type: CBS H15678, needs generic revision. Pestalozziella Sacc. & Ellis ex Sacc. 1882, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. inquinans Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Petchiomyces E. Fisch. & Mattir. 1938, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. thwaitesii (Berk. & Broome) E. Fisch. & Mattir., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Sri Lanka, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peterozyma Kurtzman & Robnett 2010, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: P. toletana (Socias, C. Ramírez & Peláez) Kurtzman & Robnett, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, tanning fluid, insect frass from trees and tree bark, Europe, North America, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), sequences are available. Petractis Fr. 1845, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: P. exanthematica (Sm.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Orange (2009a; new species, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Petrakia Syd. & P. Syd. 1913, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. echinata (Peglion) Syd. & P. Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Butin et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2016a; phylogeny, taxonomy), cultures available for the type: OH 080921.4, needs generic revision. Petrakiella Syd. 1924, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. insignis Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Petrakina Cif. 1932, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. mirabilis Cif., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences unavailable, syntype of type: NY 00936794. Petrakiopeltis Bat., A.F. Vital & Cif. 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. byrsonimae Bat., A.F. Vital & Cif., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Guyana, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; not accepted as Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted as as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Petrakiopsis Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. elegans Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Petriella Curzi 1930, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. asymmetrica Curzi, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-7548; CBS 238.38. Petrophila de Hoog & Quaedvlieg 2014, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. incerta de Hoog & Quaedvlieg, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 118608 = TRN139b. Peyritschiella Thaxt. 1890, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 47 species, type: P. curvata Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Peyronelia Cif. & Gonz. Frag. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six or seven species (fide Seifert et al. 2011) but Index Fungorum (2017) lists only four epithets, type: P. sirodesmioides Cif. & Gonz. Frag., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Peyronellaea Goid. ex Togliani emend. Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley 2010, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. glomerata (Corda) Goid. ex Togliani, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aveskampet al. (2009, 2010; generic emendment, treated as a distinct genus), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pezicula Tul. & C. Tul. 1865 (= Cryptosporiopsis Bubák & Kabát 1912; = Lagynodella Petr. 1922; Ocellaria (Tul. & C. Tul.) P. Karst. 1871 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 50 species, type: P. carpinea (Pers.) Tul. ex Fuckel, asexual morph Cryptosporiopsis, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Chen et al. (2016b; new species), epitype and cultures available for the type: CBS H-17476; CBS 923.96, CBS 921.96, needs generic revision. Peziza Dill. ex Fr. 1822 (see Species Fungorum 2017 for synonyms), Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. vesiculosa Bull., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ashraf et al. (2012; Pakistan, ectomycorrhizae), Barseghyan and Solomon (2011; Israel). Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for type: CBS H-15930; AFTOL-ID 507. Pezolepis Syd. 1925, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. denigrata Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pezoloma Clem. 1909, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, 14 species, type: P. denigrata Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Huhtinen et al. (2010; new species, Sweden), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bruzone et al. (2016; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pezomela Syd. 1928, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. saxegothaeae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Phacellium Bonord. 1860, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 27 species, type: P. inhonestum Bonord., hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, see Crous et al. (2009d; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phacidiella P. Karst. 1884, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. salicina P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014d; new species, treated as in Ostropales), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision since have different opinions. Phacidina Höhn. 1917, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. gracilis (Niessl) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Leptopeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phacidiopycnis Potebnia 1912 (= Potebniamyces Smerlis 1962, = Discosporiopsis Petr. 1921 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. malorum Potebnia, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Díaz et al. (2015; pathogens, DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phacidium Fr. 1815 (= Ceuthospora Grev. 1826; = Basilocula Bubák 1914; = Coccobolus Wallr. 1833; = Melanostroma Corda 1829; = Phacidiostroma Höhn.1917; Siroplaconema Petr. 1922 fide Johnston et al. 2014b; Species Fungorum 2017), Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, 270 species, type: P. lacerum Fr., asexual morph formerly named in Ceuthospora, saprobes, plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Barbeito et al. (2013; pathogensity), Petäistö et al. (2013; pathogensity), Crous et al. (2014b, 2015a, b; phylogeny, new species), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Suija et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Wiseman et al. (2016; new disease), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and exepitype of type: CBS H-10302; CBS 761.73. Phacographa Hafellner 2009, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: P. glaucomaria (Nyl.) Hafellner, sexual morph with rounded ascomata, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Northern Hemisphere, see Hafellner (2009; morphology), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny), sequences are available, lectotype of the type: Nylander (H-Nyl. 11019). Phacopsis Tul. 1852, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 22 species, type: P. vulpina Tul., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhurbenko (2010b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Phacostroma Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. hypodermium Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phacostromella Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. coronata (Fuckel) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Gennany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phacothecium Trevis. 1856, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. varium (Tul.) Trevis., lichenicolous, terrestrial, Northern Hemisphere, see Hafellner (2009; morphology), sequences are unavailable, epitype of the type: J. Hafellner 47633 & A. Hafellner. Phaeangellina Dennis 1955, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. empetri (W. Phillips) Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeangium Pat. 1894, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. lefebvrei Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North Africa, Arabian peninsula, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zitouni-Haouar et al. (2016; DNA), cultures available for the type: BMBH4 (Zitouni-Haouar et al. 2016), needs generic revision. Phaeoacremonium W. Gams, Crous & M.J. Wingf. 1996 (= Romellia Berl. 1900 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Togniniaceae, Togniniales, Sordariomycete, 50 species, type: P. parasiticum (Ajello, Georg & C.J.K. Wang) W. Gams, Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, with subverticillium-like synasexual morph, sexual morph formerly named in Romellia, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Dai et al. (2016; sexual morph), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22886, CPC 27637. Phaeoblastophora Partr. & Morgan-Jones 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. resinae (Fr.) Partr. & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeobotryon Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. cercidis (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Phaeocalicium A.F.W. Schmidt 1970, Mycocaliciaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, eleven species, type: P. praecedens (Nyl.) A.F.W. Schmidt, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tibell et al. (2014; new species), Tuovila et al. (2014; DNA), Telfer et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available, voucher specimen of the type: Tuovila 09240 (TUR). Phaeocandelabrum R.F. Castañeda, Gusmão, Guarro & Iturr. 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. elegans (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda, Heredia, Saikawa, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeocercospora Crous 2012, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. colophospermi Crous, hyphomycetous, pathogens, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2012a; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-20966; CPC 19813. Phaeochora Höhn. 1909, Phaeochoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: P. chamaeropis (Cooke) Höhn., saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeochorella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: P. parinarii (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., from living leaves, South Affrica, Phillipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-15956, needs generic revision. Phaeochoropsis K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon 1999, Phaeochoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. neowashingtoniae (Shear) K.D. Hyde & P.F. Cannon, saprobes, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeococcomyces de Hoog 1979, Phaeococcomycetaceae, Lichenostigmatales, Arthoniomycetes, eight species, type: P. nigricans (M.A. Rich & A.M. Stern) de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexul morph unknown, on human, saprobes, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Moreno-Rico et al. (2014; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Phaeocryptopus Naumov 1915, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: P. abietis Naumov, asexual morph unknown, growing on conifer needles, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; review), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: F67760. Phaeocyrtidula Vain. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. pinea (Nyl.) Vain., saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeocytostroma Petr. 1921, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. istrica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; phylogeny, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phaeodactylium Agnihothr. 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. venkatesanum Agnihothr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2009c, 2013c; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhang et al. (2011h; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Phaeodimeriella Speg. 1908, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, 15 species, type: P. occulta (Racib.) Speg, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Mapook et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phaeodiscula Cub. 1891, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. celottii Cub., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeodomus Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. lauracearum Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeodothis Syd. & P. Syd. 1904, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. tricuspidis Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; accepted in Didymosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Verkley et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), sequences and cultures available only for P. winteri but lacks for the type, available specimen for type: CBS H-4793. Phaeofabraea Rehm 1909, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P, miconiae Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeographis Müll. Arg. 1882, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 180 species, type: P. dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; classification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Phaeographis Müll. Arg. 1882, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 150 species, type: P. dendritica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Archer (2009; key, Australia), Lücking et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phaeographopsis Sipman 2007, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. indica (Patw. & Nagarkar) Sipman & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phaeohelotium Kanouse 1935, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 41 species, type: P. flavum Kanouse, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hengstmengel (2009; outline), Kaya (2009; Turkey), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Baral et al. (2013a; new combination), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Phaeohiratsukaea Udagawa & Iwatsu 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. expansa Udagawa & Iwatsu, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: National Insitute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, NHL2968, needs generic revision. Phaeoidiomyces Dorn.-Silva & Dianese 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. qualeae Dorn.-Silva & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: UB (col. micol.) 9851, needs generic revision. Phaeoisaria Höhn. 1909, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: P. bambusae Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Mel’nik (2012; new species, Vietnam), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Cheng et al. (2014; new species, China), Crous et al. (2015c; new species), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phaeolabrella Speg. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. eryngicola Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeomoniella Crous & W. Gams 2000, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Mugnai) Crous & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, with coelomycetous synasexual morph, pathogens, saprobes, endophytic, terrestrial, Italy, see Chen et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015d; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CBS H-229.95 as Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum W. Gams et al., reference culture of type: CBS 229.95. Phaeomonilia R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & R.M. Arias 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. pleiomorpha R.F. Castañeda, Heredia & R.M. Arias, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, Mexico, see Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2015; new species), Yang et al. (2016; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: XAL CB746, compare with Botryomonilia, Pseudaegerita, Staheliella and Oidiodendron. Phaeomonostichella Keissl. ex Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. symploci (Keissl.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeonectriella R.A. Eaton & E.B.G. Jones 1971, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. lignicola R.A. Eaton & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes on wood, marine, temperate, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phaeopeltosphaeria Berl. & Peglion 1892, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. caudata Berl. & Peglion, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeophacidium Henn. & Lind 1897, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: Phaeophacidium escalloniae Henn. & Lindau, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, causing leaf spots, terrestrial, Asia, Australia, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeophleospora Rangel 1916, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: P. eugeniae Rangel, coelomycetous, with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs, plant pathogens, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology; phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015d, 2016b; new species), Cultures and sequences are available, neotype of type: IMI 372655. Phaeophloeosporella Crous & B. Sutton 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ekebergiae (Syd.) Crous & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeophyscia Moberg 1977, Physciaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 66 species, type: Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg, foliose lichen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Shukla & Upreti (2009; bioindicator), Lendemer (2009; record), Brackel (2011b; Iceland), Arslan et al. (2011; Turkey), Shukla et al. (2012; physiology), Pindaru et al. (2013; chemical composition), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available for most of the species including type, needs generic revision. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel 1990, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. punctum (A. Massal.) Rambold, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, North and South America, Australia, see Diederich et al. (2009; Europe), Motiejūnaitė et al. (2011; Lithuanaia), Matwiejuk and Bohdan (2011; Poland), Himelbrant et al. (2013; Russia), Suija et al. (2015b; phylogeny), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phaeoramularia Munt.-Cvetk. 1960, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, more than 100 species names, but genus appears one species, type: P. gomphrenicola (Speg.) Munt.-Cvetk., hyphomycetous, plant pathogens, see Videira et al. (2017; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: LPS 914, isotypes of type: BPI 436740, BPI 722393; K(M) IMI 7706 (slide), MICH 15302. Phaeorrhiza H. Mayrhofer & Poelt 1979, Physciaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Resl et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: T805, needs generic revision. Phaeosaccardinula Henn. 1905, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 16 species, type: P. diospyricola Henn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, sooty moulds, terrestrial, China, Thailand, see Chomnunti et al. (2012; 2014; morphology; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Yang et al. (2014; morphology; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for some species, available specimen of type: CBS H-4260, needs generic revision. Phaeoschizotrichum C.R. Silva, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ramosum Silva, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Silva et al. (2015; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HUEFS 210423, compare with Passalora, Pseudocercospora and Schizotrichum. Phaeosclera Sigler, Tsuneda & J.W. Carmich. 1981, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. dematioides Sigler, Tsuneda & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Raja et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, isotype and cultures available for the type: CBS H-7557; CBS 157.81. Phaeosclerotinia Hori 1916, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. nipponica Hori, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeoscypha Spooner 1984, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. cladii (Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeoseptum Ying Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde 2013, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. aquaticum Ying Zhang, J. Fourn. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater, France, see Zhang et al. (2013c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for the type, holotype and ex-type strains of type: IFRD 8986; CBS 123113. Phaeosperma Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dryophilum Nitschke ex G.H. Otth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, epitype and ex-epitype strains of type: WU 32035; CBS 133213, LG21, needs generic revision. Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake 1909, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 90 species, type: P. oryzae I. Miyake, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for more than 10 species, need adequate sequence data, needs generic revision, exepitype strains of type: CBS 110110; lectotype of type: S-F9572. Phaeosphaeriopsis M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley 2003, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: Phaeosphaeriopsis glaucopunctata (Grev.) M.P.S. Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph unknown coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013 accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phaeospora Hepp 1867, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 17 species, type: P. rimosicola (Leight. ex Mudd) Hepp, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), van den Boom and Etayo (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type, needs generic revision. Phaeosporis Clem. 1909, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. melasperma (Nyl.) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeosporobolus D. Hawksw. & Hafellner 1986, six species, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: P. usneae D.Hawksw. & Hafellner, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ertz et al (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 281394. Phaeostagonospora A.W. Ramaley 1997, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. nolinae A.W. Ramaley, coelomycetous, sexual morph paraphaeosphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; accepted phaeostagonospora-like asexual morphs in Paraphaeosphaeria), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phaeostalagmus W. Gams 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. cyclosporus (Grove) W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, treated as Chaetosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, accepted as a genus in Ascomycota), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, listed in Chaetosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-19245, needs generic revision. Phaeostigme Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, c. 20 species, type: P. picea (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeostilbelloides Armando, Z.M. Chaves & Dianese 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. velloziae Armando, Z.M. Chaves & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, terrestrial, Brazil, see de Souza Armando et al. (2015; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: UBMC 18404, compare with Myrothecium and Phaeostilbella. Phaeotheca Sigler et al. 1981 Capnodiales, genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. fissurella Sigler, Tsuneda & J.W. Carmich., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures are available. Phaeothecoidea Crous 2007, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. eucalypti Crous & Summerell, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, Australia, see Crous et al. (2009e; morphology, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS-H 19836, CPC 12918. Phaeothecoidiella Batzer & Crous 2010, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. missouriensis Batzer & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, USA, see Yang et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20322, CPC 16116. Phaeothyriolum Syd. 1938, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. eucalyptinum Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeothyrium Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pulchellum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeotomasellia Katum. 1981, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ruwenzorensis Katum., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Uganda, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeotrichoconis Subram. 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. crotalariae (M.A. Salam & P.N. Rao) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivan. 1983, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. indica Sivan. & N.D. Sharma, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, India, UK, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeotrichum Cain & M.E. Barr 1956, Phaeotrichaceae, Phaeotrichales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. hystricinum Cain & M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Phaeotrichaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeotrichaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phaeoxyphiella Bat. & Cif. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. morototoni Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaeoxyphium Bat. & Cif. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, type: P. dubium (Sacc.) Bat. & Cif., Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted. Phaffomyces Y. Yamada 1997, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: P. opuntiae (Starmer, Phaff, M. Miranda, M.W. Miller & J.S.F. Barker) Y. Yamada, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, necrotic tissue of the columnar cactus (Cephalocereus royenii), the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia inermis) and the senita cactus (Lophocereus schottii), Australia, USA, islands of the Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Phalacrichomyces R.K. Benj. 1992, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: P. normalis R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phalangispora Nawawi & J. Webster 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. constricta Nawawi & J. Webster, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Phanerococculus Cif. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. rapaneae Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Santo Domingo, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phaneromyces Speg. & Har. 1889, Phaneromycetaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. macrosporus (Boud.) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phaulomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 14 species, type: P. corylophodis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phellostroma Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. hypoxyloides Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phialemoniopsis Perdomo, Dania García, Gené, Cano & Guarro 2013, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. ocularis (Gené & Guarro) Perdomo, Dania García, Gené & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, pathogens on human, endophytes, terrestrial, America, China, see Perdomo et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Desoubeaux et al. (2014; pathogens, phylogeny), Tsang et al. (2014a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Su et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: FMR 6632, needs generic revision. Phialemonium W. Gams & McGinnis 1983, Cephalothecaceae, Sordariomycetes families incertae sedis, six species, type: P. obovatum W. Gams & McGinnis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Perdomo et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015d; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-1665; CBS 279.76. Phialoarthrobotryum Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. triseptatum Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-7561, needs generic revision. Phialoascus Redhead & Malloch 1977, ?Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, ? Saccharomycetes one species, type: P. borealis Redhead & Malloch, asexual reproduction unknown, mycoparasitic on the mushroom Cortinarius huronensis, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phialocephala W.B. Kendr. 1961 (= Phaeomollisia T.N. Sieber & Grünig 2009 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 27 species, type: P. dimorphospora W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Phaeomollisia, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Grünig et al. (2009; new species), Wang et al. (2009b; new species, Missouri), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Day et al. (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: CBS 300.62, needs generic revision. Phialogeniculata Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. guadalcanalensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Guadeloupe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phialomyces P.C. Misra & P.H.B. Talbot 1964, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: P. macrosporus P.C. Misra & P.H.B. Talbot, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Houbraken and Samson (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and culture for type: CBS H-7563; CBS 430.64. Phialophaeoisaria Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. spongiosa Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, MFC-2J770, needs generic revision. Phialophora Medlar 1915, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, nine species, type: P. verrucosa Medlar, hyphomycetous, mostly saprobes, terrestrial, isolated from soil, decaying plant material and other substrates, also including important clinicallyrelevant fungi, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2013; reallocation of selected taxa), Madrid et al. (2016; reallocation), Li et al. (2017; outline, new species), cultures and sequences are available, ex-epitype of the type: CBS 140325. Phialophorophoma Linder 1944, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. litoralis Linder, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, marine, saprobes, Europe, USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H17521, needs generic revision. Phialosporostilbe Mercado & J. Mena 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. turbinata Mercado & J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, in soil, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Phialostele Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. scytopetali Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phialotubus R.Y. Roy & Leelav. 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. microsporus R.Y. Roy & Leelav., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-7598, needs generic revision. Phillipsia Berk. 1881, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 17 species, type: P. domingensis Berk., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: DHP 7169, needs generic revision. Phillipsiella Cooke 1878, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: P. atra Cooke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Saccardiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), da Silva et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Philobryon Döbbeler 1988, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. anuliferum Döbbeler, on Bryophyta, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Philonectria Hara 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. variabilis Hara, saprobes, Japan, Uganda, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phloeopeccania J. Steiner 1902, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, four species, type: P. pulvinulina J. Steiner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Asia, Africa, North America, see Schultz et al. (2009; Namibia, South Africa), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Candan and Schultz (2015; new species, taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence data available for one species, needs generic revision. Phloeospora Wallr. 1833, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 150 species but need a revision, type: P. ulmi (Fr.) Wallr., coelomycetous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phloeosporina Höhn. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. minor (Ellis & Kellerm.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phlogicylindrium Crous, Summerb. & Summerell 2006, Phlogicylindriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: P. eucalypti Crous, Summerb. & Summerell, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, all occurring on Eucalyptus species, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012, 2014; phylogeny, morphology), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), sequence data available for all species, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-19749; CBS 120080. Phlyctaeniella Petr. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. polonica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Australia, see Tiwari et al. (2012; new species, India), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phlyctema Desm. 1847, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30, type: M. caespitosa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; new species), Johnston et al. (2014b; treated as a synonym of Neofabraea), Chen et al. (2016b; resurrected the genus), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot., 1850, Phlyctidaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: P. agelaea (Ach.) Flot., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Fernandez-Brime et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kelly et al. (2011; DNA barcoding), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gasparyan and Sipman (2015; diversity and conservation), Gerra-Inohosa et al. (2015; epiphytes diversity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Weerakoon et al. (2016; new species and records), sequence data available, needs generic revision. Phoebus R.C. Harris & Ladd, 2007, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. hydrophobius R.C. Harris & Ladd, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Phoma Sacc. 1880, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 100 species, type: P. herbarum Westend., coelomycetous, sexual morph didymella-like, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2009, 2010, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Aveskamp et al. (2010; phylogeny), Woudenberg et al. (2009; sexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Chen et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Phomachora Petr. & Syd. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. lucida (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phomachorella Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. parinarii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phomatodes Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. aubrietiae (Moesz) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Phomatospora Sacc., 1875, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, c. 100 species, type: P. berkeleyi Sacc., saprobes on submerged wood or decaying twigs, widespread, asexual morph sporothrix-like reported from culture, see Raja and Shearer (2008; overview), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al. (2015; marine species, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2016), sequences are available for four species but lacks for the type:, available specimen of type: CBS H-5533. Phomatosporella Tak. Kobay. & K. Sasaki 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. albomaculans Tak. Kobay. & K. Sasaki, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted in as a genus in Sordariomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phomyces Clem. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. meliolicola (Speg.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmaspidium Bat. 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. corruscans (Rehm) Bat., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmeriella Hansf. 1946, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ireninae Hansf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmitensis K.M. Wong, Poon & K.D. Hyde 1998, Hyponectriacae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. marina M.K.M. Wong, Poon & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, intertidal, in salt marsh, on Phragmites, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: HKU (M) 5151. Phragmiticola Sherwood 1987, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. rhopalospermum (Kirschst.) Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmocamarosporium Wijayaw., Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two speies, type: P. platani Wijayaw., Yong Wang bis & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Germany, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2015, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype: HGUP NNW G0928-1, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phragmocapnias Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, typ: P. betle (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2011, 2014; accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Phragmocephala E.W. Mason & S. Hughes 1951, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: P. cookei E.W. Mason & S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phragmoconidium G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. cerradense G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmodiaporthe Wehm. 1941, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: P. caryae (Peck) Wehm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, China, see Vasilyeva et al. (2008; new species, China), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmodiscus Hansf. 1947, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. arundinariae Hansf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmogibbera Samuels & Rogerson 1990, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. xylariicola Samuels & Rogerson, saprobes, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: VEN. Phragmopeltis Henn. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. siparunae Henn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmoporthe Petr. 1934, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. ploettneriana (Henn.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America., see Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Phragmoscutella Woron. & Abramov 1927, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. abchasica Woron. & Abramov, saprobes, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmospathula Subram. & N.G. Nair 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. phoenicis Subram. & N.G. Nair, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmospathulella J. Mena & Mercado 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. matsushimae J. Mena & Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phragmosperma Theiss. & Syd. (1917) [1916], Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: P. marattiae (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., data inadequate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, Phragmotrichum Kunze 1823, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. chailletii Kunze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H16912, needs generic revision. Phthora d'Hérelle 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. vastatrix d'Hérelle, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Guatemala, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phurmomyces Thaxt. 1931, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. obtusus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Phycomelaina Kohlm., 1968, Phyllachorales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. laminariae (Rostr.) Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, on marine alga Laminaria, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a gemus in Phyllachoraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; review), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a genus in Phyllachorales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phycorella Döbbeler 1980, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. scytonematis Döbbeler, parasites, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylacia Lév. 1845 (= Henningsina Möller 1901; = Leveillea Fr. 1849 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: P. globosa Lév., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, mainly coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, c. 1000 species (need revision), type: P. graminis (Pers.) Fuckel, saprobes, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Santos et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), DNA sequence available for the voucher UB21307 of the type, available specimen of type: CBS H-5212, needs generic revision. Phyllachorella Syd. 1914, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. micheliae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-4052, needs generic revision. Phyllactinia Lév. 1851, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, 111 species, type: P. guttata (Wallr.: Fr. ) Lév., asexual morph hyphomycetous, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Takamatsu et al. (2008b, 2016; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: ex herb. de Candolle (G 00122109). Phylleutypa Petr. 1934, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. dioscoreae (Wakef.) Petr., saprobes, Africa, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylliscidiopsis Sambo 1937, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. abissinica Sambo., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylliscidium Forssell 1885, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. monophyllum (Kremp.) Forssell, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline) Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, Needs generic revision. Phyllisciella Henssen 1984, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: P. marionensis Henssen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Africa, see de Lange et al. (2012; conservation), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline) Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylliscum Nyl. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, eight species, type: Phylliscum demangeonii (Moug. & Mont.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Bajpai et al. (2009; biodeterioration), Sheik et al. (2009, 2016; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Anderson and Neily (2012, Nova Scotia), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Goni et al. (2014; Jammu), Shukla et al. (2014b; diversity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Uppadhyay et al. (2016, diversity), sequences are available. Phyllobaeis Kalb & Gierl 1993, Baeomycetaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: Phyllobaeis imbricata (Hook.) Kalb & Gierl, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Cao et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Flakus et al. (2015; taxonomy), Mittermeier et al. (2015; metabolic profiling), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Phyllobathelium (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. 1890, Strigulaceae, Strigulales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. epiphyllum (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011; description, phylogeny), Lücking (2008; partial monograph), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Phylloblastia Vain. 1921, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, twelve species, type: P. dolichospora Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, pantropical, see Flakus and Lücking (2008; new species, Bolivia), Lücking (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), McCarthy (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McCarthy and Stajsic (2013; new species), van den Broeck et al. (2014; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type, needs generic revision. Phyllocelis Syd. 1925, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. oyedaeae Syd., saprobes, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phyllocratera Sérusiaux & Aptroot 1997, Strigulaceae, Strigulales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. papuana Sérusiaux & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted in Strigulaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: LG (Lambinon 87.427). Phyllocrea Höhn. 1918, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. quitensis (Pat.) Höhn., from living leaves, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylloedium Fr. 1825, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. epiphylla Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phyllogyalidea Lücking & Aptroot 2008, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. epiphylla (Vězda) Lücking & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lücking (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phyllohendersonia Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 25 species, type: P. mahoniae Unamuno, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phyllopezis Petr. 1949, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. andina Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phylloporthe Syd. 1925, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. vernoniae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Phyllosticta Pers. 1818 (= Guignardia Viala & Ravaz 1892 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 100 species, type: P. convallariae Pers., coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Guignardia, saprobes, pathogens, endophytes, terrestrial, worlwide, see Wulandari et al. (2009; pathogens), Glienke et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wikee et al. (2011, 2013a, b; review), Su and Cai (2012; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H-16994, needs generic revision. Phymatotrichopsis Hennebert 1973, Rhizinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 17 species, type: P. omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Physalidiella Rulamort 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. elegans (Mosca) Rulamort, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Physalidiopsis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. carbonis (R.F. Castañeda) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Physalospora Niessl 1876, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 37 species, type: P. alpestris Niessl, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, aquatic, saprobes and endophytic, widespread, see Raja and Shearer (2008; new species, freshwater), Polashock et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available for three species, needs generic revision. Physalosporopsis Bat. & H. Maia 1955, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 17 species, type: P. rhizophoricola Bat. & H. Maia, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Physcia (Schreb.) Michaux 1803, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 80 species, type: P. tenella (Scop.) DC., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Aslan (2012; new records), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2015g; new species), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Physcidia Tuck 1862, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: P. wrightii (Tuck.) Tuck., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Caceres (2014; key), Dong et al. (2015; new records), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Physciella Essl. 1986, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. chloantha (Ach.) Essl., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Physconia Poelt 1965, Physciaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: P. pulverulenta (Schreb.) Poelt, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lendemer et al. (2009; taxonomy), Begum and HariKrishna (2010; air pollution), Björk (2010; new record), Esslinger and Dillman (2010; new record), Loppi and Nascimbene (2010; bioindicators), Stamenković and Cvijan (2010; air pollution). Stamenković et al. (2010; bioindicators), Lisowska (2011; air pollution), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tsurykau et al. (2011; checklist), Yatsyna (2011; taxonomy), Gaya et al. (2012; sequence), Vicol (2012; list), Jury (2013; list), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bilovitz (2014; biodiversity), Goni et al. (2014; checklist), Karakoti et al. (2014; taxonomy), Paoli et al. (2015; air pollution), Yavuz et al. (2015; epiphytes diversity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Motiejūnaitė et al. (2016; list), sequences are available for few species, needs generic revision. Physma A. Massal. 1854, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 51 species, type: P. boryanum (Pers.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wedin et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Diederich et al. (2010b; lectotypification), Otálora et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Din et al. (2010; chemoprofile), Jayalal et al. (2013a; Vietnam), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Magain and Sérusiaux (2014; drivers in lichen symbiosis), Kerr (2014; checklist), Magain and Serusiaux (2014; partial sequence), Ekman et al. (2014; transferred to Pannariaceae), Aptroot and John (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Ohmura et al. (2016; Japan), Rangsiruji et al. (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Physmatomyces Rehm 1900, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. compacti E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Picardella I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: P. endogaea (F. Picard) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Piccolia A. Massal. 1856, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. crocea (Spreng.) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Piceomphale Svrček 1957, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. bulgarioides (P. Karst.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Rutstroemiaceae), Jaklitsch et al (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Pichia E.C. Hansen 1904, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 35 species, type: P. membranifaciens (E.C. Hansen) E.C. Hansen, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but a few strains are of clinical origin, insect frass from various trees, cacti, rotted fruit, spoiled fruit juice, soil, tanning liquor, sputum, cecum of a cow, human and animal feces, various clinical sources (P. kudriavzevii = Candida krusei), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), a few asexual species of this clade presently remain in Candida, but will be transferred to Pichia as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Picoa Vittad. 1831, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: P. juniperi Vittad., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Guecin et al. (2010; Turkey), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sbissi et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Ammarellou et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pidoplitchkoviella Kiril. 1975, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. terricola Kiril., asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, British Islesraine, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Piedraia Fonseca & Leão 1928, Piedraiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. hortae Fonseca & Leão, asexual morph unknown, human pathogen, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Piggotia Berk. & Broome 1851, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. astroidea (Berk.) Berk. & Broome, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pileomyces K.L. Pang & Jheng 2012, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. formosanus K.L. Pang & J.S. Jheng, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Taiwan, see Pang and Jheng (2012b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: BBH 30192, BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium. Pilgeriella Henn. 1900, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. perisporioides Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pilidium Kunze 1823 (= Discohainesia Nannf. 1932; Hainesia Ellis & Sacc. 1884; Sclerotiopsis Speg. 1882 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Chaetomellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: P. acerinum (Alb. & Schwein.) Kunze, coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Discohainesia, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2013b, 2015e; new species), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature, new combination), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-17074; CBS 736.68. Pilophorus Th. Fr., 1857, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 38 species, type: P. robustus Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wang et al. (2010c, 2011a, b; new species, taxonomy), Lim et al. (2010; pyrosequencing), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence data available, needs generic revision. Pinatubo J.B. Manandhar & Mew 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. oryzae J.B. Manandhar & Mew, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ?CALP [as 'UPLB'] 10284, needs generic revision. Piperivora Siboe, P.M. Kirk & P.F. Cannon 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. nodosa Siboe, P.M. Kirk & P.F. Cannon, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 376523, needs generic revision. Piricauda Bubák 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: P. uleana (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Bubák, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whitton et al. (2012a; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Piricaudilium Hol.-Jech. 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. lobatum Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Cribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen for type: CBS H-4357, needs generic revision. Piricaudiopsis J. Mena & Mercado 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. elegans J. Mena & Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhang et al. (2014b; transferred five species to new genus Xiuguozhangia), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pirispora Faurel & Schotter 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. trisetosa Faurel & Schotter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Algeria, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pirostomella Sacc. 1914, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. raimundi Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pirottaea Sacc. 1878, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 28 species, type: P. veneta Sacc. & Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chlebicka and Konvalinkova (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pirozynskia Subram. 1972, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. farriae Subram., sexual morph maurodothina-like, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences unavailable, needs generic revision. Pirozynskiella S. Hughes 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. solaninum (Sacc. & P. Syd.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pisomyxa Corda 1837, Eurotiomycetidae genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. rhacodioides Corda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, seeLumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pisorisporium Réblová & J. Fourn. 2015, Pisorisporiaceae, Pisorisporiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. cymbiforme Réblová & J. Fourn., asexual morph unknown, from submerged branch, aquatic, France, Belgium, see Réblová et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures available for the type: PRM 924377; CBS 138884. Pithomyces Berk. & Broome 1873, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 38 species, type: P. flavus Berk. & Broome, hyphomycetous, sexual morph didymella-like, saprobes, human and plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Irinyi et al. (2015; DNA barcodes for clinically important species), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pithosira Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. sydowii Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Ecuador, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pithya Fuckel 1870, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: P. cupressina (Batsch) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Pithyella Boud. 1885, ?Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: P. hypnina (Quél.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on bryophytes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pittostroma Kowalski & T.N. Sieber 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. abietinum Kowalski & T.N. Sieber, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Poland, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: ZT, needs generic revision. Placella Syd. 1938, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fraseriana Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placidiopsis Beltr. 1858, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 20 species, type: P. grappae Beltr., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2010a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Placidium A. Massal. 1855, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 28 species, type: P. michelii A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gueidan et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the voucher M. Prieto 702 of the type, needs generic revision. Placoasterella Sacc. ex Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, four species, type: P. schweinfurthii (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, transferred to Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placoasterina Toro 1930, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. antioquensis Toro, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placocarpus Trevis. 1860, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, type: P. schaereri (Fr.) Breuss, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Knudsen et al. (2009a; new species, USA), Moon and Aptroot (2009; new species, South Korea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2010a; new species), Roux and Gueidan (2011; new specis, France), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Placocrea Syd. 1939, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: Placocrea pulchella Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placodiplodia Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. copelandii Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placodothis Syd. 1928, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. petrakii Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placolecis Trevis 1857, Catillariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. balaniana (Fr.) Trevis., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rizzi et al. (2011; Sardinia), Tufan-Çetin and Sümbül (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Moon (2014; Korea), Sipman and Raus (2015; Greece), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placomaronea Räsänen 1944, Candelariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: P. candelarioides Räsänen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, America, Africa, see Westberg et al. (2009; monograph), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Westberg and Sohrabi (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Flakus et al. (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Placomelan Cif. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dipteridis Cif., sexual morph dothidasteroma-like, epiphytes, terrestrial, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placonema (Sacc. & D. Sacc.) Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. bambusacearum (Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Americ, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Placonemina Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dothideoides (Mont.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placopsis (Nyl.) Linds. 1866, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: P. gelida (L.) Linds., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Brackel and Berger (2010; Polycoccum host), Galloway (2010, 2013; taxonomy), Singh et al. (2010; ecology), de los Ríos et al. (2011; ecophysiology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2011; taxonomy, new specie), Øvstedal and Lewis Smith (2011; new species), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Raggio et al. (2012; ecophysiology), Kukwa, et al. (2012; new records), Gao and Ren (2013; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Schneider et al. (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Placopyrenium Breuss 1987, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 22 species, type: P. bucekii (Nádv. & Servít) Breuss, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ertz et al. (2008; Europe), Gueidan et al. (2009; phylogeny), Breuss (2009; description, key), Orange (2009b; partial sequence), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot et al. (2010; biodiversity), Prieto et al. (2010a, 2012; genus considered polyphyletic, phylogeny), Breuss (2011; Spain), Miller et al. (2011a, b; USA), Aptroot and Yazici (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Valadbeigi (2014; Iran), Sipman and Raus (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Urbanavichus and Ismailov (2016; new records), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Placosoma Syd. 1924, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. nothopanacis Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, transferred to Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: PDD 1003. Placosphaerina Maire 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. myriospora (Pat.) Maire, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Algeria, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placostromella Petr. 1947, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. macrospora Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomyctes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placothea Syd. 1931, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. philippinensis Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placothelium Müll. Arg. 1893, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. staurothelioides Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placothyrium Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. athyrinum Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placynthiella Elenkin 1909, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: P. perfurfurea (Nyl.) Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Voytsekhovich et al. (2011; photobiont), Joshi et al. (2011b; new records from South Korea), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kantvilas et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures ans sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Placynthiopsis Zahlbr. 1932, Placynthiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. africana Zahlbr., lichenized, terrestrial, central Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Placynthium (Ach.) Gray. 1821, Placynthiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: P. nigrum (Huds.) Gray, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Øvstedal et al. (2009; new species), Wedin, et al. (2009; phylogeny), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny) Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2011; partial sequence), Westberg, et al. (2011, new records), Urbanavichus et al. (2011; new records), Wirth et al. (2011; checklist), Yatsyna (2011; new record), Aptroot and Iqbal (2012; checklist), Hansen (2012; new records, 2014; taxonomy), Aslan (2013; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McCarthy and Kantvilas (2014; new species), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny, systematics), Aptroot et al. (2015d; new reords), Malícek et al. (2015a; taxonomy), Košuthová et al. (2016; phylogenetic relationship), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Plagiascoma Réblová & J. Fourn. 2015, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. frondosum Réblová & J. Fourn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2017; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type: PRM 933854, CBS 139031. Plagiophiale Petr. 1955, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: Plagiophiale eucarpa (P. Karst.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plagiosphaera Petr. 1941, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, five species, type: P. moravica (Petr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plagiostigme Syd. 1925, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. couraliae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plagiostigmella Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. clypeata Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plagiostoma Fuckel 1870 (= Diplodina Westend. 1857; = Septomyxa Sacc. 1884; = Cryptodiaporthe Petrak 1921 fide Rossman et al. 2015a), Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 50 species, type: P. euphorbiae (Fuckel) Fuckel, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Sogonov et al. (2008; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mejía et al. (2011; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Walker et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures or the type: CBS H-17115; CBS 817.79. Plagiostromella Höhn. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pleurostoma Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Planistroma A.W. Ramaley 1991, Planistromellaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. yuccigenum A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Minnis et al. (2012; treated as a synonym of Kellermania), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Monkai et al. (2013; treated as a distinct genus), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Plasia Sherwood 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ramicola (Cooke & Massee) Sherwood, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Platismatia W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. 1968, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: P. glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thell et al. (2012; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Parmeliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mitrovic et al. (2014; antimicrobial properties), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 201, needs generic revision. Platychora Petr. 1925, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. ulmi (J. Schröt.) Petr., asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013, 2016; accepted as a genus in Didymellaceae, coelomycetous), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Platygramme Fée 1874, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: Platygramme caesiopruinosa (Fée) Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2014, 2016b; phylogeny, classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Platypeltella Petr. 1929, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. smilacis Petr., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; keys, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wu et al. (2014; taxonomy, transferred to Asterinaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: W 257. Platysporoides (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., Can. J. Bot. 1992, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: P. chartarum (Fuckel) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, California, Europe and India, See Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Platystomum Trevis. 1877, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. compressum (Pers.) Trevis., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Lophiostoma Ces. & De Not.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Platystomaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Platystomaceae), Thambugala et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Platythecium Staiger 2002, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: P. grammitis (Fée) Staiger, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Neuwirth et al. (2017; key), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Platytrachelon Réblová 2013, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. abietis (Réblová) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Czech Republic, Ukraine, see Réblová (2013; taxonomy phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and cultures available for the type: PRM 842974; CBS 125235. Plectania Fuckel 1870, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. melastoma (Sowerby) Fuckel, asexual morph conoplea-like, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Plectocarpon Fée 1825, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 37 species, type: P. pseudosticta (Fée) Fée, sexual morph with mainly multilocular-lirelliform stromatic ascomata, lichenicolous (only one lichenized), terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frisch et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Plectomyces Thaxt. 1931, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. gracilis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Plectonaemella Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fuckeliana Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plectopeltis Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. egenula Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plectophomopsis Petr. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. rivularis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plectosira Petr. 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. adeana Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, needs generic revision. Plectosphaera Theiss. 1916, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 38 species epithets in Index Fungorum (2017), type: P. bersamae (Lingelsh.) Theiss., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fucke), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Plectosphaerella Kleb. 1929 (= Plectosporium M.E. Palm et al. 1995 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: P. cucumeris Kleb., asexual morph formerly known in Plectosporium, pathogens, nematophagous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Carlucci et al. (2012; new species, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015d; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Plectronidiopsis Nag Raj 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. chilensis (Speg.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plectronidium Nag Raj 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. sinense Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plectrothrix Shear 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. globosa Shear, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleiochaeta (Sacc.) S. Hughes 1951, Pleosporineae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. setosa (Kirchn.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Garibaldi et al. (2012; pathogens, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gur and Frenkel (2015; pathogens, DNA), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures are available, holotype: CBS H-17161. Pleiopatella Rehm 1908, Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. harperi Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleiostomellina Bat., J.L. Bezerra & H. Maia 1964, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Pleiostomellina pernambucensis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plejobolus (E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc.) O.E. Erikss. 1967, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: P. arenarius (E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc.) O.E. Erikss., data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Robergea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, Plenocatenulis Bat. & Cif. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. magnoliae Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plenodomus Preuss 1851, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 18 species, type: P. lingam (Tode: Fr.) Höhn., asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny, treated Plenodomus rabenhorstii Preuss as a nom. Dub. and reduced under Plenodomus lingam), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Leptosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 260.94 (de Gruyter et al. 2013), needs generic revision. Plenophysa Syd. & P. Syd. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, Sri Lanka, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plenotrichaius Bat. & Valle 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. swartziae Bat. & Valle, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plenotrichopsis Bat. 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. coffeae Bat., H. Maia & C.T. Vasconc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plenotrichum Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. mirabile Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plenozythia Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. euphorbiae Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleochaeta Sacc. & Speg. 1881 emend. Kimbrough & Korf 1963, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. lynckii (Speg.) Speg., sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morphs, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, North and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lee et al. (2011; phylogeny, Korea), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Takamatsu (2013, 2016; phylogeny, phenotypic evolution), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, holotype of type: C.L. Spegazini (LPS), needs generic revision. Pleocouturea G. Arnaud 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. castagnei G. Arnaud, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleocryptospora J. Reid & C. Booth 1969, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: Pleocryptospora bambusae (Speg.) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleogibberella Sacc. ex Berl. & Voglino 1886, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. calamia (Cooke) Berl. & Voglino, asexual morph unknown, saprobe, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleomeliola (Sacc.) Sacc. 1899, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fenestrata (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleomelogramma Speg. 1909, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Chaetothyriomycetes, one species, type: P. argentinensis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleomerium Speg. 1918, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fuscoviridescens (Rehm) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae and placed in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleophragmia Fuckel 1870, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. leporum Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as Sporormiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleopsidium Körb. 1855, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. flavum Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Knudsen (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pleoscutula Vouaux 1913, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. arsenii Vouaux, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr 1995, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. yuccaesedum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; excluded from Phaeosphaeriaceae and placed in Pleosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: BPI 802381, needs generic revision. Pleosphaerellula Naumov & Czerepan. 1952, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. cornicola Naumov & Czerepan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as Pleosporales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleosphaeria Speg. 1881, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: P. australis Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleostigma Kirschst. 1939, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Teichosporella), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable. Pleotrichiella Sivan. 1984, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. australiensis Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plesiospora Drechsler 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. globosa Drechsler, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleuroascus Massee & E.S. Salmon 1901, Pseudeurotiaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, eleven species, type: P. nicholsonii Massee & E.S. Salmon, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crous et al. (2013b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 345, available specimen for type: CBS H-7657, needs generic revision. Pleurocatena G. Arnaud ex Aramb., Gamundí, W. Gams & G.R.W. Arnold 2007, Pyxidiophoraceae, Pyxidiophorales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on nematodes, leaf litter, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleuroceras Riess 1854, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: P. ciliatum Riess, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Mejía et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Sogonov et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:, needs generic revision. Pleurocytospora Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. vestita Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurodesmospora Samson, W. Gams & H.C. Evans 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. coccorum (Petch) Samson, W. Gams & H.C. Evans, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasites, on insects (Aleyrodes, aphids, leaf hoppers), mites (Tydeus, Paratetranychus) and fungi (Meliola), Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurodiscula Höhn. 1926, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. neglecta (Desm.) Höhn, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurodomus Petr. 1934, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. humuli Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on decaying stems of Humuli lupuli, Siberia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleuropedium Marvanová & S.H. Iqbal., 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. tricladioides Marvanová & S.H. Iqbal, sexual morph unknown, on submerged dead Juncus effususaxes and from foam in mountain streams, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BRNU 445.796 Pleurophoma Höhn. 1914, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: P. pleurospora (Sacc.) Höhn., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), de Gruyter et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015d, 2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: CBS 130329, needs generic revision. Pleurophomopsis Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. salicicola Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurophragmium Costantin 1888, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, 29 species, type: P. bicolor Costantin, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Réblová (2009; phylogeny), D’Souza and Bhat (2012; key), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), Dai et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Pleuroplaconema Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. sambuci Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, Europe and Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleuroplacosphaeria Syd. 1928, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. negeriana Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Chile, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurosticta Petr.1931, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. lichenicola Petr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crespo et al. (2011; generic concept), Hawksworth et al. (2011a; checklist), Schmull et al. (2011; sequence), Vicol (2012; Romania), Matwiejuk and Korobkiewicz (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Millot et al. (2014; cancer), Lumbsch (2014; taxonomy), Favero-Longo et al. (2015; saxicolous community), Papazi et al. (2015; symbiosis), Kaźmierska and Kossowska (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pleurostoma Tul. & C. Tul. 1863 (= Pleurostomophora Vijaykr. et al. 2004 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Pleurostomataceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: P. candollei Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2015b, 2016; new species, nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pleurostromella Petr. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: P. ulmicola Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurotheciella Réblová, Seifert & J. Fourn. 2012, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: P. rivularia Réblová, Seifert & J. Fourn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, terrestrial, Europe, Canada, see Réblová et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: PRM 899852; CBS 125238. Pleurotheciopsis B. Sutton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. pusilla B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on litter (Calophyllum, Castanea, Rubus) and bank (Betula, Ilex, Salix), Caribbean, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: IMI 168990, needs generic revision. Pleurothecium Höhn. 1919 (= Carpoligna F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf 1999 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: P. recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Carpoligna, saprobes, terrestrial, terrestrial, Europe, Canada, see Wu and Zhang (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Réblová et al. (2012, 2016c; taxonomy, phylogeny, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 138686, needs generic revision. Pleurothyriella Petr. & Syd. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pinastri (Oudem.) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pleurovularia R. Kirschner & U. Braun 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. polliniae (Henn.) R. Kirschner & U. Braun ( Ovularia polliniae Henn.), hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogens, Asia, see Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Yoshinaga 25 (B). Pliariona A. Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. montagnei (Bosch) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Plicaria Fuckel 1870, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: P. trachycarpa (Curr.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: DAOM 195830, genus needs revision since it is polyphyletic. Plicariella (Sacc.) Rehm 1894, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: P. radula (Berk. & Broome) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2013; did not list the genus), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Plochmopeltis Theiss. 1914, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, five species, type: P. intricata (Ellis & G. Martin) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ploettnera Henn. 1900, Calloriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. caeruleoviridis (Rehm) Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ploioderma Darker 1967 (= Cryocaligula Minter 1986 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: P. hedgcockii (Dearn.) Darker, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Shi et al. (2010; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Plokamidomyces Bat., C.A.A. Costa & Cif. 1957, Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. colensoi Bat., C.A.A. Costa & Cif., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Oceania, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plowrightia Sacc. 1883, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, more than 50 species, type: P. ribesia (Pers.) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, parasitic or saprobes on leaves, twigs and wood in terrestrial habitats, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for two species, holotype of type: cannot be located. Plurisperma Sivan. 1970, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. dalbergiae Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Plurispermiopsis Pereira-Carv., Inácio & Dianese 2010, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. cerradensis Pereira-Carvalho, Inacio & Dianese, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2010; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pneumocystis Delanoë & Delanoë 1912, Pneumocystidaceae, Pneumocystidales, Pneumocystidomycetes, five species, type: P. carinii P. Delanoë & Delanoë, asexual reproduction occurs by binary fission, pathogens, on mammals (frequent cause of pneumonia in HIV/AIDS patients), worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Poaceascoma Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. helicoides Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Phookamsak et al. (2015a; taxonomy), Luo et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Poaceicola W.J. Li, Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. arundinis W.J. Li, Camporesi, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Li et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawawardene et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of the type: MFLU 15–0702. Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca 1965, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. humicola Bat. & O.M. Fonseca, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nonaka et al. (2013c; new species, Japan), Huang et al. (2015a; new species, Tibet, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, type specimen of type: CBS H-7885, needs generic revision. Pocillopycnis Dyko & B. Sutton 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. umensis (Bubák & Vleugel) Dyko & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pocillum De Not. 1864, Vibrisseaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. cesatii (Mont.) De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes on fruits and leaves, Europe and America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), DNA sequences and cultures unavailable, needs generic revision. Poculinia Spooner 1987, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. nothofagi (Rodway) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Tasmania, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, listed as Poculina), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Podocapsa Tiegh. 1887, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. palmata Tiegh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pododimeria E. Müll. 1959, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, four species, type: P. gallica E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Podonectria Petch 1921, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: P. coccicola (Ellis & Everh.) Petch, asexual morph unknown, associated with scale insects, widespread in tropical regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tubeufiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Podophacidium Niessl 1868, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. terrestre Niessl, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, terrestrial, Europe, North America see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Podoplaconema Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. melaenum (Fr.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; genus accepted, in Dothideaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; genus accepted, in Dothideaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; listed genus as Ascomycota), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isosyntype of type: B (also distributed in Scleromyceti Suecicae no. 200), needs generic revision. Podosordaria Ellis & Holw. 1897 (= Pedisordaria Clem. 1909 fide Wedt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. mexicana Ellis & Holw., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hsieh et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), sequences are available for the voucher 176 (WSP) of the type, needs generic revision. Podosphaera Kunze 1823 emend. Braun & Takamatsu 2000, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, 95 species, type: P. myrtillina (Schub.: Fr.) Kunze, sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morphs, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, neotype of type: Fungi Saxon. Exs. 72b. (HAL). Podospora Ces. 1856, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 100 species, type: P. fimiseda (Ces. & De Not.) Niessl, asexual morph consist of dark celled phialides such as Cladorrhinum, Phialophora, Rhizoctonia, Ramophialophora, saprobes on dung of animals, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chang et al. (2010; phylogeny), Mungai et al. (2012a; from dung), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kruys et al. (2015; phylogeny), about 24 species have sequence data, cultures available for the type: CBS 482.64, needs generic revision. Podosporiella Ellis & Everh. 1895, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: P. humilis Ellis & Everh, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves (Garry, Faurea), Africa, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Podosporium Schwein. 1832, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 67 species, type: P. rigidum Schwein, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on dead stems and litter (Ampelopsis, Bambusa, Rhus and others), terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Podostictina Clem. 1909, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: P. endochrysoides (Müll. Arg.) Clem., lichenized, see Moncada et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Podotara Malcolm & Vězda 1996, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. pilophoriformis Malcolm & Vězda, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Hsieh et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CHR 486638. Poeltiaria Hertel 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: P. turgescens (Körb.) Hertel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fryday and Hertel (2014; new species, Antarctica, Tasmenia), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available for an unidentified species but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Poeltidea Hertel & Hafellner 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. perusta (Nyl.) Hertel & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Kerguelen, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fryday and Hertel (2014; new species, New Zealand), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype of type: BM. Poeltinula Hafellner 1984, Rhizocarpaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. cerebrina (DC.) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Poetschia Körb. 1861, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. buellioides Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Poikilosperma Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. scutellare Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves of Brosimum, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polaroscyphus Huhtinen 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. spetsbergianus Huhtinen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Svalbard, Norway, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polistroma Clemente 1807, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. fernandezii Clemente, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences and cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polyancora Voglmayr & Yule. 2006, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. globosa Voglmayr & Yule, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, submerged leaves, Peninsular Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: WU 26489; CBS 118182. Polyandromyces Thaxt. 1920, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. coptosomatis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Polyascomyces Thaxt. 1900, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. trichophyae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Polyblastia A. Massal. 1852, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 120 species, type: P. cupularis A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Savić et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Savić and Tibell (2012; northern Europe, adjacent Arctic), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polyblastidium Kalb 2015, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 18 species, type: P. japonicum (M. Satô) Kalb, lichenized, worldwide, see Mongkolsuk et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polybulbophiale Goh & K.D. Hyde 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. palmicola Goh & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on palm petiole (Licuala), Brunei, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HKU (M) 4717, needs generic revision. Polycauliona Hue 1908, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 25 species, type: P. regalis (Vain.) Hue, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kondratyuk et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; notes), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polycephalomyces Kobayasi 1941, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: P. formosus Kobayasi, hyphomycetous, on insects, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kepler et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Matočec et al. (2014; revision), Quandt et al. (2014; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Polychaetella Speg. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. schweinitzii (Berk. & Desm.) Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polychidium (Ach.) Gray 1821, Massalongiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 10 species, type: P. muscicola (Sw.) Gray, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wedin et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Hansen (2009; Iceland), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2011c; phylogeny, systematics), Anderson and Neily (2012; Nova Scotia), Jayalal et al. (2012a; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Weerakoon and Aptroot (2016; checklist), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polycladium Ingold. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. equiseti Ingold, sexual morph unknown, found on dead internodes of Equisetum fluviatile, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type: IMI 73532. Polyclypeolina Bat. & I.H. Lima 1959, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. brideliae (Hansf.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review, accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; review, excluded from Aulographaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M) 177972. Polycoccum Saut. ex Körb. 1865, Polycoccaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 66 species, type: P. sauteri Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Halc et al. (2009b; new species), Etayo (2010; new species), Brackel and Berger (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhurbenko and Dillman (2010; new species), van den Boom (2012; new species), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Halici et al. (2013; new species, Turkey), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ertz et al. (2015a; phylogeny, introducd Polycoccaceae), Hafellner (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Polycyclina Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. rhytismoides (Speg.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polycyclinopsis Bat., A.F. Vital & I.H. Lima 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. solani Bat., A.F. Vital & I.H. Lima, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polycyclus Höhn. 1909, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type speices: P. andinus (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, São Paulo, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polydesmia Boud. 1885, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: P. pruinosa (Berk. & Broome) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polydesmus Mont. 1845, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 14 species, type: P. elegans Durieu & Mont., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, American, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polydiscidium Wakef. 1934, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. martynii Wakef., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Africa, Guyana, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polydiscina Syd. 1930, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. boliviana Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Bolivia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polyetron Bat. & Peres 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. myrtaceicola Bat. & Peres, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polylobatispora Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. deltoidea Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, 5T195, needs generic revision. Polymeridium (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris 1980, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 50 species, type: P. contendens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Cáceres (2014; key), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polypedia Bat. & Peres 1959, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. leopoldinensis Bat. & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; not accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polyphialoseptoria Quaedvl., R.W. Barreto, Verkley & Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. terminaliae Quaedvlieg, R.W. Barreto, Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Brazil, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H-21298; CBS 135106. Polyplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2009, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. fusca Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, Thailand, see Tanaka et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 29399; JCM 13175. Polypyrenula D. Hawksw. 1985, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. sexlocularis (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw., asexual morph unknown, on bark, doubtfully lichenized, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: G. Polyrhizon Theiss., Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. terminaliae Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polyrostrata T.P. Devi & N. Mathur 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. indica T.P. Devi & N. Mathur, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, India, see Mathur et al. (2009; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: HCIO 46892, needs generic revision. Polyschema H.P. Upadhyay 1966, Latoruaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 21 species, type: P. terricola H.P. Upadhyay 1966, hyphomycetous, sexual morph not unknown, Saprobes, one species from human clinical sample, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Mota et al. (2008; new species, key), Shenoy et al. (2010; monophyly within Pleosporales), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015d; placement in Latoruaceae), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 301.65. Polyscytalum Riess 1853, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: P. fecundissimum Riess, hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; new species, Portugal), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS H-6049; CBS 100506. Polysporella Woron. 1916, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. woronowii Woron., see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), needs generic revision. Polysporidiella Petr. 1960, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. iranica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polysporina Vězda [nom. cons.] 1978, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: P. simplex (Taylor) Vězda, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Polystigma DC. 1815 (= Polystigmina Sacc. 1884, Rhodoseptoria Naumov 1913 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015, 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, 25 species, type: P. rubrum (Pers.) DC., pathogens, worldwide, see Suzuki et al. (2008; pathogens, Japan), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Habibi and Banihashemi (2015, 2016; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Polystomellina Bat. & A.F. Vital 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. didymopanacis Bat. & A.F. Vital, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polystomellomyces Bat. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. atheniensis Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greece, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polystomellopsis F. Stevens 1924 [1923], Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. mirabilis F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Polystratorictus Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. fusarioideus Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Peru, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, 0P353, needs generic revision. Polythrincium Kunze 1817 (= Cymadothea F.A. Wolf 1935 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. trifolii Kunze, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Cymadothea, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, sexual morph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Polytolypa J.A. Scott & Malloch 1993, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. hystricis J.A. Scott & Malloch, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hirooka et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: UAMH 7299, holotype of type: TRTC 51349. Polytretophora Mercado 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. calcarata Mercado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pontogeneia Kohlm. 1975, Koralionastetaceae, Koralionastetales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: P. padinae Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, Campbell et al. (2009a; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data available for one species, holotype of type: J.K. 3541a = 00985934, NYBG. Pontoporeia Kohlm. 1963, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. biturbinata (Durieu & Mont.) Kohlm., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, marine, Mediterranean Sea, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Zhang et al. (2012e, 2013c; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; phylogeny, nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Populocrescentia Wanasinghe, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. forlicesenensis Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Russia, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 15-1504; MFLUCC 14-0651. Porina Müll. Arg. [nom. cons.] 1883, Porinaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 140 species, type: P. nucula Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Porobeltraniella Gusmão 2004, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. porosa (Piroz. & S.D. Patil) Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Grandi and da Silva (2014; South America), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rajeshkumar et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, available specimen and cultures available for the type: IMI 234741; NFCCI 3994 (Rajeshkumar et al. 2016). Porocercospora Amaradasa, Amundsen, Madrid & Crous 2014, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. seminalis (Ellis & Everh.) Amaradasa, Amundsen, H. Madrid & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, USA, see Amaradasa et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: CBS H-21149, CBS 134906. Porocladium Descals., 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. aquaticum Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 199900. Porocyphus Körb. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, eight species, type: P. coccodes Flot. ex Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Högnabba et al. (2009a, b; evolution of photobiont), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Poroleprieuria M.C. González, Hanlin, Ulloa & Elv. Aguirre 2004, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. rogersii M.C. González, Hanlin, Ulloa & Elv. Aguirre, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: MEXU 23019. Poronia Willd. 1787, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. gleditschii Willd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hembrom et al. (2013; new species, India), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:, needs generic revision. Poropeltis Henn. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. davillae Henn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Porophilomyces U. Braun 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. poricola (Bonar) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, fungiicolous, North America, see Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype and isolectotype of type: UC 1272179; UC 568840. Porophoromyces Thaxt. 1926, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. tmesiphori Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Porosubramaniania Hol.-Jech. 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. moniliformis Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Porpidia Körb. 1855, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, 50 species, type: P. trullisata (Kremp.) Körb., lichenized, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Porpidinia Timdal 2010, Porpidiaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: Porpidinia tumidula (Sm.) Timdal (Lichen tumidulus Sm.), lichenized fungi, saxicolous, Europe, North Africa, see Timdal (2010; phylogenetic placement based on anatomical characters), sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Smith s.n., LINN. Psora Hoffm. 1796, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 35 species, type: P. decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm. (Lichen decipiens Hedw.), lichenized fungi, saxicolous, terricolous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psorinia Gotth. Schneid. 1980, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. conglomerata (Ach.) Gotth. Schneid. (Lecidea conglomerata Ach.), lichenized, saxicolous, temperate northern hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Mischoblastia A.Massal. 1852, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: M. oxydata A. Massal., lichenized, see Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Prieto & Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Porrectotheca Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. divaricata Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, 5H436, needs generic revision. Potamomyces K.D. Hyde 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. armatisporus K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: BRIP 21490, needs generic revision. Potridiscus Döbbeler & Triebel 2000, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. polymorphus Döbbeler & Triebel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: M Rambold 3269, needs generic revision. Potriphila Döbbeler 1996, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. navicularis Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: M (Döbbeler 6759), needs generic revision. Praelongicaulis E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & K.L. Pang 2015, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. kandeliae (Abdel-Wahab & E.B.G. Jones) E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & K.L. Pang, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Hong Kong, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015, phylogeny, nomenclature), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: IMI 379307; CY 1492. Pragmopora A. Massal 1855 (= Pragmopycnis B. Sutton & A. Funk 1975 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: P. amphibola A. Massal., asexual morph formerly known in Pragmopycnis, saprobes, common in temperate northern hemisphere, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quijada et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type of the type, lectotype in Royal Botanic Gardens (K). Prataprajella Hosag. 1992, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. turpiniicola (Hosag.) Hosag., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; treated as a doubtful genus in Meliolaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Preussia Fuckel 1867 (= Sporormiella Ellis & Everh. 1892; = Spororminula Arx & Aa 1987 fide Hyde et al. 2013), Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 49 species, type: P. funiculata (Preuss) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Chang and Wang (2009; new species), Kruys and Wedin (2009; new species), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Asgari and Zare (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mungai et al. (2012d; from dung), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Sporormiaceae, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mapperson et al. (2014; endophytes), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Kruys (2015; new species, Sweden), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for the type: CBS H-17339; CBS 659.74. Priceomyces Kurtzman & M. Suzuki 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, nine species, type: P. haplophilus (Shifrine & Phaff) M. Suzuki, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in tree fluxes, spoiled wine, alpechin, soil, insect frass in various trees, worldwide, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), Crous et al. (2016b; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Prillieuxina G. Arnaud 1918 (= Leprieurina G. Arnaud 1918 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015a), Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, 55 species, type: P. winteriana (Pazschke) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Pertusaria, terrestrial, tropical, see Hosagoudar and Chandraprabha (2009b; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hosagoudar (2012; new species, India), Hosagoudar and Divya (2013; new species, India), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Gautam (2015; new species), Guatimosim et al. (2015; phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pringsheimia Schulzer 1866, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: P. rosarum Schulzer, asexual morph unknown, parasitic or saprobes, terrestrial habitats, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; review), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequence data available for one species, but no ex-type sequence data are available, needs generic revision. Proboscispora Punith. 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. manihotis Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Proliferodiscus J.H. Haines & Dumont 1983, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: P. inspersus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.H. Haines & Dumont, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofton et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Proliferosphaera T.P. Devi 2012, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. capsici T.P. Devi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Devi et al. (2012; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: PP-2011 isolate 6494, holotype of type: ITCC 6494, needs generic revision. Prolixandromyces R.K. Benj. 1970, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eight species, type: P. veliae R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Veliid bugs, semiaquatic, Africa, Asia, Central America, Europe, see Weir (2008; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pfliegler et al. (2016b; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: DAH 18, needs generic revision. Pronectria Clem. 1931, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 41 species, type: P. lichenicola (Ces.) Clem., asexual morph hyphomycetous, parasymbiont to parasites on lichens, more rarely algae, worldwide, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, keys), López et al. (2009; new species), Brackel (2014; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence data only for the type P. robergei as Illosporium carneum (ATCC 201590), lectotype of type: PC, Roberge. Propolidium Sacc. 1884, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. glaucum (Ellis) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Propolina Sacc. 1884, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. cervina Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Propolis (Fr.) Corda 1838, Marthamycetaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. farinosa (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Proprioscypha Spooner 1987, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. corticicola Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Prosopidicola Crous & C.L. Lennox 2004, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. mexicana Crous & C.L. Lennox, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures are available. Prosthemium Kunze 1817 (= Pleomassaria Speg. 1880 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. betulinum Kunze, coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Pleomassaria, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, sexual morph), Tanaka et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, nomenclature), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: CBS 279.74, needs generic revision. Prostratus Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen 1993, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. cyclobalanopsidis Sivan., W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 354625. Protoblastenia (Zahlbr.) J. Steiner 1911, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: P. rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: Prorup415, needs generic revision. Protocrea Petch 1937, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: P. farinosa (Berk. & Broome) Petch, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Jaklitsch et al. (2008; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, epitype and cultures available for the type: BPI 747356; CBS 121554. Protocreopsis Yoshim. Doi 1977, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: P. zingibericola Yoshim. Doi, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lechat and Fournier (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protocucurbitaria Naumov 1951, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. ribicola Naumov, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Protomicarea Hafellner 2001, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. limosa (Ach.) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, Turkey, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kınalıoglu and Aptroot (2011; new records in Turkey), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: Obermayer 07939 (Schmull et al. 2011), needs generic revision. Protomyces Unger 1833, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, ten species, type: P. macrosporus Unger, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on plants, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, available specimen of type: CBS H-17359, needs generic revision. Protomycopsis Magnus 1905, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, ten species, type: P. leucanthemi Magnus, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on plants, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Protopannaria (Gyeln.) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman 2000, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: P. pezizoides (Weber) P.M. Jørg. & S. Ekman, lichenized, Southern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protoparmelia M. Choisy 1929, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: P. badia (Hoffm.) Hafellner, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Papong et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protoparmeliopsis Choisy 1929, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: P. muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015f; taxonomy), Zhao et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protoroccella Follmann 2001, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: P. minima (R. Sant.) Follmann ex Follmann, lichenized, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Protoscypha Syd. 1925, Protoscyphaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pulla Syd., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Protostegia Cooke 1880, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. eucleae Kalchbr. & Cooke, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; phylogeny, epitypification), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype of the type: PREM 60879; CPC 23549. Protostegiomyces Bat. & A.F. Vital 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lembosiae Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Protostroma Bat. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. hyphaenes Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Protothelenella Räsänen 1943, Protothelenellaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, eleven species, type: P. reducta (Th. Fr.) Räsänen, lichenized, Asia, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protothyrium G. Arnaud 1917, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. salvadorae (Cooke) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: IMI 158625, needs generic revision. Protounguicularia Raitv. & R. Galán 1986, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. brevicapitata Raitv. & R. Galán, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Protousnea (Motyka) Krog 1976, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: P. magellanica (Mont.) Krog, lichenized, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Protoventuria Berl. & Sacc. 1887 (= Ramalia Bat. 1957 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, c. five species, type: P. rosae (De Not.) Berl. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Proxipyricularia Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. zingiberis (Y. Nisik.) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Japan, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), available cultures for the type: CBS 133594, needs generic revision. Psammina Sacc. & M. Rousseau ex E. Bommer & M. Rousseau 1891, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: P. bommeriae Sacc. & M. Rousseau, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Africa, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type: CBS H-17363, needs generic revision. Psathyrophlyctis Brusse 1987, Phlyctidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. serpentaria Brusse, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pselaphidomyces Speg. 1917, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. corticalis (Peck) J.L. Crane & Schokn., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Pseudaleuria Lusk 1987, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. quinaultiana Lusk, asexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Xu et al. (2012; soil fungi), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nouhra et al. (2013; DNA, ectomycorrhizal), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudallescheria Negroni & I. Fisch. 1944, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: P. shearii Negroni & I. Fisch., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, human pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gilgado et al. (2010; new species, human pathogen), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudarctomia Gyeln. 1939, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. microleuca (Nyl.) Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudascozonus Brumm. 1985, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. racemosporus Brumm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudephebe M. Choisy 1930, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. pubescens (L.) M. Choisy, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wang and McCune (2010; China), Thell et al. (2012; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Parmeliaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mitrovic et al. (2014; antimicrobial properties), Boluda et al. (2016; cryptic species), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudeurotium J.F.H. Beyma 1937, Pseudeurotiaceae, Leotiomycetes family incertae sedis, six species, type: P. zonatum J.F.H. Beyma, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Minnis and Lindner (2013; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudevernia Zopf 1903, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. furfuracea (L.) Zopf, lichenized, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudoacremonium Crous 2014, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. sacchari Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Vietnam, see Crous et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type CBS H-21704, CPC 2315. Pseudoacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 14 species, type: P. eickeri (Morgan-Jones) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Castaneda Ruiz et al. (2010; new species), Zhang et al. (2011g; new species), Dubey and Pandey (2012; new species), Fiuza et al.(2014; new species), Ma et al (2015; new species), two species have sequence data, needs generic revision. Pseudoamauroascus Cano, M. Solé & Guarro 2002, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. australiensis Cano, M. Solé & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), sequences are available for the type (unpublished), holotype of type: IMI 370014. Pseudoanguillospora S.H. Iqbal 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. stricta S.H. Iqbal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoannulatascus Z.L. Luo, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde 2015, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. biatriisporus (K.D. Hyde) Z.L. Luo, Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, aquatic, Australia, Thailand, see Luo et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: BRIP 21481, cultures and sequences are available. Pseudoanthostomella Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. pini-nigrae Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Italy, see Daranagama et al. (2016a; taxonomy), Wendt et al. (2017; placed in Xylariales), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudoaristastoma Suj. Singh 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. indicum Suj. Singh, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoascochyta Valenzuela-Lopez, Stchigel, Cano-Canals, Guarro & Cano 2016, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. pratensis ValenzuelaLopez, CanoCanals, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and extype culture of the type: CBS H-22735, FMR 14524. Pseudoasperisporium U. Braun 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. tupae (Speg.) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogens, leaf-spotting, Asia, South America, see Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: LPS 959. Pseudoasteromassaria Matsumura & Kaz. Tanaka 2015, Latoruaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. fagi M. Matsum. & Kaz. Tanaka, asexual morph coelomycetous (stagonospora-like), saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30471; MAFF 245221. Pseudoastrosphaeriella Phookamsak, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde 2015, Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. thailandensis Phookamsak, Z.L. Luo & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Asia, see Phookamsak et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudobaeomyces M. Satô 1940, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. insignis (Zahlbr.) M. Satô, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudobasidiospora Dyko & B. Sutton., 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. caroliniana Dyko & B. Sutton, ceolomycetous, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sexual morph unknown, cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 208458. Pseudobeltrania Henn. 1902, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. cedrelae Henn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2015e; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rajeshkumar et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudocalopadia Lücking 1999, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. mira Lücking, lichenized, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: M. Pseudocamarosporium Wijayaw. & K.D. Hyde 2014, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: P. propinquum (Sacc.) Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, has camarosporium-like and coniothyriumlike morphologies, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, d, 2016a, b; morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015c; new species, phylogeny, coniothyrium-like species), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 14-0090; MFLUCC 14-0192 = ICMP 20203. Pseudocanalisporium R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. circumfecundum R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudocatenomycopsis Crous & L.A. Shuttlew. 2013, Coronophorales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. rothmanniae Crous & L.A. Shuttlew., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Zambia, see Crous et al. (2013b; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H- 21432; CBS 22733. Pseudocenangium P. Karst. 1886, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pinastri P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudocercospora Speg. 1910, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 1500 accepted species (Mycobank), type: P. vitis (Lév.) Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, plant pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, cosmopolitan, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Yusef M (2013; review), Crous et al. (2012a: phylogeny), Bakhshi et al. (2014; phylogeny), Shivas et al. (2015; new species), Osorio et al. (2015; new species), Silva et al. (2016; new species), sequences are available, epitype of type: CBS HAL (MBT 102230). Pseudocercosporella Deighton 1973, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 150 species, type: P. ipomoeae Sawada ex Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, plant pathogens, terrestrial, five species confirmed based on DNA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frank et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), epitype and ex-epitype of type: CBS H-20409; CBS 125685. Pseudocercosporidium Deighton 1973, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. venezuelanum (Syd.) Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudochapsa Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: Pseudochapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Parnmen et al. (2012; genus proposed), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudochuppia Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. sarcinispora Kamal, A.N. Rai & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudociboria Kanouse 1944, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. umbrina Kanouse, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoclathrosphaerina Voglmayr 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. evamariae Voglmayr, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from submerged deciduous leaves, USA, New Zealand, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable (unpublished), holotype of the type: WU 17015, needs generic revision. Pseudocoleodictyospora Doilom & K.D. Hyde 2016, Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. tectonae Doilom, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, see Doilom et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-holotype type strains of type: MFLU 15-3527; MFLUCC 12–0385, MKT 058, ICMP 21160. Pseudocoleophoma Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. calamagrostidis Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30450; CBS 139700. Pseudoconium Petr. 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pallescens (Bäumler) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Pseudocosmospora C. Herrera & P. Chaverri 2013, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. eutypellae C. Herrera & P. Chaverri, asexual morph hyphomycetous (acremonium-like to verticillium-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Herrera et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: BPI 884165; CBS 133966 = A.R. 4562. Pseudocryptosporella J. Reid & C. Booth 1969, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. polylepidis (E. Müll.) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudocyphellaria Vain. [nom. cons.] 1890 (= Crocodia Link 1833; = Cyanisticta Gyeln. 1931; = Diphaeosticta Clem. 1909; = Diphanosticta Clem. 1909; = Merostictina Clem. 1909); = Parmosticta Nyl. 1875; = Parmostictina Nyl. 1875; = Phaeosticta Trevis. 1869; Phanosticta Clem. 1909; Podostictina Clem. 1909; = Saccardoa Trevis. 1869; = Stictina Nyl. 1860), Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 100 species, type: Ps. curvata (Ach.) Vain., lichenized, South America, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Quilhot, et al. (2010; taxonomy), Miller et al. (2011; taxonomy), Pandit and Sharma (2012; new record), Fritis et al. (2013; biological activity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Moncada et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Yoshiaki and Ohmura (2014; transplant experiment), Beese et al. (2015; ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Messuti et al. (2016; sequence), sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Pseudocytoplacosphaeria Punith. & Spooner 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. coniicola Punith. & Spooner, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: K(M) 85582, needs generic revision. Pseudocytospora Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. allantospora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudodichomera Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. varia (Pers.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudodictyosporium Matsush. 1971, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: P. wauense Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, South America, see Menkis and Vasaitis (2011; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kirschner et al. (2013; new species, Taiwan), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, Thailand), Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, type specimen and cultures available for the type: CBS H-5642; KRP88–6 (Menkis and Vasaitis 2011). Pseudodidymaria U. Braun 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. wyethiae (Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, foliicolous, leaf-spotting, Asia, North America, see Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, lectotype of type: NY 1087025. Pseudodidymella C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & Katum. 1997 (= Pycnopleiospora C.Z. Wei et al. fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fagi C.Z. Wei, Y. Harada & Katum., asexual morph formerly known in Pycnopleiospora, saprobes, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, nomenclature), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable,holotype of type: HHUF 22903, needs generic revision. Pseudodidymosphaeria Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. spartii Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Europe, see Thambugala et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), sequence data available, reference specimen and ex-type of type: MFLU 14–0578; MFLUCC 13–0273. Pseudodinemasporium A. Hashim. & Kaz. Tanaka 2015, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. fabiformis A. Hashim., G. Sato & Kaz. Tanaka, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, Malaysia, see Hashimoto et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015c; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 29716; MAFF 244361. Pseudodiplodia (P. Karst.) Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 45 species, type: P. ligniaria (P. Karst.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture and sequences are available for an unidentified species, needs generic revision. Pseudodiscula Laubert 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. endogenospora Laubert, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudodiscus Arx & E. Müll. 1959, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. nootkatensis (Terrier) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H-17396, needs generic revision. Pseudoecteinomyces W. Rossi 1977, Euceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: P. zuphiicola (Speg.) W. Rossi, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Africa, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Pseudoepicoccum M.B. Ellis 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. cocos (F. Stevens) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudofuscophialis Sivan. & H.S. Chang 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lignicola Sivan. & H.S. Chang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 356633, needs generic revision. Pseudofusicoccum Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Pseudofusicoccumaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: P. stromaticum (Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Pavlic et al. (2008; new species), Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), Yang et al. (2017; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PREM 58237, CMW 13366. Pseudogaster Höhn. 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. singularis Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudogibellula Samson & H.C. Evans 1973, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. formicarum (Mains) Samson & H.C. Evans, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudogliophragma Phadke & V.G. Rao 1980, Wiesneriomycetaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. indicum [as india] Phadke & V.G. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pratibha et al. (2015; phylogeny, typification), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type of the type: MTCC 11985. Pseudographiella E.F. Morris 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. variiseptata E.F. Morris., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudographis Nyl. 1855, Triblidiaceae, Triblidiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. elatina (Ach.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, available specimen of type: CBS H17399, needs generic revision. Pseudogymnoascus Raillo 1929, Myxotrichaceae, Leotiomycetes family incertae sedis, ten species, type: P. roseus Raillo, asexual morph unknown, animal pathogens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Minnis and Lindner (2013; new species), Hoyt et al. (2015; control disease), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudohalonectria Minoura & T. Muroi 1978, Magnaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: P. lignicola Minoura & T. Muroi, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hu et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Perera et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), type specimen and cultures available for the type: CBS H-19515; SMH2440 IFRDCC 3110. Pseudohelicomyces Garnica & E. Valenz. 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. albus Garnica & E. Valenz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: AH 19575, needs generic revision. Pseudohelotium Fuckel 1870, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, c. 50 species, type: P. pineti (Batsch) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Pseudohendersonia Crous & M.E. Palm 1999, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. proteae Crous & M.E. Palm, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, associated with leaf spots, USA, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: BPI 1107849. Pseudohepatica P.M. Jørg. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pachyderma P.M. Jørg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: US, Steyermark 93298, needs generic revision. Pseudoheppia Zahlbr. 1903, Heppiaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. schuleri Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudohypocrea Yoshim. Doi 1972, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. citrinella (Ellis) Yoshim. Doi, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoidriella Crous & R.G. Shivas 2011, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. syzygii Crous & R.G. Shivas, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobe, associated with insect damaged leaves, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2011c; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20758; CBS 131307. Pseudolachnea Ranoj. 1910, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: P. insignis Velen., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hashimoto et al. (2015b; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudolachnella Teng. 1936, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type: P. scolecospora (Teng & C.I. Chen) Teng, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Hashimoto et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: “Ling 138”. Pseudolachnum Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. lateritium Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudolecanactis Zahlbr. 1907, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. filicicola Zahlbr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015b, c; phylogenetic study), Lücking et al. (2016bb; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudolembosia Theiss. 1913, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: P. geographica (Massee) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: NY, needs generic revision. Pseudoleptogium Müll.Arg. 1885, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. diffractum (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudolignincola Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones 2006, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. siamensis Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, on wood, marine, tropical, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudolophiostoma Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. vitigenum (Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Thambugala, Kaz. Tanaka & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of type: HHUF 26930; MAFF 239459. Pseudomassaria Jacz. 1894, Pseudomassariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: P. chondrospora (Ces.) Jacz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2012; phylogeny), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016, outline, phylogeny), cultures available for type: MFLUCC 15-0545. Pseudomassariosphaeria Phukhams., Ariyaw., Campor. & K.D. Hyde 2015, Amniculicolaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. bromicola Phukhams., Ariyaw., Campor. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic and terrestrial, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: MFLU 15−1403, MFLUCC 15−0031. Pseudombrophila Boud. 1885, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, 28 species, type: P. pedrottii Boud., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudomeliola Speg. 1889, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. brasiliensis Speg., asexual morph aunknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudomeria G.L. Barron 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. mucosa G.L. Barron, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on nematodes, terrestrial, Canada, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudomicrodochium B. Sutton 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: P. aciculare B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2013; compare with Cyphellophora), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 169711, needs generic revision. Pseudomitrula Gamundí 1980, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. horakii Gamundí, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudomonodictys Doilom, Ariyawansa, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2015, Macrodiplodiopsidaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. tectonae Doilom, Ariyawansa, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Doilom et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-holotype type strains of type: MFLU 15-1413; MFLUCC 12-0552. Pseudomorfea Punith. 1981, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. coffeae Punith., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Argentina, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudonaevia Dennis & Spooner 1993, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. caricina Dennis & Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Raitviir (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K, needs generic revision. Pseudonectria Seaver 1909, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 10 species, type: P. rousseliana (Mont.) Wollenw., hyphomycetous, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016, outline), cultures available for type: AFTOL-ID 191, AR2716, CBS 114049, CBS 122566, CBS 114049, AR 2714. Pseudonectriella Petr. 1959, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. ahmadii Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Catabotrys Theiss. & Syd.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; not listed), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Pseudoneottiospora Faurel & Schotter 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. cunicularia Faurel & Schotter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Algeria, ltaly, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoneurospora Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro 2004, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. amorphoporcata (Udagawa) Dania García, Stchigel & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Thailand, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nygren et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudoniptera Velen. 1947, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 25 species, type: P. quercina Velen., asexual name unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, ?Europe, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Hymenoscyphus Gray), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as in Dermateaceae), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, placed in Helotiaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudonitschkia Coppins & S.Y. Kondr. 1995, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. parmotrematis Coppins & S.Y. Kondr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: BM, Alston 5836. Pseudopannaria (B.de Lesd.) Zahlbr. 1924, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. marcii (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoparmelia Lynge 1914, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: P. cyphellata Lynge, lichenized, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Buaruang et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudoparodia Theiss. & Syd. 1917, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. pseudopeziza (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: FH 7735, needs generic revision. Pseudoparodiella F. Stevens 1927, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. vernoniae F. Stevens, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopassalora Crous 2011, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. gouriqua Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2011d; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: CBS H-20682, CBS 101954. Pseudopatellina Höhn. 1908, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. conigena (Niessl) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type: CBS H-17414, needs generic revision. Pseudopaulia M.Schultz 2002, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. tessellata M. Schultz, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: B (Schultz 14042a). Pseudopeltis L. Holm & K. Holm 1978, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. filicum L. Holm & K. Holm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopeltistroma Katum. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. kyusyuense Katum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopeltula Henssen 1995, Gloeoheppiaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, four species, type: P. myriocarpa Henssen, lichenized, Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: COLO. Pseudopenidiella Crous & Koukol 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. piceae Crous & Koukol, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Czech Republic, see Crous et al. (2012e; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: CBS H-20964, ex-type strain of the type: CPC 19969. Pseudoperitheca Elenkin 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. murmanica Elenkin, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopestalotiopsis Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous 2014, Pestalotiopsidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: P. theae (Sawada) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes or pathogens on leaves, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014, 2016; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; outline, morphology), all species have sequence data, epitype and ex-epitype: MFLU 12-0116, MFLUCC 12-0055. Pseudopetrakia M.B. Ellis 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. kambakkamensis (Subram.) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopezicula Korf 1986, Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. tetraspora Korf, Pearson & Zhuang, asexual morph Phialophora-like, pathogen of Vitaceae, Europe and North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: CUP-061765. Pseudopeziza Fuckel 1870, Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. trifolii (Biv.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished) but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudophacidium P. Karst. 1885, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: P. ledi (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Ascodichaenaceae), Crous et al. (2014b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type: CBS 377.59, needs generic revision. Pseudophaeomoniella Nigro, Antelmi & Crous 2015, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. oleae Nigro, Antelmi & Crous, coelomcetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, pathogens, terrestrial, Italy, see Crous et al. (2015d; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-22250, FV84 = CBS 139191. Pseudophaeosphaeria Jayasiri, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. rubi Jayasiri, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Hyde et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-1400, MFLUCC 14-0259. Pseudophloeospora Crous & R.G. Shivas 2010, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. syzygii Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2010c, 2016b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H 20493, CPC 17051. Pseudophloeosporella U. Braun 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dioscoreae (Miyabe & S. Ito) U. Braun, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, plant pathogens, leaf-spotting, Asia, see Hong et al. (2010; Korea), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: Miyabe & Hanzawa 9 (SAPA). Pseudophragmotrichum W.P. Wu, B. Sutton & Gange 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. cubense W.P. Wu, B. Sutton & Gange, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 372456, needs generic revision Pseudopithomyces Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde 2015, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: P. chartarum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.F. Li, Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from human, cosmopolitan, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudopithyella Seaver 1928, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: P. minuscula (Boud. & Torrend) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 69 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Pseudoplagiostoma Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous 2010, Pseudoplagiostomataceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. eucalypti Cheew., M.J. Wingf. & Crous, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: CBS H20303, CPC 13341=CBS 124807. Pseudoplatystomum Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. scabridisporum (Abdel-Wahab & E.B.G. Jones) Thambugala & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, on marine driftwood, Australia, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 379750. Pseudoplectania Fuckel 1870, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: P. nigrella (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Holec and Kříž (2013; morphology), Carbone (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Glejdura et al. (2015; new species), cultures available for the type: KL BK-4914, neotype: KL BK-4914. Pseudopleospora Petr. 1920, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P.a ruthenica Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopolystigmina Murashk. 1928, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. spiraeicola Murashk., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Russia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoproboscispora Punith. 1999, Annulatascuaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: P. aquatica (S.W. Wong & K.D. Hyde) Punith., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CC63 (HKU(M) 2792). Pseudopyrenidium Nav.-Ros., Zhurb. & Cl. Roux 2010, Adelococcaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. tartaricola (Linds.) Nav.-Ros., Zhurb. & Cl. Roux, coelomycetous, asexual morph unknown, lihenicolous, Asia, USA, see Navarro-Rosinés et al. (2010; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudopyrenula Müll. Arg. 1883, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 20 species, type: P. diluta (Fée) Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudopyricularia Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. kyllingae Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures for the type: CBS H-21840, CBS 133595. Pseudoramichloridium Cheew. & Crous 2009, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. henryi Cheew. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, Australia, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures for the type: CBS H-20293, CPC 13121 = CBS 124775. Pseudoramonia Kantvilas & Vězda 2000, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. stipitata (Vězda & Hertel) Kantvilas & Vězda, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; key), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudoramularia Matsush. 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. ponapensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Uganda, Pacific islands, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudorbilia Y. Zhang bis, Z.F. Yu, Baral & K.Q. Zhang 2007, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, one species, type: P. bipolaris Y. Zhang bis, Z.F. Yu, Baral & K.Q. Zhang, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: XBL17 (M H.B. 8310), needs generic revision. Pseudorhizina Jacz. 1913, Discinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: P. korshinskii Jacz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudorhizopogon Kobayasi 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. sudae Kobayasi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudorhynchia Höhn. 1909, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. polyrrhyncha (Penz. & Sacc.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Trichosphaeria Fuckel), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; not listed), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Pseudorhytisma Juel 1894, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. bistortae (DC.) Juel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen of type: CBS H-17420, needs generic revision. Pseudorobillarda M. Morelet 1968, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, twelve species, type: P. phragmitis (Cunnell) M. Morelet, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, terrestrial, worldwide, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Rungindamai et al. (2012; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Moreno-Pérez et al. (2014; antagonist), Tangthirasunun et al. (2014b; new species, Thailand), Crous et al. (2015a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), available specimen and cultures for the type: CBS 842.84, CBS H17422. Pseudosaccharomyces Briosi & Farneti 1906, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 20 species, type: P. citri Briosi & Farneti, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudosagedia (Müll.Arg.) Choisy 1949, Porinaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 80 species, type: P. cerasi (Schrad.) M. Choisy, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pseudosarcosoma M. Carbone, Agnello & P. Alvarado 2013, Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: P. latahense (Paden & Tylutki) M. Carbone, Agnello & P. Alvarado, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Carbone et al. (2013; taxonomy), sequences are available of the voucher TUR-A 195801 of the type:, holotype of the type: WTU-F-33051. Pseudoschismatomma Ertz & Tehler 2014, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. rufescens (Pers.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with lirelliform ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, Macaronesia, North America, Asia, Australia, see Ertz et al. (2014b; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Pseudoschizothyra Punith. 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. thaungii Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Myanmar, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoscopulariopsis Sandoval-Denis, Gené & Guarro 2015, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. schumacheri (E.C. Hansen) M. Sandoval-Denis, J. Gené & J. Guarro, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoscypha Duby 1861, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. abietis J. Reid & Piroz., asexual unknown, terrestrial, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoseptoria Speg. 1911, Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: P. donacicola Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Dothioraceae, phylogeny), Thambugala et al. (2015c; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudosigmoidea K. Ando & N. Nakam. 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. cranei K. Ando & N. Nakam., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Diene et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudospiromastix Guarro, Stchigel & Cano 2014, Spiromastigaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. tentaculata (Guarro, Gené & De Vroey) Guarro, asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Somalia, see Rizzo et al. (2014; morphology; phylogeny), Hirooka et al. (2016; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strains of type: IMI 351264; RV 24167 = CBS 184.92 = FMR 3842. Pseudosporidesmium K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 2016, Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. knawiae (Crous) K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, hyphomycetous, sexul morph unknown, saprobes, KwaZulu-Natal, see Su et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-20158 (as Sporidesmium knawiae Crous). Pseudostegia Bubák 1906, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. nubilosa Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudostigmidium Etayo 2008, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. nephromiarium (Linds.) Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, keys), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: E, J.D. Hooker. Pseudostrickeria Q. Tian,Wanasinghe, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. muriformis Wanasinghe, Q. Tian, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Tian et al. (2015; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available for type, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 15–1407; MFLUCC 13–0764 = KUMCC15-0062. Pseudosydowia K.M. Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2014, Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. eucalypti (Verwoerd & du Plessis) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Thambugala et al. (2015c; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: PREM 46423. Pseudotaeniolina J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1986, Teratosphaeriacae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. convolvuli (Esfand.) J.L. Crane & Schokn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on litter, rock-inhabiting, cosmopolitan, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudoteratosphaeria Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: P. perpendicularis (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous, asexual morph unknown, foliicolous, pathogens, saprobes, Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-19691, CBS 118367. Pseudotetraploa Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2009, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: P. curviappendiculata (Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Indonesia, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2009; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 28582, JCM 12852. Pseudothelomma M.Prieto & Wedin 2016, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. ocellatum (Körb.) M. Prieto and Wedin, lichenized, see Prieto & Wedin (2016; genus proposed, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, voucher specimen of type: Tehler 8063 (S), needs generic revision. Pseudothiella Petr. 1928 (= Pseudothiopsella Petr. 1928 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: P. hirtellae (Henn.) Petr., asexual morph formerly named in Pseudothiopsella, from living leaves, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Pseudothis machaerii (Rehm) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudothyrium Höhn. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. polygonati (Tassi) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotopeliopsis Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. laceratula (Müll. Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Parnmen et al. (2012; genus proposed, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: Sayer s.n. – G (Australia). Pseudotorula Subram. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. heterospora Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotracylla B. Sutton & Hodges 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: P. dentata B. Sutton & Hodges, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotrichia Kirschst. 1939, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: P. stromatophila Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Melanommataceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; new species, Thailand), Tian et al. (2015; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudotrichoconis W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. echinophila (C. Massal.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotripoconidium Z.F. Yu & K.Q. Zhang 2011, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, one species, type: P. sinense Z.F. Yu & K.Q. Zhang, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Yu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: YMF 1.01843, needs generic revision. Pseudotrochila Höhn. 1917, Rhytismatales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: P. rhododendri (Racib.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotryblidium Rehm 1890, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. neesii (Flot.) Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudotulostoma O.K. Mill. & T.W. Henkel 2001, Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: P. volvatum O.K. Mill. & T.W. Henkel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Smith et al. (2011; DNA), cultures and sequences are available. Pseudovalsaria Spooner 1986, Boliniaceae, Boliniales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: P. foedans (P. Karst.) Spooner, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Clypeosphaeriaceae), Untereiner et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Boliniaceae, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pseudovalsella Höhn. 1918, Melanconidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. thelebola (Fr.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudoveronaea Crous & Batzer 2012, Dissoconiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. ellipsoidea Batzer & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Li et al. (2012a; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type of the type: CBS H-20927, CBS 132086. Pseudovirgaria H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous 2007, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: P. hyperparasitica H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous, asexual morphs hyphomycetous, fungiicolous, Asia, Europe, see Braun et al. (2011, taxonomy), Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type strains of type: HAL 2054 F; CBS 121739–121741. Pseudoxylomyces Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. elegans (Goh, W.H. Ho, K.D. Hyde & K.M. Tsui) Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of the type: HKU (M) 2777. Pseudoyuconia Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1983, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. thalictri (G. Winter) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morph unknown, saprobe, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pseudozythia Höhn. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pusilla Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psilachnum Höhn. 1926, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 28 species, type: P. lateritioalbum (P. Karst.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Han et al. (2009, 2014; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Psilocistella Svrček 1977, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: P. obsoleta (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psiloglonium Höhn. 1918, Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 15 species, type: P. lineare (Fr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Glonium Muhl. ex Fr.), Boehm et al. (2009a, b; overview of genus), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Hysteriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Li et al. (2016a; new species), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination, pathogen), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psilolechia A.Massal. 1860, Psilolechiaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: P. lucida (Ach.) M. Choisy, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psiloparmelia Hale 1989, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: P. distincta (Nyl.) Hale, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psilopezia Berk. 1847, Rhizinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: P. nummularia Berk., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Pezizales), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Psilophana Syd. 1939, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. andina Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psilosphaeria Cooke 1879, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: need typification, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psilothecium Clem. 1903, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. incurvum Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Helotiales), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psora Hoffm. [nom. cons.] 1796, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 35 species, type: Lecidea decipiens (Hedw.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psoroglaena Müll. Arg. 1891, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 17 species, type: P. cubensis Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Muggia et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McCarthy and Kantvilas (2013a; new species), Yatsyna (2014; new records), Himelbrant et al. (2015; new records), Käffer et al. (2015; new records), Kubiak et al. (2016; biodiversity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Weerakoon and Aptroot (2016; new records), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psoroma Michaux 1803, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: P. hypnorum (Vahl) Gray, lichenized, worldwide, see Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psoromella Gyeln. 1940, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P.a pampana Gyeln., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thell et al. (2012; overview), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psoromidium Stirt. 1877, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. wellingtonii Stirt., lichenized, Southern Hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rubio et al. (2013; taxonomy), Jørgensen and Andersen (2015; genus re-evaluation, sequence), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psoronactis Ertz & Tehler 2015, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: P. dilleniana (Ach.) Ertz & Tehler, sexual morph with apothecioid ascomata, asexual morph coelomycetous, lichenized, terrestrial, Euro-Siberian, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psorophorus Elvebakk & S.G. Hong 2010, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. pholidotus Elvebakk & S.G. Hong, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, South America, see Elvebakk et al (2010; new genus, sequence), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psorotheciopsis Rehm 1900, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: P. decipiens Rehm, lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Psorotichia A.Massal. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 50 species, type: P. murorum A. Massal., lichenized, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Psorula Gotth. Schneid. 1980, Psoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneid., lichenized, North America, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pteridiosperma J.C. Krug & Jeng 1979, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Pteridiosperma foveolatum (Udagawa & Y. Horie) J.C. Krug & Jeng, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pteridiospora Penz. & Sacc. 1897, Astrosphaeriellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: P. javanica Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014a, 2015b; pylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes), available cultures for the type: MFLUCC 11-0195, needs generic revision. Pteromyces E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc. 1906, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. ambiguus E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc. ex Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pteromycula P.F. Cannon 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. clypeiformis P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Great Britain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMI 362154a, needs generic revision. Pterosporidium W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde 1996, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. rhizophorae (Vizioli) W.H. Ho & K.D. Hyde, from living leaves, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pterulopsis Wakef. & Hansf. 1943, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dummeri Wakef. & Hansf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Uganda, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pterygiopsis Vain. 1890, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 17 species, type: P. atra Vain., lichenized, North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Africa, see Eichler et al. (2010; list), Schultz and Moon (2011; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pterygosporopsis P.M. Kirk 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. fragilis P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ptychographa Nyl. 1874, Xylographaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. xylographoides Nyl., lichenized, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spribille et al. (2014a; sequence), Resl et al. (2015; sequence, partial sequence), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pubigera Baral, Gminder & Svrček 2014 (= Pubigera Baral, Gminder & Svrček 1995; Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) fide Species Fungorum 2017), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: P. subvillosula (Rehm) Baral, Gminder & Svrček, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; accepted as in Hyaloscyphaceae), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Pucciniospora Speg. 1886, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. chusqueae Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pulchromyces Hennebert 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. fimicola (V. Dring) Hennebert, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, Ghana, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, cultures available for the type: ATCC 18595 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Pulmosphaeria Joanne E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1996, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. archontophoenicis Joanne E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pulvinaria Bonord. 1851, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. bohemica Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pulvinella A.W. Ramaley 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. nolinae A.W. Ramaley, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: UC 1512945, needs generic revision. Pulvinodecton Henssen & G.Thor 1998, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: P. kurzii (Kremp.) Henssen & G. Thor, lichenized, Seychelles, Asia, Australia, see Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pulvinula Boud. 1885, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, 28 species, type: P. convexella (P. Karst.) Pfister, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, voucher specimen of the type: KH.03.19 (FH), needs generic revision. Pumilus Viala & Marsais 1934, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. medullae Viala & Marsais, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Punctelia Krog 1982, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 45 species, type: P. borreri (Sm.) Krog, lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Punctillina Toro 1934, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. solteroi Toro, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Punctillum Petr. & Syd. 1924, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. hepaticarum (Cooke) Petr. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Punctonora Aptroot 1997, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. nigropulvinata Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: B, Aptroot 33356. Pureke P.R. Johnst. 1991, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: P. zelandicum P.R. Johnst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, holotype of type: PDD 45591, needs generic revision. Purpureocillium Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones, Houbraken & Samson 2011, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Luangsa-ard et al. (2011; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Spatafora et al. (2015; new combinations), Hyde et al. (2016; new species), Wijayawadene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Pustulipora P.F. Cannon 1982, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. corticola P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pustulomyces D.Q. Dai, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2014, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. bambusicola D.Q. Dai, D.J. Bhat & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes on dead bamboo culms, terrestrial, only know in Thailand, see Dai et al. (2014d; phylogeny, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b; morphology, phylogeny), sequence data available, holotype and ex-type strain of type: MFLU 13–0369; MFLUCC 11–0436. Puttea S.Stenroos & Huhtinen 2009, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. margaritella (Hulting) S. Stenroos & Huhtinen, lichenized, Eastern Europe, America, Russia, see Stenroos et al. (2009, 2010; taxonomy, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; list), Davydov and Printzen (2012; taxonomy), Czarnota and Hernik (2013; taxonomy, new report), Dillman et al. (2014; new combination), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Puttemansia Henn. 1902, Paranectriellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 19 species, type: Puttemansia lanosa Henn., asexual morph hyphomycetous, parasitic on Nectandra, worldwide, see Hyde et al. (2013; accepte as a genus in Paranectriellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnidioarxiella Punith. & N.D. Sharma 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. indica Punith. & N.D. Sharma, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnidiopeltis Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. smilacina Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnis Bref. 1881, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. sclerotivora Bref., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnocarpon Theiss. 1913, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. magnificum (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnodactylus Bat., A.A. Silva & Cavalc. 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. maranhensis Bat., A.A. Silva & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnodallia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. dupla Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; marine genera), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: IMS Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 5650, needs generic revision. Pycnoderma Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Cookellaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. bambusinum Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cookellaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Cookellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnoharknessia Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pakistanica Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, IPX295, needs generic revision. Pycnomma Syd. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. canariense Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canary Islands, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnomoreletia Rulamort 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. aristata (J. Ahmad) Rulamort, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnopeziza W.L. White & Whetzel 1938 (= Acarosporium Bubák & Vleugel ex Bubák 1911; = Chaetalysis Peyronel 1922; = Ciliosira Syd. 1942 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: P. sympodialis W.L. White & Whetzel, asexual morphs formerly known in Acarosporium, Chaetalysis, Ciliosira, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pycnopsammina Diederich & Etayo 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. lobariae Diederich & Etayo, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, non-lichenized, terrestrial, France, Spain, UK, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: LG (Diederich 9697). Pycnora Hafellner 2001, Pycnoraceae, Candelariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: Pycnora xanthococca (Sommerf.) Hafellner, lichenized, Europe, Asia, North America, see Bendiksby & Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pycnoseynesia Kuntze 1898, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. caronae (Pass.) Kuntze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnothelia Duf. 1821, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: P. papillaria (Ehrh.) L.M. Dufour, lichenized, see Coste and Dufrêne (2009; checklist), Crisan and Ardelean (2010; ecology), Ketner-Oostra et al. (2010; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; sequence), Zarabska and Rosadzinski (2011; new records), Grochowski (2012; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McCune and Rosentreter (2014; new record), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; sequence), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Şenkardeşler et al (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pycnothera N.D. Sharma & G.P. Agarwal 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. cordiae G.P. Agarwal & N.D. Sharma, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnothyriella Bat. 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. discreta Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnothyrium Died. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: P. litigiosum (Desm.) Died., Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pycnotrema Rivas Plata & Lücking 2012, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: P. pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Lücking, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyramidospora Sv. Nilsson., 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: P. casuarinae Sv. Nilsson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on submerged decaying branches of Casuarina, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenidium Nyl. 1865, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: P. actinellum Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Dacampiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenobotrys Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. conferta (Fr.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, Scandinavia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Zhang et al. (2011d; did not accept as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; not accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenocarpon Trevis. 1855, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: P. flotowianum (Hepp) Trevis., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Medeiros et al. (2014; ecology and new record), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenochaeta De Not. 1849, Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: P. nobilis De Not., coelomycetous, saprobes, plant endophytes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk (2013; genus accepted), de Gruyter et al. (2010, 2013; phylogeny), Doilom et al. (2013; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: CBS H-500; CBS 407.76. Pyrenochaetopsis Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 2010, Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: P. leptospora (Sacc. & Briard) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, coelomycetous, saprobes, plant endophytes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2010, 2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline) Kirk (2013; genus accepted), Doilom et al. (2013; phylogeny), Papizadeh et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: CBS H-20313; CBS 101635= PD 71/1027. Pyrenochium Link 1833, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. pini Link, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenocollema Reinke 1895, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 19 species, type: P. tremelloides Reinke, lichenized, marine, terrestrial, near sea shores, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: H9505110. Pyrenocyclus Petr. 1955, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. ambiguus Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenodesmia A.Massal. 1853, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: P. chalybaea (Fr.) A. Massal., lichenized, Europe, North America, China, see Arup et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyrenographa Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: P. xylographoides Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the type: CBG, Streimann 37582. Pyrenomyxa Morgan 1895 (= Pulveria Malloch & Rogerson 1977 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: P. globosa Lév., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, mainly coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Pyrenomyxa Morgan 1895, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: P. invocans Morgan, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Pyrenopeziza Fuckel 1870 (= Cylindrosporium Grev. 1822 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: P. chailletii (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph formerly named in Cylindrosporium, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Carter et al. (2013; DNA, pathogens), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pyrenophora Fr. 1849, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: P. phaeocomes (Rebent.) Fr., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes or pathogens (phytopathogens) in terrestrial habitats, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleosporaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2014b, 2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyrenopolyporus Lloyd 1917, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: P. hunteri Lloyd, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Wendt et al. (2017; ressurected the genus, placed in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Pyrenopsis Nyl. [nom. cons.] 1858, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 40 species, type: P. fuscatula Nyl., lichenized, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyrenostigme Syd. 1926, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. siparunae Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenothrix Riddle 1917, Pyrenotrichaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: P. nigra Riddle, lichenized, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyrenowilmsia R.C. Harris & Aptroot 1991, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: P. ferruginosa (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris & Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrenula Ach. 1814, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, 175 species, type: Pyrenula nitida (Weig.) Ach., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot (2012; key), Weerakoon et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Aptoort et al. (2013c; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for the voucher F 5929 of the type, needs generic revision. Pyrenyllium Clem. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. analeptum (Ach.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, distribution unknown, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrgidium Nyl. 1867, Sphinctrinaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, twelve species, type: P. bengaliense Nyl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyrgillus Nyl. 1857, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: Pyrgillus americanus Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Weerakoon et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Gueidan et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pyrgostroma Petr. 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: P. shearii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyricularia (Sacc.) Sacc. 1886, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 83 species, type: P. grisea (Sacc.) Sacc., sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide. See Consolo et al. (2008; pathotype diversity in Argentina), Hayashi and Fukuta (2009; Blast differentiation), Park and Shin (2009; new species), McKenzie et al. (2010; new species), Suzuki et al. (2010; fungicide resistence), Zhang et al. (2010a; spot disease in banana), Kohli et al. (2011; pathology), Netam et al. (2011; plant extract for controlling rice blast), Debona et al. (2012; pathological biochemistry), Yang et al. (2012; early detection of rice blast), Alexandrova et al. (2013; new species), Crous et al. (2013b, 2015a, 2016a; new species), Choi et al. (2013a; relationship of pathogensity and phylogeny), Sousa et al. (2013; phytopathology), Klaubauf et al. (2014; phylogeny, new species), Murata et al. (2014; phylogeny), Castroagudín et al. (2016; new species), sequence data available for most of the species, including type, epitype and ex-epitype of the type: CBS H-22280, CBS 138707. Pyriculariopsis M.B. Ellis 1971, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: P. parasitica (Sacc. & Berl.) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Thongkantha et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Silva et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyriformiascoma Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. trilobatum Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, Europe, see Daranagama et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strains of type: MFLU 14-0231; MFLUCC 140012. Pyrigemmula D. Magyar & Shoemaker 2011, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: P. aurantiaca D. Magyar & R. Shoemaker, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Magyar et al. (2011; taxonomy), Crous et al. (2012g; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: BP 101176, CBS 126743. Pyripnomyces Cavalc. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: P. maranhensis Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Pyronema Carus 1834, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: P. marianum Carus, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Traeger et al. (2013; evolution), sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Pyropyxis Egger 1984, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: P. rubra (Peck) Egger, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the voucher K. Egger 323 (DAOM) of the type, needs generic revision. Pyrrhospora Körb. 1855, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: P. quernea (Dicks.) Körb., lichenized, see Rotter (2010; checklist), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; list), Perlmutter et al. (2012; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Singh et al. (2015; sequence), Urbanavichus and Urbanavichene (2015; checklist), Gasparyan and Sipman (2016; new records), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Pyxidiophora Bref. & Tavel 1891, Pyxidiophoraceae, Pyxidiophorales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 17 species, type: P. nyctalidis Bref. & Tavel, asexual morph hyphomycetous, mainly coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Pyxine Fr. 1825, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 75 species, type: P. sorediata (Ach.) Mont., lichenized, see Maier (2009; natural product), Rout et al. (2010; ecology), Jungbluth and Marcelli (2011; taxonomy), Jungbluth et al. (2011; new species and new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; list), Bajpai and Upreti (2012; ecology), Gaya et al. (2012; sequence), Mongkolsuk et al. (2012; taxonomy), Danesh et al. (2013; air pollution), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nayaka et al. (2013; new species), Prieto et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Shukla et al. (2013; bioaccumulation), Karakoti et al. (2014; ecology), Aptroot et al. (2014e; key, taxonomy), Pandit (2014; ecology), Bajpai et al. (2015; genotoxicity), Aptroot (2016; new records), Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Quadracaea Lunghini, Pinzari & Zucconi 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: Q. mediterranea Lunghini, Pinzari & Zucconi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhang et al. (2012i; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Barbosa et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype: IMI 367816, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Quadricladium Nawawi & Kuthub. 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Q. aquaticum Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 327415, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Quadricrura Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hiray. & Sat. Hatak. 2009, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: Q. septentrionalis Kaz. Tanaka, K. Hirayama & Sat. Hatak., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Tetraplosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 28782, CBS 125430, cultures and sequences are available. Quasiconcha M.E. Barr & M. Blackw. 1981, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Q. reticulata M.E. Barr & M. Blackw., asexual morph hyphomycetous, mainly coprophilous, terrestrial, USA, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mytilinidiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Quasidiscus B. Sutton 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Q. simmondsii B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 263349c, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Quasiphloeospora B. Sutton, Crous & Shamoun 1996, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Q. saximontanensis (Deighton) B. Sutton, Crous & Shamoun, sexual morph unknown, one species, foliicolous, pathogens, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Braun et al. (2013; Cercosporoid fungi), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), holotype of type: IMI 98069, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Quaternaria Tul. & C. Tul. 1863, Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: Q. persoonii Tul. & C. Tul., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Queenslandia Bat. & H. Maia 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, two varieties, type: Q. pulchella Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Queenslandipenidiella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Q. kurandae (Crous & J.K. Stone) Quaedvlieg & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, Australia, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-19932, CPC 13333. GenBank number: KF903538. Queirozia Viégas & Cardoso 1944, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: Q. turbinata Viégas & Cardoso, sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morph, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, South America, see Liberato et al. 2006 (morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy), Braun and Cook 2012 (taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IACM 26560, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Quezelia Faurel & Schotter 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Q. hoggariana Faurel & Schotter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, Sahara, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Quintaria Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1991, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: Q. lignatilis (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater or marine, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2009; placement in Testudinaceae), Hirayama et al. (2010), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: J.K.4365a = 01097442, NYBG. Phyllopsora Müll. Arg. 1894, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: P. breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. (Lecidea breviuscula Nyl.), lichenized, corticolous, tropical, extending into oseanic temperate, see Rikkinen and Poinar (2008; new species), Timdal (2008; Peru), Timdal (2011; West Indies), Mishra et al. (2011; India), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequence data available. Rachicladosporium Crous, U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2007, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: R. luculiae Crous, U. Braun & C.F. Hill, asexual morphs hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Antarctica, Europe, New Zealand, North America, See Crous et al. (2009d; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline) Egidi et al. (2014; rock-inhabiting species), Qadri et al. (2014; endophyte), Selbmann et al. (2015; distributional records of Antarctic fungi), cultures and equences are available, ex-type strains of type: CBS 121620 = CPC 11407, Holotype of type: CBS H-19891. Rachidicola K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl. 1995, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. palmae K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, misspelled as Rhachidicola), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, misspelled as Rhachidicola), holotype of the type: BRIP 22762, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Raciborskiomyces Siemaszko 1925, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, c. four species, type: R. polonicus Siemaszko, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Racodium Fr. [nom. cons.] 1829, Racodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. rupestre Pers., lichenized, see Muggia et al. (2008; phylogeny), Nelsen et al. (2009; phylogeny), Hawksworth et al. (2011b; typification), Anderson (2014; checklist), Schoch and Grube (2015; systematics), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available, holotype of type: UPS:BOT:L-024182. Racoleus R. Sant. & D. Hawksw. 2011, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. trichoporus R. Sant. & D. Hawksw., filamentous lichen, tropical, Africa, Asia, and South America, sexual morph unknown, see Hawksworth et al. (2011b; morphology, taxonomy), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: UPS:BOT:L-638266. Radiatispora Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. yunnanensis Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, coprophilous, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type: MFC-0Y237. Radotinea Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. caudata Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, former Czechoslovakia, see Kirk et al. (2008; mentioned as Helotiales, genera incertae sedis, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; did not accept as genus in Helotiales), Kirt et al. (2013; genus accepted), data inadequate, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Radulidium Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous 2007, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: R. subulatum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Czech Republic, USA, see Wu et al. (2013c; new species, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of type: CBS 405.76. Raesaenenia D. Hawksw. C. Boluda & H. Lindgren 2015, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: R. huuskonenii (Räsänen) D. Hawksw. C. Boluda & H. Lindgren, asexual morph unknown, on lichens, Europe, terrestrial, see Divakar et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: K(M)-IMI 209424. Raesaeneniana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: R. maulensis (S.Y. Kondr. & J.-S. Hur) S.Y. Kondr., Elix, Kärnefelt & A. Thell, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Raffaelea Arx & Hennebert 1965, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: R. ambrosiae Arx & Hennebert, sexual morph unknown, symbionts of Ambrosia beetle, plant pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Harrington et al. (2008, new species), Mayfield et al. (2008; laurel wilt on avocado), Kim et al. (2009a, c; effect of Silver nanoparticles, new species), Kolarík and Hulcr (2009; Scolytodes unipunctatus mycobiota), Smith et al. (2009; laurel wilt on Camphor), Harrington et al. (2010, 2011; phylogeny, new species, origin of Raffaelea lauricola), Matsuda et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seo et al. (2012; phylogeny), Dreaden et al. (2014a, b; multilocus PCR assays, phylogeny), Jeyaprakash et al. (2014; molecular diagnostics), Musvuugwa et al. (2015; sexual state), Simmons et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available, holotype and ex type of the type: CBS H7710, CBS 185.64. Raizadenia S.L. Srivast. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. garhwalensis S.L. Srivast., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Chomnunti et al. (2014; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramakrishnanella Kamat & Ullasa ex Ullasa 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. indica Ullasa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramalea Nyl. 1866, Lecanorales genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, four species; type: Ramalea tribulosa Nyl.; lichenized; see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Ramalina Ach. 1809, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 230 species, type: R. fraxinea (L.) Ach., lichenized, worldwide, see Bermudez et al. (2009; air pollution), Del Campo et al (2010; taxonomy), Hoskeri et al. (2010; bactericidal study), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Luo et al (2010; antioxidant study), Paudel et al. (2010, 2011; chemistry), Riddle et al. (2010; air quality), Werth and Sork (2010; photobiont genetics), Aptroot and Bruyn (2011; new record), Arroyo et al. (2011; new species), Cordeiro et al. (2011; experimental study), Casano et al. (2011; physiology), del Hoyo et al. (2011; oxidative stress), Quedensley and Véliz Pérez (2011; new species), Timsina et al. (2012; phylogeny), Türkez et al. (2012; cytogenetic and biochemical study), Del Campo et al. (2013; photobiont coexistence), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sisodia et al. (2013; bioactivity study), Duman et al. (2014; genotoxicity), Moncada et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Oh et al. (2014; taxonomy), Perez-Vargas and Perez-Ortega (2014; new and endemic species), Sork and Werth (2014; phylogeography), Blanchon et al. (2015; new records), Ly et al. (2015; chemistry), Moreira et al. (2015; chemistry and biological activity), Catala et al. (2016; phylogenomic analyses), Cornejo et al. (2016; chemistry), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Ristic et al. (2016; biopharmaceutical potential study), Zrnzević et al. (2016; Gc-Ms analysis), sequences are available for few species, needs generic revision. Ramalodium Nyl. 1879, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: R. succulentum Nyl., lichenized, see Wedin et al. (2009b; molecular), Hill et al. (2011; new record), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), de Lange and Blanchon (2014; endemic record), Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b ; classification), sequences are available. Ramboldia Kantvilas & Elix 1994, Ramboldiaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 33 species, two varieties, type: R. stuartii (Hampe) Kantvilas & Elix, lichenized, see Kalb et al. (2009; new species), Upreti et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirika et al. (2012; new record), Kuznetsova et al. (2012; new record), Mayrhofer et al. (2012; new record), Gumboski (2014; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Resl et al. (2015; partial sequence), Singh et al. (2015; molecular), Kantvilas (2016; new specis, taxonomy), Zhao et al. (2016; classification), Miądlikowska et al. 2014, Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for few species, needs generic revision. Ramgea Brumm. 1992, Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. annulispora Brumm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramicapitulum Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. chinense Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Hong Kong, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramicephala Voglmayr & G. Delgado 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. sphaerospora Voglmayr & G. Delgado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: WU 22035, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramichloridium Stahel ex de Hoog 1977, Dissoconiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 35 species, type: R. apiculatum (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil terrestrial, USA, see Braun et al. (2009; new species), Crous et al. (2009d, e, f, 2014c; phylogeny, new species), Kirschner and Chen (2010; new species), Shivas et al. (2010; new species), Li et al. (2012a; new species; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, extype cultures of the type: QM 7716, MUCL 7991, MUCL 15753, JCM 6972, IMI 100716, CBS 156.59, ATCC 13211 (fide Videira et al. 2016). Ramimonilia Stielow & Quaedvl. 2014, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. apicalis B. Stielow.& W. Quaedvl., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Egidi et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: CBS 118327. Ramoconidiifera B. Sutton, Carmarán & A.I. Romero 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: R. verrucosa B. Sutton, Carmarán & A.I. Romero, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype BAFC 33.275, needs generic revision. Ramonia Stizenb. 1862, Gyalectaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 24 species, type: R. valenzueliana (Mont.) Stizenb., lichenized, cosmopolitan, see Lendemer et al. (2009; new species), Knudsen and Kocourková (2010; checklist), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stepanchikova et al. (2013; new records), Aptroot et al. (2015c; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ramopenidiella Crous & R.G. Shivas 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. cycadicola Crous & R.G. Shivas, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobe, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), culture and sequence are available, holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS 137973, CBS H-21684. Ramophialophora M. Calduch, Stchigel, Gené & Guarro 2004, Sordariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. vesiculosa M. Calduch, Stchigel, Gené & Guarro, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, terrestrial, Europe, see Madrid et al. (2010; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ramsbottomia W.D. Buckley 1924, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: R. lamprosporoidea W.D. Buckley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Shcherbakova (2016, new record), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Ramularia Unger 1833 (= Mycosphaerella Johanson 1884 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 1047 species, of which 100 species are presently recognized based on DNA, type: R. pusilla Unger, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Mycosphaerella, plant pathogens, terrestrial, mostly foliicolous, see Walters et al. (2008; pathology), Crous (2009, 2011, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny, new species), Kirschner (2009; monograph), Bakhshi et al. (2012; checklist), Braun (2013; monograph), Jaiman et al. (2013; pathology), Bruckart et al. (2014; characterization and evaluation, biological control), Ruszkiewicz-Michalska and Połeć (2014; new species, records), Kaczmarek (2015; infection biology and life cycle), Videira et al. (2015, 2016; morphology, phylogeny), McGrann et al. (2016; whole genome sequencing), Park and Shin (2016; new species, taxonomy), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures and sequences are available for most of the species, epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: CBS H-22527, CBS 124973. Ramulariopsis Speg. 1910, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: R. cnidoscoli Speg., hyphomycetous, with mycosphaerella-like sexual morph (only known for R. gossypii), plant pathogens, associated with leaf spots, Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America, Oceania, see Delgado (2011; checklist), Seifert (2011), Pirnia et al. (2012; taxonomy), Wijayawardene (2012, 2014, 2017; outline), Videira et al. (2016, phylogeny), sequence data only available for the non-type: R. gossypii and R. pseudoglycines, holotype of type: LPS 12851. Ramulispora Miura 1920, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, twelve species, type: R. andropogonis Miura, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, on Poaceae, see Malinski (2008; antimicrobial), Crous et al. (2009d, f; review, phylogeny, taxonomy), Brady et al. (2011; pathology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Videira et al. (2017; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Rasamsonia Houbraken & Frisvad 2011, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, twelve species, type: R. emersonii (Stolk) Houbraken & Frisvad, thermotolerant, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Houbraken et al. (2012; description, morphology, phylogeny), Doyon et al. (2013; pulmonary and graft infection), Giraud et al. (2013; pathogenesis), Houbraken et al. (2013; antifungal susceptibility), Salgüero et al. (2013; infection in dog), Su and Cai (2013; new species), Tanney and Seifert (2013; new species), Steinmann et al. (2014; real time PCR, clinical diagnosis), Matos et al. (2015; isolation from cystic fibrosis patient), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), Gudmundsson et al. (2016; extrolite profiling), Ishiwada et al. (2016; mixed infection), Jurjević et al. (2016; new species), Mouhajir et al. (2016; rep-PCR, clinical diagnosis), Steinmann et al. (2016; isavuconazole drug response), cultures and sequences are available for all species, holotype and ex-type of type: CBS H-7817; CBS 393.64. Rasutoria M.E. Barr 1987, Euantennariaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: R. abietis (Dearn.) M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, see Crous et al. (2009d, e, f; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), GenBank: GU371809, holotype of type: BPI 691065, cultures are unavailable. Rattania Prabhug. & Bhat 2009, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. setulifera Prabhug. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Endophytic, Terrestrial, India, see Shenoy et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type culture: GUFCC15501 (MTCC 9698). Readeriella Syd. & P. Syd. 1908, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: R. mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, with Cibiessia synasexual morph, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2009c, d, e, f, 2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Readerielliopsis Crous & C. Decock 2015, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: R. fuscoporiae Crous & C. Decock, coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, French Guiana, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22229, CPC 24637. Rebentischia P. Karst. 1869, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: R. pomiformis P. Karst., saprobes on decaying wood, widespread, asexual morph unknown, Virginia Bianchinotti, M. and Sánchez (2009; new record: Argentina), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rechingeriella Petr. 1940, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: R. insignis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Reconditella Matzer & Hafellner 1990, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. physconiarum Matzer & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europ, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rectifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: CBS H21948, CBS 430.91 = NRRL 25729. Recurvomyces Selbmann & de Hoog 2008, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, hyphomycetous, one species, type: R. mirabilis Selbmann & de Hoog, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Antarctica, see Selbmann et al. (2008; morphology; phylogeny), Onofri et al. (2011; biodiversity, Italy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Selbmann et al. (2015; distributional pattern), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: CBS H-20178, CBS 119434. Redbia Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. pucciniicola Deighton & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Reddellomyces Trappe, Castellano & Malajczuk 1992, Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: R. westraliensis (G.W. Beaton & Malajczuk) Trappe, Castellano & Malajczuk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Mediterranean, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kušan et al. (2014: review of the hypogeous species), Rana et al. 92015: biodiversity), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species (unpublished). Redheadia Y. Suto & Suyama 2005, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. quercus Y. Suto & Suyama, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Honshu, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Redingeria Frisch 2006, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: R. leiostoma (Nyl.) Frisch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, placement in Graphidaceae supported by molecular data, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Cáceres et al. (2012b; new combinations), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a, b; molecular, classification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), van den Broeck et al. (2014; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Redonia C.W.Dodge 1973, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: R. chilena C.W. Dodge, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are unavailable. Redonographa Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch 2013, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: R. chilensis (Zahlbr.) Lücking & Tehler, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Lücking et al. (2013, 2014, 2016b; phylogeny, new species, classification), sequences are available. Refractohilum D. Hawksw. 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: R. galligenum D. Hawksw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, fungicolous, widespread, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 212682. Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge 2006, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. camerunensis P. Chaverri & H.C. Evans, asexual morph unknown, mainly coprophilous, terrestrial, Cameroon, China, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: CUP 67512, cultures and sequences are available. Rehmiodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. osbeckiae (Berk. & Broome) Theiss. & Syd., from living leaves, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rehmiomycella E. Müll. 1962, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Rehmiomycella phoradendri (Rehm) E. Müll., saprobes, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Reichlingia Diederich & Scheid. 1996, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: R. leopoldii Diederich & Scheid., two species known from the sexual stage, the generic type only known from the asexual stage with loose, sporodochia-like conidiomata, lichenized, on saxicolous and corticolous, Europe and Africa (Uganda), see Motiejūnaitė (2011; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Frisch et al. (2014a, b), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype of the type: STU Wirth 23450, sequences are available. Reimnitzia Kalb 2001, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: R. santensis (Tuck.) Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kraichak et al. (2014: phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2015, 2016: phylogeny, classification), sequences are available. Relicina (Hale & Kurok.) Hale, 1974, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 60 species, type: R. eumorpha (Hepp) Hale, asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Benatti (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sethy et al. (2012; taxonomy), Crespo et al. (2010b; phylogeny), de Paz et al (2011; phlogeny), Buaruang et al. (2015; lineage), Kirika et al. (2016; txonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Remersonia Samson & Seifert 1997, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. thermophila (Fergus) Seifert & Samson, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Remispora Barghoon & Linder 1944, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: R. maritima Linder, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; outline), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Abdel-Wahab (2011b; phylogeny), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Remototrachyna Divakar & A. Crespo 2009, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes 20 species, type: R. flexilis (Kurok.) Divakar & A. Crespo, asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, see Flakus et al (2012; taxonomy), Crespo et al. (2010b; phylogeney), de Paz et al. (2011; origin and diversification), Divakar et al. (2012; data partial sequencing), Thell et al. (2012; review of the family Parmeliaceae), Masson et al. (2015; sequencing data), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Renispora Sigler & J.W. Carmich. 1979, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: R. flavissima Sigler, P.K. Gaur, Lichtw. & J.W. Carmich., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pitt et al. (2013; partial sequence), cultures available for the type: ATCC 38503. Repetoblastiella R.F. Castañeda, Minter & M. Stadler 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. olivacea R.F. Castañeda, Minter & M. Stadler, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Repetophragma Subram. 1992, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, 29 species, type: R. biseptatum (M.B. Ellis) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Silvera-Simón et al. (2009; new species), Zhang et al. (2009c; phylogeny), Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2011, 2013b; new species, revision), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ma et al. (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Requienella Fabre 1883, Requienellaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. seminuda (Pers.) Boise, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nordén and Jordal (2014; new record), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: RS12, RS13, sequences are available. Resendea Bat. 1961, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. paraguayensis Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Retiarius D.L. Olivier 1978, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, two species, type: R. superficiaris D.L. Olivier, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on pollen, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Reticulosphaeria Sivan. & Bahekar 1982, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. indica Sivan. & Bahekar, asexual morph unknown, on stems of Achyranthes aspera, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 254813, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Retroa P.F. Cannon 1991, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. dimorphandrae (F. Stevens) P.F. Cannon, from living leaves, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Retroconis de Hoog & Bat. Vegte 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. fusiformis (S.M. Reddy & Bilgrami) de Hoog & Bat. Vegte, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on human skin, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 452.71, needs generic revision. Retrostium Nakagiri & Tad. Ito 1997, Spathulosporaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. amphiroae Nakagiri & Tad. Ito, spermatiophores or asexual morph hyphomycetous, biotrophic on marine red alga, Japan, see Nakagiri and T. Ito (1997; morphology), Inderbitizin et al. (2004), Business et al. (2012; taxonomy), Loque et al. (2014; taxonomy), holotype of the type: IFO H-12210, cultures and sequences are unavailable Rhabdoclema Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. chusqueae Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhabdocline Syd. 1922 (= Meria Vuill. 1896; Hartigiella Syd. & P. Syd. 1900, Rhabdogloeum Syd. 1922, fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: R. pseudotsugae Syd., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Morgenstern et al. (2013; pathogens), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Sweet et al. (2015; pathogens, DNA), cultures available for the type. Rhabdodiscus Vain. 1921, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 42 species, type: R. auberianus (Mont.) Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Caceres et al. (2014; taxonomy), Papong et al. (2014; taxonomy), Peláez et al. (2014; new combination), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Ohmura et al. (2016; taxonomy), sequences are available Rhabdogloeopsis Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. balsameae (Davis) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhabdomyces Balbiani 1889, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. lobjoyi Balbiani., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhabdopsora Müll. Arg. 1888, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: R. polymorpha Müll. Arg., lichenized; see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Rhabdospora (Durieu & Mont.) Sacc. 1884, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 150 species, type: S. oleandri Durieu & Mont., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Rhabdostromella Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. rubi Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhabdostromina Died. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: R. empetri (Rostr.) Died., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Punithalingam and Spooner (2011; reinstated the genus, morphology, new comb.), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhachomyces Thaxt. 1895, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, c. 80 species, type: R. lasiophorus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, worldwide, see Rossi and Proano (2009; new species), Santamaría and Faille (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015b; DNA, review), sequences are available. Rhagadolobiopsis Guatim. & R.W. Barreto 2014, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: R. thelypteris Guatimosim & R.W. Barreto, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Guatimosim et al. (2014; taxonomy), holotype of the type: VIC 31939, cultures and sequences are available. Rhagadolobium Henn. & Lindau 1897, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: R. hemitheliae Henn. & Lindau, asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Inácio et al. (2012; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Rhagadostoma Körb. 1865, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: R. corrugatum Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhagadostomella Etayo 2002, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. gregaria Etayo, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous on Sticta, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo (2002; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), need revision, holotype of the type: COL, Etayo 15943, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Rhamphoria Niessl 1876, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: R. delicatula Niessl, asexual morph hyphomycetous (phaeoisaria-like), saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Rhamphosphaeria Kirschst. 1936, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. capillata Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhaphidicyrtis Vain. 1921, Pyrenulales incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: R. trichosporella (Nyl.) Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhexoacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: R. erecta (Ellis & Everh.) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhao et al. (2011a; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhexoampullifera P.M. Kirk 1982, Pyrenulales incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: R. fagi (M.B. Ellis) P.M. Kirk & C.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, Brazil, Czech Republic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Koukol (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhexocercosporidium U. Braun 1994, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: R. carotae (Årsvoll) U. Braun, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, soil-borne pathogens, root-inhabiting and on foliage, Asia, Europe, North America, see Nekoduka et al. (2010, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ex-type strains of type: ATCC 18513 = CBS 418.65 = DAOM 116857. Rhexodenticula W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2001, Cordanaceae, Cordanales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: R. cylindrospora (R.F. Castañeda, Saikawa & Hennebert) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, saprobes, saprobes, cosmopolitan, Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Klaubauf et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Rhexophiale Th. Fr. 1860, Sagiolechiaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: R. coronata Th. Fr., lichenized, see Baloch et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Rhexoprolifer Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. variabilis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, France, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhexosporium Udagawa & Furuya 1977, Sordariales incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. terrestre Udagawa & Furuya, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhexothecium Samson & Mouch. 1975, Eremomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: R. terrestre Udagawa & Furuya, asexual morph hyphomycetous (trichosporiella-like), saprobes, terrestrial, Egypt, Kenya, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Eremomycetaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Giraldo et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Rhinocladiella Nannf. 1934, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 13 species, type: R. atrovirens Nannf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wu et al. (2013c; new species), Hernandez-Restrepo et al. (2016; new pecies), Madrid et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Rhinocladium Sacc. & Marchal 1885, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: R. coprogenum Sacc. & Marchal ex Marchal, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Lackner et al. (2012; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Rhinotrichella G. Arnaud ex de Hoog 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: R. globulifera G. Arnaud ex de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhipidiomyces Thaxt. 1926, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: R. acriti Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Rhipidocarpon (Theiss.) Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: R. javanicum (Pat.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhipidocephalum Trail 1888, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. abietis Trail, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizina Fr. 1815, Rhizinaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: R. undulata Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Palomares-Rius et al. (2014; DNA), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 918. Rhizoblepharia Rifai 1968, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: R. jugispora Rifai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Jamaica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC.,1805, Rhizocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 325 species, 71 subspecies, 197 varieties, 188 forma species, type: Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. morph, undetermined, terrestrial, Europe, Middle East, South Korea, Turkey, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bradwell (2010; applied studies), Matthews and Trenbirth (2011; lichenometry), Sánchez et al. (2014a; physiology), Joshi et al. (2010a; rare lichens), Aptroot and Aslan (2011; rare lichens), Fleischhacker et al. (2015; partial sequencing, ribosomal RNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Rhizocladosporium Crous & U. Braun 2007, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. argillaceum (Minoura) Crous & U. Braun asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type strains of type: CBS 241.67 = IFO 7055; holotype of type: Tubaki 4262 (IFO). Rhizodermea Verkley & Zijlstra 2010, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. veluwensis Verkley & Zijlstra, produced only chalmydospores, sexual morph unknown, from roots, terrestrial, Europe, see Verkley and Hofland-Zijlstra (2010; taxonomy), holotype of the type: CBS 110605 (deposited as culture). Rhizodiscina Hafellner 1979, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. lignyota (Fr.) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizogene Syd. & P. Syd. 1921, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. symphoricarpi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Zhang et al. (2011d; provisionally accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; excluded the genus from Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizolecia Hertel 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, one species, type: R. hybrida (Zahlbr.) Hertel, asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, See Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hertel (2014; taxonomy revision), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Rhizomyces Thaxt. 1896, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, ten species, type: R. ctenophorus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Rhizophila K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 1989, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. marina K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Seychelles, Brunei, Thailand, North Sumatra, Bali, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: IMI 325411, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Rhizoplaca Zopf 1905, Lecanoraceae, Lecanoromycetes, Lecanorales, eleven species, five sub species, seven varieties, type: R. opaca (Ach.) Zopf., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Castello (2010; new combination), Leavitt (2010; circumscription), Sinha and Jagadeesh Ram (2011; taxonomy), Leavitt et al. (2011a; species delimitation, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tuthill (2013; checklist), Goni et al. (2014; checklist), Houshyar et al. (2014; antimicrobial), Kondratyuk et al. (2014; molecular phylogeny), Zhao et al. (2016; generic concepts, taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Rhizopodomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, seven species, type: R. merragatae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Rhizosphaera L. Mangin & Har. 1907, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: R. abietis L. Mangin & Har., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline), Thambugala et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Azeem et al. (2015; DNA, fungi on confier), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Rhizosphaerina B. Sutton 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. variabilis B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, South East Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizotexis Theiss. & Syd. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. bauhiniarum (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhizothyrium Naumov 1915 (= Rhizocalyx Petr. 1928; Bactrexcipula Höhn. 1918 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. abietis Naumov, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, Chile, Siberia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodesia Grove 1937, genera Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. subtecta (Roberge ex Desm.) Grove, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Gennany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodesiopsis B. Sutton & R. Campb. 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. gelatinosa B. Sutton & R. Campb., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodopeziza Hohmeyer & J. Moravec 1995, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: R. tuberculata (Gamundí) J. Moravec & Hohmeyer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodoscypha Dissing & Sivertsen 1983, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: R. ovilla (Peck) Dissing & Sivertsen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: HMAS97505, needs generic revision. Rhodosticta Woron. 1911, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. caraganae Woron., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodotarzetta Dissing & Sivertsen 1983, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: R. rosea (Rea) Dissing & Sivertsen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Rhodothallus Bat. & Cif. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. caseariaefolius Bat., Cif. & C.A.A. Costa ex Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, 2007, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: R. varioseptata Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, saprobes, terrestrial, Germany, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS-H 19932, CBS 431.88. Rhombostilbella Zimm. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. rosae Zimm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, Asia, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhopalocladium Schroers, Samuels & W. Gams 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. myxophilum Schroers, Samuels & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, Asia, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhopalostroma D. Hawksw. 1977, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: R. indicum D. Hawksw. & Muthappa, on wood and bark, tropical, Africa and Asia, asexual morph nodulisporium-like, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stadler et al. (2010a, 2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Daranagama et al. (2014; phylogeny), Daranagama et al. (2015b; includes description of type), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:), holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 190605. Rhopographella (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter 1913, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. gaduae (Henn.) Sacc. & Trotter, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhopographus Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: R. filicinus (Fr.) Nitschke ex Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhymbocarpus Zopf 1896, Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 17 species, type: R. punctiformis Zopf, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Diederich et al. (2010b; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Rhynchodiplodia Briosi & Farneti 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. citri Briosi & Farneti, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhynchomeliola Speg. 1884, Rhynchostomataceae, Eurotiomycetes families incertae sedis, three species, type: R. pulchella Speg., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, South America, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Rhynchophoromyces Thaxt. 1908, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eight species, type: R. rostratus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Hydrophilidae), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhynchoseptoria Unamuno 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. caballeroana Unamuno, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Morocco, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl. 1890, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. dusenii Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhynchosporina Arx 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. meinersii (R. Sprague) Arx, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhynchosporium Heinsen ex A.B. Frank 1897, Ploettnerulaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: R. graminicola Heinsen ex A.B. Frank, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, plant pathogens, leaf spotting, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zaffarano et al. (2011, taxonomy, phylogeny), King et al. (2013, 2014, genetics, taxonomy), Torriani et al. (2014, genetics), Braun (2016, nomenclature of the type), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), ex-epitype: RS99CH6-C1a. Rhynchostoma P. Karst. 1870 (= Rhynchostoma P. Karst. 1873 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Rhynchostomataceae, Eurotiomycetes families incertae sedis, c. 10 species, type: R. minutum P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Rhytidenglerula Höhn.1918, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eleven species type: R. carnea (Ellis & G. Martin) Höhn., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen need recollect and sequence. Rhytidhysteron Speg. 1881 (= Brunaudia (Sacc.) 1898; = Eutryblidiella (Rehm) Höhn., 1959; = Rhytidopeziza Speg. 1885; = Triblidium subgen. Brunaudia Sacc. 1883; = Tryblidiella Sacc. 1883; = Tryblidiella sect. Eutryblidiella Rehm 1881 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Hysteriaceae, Hysteriales, Dothideomycetes, 19 species, type: R. brasiliense Speg, diplodiaand aposphaeria-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Boehm et al. (2009a, b; phylogeny), Murillo et al. (2009; morphology, chemistry, phylogeny), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Méndez-Mayboca et al. (2010; diversity), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, key, phylogeny), Almeida et al. (2014a; diversity), Chacón et al. (2014; diversity), Mahajan et al. (2014; pathogensity), Mishra et al. (2014a; pathogensity), Pudhom and Teerawatananond (2014; chemistry), Yacharoe et al. (2015; revision, classification, morphology), Chokpaiboon et al. (2016; chemistry), Doilom et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), Thambugala et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: LPS 1189. Rhytidiella Zalasky 1968, Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: Rhytidiella moriformis Zalasky, asexual morph coelomycetous (phaeoseptoria-like), pathogen, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doilom et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cucurbitariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Rhytidospora Jeng & Cain 1977, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: R. tetraspora Jeng & Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rhytisma Fr. 1819 (= Melasmia Lév. 1846 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, 127 species, type: R. acerinum (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Suto (2009; new species, Japan), Wang et al. (2009a; new species), Hou et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Masumoto et al. (2014, 2015; new species, Japan, phylogeny), sequences are available for voucher Hou 203 (AAUF), needs generic revision. Ricasolia De Not. 1846, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species; type: Ri. amplissima (Scop.) De Not.; lichenized; see Moncada et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Cornejo and Scheidegger (2015; phylgoeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Tønsberg et al. (2016; new combination), sequences are available. Richonia Boud. 1885, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. variospora Boud., asexual morph unknown, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rickia Cavara 1899, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 161 species, type: R. wasmannii Cavara, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic hosts are Acari (Chelicerata), Diplopoda (Myriapoda), Formicidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera), and several other groups of insects (Hexapoda: Blattodea, Coleoptera, Orthoptera), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Haelewaters et al. (2015a; PCR amplification of DNA), Santamaría et al. (2016; most recent species descriptions), Pfliegler et al. (2016a; host specificity), sequences are available. Rikatlia P.F. Cannon 1993, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. lungusaensis (Henn.) P.F. Cannon, from living leaves, Eastern America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rileya A. Funk 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. piceae A. Funk, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rimaconus Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde 2001, Chaetosphaeriales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. jamaicensis (Seaver) Huhndorf, F.A. Fernández, Joanne E. Taylor & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Huhndorf and Miller (2011; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for voucher SMH 5212 of the type. Rimora (Kohlm. & Vittal) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakay. & E.B.G. Jones 2009, Aigialaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. mangrovei (Kohlm. & Vittal) Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm., Suetrong, Sakay. & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Marine, Belize, India, Thailand, see Suetrong et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aigialiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Aigialiaceae), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), sequences are available. Rimula Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. faginea Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rimularia Nyl., 1868, Trapeliaceae, Baeomycetales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species, type, R. limborina Nyl., asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, terricolous, See Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Øvstedal (2012; taxonomy),, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kantvilas (2014a; taxonomy), Spribille et al. (2014a; molecular systematics), Resl et al. (2015; phylogenetic studies), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Rinaldiella Deanna A. Sutton, Y. Marín, Guarro & E.H. Thomps. 2014, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. pentagonospora D.A. Sutton, Y. Marín, Guarro & E.H. Thomps., asexual morph unknown, human pathogens, Georgia, see Crous et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Rinodina (Ach.) Gray, 1821, Physciaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 692 species, nine sub species, 148 varieties, 122 forma species, type: R. sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, corticolous, muscicolous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2011b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Giralt et al (2009; new species), Giralt and Klaus (2010; taxonomy), Nadyeina et al. (2010; sequencing and taxonomy), Sheard (2010; taxonomy), Kınalıoglu and Aptroot (2011; new records), Muggia et al (2011; molecular,data, unpublished), Sheard et al. (2011; new species), ), Gaya et al (2012; comprehensive phylogenetic studies), Upreti and Patel (2012; environmental studies, ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Resl et al (2016, sequencing data, unpublished), sequences are available. Rinodinella H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, 1978, Physciaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, four varieties, type: R. controversa (A. Massal.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, see Elix (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Gasparyan and Sipman (2013; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Grube and Arup (2001; molecular). Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Riomyces A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., C. Sarmiento et Shearer 2012, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. rotundus A. Ferrer, A.N. Mill., Costa Rica, see Ferrer et al. (2012; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Rivilata Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1998, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. ius Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rivulicola K.D. Hyde 1997, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: R. incrustata K.D. Hyde, saprobes, found on decaying woody substrates in freshwater habitats, Queensland, Florida, Hong Kong, see Raja et al. (2009a; morphology), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: BRIP 23340. Rizalia Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. fasciculata Syd. & P. Syd, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Robakia Petr. 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. arctica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Norway, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Robergea Desm., 1847, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, two varieties and two forma species, type: R. unica Desm., asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Robillarda Sacc. 1880, Robillardaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: R. sessilis (Sacc.) Sacc., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; phylogeny, epitypification, new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H-22273, CBS114312. Robillardiella S. Takim. 1943, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable. Robincola Velen. 1947, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. gregaria Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as Lecanoromycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roburnia Velen. 1947, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. karschioides Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as Lecanoromycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roccella DC. 1805, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 24 species, type: R. fuciformis (L.) DC., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, see Karthikaidevi et al. (2009; antibacterial activity), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tehler et al. (2009b, 2010; evolution, molecular taxonomy), Aptroot and Schumm (2011; worldwide key), Bates et al. (2011; ecology), Devi et al. (2011; antimicrobial activities), Tehler (2011, 2012; taxonomy), Aydin and Kinalioglu (2013, 2016; antibacterial study, antioxidant activity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Doherty et al. (2014; experimental), Kambar et al. (2014; antimicrobial), Notov (2014; taxonomy), Shukla et al. (2014a; natural dyes), Fiorentino (2015; notes), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, but wrongly citing 40 species), sequences are available. Roccellina Darb. 1898, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 35 species, type: R. condensata Darb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Kocourková et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Norvell (2010; nomenclature), Printzen (2010; systematic study), Rotter (2010; list), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Tehler (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), de Lange (2014; taxonomy), Ertz et al. (2015b, c; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016bb; classification), sequences are available. Roccellinastrum Follmann 1968, Micareaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: Roccellinastrum spongoideum Follmann, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Chile, Tasmania, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roccellographa J. Steiner, 1902, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: R. cretacea J. Steiner, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Rodaucea W. Rossi & Santam. 2012, Teratomyceteae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: R. salgadoi W. Rossi & Santam., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic only host known is Eucatops curtus Salgado (Coleoptera, Cholevidae), Ecuador, see Rossi and Santamaría (2012; taxonomy, morphology), Haelewaters et al. (2015b; extracted ribosomal DNA). Rodentomyces Doveri, Pecchia, Sarrocco & Vannacci 2010, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. reticulatus Doveri, Pecchia, Sarrocco & Vannacci, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Doveri et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny, doubt the placement in Nectriaceae since low bootstrap values in phylogenetic analyses), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Index Fungorum (2016; fixed the nomenclature issue), holotype and ex-type cultures of the type: CBS H-21948, CBS 128675. Rodwayella Spooner 1986 (= Remleria Raitv. 2004 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: R. sessilis (Rodway) Spooner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roesleria Thüm. & Pass. 1877, Roesleriaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 50 species, type: R. subterranea (Weinm.) Redhead, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirchmair et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Roeslerina Redhead 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: R. radicella Redhead, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the type (unpublished), needs generic revision. Rogellia Döbbeler 1999, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: R. nectrioidea Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Tierra del Fuego, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rogergoosiella A. Hern.-Gut. & J. Mena 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. roystoneicola A. Hern. Gut. & J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. striolata Samuels & Lodge, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rolfidium Moberg, 1986, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, R. peltatum Moberg, asexual morph, undetermined, terrestrial, East Africa, Sri Lanka, Mascarenes, see Ekman et al. (2008; evolution of the ascus), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); Molecular and culture data unavailable. Rolueckia Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr. 2008, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species; type: R. conspersa (Stirt.) Papong, Thammath. & Boonpr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Plata et al. (2012; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Romellina Petr. 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Romellina variabilis Petr., asexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Romjularia Timdal 2007, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: R. lurida (Ach.) Timdal, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Rommelaarsia Baral & Haelew. 2015, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: R. flavovirens Baral, Tanchaud & Romm., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, see Baral and Haelewaters (2015; morphology, DNA, phylogeny), Guatimosim et al. (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Ronnigeria Petr. 1947, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: R. arctica (Oudem.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Leptopeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ropalospora A. Massal. 1860, Ropalosporaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species and three forma species, type: R. caffra A. Massal., asexual morph, unknown, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, see Hauck et al. (2009; biochemical studies), Lõhmus and Lõhmus (2010; conservation studies), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lendemer (2012; floristic studies), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences re available. Rosasphaeria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2012, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. moravica (Petr.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), epitype and ex-epitype of the type: WU 31334, LMM = CBS124270. Roscoepoundia Kuntze 1898, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Roscoepoundia croceola (Sacc.) Kuntze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rosellinia De Not. 1844 (= Amphisphaerella Henn. 1902; = Byssitheca Bonord. 1864; = Dematophora R. Hartig 1883; = Vrikshopama D. Rao & P.Rag. Rao fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Wendt et al. 2017), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: R. aquila (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Petrini and Petrini (2013; taxonomy, monograph), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (outline; 2016c), cultures and sequences are available. Rosellinia De Not. 1844, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 120 species, type: R. aquila (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Roselliniella Vain. 1921, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 15 species, type: Roselliniella nephromatis (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Matzer & Hafellner, asexual morph aunknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Zhurbenko et al. (2009; new species), Hawksworth et al. (2010; new species, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariales, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), van den Boom (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Roselliniomyces Matzer & Hafellner 1990, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. trichotheliorum Matzer & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roselliniopsis Matzer & Hafellner 1990, Sordariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: R. groedensis (Zopf) Matzer & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kaur And Gehlot (2011; new species, India), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2013b; new species, South Korea), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rosellinula R. Sant. 1986, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. haplospora (Th. Fr. & Almq.) R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rosenscheldia Speg. 1885, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. paraguaya Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rosenscheldiella Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. styracis (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Sultan et al. (2011; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available only for R. korthalsellae Sultan, P.R. Johnst., D.C. Park & A.W. Robertson, needs generic revision. Roseodiscus Baral 2006, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: R. rhodoleucus (Fr.) Baral, asexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hyaloscyphaceae), Wieschollek et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zheng and Zhuang (2013; new species, China), Baral and Haelewaters (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Rossiomyces R.K. Benj. 2001, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: Rossiomyces falcatus (T. Majewski) R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera in fungi (Cryptophagus species, Cryptophagidae), Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rossmania Lar.N. Vassiljeva 2001, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. ukurunduensis Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate north-eastern Asia, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kruys and Castlebury (2012; phylogeny), Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2014; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype of type: VLA P-2944. Rostania Trevis. 1880, Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: R. quadrata (J. Lahm ex Körb.) Trevis., lichenized, see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; classification), Tagirdzhanova et al. (2014; new report, Russia), Jørgensen and Palice (2015; new combination), McMullin (2015; checklist), Stehn et al. (2015; list), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Westberg et al. (2016; new records, Sweden), culture and sequences are unavailable. Rostraureum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2005, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: R. tropicale Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of type: PREM 57519, CMW 9972. Rostrohypoxylon J. Fourn. & M. Stadler 2010, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: R. terebratum J. Fourn. & M. Stadler, asexual morph hyphomycetous (sporothrix-like to virgariella-like), terrestrial, saprobes, Thailand, see Fournier et al. (2010; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Rostrupiella Jørg. Koch, K. L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones 2007, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. danica Jørg. Koch, K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Denmark, Norway, see Rama et al. (2012; taxonomy, new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; review), sequences are available, holotype of type: JK 539. Rosulomyces S. Marchand & Cabral 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. arthrosporioides Marchand & Cabral, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rota Bat., Cif. & Nascim. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. pulchra Bat., Cif. & Nascim., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron 1991, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 27 species, type: R. globospora G.L. Barron, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Roumegueria (Sacc.) Henn. 1908, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. goudotii (Lév.) Sacc. ex Clem. & Shear, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Roumegueriella Speg. 1880, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: R. muricospora Speg., asexual morph gliocladium-like, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Hirooka et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Roussoella Sacc. 1888, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 34 species, type: R. nitidula Sacc. & Paol., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ahmed et al. (2014b; new species, oppetunistic pathogens), Crous et al. (2014d, 2015a, 2016b; new species), Liu et al. (2014b; new species, phylogeny), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; taxonomy), Dai et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: MFLUCC 11-0182, MFLUCC 11-0634. Roussoëllopsis I. Hino & Katum. 1965, Roussoellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: R. japonica (I. Hino & Katum.) I. Hino & Katum., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2014b; new species, phylogeny), Phookamsak et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Rubikia H.C. Evans & Minter 1985, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: R. samsonii H.C. Evans & Minter, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Rubrotricha Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda 2005, Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: R. helminthospora (R. Sant.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda; lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Rufoplaca Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: R. subpallida (H. Magn.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Arup et al. (2013, 2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Montes (2013; new species), Diederich et al. (2014; new records), Halıcı et al. (2014b; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Ruggieria Cif. & Montemart. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: R. glaucescens (Trab.) Cif. & Montemart., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: R. rugulosa (Pat. & Gaillard) Samuels, P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, hyphomycetous asexual morph (cylindrocarpon-like), saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, pantropical, Japan, Indonesia, see Chaverri et al. (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 126565. Ruhlandiella Henn. 1903, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: R. berolinensis Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worlwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rubio et al. (2010; new species), Lantieri et al. (2012; new species, Italy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence are available for the voucher Mycoflora of Macaronesia 1230 (C) of the type, needs generic revision. Ruptoseptoria Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. unedonis (Roberge ex Desm.) Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, France, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and extype culture of the type: CBS H-14645, CBS 355.86. Rusavskia S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt 2003, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 17 species, type: R. elegans (Link) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kondratyuk et al. (2013c, 2015; new species), Urbanavichus and Ismailov (2013; taxonomy), Ahti et al. (2015; new combinations), Halici (2015; new record), Kaźmierska and Kossowska (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Rutola J.L. Crane & Schokn. 1978, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: R. graminis (Desm.) J.L. Crane & Schokn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology). Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a; typification, phylogeny), isotype of the type: L0054599, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Rutstroemia P. Karst. 1871 (= Poculum Velen. 1934 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a) , Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 111 species, type: R. firma (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; phylogeny), Dougoud (2015; new species), Galán et al. (2015; new species), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KL292. Ruwenzoria J. Fourn., M. Stadler, Læssøe & Decock 2010, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: R. pseudoannulata J. Fourn., M. Stadler, Laessøe & Decock, asexual morph hyphomycetous (sporothrix- or nodulisporium-like), terrestrial, saprobes, Democratic Republic of Congo, see Stadler et al. (2010c; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), holotype of the type: MUCL 51394, cultures and sequences are available. Ruzenia Hilber 2002, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: R. spermoides (Hoffm.) O. Hilber, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miller et al. (2014; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), culture available for the type: SMH4655. Saagaromyces K. L. Pang & E. B. G. Jones 2003, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. ratnagiriensis (S.D. Patil & Borse) K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sabahriopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. eucalypti Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, saprobes, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22235, CPC 24957. Sabalicola K.D. Hyde 1995, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. sabalensioides (Ellis & G. Martin) K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype: MUCL 51394, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sablicola E.B.G. Jones, K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed 2004, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. chinensis E.B.G. Jones, K.L. Pang & Vrijmoed, asexual morph unknown, on beached driftwood, Guangdong-China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype of the type: IMI 389302. Sabuloglossum Hustad, A.N. Mill, Dentinger & P.F. Cannon 2013, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, one species, type: S. arenarium (Rostr.) Hustad, A.N. Mill., Dentinger & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hustad et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of the type: C, no. C-F-70804, sequences are available, NCBI RefSeq: NR_120040, NG_042605. Saccardia Cooke 1878, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, three species, type: S. quercina Cooke, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Saccardinula Speg. 1885, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, eleven species, type: S. guaranitica Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Elsinoaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jayawardena et al. (2014; excluded from Elsinoaceae and placed in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Saccardoëlla Speg. 1879, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, 18 species, type: S. montellica Speg., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, aquatic, widespread, see Suetrong et al. (2009; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available for S. rhizophorae in GenBank: GU479860. Saccharata Denman & Crous 2004, Saccharataceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, 19 species, type: S. proteae (Wakef.) Denman & Crous, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2008, 2016a, b; new species, morphology, phylogeny), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: K(M) 49510 as Phyllachora proteae Wakef., CBS 115206. Saccharomyces Meyen 1870, Saccharomycodaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, seven species, type: S. cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but some strains are of clinical origin, in beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages, grain-based fermented foods, occasionally in soil, tree bark, fruit flies, occasional clinical isolates, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism for studies of genetics and molecular biology and was the first eukaryote to have its genome sequence determined. Saccharomycodes E.C. Hansen 1904, Saccharomycodaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: S. ludwigii (E.C. Hansen) E.C. Hansen, asexual reproduction is by bipolar budding on a broad base (bud-fission) and are lemon-shaped (apiculate), saprophytic, in tree exudates, soil, spoiled alcoholic beverages, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2015a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Saccharomycopsis Schiönning 1903, Saccharomycopsidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 15 species, type: S. capsularis Schiønning, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding and production of arthroconidia by some species, saprophytic, on hawthorne fruit, grapes and other fruit, soil of fruit orchards, starchy foods, beetles, tree exudates, tanning fluids, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Saccobolus Boud. 1869, Ascobolaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, about 27 species, type: S. kervernii (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud., asexual morph hyphomycetous, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ramos et al. (2011; molecular studies), Mungai et al. (2012b; ecology, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Doveri (2014; taxonomy, keys), Melo et al. (2014; ecology, taxonomy, keys), evolutionary lineages of Pezizales has been confirmed and refined by ascus septal ultrastructure, number of nuclei in spores and molecular phylogenetics. Saccothecium Fr. 1836, Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. sepincola (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Italy, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Li et al. (2016a; new species), cultures available for the type: CBS 278.32. Sadasivania Subram. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: Sadasivania girisa Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sagedia Ach. 1809, Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: S. zonata Ach., lichenized, see Nordin et al. (2010; reinstated the genus), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sagediopsis Sacc. ex Vain. 1921, Adelococcaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: S. tartarina (Nyl.) Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sagema Poelt & Grube 1993, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. potentillae Poelt & Grube, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sagenidiopsis R.W.Rogers & Hafellner 1987, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, six species; type: S. merrotsyi R.W. Rogers & Hafellner, lichenized, Aftica, Asia, Europe, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zambare and Christopher (2012; biopharmaceutical potential), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ram (2014; new species Andaman), Ertz et al. (2015b, c; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sagenomella W. Gams 1978, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, 13 species, type: S. diversispora (J.F.H. Beyma) W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hsieh et al. (2009; new species), Houbraken and Samson (2011; phylogeny), Samson et al. (2011; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 399.69, CBS 398.69. Sageria A. Funk 1975, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. tsugae A. Funk, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sagiolechia A. Massal. 1854, Sagiolechiaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, three varieties, three forma species, type: S. protuberans (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Baloch et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Gomphillaceae), Thor and Nascimbene (2010; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 4896. Saitoëlla S. Goto, Sugiyama, Hamamoto & Komagata 1987, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, two species, type: S. complicata Goto, Sugiyama, Hamamoto & Komagata, asexual reproduction is mainly by multipolar enteroblastic budding, saprophyte, soil, insect frass, Bhutan, western USA, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Sakireeta Subram. & K. Ramakr. 1957, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. madreeya Subram. & K. Ramakr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, India, see Crous et al. (2015b; reinstated the genus, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Salsuginea K.D. Hyde 1991, Salsugineaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. ramicola K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Zainuddin et al. (2010; antimicrobial activity), Zhang et al. (2012e; phylogeny, morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: BRIP 17102, cultures and sequences are available. Samarospora Rostr. 1892, Eurotiomycetidae genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. potamogetonis Rostr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sambucina Velen. 1947, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. aculeata Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge 2008, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. rufobrunnea Chaverri & K.T. Hodge, asexual morph coelomycetous (aschersonia-like), saprobes, on insects, terrestrial, Bolivia, Thailand, see Chaverri et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mongkolsamrit et al. (2011; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: CUP 067858, cultures and sequences are available. Sandersoniomyces R.K. Benj. 1968, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. divaricatus R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera, Staphylinidae (Quedius sp.), America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sanguinotrema Lücking 2015, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. rightii (Taylor) Lücking, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lücking et al. (2015, 2016; phylogeny, classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, Santessonia Hale & Vobis 1978, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: S. namibensis Hale & Vobis, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Farkas (2011; list), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Physciaceae), Mayrhofer and Wirth (2011; taxonomy), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sapucchaka K. Ramakr. 1956, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. madreeya K. Ramakr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sarcinella Sacc. 1880 (= Schiffnerula Höhn. 1909; = Questieriella G. Arnaud ex S. Hughes 1983 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 71 species type: S. heterospora Sacc., schiffnerulaceous fungi, Questieriella, Digitosarcinella and Mitteriella synanamorphs of Schiffnerula, saprobes, plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide. see Hosagoudar and Riju (2009, 2011; morpholgy), Hosagoudar et al. (2010b, 2011b; new species), Hosagoudar et al. (2010b, 2011a, b; Schiffnerulaceous fungi), Soni et al. (2011; neem disease) Singh and Singh (2012; new species), Bhise et al. (2014; new species), Dai et al. (2014c; family description), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), sequences are unavailable. Sarcinomyces Lindner 1898, Eurotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, five species, type: S. crustaceus Lindner, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, plant and animal pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ruibal et al. (2008, 2009; phylogeny, ecology), Hallman et al. (2011; Burg Gleichen), Tsuneda et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Muggia et al. (2013; lichen connection), Nagano et al. (2014; deep sea), sequences are available. Sarcinosporon D.S. King & S.C. Jong 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. inkin (Oho) D.S. King & S.C. Jong, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarcoexcipula Etayo 2008, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pannariae Etayo, asexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Pannaria, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), needs generic revision, holotype of the type: MAF Etayo 23100, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sarcographa Fée 1921, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 40 species, type: S. cinchonarum Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. 2012a, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted). Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Sarcographina Müll. Arg. 1887, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: S. cyclospora Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Plata et al. (2012; classification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Joshi et al. (2014; report), Kraichak et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sarcogyne Flot., 1851, Acarosporaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 88 species, 38 varieties, two subspecies, 32 forma species, type: S. corrugata Flot., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, terricolous, saxicolous, crustose, squamulose, America, Australia, Japan, Turkey, see Knudsen et al. (2009b, 2013a; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Knudsen and Kocourková (2012; neotypification), McCarthy and Kantvilas (2013b; new species), Knudsen and McCune (2013; new species), Tokizawa et al. (2015; new species), Westberg et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sarcoleotia S. Ito & S. Imai 1934, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, one species, type: S. nigra S. Ito & S. Imai, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Rutstroemiaceae), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences are available but lacks for type. Sarcomyces Massee 1891, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. vinosus Massee, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as a synonym of Haematomyxa Sacc. in Ptellariales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarconiptera Raitv. 2003, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. vinacea Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greenland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), holotype of the type: TAA 137803, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarcophoma Höhn. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. endogenospora Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarcopodium Ehrenb. 1818 (= Lanatonectria Samuels & Rossman 1999; Actinostilbe Petch 1925 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: S. circinatum Ehrenb., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Lombard et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: CBS 587.92. Sarcopyrenia Nyl. 1858, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. gibba Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarcosagium A. Massal. 1856, Thelocarpaceae, Thelocarpales, Ascomycota orders incertae sedis, one species, type: S. biatorellum A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sarcoscypha (Fr.) Boud. 1885 (= Molliardiomyces Paden 1984 fide Healy et al. 2016), Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, c. 30 species, type: S. coccinea (Jacq.) Sacc., asexual morph formerly named in Molliardiomyces, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2016e; new species), cultures available for the type: AFTOLID 930 (unpublished). Sarcosoma Casp. 1891, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: S. globosum (Schmidel) Casp., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Sarcosphaera Auersw. 1869, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: S. macrocalyx (Riess) Auersw., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Sarcostroma Cooke 1871, Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 28 species, type: S. berkeleyi Cooke, asexual morph coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, endophytes, foliar pathogens in tropical and temperate regions, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Norphanphoun et al. (2015; phylogeny), need generic revision. Sarcotrochila Höhn. 1917, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: S. alpina (Fuckel) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Sarcoxylon Cooke 1883, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. compunctum (Jungh.) Cooke, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Asia, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Sardiniella Linaldeddu, A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips 2016, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: S. urbana Linaldeddu, A. Alv es & A.J.L. Phillips, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Italy, see Linaldeddu et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: LISE 96308, CBS 141580 = BL179. Sarea Fr. 1825, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: S. difformis (Fr.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, on resins, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; reinstated the genus), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sanz-Ros et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Burneviča et al. (2016; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Sarimanas Matsumura, K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka 2015, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. shirakamiense Matsumura, K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Liu et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Tian et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30454, MAFF 244768. Sarocladium W. Gams & D. Hawksw. 1976, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: S. oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on plants, isolated from soil, human tissues, widespread, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Summerbell et al. (2011; phylogeny and cicumscription), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: TAI. Sarrameana Vězda & P. James 1973, Sarrameanaceae, Sarrameanales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: S. paradoxa Vězda & P. James, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sartorya Vuill. 1927, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. fumigata Vuill., see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as nom. dub.), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline). Satchmopsis B. Sutton & Hodges 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. brasiliensis B. Sutton & Hodges, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sativumoides S.C. Ren, Jian Ma & X.G. Zhang 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. punicae S.C. Ren, Jian Ma & X.G. Zhang, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Ren et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Saturnispora Liu & Kurtzman 1991, Pichiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: S. dispora (Dekker) Z.W. Liu & Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in plant rhizosphere in salt marsh, tree exudates, grapes, fruit flies, sauerkraut, soil, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), many species in this genus represent asexual taxa originally classified in the genus Candida, but have been transferred to the genus Saturnispora as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available. Savoronala Ertz, Eb. Fisch., Killmann, Razafindr. & Sérus. 2013, Malmideaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: S. madagascariensis Ertz, Eb. Fisch., Killmann, Razafindr. & Sérus., lichenized, see Ertz et al. (2013c; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Savoryella E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton. 1969, Savoryellaceae, Savoryellales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: S. lignicola E.B.G. Jones & R.A. Eaton, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, freshwater and marine, Australia, Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Taiwan, UK, see Gayatri Mambiar and Raveendran et al. (2009; diversity), Nambiar and Raveendran (2009a, b; diversity), Nambiar et al. (2009; diversity), Dethoup and Manoch (2009; diversity), Kurniawati et al. (2010; diversity), Alias et al. (2010; diversity), Boonyuen et al. (2011; outline, phylogeny, morphology, classification), Awaluddin et al. (2015; diversity), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: IMI 129784. Savulescua Petr. 1959, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, type: S. insignis Petr., asexual morph unknown, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are unavailable. Sawadaea Miyabe 1914, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, ten species, type: S. bicornis (Wallr. Fr.) Homma, sexual and hyphomycetous asexual morphs, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Takamatsu et al. (2008c; phylogeny and taxonomy of S. nankinensis), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Saxomyces Selbmann & Isola, MB802899. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 174 2014, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: Saxomyces alpinus Zucconi & Selbmann, MB802892, rock-inhabiting fungus; teleomorph unknown; For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 174 (2014). From granite, Val de La Mare, Passo Stelvio, Alps, Italy; CCFEE 5470. Culture preserved in liquid nitrogen and in dried condition (NCBI accession numbers: KC315861 (SSU), KC315872 (LSU), KC315883 (mtSSU), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. Notes: The genus Saxomyces was invalidly published because the type: S. alpinus was invalidly published [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 40]. The genus and the type: are here validated as follows: Saxomyces Selbmann & Isola gen. nov., MB819855. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 174 (2014). Type: Saxomyces alpinus Zucconi & Selbmann sp. nov., MB819851. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 174 (2014). Holotype: CBS 135222. From granite, Val de La Mare, Passo Stelvio, Alps, Italy; = CCFEE 5470. Additional species: Saxomyces penninicus Zucconi & Onofri, MB802900. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 175 (2014). From sandstone, Punta Indren, Monte Rosa, Alps, Italy; CCFEE 5495. Culture preserved in dried condition (NCBI accession numbers: KC315864 (SSU), KC315875 (LSU), KC315886 (mtSSU)), taxonomic species delimitation supported by molecular data. The species was invalidly published because the type: S. alpinus was invalidly published [ICN (Melbourne) Art. 40]. It is here validated as follows: Saxomyces penninicus Zucconi & Onofri sp. nov., MB819852. For diagnosis see Fungal Diversity 65(1): 175 (2014). Holotype: CBS H-22053. From sandstone, Punta Indren, Monte Rosa, Alps, Italy; = CCFEE 5495. Saxophila Selbmann & de Hoog 2016, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. tyrrhenica Selbmann & de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting, see Isola et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 139725 = CCFEE 5935. S. S. Ahmad 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. gaubae (Petr.) S. Ahmad, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Scalenomyces I.I. Tav. 1985, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. endogaeus (F. Picard) I.I. Tav., asexual morph unknown, parasites, Sardinia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rossi (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences and culture unavailable. Scaphidiomyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, five species, type: S. baeocerae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Scaphidiinae), South America, West Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scaphidium Clem. 1901, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. boutelouae Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm. 1919, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: S. apiospermum Sacc. ex Castell. & Chalm., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Gilgado et al. (2008; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lackner et al. (2014; new species), Vandeputte et al. (2014; genome study), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: IHEM 14462. Scelophoromyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. osorianus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphylinidae, Osorius sp.), South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scepastocarpus Santam. 2004, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. peritheciiformis Santam., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on aquatic Coleoptera (Hydrophilidae, Hydrochus sp.), Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), related to Zodiomyces Thaxt., cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sceptrifera Deighton 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pulchra Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schadonia Körb. 1859, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: S. alpina Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Ekman et al. (2008; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), culture and sequences are unavailable for type. Schaereria Th. Fr. 1855, Schaereriaceae, Sarrameanales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: S. lugubris (A. Massal.) Körb., lichenized, Africa, Europe, Asia, see Kukwa and Flakus (2009; taxonomy), Lewis Smith (2009; taxonomy), Spribille et al. (2009; taxonomy, new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Schmull et al (2011; phylogeny), Klepsland and Tønsberg (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Tarasova et al. (2016; ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Scharifia Petr. 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. procumbens Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Iran, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scheffersomyces Kurtzman & M. Suzuki 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: S. stipitis (Pignal) Kurtzman & M. Suzuki, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in beetles and beetle larvae in various trees, rotted wood, one species (S. spartinae) was isolated from oyster grass (Spartina alterniflora) marshes, worldwide, see Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; taxonomy), S. stipitis (formerly Pichia stipitis) and S. shehatae (formerly Candida) are important for biomass utilization because of their ability to ferment D-xylose, cultures and sequences are available. Schenckiella Henn. 1893 (= Allothyrium Syd. 1939 fide Hongsanan et al. 2014c), Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. marcgraviae Henn., asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline; accepted as a genus in Saccardiaceae), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, keys, nomenclature, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Asterinaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Schiffnerula Höhn. 1909, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, 98 species, type: S. mirabilis Höhn. 1909, asexual morph hyphomycetous, epiphytes, pathogens, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hosagoudar (2011; morphology, key), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, type specimen need recollect and sequence. Schismatomma Flot. & Körb. ex A. Massal. 1852, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, ten species, type: S. pericleum (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Asia, North America, Europe, see Hauck and Wirth (2010; ecology), Kocourková et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Stepanchikova et al. (2011; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tehler et al. (2013a; phylogeny), Lendemer and Harris (2014; taxonomy), Himelbrant et al. (2016; new records), London (2016; new record), Motiejūnaitė et al. (2016; new records), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Schistophoron Stirt. 1876, Graphidaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: S. tenue Stirt., Asia, see Tehler et al. (2009a; systematic study), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Singh and Swarnalatha (2011; new species), Plata et al. (2012; classification), Luecking et al. (2013; molecular phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2012; classification), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Weerakoon and Aptroot (2016; new species from Sri Lanka), sequences are available. Schizochora Syd. & P. Syd. 1913, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. elmeri Syd. & P. Syd., from living leaves, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizodiscus Brusse 1888, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. afroalpinus Brusse, subpolar region, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hertel (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Schizopelte Th. Fr. 1875, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: S. californica Th. Fr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz, and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Schizosaccharomyces Lindner 1893, Schizosaccharomycetaceae, Schizosaccharomycetales, Schizosaccharomycetes, four species, type: S. pombe Lindner, asexual reproduction is by fission, saprophytic, fruit wines and fruit, honey, dried figs, sugar cane molasses, tree fluxes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Schizothecium Corda 1838, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. fimicola Corda, asexual morph unknown, on dung, terrestrial, Spain, see Chang et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Schizothyra Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. minuta Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizothyrella Thüm. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. quercina (Lib.) Thüm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizothyrioma Höhn. 1917, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: Sc. ptarmicae (Desm.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizothyrium Desm. 1849 (= Zygophiala E.W. Mason 1945 fide Rossman et al. 2015b, Schizothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, five species, type: S. acerinum Desm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013, accepted as a genus in Schizothyriaceae), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Phookamsak et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Schizothyropsis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. citri Bat. & A.F. Vital., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizotrema Mangold & Lumbsch 2009, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: S. zebrinum Mangold, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Kalb et al. (2009; new report), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a; key), Sipman et al. (2012; key), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Schizotrichum McAlpine 1903, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. lobeliae McAlpine, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schizoxylon Pers. 1811, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. sepincola Pers., Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2011a; partial sequence), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot et al. (2014f; molecular phylogeny), Konoreva et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Schnablia Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: B. schnablianum Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Schrakia Hafellner 1979, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. crassula (Starbäck) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South and North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Schroeteria G. Winter 1881, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. delastrina (Tul. & C. Tul.) G. Winter, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schwanniomyces Klöcker emend. M. Suzuki & Kurtzman 2010, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: S. occidentalis Klöcker, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, tree exudates, cucumber brines, fruit flies, human feces, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kurtzman and Suzuki (2010; revision), cultures and sequences are available. Schwarzmannia Pisareva 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. goebeliae Pisareva, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Schweinitziella Speg. 1888, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. styracum Speg., asexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scirrhia Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, ten species, type: S. rimosa (Alb. & Schwein.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crous et al. (2011b; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Scirrhophoma Petr. 1941, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. dothideoides (Mont.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sclerococcum Fr. 1825, Dactylosporaceae, Eurotiomycetes families incertae sedis, 18 species, type: S. sphaerale (Ach.) Fr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Scleroconidioma Tsuneda, Currah & Thormann 2000, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sphagnicola Tsuneda, Currah & Thormann, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), cultures available for the type: UAMH 9731. Sclerocrana Samuels & L.M. Kohn 1987, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: S. atra Samuels & L.M. Kohn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealad, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sclerographiopsis Deighton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. dalbergiae Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Africa, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sclerographium Berk. 1854, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. aterrimum Berk., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Africa, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scleromeris Syd. 1926, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. guazumae Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Central America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scleromitrula S. Imai 1941, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: S. shiraiana (Henn.) S. Imai, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; phylogeny, strains of type were grouped in Rutstroemiaceae and Sclerotiniaceae), needs generic revision. Scleropezicula Verkley 1999 (= Cryptosympodula Verkley 1999 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: S. alnicola (J.W. Groves) Verkley, asexual morph formerly known in Cryptosympodula, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sclerophoma Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 30 species, type: needs typification, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sclerophora Chevall. 1826, Coniocybaceae, Coniocybales, Coniocybomycetes, six species; type: S. furfuracea (L.) Chevall., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Suija et al. (2016; pylogeny), sequences are available. Sclerophyton Eschw. 1824, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 14 species, (probably less, needs revision), type: S. elegans Eschw., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz. and Tehler (2011; phylogeny, molecular), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Seavey and Seavey (2014; new records), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available Scleropycnis Syd. & P. Syd. 1911, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. abietina Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scleropyrenium H. Harada 1993, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: S. japonicum H. Harada, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Prieto et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sclerostagonospora Höhn. 1917, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: S. heraclei (Sacc.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2011a, 2016b; new species, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline, phylogeny), cultures are available. Sclerotinia Fuckel 1870, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 15 species, type: S. libertiana Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; pylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sclerotium Tode 1790, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 100 species (probably more than this), type: S. complanatum Tode, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type, needs generic revision. Sclerozythia Petch 1937, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. brassicae Petch, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecobasidiella M.B. Ellis 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. avellanea (Sappa & Mosca) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Africa, Caribbean, see Shenoy et al. (2010; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Scolecobasidium E.V. Abbott 1927, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. terreum E.V. Abbott, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, British Isles, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecobasidium E.V. Abbott 1927, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, 64 species, type: S. terreum E.V. Abbott, sexual stage unknown, animal pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Hamada and Niichiro (2008; bathroom), Jiang and Zhang (2008; new species), YueMing and TianYu (2008; China, soil), Hamayun et al. (2009; growth enhancement in plant), Abe and Hamada (2011; detergent rich environment), Punithalingam and Spooner (2011; new species), Ge et al (2012; human pathogen), Muthukrishnan et al. (2012; alkalotolerance in scrub forest), D’Souza and Bhat (2013; litter and endophyte), Hao et al. (2013; new species), Mahmoud and Narisawa (2013; new species), Ren et al. (2013a; new species), Samerpitak et al. (2014; phylogeny, taxonomy, classification), Garzoli et al. (2015; marine), Hou et al. (2015; corals), Oliveira et al. (2016a; drinking water, Brazil), Pundhir et al. (2016; pneumonia), Shi et al. (2016; human pathogen), sequences are available, ex type of type: CBS 203.27. Scolecobeltrania Iturr., R.F. Castañeda & R. Fernández 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. vermispora Iturr., R.F. Castañeda & R. Fernández, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Iturriaga et al. (2013; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecobonaria Bat. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. filiformis (W. Yamam.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Taiwan, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecodochium K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. malayense K. Matsush. & Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Malaysia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecopeltidium F. Stevens & Manter 1925, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 80 species, type: S. salacensis (Racib.) F. Stevens & Manter, asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scolecosporiella Petr. 1921, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: S. typhae (Oudem.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecostigmina U. Braun 1998, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: S. mangiferae (Koord.) U. Braun & Mouch., hyphomycetous, plant pathogens, leaf spotting, Africa, Asia, Australia, North and South America, Oceania, West Indies, see Seifert (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Braun et al. (2014b; taxonomy), cultures available for the type: CBS 125467, holotype of type species: Indonesia, Java, Prov. Kedu, Purworedjo, on Mangifera indica, 21 Sep. 1905, S.H. Koorders, no. 6, ser. 5 (unknown). Scolecotheca Søchting & B. Sutton 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. cornuta Søchting & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecoxyphium Cif. & Bat. 1956, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. fraserae Cif. & Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolecozythia Curzi 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. valsivora Curzi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scoliciosporum A. Massal. 1852, Scoliciosporaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species; type: S. holomelaeum (Flörke) A. Massal., lichenized, see Spribille et al. (2009; new species), Dolnik et al. (2010; new report: Germany), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Dymytrova (2011; notes), Kukwa et al. (2012; new records: poland), Matwiejuk et al. (2012; new report), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Marmor et al. (2013; new record), Ardelean et al. (2015; ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Scolicosporium Lib. ex Roum. 1880, ?Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: S. fagi Lib. ex Roum., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; treated as hyphomycetous), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2013, 2016; outline, treated as coelomycetous, phylogeny, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Scoliocarpon Nyl. 1858, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pupula (Tuck.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scolionema Theiss. & Syd. 1918, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: S. palmarum (Kunze & Fr.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Perisporiopsidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scoliotidium Bat. & Cavalc. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. lauracearum Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scopaphoma Dearn. & House 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. corioli Dearn. & House, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scopinella Lév. 1846, Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: S. pleiospora (J. Schröt.) Sacc., asexual morph aunknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hypocreales, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sánchez et al. (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Scopulariella Gjaerum 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. vaccinii Gjaerum, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scopulariopsis Bainier 1907, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, 32 species, type: S. brevicaulis (Sacc.) Bainier, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Iwen et al. (2012; human pathogen, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pan et al. (2014; new species, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2016; DNA), cultures available for the type: UAMH 10915. Scoriadopsis J.M. Mend. 1930, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. miconiae J.M. Mend., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scorias Fr. 1832, Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: S. spongiosa (Schwein.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, tropical, see Crous et al. (2009d; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Capnodiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Scortechinia Sacc. 1891, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: S. culcitella (Berk. & Ravenel) Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scortechiniella Arx & E. Müll. 1954, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. similis (Bres.) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Nitschkia), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scortechiniellopsis Sivan. 1974, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. leonensis Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Scothelius Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. guianensis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scotiosphaeria Sivan. 1977, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. endoxylinae Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sculptolumina Marbach 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: S. japonica (Tuck.) Marbach, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Giralt et al. (2009; taxonomy), Joshi et al. (2010a; new record, taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Giralt et al. (2014; taxonomy), Kondratyuk (2015; new records), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Scutaria Søchting, Arup & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. andina (Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup., lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte 1887, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 75 species, type: S. scutellata (L.) Lambotte, asexual morph unknown, from soil, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Zhuang and Yang (2008; new species), Han et al. (2010a; new species, Korea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhuang (2010; new species), Choi et al. (2013b; new species), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Izquierdo-San et al. (2013; new species, Mexico), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhuang (2013; new species, key to species in China), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Scutisporus Ando & Tubaki 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. brunneus K. Ando & Tubaki, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fiuza et al. (2015a; taxonomy), holotype of type: TKB-F-5093, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, compare with Biflagellosporella. Scutobelonium Graddon 1984, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. amorilens Graddon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scutomollisia Nannf. 1976, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 14 species, type: S. punctum (Rehm) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scutopeltis Bat. & H. Maia 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. alafiae Bat. & H. Maia, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Ghana, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scutopycnis Bat. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. osmanthi Bat., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scutula Tul. 1852, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 41 species, two subspecies, three varieties, four forma species, type: S. wallrothii Tul., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, see Hawksworth et al. (2008; artificial key), Egan (2009; recent literature), Etayo and Triebel (2010; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable Scutulopsis Velen. 1934, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. pinacea Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Scyphospora L.A. Kantsch. 1928, Apiosporaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. phyllostachydis L.A. Kantsch., coelomycetous, sexual morph apiospora-like, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), probably a synonym of Arthrinium Kunze, needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Scytalidium Pesante 1957, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 23 species, type: S. lignicola Pesante, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, Chile, Siberia, see Kang et al. (2010; new species), Wu and Zhang (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gautam et al. (2015; new species, India), ex-type culture available for the type: UAMH 1502, needs generic revision as genus is hetergenous (fide Seifert et al. 2011). Scytinium (Ach.) Gray 2014, Collemataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 48 species; type: S. palmatum (Huds.) Gray, lichenized; see Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; taxonomy, new combination), Diederich et al. (2014; new records: France), Carlberg et al. (2016; new species: California), Gasparyan et al. (2016; new records, Armenia), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Seaverinia Whetzel 1945 (= Verrucobotrys Hennebert 1973 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: Verrucobotrys geranii (Seaver) Hennebert, asexual morph formerly named in Verrucobotrys, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sedecimiella K. L. Pang, Alias & E. B. G. Jones 2010, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. taiwanensis K.L. Pang, Alias & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Hong Kong, Taiwan, see Pang et al. (2010a; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: BBH 26390. Sedelnikovaea S.Y. Kondr., M.H. Jeong & Hur 2015, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. baicalensis (Zahlbr.) S.Y. Kondr., M.H. Jeong & Hur, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification). Segestria Fr. 1825, Porinaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: S. lectissima Fr., lichenized, see Lücking (2008; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available but lcks for type. Seifertia Partr. & Morgan-Jones 2002, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. azaleae (Peck) Partr. & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2016b; new species, China), cultures available for the type: DAOM 239135. Seimatosporiopsis B. Sutton, Ghaffer & Abbas 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. salvadorae B. Sutton, Ghaffer & Abbas, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Seimatosporium Corda 1833 (= Discostroma Clem. 1909 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 75 species, type: S. rosae Corda, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, worldwide, see Barber et al. (2011; new species, phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016a, b, 2017; outline, taxonomy, new species), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species), Norphanphoun et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures available for the type: MFLUCC 14−0621. Seiridium Nees 1816 (= Blogiascospora Shoemaker et al. 1966 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Pestalotiopsidaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 35 species, type: S. marginatum Nees, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, new species), Crous et al. (2012c, 2014c; new species), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: SEI1. Seirophora Poelt 1983, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: S. magara (Kremp.) Poelt, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Moniri and Sipman (2011; new record), Arup et al. (2013; phylogeny), Benesperi et al. (2013; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko (2013; new record), Giordani et al. (2015; ecology), Kondratyuk et al. (2014, 2015a, b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Moniri et al. (2014; new record, Iran), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Selenaspora R. Heim & Le Gal 1936, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: S. batava R. Heim & Le Gal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type. Selenodriella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Microdochiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: S. fertilis (Piroz. & Hodges) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Selenophoma Maire 1907, Saccotheciaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: S. catananches Maire, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2015c; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Selenosira Petr. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. unica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Selenosporella G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie 1968, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, twelve species, type: S. curvispora G. Arnaud ex MacGarvie, hyphomycetous, saprobes, on decaying leaves, terrestrial, worldwide, Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2009a; key and new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fiuza et al. (2015b;new species), holotype of type: IMI 129890, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Selenosporopsis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. elegans R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Selenozyma Yarrow 1977, Saccharomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. intestinalis (Krassiln.) Yarrow, yeast, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Netherlands, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type. Selinia P. Karst. 1876, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. pulchra (G. Winter) Sacc., asexual morph tubercularia-like, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chaverri et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures are available. Semidelitschia Cain & Luck-Allen 1969, Delitschiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. agasmatica Cain & Luck-Allen, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Delitschiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Semifissispora H.J. Swart 1982, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: S. fusiformis H.J. Swart, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Crous et al. (2015e; DNA, new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Semigyalecta Vain. 1921, Gyalectaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. paradoxa Vain., lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Semisphaeria K. Holm & L. Holm 1991, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sigmundii K. Holm & L. Holm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Norway, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sepedonium Link 1809, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: S. mycophilum (Pers.) Nees, hyphomycetous, on fungi, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Septocyta Petr. 1927, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: S. ramealis (Roberge ex Desm.) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Aleksić et al. (2011; use in disease control, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Septocytella Syd. 1929, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. bambusina Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septofusidium W. Gams 1971, Tilachlidiaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: S. elegantulum (Pidopl.) W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Septogloeum Sacc. 1880, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. carthusianum (Sacc.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septomyrothecium Matsush. 1971 (= Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F. Perkins 1901 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. uniseptatum, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Liu et al. (2015a; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 100966. Septomyxella (Höhn.) Höhn. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species record, type speceies: Myxosporium spaethianum Allesch., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septonema Corda 1837, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 15 species, type: S. secedens Corda, sexual stage unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, lichenized, Asia, Europe, Africa, North America. See Jankowiak and Rossa (2008; associations with Pityogenes), Wang et al. (2008a; fallen leaves), Koukol (2010; new species), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Wiewióra (2012; seed health), Chigoziri and Ekefan (2013; seed borne fungi), Álvarez et al. (2015; ophiostomatoid fungus), sequences are unavailable. Septopatella Petr. 1925, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. septata (Jaap) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septoria Sacc. 1884, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 1000 (200 are presently recognized based on DNA), type: Septoria cytisi Desm., coelomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, of which, plant pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2011, 2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Verkley et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Septoriella Oudem. 1889 (= Wojnowicia Sacc. 1892 fide Crous et al. 2015a), Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 19 species, type: S. phragmitis Oudem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c, 2015a; new species, phylogeny), Li et al. (2015c; new species), epitype and exepitype cultures of the type: CBS H-22281, CPC 24118 = CBS 140065. Septorioides Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Septorioideaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. pini-thunbergii (S. Kaneko) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Japan, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Septosporiopsis W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. elaeidis (J.M. Yen & Sulmont) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on palm litter, Africa, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septosporium Corda 1831, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 28 species, type: S. atrum Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on wood (Acer, Carpinus, Sorbus, and many others) and litter (Bambusa), cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), ), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septotinia Whetzel ex J.W. Groves & M.E. Elliott 1961 (= Septotis N.F. Buchw. ex Arx 1970 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: S. podophyllina Whetzel, asexual morph formerly known in Septotis, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Septotrapelia Aptroot & Chaves 2007, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, seven species, type: S. glauca Aptroot & Chaves, lichenized, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Iqbal (2012; new record, Pakistan), Bungartz et al. (2013b; taxonomy), Aptroot and Moon (2014; new species: Korea), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype of the type: INB, Aptroot 60426, cultures and sequences are unavailable Septotrullula Höhn. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. elaeidis (J.M. Yen & Sulmont) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on bark (Betula, Fagus, Quercus), Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Serenomyces Petr. 1952, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: S. shearii Petr., saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Phaeochoraceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Elliott and Des Jardin (2014; species associated with palms in southeastern USA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures are available for unidentified species (unpublished), needs generic revision. Seriascoma Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde 2016, Occultibambusaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. didymospora Phook., D.Q. Dai, Karunar. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Dai et al. (2016; phylogeny, morphology, sexual and asexual morphs), ex-type culture of type: MFLUCC 11– 0179. Servazziella J. Reid & C. Booth 1987, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, five species, type: S. longispora (Servazzi) J. Reid & C. Booth, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Servitia M.S. Christ. & Alstrup 2001, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, species, type: S. inconspicuum (Lynge) M.S. Christ. & Alstrup, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Greenland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sessiliospora D. Hawksw. 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. bicolor D. Hawksw., sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous on foliicolous lichens, Asia, terrestrial, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 41011c. Setameliola D.R. Reynolds 2010, Meliolaceae, Meliolales, Sordariomycetes, 26 species, type: Setameliola argentina (Speg.) D.R. Reynolds, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Singapore, see Reynolds (2010; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Setiferotheca Matsush. 1995, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. nipponica Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Setocampanula Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh 1989, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. taiwanensis Sivan. & W.H. Hsieh, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences unavailable, needs generic revision. Setolibertella Punith. & Spooner 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. solani Punith. & Spooner, sexual morph unknown, coelomycetous, saprobes, on dead stems of Solanum mauritanium, Azores, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: KM 58669, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Setomelanomma M. Morelet 1980, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. holmii M. Morelet, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes or pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Setophaeosphaeria Crous & Y. Zhang ter 2014, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: S. hemerocallidis Crous & Y. Zhang ter, with coelomycetous asexual morph, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, China, see Crous et al. (2014c; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and extype culture of type: CBS H-21720, CPC 23645. Setophiale Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. unisetulata Matsush, sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, saprobes, on palm petioles, Peru, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, MFC-4P766, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Setophoma Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 2010, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, asexual morph coelomycetous, five species, type: S. terrestris (H.N. Hansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, Brazil, North America, see de Gruyter et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2014c, 2016b; morphology, phylogeny, sexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), lectotype and ex-lectotype culture of type: CBS H20311, CBS 335.29. Setoseptoria Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. phragmitis Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-21324, culture ex-type CBS 114802. Setosporella Mustafa & Abdul-Wahid 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. mahmoudii Moustafa & Abdul-Wahid, sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, saprobes, isolated from soil, Egypt, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 326932, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Setosynnema D.E. Shaw & B. Sutton 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. isthmosporum D.E. Shaw & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Seuratiopsis Woron. 1934, Seuratiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: S. epiphylla Woron., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Seychellomyces Matsush. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. hexagonus Matsush, sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, saprobes, isolated from soil, Seychelles, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Seynesia Sacc. 1883, Cainiaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. nobilis (Welw. & Curr.) Sacc., tropical, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type, needs generic revision. Seynesiella G. Arnaud 1918, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, c. 80 species, type: S. juniperi (Desm.) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Seynesiopeltis F. Stevens & R.W. Ryan 1925, Seynesiopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes, incertae sedis, one species, type: S. epiphylla Woron., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Seynesiopsis Henn. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. rionegrensis Henn., sexual morph unknown, coelomycetous, saprobes, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Shackletonia Søchting, Frödén & Arup 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: S. hertelii (Søchting, Øvstedal & Sancho) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kondratyuk et al. (2014; phylogeny), Garrido-Benavent et al. (2016; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Shanorella R.K. Benj. 1956, Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 17 species, type: S. spirotricha R.K. Benj., a sexual morph unknown, on humans and other mammals, causing microsporoses, terrestrial, USA, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for the type: CBS 305.56. Shawiella Hansf. 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. grevilleae Hansf., sexual morph unknown, coelomycetous, saprobes, on leaves of Grevillea robusta, New Guinea, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Shearia Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. magnoliae (Shear) Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sheariella Petr. 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. carbonacea Petr., sexual morph unknown, coelomycetous, saprobes, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sheathnema Dubey & Moonnambeth 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. indicum Dubey & Moonambeth, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, epiphytes, India, see Dubey and Moonnambeth (2014a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Shimizuomyces Kobayasi 1981, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. paradoxus Kobayasi, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sung et al. (2010, 2011; culture characters of the type, applications), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: EFCC 6279. Shiraia Henn. 1900, Shiraiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. bambusicola Henn., asexual morph ceolomycetous, parasitic, terrestrial, China and Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2013; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, ex-epitype strains of type: GZAAS2.0708 = CGMCC 3.15200 = MFLUCC 13-0408; holotype of type: Shirai (B!), epitype of type: GZAAS K-2002. Shivomyces Hosag. 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. ligustri Hosag. & Kamar., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Shrungabeeja V.G. Rao & K.A. Reddy 1981, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: S. vadirajensis V.G. Rao & K.A. Reddy, hyphomycetous, saprobes, on bamboo (Bambusa) and other plants (Begonia, Melicope), Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sibirina G.R.W. Arnold 1970, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. fungicola G.R.W. Arnold, hyphomycetous, sexual morphs unknown, mycoparasites, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Siemaszkoa I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski 1976, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, seven species, type: S. flexa (T. Majewski) I.I. Tav. & T. Majewski, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Ptiliidae), Europe, Southern America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sigarispora Thambugala & K.D. Hyde 2015, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eight species, type: S. ravennica (Tibpromma, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde) Thambug. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy and Japan, six species, see Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Li et al. (2016a; new species), holotype of type: MFLU 14–0692, ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 14–0005. Sigleria Hirooka, Tanney & Seifert 2015, Spiromastigaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: S. carmichaelii Hirooka, Tanney & Seifert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Vietnam, see Hirooka et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of type: DAOM 571575. Sigmatomyces Sacc. & P. Syd. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. bakeri Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd., sexual morph unknown, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Philippines, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sigmoidea J.L. Crane 1968, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: S. prolifera (R.H. Petersen) J.L. Crane, hyphomycetous, polyphyletic, marine, freshwater, sexual morph unknown, on wood and leaves, worldwide, see Jones et al. (2009a; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sigridea Tehler 1993, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, six species, type: S. californica (Tuck.) Tehler, lichenized (only one lichenicolous), terrestrial, tropical to subtropical with a preference for coastal habitats with a Mediterranean climate, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2015b, c; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), lectotype and ex-type strain of type: Bolander 129 (FH). Sillia P. Karst. 1873, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. ferruginea (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, America, see Da Silva et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kruys and Castlebury (2012; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 126567. Simonyella J.Steiner 1902, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: S. variegata J. Steiner, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, treated as Roccellaceae), sequences are available. Simplicillium W. Gams & Zare 2001, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: S. lanosoniveum (J.F.H. Beyma) Zare & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Liu and Cai (2012; new species, China), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Nonaka et al. (2013b; new species, Japan), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sinodidymella J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss. 1985, Teichosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, five species, type: S. verrucosa (Petr.) J.Z. Yue & O.E. Erikss., see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sinotrichium Juan Wang, S.Q. Xu & Strongman 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. chironomidarum Juan Wang, S.Q. Xu & Strongman, asexual morph unknown, from the hindgut of a chironomid larva, China, see Wang et al. (2010b; taxonomy), holotype of the type: XIN-4, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Siphula Fr. [nom. cons.] 1824, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, 26 species; type: S. ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr., lichenized, see Valadbeigi and Sipman (2010; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Siphulastrum Müll.Arg. 1889, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, four species; type: S. triste Müll. Arg., lichenizedm see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ekman et al. (2014; phylogeny), Jørgensen and Andersen (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Siphulella Kantvilas, Elix & P.James 1992, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. coralloidea Kantvilas, Elix & P. James, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sipmania Egea & Torrente 1994, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: S. peltata Egea & Torrente, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sipmaniella Kalb 2009, Megalosporaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: S. sulphureofusca (Fée) Kalb, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sirastachys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: S. phaeospora L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22460, CBS 100155. Sirenophila Søchting, Arup & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: S. gintarasii (S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Søchting et al. (2016; new species, southern heisphere), sequences are available. Sirexcipula Bubák 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. kabatiana Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Norh America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirococcus Preuss 1855, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. strobilinus Preuss, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Crous et al. (2012f, 2016a, b; phylogeny, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Sirocyphis Clem. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. kabatiana Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirogloea Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. euonymi Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Siroligniella Naumov 1926, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. salicicola Naumov, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirophoma Höhn. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. singularis Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Siroplacodium Petr. 1940, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: S. atrum Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, China, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Siropleura Petr. 1934, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pulchella Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Siroscyphellina Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. arundinacea Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirosperma Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. hypocrellae Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirosphaera Syd. & P. Syd. 1913, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. botryosa Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirosporium Bubák & Serebrian. 1912, ?Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 26 species, type: S. antenniforme (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bubák & Serebrian., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sirosporonaemella Naumov 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. strobilina Naumov, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Russia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirothecium P. Karst. 1887, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. saepiarium P. Karst., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, txonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirothyriella Höhn. 1910, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. pinastri Höhn. ex Sacc., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirothyrium Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Sirothyrium taxi Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirozythia Höhn. 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. rosea Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sirozythiella Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sydowiana (Sacc.) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sitochora H.B.P. Upadhyay 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. ellipsospora H.B.P. Upadhyay, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sivanesania W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen 1996, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. rubi W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Taiwan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sivanesaniella Gawande & D.K. Agarwal 2004, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. prunicola Gawande & D.K. Agarwal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as agenus in Venturiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; did not accept as a genus in Venturiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Skottsbergiella Petr. 1927, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. diaporthoides Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Skyathea Spooner & Dennis 1986, ?Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. hederae Spooner & Dennis, asexual morph unknown, sabrobe of wood, Skye Island, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: K 32267, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Skyttea Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins 1981, Cordieritidaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, 29 species, type: S. nitschkei (Körb.) Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins (syn. Nesolechia nitschkei Körb.), lichenicolous, widespread, terrestrial, see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2014, 2015b; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), sequences are available, holotype of type: L 910.195-559. Skyttella D. Hawksw. & R. Sant. 1988, ?Cordieritidaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: S. muelleri (Willey) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant., on lichens, terrestrial, Europe and North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; position), sequences are available, holotype of type: FH. Slimacomyces Minter 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. monosporus (W.B. Kendr.) Minter, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Koukol et al. (2012; enzymes), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Slopeiomyces Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Magnaporthaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. cylindrosporus (D. Hornby, Slope, Gutter. & Sivan.) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline), ex-type culture of type: CBS 609.75. Smaragdiniseta L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. bisetosa (V.G. Rao & de Hoog) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 459.82. Smardaea Svrček 1969, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eight species, type: S. amethystina (W. Phillips) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Van Vooren (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Smarodsia Raitv. & Vimba 2006, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: S. stollii Raitv. & Vimba, asexual morph unknown, from soil, terrestrial, Latvia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), holotype of the type: RIG 6493, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Smeringomyces Thaxt. 1908, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: S. anomalus (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphilinidae), USA, Europe, Japan, Trinidad, Sumatra, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sodiomyces Grum-Grzhimaylo, Debets & Bilanenko 2013, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. alkalinus (Bilanenko & M. Ivanova) A.A. Grum-Grzhimaylo, A.J.M. Debets & E.N. Bilanenko, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Grum-Grzhimaylo et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Solanella Vaňha 1910, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: S. rosea Vaňha, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification, treated as Pezizales), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Soleella Darker 1967, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: S. striiformis (Darker) Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Solenopezia Sacc. 1889, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: S. solenia Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type, needs generic revision. Solenopsora A. Massal. 1855, Catillariaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: S. requienii A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Van Den Boom (2010; new records, Spain), Farkas et al. (2011; distributionm Hungary), Kınalıoglu and Aptroot (2011; new reords, Turkey), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Guttová et al. (2014; generic diveristy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Yazici and Aslan (2016; new species, Turkey), sequences are available. Solicorynespora R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 27 species, type: S. zapatensis R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see McKenzie (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2012d, 2016; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2014a; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Solitaria Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. chrysophthalma (Degelius) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Gaya et al. (2015; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are Soloacrospora W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. flagellisetosa W.B. Kendr. & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Soloacrosporiella Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22223, CPC 24871. Solorina Ach. 1808, Peltigeraceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: S. crocea (L.) Ach., lichenized, Asia, Europe, North America, see Gagunashvili et al. (2009; molecular), Björk (2010; new record), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wedin et al. (2011; molecular), Grube et al. (2012; symbiosis), Lisov et al. (2012; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; molecular), Centeno et al. (2016; metabolic profiling), Magain et al. (2016; molecular), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Solorinaria (Vain.) Gyeln., 1935, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: S. fuscata (Vain.) Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Iqbal (2012; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Brackel (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Solosympodiella Matsush. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: S. clavata Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Soloterminospora Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. caffra Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, 5A089, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sonderhenia H.J. Swart & J. Walker 1988, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. eucalyptorum (Hansf.) H.J. Swart & J. Walker coelomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, two species, plant pathogens on Eucalyptus, terrestrial, see Crous et al. (2013a; morphology, phylogeny), Videira et al. (2017; typification), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype DAR 45719, isotype IMI 280474 (sexual morph), holotype WARI 2007 (asexual morph); representative cultures CBS 120220 = CPC 12553, CPC 12554–12555. Soosiella Hujslová & M. Kolařík 2013, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. minima Hujslová & M. Kolařík, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Hujslová et al. (2013, 2014; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type of the type: PRM 922619, CBS 136257. Sordaria Ces. & De Not. 1863, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: S. fimicola (Roberge ex Desm.) Ces. & De Not., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, coprophilous, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Sorocybe Fr. 1849, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: S. resinae (Fr.) Fr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not accept genus), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sorokina Sacc. 1892, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: S. microspora (Berk.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sorokinella J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde 2000, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: S. appendicospora J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sowerbyella Nannf. 1938, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, eight species, type: S. radiculata (Sowerby) Nannf., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, China, see Zhuang (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Spadicoides S. Hughes 1958, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 40 species, type: S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes 1958, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, phialophora-like and selenosporella-like synanamorphs, saprobes, terrestrial and aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Wongsawas (2008, new record from China), Li (2010, new species), Ma et al. (2010, 2014, 2016; new species), Shenoy et al. (2010, polyphyly, affinities with Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2012a, new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Heredia et al. (2015, new species), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Sparria Ertz & Tehler 2011, Opegraphaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: S. cerebriformis (Egea & Torrente) Ertz & Tehler, lichenized, see Californian coast, Baja California and Europe, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sparticola Phukhams., Ariyaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: S. forlicesenae Wanas., Phukhams., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Phukhamsakda et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-1405, MFLUCC 15-0030. Spataporthe Bronson, Klymiuk, Stockey & Tomescu 2013, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. taylorii Bronson, Klymiuk, Stockey & Tomescu, asexual morph unknown, fossil fungi, see Bronson et al. (2013; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Spathaspora N.-H. Nguyen, S.-O. Suh & M. Blackwell 2006, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: S. passalidarum N.H. Nguyen, S.O. Suh & M. Blackwell, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, associated with wood boring insect larvae, possibly worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), S. passalidarum and other species in the clade are noted for fermentation of Dxylose, which is important for fermention of biomass to fuel ethanol, many species in this genus represent asexual taxa originally classified in the genus Candida, but which have been transferred to the genus Spathaspora as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available. Spathularia Pers. 1797, Cudoniaceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: S. flavida Pers., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ge et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Spathulospora A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson 1965, Lulworthiaceae, Lulworthiales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: S. phycophila A.R. Caval. & T.W. Johnson, spermatiophores or asexual morph hyphomycetous, biotrophic on marine red alga, temperate to Antarctic sea of Southern hemisphere, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: (R.E. Norris, 3892), needs generic revision. Speerschneidera Trevis. 1861, Leprocaulaceae, Leprocaulales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. euploca (Tuck.) Trevis., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Lecanorales, genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lendemer and Hodkinson 2013, Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Spegazzinia Sacc. 1880, Apiosporaceae, Xylariale, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: S. ornata Sacc., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Whitton et al. (2012a; morphology with two types of conidia), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Speiropsis Tubaki 1958, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: S. pedatospora Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, North and South America, see Prihatini et al. (2010; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pratibha et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: GUFCC 18008. Spencermartinsia A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous 2008, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: S. viticola (A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, weakly pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Liu et al. (2012; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Phillips et al. (2013; phylogeny), Abdollahzadeh et al. (2014; new species), Slippers et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Dissanayake et al. (2016; taxonomy), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: LISE 95177, CBS 117009. Spencermartinsiella Péter, Dlauchy, Tornai-Lehoczki, M. Suzuki & Kurtzman 2011, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, four species, type: S. europaea G. Péter, Dlauchy, Tornai-Leh., M. Suzuki & Kurtzman, cell division is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, rotted wood, Europe, South America, see Péter et al. (2011; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Spermatoloncha Speg. 1908, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. maticola Speg., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spermochaetella Cif. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. tecomae (Chardón & Toro) Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spermospora R. Sprague 1948, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: S. subulata (R. Sprague) R. Sprague, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spermosporella Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: S. aggregata Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spermotrichum Kuntze 1898, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pulchellum (Speg.) Kuntze, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Paraguay, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphacelia Lév. 1827, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: S. segetum Lév., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Pažoutová et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, txonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Sphaerellopsis Cooke 1883, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: S. quercuum Cooke, asexual morph coelomycetous, pathogens, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Trakunyingcharoen et al. (2014; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:. Sphaerellothecium Zopf 1897, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, type: S. araneosum (Rehm) Zopf, c. 30 species, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, on lichens, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), van den Boom (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sphaeriostromella Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pteridina (Sacc. & Roum.) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaeriothyrium Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. filicinum Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi 1981, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. palustris (Berk.) Kobayasi, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: CUP 067858, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sphaerodes Clem. 1909, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, 13 species, type: S. episphaerium (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Clem., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Vujanovic and Goh (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Sphaerodothella C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde 2001, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. danthoniae (McAlpine) C.A. Pearce & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerodothis (Sacc. & P. Syd.) Shear 1909, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: S. arengae (Racib.) Shear ex Theiss. & Syd., saprobes, South East Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerognomoniella Naumov & Kusnezowa 1952, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. cornicola Naumov & Kusnezowa, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former USSR, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerographium Sacc. 1884, Chaetomellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, twelve species, type: S. squarrosum Riess, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Minnis et al. (2010; new species, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; accepted as valid genus), cultures available but lacks for the type. Sphaeromma H.B.P. Upadhyay 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. mazosiae H.B.P. Upadhyay, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaeronaemella P. Karst. 1884 (= Gabarnaudia Samson & W. gams 1974 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Microascales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: S. helvellae (P. Karst.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), de Beer et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), sequences are available. Sphaerophoma Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. brencklei Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North Americ, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerophoropsis Vain. 1890, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. stereocauloides Vain., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sphaerophorus Pers. 1794, Sphaerophoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 6 species, type: S. coralloides Pers., asexual morph unknown, fruticose, terrestrial, saxicolous, see Wedin et al. (2009a; taxonomy), Hua-Jie et al. (2010; metal studies), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mcmullin and Arsenault (2016; new records), Root et al. (2014; climate indicator), Chamizo et al (2016, spatial distribution), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sphaeropsis Sacc. 1880 (= Phaeobotryosphaeria Speg. 1908 fide Phillips et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: S. visci (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc, coelomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Phaeobotryosphaeria, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny, nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), neotype and ex-neotype culture of the type: CWU (MYC) AS 2271 (MBT176099), CBS 122527. Sphaerosoma Klotzsch 1839, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: S. fuscescens Klotzsch, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerosporella (Svrček) Svrček & Kubička 1961, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: S. brunnea (Alb. & Schwein.) Svrček & Kubička, asexual morph hyphomycetous, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sánchez et al. (2014b; asexual reproduction, DNA), cultures and sequences are available for the type. Sphaerosporium Schwein. 1832, Onygenales genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. lignatile Schwein., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ropars et al. (2012; DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905 (= Gliocladium Corda 1840 fide Rossman et al. 2013b; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. lutea (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sphaerozone Zobel 1854, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: S. tulasnei Zobel, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaerulina Sacc. 1878, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 66 species, type: S. myriadea (DC.) Sacc., asexual morph coelomycetous, asexual morph septoria-like, saprobes or plant pathogens, terrestrial, freshwater or marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Crous et al. (2011e; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mycosphaerellaceae), Verkley et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sphaerulomyces Marvanová. 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. coralloides Marvanová, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Czechoslovakia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sphaleromyces Thaxt. 1894, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: S. lathrobii Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphylinidae), Europe, America, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spheconisca (Norman) Norman 1876, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, twenty species, type: S. hypocrita Norman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sphinctrina Fr. 1825, Sphinctrinaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, ten species, type: S. turbinata (Pers.) De Not., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Muniz et al. (2013; new species), Tibell et al. (2014; new species, DNA), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 1721. Sphinctrinopsis Woron. 1927, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. pertusariae Woron., lichenized, see Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are unavailable. Spicellum Nicot & Roquebert 1976, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. roseum Nicot & Roquebert, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available. Spilodochium Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. vernoniae Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spilonema Bornet 1856, Coccocarpiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: S. paradoxum Bornet, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Anderson and Neily (2012; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Medeiros et al. (2014; ecology), Spribille et al. (2014b; evolution), Mcmullin et al. (2015; new records), Prieto et al. (2015; new record), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Spilopodia Boud. 1885, Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: S. nervisequa (Pers.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spilopodiella E. Müll. 1989, Drepanopezizaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. arxii E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Switzerland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spinulosphaeria Sivan. 1974, Chaetosphaerellaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, 14 species, type: S. thaxteri (Pat.) Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Spinulospora Deighton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. pucciniiphila Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spiralum J.L. Mulder 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. helicosporum J.L. Mulder, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spirodecospora B.S. Lu, K. D. Hyde & W. H. Ho 1998, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. bambusicola B.S. Lu et al., asexual morph unknown, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Spirographa Zahlbr. 1903 (= Pleospilis Clem. 1909 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Ostropomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: S. spiralis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Helotiales), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Flakus and Kukwa (2012; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spiromastigoides Doweld 2013, Spiromastigaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 17 species, type: S. warcupii (Kuehn & G.F. Orr) Doweld, asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Australia, see Index Fungorum (2013), culture available for the type: AFTOL-ID 430. Spiromastix Kuehn & G.F. Orr 1962, Spiromastigaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, eleven species, type: S. warcupii Kuehn & G.F. Orr, asexual morph hyphomycetous, from dung, soil, animal, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doweld (2013; nomenclatural), Hirooka et al. (2016; new species), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: NRRL A-10679, CBS 576.63. Spiroplana Voglmayr, M.J. Park & H.D. Shin 2011, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. centripetala Voglmayr, M.J. Park & H.D. Shin, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, Korea, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: KUS-F22135, KACC42611. Spirosphaera Beverw. 1953, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: S. floriformis Beverw, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on decaying birch leaves in water, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Voglmayr et al. (2011; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Splanchnonema Corda 1829, Pleomassariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 37 species, type: S. pustulatum Corda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, China, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, sexual morph), Zhang et al. (2012e; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae, phylogeny), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pleomassariaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Splanchospora Lar.N. Vassiljeva 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. ampullacea (Pers.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate zone, see Honda et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Spondylocladiella Linder 1934, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. botrytioides Linder, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spondylocladiopsis M.B. Ellis 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. cupulicola M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, India, see Pratibha et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spooneromyces T. Schumach. & J. Moravec 1989, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: S. laeticolor (P. Karst.) T. Schumach. & J. Moravec, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Van Vooren (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Sporastatia A. Massal. 1854, Sporastatiaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: S. testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal., lichenized, saxicolous, worldwide temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogenetic placement), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogenetic placement), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sporendocladia G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1975, Microascales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, seven species, type: S. castaneae G. Arnaud ex Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kiyuna et al. (2012; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Sporendonema Desm. 1827, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, nine species, type: S. casei Desm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on cheese and fungi, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Sporhaplus H.B.P. Upadhyay 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. rondoniensis H.B.P. Upadhyay, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sporidesmajora Batzer & Crous 2010, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. pennsylvaniensis Batzer & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, USA, see Yang et al. (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20326, CPC 16112. Sporidesmiella P.M. Kirk 1982, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 32 species, type: S. claviformis P.M. Kirk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on dung, terrestrial, worldwide, see Braun and Heuchert (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ma et al. (2012e, 2016; new species, China), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Monteiro et al. (2014b; new species, Brazil), Heredia et al. (2015; new species, Mexico), Tian et al. (2015; excluded Melanommataceae from and placed in Didymosphaeriaceae), holotype of the type: IMI 246982, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Sporidesmina Subram. & Bhat 1989, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. malabarica Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: NN43118. Sporidesmioides J.F. Li, R. Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde 2016, Torulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. thailandica J.F. Li, R. Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Li et al. (2016c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: MFLU14-0827, cultures and sequences are available. Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. malabarica Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, treated as Ascomycota genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sporidesmiopsis Subram. & Bhat, Kavaka 1989, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. malabarica Subram. & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Asia, Caribbean, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Sporidesmium Link 1809, Sporidesmiaceae, Diaportheomycetidae families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, around 330 species, type: S. atrum Link, hyphomycetous, saprobes, mycoparasites, terrestrial and aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), Mena-Portales et al. (2016; new species), Su et al. (2016a; phylogeny of Sporidesmiaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Sporoctomorpha J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara 1903, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. magnoliae J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sporodictyon A. Massal. 1852, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, 38 species, type: S. schaererianum A. Massal., lichenized, see Dillman et al. (2014; new records, Alaska), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Sporodochiolichen Aptroot & Sipman 2011, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. lecanoricus Aptroot & Sipman, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, pantropical, see Aptroot and Sipman (2011; taxonomy), Diederich (2013; taxonomy), holotype of the type: ABL, Aptroot 31060, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sporodophoron Frisch, Y. Ohmura, Ertz & G. Thor 2015, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, four species, type: S. gossypinum Frisch, Y. Ohmura & G. Thor, lichenized, see Frisch et al. (2015), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sporoglena Sacc., 1894, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. velutina Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Papua New Guinea see Seifert et al. (2011; mentioned as a doubtful genus), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Sporomega Corda 1842, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: S. degenerans (Fr.) Corda, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Sporopachydermia Rodrigues de Miranda 1978, Saccharomycetales genera incertae sedis, Saccharomycetes, five species, type: S. lactativora Rodrigues de Miranda, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in cacti, seawater, tree exudates, waste lagoon, clinical, Europe, North America, Antarctica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels 1999, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. chrysostomus (Berk. & Broome) K. Põldmaa & Samuels., asexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Jaklitsch et al. (2008; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sporophiala P.Rag. Rao 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. prolifica P.Rag. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Asia, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Sporopodiopsis Sérusiaux 1997, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: S. sipmanii Sérus., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sporopodium Mont. 1851, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 24 species, type: S. leprieurii Mont., lichenized, see Nelson et al. (2008; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Weerakoon et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rashmi and Rajkumar (2015; new report), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Sporormia De Not. 1845, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 29 species, type: Sporormia fimetaria De Not., asexual morph unknown, saprobes on dung, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; accepted genus), Hyde et al. (2013; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sporoschisma Berk. & Broome 1847 (= Melanochaeta E. Müll., Harr & Sulmont 1969 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Réblová et al. 2016c), Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, type: M. hemipsila (Berk. & Broome) E. Müll., Harr & Sulmont., hyphomycetous, sexual morphs formerly named in Melanochaeta, saprobes, terrestrial (wood), Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and hunduf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures available for type: SMH 3251, SMH 2125, AR4690, GKM1247, GKM1112. Sporoschismopsis Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert 1972 (= Porosphaerellopsis Samuels & E. Müll. 1982 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Reticulascaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: S. moravica Hol.-Jech. & Hennebert, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhao and Zhao (2012; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová (2014; new species, holomorph, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Sporostigma Grube 2001, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: S. melaspora (Tuck.) Grube, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Sporotretophora Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. punctata Whitton, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Whitton et al. (2012a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Spumatoria Massee & E.S. Salmon 1901, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. longicollis Massee & E.S. Salmon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Squamarina Poelt, 1958, Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, species, sub species, varieties, forma species, type: S. gypsacea (Sm.) Poelt, asexual morph, undetermined, terricolous, saxicolous, widespread, see Dietrich and Buergi-Meyer (2010; taxonomy, rare occurrences in surroundings), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miralles-Mellado et al. (2011; indicator species), Jorge-Villar et al. (2011; Raman spectroscopy study), Bevan et al. (2012; transplant experiments), Cansaran-Duman and Halici (2012; biochemistry and antimicrobial study), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bastida et al. (2014; ecology), Martellos et al. (2014; ecology, species distribution) Delgado Baquerizo et al. (2015, chemistry), Lange and Belnap (2016; soil crust studies), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Squamella S. Hammer 2001, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. spumosa S. Hammer, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Squamotubera Henn. 1903, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. leratii Henn., see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; genus accepted). Squamulea Arup, Søchting & Frödén, 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetidae, five species, type: S. subsoluta (Nylander) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Antartica, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk and Kondratyuk (2014; taxonomy), Kondratyuk et al. (2014, 2016; revised taxonomy), Søchting et al. (2014; taxonomy and new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Squamulea Arup, Søchting & Frödén, 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: S. subsoluta (Nylander) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2014, 2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Søchting et al. (2014; taxonomy and new species), Kondratyuk and Kondratyuk (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stachybotryella Ellis & Barthol. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. repens Ellis & Barthol., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, America, see Seifert et al. (2011; mentioned as a doubtful genus), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Stachybotryna Tubaki & T. Yokoy. 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: S. columaris Tubaki & T. Yokoy., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Heredia et al. (2012; new species, Mexico), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for an unidentified species, needs generic revision. Stachybotrys Corda 1837, Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 60 species, type: S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph available, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Wang et al. (2015e; new species, revision, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny, revision, sexual morph), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Stachylidium Link 1809, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. bicolor Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, nematophagous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Réblová et al. (2011; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures sequences are available for the type: DAOM 226658. Stagonopatella Petr. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. aeruginosa Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stagonopsis Sacc. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. pallida (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stagonospora (Sacc.) Sacc. 1884, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 220 species, type: S. paludosa (Sacc. & Speg.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; new species, phylogeny), Crous et al. (2014c, d, 2015a; DNA, new species, phylogeny), Tanaka et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), neotype and ex-neotype of the type: CBS H-21317, S601 = CBS 135088. Stagonosporina Tassi 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sparti Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stagonosporopsis Died. 1912, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 22 species, type: S. hortensis (Sacc. & Malbr.) Petr., coelomycetous, with sexual morph, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Vaghefi et al. (2012; species associated with ray blight disease of Asteraceae), Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; sexual morph), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Stagonostromella Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sparti Tassi, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Staheliella Emden 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. nodosa Emden, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Staibia Bat. & Peres 1966, Leptopeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: S. connari Bat. & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, accepted as a genus in Leptopeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stalagmochaetia Cif. & Bat. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. basilisca Bat., Cif. & Nascim., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stamnaria Fuckel 1870 (= Titaeospora Bubák 1916 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, five species, type: S. persoonii (Moug.) Fuckel, asexual morph formerly known in Titaeospora, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Baral and Haelewaters (2015; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stanhughesia Constant. 1989, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: S. linnaeae Constant., sexual morph unknown, epiphytes, epiphyllous, hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Sweden, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Staninwardia B. Sutton 1971, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. breviuscula B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, Australia, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stanjehughesia Subram. 1992 (= Umbrinosphaeria Réblová 1999 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, 16 species, type: S. hormiscioides (Corda) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly named in Umbrinosphaeria, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Delgado (2008; new species, USA), Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Ma et al. (2011c; new species, China), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Carneiro et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Stanjemonium W. Gams, O'Donnell, Schroers & M. Chr. 1999, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. grisellum W. Gams, Schroers & M. Chr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 655.79. Staphylotrichum J. Mey. & Nicot 1957, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. coccosporum J.A. Mey. & Nicot, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Nonaka et al. (2012; new species, Japan phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type. Starbaeckia Rehm ex Starbäck 1899, Phacidiaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. pseudotryblidioides Rehm & Starbäck, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Starmera Y. Yamada, Higashi, Ando & Mikata 1997, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, ten species, type: S. amethionina (Starmer, Phaff, M. Miranda & M.W. Miller) Y. Yamada, Higashi, S. Ando & Mikata, cell division is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in cacti, tunnels of wood boring insects, slime fluxes of trees, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Starmerella Rosa & Lachance 1998, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 25 species, type: S. bombicola C.A. Rosa & Lachance, cell division is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in honey, fruit juice concentrate, flowers, various beetles, bees, worldwide, see Kurtzman et al. (2010a; phylogeny, revision), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), most of the species in this genus represent asexual forms originally classified in the genus Candida thus, they hey will be transferred to Starmerella as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available. Staurolemma Körb. 1867, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: S. dalmaticum Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Wedin et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Jørgensen (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Bendiksby et al. (2014; long‐distance dispersal), Dixon et al. (2014; mapping), Ekman et al. (2014; taxonomy), Otálora et al. (2013, 2014; revised generic classification), Tapper et al. (2014; endemics on granite), Boutabia et al. (2015; floristic), Paoli et al. (2015; indicator species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available.. Stauronema (Sacc.) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. cruciferum (Ellis) Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stauronematopsis Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sojae (Uecker & Kulik) Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Staurophoma Höhn. 1907, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. panici Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Staurothele Norman 1853, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 40 species, type: S. clopima (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Thüs et al. (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Stearophora L. Mangin & Viala 1905, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. radicicola L. Mangin & Viala, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Steganopycnis Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. oncospermatis Syd. & P. Syd., see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), the genus was not accepted as a genus in Kirk et al. (2008, 2013). Stegasphaeria Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Mesnieraceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, five species, type: S. pavonina Syd. & P. Syd., see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Mesnieraceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stegobolus Mont. 1845, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 15 species, type: S. berkeleyanus Mont., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sipman et al. (2012; key: Costa Rica), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Stegonsporiopsis Van Warmelo & B. Sutton 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. cenangioides (Ellis & Rothr.) Van Warmelo & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stegonsporium Corda 1827, Stilbosporaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: S. pyriforme (Hoffm.) Corda, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2008, 2014; phylogeny, taxonomy, holomorph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Stegophora Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. ulmea (Fr.) Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Da Silva et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stegophorella Petr. 1947, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. lagerheimii Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stegothyrium Höhn. 1918, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. denudans (Rehm) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wu et al. (2011) and Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as Microthyriaceae, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Steinera Zahlbr. 1906, Koerberiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: S. molybdoplaca (Nyl.) Zahlbr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spribille and Muggia (2013; evolutionary), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Steineropsis T. Sprib. & Muggia 2010, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. alaskana T. Sprib. & Muggia, lichenized, Europe, Africa, mostly along the Atlantic coast, see Spribille et al. (2010; taxonomy), Spribille and Muggia (2013; phylogenetics), Arup et al. (2014; taxonomy), Schneider et al. (2015; DNA, pylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Steinia Körb., 1873, Aphanopsidaceae, Pezizomycotina families incertae sedis, three species, type: S. luridescens Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, european distribution, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kärnefelt et al. (2012; systematic, biodiversity), Printzen et al. (2012; partial sequencing), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Czarnota and Hernik (2014; ecology), Yatsyna and Motiejūnaitė (2015; new contributions), Kondratyuk et al (2015; molecular phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Stellarangia Frödén, Arup & Søchting 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: S. elegantissima (Nyl.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting, lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Gaya et al. (2015; adaptations, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stellatospora Tad. Ito & Nakagiri 1994, Sordariaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Stellatospora terricola Tad. Ito & Nakagiri asexual morph unknown, saprophytic, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: IFO H12166, ex-type cultures of type: NBRC 32597. Stellifraga Alstrup & Olech 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. cladoniicola Alstrup & Olech, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spitsbergen, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stellomyces Morgan-Jones, R.C. Sinclair & Eicker 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. suidafrikanus Morgan-Jones, R.C. Sinclair & Eicker, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stellopeltis Bat. & A.F. Vital 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. philodendricola (Bat.) Bat. & A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stellosetifera Matsush. 1996, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Stellosetifera malaysiana Matsush., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stellospora Alcorn & B. Sutton 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. appendiculellae Alcorn & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, Phillipines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stellothyriella Bat. & Cif. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. graminis (Wehm.) Bat. & Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stemmatomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: S. anoplischii (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Elateridae), USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stemphylium Wallr. (= Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not. 1863 fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c), Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 56 species, type: S. botryosum Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Pleospora, saprobes or pathogens in terrestrial habitats, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhang et al. (2012e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Ariyawansa et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), sequences are available. Stenella Syd. 1930, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 140 species, type: S. araguata Syd., hyphomycetous, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Stenhammarella Hertel 1967, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. turgida (Ach.) Hertel, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, Central Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: Stetur3861. Stenocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. zeae Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wicklow et al. (2011; bioactive metabolites), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; phylogeny, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type: NRRL:13609. Stenocephalopsis Chamuris & C.J.K. Wang 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. subalutacea (Peck) Chamuris & C.J.K. Wang, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stenocladiella Marvanová & Descals 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. neglecta (Marvanová & Descals) Marvanová & Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stenocybe Nyl. ex Körb. 1855, Mycocaliciaceae, Mycocaliciales, Eurotiomycetes, 14 species, type: S. byssacea (Fr.) Nyl. ex Körb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stenospora Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. neglecta (Marvanová & Descals) Marvanová & Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stephanocyclos Hertel 1983, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. henssenianus Hertel; lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stephanonectria Schroers & Samuels 1999, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. keithii (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Stephanotheca Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: S. micromera Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, foliar epiphytes, terrestrial, India, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jayawardena et al. (2014; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of the species S-F6581. Stephembruneria R.F. Castañeda 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. elegans R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stephensia Tul. & C. Tul. 1845 (= Densocarpa Gilkey 1954; = Elderia McLennan 1961 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, seven species, type: S. bombycina (Vittad.) Tul., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2016c; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available. Stereocaulon Hoffm. 1795. Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 140 species, type: S. paschale (L.) Hoffm., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Khare et al. (2009; taxonomy), Morita et al. (2009; antimitotic study), Seo et al. (2009b; bioavtivity study), Wedin et al. (2009b; molecular), Fryday (2010; taxonomy), Hafellner et al. (2010; biodiversity), Huang (2010; environment), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Melechin (2010; taxonomy), Goel et al. (2011; antifungal study), Hansen (2011; taxonomy), Ismed et al. (2012; chemistry), Bhattarai et al. (2013; bioactivity study), Kim et al. (2013; antimicrobial study), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rincon-Espitia and Mateus (2013; taxonomy), Motiejūnaitė (2013; taxonomy), Singh et al. (2013b; physiology), Högnabba et al. (2014; phylogeny), Meunier et al. (2014; environment), Nayaka and Saxena (2014; physiology), Oset and Kukwa (2014; typification), Ranković et al. (2014; bioactivity), Oset (2015; taxonomy), Doering et al. (2016; taxonomy), Kossowska and Szczepańska (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Shukla et al. (2016; amino acids), sequences are available. Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. schizostachyi Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, paleotropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: CUP 067858, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Stereosphaeria Kirschst. 1939, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. phloeophila Kirschst., widespread in temperate regions, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a), one sequence is available. Sterigmatobotrys Oudem. 1886, Pleurotheciaceae, Pleurotheciales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. elata (Sacc.) Oudem., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Réblová and Seifert (2011; epitypification, holomorph), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available but lacks for the type. Stevensonula Petr. 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. ciliata Petr., coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, New Caledonia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stichomyces Thaxt. 1901, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: S. conosomatis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphylinidae), Europe, Africa, USA, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sticta (Schreb.) Ach. 1803, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 200 species, type: Y. coronate D.J. Galloway, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Moncada and Lücking (2012; new species), Moncada et al. (2013b; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Stictis Pers. 1800, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: S. radiata (L.) Pers., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for type: AFTOL-ID 398, MW6493, P164, F907E267. Stictopatella Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. euonymi (Desm.) Höhn., coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stictosepta Petr. 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. cupularis Petr., coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stictospora Cif., 1957, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Ostropomycetes, one species, type: S. oleae (De Not.) Cif., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Stigmatellina Bat. & H. Maia 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. epilobii Bat. & H. Maia, coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Belgium, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmatochroma Marbach, 2000, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: S. epimarta (Nyl.) Marbach, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Cavalcante (2012; comparative studies), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Menezes et al. (2013; taxonomy), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Giralt et al. (2014; new species), Logesh et al. (2015; floristics), Mohabe et al. (2015; new species), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stigmatodiscus Voglmayr & Jaklitsch 2016, Stigmatodiscaceae, Stigmatodiscales, Dothideomycetes, two speies, type: S. enigmaticus Voglmayr & Jaklitsch, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, Europe, see Voglmayr et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: WU 35914, cultures and sequences are available. Stigmatodothis Syd. & P. Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. palawanensis Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not recognize this genus as in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline) cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmatomyces H. Karst. 1869, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 145 species, type: S. baeri (Knoch) Peyritsch, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Diptera, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossi and Leonardi (2012, most recent species descriptions Africa), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stigmatophragmia Tehon & G.L. Stout 1929, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sassafrasicola Tehon & G.L. Stout, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; did not recognize this genus as in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmatula (Sacc.) Syd. & P. Syd. 1901, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: S. sutherlandiae (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Syd. & P. Syd., saprobes, temperate, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmea Fr. 1836, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. submaculans Mont., saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmella Lév. 1842, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 28 species, type: S. dryina (Corda) Lév., coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2013e; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmidium Trevis. 1860, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. schaereri (A. Massal.) Trevis., lichenicolous or lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Stigmochora Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: S. controversa (Starbäck) Theiss. & Syd., saprobes, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stigmopeltis Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. roupalae Syd., coleomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stilbella Lindau 1900, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. fimetaria (Pers.) Lindau, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, from soil and dung, saprobes, worldwide, see Mazzaferro et al. (2010; secondary metabolites), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Summerbell et al. (2011; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Stilbellula Boedijn 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. pallida Boedijn, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stilbocrea Pat. 1900, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. dussii Pat., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Sung et al. (2008; DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stilbodendron Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. camerunense Syd. & P. Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stilbohypoxylon Henn. 1902, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: S. moelleri Henn., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, subtropical, see Hsieh et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Stilbopeziza Speg. 1908, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: S. yerbae Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stilbophoma Petr. 1942, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. microspora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stilbospora Pers. 1794 (= Prosthecium Fresen. 1852 fide Rossman et al. 2015a; Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2014), Stilbosporaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: S. macrosperma Pers., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Voglmayr and Jaklitsch (2008, 2014; phylogeny, taxonomy, holomorph), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Stioclettia Dennis 1975, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. luzulina Dennis, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stirtonia A.L. Sm. 1926, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 25 species, type: S. obvallata A.L. Sm., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stirtoniella D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix 2005, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. kelica (Stirt.) D.J. Galloway, Hafellner & Elix, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australasia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Stomatogene Theiss. 1917, Perisporiopsidaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: S. agaves (Ellis & Everh.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stomatogenella Petr. 1955, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, incertae sedis, two species, type: Stomatogenella mirabilis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stomiopeltis Theiss. 1914, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, 25 species, type: S. aspersa (Berk.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Stomiopeltopsis Bat. & Cavalc. 1963, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. linacearum Bat. & Cavalc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, New Mexico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Stomiotheca Bat. 1959, Micropeltidaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. amazonensis Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; new combination), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Stouffera Kovács & Trappe 2011, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, four species, type: S. longii (Gilkey) Kovács, Trappe, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, Argentina, USA, see Kovács et al. (2011b; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences and cultures are unavailable. Strangospora Körb. 1860, Strangosporaceae, Pezizomycotina families incertae sedis, nine species, type: S. pinicola (A. Massal.) Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial distribution, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stepanchikova et al (2011; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Rogers et al. (2015; lichen monitoring), Urbanavichene and Zapovednik (2015; new findings), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Urbanavichus and Ismailov (2016; new records), sequences are available. Strasseria Bres. & Sacc. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. carpophila Bres. & Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strasseriopsis B. Sutton & Tak. Kobay. 1970, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. tsugae (Tak. Kobay.) B. Sutton & Tak. Kobay., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stratiphoromyces Goh & K.D. Hyde 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. brunneisporus Goh & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stratisporella Hafellner 1979, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. episemoides (Nyl.) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strattonia Cif. 1954, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: S. tetraspora (R. Stratton) Cif., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Streimannia G. Thor 1991, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: S. varieseptata G. Thor., lichenized, terrestrial, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences unavailable. Streimanniella S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, four species, type: S. michelagoensis (Elix, S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Strelitziana Arzanlou & Crous 2006, Strelitzianaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, seven species, type: S. africana Arzanlou & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Zhang et al. (2009b; new species), Crous et al. (2010b, 2015e; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Streptotinia Whetzel 1945 (= Streptobotrys Hennebert 1973 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: S. arisaematis Whetzel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Striatibotrys L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: S. eucylindrospora (D.W. Li) L. Lombard & Crous, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture of the type: MUCL 9483. Striaticonidium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. cinctum (Corda) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype, ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS H-22471, CBS 932.69. Striatodecospora D.Q. Zhou, K.D. Hyde & B.S. Lu. 2000, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. bambusae D.Q. Zhou, K.D. Hyde & B.S. Lu., asexual morph unknown, on dead bamboo culm, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Striatosphaeria Samuels & E. Müll. 1979, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. codinaeaphora Samuels & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Central and South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available for the type. Strickeria Körb. 1865, Sporocadaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: S. kochii Körb., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Sordariales genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny, holomorph), cultures available for the type: C149, C138. Strigopodia Bat. 1957, Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: S. piceae Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Euantennariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strigula Fr. 1823, Strigulaceae, Strigulales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. smaragdula Fr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, foliicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nelsen et al. (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Strigulaceae), Jayalal et al. (2013b; DNA, South Korea), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Striosphaeropsis Verkley & Aa 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. mirabilis Verkley & Aa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Papua New Guinea, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strobiloscypha N.S. Weber & Denison 1995, Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, two species, type: S. keliae N.S. Weber & Denison, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Montenegro, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Perić et al. (2013; new species, DNA, phloheny), sequences are available. Stromaster Höhn. 1930, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: S. tuberculatus (Pat.) Höhn., saprobes, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatella Henssen 1989, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: S. bermudana (Riddle) Henssen, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Stromatinia (Boud.) Prill. 1907, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: S. rapulum (Bull.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for the type: Z73801 (ITS), needs generic revision. Stromatocrea W.B. Cooke 1952, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. cerebriformis W.B. Cooke, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, treated as a genus in Bionectriaceae or Hypocreaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatographium Höhn. 1907 (= Fluviostroma Samuels & E. Müll. 1980; = Stromatostilbella Samuels & E. Müll. 1980 fide Réblová et al. 2016c; Species Fungorum 2017), Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. stromaticum (Berk.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatonectria Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2011, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. caraganae (Höhn.) Jaklitsch & Voglmayr, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, see Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; phylogeny), ex-epitype culture of the type: CBS 127387. Stromatoneurospora S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis. 1973, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. phoenix S.C. Jong & E.E. Davis., tropical, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016: outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), a sequence is available. Stromatopogon Zahlbr. 1897, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. baldwinii Zahlbr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatopycnis A.F. Vital 1956, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Stromatopycnis rosetum A.F. Vital, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatoseptoria Quaedvl., Verkley & Crous 2013, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. castaneicola (Desmazières) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, Austria, France, Netherlands, one species, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), holotype PC0084574, reference specimens: CBS H-21200, culture CBS 102322; requires epitypification. Stromatostysanus Höhn. 1919, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. caprifoliorum (Desm.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stromatothecia D.E. Shaw & D. Hawksw. 1971, Odontotemataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: S. nothofagi D.E. Shaw & D. Hawksw, on bark, Papua New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 151852a. Stromatothelium Trevis. 1861, Pyrenulales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, four species, need typification, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strongylothallus Bat. & Cif. 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. scutatus Bat., Cif. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Strossmayeria Schulzer 1881 (= Pseudospiropes M.B. Ellis 1971 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, 16 species, type: S. rackii Schulzer, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad and Miller (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Stuartella Fabre 1879, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: S. formosa Fabre, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stygiomyces Coppins & S.Y. Kondr. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. galliformis Coppins & S.Y. Kondr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Tasmania, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: HO 34310, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stylaspergillus B. Sutton, Alcorn & P.J. Fisher 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. laxus B. Sutton, Alcorn & P.J. Fisher, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Stylodothis Arx & E. Müll. 1975, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. puccinioides (DC.) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are available. Stylonectria Höhn. 1915, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: S. applanata Höhn., sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Gräfenhan et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016), needs generic revision, cultures and sequences are available. Subbaromyces Hesselt. 1953, Ophiostomataceae, Ophiostomatales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. splendens Hesselt., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Suberoteratosphaeria Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: S. suberosa (Crous, F.A. Ferreira, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvlieg & Crous asexual morph unknown, pathogens, Australia, Brazil, Uruguay, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: PREM 51082, CPC 515. Subglobosporium Doilom & K.D. Hyde 2016, Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. tectonae Doilom & K.D. Hyde, saprobes, terrestrial, see Doilom et al. (2016; taxonomy), ex-type: MFLUCC 12–0393, MKT 066, ICMP 21258; holotype of type: MFLU 15-3560. Subhysteropycnis Wedin & Hafellner, 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. maculiformans Wedin & Hafellner, lichenized, lichenicolous, terrestrial, restricted distribution, see Hyde et al (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko and Tugi (2013; records), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Submersisphaeria K.D. Hyde 1996, Annulatascuaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: S. aquatica K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, aquatic, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: BRIP 22743, one putative strain is available of S. aquatica. Subplenodomus Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley 2012, Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: S. violicola (P. Syd.) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Ariyawansa et al. (2015b; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Subramaniomyces Varghese & V.G. Rao 1980, Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: S. indicus Varghese & V.G. Rao, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Subramaniula Arx 1985, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. thielavioides (Arx, Mukerji & N. Singh) Arx, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, opportunistic pathogen on human, terrestrial, India, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ahmed et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 560.84, CBS 122.78. Subulispora Tubaki 1971, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: S. procurvata Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, tropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Sugiyamaella Kurtzman & Robnett 2007, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: S. smithiae (Giménez-Jurado) Kurtzman & Robnett, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding and through formation of blastoconidia, saprophytic, insect frass in trees, soil, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Sugiyamaemyces I.I. Tav. & Balazuc 1989, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. oroussetii I.I. Tav. & Balazuc, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, only known from Clidicus formicarius (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae), Malaysian Borneo, a second species on Clidicus laticeps (from India) is suggested but not formally described because of lack of material, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Suhomyces M. Blackwell & Kurtzman 2016, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 24 species, type: S. tanzawaensis (Nakase & Itoh) M. Blackwell & Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, insects, moss, gum exudates of black cherry, maize kernels, rotted mushroom, worldwide, see Kurtzman et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), sequences are available. Sulcaria Bystrek 1971, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, four variety, type: S. sulcata (Lév.) Bystrek, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2012c; chemistry), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Myllys et al (2014; taxonomy), Wang et al (2014; taxonomy), Hisayoshi et al. (2015; molecular), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Sulcatispora Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2015, Sulcatisporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: S. acerina Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 30449, CBS 139703. Sulcatistroma A.W. Ramaley 2005, Calosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Sulcatistroma nolinae A.W. Ramaley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sulcopyrenula H. Harada 1999, Pyrenulaceae, Pyrenulales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: S. staurospora (Tuck.) H. Harada, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Sulcosporium Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde 2015, Halotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. thailandicum Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 11-0243, MFLUCC 12-0004. Sungaiicola Fryar & K.D. Hyde 2004, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: S. bactrodesmiella Fryar & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Brunei, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 15201, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Surculiseries Okane, Nakagiri & Tad. Ito 2001, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. rugispora Okane, Nakagiri & Tad., sexual morph unknown, endophytic on mangroves, saprophytic, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: IFO H-12236, ex-type cultures of type: NBRC 33167. Suttonina H.C. Evans 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. guatemaltica H.C. Evans, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Gautemala, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Suttonomyces Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. clematidis Wijayaw., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Tanaka et al. (2015; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2015, 2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF 28661, JCM 13131. Swampomyces Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1987, Etheirophoraceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, mangroves, Australia, Belize, Brunei, Egypt, North Sumatra, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, see Besitulo et al. (2010; diversity), Sakayaroj et al. (2011b; diversity), Abdel-Wahab et al. (2014; diversity), Jones et al. (2014, 2015; outline, phylogeny, morphology, re-classification), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Syamithabeeja Subram. & Natarajan 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. girisa Subram. & Natarajan, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sydowia Bres., 1895, Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes, 19 species, type: S. gregaria Bres., asexual morph coelomycetous, parasitic or saprobes on conifer plants or branches and wood, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: S-F6473, cultures and sequences are available. Sydowiella Petr. 1923, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. fenestrans (Duby) Petr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Marincowitz et al. (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kruys and Castlebury (2012; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 125530. Sylviacollaea Cif. 1963, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. termitaria Cif., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on termites, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Symbiotaphrina Kühlw. & Jurzitza ex W. Gams & Arx 1980, Xylonomycetaceae, Xylonomycetales, Xylonomycetes, two species, type: S. buchneri Gräbner ex W. Gams & Arx, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on termites, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gazis et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Symphaeophyma Speg. 1912, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: S. subtropicale Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Symphaster Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, incertae sedis, one species, type: S. gesneraceae (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Symphyosirinia E.A. Ellis 1956 (= Symphyosirella Seifert 2009 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, six species, type: S. galii E.A. Ellis, asexual morph formerly known in Symphyosirella, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Symphysos Bat. & Cavalc. 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. sapindaceifolii Bat. & Cavalc., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Symplectromyces Thaxt. 1908, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. vulgaris (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Sympodiella W.B. Kendr. 1958, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. acicola W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Cuba, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Sympodiocladium Descals 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. acicola W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sympodioclathra Voglmayr 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. globosa Voglmayr, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: WU 17019, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sympodioplanus R.C. Sinclair & Boshoff 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. capensis R.C. Sinclair & Boshoff, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: PREM 55315, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sympodomyces R.K. Benj. 1973, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. pentacellularis R.K. Benj., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Tenebrionoideae), Papua-New Guinea, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Sympoventuria Crous & Seifert 2007, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: S. vulgaris (Thaxt.) Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Sympoventuriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are available. Synalissa Fr. 1825, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 39 species, type: S. ramulosa (Bernh.) Körb., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Dietrich and BuergiMeyer (2010; taxonomy). Eichler et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schultz and Moon (2011; taxonomy), Paukov and Teptina (2012; new record), de la Rosa (2013; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stordeur et al. (2015; new record), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Synandromyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, ten species, type: S. telephani Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, hosts are Biphyllidae, Cryptophagidae, Cucujidae, Nitidulidae, and Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia), widespread but not in Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Synaptomyces Thaxt. 1912, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, type: S. argentinus Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, only known from Hydrochara sp. [as Hydrocharis] (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae), Argentina, two more species are suggested but not formally described, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Synaptospora Cain 1957, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: S. petrakii Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Miller et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequences are available but lacks for the type. Synarthonia Müll. Arg. 1891, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: S. bicolor Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Menezes et al. (2013; new species), Joseph and Sinha (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification, treated as Arthoniales genera incertae sedis), sequences are unavailable. Synarthothelium Sparrius 2009, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: S. sipmanianum Sparrius, lichenized, terrestrial, Venezuela, see Sparrius (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), holotype B Sipman 26697, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Syncarpella Theiss. & Syd. 1915 (= Syntholus A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr 1997; Art. 59), Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. six species, type: S. tumefaciens (Ellis & Harkn.) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitn, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cucurbitariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), in here we propose to consider Syntholus as a synonym of Syncarpella, ex-holotype type strains of type: NY, 1677. Syncesia Taylor 1938, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, 27 species, type: S. albida Taylor, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ertz and Tehler (2011; phylogeny), Joshi et al. (2011a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Joseph et al. (2013; new record), Menezes et al. (2013; new species), Ertz et al. (2010, 2015b, c; phylogeny), Cáceres and Aptroot (2016; inventory), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Synchaetomella Decock & Seifert 2005, Chaetomellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: S. lunatospora Decock, G. Delgado & Seifert, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Singapore, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2012c; taxonomy), Fiuza et al. (2015c; taxonomy), sequences are available for two species, compare with Chaetomella, Sphaerographium, holotype of type: MUCL 43804. Synchronoblastia Uecker & F.L. Caruso 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. crypta Uecker & F.L. Caruso, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Syncladium Rabenh. 1859, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. nietneri Rabenh., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Synnemacrodictys W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. stilboidea (J. Mena & Mercado) W.A. Baker & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Synnemadiella Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Xylariales, genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. eucalypti Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, with subverticillium-like synasexual morph, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22886, CPC 27637. Synnemapestaloides T. Handa & Y. Harada 2004, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. rhododendri T. Handa & Y. Harada, coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, leaves and twigs of Rhododendron brachycarpum, Japan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: HHUF26527, MAFF239201. Synnemaseimatoides K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. nipponica K. Matsush. & Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Synnematomyces Kobayasi 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. capitatus Kobayasi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Synnemellisia N.K. Rao, Manohar. & Goos 1989, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: S. hyalospora N.K. Rao, Manohar. & Goos, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Synostomina andina Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. andina Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Synsphaeria Bonord. 1851, Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. fumigata Vuill., asexual morph unknown, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline). Syphosphaera Dumort. 1822, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. coronata Dumort., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Syrropeltis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Matta 1964, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. xylopiae Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Matta, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Syspastospora P.F. Canon & D. Hawksw. 1982, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. parasitica (Tul.) P.F. Cannon & D. Hawksw., fungicolous, widespread, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Hypocreaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, holotype of type: ? PC. Systremmopsis Petr. 1923, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: S. ribesia Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Szczawinskia A. Funk, 1984, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: S. tsugae A. Funk, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Øvstedal and Gremmen (2010; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Taeniolella S. Hughes 1958, Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, c. 40 species, type: T. exilis (P. Karst.) S. Hughes, sexual morph unknown, saprophytic, endophytic, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ertz et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Taeniolina M.B. Ellis 1976, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: T. centaurii (Fuckel) M.B. Ellis, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Zhang et al. (2012h; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prasher and Verma (2014; new species, India), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tainosphaeria F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf 2005, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. crassiparies F.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence available for the type: AF466056 (beta tubulin). Taiwanascus Sivan. & H.S. Chang 1997, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: T. tetrasporus Sivan. & H.S. Chang asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lignicolous, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rajeshkumar and Rossman (2013; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: IMI 364835, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Takamatsuella U. Braun & A. Shi 2012, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: U. circinata Cooke & Peck, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, North America, see Braun and Cook (2012; taxonomy), sequences are available, lectotype of type: USA, New York, Watkins, on Acer spicatum, Sep., Peck (NYS). Talaromyces C.R. Benj. 1955 (= Erythrogymnotheca Yaguchi & Udagawa; = Paratalaromyces Matsush.; = Penicillium Link subgenus Biverticillium Dierckx; = Penicillium Link subgenus Biverticillata-Symmetrica Thom; = Sagenoma Stolk & G.F. Orr fide Samson et al. 2011), Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 114 species, type: T. flavus (Klöcker) Stolk & Samson, terrestrial, but sometimes also isolated from aquatic habitats, associated with diverse substrates, including living or decaying plant material, soil, compost, dung, house dust, foodstuffs, leather, arthropods, rodents, air, cosmopolitan, the genus includes some clinically-relevant species, of which the most important is Talaromyces marneffei (Segretain, Capponi & Sureau) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert (= Penicillium marneffei Segretain, Capponi & Sureau), a thermally dimorphic fungus which commonly infects immunocompromised patients in southeast Asia, see Proksa (2010; secondary metabolites), Samson et al. (2011; phylogeny, new combinations, epitypification of the type:), Houbraken and Samson (2011; phylogeny), Guarro et al. (2012; soilborne species), Yilmaz et al. (2012, 2014, 2016a, 2016b; phylogeny, revision, new species), Frisvad et al. (2013; new species), Sang et al. (2013; new species), Visagie et al. (2015; new species), Chen et al. (2016a; new species), Luo et al. (2016a; new species), Wang et al. (2016a; new species), ex-epitype strain of the type: = CBS 310.38. Talekpea Lunghini & Rambelli 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. foeticia Lunghini & Rambelli, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ivory Coast, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Talpapellis Alstrup & M.S. Cole 1998, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. peltigerae Alstrup & M.S. Cole, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, Canada, see Kirk et al. (2008; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tamaricicola Thambugala, E. Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Pleosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. muriformis Thambugala, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Thambugala et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 16–0676, MFLUCC 15–0488. Tamhinispora Rajeshkumar & Rahul Sharma 2013, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. indica Rajeshkumar & Rahul Sharma, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Rajeshkumar and Sharma (2013; morphology), Boonmee et al. (2014b; placed in Tubeufiales, phylogeny, key), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: AMH 9555, NFCCI 2924. Tamsiniella S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde, W.H. Ho & S.J. Stanley 1998, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. labiosa S.W. Wong, K.D. Hyde, W.H. Ho & S.J. Stanley, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 2276, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tandonea M.D. Mehrotra 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. dargentiana M.D. Mehrotra, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 269926, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tangerinosporium L. Lombard & Crous 2016, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. thalitricola L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22472, CBS 317.61. Tania Egea, Torrente & Sipman 1995, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, two species, type: T. lanosa Egea, Torrente & Sipman, lichenized, terrestrial, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classifiction), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Tapellaria Müll. Arg. 1898, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 22 species, type: T. herpetospora Müll. Arg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2011; new species), Messuti et al. (2011; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Farkas (2014; taxonomy), van den Broeck et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), McCarthy and Elix (2016; new species), sequences are unavailable Tapellariopsis Lücking 1999, Pilocarpaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. octomera Lücking, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Taphridium Lagerh. & Juel 1902, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, two species, type: T. umbelliferarum (Rostr.) Lagerh. & Juel, asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Taphrina Fr. 1815, Taphrinaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, two species, type: T. aurea (Pers.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Taphrophila Scheuer 1988, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, incertae sedis, four species, type: T. cornu-capreoli Scheuer, asexual morph unknown, on rotten leaves, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tarasginia S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: T. whinrayi (S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tarbertia Dennis 1974, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. juncina Dennis, ?lichenized or saprobes, terrestrial, British Isles, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Tarsodisporus Bat. & A.A. Silva 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. paraensis Bat. & A.A. Silva, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tarzetta (Cooke) Lambotte 1887, Pezizales genera incertae sedis, Pezizomycetes, nine species, type: P. tarzetta Cooke, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hansen et al. (2013; phylogeny), Olariagaet al. (2015; taxonomy), culture and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Tasmidella Kantvilas, Hafellner & Elix 1999, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. variabilis Kantvilas, Hafellner & Elix, lichenized, see Ekman et al. (2008; taxonomy), Lendemer (2010b; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Lumbsch et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Tassiloa S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: T. digitaurea (Søgaard, Søchting & Sancho) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. 2015e, Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tatraea Svrček 1993, ?Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: T. dumbirensis (Velen.) Svrček, asexual morph unknown, sabrobe of wood, widespread (temperate), see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: PRM 148876 (Svrček 1993), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tavaresiella T. Majewski 1980, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: T. hebri T. Majewski, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Hebridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), Africa, Asia, and Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tayloriellina S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt., A.Thell, Elix & Hur 2016, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. erythrosticta (Taylor) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt., A. Thell, Elix, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2016a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tectacervulus A.W. Ramaley 1992, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. mahoniae A.W. Ramaley, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, on leaf spots, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: BPI 1107358, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Teichospora Fuckel 1870, Teichosporaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 35 species, type: T. trabicola Fuckel, asexual morph coelomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Teichosporaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Crous et al. (2016a; new species, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016c; new species, phylogeny), cultures available for type: C160, C134, C141. Teichosporella (Sacc.) P. Karst. 1895, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 26 species, type: T. dura Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, Germania, Germany, Italy, temperate, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Telimena Racib. 1900, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: T. erythrinae Racib., from living leaves, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Telimenella Petr. 1940, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: T. persica Petr., from living leaves, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Telimenochora Sivan. 1987, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. abortiva (F. Stevens) Sivan., from living leaves, Mexico, Puerto Rico, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Telioclipeum Viégas 1962, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. lavrense Viégas, saprobes, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Telogalla Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner 2000, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: T. olivieri (Vouaux) Nik. Hoffm. & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), van den Broeck et al. (2012; new records), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Teloschistes Norman 1853, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: T. flavicans (Sw.) Norman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Muggia et al. (2008; taxonomy, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012, 2015; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 315. Teloschistopsis Frödén, Søchting & Arup 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. chrysocarpoides (Vainio) Frödén, Arup & Søchting, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Temerariomyces B. Sutton 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. acutulus B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malawi, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 347181, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Temperantia K. Hansen, Healy & Kovács 2011, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, nine species, type: T. tiffanyae (Healy) K. Hansen, Healy & Kovács, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, USA, see Kovács et al. (2011b; taxonomy, pylogeny), holotype of the type: ISC, Healy 231, sequence are available. Tengiomyces Réblová 1999, Helminthosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: T. indicus (Varghese & V.G. Rao) Réblová, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tenuimurus Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2016, Phomatosporaceae, Phomatosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. clematis Senan., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, Italy, see Senanayake et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Tephromela M. Choisy 1929, Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: T. atra (Huds.) Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Muggia et al. (2010, 2014; morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy), Pérez-Vargas et al. (2010a; new species), Fryday (2011; new speces), Spribille et al. (2011; molecular), Elix (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al (2013; taxonomy), Muggia et al. (2014; taxonomy), Kantvilas (2015; taxonomy), Szczepańska (2015; new records), Cestaro et al. (2016; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Teracosphaeria Réblová & Seifert 2007, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. petroica Réblová & Seifert, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Annulatascaceae and Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: PDD 81436, cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Teratomyces Thaxt. 1893, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, nine species, type: T. mirificus Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossi (2010; most recent species description), Haelewaters et al. (2015c; synonymy of T. brevicaulis with T. actobii), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Teratoschaeta Bat. & O.M. Fonseca 1967, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. rondoniensis Bat. & O.M. Fonseca, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Teratosperma Syd. & P. Syd. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. singulare Syd. & P. Syd., saprobes, Africa, North America, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Teratosphaeria Syd. & P. Syd. 1912 (= Colletogloeopsis Crous & M.J. Wingf. 1997; = Kirramyces J. Walker et al. 1992 fide Crous et al. 2009f; Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 90 species, type: T. fibrillosa Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph coelomycetous (formerly known in Colletogloeopsis, Kirramyces), saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2009c, d, e, f, 2011e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Andjic et al. (2010, 2016; new species, Australia, cryptic species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Yamazaki et al. (2010; acidophilic), Hunter et al. (2011; diseases), Taole et al. (2012; T. suttonii complex), Taylor et al. (2012; pathogens), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, nomenclature), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Teratosphaericola Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. pseudoafricana (Crous & T.A. Cout.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, Zambia, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: PREM 54973, CPC 1229. Teratosphaeriopsis Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. pseudoafricana Quaedvlieg & Crous asexual morph unknown, one species, pathogens, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-21137, CBS 111171. Terfezia (Tul. & C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1851, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 21 species, type: T. arenaria (Moris) Trappe, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kovács et al. (2011a; new species), Bordallo et al. (2012, 2013, 2015; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Termitaria Thaxt. 1920, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. snyderi Thaxt., hyphomycetous, sexual morp unknown, America, Sardinia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Termitariopsis M. Blackw., Samson & Kimbr. 1980, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. cavernosa M. Blackw., Samson & Kimbr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North and Central America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Terriera B. Erikss. 1970, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, 26 species, type: T. cladophila (Lév.) B. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Europe, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lantz et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Chen et al. (2012; new species, China), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhou et al. (2013; new species, China), Wu et al. (2015; new species), Hyde et al. (2016; new species, Thailand), sequences are available. Testudina Bizz. 1885, Testudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. terrestris Bizz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terestrrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Testudinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Testudomyces Cano, M. Solé & Guarro 2002, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: T. verrucosus M. Solé, Cano & Guarro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Spain, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences is available for the type (unpublished). Tetrabrachium Nawawi & Kuthub. 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. elegans Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetrabrunneospora Dyko 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. ellisii Dyko, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetrachaetum Ingold 1942, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. elegans Ingold, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Tetracladium De Wild. 1893, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: T. marchalianum De Wild., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, terrestrial, worldwide, see Sati et al. (2009; new species), Letourneau et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CCM F-11001. Tetracoccosporium Szabó 1905, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. paxianum Szabó, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on dung and soil, terrestrial, worlwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetracrium Henn., 1902, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: T. aurantii Henn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tetramelas Norman 1853, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, 16 species, type: need typification, lichenized, see Giralt and Clerc (2011; comb. nov.), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; taxonomy), sequences are available. Tetrameronycha Speg. ex W. Rossi & M. Blackw. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. bonaerensis (Speg.) W. Rossi & M. Blackw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Africa, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetranacriella Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 2001, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. papillata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetranacrium H.J. Huds. & B. Sutton 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. gramineum H.J. Huds. & B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, West Indies, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetrandromyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type: T. brachidae Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, hosts are Anthicidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tetrapisispora Ueda-Nishimura & Mikata emend. Kurtzman 2003, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, seven species, type: T. phaffii (van der Walt) UedaNishimura & Mikata, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, aaprophytic, in soil, Japanese blueberry, mangrove trees, cockroach, food processing plant, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tetraploa Berk. & Broome 1850 (= Tetraplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray fide Wijayawardene et al. 2014c; Rossman et al. 2015b), Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: T. aristata Berk. & Broome asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial or aquatic, worldwide, see Tanaka et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; nomenclature), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), holotype of the type: IMI 17841, cultures and sequences are available. Tetraposporium S. Hughes 1951, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. asterinearum S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tettigomyces Thaxt. 1915, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, 16 species, type: T. gryllotalpae Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Gryllotalpa species and Scapteriscus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Teunomyces Kurtzman & M. Blackwell 2016, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, twelve species, type: T. kruisii ((Kocková-Kratochvílová & Ondrušová) Kurtzman & M. Blackwell, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in insects, often the guts of insects, worldwide, see Kurtzman et al. (2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Teuvoa Sohrabi & S.Leavitt 2013, Megasporaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. uxoris (Werner) Sohrabi, V. J. Rico & S. Leavitt, lichenized, see Sohrabi et al. (2013b; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Texosporium Nádv. ex Tibell & Hofsten 1968, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: T. sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nádv. ex Tibell & Hofsten, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirby et al. (2011; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Root et al. (2011, 2012, 2013; ecology), Rosentreter et al. (2014; ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; ecology), sequences are available. Textotheca Matsush. 1996, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. caffra Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thailandiomyces Pinruan, Sakay., K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 2008, Tirisporellaceae, Tirisporellales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. bisetulosus Pinruan, Sakay., Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, saprobes, aquatic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al (2015; classification, phylogeny, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; classification, phylogeny), Suetrong et al. (2015; phylogeny), holotype and cultures available for the type: BBH, Pinruan, Wah 110, BCC18. Thalassoascus Ollivier 1926, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. tregoubovii Ollivier, asexual morph unknown, parasites, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jones et al (2015; classification, marine), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1987, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. sphaerica Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of type: J.K. 5044a = 01390521, NYBG. Thalespora Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones 2006, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. appendiculata Chatmala & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, marine, on wood, tropical, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Thallinocarpon Å.E.Dahl 1950, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, two species, type: T. pulvinatum Å.E. Dahl, lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Thalloloma Trevis. 1853, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 19 species, type: T. anguinum (Mont.) Trevis., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, placement in Graphidaceae supported by molecular data, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thallomyces H.J. Swart 1975, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. oritis (Hansf.) H.J. Swart, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thamnochrolechia Aptroot & Sipman 1991, Pertusariaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. verticillata Aptroot & Sipman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. holotype of the type: B, Aptroot 18622. Thamnogalla D. Hawksw. 1980, Cordieritidaceae, Leotiomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. crombiei (Mudd) D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, Europe and North America, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suija et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available, lectotype of type: BM. Thamnolecania (Vain.) Gyeln., 1933, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: L. brialmontii Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaer. 1850, Icmadophilaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes four species, type: T. vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Nelsen. and Gargas (2009; molecular), Diederich et al. (2010b; taxonomy), Manojlović et al. (2010a, b; HPLC analysis, bioactivity)), Guo et al. (2011; chemistry), Schmull et al. (2011; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Knight et al. (2013; chemotaxonomy), Árnason (2014; chemistry), Plazaa et al. (2014; antioxidant property), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thamnomyces Ehrenb. 1820, Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: T. chamissonis Ehrenb., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stadler et al. (2010b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species. Thaptospora B. Sutton & Pascoe 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. atrobrunnea B. Sutton & Pascoe, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thaumasiomyces Thaxt. 1931, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, three species, type: T. scabellularius Thaxt., no asexual state, biotrophic, hosts are Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), Africa and Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Thaxteria Sacc. 1891, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, nine species, type: T. kunkelii Giard, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Thaxteriella Petr., 1924, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: T. corticola Petr., saprobes on decaying wood, Puerto Rico, Thailand, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Thaxteriellopsis Sivan., Panwar & S.J. Kaur 1976 [1977], Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: T. lignicola Sivan., Panwar & S.J. Kaur, saprobes on decaying wood, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Thecaria Fée 1824, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. quassiicola Fée, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; txonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thecographa A. Massal. 1860, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. ceramia A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Thecotheus Boud. 1869, Ascobolaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 20 species, type: T. pelletieri (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud., asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kušan et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Thedgonia B. Sutton 1973, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. ligustrina (Boerema) B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, plant pathogens, leaf-spotting, Asia, Europe, North America, see Crous et al. (2009a, 2012a, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type culture: CBS 148.59, holotype of type: the Netherlands, Eefelde, on Ligustrum ovalifolium, 23 Mar. 1959, G.H. Boerema (L). Theissenia Maubl. 1914, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: T. pyrenocrata (Theiss.) Maubl, asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, pantropical, see Hsieh et al. (2010; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are available. Thelebolus Tode 1790 (= Lasiothelebolus Kimbr. & Luck-Allen 1974; = Pezizella P. Karst., 1873; = Pezizula P. Karst. 1871; = Ryparobius Boud. 1869; = Telebolus Lindau 1905 fide Species Fungorum 2017), Thelebolaceae, Thelebolales, Leotiomycetes, c. 13 species, type: T. stercoreus Tode, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, on dung, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mukhopadhyay et al. (2014; extracellular enzymes), Singh et al. (2014; extracellular enzymes), Crous et al. (2015d; new species), cultures available for the type: CBS 709.69, CBS 717.69 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Thelenella Nyl. 1855, Thelenellaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: T. modesta (Nyl.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kınalıoglu and Aptroot (2011; new records of Turkey), Aptroot and Schumm (2012; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot et al. (2014a; new species), Cáceres and Aptroot (2016; new species), Nelsen et al. 2016, Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thelenidia Nyl. 1886, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. monosporella Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Greenland, Switzerland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Thelidiella Fink 1933, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. blastenicola Fink ex J. Hedrick, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thelidiopsis Vain. 1921, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: T. robinsonii Vain., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Thelidium A. Massal. 1855, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, c. 100 species, type: T. amylaceum A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, fresh water, Europe, Asia, see Holger et al. (2008; fresh water species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pykälä et al. (2012; species in Russia), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thelignya A. Massal.1856, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, three species, type: T. fuliginea (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Jørgensen and Palice (2010; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kristinsson et al. (2014; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Thelliana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix & Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species; type: T. pseudokiamae S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix & Hur; lichenized; see Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thelocarpella Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, 1999, Acarosporaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. gordensis Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Tonouchi (2010; characterization), Knudsen et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gueidan et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Westberg et al. (2015; phylogeny), Knudsen and Lendemer (2016; taxonomy), Roux et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Thelocarpon Nyl. 1853, Thelocarpaceae, Thelocarpales, Ascomycota orders incertae sedis, 27 species, type: T. laureri (Flot.) Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized or non- lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Moon and Aptroot (2009; new species, South Korea), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Flakus and Kukwa (2014; new species), Cáceres and Aptroot (2016; new species, Brazil), van den Boom (2016; new species), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Thelomma A.Massal. 1860, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species; type: T. mammosum (Hepp) A. Massal., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Thelonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 43 species, type: T. discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado, asexual morph cylindrocarpon-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Chaverri et al. (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Salgado-Salazar et al. (2012, 2014, 2016; new species, phylogeny), Zeng and Zhuang (2013b; new species, China), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 125153. Thelopsis Nyl. 1855, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: T. rubella Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Giordani et al. (2009; new records), Øvstedal. and Gremmen (2009; new record), Aptroot et al. (2010; biodiversity), Potenza et al. (2010; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Dymytrova et al. (2013; taxonomy), Gundersen (2013; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot et al. (2014c; world key), Mies (2015; new records), Stehn et al. (2015; list), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Thelotrema Ach. 1803, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 106 species, type: T. lepadinum (Ach.) Ach., asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, mostly tropical, see Mangold et al. (2009; key, Australia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; key), Sipman et al. (2012; key, Costa Rica), Weerakoon et al. (2012b; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Themisia Velen. 1939, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, eight species, type: T. nuda Velen., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thermoascus Miehe 1907, Thermoascaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, five species, type: T. aurantiacus Miehe, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as in Trichocomaceae), Houbraken and Samson (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Thermothelomyces Y. Marín, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano 2015, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: T. thermophila (Apinis) Y. Marín, Stchigel, Guarro & Cano, see Marin-Felix et al. (2015; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Thermutis Fr. 1825, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, two species, type: T. velutina (Ach.) Flot., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Schutz (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Urbanavichus and Urbanavichene (2011; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Thermutopsis Henssen 1990, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, one species, type: T. jamesii Henssen, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are unavailable. Therrya Sacc. 1882, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: T. gallica Sacc. & Penz., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Solheim et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Thielavia Zopf 1876, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 31 species, type: T. basicola Zopf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kusari et al. (2009; enophytes, secondary metabolites), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Berka et al. (2011; genomic analysis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Van den Brink et al. (2015; DNA, thermophilic properties), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 229.82. Thielaviopsis Went 1893, Ceratocystidaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: T. ethacetica Went, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Beer et al. (2014; new species), Mbenoun et al. (2014, 2016; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), de Melo et al. (2016; pathogens), Rossman et al. (2016b; new combination), cultures available for the type: CMW37775. Thindia Korf & Waraitch 1971, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: T. cupressi Korf & Waraitch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thindiomyces Arendh. & R. Sharma 1983, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: T. epiphyllus Aredh. & Sharma, asexual morph unknown, saprobes of leaves, Bhutan, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), holotype: PAN 17589, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Thirumalacharia Rathaiah 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. curcumae Rathaiah, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tholomyces Matsush. 2003, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T, flagellifer Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Honshu, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tholurna Norman 1861, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. dissimilis Norman, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gaya et al. 2012; molecular), Allen and Lendemer (2013; molecular), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Prieto et al. (2013; phylogeny), Beese et al. (2015; ecology), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Thoracella Oudem. 1901, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. ledi Oudem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thozetella Kuntze 1891, Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, 17 species, type: T. nivea (Berk.) Kuntze, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Whitton et al. (2012a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Thrauste Theiss. 1916, Englerulaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, three species, type: T. medinillae (Racib.) Theiss., sexual morph hyphomycetous, epiphytes, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014c; morphology), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thrinacospora Petr. 1948, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. insignis Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thripomyces Speg. 1915, Ceratomycetaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, two species, type: T. italicus Speg., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, hosts are Hydraena species (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae), Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thrombium Wallr. 1831, Thrombiaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: T. epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr., Russia, America, see Nadyeina (2009; taxonomy), Kukwa (2010; lsit), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Stepanchikova et al. (2011; new reords), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Resl et al. (2015), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Thryptospora Petr. 1947, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. singularis Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Syria, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc. 1898 (= Chromocreopsis Seaver 1910 fide Wendt et al. 2017), Hypoxylaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. javanica Penz. & Sacc., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Hypoxylaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Thyrea A. Massal. 1856, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, 13 species, type: T. plectospora A. Massal. asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, South Korea, Iran, Turkey, USA, see Björk (2010; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schultz and Moon (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Candan and Schultz (2015; new records), Ahti et al. (2016; checklist), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Thyridaria Sacc. 1875, Thyridariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 52 species, type: T. incrustans Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Thyridella (Sacc.) Sacc. 1895, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. colliculus Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyridium Nitschke 1867, Thyridiaceae, Diaportheomycetidae families incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species, type: T. vestitum (Fr.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence are available. Thyrinula Petr. & Syd. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, incertae sedis, one species, type: T. eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) H.J. Swart, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, Australia, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyriodictyella Cif. 1962, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. microsperma (Syd. & P. Syd.) Cif., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Dominian Republic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Micropeltidaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyriopsis Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Aulographaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. halepensis (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Aulographaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyriostromella Bat. & C.A.A. Costa 1959, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. calophylli (Sacc.) Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Malaysia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyronectria Sacc. 1875 (= Pleonectria Sacc. 1876; = Chilonectria Sacc. 1878; = Nectria subg. Aponectria Sacc. 1878; ≡ Aponectria (Sacc.) Sacc. 1883; = Mattirolia Berl. & Bres. 1889; = Scoleconectria Seaver 1909; = Thyronectroidea Seaver 1909 fide Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 40 species, type: T. patavina Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2014; revisited, phylogeny), Lombard et al. (2015; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Thyrostroma Höhn. 1911, Dothidotthiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 45 species, type: T. compactum (Sacc.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Phillips et al. (2008; accepted as genus in Dothidotthiaceae), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as genus in Dothidotthiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Crous et al. (2016b; phylogeny), cultures available but lacks for the type. Thyrostromella Höhn. 1919, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. myriana (Desm.) Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyrotheca Kirschst. 1944, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. nyssae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyrsidiella Höhn. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. lignicola (Höhn.) Clem. & Shear, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thyrsidina Höhn. 1905, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. carneominiata Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Thysanorea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous 2007, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: T. papuana (Aptroot) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype and cultures available for the type: CBS, Aptroot 36647, CBS 212.96. Thysanothecium Mont. & Berk. 1846, Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. hookeri Mont. & Berk., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tiarospora Sacc. & Marchal 1885, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: T. westendorpii Sacc. & Marchal, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Phookamsak et al. (2014b; accepted as a genus in Phaeosphaeriaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tiarosporella Höhn. 1919, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, c. five species, type: Sphaeropsis visci (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., coelomycetous, sexual morph Phaeobotryosphaeria, saprobes, endophytes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Phillips et al. (2008, 2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Liu et al. (2012; taxonomy, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Slippers et al. (2013; phylogeny), Crous et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Dissanayake et al.(2016; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Tiarosporellivora Punith. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. caricina Punith., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Germany, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tibellia Vezda & Hafellner 1992, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. dimerelloides Vezda & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Ticogloea G. Weber, Spaaij & W. Gams 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. guttulata G. Weber, Spaaij & W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, ?endophytes, terrestrial, Europe, Central America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ticomyces Toro 1952, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. psychotriae (F. Stevens) Toro, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded the genus from Meliolaceae and placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ticonectria Döbbeler 1998, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. perianthii Döbbeler, asexual morph unknown, on liver worts, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ticosynnema R.F. Castañeda, Granados & Mardones 2013, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. carranzae R.F. Castañeda, Granados & Mardones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Costa Rica, see CastañedaRuiz et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: HAL 2454F, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tilachlidium Preuss 1851, Tilachlidiaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: T. pinnatum Preuss, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny, new family), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Tilakidium Vaidya, C.D. Naik & Rathod 1986, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. indicum Vaidya, C.D. Naik & Rathod, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tilakiella Srinivas. 1973, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Tilakiella indica Srinivas., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Timdalia Hafellner 2001, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. intricata (H. Magn.) Hafellner, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Westberg et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tingoldiago K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka 2010, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. graminicola K. Hiray. & Kaz. Tanaka, saprobes, Japan, see Hirayama et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tinhaudeus K.L. Pang, S.Y. Guo & E.B.G. Jones 2015, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. formosanus K.L. Pang, S.Y. Guo & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Taiwan, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type strains of type: F28727, BCRC FU30496. Tirispora E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, 1994, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: T. unicaudata E.B.G. Jones & Vrijmoed, asexual morph unknown, two species, marine, on mangrove wood, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tirisporella E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Alias, 1996, Tirisporellaceae, Tirisporellales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. beccariana (Ces.) E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Alias asexual morph phialophora-like, on petiols of mangrove palm Nypa, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tirmania Chatin 1892, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: T. nivea (Desf.) Trappe, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Al-Laith (2010; Antioxidant components and antioxidant/antiradical activities), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Dib-Bellahouel and Fortas (2011; antibacterial activity), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Osmundson et al. (2013; DNA), sequences are available. Titaea Sacc. 1876, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 23 species, type: T. callispora Sacc., hyphomycetous, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Titaeopsis B. Sutton & Deighton 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. ugandae (Hansf.) B. Sutton & Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Titaeospora Bubák 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. detospora (Sacc.) Bubák, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Toensbergia Bendiksby & Timdal 2013, Sporastatiaceae, Rhizocarpales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. leucococca (R. Sant.) Bendiksby & Timdal, lichenized, corticolous, temperate northern hemisphere, see Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogenetic placement), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, type specimen UPS- L-86993 (holotype). Togniniella Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous 2004 (= Phaeocrella Réblová et al. 2004 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Calosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: T. acerosa Réblová, L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous, asexual morph formerly named in Phaeocrella, from living leaves, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Damm et al. (2008; DNA, morphology of asci), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Réblová (2011; phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 113726. Tolypocladium W. Gams 1971 (= Elaphocordyceps G.H. Sung & Spatafora 2007 fide Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016), Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 15 species, type: T. inflatum W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Elaphocordyceps, on soil, rotifers and mosquito larvae, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Sato et al. (2010a, b; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawadene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tomasellia A. Massal. 1856, Naetrocymbaceae, Dothideomycetes, incertae sedis, 50 species, type: T. arthonioides (A. Massal.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Naetrocymbaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tomenticola Deighton 1969, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. trematis Deighton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tomeoa I. Hino 1954, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. viridicolliculosa I. Hino, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tompetchia Subram. 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. webberi (H.S. Fawc.) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on insects, terrestrial, Australasia, North and South America, see Seifert et al (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Toninia A. Massal. [nom. cons.] 1852, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, species, 85 species, type: T. squalida (Ach.) A. Massal., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Moniri et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Farkas et al. (2011; ecology), Schmull et al. (2011; phylogeny), Urbanavichus et al. (2011; new records), Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhurbenko and Zhdanov (2013; taxonomy), Maier et al. (2014; ecology), Joshi et al. (2015; new records), Sezer et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available Toniniopsis Frey 1926, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. obscura Frey, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Topelia P.M. Jørg. & Vezda, 1984, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: T. rosea (Servít) P.M. Jørg. & Vezda, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot et al. (2014c; checklist), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vezda 2000, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: T. muscicola Kantvilas & Vezda, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Messuti et al. (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Plata et al. (2010; key), Sipman et al. (2012; new combinations), Mangold et al. 2009 (key Australia), Rivas Plata et al. (2010a, 2012a; taxonomy), Plata and Lücking (2013; taxonomy), Aptroot et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2014; new species), Lumbsch et al. (2014a, b; phylogeny), Weerakoon et al. (2015; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Toriella (Kohlm.) Sakay., K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2011, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Toriella tubulifera (Kohlm.) Sakay., K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Canada, Denmark, England, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, USA, Wales, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; morphology, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: BCC33511, BCC33512, BCC33513. Tornabea Østh.1980, Physciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. montagnei Trevis. asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Iran, Pakistan, KayseriAdamna, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Moniri (2010; taxonomy), Sohrabi et al.(2010; taxonomy), Aptroot and Iqbal (2012; checklist), Gaya et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Parsa et al. (2013; taxonomy), Halici et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Nattah et al. (2014, taxonomy, inventory), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are available. Toroa Syd. 1926, Pseudoperisporiaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. dimerosporioides (Speg.) Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Pseudoperisporiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Torpedospora Meyers 1957 (= Glomerulispora Abdel-Wahab & Nagah. fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Torpedosporaceae, Torpedosporales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: T. radiata Meyers, asexual morph formerly named in Glomerulispora, saprobes, marine, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab et al. (2010; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), holotype and ex-type strains of the type: Torrendiella Boud. & Torrend 1911, Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: T. ciliata Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures available for the type: F132996, needs generic revision. Torrentispora K.D. Hyde, W.H. Ho, E.B.G. Jones, K.M. Tsui & S.W. Wong 2000, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. fibrosa K.D. Hyde, Wai H. Ho, E.B.G. Jones, K.M. Tsui & S.W. Wong, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Hong Kong, Brunei, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Barbosa et al. (2014; new species, Costa Rica), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 4519, cultures and sequences are available. Torrubiella Boud. 1885, Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 71 species, type: T. aranicida Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Johnson et al. (2009; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sato et al. (2010a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tortispora Lachance & Kurtzman 2013, Trigonopsidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, eight species, type: T. ganteri Lachance & Kurtzman, asexual growth is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in rotted cacti, Costa Rica, Hawaii, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, see Lachance et al. (2013a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Tortulomyces Lar.N. Vassiljeva, S.L. Stephenson, Chernyshev & K.D. Hyde 2013, Nitschkiaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Tortulomyces thailandicus Lar.N. Vassiljeva, S.L. Stephenson, A.V. Chernyshev & K.D. Hyde, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, south-eastern Asia, see Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype of type: MFLU 11-1163, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Torula Pers. 1795, Torulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, eleven species, type: T. herbarum (Pers.) Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2015a, 2016a; typification, new species, phylogeny), neotype and exepitype of the type: CBS H-22275, CPC 24114. Torulaspora Lindner 1904, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: T. delbrueckii (Lindner) Lindner, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, plant material, Indonesian ragi, grapes, tree bark, mangrove trees, spoiled fruit juice, dough, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Torulopsiella Bender 1932, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. fumaginea (Speg.) Bender, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on leaves (sooty moulds), terrestrial, Australasia, South America, see Seifert et al (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tothia Bat. 1960, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: T. fuscella (Sacc.) Bat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Austria, Niederösterreich, Hungary and Italy, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; morphology; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline; phylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; morphology; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for all species. Tovariella Syd. 1930, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: T. pittieriana Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Towyspora Wanasinghe, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde 2016, Lentitheciaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. aestuari Wanasinghe, E.B.G. Jones & K.D. Hyde, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, UK, see Li et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-isotype culture of the type: MFLU 15–3543, MFLUCC 15–1274. Toxicocladosporium Crous & U. Braun 2007, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 14 species, type: T. irritans Crous & U. Braun asexual morphs hyphomycetous, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cladosporiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strains of type: CBS-H 19892, CBS 185.58. Toxosporiella B. Sutton 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. bactrodesmioides B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on leaves (sooty moulds), terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Toxosporiopsis B. Sutton & Sellar 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. capitata B. Sutton & Sellar, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on leaves (sooty moulds), terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trabutia Sacc. & Roum. 1881, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. abortiva (F. Stevens) Sivan., from living leaves, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; not genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tracylla (Sacc.) Tassi 1904, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. spartinae (Peck) Tassi, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Dominican Replublic, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trailia G.K. Sutherl. 1915, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: T. ascophylli G.K. Sutherl, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, one marine on brown seaweeds, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trapelia M. Choisy [nom. cons.] 1929, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: T. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) M. Choisy, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Macaronesia, Korea, Australia, Romania, Poland, Italy, Iraq, India, see Czarnota and Kukwa (2009; taxonomy), Baloch et al. (2010; phylogeny), Çobanoğlu eta. (2010; new records), Hodkinson (2010; biodiversity), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Tsurykau and Khramchankova (2011; checklist), Aptroot and Schumm (2012a; new species and new records), Hernandez et al. (2012; ecology), Łubek (2012; ecology), Rajakaruna et al. (2012; new record), Wieczorek and Łysko (2012; taxonomy), Joshi eta al. (2013; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Vondrák and Liška (2013; checklist), Ertz et al. (2014a; new species), Giralt et al. (2014; taxonomy), Ohmura et al. (2014; key), Brodo and Lendemer (2015; new species), Goni and Sharma (2015; new records), Kantvilas et al. (2015; new species), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Telfer et al. (2015; biodiversity inventory, DNA barcoding), Aziz and Qadir (2016; new records), Kondratyuk et al. (2016; new records), Schneider et al. (2016; phylogeny and partial sequence), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trapeliopsis Hertel & Gotth. Schneid. 1980, Trapeliaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: T. wallrothii (Flörke ex Spreng.) Hertel & Gotth. Schneid., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011b; taxonomy), Aptroot and Schumm (2012a; new species), Elix et al. (2013; Trapeliopsis granulosa var. australis, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Sanz- Resl et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available for the type: CP956. Traponora Aptroot 1997, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, five species, type: T. asterella Aptroot, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see see Aptroot (2009; monograph), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Tremateia Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss. 1995, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. halophila Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., asexual morph phoma-like., saprobes, marine, Atlantic Coast, see Suetrong et al. (2009; phylogeny, morphology), Jones et al. (2009b, 2015; classification), Azevedo et al. (2013; morphological identification), Ariyawansa et al. (2014d; accepted as a genus in Didymosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: J.K. 5522 (IMS). Trematophoma Petr. 1924, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. lignicola Petr., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, Dominican Replublic, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Trematosphaeria Fuckel 1870, Trematosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, c. 20 species, type: T. pertusa Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis), Suetrong et al. (2011b; phylogeny, new family), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Trematosphaeriaceae, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Zhang et al. (2012e; phylogeny), Ahmed et al. (2014a; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Zhou et al. (2014; new species), Tanaka et al. (2015; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Trematosphaeriopsis Elenkin 1901, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. parmeliana Jacz. & Elenkin, lichenicolous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable, Trematovalsa Jacobesco 1906, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. matruchotii Iacobescu, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tremellidium Petr. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. piskorzii Petr., coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tremolecia M. Choisy 1953, Hymeneliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: T. dicksonii (Ach.) M. Choisy, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Australia, Asia, North America, see Hansen (2009. 2014, 2015; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot and Iqbal (2012; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kantvilas (2014b; taxonomy, new species), McCune and Rosentreter (2014; new records), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; molecular), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available Trenomyces Chatton & F. Picard 1909, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eleven species, type: T. histophtorus Chatton & F. Picard, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, dioecious, hosts are Mallophaga (Arthropoda: Phthiraptera), widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence are unavailable. Tretocephala Subram. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. decidua Subram., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tretolylea Cantillo, R.F. Castañeda & Gusmão 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. pleiomorpha T. Cantillo, R.F. Castañeda & . Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Cantillo-Pérez et al. (2015; morphology), holotype of the type: HUEFS 211337, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Capnophialophora, Capnosporium Heteroconium, Lylea, Taeniolella and Taeniolina. Tretospeira Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. ugandensis (Hansf.) Piroz., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tretovularia Deighton 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. villiana (Magnus) Deighton, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Treubiomyces Höhn. 1909, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, seven species, type: T. pulcherrimus Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, sooty moulds, terrestrial, America, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Triacutus G.L. Barron & Tzean 1981, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, 18 species, type: T. subcuticularis G.L. Barron & Tzean, hyphomycetous, saprobes, from soil, on immunocompromised patients, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Edathodu et al. (2013; human pathogens Triadelphia pulvinata, DNA, treated as Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable for the type, genus could be polyphyletic, needs generic revision. Triadelphia Shearer & J.L. Crane 1971, Microascales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 18 species, type: T. heterospora Shearer & J.L. Crane, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Triainomyces W. Rossi & A. Weir 1998, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, T. hollowayanus W. Rossi & A. Weir, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, known from Procyliosoma tuberculatum (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Oniscomorpha: Sphaerotheriidae), New Zealand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable, needs revision. Triangularia Boedijn 1934, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: T. bambusae (J.F.H. Beyma) Boedijn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Triblidium Rebent. 1805, Triblidiaceae, Triblidiales, Leotiomycetes, one or six species, type: T. caliciforme Rebent., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tribolospora D. A. Reid 1966, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. sycopsidis D.A. Reid, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves of Sycopsis dunnii, New Guinea, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tribulatia Joanne E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones 2003, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. appendicospora Joanne E. Taylor, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones, saprobes, Queensland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tricellula Beverw. 1954, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. inaequalis Beverw., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Orbiliaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Triceromyces T. Majewski 1980, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, eight species, type: T. balazucii T. Majewski, no asexual state, biotrophic, monoecious, dioecious, and trioecious, hosts are Hebridae, Hydrometridae, and Veliidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), worldwide, see Santamaría (2008; morphology, review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Tricharia Fée 1825 Gomphillaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 30 species, type: T. gilva (Boud.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, India, Brazil, Colombia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lumbsch et al. (2011; new species), Messuti et al. (2011; new species), Mateus et al. (2012; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rashmi and Rajkumar (2015; taxonomy, new record), Sanders and Lücking (2015; new species), Sanders and de los Rios (2016; morphotaxonomy), Gupta and Sinha (2016; new report), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), van den Boom and Sipman (2016; new records), sequences are available. Tricharina Eckblad 1968, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 15 species, type: T. gilva (Boud. ex Cooke) Eckblad, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, temperate, see Benkert (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stielow et al. (2013; phylogeny), Kušan et al. (2015; new species), Lindemann and Böhning (2016; new species), sequences are available for voucher DED 7356 (SFSU) of the type: (fide Hansen et al. 2013). Trichasterina G. Arnaud 1918, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: T. styracis (Theiss.) G. Arnaud, asexual morph unknown, foliar epiphytes, terrestrial, tropical, three species, cultures and sequences are unavailable, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichobolbus Bat. 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. palmae Bat. & Cavalc, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, on leaves of Palmae, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichobolus (Sacc.) Kimbr. & Cain 1967, Ascodesmidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: T. zukalii (Heimerl) Kimbr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, on dung, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Doveri (2012; new species, coprophilous, Italy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichobotrys Penz. & Sacc. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: T. pannosa Penz. & Sacc., hyphomycetous, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichocladium Harz 1871, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 31 species, type: T. asperum Harz, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, terrestrial, aquatic, saprobes, worldwide, see Abdel-Wahab (2011b; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Abdel-Wahab and Bahkali (2012; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), polyphyletic, needs generic revision. Trichocoma Jungh. 1838, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: T. paradoxa Jungh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Houbraken and Samson (2011; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 247.57, CBS 788.83 (fide Houbraken and Samson 2011). Trichoconis Clem. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 20 species, type: T. caudata (Appel & Strunk) Clem., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropic, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Brackel (2014; new species), Silvansilva et al. (2015; new species, Brazil), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Trichodelitschia Munk 1953, Phaeotrichaceae, Phaeotrichales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: T. bisporula (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Munk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; outline, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 262.69. Trichoderma Pers. 1794 (= Hypocrea Fr. 1825; = Aphysiostroma Barrasa, A.T. Martínez & G. Moreno 1986 fide Rossman et al. 2013b; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2015), Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 100 species, type: T. viride Pers., hyphomycetous, sexual morph Hypocrea, in soil, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2013b; nomenclature), Jaklitsch and Voglmayr (2015; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Trichodiscula Vouaux 1910, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. lesdainii Vouaux, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, France, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichodochium Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. disseminatum Syd., hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Central and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichodothella Petr. 1946, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. blumeri Petr. ex S. Blumer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Zhang et al. (2011d; morphology, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Venturiaceae, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. comata (Berk. & Ravenel) Theiss. & Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, North America, Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Venturiaceae), Zhang et al. (2011d; provisionally included in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as a genus in Venturiaceae, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichoglossum Boud. 1885, Geoglossaceae, Geoglossales, Geoglossomycetes, 20 species, type: T. hirsutum (Pers.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, on soil, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Rutstroemiaceae), Kučera et al. (2010; new records in Slovakia), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Akata and Kaya (2013; new records in Turkey), Hustad et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available for the type. Trichohelotium Killerm. 1935, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, two species, need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichomaris Hibbits, G.C. Hughes & Sparks 1981, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. invadens Hibbits, G.C. Hughes & Sparks, on tanner crab, marine, Alaska, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichomatoclava G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. cerradensis G.F. Sepúlveda, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of type: UB (Mycol. Col.) 19442, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichomatomyces Dorn.-Silva & Dianese 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. byrsonimae (Bat. & Peres) Dorn.-Silva & Dianese, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichomatosphaera Pereira-Carv., G.F. Sepúlveda & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. cerradensis Pereira-Carv., G.F. Sepúlveda & Dianese, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: UB (Mycol. Col.) 19597, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichomerium Speg. 1918, Trichomeriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 32 species, type: T. coffeicola (Puttemans) Speg., asexual morph hyphomycetous, possibly Tripospermum Speg., epiphytes or saprobes, sooty moulds, terrestrial, Australia, Brazil, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Chomnunti et al. (2012; morphology; phylogeny), Liu et al. (2015a; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for type, needs generic revision. Trichometasphaeria Munk 1953, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: T. dianthi (Rostr.) Munk, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, North America, see Chlebicki (2009a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichonectria Kirschst. 1907, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, 19 species, type: T. aculeata Kirschst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Austria, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Gardiennet and Lechat (2011; new species), Brackel (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Farkas and Flakus (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Trichopeltella Höhn. 1910, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. montana (Racib.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichopeltheca Bat., C.A.A. Costa & Cif. 1958, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: T. montana (Racib.) Höhn., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, Asia, Pacific, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichopeltina Theiss. 1914, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: T. labecula (Mont.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichopeltospora Bat. & Cif. 1958, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: T. pipericola Bat., Cif. & C.A.A. Costa, asexual morph unknown. Epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, no molecular data, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: URM 2492, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Trichopeltulum Speg. 1889, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. pulchellum Speg., coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichopeltum Bat., Cif. & C.A.A. Costa (1958) [1957], ?Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, type: T. hawaiiense Bat. & C.A.A. Costa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wu wt al. (2011; did not accept the placement), needs generic revision. Trichopeziza Fuckel 1870, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 30 species, type: T. sulphurea (Pers.) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: KUS-F52218, needs generic revision. Trichophaea Boud. 1885 (= Dichobotrys Hennebert 1973 fide Healy et al. 2016), Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 32 species, type: T. woolhopeia (Cooke & W. Phillips) Boud., asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Benkert (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rubini et al. (2011; DNA, phylogeny), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Stielow et al. (2013; phylogeny), Perić et al. (2014; new species), sequences are available. Trichophaeopsis Korf & Erb 1972, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: T. bicuspis (Boud.) Korf & Erb, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Trichophyma Rehm 1904, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. bunchosiae Rehm, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: E. Ule 1120 (S), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Trichophyton Malmsten 1848, Arthrodermataceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, 32 species, type: T. tonsurans Malmsten, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on humans and other animal, saprobes, on soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hubka et al. (2014c; new species), Lorch et al. (2014; new species), Hiruma et al. (2016; DNA, mating types), culture and sequences are available for the type. Trichoseptoria Cavara 1892, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. alpei Cavara, coelomycetes, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichospermella Speg. 1912, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. pulchella Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichosphaerella E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc. 1891, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: T. decipiens E. Bommer, M. Rousseau & Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Whiton et al. (2012; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Döbbeler et al. (2015; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Lendemer et al. (2016; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type, needs generic revision. Trichosphaeria Fuckel 1870, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 new species, type: T. pilosa (Pers.) Fuckel, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for type: 089319. Trichosphaeropsis Bat. & Nascim. 1960, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. crescentiae Bat. & Nascim., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichosporiella Kamyschko 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. hyalina Kamyschko, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, oh human, on soil, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology, accepted as a genus in Sordariales), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for unidentified species, needs generic revision. Trichosporodochium Dorn.-Silva & Dianese 2004, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. cerradensis Dorn.-Silva & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichothallus F. Stevens 1925 (= Plokamidomyces Bat. et al. 1958; Trichopeltheca Bat. et al. 1958 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Euantennariaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, two species, type: T. hawaiiensis F. Stevens, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Oceania, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichothecium Link 1809, Hypocreales genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: T. roseum (Pers.) Link, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Summerbell et al. (2011; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Trichothelium Müll. Arg. 1885, Porinaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, 40 species, type: T. epiphyllum Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trichothyriella Theiss. 1914, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. quercigena (Berk. ex Cooke) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, South East Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Wu et al. (2011; trated as a doubtful genus), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichothyrinula Petr. 1950, Trichopeltinaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, one species, type: T. labecula (Mont.) Theiss., asexual morph unknown, epiphytes, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Trichopeltinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trichothyrium Speg. 1889, Trichothyriaceae, Dothideomycetes families incertae sedis, twelve species, type: T. sarciniferum Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, subtropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Trichothyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Tricladiella K. Ando & Tubaki 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. pluvialis K. Ando & Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tricladiopsis Descals 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. foliosa Descals, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, Europe, Central and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tricladiospora Nawawi & Kuthub. 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. stricta Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tricladium Ingold 1942, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 25 species, type: T. splendens Ingold, hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Campbell et al. (2009b; evolutionary relationships), Seifert et al. (2011, polyphyletic), Gulis et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Baschien et al. (2013; molecular phylogeny), sequences are available for 15 species, compare with Varicosporium, holotype of type: CBS 234.46, MUCL 28105, needs generic revision. Trifurcospora K. Ando & Tubaki 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. irregularis (Matsush.) K. Ando & Tubaki, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trigonopsis Schachner emend. Kurtzman & Robnett 2007, Trigonopsidaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, four species, type: T. variabilis Schachner, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, grape must, wine, beer, worldwide, cultures and sequences are available. Trigonosporium Tassi 1900, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. australiense Tassi, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trimmatostroma Corda 1837, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, c. 30 species type: T. salicis Corda, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, halophillic, worldwide, see Vaupotič et al. (2008; physiology), Bartosik et al. (2010; biodeterioration), Diederich et al. (2010a; new species), El-Said et al. (2010; Egypt), Mansour (2010; Lybia), Sepcic et al. (2010; metabolite profiling), Shenoy et al. (2010; phylogeny), Mohammadi (2011; spectrofluorometry), Ruiz‐González et al. (2013; isolation protocol), Sarma and Raghukumar (2013; India), Gessler et al. (2014; review), Gunde-Cimerman and Zalar (2014; solar salterns), Heuchert and Braun (2014; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Trimmatothele Norman ex Zahlbr. 1903, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: T. perquisita (Norman) Norman ex Zahlbr., lichenized, see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trimmatothelopsis Zschacke 1934, Acarosporaceae, Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. versipellis (Nyl.) Zschacke, lichenized, see Gueidan et al. (2014c; taxonomy), Knudsen and Lendemer (2016; taxonomy), Roux et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trinacrium Riess 1852, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, ten species, type: T. subtile Riess, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trinathotrema Lücking, Rivas Plata & Mangold 2011, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. stictideum (Nyl.) Lücking, R.Miranda & Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Bolivia, Canary Iceland, see Lücking et al. 2011b, Boom and Ertz (2012; new species, new records), Flakus et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Trinosporium Crous & Decock 2012, Xylonomycetaceae, Xylonomycetales, Xylonomycetes, T. guianense Crous & C. Decock, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, as a contaminant, see Crous et al. (2012e; taxonomy), Gazis et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Triplosphaeria Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. 2009, Tetraplosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: T. maxima Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hirayama, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Tanaka et al. (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: HHUF29330, JCM 13172. Tripoconidium Subram. 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. aphanophagum (Drechsler) Subram., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on nematodes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tripospermum Speg. 1918, Neodevriesiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, 27 species, type: M. caespitosa Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Rocha et al. (2010; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Tripospora Sacc. 1886, Coryneliaceae, Coryneliales, Eurotiomycetes, four species, type: T. cookei Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, South Africa, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Triposporina Höhn. 1912, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. uredinicola Höhn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Triposporium Corda 1837, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, 41 species, type: T. elegans Corda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species, phylogeny, accepted as a Helotiales), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, taxonomic placement is based on sequence of non-type, needs generic revision. Tripterosporella Subram. & Lodha 1968, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: T. coprophila Subram. & Lodha, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, coprophilous, terrestrial, Asia, Africa, see Doveri (2010; new species and two varities), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Triramulispora Matsush. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: T. gracilis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Triscelophorus Ingold 1943, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eight species, type: T. monosporus Ingold, hyphomycetous, saprobes, aquatic, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Fiuza et al. (2015a; morphology), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Triscelosporium Nawawi & Kuthub. 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. verrucosum Nawawi & Kuthub., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: IMI 313480, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tristratiperidium Daranagama, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde 2015, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one s[pecies, type: Tristratiperidium microsporum Daranag., Camporesi & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, Europe, one species, see Daranagama et al. (2016b; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 15-0413; holotype MFLU 15-0656. Trisulcosporium H.J. Huds. & B. Sutton 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. acerinum H.J. Huds. & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trizodia Laukka 2010, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. acrobia Laukka, lichenized, terrestrial, Finland, see Stenroos et al. (2010; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trochila Fr. 1849, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 15 species, type: T. craterium (DC.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dermateaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Cenangiaceae), cultures available for the type: KL333. Trochoideomyces Thaxt. 1931, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, one species, T. gracilicaulis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic, only known from Trochoideus desjardinsii (Coleoptera: Endomychidae), Malaysian Borneo, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Trochophora R.T. Moore 1955, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. simplex (Petch) R.T. Moore, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens on Daphnphyllum shrubs and trees in Asia, terrestrial, see Crous et al. (2009a; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype NY00945981, for epitype see Videira et al. (2017). Troglomyces S. Colla 1932, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, six species, type: T. manfredii S. Colla, asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on millipedes (Blaniulidae & Julidae), mostly Europe, Madeira, Tenerife, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Santamaría et al. (2014 morphology), Enghoff and Santamaría (2015, morphology, taxonomy, key, specificity and transmission), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tromeropsis Sherwood 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. microtheca (P. Karst.) Sherwood, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Finland, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Troposporella P. Karst. 1892, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: T. fumosa P. Karst., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Australasia, Europe, North and South America, see Tsui and Berbee (2010; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: MUCL 15695. Troposporium Harkn. 1884, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. album Harkn., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Troposporopsis Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. atroapicis Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Australasia, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Trullula Ces. 1852, Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis, 15 species, type: T. oreoselini Ces., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North temperate, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b; outline, taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, taxonomic placement is based od sequences of non-type:, needs generic revision. Truncatella Steyaert 1949, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, eleven species, type: T. truncata (Lév.) Steyaert, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Senanayake et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Tryblidaria (Sacc.) Rehm 1903, Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes, nine species, type: T. breutelii Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, subtropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Yacharoen et al. (2015; accepted as a genus in Patellariaceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tryblidiopsis P. Karst. 1871, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: T. pinastri (Pers.) P. Karst., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; listed as Triblidiopsis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang et al. (2014a; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available for the type: AFTOL-ID 1319. Tryblidiopycnis Höhn. 1918, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. pinastri Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tryblis Clem. 1931, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: T. arnoldii (Rehm) Clem., asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable Trypetheliopsis Asah. 1937, Monoblastiaceae, Monoblastiales, Dothideomycetes, six species, type: T. boninensis Asah., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, new synonym Musaespora Aptroot & Sipman, see Kashiwadani et al. (2009; taxonomy), Nelsen et al. (2009, 2011’ phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Trypethelium Spreng. [nom. cons.] 1804, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, 16 species, type: T. eluteriae Spreng., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy, monograph), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Tryssglobulus B. Sutton & Pascoe 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. aspergilloides B. Sutton & Pascoe, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tubakia B. Sutton 1973, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, eight species, type: T. japonica (Sacc.) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; treated as coelomycetous), Yun and Rossman (2011; new species), Harrington et al. (2012; new species), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Braun et al. (2014a; new species), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Tubakiella (Tubaki) Sakay., K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones 2011, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. galerita (Tubaki) Sakay., K.L. Pang & E.B.G. Jones, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, France, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, USA, Yugoslavia, see Sakayaroj et al. (2011a; morphology, phylogeny), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type strain of the type: BCC33500, PP5577. Tuber P. Micheli ex F.H. Wigg. 1780 (= ?Loculotuber Trappe, Parladé & I.F. Alvarez 1993 fide Jaklitsch et al. 2016a), Tuberaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, 135 species, type: T. aestivum Vittad., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, saprobes, hypogeous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Bonito et al. (2010a, b; new species), Culleré et al. (2010; aromatic compounds), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Benucci et al. (2011; ectomycorrhizal), Fan et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2014a; new species, China), Su et al. (2014; new species), Guevara-Guerrero et al. (2015; new species), Qing et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are available. Tuberculispora Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. jamaicensis Deighton & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tubeufia Penz. & Sacc., 1898, Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, 29 species, type: T. javanica Penz. & Sacc., saprobes on decaying wood or sheaths of bamboo, widespread, asexual morph hyphomycetous, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boonmee et al. (2014b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC12-0545; epitype of type: MFLU13-0371. Tubolachnum Velen. 1934, Lachnaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: need typification, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrrestrial, former Czechoslovakia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tuckermanella Essl. 2003, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: T. weberi (Essl.) Essl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Mexico, Colorado, Wisconsi, Norh Crolina, Colorado, see Shrestha and St. Clair (2009; new records), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Harris and Rogers (2011; sequencing), Nelsen et al. (2011a, 2013; molecular), Perlmutter (2013; inventory), Saag et al. (2013; list), Bartkowiak and Bennett (2016; taxonomy), Herrera Campos et al. (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Tuckermanopsis Gyeln. 1933, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: T. ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Büdel (2011; taxonomy), Kelly et al. (2011; molecular), Grochowski (2012; ecology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mcmullin et al. (2013; conservation), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Mark et al. (2016; molecular), sequences are available. Tulipispora Révay & J. Gönczöl 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. ingoldii Révay & J. Gönczöl, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: BP 99766, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tumidispora Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde 2015, Microthyriaceae, Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. shoreae Hongsanan & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: MFLU 15-1391, MFLUCC 12-0409. Tumularia Descals & Marvanová 1987, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: T. tuberculata (J. Gönczöl) Descals & Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, Europe, North and South Americ, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Tunicago B. Sutton & Pollack 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. uniolae B. Sutton & Pollack, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tunicatispora K.D. Hyde 1990, Halosphaeriaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. australiensis K.D. Hyde, saprobes, marine, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tunstallia Agnihothr. 1961, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. aculeata (Petch) Agnihothr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, pathogens, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Turgidosculum Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. ulvae (M. Reed) Kohlm. & E. Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, symbiotic, marine, worldwide, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Turturconchata J.L. Chen, T.L. Huang & Tzean 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: T. reticulata J.L. Chen, T.L. Huang & Tzean, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Tylophorella Vain. 1890, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: T. polyspora Vain., lichenized, terrestrial, Bolivia, New guinea, see Lumbsch et al. (2009b; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), McCarthy (2014; new record), Ertz et al (2015; new record), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Tylophoron Nyl. ex Stizenb. 1862, Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: T. protrudens Nyl., lichenized, terrestrial, mainly tropical, see Lumbsch et al. (2009b; molecular), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Aptroot et al. (2010; biodiversity), Ertz et al. (2011; molecular), Reddy et al. (2011; new record), Sethy et al. (2012; new record), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lendemer et al. (2013; new species), Lendemer and Harris (2014; taxonomy), Gupta and Sinha (2015; new records), Pérez-Pérez et al. (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tylophoropsis Sambo 1938, Caliciaceae, Caliciales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: T. nyeriana Sambo, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Physciaceae), Gaya et al. (2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Prieto and Wedin (2016; phylogeny), sequences are unavailable. Tylothallia P. James & H. Kilias 1981, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: T. biformigera (Leight.) P. James & H. Kilias, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Elix and Kantvilas (2013; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Øvstedal and Gremmen (2014; new combination), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Tympanis Tode 1790 (= Sirodothis Clem. 1909; Pleurophomella Höhn 1914 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Tympanidaceae, Phacidiales, Leotiomycetes, 27 species, type: T. saligna Tode, asexual morphs formerly known in Sirodothis and Pleurophomella, weak parasite of gymnoand angyosperms trees commonly associated with cankers, worldwide, common in temperate areas, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Quijada et al. (2015; phylogeny), Kowalski et al. (2016; distribution), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs typification and generic revision. Tympanopsis Starbäck 1894, Scortechiniaceae, Coronophorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: T. euomphala (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Starbäck, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, cosmopolitan, see Mugambi and Huhndorf (2010; phylogeny), Vasilyeva et al. (2012; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Tympanosporium W. Gams 1974, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: T. parasiticum W. Gams, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Typhulochaeta S. Ito & Hara 1915, Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Leotiomycetes, four species, type: T. japonica S. Ito & Hara, biotrophic, obligate plant pathogens, terrestrial, Asia, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are available. Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora 2012, Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, five species, type: T. fratricida (Tanda & Kobayasi) Kepler & Spatafora, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Kepler et al. (2012b; taxonomy), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Tyrannosorus Unter. & Malloch 1995, Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: T. pinicola (Petrini & P.J. Fisher) Unter. & Malloch, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, Pakistan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Zhang et al. (2011d; accepted as in Venturiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Venturiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 1235. Uberispora Piroz. & Hodges 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, four species, type: U. simplex (Ichinoe) Piroz. & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Caribbean, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jian et al. (2014; new species), Ma et al. (2014; new species, China), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ubrizsya Negru 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. oxycocci Negru & R. Sandor, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Rumania, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uleodothis Theiss. & Syd. 1915, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: U. balansiana (Sacc., Roum. & Berl.) Theiss. & Syd., saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uleomyces Henn. 1895, Cookellaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes family incertae sedis, four species, type: U. parasiticus Henn., asexual morph unknown, on rusts and ascomycetes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Cookellaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uleoporthe Petr. 1941, Sydowiellaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: U. orbiculata (Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr., asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uleothyrium Petr. 1929, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: U. amazonicum Petr., asexual morph coelomycetous (= Septothyrella-like, fide Hofmann 2009), epiphytes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hofmann (2009; review), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wu et al. (2011; taxonomy), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; keys), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), placement in Asterinaceae supported by morphology, cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: W 10746. Ulocoryphus Michaelides, L. Hunter & W.B. Kendr. 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. mastigophorus Michaelides, L. Hunter & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ulospora D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan. 1979, Tesudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: U. bilgramii (D. Hawksw., C. Booth & Morgan-Jones) D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan., marine sediments and plant material, Asia, terrestrial and marine, see Zhang et al. (2008b; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures available, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 12081. Ulurua Trappe, Claridge & Kovács 2010, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: U. nonparaphysata Trappe & Claridge, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, terrestrial, Northern Territory, see Trappe et al. (2010; taxonomy, phylogeny), isotype of the type: OSC 131126, sequences are available. Umbellidion B. Sutton & Hodges 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. radulans B. Sutton & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Umbilicaria Hoffm [nom. cons.] 1789, Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, 70 species, type: U. exasperata Hoffm.,asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Hájek et al. (2009; physiological exp.), Hestmark (2009, 2010, 2014, 2016; taxonomy, new records), Krzewicka and Wilk (2009; new species), Krzewicka et al. (2009; taxonomy), Lee et al. (2009a; bioactivity study), Luo et al. (2009; antioxidant study), Ranković et al. (2009; bioactivity study), Seo et al. (2009a; bioactivity study), Hestmark (2010; taxonomy), Hestmark et al. (2010, 2014; phylogeny), Kim et al. (2010; bioactivity study), Krzewicka (2010; combination), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Manojlović et al. (2011; antimicrobial study), Harańczyk et al. (2012; experimental study), Jupa et al. (2012; physiology), Kosanić et al. (2012; bioactivity study), McCune and Curtis (2012; taxonomy), Bendiksby & Timdal 2013, Buçukoglu et al. (2013; antioxidant study), Singh and Ravindra (2013; environmental study), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Park et al. (2013;mutagenic study), Hestmark (2014; taxonomy), McCune et al. (2014; new species), Tibell (2014; taxonomy), Wang et al. (2014d; antithrombotic study), Cao et al. (2015; molecular), Du et al. (2015; bioactivity study), Bogdanović et al. (2016; floristic), Davydov, and Ohmura (2016; taxonomy), Hestmark (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Umbilithecium Etayo 2002, Lecanoromycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. pseudocyphellariae Etayo., asexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on macrolichens of Pseudocyphellaria, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), needs revision, holotype of the type: MAF Etayo 23090, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Umthunziomyces Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2016, Planistromellaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: U. hagahagensis Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2016a; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22873, CPC 29917. Umushamyces Etayo 2002, Scoliciosporaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: U. kuturnum Etayo., asexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Coccotrema, terrestrial, South America, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), need revision, holotype of the type: MAF Etayo 22460, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Uncinocarpus Sigler & G.F. Orr 1976, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: U. reesii Sigler & G.F. Orr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the type (unpublished). Uncispora R.C. Sinclair & Morgan-Jones 1979, Chaetothyriales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: U. harroldiae R.C. Sinclair & Morgan-Jones, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Yang et al. (2011a; new species, China, DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Li et al. (2015a; new species; DNA), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type:, generic placement is based on no-type:, needs generic revision. Underwoodia Peck 1890, ?Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: U. columnaris Peck., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, from soil, terrestrial, worldwide, see Bonito et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny, stated that the genus is polyphyletic), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available for the type: U42658 (SSU). Unguicularia Höhn. 1905, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: U. unguiculata Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available (unpublished), needs generic revision. Unguiculariella K.S. Thind & R. Sharma 1990, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: U. bhutanica K.S. Thind & R. Sharma, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Bhutan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Unguiculariopsis Rehm 1909 (= Deltosperma W.Y. Zhuang 1988 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Cordieritidaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 25 species, type: U. ilicincola (Berk. & Broome) Rehm, asexual morph formerly known in Deltosperma, fungicolous and lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Etayo and Sancho (2008; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Helotiaceae), Brackel (2011a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline, taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Unguiculella Höhn. 1906, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 17 species, type: U. falcipila Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uniseta Ciccar. 1948, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. flagellifera (Ellis & Everh.) Ciccar., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Unisetosphaeria Pinnoi, E.B.G. Jones, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde 2003, Trichosphaeriaceae, Trichosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: S. styracum Speg., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Thailand, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Urceolella Boud. 1885, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 24 species, type: U. crispula (P. Karst.) Boud., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Baral et al. (2009; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Han et al. (2014; DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available for voucher TNS-F18014 of the type, needs generic revision. Uredinophila Rossman 1987, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: U. tropicalis (Speg.) Rossman, asexual morph unknown, parasitic on Pucciniales on leaves of Dryopteris tetragona, Venezuela, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Urnula Fr. 1849, Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, ten species, type: U. craterium (Schwein.) Fr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Pfister et al. (2008; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Carbone et al. (2013; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wang and Huang (2015; new species, DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available for voucher DHP 04-511 (FH) of the type. Urohendersonia Speg. 1902, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: U. platensis Speg., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, South America, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Urohendersoniella Petr. 1955, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. mastigospora Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uropolystigma Maubl. 1920, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: U. atrotestaceum Maubl., in living leaves, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Urosporella G.F. Atk. 1897, Clypeosphaeriacea, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: U. americana G.F. Atk., cosmopolitan, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Urosporellopsis W.H. Hsieh, Chi Y. Chen & Sivan. 1994, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: U. taiwanensis W.H. Hsieh, Chi Y. Chen & Sivan., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Taiwan, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype IMI 354629, cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ursicollum Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2006, Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: U. fallax Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype and ex-type cultures of type: PREM 58840, CMW 18119 = CBS 118663. Urupe Viégas 1944, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. guaduae Viégas, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae and placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Usnea Dill. ex Adans. 1763, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, c. 350 species, type: U. florida (L.) Weber ex Wigg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, world wide, see Duman et al. (2008; usnic acid content), Hauck and Jürgens (2008; acidity tolerance), Malhotra et al. (2008; traditional medicine), Schmeda‐Hirschmann et al. (2008; antifungal and antiprotozoal depside), Verma et al. (2008; antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity), Wirtz et al. (2008; ecology, cohesion approach), Behera et al. (2009; culture optimization and antioxidant), Kolanko and Matwiejuk (2009; new to Białowieża Primeval Forest), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Öztürk and Güvenç (2010; records from Black Sea region of Turkey), Suetina and Glotov (2010; Ontogeny and morphogenesis), Clerc (2011, Notes), Çobanoğlu (2011, new records), Kelly et al. (2011; DNA barcoding), Lauri et al. (2011; phylogenetic relations), Li et al. (2011; biomass, diversity), Ohmura (2012; synopsis of Usnea), Schiefelbein et al. (2012; floristic), Thippeswamy et al. (2012; antimicrobial activity), Türkez et al. (2012; cytogenetic and biochemical study), Wirtz (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; accepted as a valid genus), Truong et al. (2013; molecular, species delimitation), Ohmura (2014; New to Asia), Shukla et al. (2014b; taxonomy, India), Tõrra (2014; marker characterization), Sivas (2015; antigenotoxic effect), Çobanoğlu et al. (2016; antimicrobial activity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Mark et al. (2016; circumscribed species, phylogeny), Yang et al. (2016; anticancer activity), sequences are available. Usnocetraria M.J. Lai & J.C. Wei 2007, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: U. oakesiana (Tuck.) M.J. Lai & J.C. Wei, lichenized, see Thell et al. (2009, 2012; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Usnochroma Søchting, Arup & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: U. carphineum (Fr.) Søchting, Arup & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, France, South Africa, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Gaya et al. (2015; DNA), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. cultures available for the type: Ccar201 (fide Gaya et al. 2015). Ustilaginoidea Bref. 1895 (= Villosiclava E. Tanaka & C. Tanaka 2009 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: U. oryzae (Pat.) Bref., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, subtropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kepler et al. (2012; DNA), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Utriascus Réblová 2003, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: U. gabretae Réblová, asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Czech Republic, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uvarispora Goos & Piroz. 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: U. lignicola Goos & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Central America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Uwebraunia Crous & M.J. Wingf. 1996, Dissoconiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: U. juvenis Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Li et al. (2012a; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Uwemyces Hern. -Restr., G.A. Sarria & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: U. elaeidis Hern. -Restr., G.A. Sarria & Crous, hyphomycetous, associated with leaf spots, terrestrial, Australia, see Crous et al. (2016b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), culture and sequences are available. Vagicola K.W.T. Chethana & K.D. Hyde 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: V. vagans (Niessl) O. Eriksson, asexual morph unnown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Ariyawansa et al. (2015a; taxonomy), holotype of type species UPS:BOT:F–169873, cultures and sequences are available for the type species. Vaginatispora K.D. Hyde 1995, Lophiostomataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: V. aquatica K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobic, fresh water or terrestrial, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, all species have sequence data, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Thambugala et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny, accepted as a genus in Lophiostomataceae), Wanasinghe et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), ex-type strains of type: MFLUCC 11–0083 = IFRDCC 2462; holotype MFLU 11–1115. Vagnia D. Hawksw. & Miadl. 1997, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. cirriformia D. Hawksw. & Miadl., lichenicolous, Europe, terrestrial, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 371358. Vahliella P.M. Jørg. 2008, Vahliellaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: V. leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Jørg., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Jørgensen (2008; taxonomy) Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Wedin and Jørgensen (2011; new species), Wedin et al. (2011; phylogeny), Perez-Vargas et al. (2014; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are available, sequences are available. Vainionora Kalb 1991, Lecanoraceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, nine species, type: V. pallidostraminea (Vain.) Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Papong and Lumbsch (2011; taxonomy), Menezes et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Papong et al. (2013; molecular), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Valdensia Peyronel 1923 (= Valdensinia Peyronel 1953 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: V. heterodoxa Peyronel, asexual morph formerly known in Valdensinia, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Nekoduka et al. (2012; pathogens, Japan), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: HBI0401, needs generic revision. Valetoniella Höhn. 1909, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: V. crucipila Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, or fungicolous, terrestrial, tropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Valetoniellopsis Samuels & M.E. Barr 1998, Niessliaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: V. laxa Samuels & M.E. Barr, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 191.97. Valsalnicola D.M. Walker & Rossman 2012, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: V. oxystoma (Rehm) D. Walker & Rossman, asexual morph dimorphic, pathogens, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, America, see Crous et al. (2012c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), lectotype of the type: BPI 884138, cultures available for the type: AR4833. Valsaria Ces. & De Not., Comm. 2015, Valsariaceae, Valsariales, Dothideomycetes, 140 epithets, type: V. insitiva (Tode) Ces. & De Not. 1863, asexual morph coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, widely distributed, see Glawe (1985; sexual and asexual morphs, morphology), Ju et al. (1996), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2015; sexual and asexual morphs, morphology, phylogeny). Vamsapriya Gawas & Bhat 2006, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: V. indica Gawas & Bhat 2006, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, India, Thailand, see Gawas and Bhat (2005, morphology), Pratibha and Bhat (2008, morphology), Dai et al. (2014b; asexual morph, morphology, phylogeny, 2016; sexual morph, morphology, phylogeny), ex-epitype culture of type: MFLUCC 12–0544 = ICMP 20734. Vanakripa Bhat, W.B. Kendr. & Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: V. gigaspora Bhat, W.B. Kendr. & Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Brazil, see Arias Mota et al. (2008; new species), Hu et al. (2010a; new species, China), Mel’nik et al. (2011; new species, Vietnam), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Leão-Ferreira et al. (2013; new species; Brazil), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vanbeverwijkia Agnihothr. 1961, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. spirospora Agnihothr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Assam, USA, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vanderwaltozyma Kurtzman 2003, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: V. polyspora (van der Walt) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, soil, cactus fruit, tanning fluids, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Vanderystiella Henn. 1908, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. leopoldvilleana Henn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vanterpoolia A. Funk 1982, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. tsugae A. Funk, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Varicellaria Nyl. 1858, Ochrolechiaceae, Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: V. microsticta Nyl., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmitt et al. (2012; circumscription), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Ren and Li (2013; new record), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; molecular), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type. Varicosporium W. Kegel 1906, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, eleven species, type: V. elodeae W. Kegel, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in soil, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, worldwide, see Campbell et al. (2009b; phylogeny, polyphyletic), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Baschien et al. (2016; DNA, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: CBS 541.92, needs generic revision. Variocladium Descals & Marvanová 1998, Mollisiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: V. rangiferinum (Descals) Descals & Marvanová, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, temperate, see Campbell et al. (2009b; phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 508.71 (unpublished), needs generic revision. Variospora Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, twelve species, type: V. velana (A. Massal.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, North Africa, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kondratyuk et al. (2014; DNA), Gaya et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); cultures available for the type: Cavel192, sequences are available. Vasudevella Chona, Munjal & Bajaj 1957, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. sporoboli Chona, Munjal & Bajaj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Velloziomyces Armando, Z.M. Chaves & Dianese 2015, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. ramosiconidialis Armando, Z.M. Chaves & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, on living leaves, terrestrial, Brazil, see de Souza Armando et al. (2015; morphology), holotype of the type: UBMC 8849, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Dictyodochium, Minimidochium and Iyengarina. Velutaria Fuckel 1870, Pezizellaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: V. griseovitellina (Fuckel) Fuckel, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Velutarina Korf 1971, Cenangiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: V. rufoolivacea (Alb. & Schwein.) Korf, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Perić et al. (2015; new species), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Pärtel et al. (2017; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Velutipila D. Hawksw. 1987, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. poeltii D. Hawksw., algicolous, terrestrial, Europe, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2103; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 309488. Ventrographium H.P. Upadhyay, Cavalc. & A.A. Silva 1986, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. nervicola H.P. Upadhyay, Cavalc. & A.A. Silva, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Venturia Sacc. 1882 (= Fusicladium Bonord. 1851; = Pollaccia E. Bald. & Cif. 1937; = Pseudocladosporium U. Braun 1998 fide Rossman et al. 2015b), Venturiaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 60 species, type: V. inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter, asexual morph hyphomycetous, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Zhang et al. (2011d; phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossman et al. (2015b; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Venturiocistella Raitv. 1979, Hyaloscyphaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, seven species, type: V. venturioides (Sacc. & Roum.) Raitv., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hosoya et al. (2011; taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Venustocephala Matsush. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: V. aequatorialis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Neotropics, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Venustosynnema R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr. 1990, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: V. ciliatum (R.F. Castañeda, G.R.W. Arnold & A.G. Guerra) R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Caribbean, Taiwan, see Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (2009b; new species),Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kirschner and Liu (2014; new species, Taiwan), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Veracruzomyces Mercado, Guarro, Heredia & J. Mena 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. obclavatus Mercado, Guarro, Heredia & J. Mena, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Veramycella G. Delgado 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. bispora G. Delgado, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Veramyces Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. manuensis Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verdipulvinus A.W. Ramaley 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. nolinae A.W. Ramaley, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vermiconia Egidi & Onofri 2014, Extremaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes genera incertae saedis, four species, type: V. foris D. Isola & L. Selbmann, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, rock-inhabiting fungus, see Egidi et al. (2014; taxonomy), Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; phylogeny), Isola et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: CBS 136106 = CCFEE 5459. Vermiculariopsiella Bender 1932, Microascales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, 19 species, type: V. immersa (Desm.) Bender, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Dhargalkar and Bhat (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2012a; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dubey and Moonambeth (2014b; new species), Crous et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequence available but lack for the type, generic placement is based on non-type, needs generic revision. Vermispora Deighton & Piroz. 1972, Orbiliaceae, Orbiliales, Orbiliomycetes, seven species, type: V. grandispora Deighton & Piroz., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, nematode cysts, in soil, terrestrial, Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Veronaea Cif. & Montemart. 1957, Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, 21 species, type: V. botryosa Cif. & Montemart., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, fungicolous, on dung, on soil, worldwide, see Soares, and Barreto (2008; new species), Chlebicki (2009a; new species), Pan et al. (2009; new species, China), de Hoog et al. (2011; DNA), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 254.57. Veronaella Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy 1975, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. indica Subram. & K.R.C. Reddy, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Veronaeopsis Arzanlou & Crous 2007, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. simplex (Papendorf) Arzanlou & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Zhang et al. (2011d; accepted as a genus in Sympoventuriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Sympoventuriaceae), Samerpitak et al. (2014; phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-7810, CBS 588.66 = IMI 203547. Veronaia Benedek 1961, Eurotiomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: V. castellanii Benedek, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Veronidia Negru 1964, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. oxycocci Negru, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Rumania, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verpa Sw. 1815, Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, five species, type: V. conica (O.F. Müll.) Sw., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Osmundson et al. (2013; DNA), cultures available for type: AFTOL-ID 74 (unpublished). Verrucaria Schrad. [nom. cons.] 1794, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, 300 species, type: V. rupestris Schrad., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, needs generic revision. Verrucariella S. Ahmad 1967, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. capparicola S. Ahmad, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Pakistan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verrucocladosporium K. Schub., Crous & Aptroot 2007, Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: V. dirinae K. Schub., Crous & Aptroot, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, temperate, see Braun et al. (2009; new species), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Zhurbenko et al. (2015c; new species), holotype and available cultures of the type: CBS H19883, CBS 112794. Verrucoconiothyrium Crous 2015, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. nitidae (Crous & Denman) Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Germany, see Crous et al. (2015c; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype of the type species PREM 55346. Verruconis Samerp., H.J. Choi, Van den Ende, Horré & de Hoog 2013, Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. gallopava (W.B. Cooke) Samerpitak & de Hoog, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, human pathogen, terrestrial, South Africa, see Giraldo et al. (2014b; phylogeny), Samerpitak et al. (2014, 2016; phylogeny, barcoding), Seyedmousavi et al. (2014; antifungal susceptibility), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c, 2017; outline), Geltner et al. (2015; Necrotizing mycosis), ex-type cultures of the type: CBS 437.64= MUCL 6683=IFM 52605. Verrucophragmia Crous, M.J. Wingf. & W.B. Kendr. 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. splendens Crous, M.J. Wingf. & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: PREM 51441, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verrucoplaca S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell & J.S. Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: V. verruculifera (Vain.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, M.-H. Jeong, N.N. Yu, A.S. Kondratiuk & J.S. Hur, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014; taxonomy, DNA), Gaya et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verrucostoma Hirooka, Tak. Kobay. & P. Chaverri 2010, Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: V. freycinetiae Hirooka, Tak. Kobay. & P. Chaverri, asexual morph acremonium-like, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Hirooka et al. (2010; taxonomy), Crous et al. (2015d; new specie), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: BPI 878948, cultures and sequences are available. Verruculina Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. 1990, Testudinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, marine, Liberia, see Suetrong et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Didymosphaeriaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Testudinaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline, marine), cultures available for the type: BCC 18402. Verruculopsis Gueidan, Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux 2007, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, six species, type: V. poeltiana (Clauzade & Cl. Roux) Gueidan, Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Krzewicka (2012; new species, Poland), Kukwa and Pérez-Ortega (2012; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available,.cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 2298, needs generic revision. Versicolorisporium Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada 2008, Occultibambusaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. triseptatum Sat. Hatak., Kaz. Tanaka & Y. Harada, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, morphology), Dai et al. (2016; phylogeny, morphology, sexual and asexual morphs), ex-type culture of type: MFLUCC 11–0179. Vertexicola K.D. Hyde, Ranghoo & S.W. Wong 2000, Annulatascaceae, Annulatascales, Sordariomycetidae, two species, type: V. caudatus K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong & Ranghoo, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, fresh water, terrestrial, Philippines, Hong Kong, Costa Rica, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Barbosa et al. (2013; new species, Costa Rica), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), holotype of the type: HKU (M) 3108, cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Verticicladus Matsush. 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, three species, type: V. amazonensis Matsush.., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, aquatic, Africa, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Guo et al. (2015; new species), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Verticillium Nees 1816, Plectosphaerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes, c. 20 species (in strict sense), type: V. dahliae Kleb., hyphomycetous, Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for type species ATCC 16535. Verticimonosporium Matsush. 1971, Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: V. diffractum Matsush., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North and South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures available for the type: NRRL 26545, needs generic revision. Vesicladiella Crous & M.J. Wingf. 1994, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: V. capitata (B. Sutton) Crous & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Australia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of type: IMI163277a. Vesiculohyphomyces Armando, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese 2009, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. cerradensis Armando, Pereira-Carv. & Dianese, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Pereira-Carvalho et al. (2009b; taxonomy), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: UB (Mycol. Col.) 14595, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vestergrenia Rehm 1901, Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, 13 species, type: V. nervisequia Rehm, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Dothideaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Botryosphaeriaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Vestergrenopsis Gyeln. 1940, Koerberiaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: V. elaeina (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Gyeln., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Spribille and Muggia (2013; new species, DNA, phylogeny), sequences are available for voucher Spribille 24525 (KLGO) of the type, Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Vestigium Piroz. & Shoemaker 1972, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: V. felicis Piroz. & Shoemaker, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, cosmopolitan, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Shoemaker et al. (2013; new species), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Vezdaea Tscherm.-Woess & Poelt 1976, Vezdaeaceae, Vezdaeales, Ascomycota orders incertae sedis, twelve species, type: V. aestivalis (Ohlert) Tscherm.-Woess & Poelt, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saprobes, Europe, see Czarnota and Kukwa (2009; Poland), Lumbsch et al. (2009a; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification) cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Vialaea Sacc. 1896, Vialaeaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: V. insculpta (Fr.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Senanayake et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID:1302. Vibrissea Fr. 1822 (= Anavirga B. Sutton 1975 fide Johnston et al. 2014b), Vibrisseaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 34 species, type: V. truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., asexual morph formerly known in Anavirga, saprobes, aquatic or semiaquatic, worldwide, see Grünig et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad and Miller (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Raja et al. (2011a; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Johnston et al. (2014b; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: CBS 143.92. Viegasella Inácio & P.F. Cannon 2003, Parmulariaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. pulchella (Speg.) Inácio & P.F. Cannon, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, listed as Viegasiella), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Parmulariaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), holotype of type: LPS, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vigneronia Ertz 2015, Roccellaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, three species, type: V. spieri (Aptroot & Sparrius) Ertz & Bungartz, sexual morph with lirelliform ascomata, lichenized, terrestrial, neotropical, see Ertz et al. (2015b, c; morphology, phylogeny); Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available, holotype and ex-type strain of the type: Aptroot 65014 (CDS31595). Vikalpa D'souza, Boonmee, Bhat & K.D. Hyde 2016, Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: V. australiense (B. Sutton) D'souza, Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Thailand, China, see Boonmee et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype: HKAS 83979, cultures and sequences are available. Villophora Søchting, Arup & Frödén 2013, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: V. isidioclada (Zahlbr.) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, saxicolous or epiphytic, terrestrial, southern hemisphere, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kondratyuk et al. (2015c; new species, DNA, phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequence available for the type: KC179325 (ITS) (fide Arup et al. 2013). Violella T.Sprib. 2011, Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: V. fucata (Stirt.) T. Sprib., lichenized, see Spribille et al. (2011; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Virgaria Nees 1816 (= Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju 2002 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, 16 species, type: V. nigra (Link) Nees, sexual morph formerly known in Ascovirgaria, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, Australia, Europe, Japan, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nonaka et al. (2013a; new species, Japan, DNA), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Réblová et al. (2016c; nomenclature), cultures available for the type: NBRC 9453. Virgariella S. Hughes 1953, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: V. globigera (Sacc. & Ellis) S. Hughes, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, Caribbean, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Virgatospora Finley 1967, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: V. echinofibrosa Finley, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, pantropical, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Lombard et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), culture available for the type: CBS. Virgella Darker 1967, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: V. robusta (Tubeuf) Darker, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Viridiannula Etayo 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. pertusariae Etayo, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, parasymbiont, terrestrial, Spain, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs revision, holotype of the type: hb. Etayo, Etayo 14496. Viridothelium Lücking, M.P. Nelsen & Aptroot 2016, Trypetheliaceae, Trypetheliales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: V. virens (Tuck. ex Michener) Lücking, M.P. Nelsen &Aptrootasexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Aptroot and Lücking (2016; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b, c; classification), sequences are available. Vishnumyces Hosag. 2010, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V, otonephelii Hosag. & Harish, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hosagoudar and Harish (2010; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Hyde et al. (2013) and Hongsanan et al. (2014c) did not treat as a genus in Asterinaceae, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vismaya V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde 2001, Diaporthales genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. chaturbeeja V.V. Sarma & K.D. Hyde, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hong Kong, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, listed as Vismya), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2017; outline), lectotype of the type: HKU (M) 12457, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vitreostroma P.F. Cannon 1991, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: V. desmodii (Henn.) P.F. Cannon, in living leaves, montane paleotropics, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vittalia Gawas & Bhat 2007, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. indica Gawas & Bhat, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vittatispora P. Chaudhary, J. Campb., D. Hawksw. & K.N. Sastry 2006, Ceratostomataceae, Melanosporales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: V. coorgii P. Chaudhary, J. Campb., D. Hawksw. & K.N. Sastry, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures available for the type: BICC 7817. Vivantia J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand. 1996, Graphostromataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: V. guadalupensis J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Cand., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, Guadeloupe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; trnsferred to Graphostromataceae), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Vizella Sacc. 1883, Vizellaceae, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: V. conferta (Cooke) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Vizellaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vizellopsis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & T.T. Barros 1969, Asterinaceae, Asterinales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. grevilleae Bat., J.L. Bezerra & T.T. Barros, asexual morph unknown, foliar epiphytes, terrestrial, New Caledonia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Dai et al. (2014a; accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae based on morphology), Hongsanan et al. (2014c; taxonomy, accepted as a genus in Asterinaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vladracula P.F. Cannon, Minter & Kamal 1986, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: V. annuliformis (Syd., P. Syd. & E.J. Butler) P.F. Cannon, Minter & Kamal, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Vleugelia J. Reid & C. Booth 1969, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: V. betulina (Bubák & Vleugel) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Volkartia Maire 1907, Protomycetaceae, Taphrinales, Taphrinomycetes, one species, type: V. rhaetica (Volkart) Maire, asexual reproduction is unknown, plant parasite, parasitic on species of Asteraceae, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Volutella Fr. 1832 (= Volutellonectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, c. 25 species, type: V. ciliata (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Volutellonectria, saprobes, terrestrial, widespread, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Gräfenhan et al. (2011, morphology, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures available for type: WBS025, YIMPH30011, GJS 85.205, DAOM 226718, CBS 483.61. Vonarxella Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Peres 1965, Saccardiaceae, Ascomycota families incertae sedis, one species, type: V. dipterygis Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Peres, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vonarxia Bat. 1960, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: V. anacardii Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Crous et al. (2009a; DNA, phylogeny, treated as hyphomycetous-i.e. with sporodochial conidioma), Seifert et al. (2011; treated as coelomycetous), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Vouauxiella Petr. & Syd. 1927, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: V. verrucosa (Vouaux) Petr. & Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, Europe, South America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Vrystaatia Quaedvl., W.J. Swart, Verkley & Crous 2013, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: V. aloeicola Quaedvlieg, Verkley, W.J. Swart & Crous coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogenic, terrestrial, South Africa, , see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), ex-type strains of type: CBS 135107, holotype of type: CBS H-21313. Vulpicida J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai 1993, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, six species, type: V. juniperinus (L.) J.-E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kowalski et al. (2011; bioactivity study), Kristiina et al. (2012; molecular), Mark et al. (2012; molecular), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kubiak and Guzow (2014; taxonomy), Saag et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Wadeana Coppins & P. James 1978, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: W. dendrographa (Nyl.) Coppins & P. James, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences unavailable. Wahlenbergiella Gueidan & Thüs 2009, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: W. mucosa (Wahlenb.) Gueidan & Thüs, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, Europe, see Gueidan et al. (2009, 2011; taxonomy), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Shivarov et al. (2013; new records, Bulgaria), Higgins et al. (2015; factors in distributing), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available, cultures available for the type: AFTOL-ID 2264. Waihonghopes Yanna & K.D. Hyde 2002, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. australiensis Yanna & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Wallrothiella Sacc. 1882, Amplistromataceae, Amplistromatales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: W. congregata (Wallr.) Sacc., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Huhndorf et al. (2009; DNA, phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures available for the type: ANM81, needs generic revision. Waltonia Saho 1970, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: W. pinicola Saho, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Warcupia Paden & J.V. Cameron 1972, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: W. terrestris Paden & J.V. Cameron, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Barua et al. (2012; environmental adaptations), Hansen et al. (2013; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 891.69. Warcupiella Subram. 1972, Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, three species, type: W. spinulosa (Warcup) Subram., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Houbraken and Samson (2011; taxonomy, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), culture available for type: CBS 430.64. Wardinella Bat. & Peres 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. jaboatonensis Bat. & Peres, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Wardomyces F.T. Brooks & Hansf. 1923, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, ten species, type: W. anomalus F.T. Brooks & Hansf., hyphomycetous, saprobes, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Wardomycopsis Udagawa & Furuya 1978, Microascaceae, Microascales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: W. inopinata Udagawa & Furuya, hyphomycetous, saprobes, Asia, Europe, North America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Sandoval-Denis et al. (2016b; new species, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Wawea Henssen & Kantvilas 1985, Arctomiaceae, Arctomiales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: W. fruticulosa Henssen & Kantvilas, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Wawelia Namysł. 1908, Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: W. regia Namysl., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, coprophilous, Europe, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Waydora B. Sutton 1976, Valsaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: W. typica (Rodway) B. Sutton, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for voucher PDD 103894 of the type: (unpublished), needs generic revision. Waynea Moberg 1990, Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species; type: W. californica Moberg; lichenized; see Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Websteromyces W.A. Baker & Partr. 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. verruculosus W.A. Baker & Partr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), holotype of the type: AUA, Webster, 11 Jul. 1991, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Weddellomyces D. Hawksw. 1986, Dacampiaceae, Dothideomycetes familie incertae sedis 14 species, type: W. epicallopisma (Weddell) D. Hawksw. (syn. Verrucaria epicallopisma Weddell), see Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (21013; accepted), Jaklitsch et al. 2016; classification), sequences are unavailable, isotype of type: H-Nyl 391. Wegea Aptroot & Tibell 1997, Arthoniales genera incertae sedis, Arthoniomycetes, one species, type: W. tylophorelloides Aptroot & Tibell, lichenized, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are unavailable. Wehmeyera J. Reid & C. Booth 1989, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: W. acerina (Wehm.) J. Reid & C. Booth, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Wentiomyces Koord. 1907, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, c. 50 species, type: W. javanicus Koord., Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Wenyingia Zheng Wang & Pfister 2001, Otideaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, one species, type: W. sichuanensis Zheng Wang & Pfister, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Westea H.J. Swart 1988, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. banksiae H.J. Swart, saprobes, terrestrial, Australia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Westerdykella Stolk 1955, Sporormiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, 49 species, type: W. ornata Stolk, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kruys and Wedin (2009; new species), Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Asgari and Zare (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Ebead et al. (2012; new species), Armentano et al. (2013; pathogens of dogs), de Gruyter et al. (2012; new species, phylogeny), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Sporormiaceae, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures available for the type: CBS 379.55. Wettsteinina Höhn. 1907, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 29 species, type: W. gigantospora (Rehm) Höhn., saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, needs generic revision. Weufia Bhat & B. Sutton 1985, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. tewoldei Bhat & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Africa, Caibbe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Whalleya J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & F. San Martín 1997, Lopadostomataceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: W. microplaca (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & F. San Martín, asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wedt et al. (2017; transferred to Lopadostomataceae), cultures and sequences are available. Wickerhamia Soneda 1960, Metschnikowiaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: W. fluorescens (Soneda) Soneda, saprophytic, Japan, France, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Wickerhamiella van der Walt 1973, Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 25 species, type: W. domercqiae van der Walt & Liebenberg, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding on either a narrow or a broad base, saprophytic, on nitidulid beetles, flowers of morning glory (Hibiscus spp.) and cacti, wine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Wickerhamomyces Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers 2008, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: W. canadensis (Wickerham) Kurtzman, Robnett & Basehoar-Powers, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but several species are infrequent clinical isolates, in tree sap fluxes, insect tunnels in trees, leaf litter, berries, soil, tanned leather, soy sauce, blood, lung, eye, worldwide, see de García et al. (2010; new species, DNA), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Wicklowia Raja, A. Ferrer & Shearer 2010, Wicklowiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: W. aquatica Raja, A. Ferrer & Shearer, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, aquatic, USA, see Raja et al. (2010b; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype of the type: ILL 40790. Wiesneriomyces Koord. 1907, Wiesneriomycetaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: W. javanicus Koord., hyphomycetous, saprobe, terrestrial, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Suetrong et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Wilcoxina Chin S. Yang & Korf 1985, Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: W. mikolae (Chin S. Yang & H.E. Wilcox) Chin S. Yang & Korf, asexual morph unknown, hypogeous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Siemens and Zwiazek (2008; mycorrhizal with Hebeloma crustuliniforme), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures are available for the type: but unpublished, sequence available for the type: DQ220468 (LSU). Willeya Müll. Arg. 1883, Verrucariaceae, Verrucariales, Eurotiomycetes, eleven species; type: W. diffractella (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., lichenized, see Gueidan et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Gueidan and Lendemer (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Wirthiotrema Rivas Plata, Kalb, Frisch & Lumbsch 2010, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: W. glaucopallens (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Kalb, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, tropical, see Rivas Plata et al. (2010a; classification), Sipman et al. (2012; key), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Wojnowiciella Crous, M. Hern.-Restr. & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: W. eucalypti Crous, M. Hern.-Restr. & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Crous et al. (2015a, d, 2016a, b; new species, phylogeny), Hernandez-Restrepo et al. (2016; new species, new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; taxonomy, outline, phylogeny), cultures are available. Wolfina Seaver ex Eckblad 1968, Chorioactidaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: W. aurantiopsis (Ellis) Seaver, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, USA, China, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hustad and Miller (2011b; DNA, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available. Wolkia Ramsb. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: W. decolorans (Wolk) Ramsb., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Java, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Wongia Khemmuk, Geering & R.G. Shivas 2016, Papulosaceae, Diaportheomycetidae family incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: W. garrettii (P. Wong & M.L. Dickinson) Khemmuk, Geering & R.G. Shivas, asexual morph unknown, pathogen, Australia, see Khemmuk et al. (2016; taxonomy, phylogeny), holotype: DAR 76937, cultures and sequences are available. Woodiella Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: W. natalensis Sacc. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Woswasia Jaklitsch, Réblová & Voglmayr 2012, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: W. atropurpurea Jaklitsch, Réblová & Voglmayr, asexual morph formed in culture only (penicilliate heads with terminally arranged, sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells producing simple ellipsoid to obovoid, hyaline, nonseptate conidia holoblastically), myotrophic saprobes, terrestrial, Italy, see Jaklitsch et al. (2013; original description, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2014; close relationship with Xylochrysis), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), sequence are available, holotype and ex-type of type: WU 32007, CBS 133167. Wuestneia Auersw. ex Fuckel 1864, Melanconidaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, 20 species, type: W. aurea (Fuckel) Auersw., forms pycnidial asexual morphs harknessia-like, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Crous et al. (2012f; placement in new family Harknessiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Wynnea Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1867, Sarcoscyphaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, seven species and two variants, type: W. gigantea Berk. & M.A. Curtis, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, North and Central America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Romero et al. (2012; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available Wynnella Boud. 1885, Helvellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes, three species, type: W. auricula (Schaeff.) Boud., saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Asia, North America, see Parslow and Spooner (2009, new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Landeros et al. (2015; phylogeny), Zhao et al. (2015; new species, phylogeny), sequences are available. Xalocoa Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch 2013, Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: X. ocellata (Fr.) Kraichak, Lücking & Lumbsch, asexual morph unknown, lichenized fungi, terrestrial, temperate, see Kraichak et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xanthocarpia A.Massal. & De Not. 1853, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 13 species, type: X. ochracea (Schaer.) A. Massal. & De Not., lichenized, see Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xanthodactylon P.A. Duvign 1941, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, seven species, type: X. perforatum P.A. Duvign, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Fedorenko et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Nyati et al. (2013; phylogeny), sequences are unavailable for type species. Xanthomendoza S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt 1997, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: X. mendozae (Räsänen) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Fedorenko et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lamit et al. (2011; ecology), Messuti et al. (2011; new species), Moniri, et al. (2011; new record), Riddell et al. (2011; air pollution), Bomble (2012; taxonomy), Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Hauck et al. (2013a; new records), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Leavitt et al. (2013; taxonomy), Lindblom and Søchting (2013; genetic diversity of photobiont), Nyati et al. (2013; phylogeny), Diederich et al. (2014; new combination), Kondratyuk et al. (2014; phylogeny), Lindblom (2014; taxonomy), Palmer (2014; ecology), Valadbeigi (2014; floristic), Crittenden et al. (2015; ecology), Gaya et al. (2012, 2015; molecular), Holt et al. (2015; ecology), Mcmullin et al. (2015; new records), Miralles et al. (2015; biostrategy), Suija et al. (2015c; new record), Tripp (2015; inventory), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale 1974, Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, 820 species, type: X. conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Elix and Kantvilas (2009; new species), Tuzen et al. (2009; biosorptive study), Dailey et al. (2010; chemical study), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Pérez-Vargas et al. (2010b; new species), Yazici et al. (2010; new records), Hawksworth et al. (2011a; checklist), Hodkinson and Lendemer (2011a; molecular), Leavitt and Clair (2011; ecology), Leavitt et al. (2011b, c; taxonomy and molecular), Biazrov (2012; physiology), de Paz et al. (2012; molecular taxonomy), Favero-Longo. and Piervittori (2012; transplant expt.), Molnár et al. (2012; molecular), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rizzi and Giordani (2013; ecology), Goni et al. (2014; checklist), Jayalal et al. (2014; new species, taxonomy), Laska et al. (2015; chemopreventive activity), Cao et al. (2015; molecular), Diaz (2016; diversity), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), Kanigowski et al. (2016; taxonomy), sequences are available. Xanthopeltis R.Sant. 1949, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: X. rupicola R. Sant., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Arup et al. (2013; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xanthopsorella Kalb & Hafellner 1984, Catillariaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: X. texana (W.A. Weber) Kalb & Hafellner, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, Mexico, USA, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); COLO 448, COLO (holotype), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xanthopsoroma Elvebakk & S.G. Hong 2010, Pannariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two, species, type: X. contextum Elvebakk & S.G. Hong, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Elvebakk et al. (2010; molecular), sequences are available for type. Xanthoria (Fr.) Th. Fr. 1861, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, ten species, type: X. parietina (L.) Beltr., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Sarı and Tuzen (2010; biosorption), Karagöz et al. (2011; new species), Pisani et al. (2011; physiology), Aptroot and Aslan (2012; new records), Beck and Mayr (2012; physiology), Demiray et al. (2012; biomonitoring), Arup et al. 2013, Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kondratyuk et al. (2013c; new species), Nyati et al. (2013; phylogeny), Motiejunaite and Grochowski (2014; new records), Joshi et al. (2015; checklist), Kaya et al. (2015; natural product), Anar et al. (2016; antigenotoxic and Antioxidant study), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xanthoriicola D. Hawksw. 1973, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. physciae (Kalchbr.) D. Hawksw., sexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, mainly in Europe Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Ruibal et al. (2011; sequences), Ertz et al. (2013; phylogeny), , Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2015; position), sequences are available, isotype of type: S. Xanthothecium Arx & Samson 1973, Onygenaceae, Onygenales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: X. peruvianum (Cain) Arx & Samson, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequence available for the type: AB053453. Xenidiocercus Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. macarangae (T.S. Ramakr.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, West Africa, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xenoacremonium L. Lombard & Crous 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: X. recifei (Leão & Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Brazil, New Zealand, see Lombard et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type of type: CBS 137.3. Xenocamarosporium Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. acaciae Crous & M.J. Wingf., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Malaysia, see Crous et al. (2015d; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: CBS H-22224, CPC 24755. Xenochalara M.J. Wingf. & Crous 2000, Dermateaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: X. juniperi M.J. Wingf. & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, The Netherlands, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type of type: PREM 26210, CBS 670.75. Xenochora Petr. 1948, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. sydowii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenoconiothyrium Crous & Marinc. 2011, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. catenatum Crous & Marinc. coelomycetous, saprobes, South Africa, see Crous et al. (2011c; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; morphology, phylogeny, outline), holotype and ex-type: PREM 59486, CMW 22113. Xenocylindrocladium Decock, Hennebert & Crous 1997 (= Xenocalonectria Crous & C.L. Schoch 2000 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: X. serpens Decock, Hennebert & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph formerly known in Xenocalonectria, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Lombard et al. (2015b; phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Xenocylindrosporium Crous & Verkley 2009, Phaeomoniellaceae, Phaeomoniellales, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: X. kirstenboschense Crous & Verkley, hyphomycetous, pathogens, South Africa, see Crous and Verkley (2009; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20346, CPC 16311. Xenodidymella Q. Chen & L. Cai 2015, Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, four species, type: X. applanata (Niessl) Q. Chen & L. Cai, coelomycetous, saprobes, ?pathogens, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Chen et al. (2015b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), epitype and ex-epitype culture of the type: HMAS 246688, CBS 195.36. Xenodium Syd. 1935 (= Xenodiella Syd. 1935 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: X. petrakii Syd., asexual morph formerly known in Xenodiella, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Jayawardena et al. (2014) excluded from Elsinoaceae and placed in Sordariomycetes, Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Xenodomus Petr. 1922, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. sydowii Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenogliocladiopsis Crous & W.B. Kendr. 1994, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: X. eucalyptorum Crous & W.B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, saprobes, Australia, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2015b; morphology, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype of type: CBS H-21952, CBS 138758. Xenoheteroconium Bhat, W.B. Kendr. & Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. bicolor Bhat, W.B. Kendr. & Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenolecia Hertel 1984, Lecideaceae, Lecideales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: X. spadicomma (Nyl.) Hertel, lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Schmull et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are unavailable. Xenoleptographium Marinc., T.A. Duong, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf. 2015, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. phialoconidium Marinc., T.A. Duong, Z.W. de Beer & M.J. Wingf., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Indonesia, see Crous et al. (2015e; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of the type: PREM 61244, CBS 134694. Xenolophium Syd. 1925, Pleosporales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, c. five species, type: X. leve Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, treated as Pleosporales, genera incertae sedis), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Platystomaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline, accepted as a genus in Platystomaceae), cultures and sequences are available. Xenomeris Syd. 1924, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, eleven species, type: X. pruni Syd., asexual morph hormonema-like, Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type, need generic revision. Xenomycosphaerella Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: X. elongata (Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Quaedvl. & Crous asexual morph unknown, pathogens, Brazil, Venezuela, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), Guatimosim et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS-H 19824, CPC 13378. Xenomyxa Syd. 1939, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. disseminata Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Ecuador, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenonectriella Weese 1919, Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, twelve species, type: X. lutescens (Arnold) Weese, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Etayo and van den Boom (2013; new species, Dominican Republic), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Brackel et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Xenopeltis Syd. & P. Syd. 1919, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. philippinensis Syd. & P. Syd., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Philippines, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenopenidiella Quaedvlieg & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. rigidophora (Crous, R.F. Castañeda & U. Braun) Quaedvlieg & Crous hyphomycetous, saprobes, Cuba, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-19938, CBS 314.95. Xenophacidiella Crous 2011, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. pseudocatenata Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, South Africa, terrestrial, see Crous and Groenewald (2011; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-20536, CPC 18472. Xenophaeosphaeria Crous & M.J. Wingf. 2014, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. grewiae Crous & M.J. Wingf., asexual morph unknown, Tanzania, terrestrial, see Crous et al. (2014d; morphology, phylogeny), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS H-21999, CPC 24398. Xenoplaca Petr. 1949, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. aequatoriensis Petr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenopolyscytalum Crous 2010, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: X. pinea Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, The Netherlands, terrestrial, see Crous and Groenewald (2010; morphology, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype and ex-type culture of type: CBS-H 20488, CPC 14225. Xenopyricularia Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous 2014, Pyriculariaceae, Magnaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. zizaniicola (Hashioka) Klaubauf, Lebrun & Crous, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogens, terrestrial, worldwide, see Klaubauf et al. (2014; taxonomy, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), neotype and ex-neotype cultures for the type: CBS H21846, CBS133593 = MAFF 240219. Xenoramularia Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous 2016, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, three species, type: X. polygonicola Videira, H.D. Shin & Crous hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, plant pathogens, see Videira et al. (2016; morphology, phylogeny), holotype KUS-F19688, isotype CBS H-22541, culture ex-type CBS 141102 = CPC 10852. Xenoseptoria Quaedvl., H.D. Shin, Verkley & Crous 2013, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. neosaccardoi W. Quaedvlieg, H.D. Shin, G.J.M. Verkley & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, pathogenic, terrestrial, South Korea, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2013; morphology, phylogeny), ex-type strains of type: CBS 128665, holotype of type: CBS H-21312. Xenosonderhenia Crous 2012, Capnodiales genera incertae sedis, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: X. syzygii Crous, coelomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see de Gruyter et al. (2012; morphology; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), holotype of the type: CBS H-20968, ex-type strain of type: CPC 19790. Xenosporium Penz. & Sacc. 1902, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, 18 species, type: X. mirabile Penz. & Sacc., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Xenostigme Syd. 1930, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. trichophila Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Meliolaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Hongsanan et al. (2015c; excluded from Meliolaceae and placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xenostigmina Crous 1998, Melanommataceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, two species, type: X. zilleri (A. Funk) Crous, hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Canada, British Columbia, see Crous et al. (2009a; morphylogy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline; phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Tian et al. (2015; morphology, nomenclature, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available, ex-type strains of type: CBS 115685 = CPC 4010; holotype of type: DAVFP 23272. Xenostomella Syd. 1930, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: X. tovarensis Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, accepted as a genus in Microthyriaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wu et al. (2011) and Hyde et al. (2013) did not accept as Microthyriaceae, Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xenostroma Höhn. 1915, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. caespitosum (Fuckel) Höhn., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, need generic revision. Xenoteratosphaeria Quaedvl. & Crous 2014, Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: X. jonkershoekensis (P.S. van Wyk, Marasas & KnoxDav.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, asexual morph unknown, pathogens, South Africa, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2014; morphology, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: CBS H-20095, CBS 122897. Xenothecium Höhn. 1919, Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. jodophilum Höhn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), holotype of the type: BRIP 22762, cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xenotypa Petr. 1955, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. aterrima (Fr.) Petr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xenus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., 1992, Pyrenulales genera incertae sedis, Eurotiomycetes, one species, type: X. lithophylli Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, lichenized, marine on coral, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jones et al. (2015; outline), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures nd sequences are unavailable. Xepicula Nag Raj 1993, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, four species, type: X. leucotricha (Peck) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2016; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), ex-type culture of the type: CBS 256.57 = MUCL 9860, need generic revision. Xepiculopsis Nag Raj 1993, Stachybotriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, two species, type: X. perpulchra Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Lombard et al. (2016; taxonomic notes), cultures are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xerochrysium Pitt 2013, Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: X. dermatitidis (A. Agostini) Pitt, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, Australia, see Pitt et al. (2013; taxonomy, phylogeny), lectotype and ex-lectotype of the type: CBS 132.31, IMI 96729=UAMH 802. Xeroconium D. Hawksw. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. borealis (P. Karst.) D. Hawksw., on wood, Europe, terrestrial, sexual morph unknown, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: H-Karst 1493. Xerombrophila Baral 2013, Gelatinodiscaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: X. crystallifera Baral, G. Marson & Unter., asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Baral et al. (2013b; taxonomy, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), ex-type cultures of the type: CBS 128289. Xeromedulla Korf & W.Y. Zhuang 1987, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, three species, type: X. leptospora W.Y. Zhuang & Korf, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, terrestrial, China, Phillipines, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xeromyces L.R. Fraser 1954 (= Fraseriella Cif. & A.M. Corte fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Aspergillaceae, Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes, one species: X. bisporus L.R. Fraser, type: Xeromyces bisporus L.R. Fraser asexual morph hyphomycetous (Fraseriella bispora Cif. & A.M. Corte fide Petterson et al. 2011 and Seifert et al. 2011), terrestrial, strongly xerophilic, isolated from dry, sugar-rich foodstuffs, cosmopolitan, see Fraser (1954; morphology), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Pettersson et al. (2011; phylogeny, morphology), Under unitary nomenclature (Hawksworth et al. 2011), the names Xeromyces and Fraseriella compete for use. Since the former genus name is more widely used and older than the latter, we consider Fraseriella to represent a synonym of Xeromyces. The synonymy is formally proposed herein as follows: Xeromyces bisporus L.R. Fraser Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 78:245. 1954. ≡ Monascus bisporus (L.R. Fraser) Arx, Gen. Fungi Spor. Pure Cult.: 84. 1970. = Fraseriella bispora Cif. & A.M. Corte, in Corte Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia Ser. 4 14:109. 1957. Xerotrema Sherwood & Coppins 1980, Odontotremataceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: X. megalospora Sherwood & Coppins, asexual morph unknown, ?saprobes, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Purvis (2012; floristic), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Xiambola Minter & Hol.-Jech. 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. mirabilis Minter & Hol.-Jech., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xiphomyces Syd. & P. Syd. 1916, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: X. sacchari Syd. & P. Syd., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xiuguozhangia K. Zhang, R.F. Castañeda, Jian Ma & L.G. Ma 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, five species, type: X. rosae (K. Zhang & X.G. Zhang) K. Zhang & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Zhang et al. (2014b; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylaria Hill ex Schrank 1789 (= Moelleroclavus Henn. 1902; =Xylocoremium J.D. Rogers 1984 fide Réblová et al. 2016c), Xylariaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, c. 350 species, type: X. hypoxylon (L.) Grev., asexual morph hyphomycetous, terrestrial, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Fournier et al. (2011; new species), Rogers and Ju (2012; new species), Ma et al. (2012a, 2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Gu et al. (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Senanayke et al. (2015; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016c; new species; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are available. Xyleborus R.C. Harris & Ladd 2007, Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: X. sporodochifer R.C. Harris & Ladd., asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Lendemer et al. (2013; list), Lendemer and Harris (2015; new species), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences unavailable. Xylobotryum Pat. 1895, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: X. andinum Pat., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, tropical, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylochia B. Sutton 1983, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. stegonsporioides B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylochora Arx & E. Müll. 1954, Amphisphaeriaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: X. craticola (H. Wegelin) Arx & E. Müll., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Sweden, Switzerland and India, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Xylocrea Möller 1901, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. piriformis Möller, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Sarcoxylo Cooke), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, accepted as a distinct genus), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Xyloglyphis Clem. 1909, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: X. striola (Fr.) Clem., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Europe, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylogramma Wallr. 1833, Helotiaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, 18 species, type: X. sticticum (Fr.) Wallr., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, China, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylographa (Fr.) Fr., 1836, Xylographaceae, Trapeliales, Lecanoromycetes, 20 species, type: need typification, see Heininger and Spribille (2009; new species), Wetmore (2009; floristic study), Zhdanov (2009; new record), Agnello et al. (2010; ecology), Bilovitz et al. (2010;biodiversity), Brodo (2010; new record), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hansen (2012; new record), Mayrhofer et al. (2012; new records), Bennett (2013; review), Hauck et al. (2013b; new record), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Mayrhofer et al. (2013; new record), Svensson (2013; biodiversity), Svensson et al. (2013, 2016; ecology, biodiversity), Tønsberg (2013; new species), Urbanavichene et al. (2013, new record), Abbas et al. (2014; new records), Goni et al. (2014; new record), Spribille et al. (2014; systematic, new species), Hämäläinen et al. (2015; biodiversity), Malíček et al. (2015b; new reord), Resl et al. (2015; phylogeny), Tarasova et al. (2015, 2016; new record), Węgrzyn et al. (2015; new record), Himelbrant et al. (2016; new record), Kharpukhaeva and Mukhortova (2016; ecology), Motiejūnaitė et al. (2016; new record), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xylohypha (Fr.) E.W. Mason 1960, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: X. nigrescens (Pers.) E.W. Mason, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylohyphopsis W.A. Baker & Partr. 2000, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: X. curta (Corda) W.A. Baker & Partr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, South Africa, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Xylomelasma Réblová 2006, Sordariomycetidae genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, three species, type: X. sordida Réblová, asexual morph hyphomycetous, saprobes, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Vasilyeva and Stephenson (2014; new species), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), Réblová et al. (2016a; DNA, phylogeny), cultures are available for the type: CBS 131683. Xylomyces Goos, R.D. Brooks & Lamore, 1977, Aliquandostipitaceae, Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes, ten species, type: X. chlamydosporus Goos, R.D. Brooks & Lamore, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic (freshwater/marine), see Shearer et al. (2009; phylogeny), Sivichai and Boonyuen (2010; association with Jahula), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Hose et al. (2010; chemistry), Hu et al. (2010a; diversity), Barbosa and Gusmão (2011; diversity), Suetrong et al. (2011a; phylogeny), Sivichai et al. (2011; taxonomy), Zhang et al. (2011a; checklist), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2014c, 2017; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Aliquandostipitaceae), Borse et al. (2014; diversity), da Silva et al. (2015; diversity), Jones et al. (2015; marine genera), Oliveira et al. (2015; diversity), cultures available for the type: SS2917. Xylona Gazis & P. Chaverri 2012, Xylonomycetaceae, Xylonomycetales, Xylonomycetes, T. guianense Crous & C. Decock, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytes, see Gazis et al. (2016; phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Xylopezia Höhn. 1917, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, type: data inadequate, see Kirk et al. (2008; treated as a synonym of Exarmidium), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; did not list), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), sequences are unavailable. Xylopsora Bendiksby & Timdal 2013, Umbilicariaceae, Umbilicariales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: X. friesii (Ach.) Bendiksby & Timdal, lichenized, lignicolous, corticolous, often on charred substrata, temperate northern hemisphere, Australia, see Bendiksby and Timdal (2013; phylogenetic placement), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), type specimen H-ACH-436A sequences are available. Xyloschistes Vain. ex Zahlbr. 1903, Stictidaceae, Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes, one species, type: X. platytropa (Nyl.) Vain. ex Zahlbr., lichenized, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Miądlikowska et al. (2014a; phylogeny), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Xyloschizon Syd. 1922, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: X. weirianum Syd., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, North America, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Xylotumulus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes 2006, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: X. gibbisporus J.D. Rogers, Y.M. Ju & Hemmes, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Hawaii, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Rogers and Ju (2012; Hawaii fungi), Chang et al. (2014; secondary compounds), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), Wendt et al. (2017; accepted as a genus in Xylariales genera incertae sedis), holotype: BISH, Rogers, 2 Aug. 2005, cultures available for the type: NBRC 9453, ATCC MYA-4109. Yalomyces Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: Y. pulcher Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Yamadazyma Billon-Grand 1989, Debaryomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 20 species, type: Y. philogaea (van der Walt & Johannsen) Billon-Grand, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, in tree exudates and insect frass, insect guts, soil, cactus rots, seawater, soy sauce, infrequent clinical isolates, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), many species in this genus represent asexual taxa originally classified in the genus Candida, thus they will be transferred to Yamadazyma as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available. Yarrowia van der Walt & von Arx 1980, ?Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, 13 species, type: Y. lipolytica (Wickerham, Kurtzman & Herman) van der Walt & von Arx, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but clinical isolates are not uncommon, on wet milled maize, refrigerated meats, soil, clinical, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), some species in this genus represent asexual taxa originally classified in the genus Candida thus they will be transferred to Yarrowia as new combinations, cultures and sequences are available. Yarrumia D.J. Galloway 2015, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, two species, type: Y. coronate D.J. Galloway, lichenized, see Galloway (2015; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Yatesula Syd. & P. Syd. 1917, Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes, two species, type: Y. calami Syd. & P. Syd., asexual morph unknown, epiphytic, sooty moulds, terrestrial, America, Philippines, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Yinmingella Goh, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, six species, type: Y. mitriformis Goh, K.M. Tsui & K.D. Hyde, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, South America, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Yoshimuria S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A.Thell & Hur 2014, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, three species, type: Y. spodoplaca (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, J. Kim, A.S. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2014a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), cultures available for the type: SK725, SK724. Yoshimuriella Moncada & Lücking 2013, Lobariaceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: Y. fendleri (Tuck. & Mont.) Moncada & Lücking, lichenized, see Moncada et al. (2013a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available but lacks for the type species. Yoshinagaia Henn. 1904 (= Japonia Höhn. 1909; = Yoshinagamyces Hara 1912; Monoloculia Hara 1927 fide Rossman et al. 2016a), Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, two species, type: Y. quercus Henn., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Japan, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Rossman et al. (2016a; nomenclature), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Yoshinagella Hӧhn. 1913, Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, four species, type: Y. japonica Höhn, asexual morph unknown, saprobes and parasitic, reported from Japan and Hawaii, see Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), Dai et al. (2014a; phylogeny, Dothideomycetes), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Ypsilina J. Webster, Descals & Marvanová 1999, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Y. graminea (Ingold, P.J. McDougall & Dann) Descals, J. Webster & Marvanová 1999, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, aquatic, see Seena et al. (2010; DNA barcoding of fungi), Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), sequences are available: Ypsilomyces D.A.C. Almeida & Gusmão 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Y. elegans D.A.C. Almeida & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, one species, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Almeida and Gusmão (2014; morphology), holotype of the type: HUEFS 155081, cultures and sequences are unavailable, compare with Biflagellospora, Diademospora, Diplocladiella, Iyengarina, Vanterpoolia, Weufia and Ypsilina. Ypsilomyces D.A.C. Almeida & Gusmão 2014, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type species Y. elegans D.A.C. Almeida & Gusmão, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, reported from Brazilian semi arid region, see Almeida and Gusmão (2014; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Ypsilonia Lév. 1846, Sordariales genera incertae sedis, five species, type: Y. cuspidata Lév., coelomycetous, sexual morph of unknown, saprobes, aquatic, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Yuccamyces Gour, Dyko & B. Sutton 1979, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, seven species, type: Y. purpureus Gour, Dyko & B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canada and Cuba, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Yuea O.E. Erikss. 2003, Xylariales genera incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Y. chusqueicola O.E. Erikss., asexual morph unknown, terrestrial, saprobes, Chile, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Yueomyces Q.M. Wang, L. Wang, M. Groenewald & T. Boekhout 2015, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, one species, type: Y. sinensis (J.Z. Yue) Q.M. Wang, L. Wang, M. Groenewald & T. Boekhout, asexual reproduction is by bipolar budding, saprophytic, Soil, China, see Wang et al. (2015a; taxonomy), cultures and sequences are available. Zahlbrucknerella Herre 1912, Lichinaceae, Lichinales, Lichinomycetes, eight species, type: Z. calcarea (Herre) Herre, asexual morph unknown, lichenized, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zakatoshia B. Sutton 1973, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: Z. hirschiopori B. Sutton, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, fungicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zalerion R.T. Moore & Meyers 1962, Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, six species, type: Z. nepura R.T. Moore & Meyers, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Zanclospora S. Hughes & W.B. Kendr. 1965, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, nine species, type: Z. novae-zelandiae S. Hughes & W. B. Kendr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, tropical and subtropical distribution with only two records in temperate region, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Almeida et al. (2013; new species), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), needs generic revision. Zasmidium Fr. 1849, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, c. 70 species names, type: Z. cellare (Pers.) Fr., hyphomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, five species confirmed based on DNA, plant pathogens, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Braun et al. (2013; morphology), Videira et al. (2017; morphology, phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Zebrospora McKenzie 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, two species, type: Z. bicolor McKenzie, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, Pacific Islands, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zelandiocoela Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. ambigua (Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, New Zealand, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zeloasperisporium R.F. Castañeda 1996 (= Neomicrothyrium Boonmee, H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde 2014 fide Hongsanan et al. 2015b), Zeloasperisporiaceae, Zeloasperisporiales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: Z. hyphopodioides R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, in air, saprobes, Asia, Australasia, Caribbean, see Cheewangkoon et al. (2009; new species, phylogeny), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Crous et al. (2015e; new species, phylogeny), Hongsanan et al. (2015b; new species, phylogeny), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Zelodactylaria A.C. Cruz, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda 2012, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. verticillata A.C. Cruz, Gusmão & R.F. Castañeda, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Cruz et al. (2012; taxonomy), Wijayawardene et al. (2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zelopelta B. Sutton & R.D. Gaur 1984, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. thrinacospora B. Sutton & R.D. Gaur, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zelosatchmopsis Nag Raj 1991, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. sacciformis (R.F. Castañeda) Nag Raj & R.F. Castañeda, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zernya Petr. 1947, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. clypeata Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Brazil, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zeroviella S.Y.Kondr. & J.-S.Hur 2015, Teloschistaceae, Teloschistales, Lecanoromycetes, eight species, type: Z. papillifera (Vain.) S.Y. Kondr. & Hur, lichenized, see Kondratyuk et al. (2015d; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification), sequences are available. Zetesimomyces Nag Raj 1988, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. setibicolor (R.F. Castañeda) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Cuba, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zetiasplozna Nag Raj 1993, Bartaliniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: Z. caffra Matsush., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, cosmopolitan, see Nicoletti et al. (2010; endophytes), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2016b, 2017; outline, taxonomy), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Crous et al. (2014c; new species), Senanayake et al. (2015; outline), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; accepted as a genus in Sporocadaceae), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are vailable, needs generic revision. Zeugandromyces Thaxt. 1912, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: Z. australis Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on Coleoptera (Staphylinidae, Paederini), America, Phillipines, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zeus Minter & Diam. 1987, Rhytismataceae, Rhytismatales, Leotiomycetes, two species, type: Z. olympius Minter & Diam., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Greece, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Zevadia J.C. David & D. Hawksw. 1995, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. peroccidentalis J.C. David & D. Hawksw., lichenicolous, Europe, sexual morph unknown, see Seifert et al. (2011; genus accepted), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), no cultures or sequences are available, holotype of type: K(M)-IMI 401823. Zilingia Petr. 1934, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. sibirica Petr., coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Siberia, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zimmermanniella Henn. 1902, Phyllachoraceae, Phyllachorales, Sordariomycetes, one species, type: Z. trispora Henn., from living leaves, South East Asia, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zinzipegasa Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. argentinensis (Speg.) Nag Raj, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Argentina, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zodiomyces Thaxt. 1891, Laboulbeniaceae, Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes, four species, type: Z. vorticellarius Thaxt., asexual morph unknown, biotrophic on aquatic Coleoptera (Hydrophilidae), worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Rossi et al. (2016b; most recent species description), ribosomal sequence are available. Zoggium Lar.N. Vassiljeva 2001, Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Z. mayorii (H. Zogg) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, asexual morphs unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, north temperate, Boehm et al. (2009a, b; accepted as in Mytilinidiaceae), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as in Mytilinidiaceae), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Zopfia Rabenh. 1874, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, five species, type: Z. rhizophila Rabenh., asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Schoch et al. (2009; phylogeny), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Hyde et al. (2013; accepted as a genus in Zopfiaceae), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Zopfiella G. Winter 1884, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, 30 species, type: Z. tabulata (Zopf) G. Winter, asexual morph unknown, coprophilous, saprobes, terrestrial, marine, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kruys et al. (2014; phylogeny), cultures and sequences are available. Zopfiofoveola D. Hawksw. 1979, Zopfiaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Z. punctata (D.Hawksw. & C. Booth) D. Hawksw., on earthworm excrements, Sweden, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Jaklitsch et al. (2016a; classification), cultures and sequences are unavailable, holotype of type: (microscope slide) UPS. Zopheromyces B. Sutton & Hodges 1977, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. fasciatus B. Sutton & Hodges, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Australasia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zugazaea Korf, Iturr. & Lizoň 1998, Helotiales genera incertae sedis, Leotiomycetes, one species, type: Z. agyrioides Korf, Iturr. & Lizoň, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, Canary Islands, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), holotype of the type: CUP-MM 2844, cultures and sequences are unavailable Zukaliopsis Henn. 1904, Myriangiaceae, Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Z. amazonica Henn., asexual morph unknown, parasitic, terrestrial, Peru, isotype of the type: S, F5604, see Dissanayake et al. (2014; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2014c; outline), needs generic revision. Zunura Nag Raj 1993, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. appendiculata (B. Sutton) Nag Raj, coelmycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, India, see Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zwackhia Körb. 1855, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, six species, type: Z. viridis (Ach.) Poetsch & Schied., lichenized, see Ertz and Tehler (2011; taxonomy) Diederich et al. (2012a; taxonomy), Lücking et al. (2016b; classification); sequences are available. Zwackhiomacromyces Etayo & van den Boom 2014, ?Xanthopyrenaceae, Collemopsidiales, Dothideomycetes, one species, type: Z. constrictocarpus Etayo & Van den Boom asexual morph unknown, parasymbiont on Megalospora, terrestrial, Mediterranean Europe, see van den Boom and Etayo (2014; morphology, distinction of similar lichenicolous genera), holotype of the type: P. & B. van den Boom 27046 (BCN), cultures and sequences are unavailable. Zwackhiomyces Grube & Hafellner 1990, Xanthopyreniaceae, Collemopsidiales, Dothideomycetes, 35 species, type: Z. coepulonus (Norman) Grube & R. Sant., asexual morph unknown, lichenicolous, terrestrial, worldwide, see Brackel (2008; new species), Diederich and Schultz (2009; new species), Halici and Candan (2009; new species), Roux (2009; new species), Boom (2010; new species), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline, family placed as Ascomycota families incertae sedis), Kocakaya et al. (2011; new species), Pérez-Ortega et al. (2011a, 2016; new species, phylogeny), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Boom and Etayo (2014; new species), holotype of type: O-F72536, cultures available for the type: RO31. Zygoascus M. Th. Smith 1986, ?Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, six species, type: Z. hellenicus M.T. Smith, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, but there are some clinical isolates, in soft drinks, fruit juices, insect tunnels, cactus fruits, soil, tanning fluids, clinical isolates, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available. Zygopleurage Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, type: Z. zygospora (Speg.) Boedijn, saprobes, coprophilous, asexual morph phialophora-like, terrestrial, worldwide, see Richardson (2008, taxonomy), Chang et al. (2010, phylogeny), Mungai et al. (2011; taxonomy), Kruys et al. (2015, phylogeny). Zygosaccharomyces B.T.P. Barker 1901, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, eleven species, type: Z. rouxii (Boutroux) Yarrow, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are available, needs generic revision. Zygospermella Cain 1935, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Sordariales, Sordariomycetes, six species, type: Z. setosa (Cain) Cain, asexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Kruys et al. (2015; DNA, phylogeny), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are available but lacks for the type. Zygosporium Mont. 1842, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, 16 species, type species Z. oscheoides Mont., hyphomycetous, saprobe, terrestrial, widespread, see Hyde et al. (2011; outline), Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable for type species, needs generic revision. Zygotorulaspora Kurtzman 2003, Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales, Saccharomycetes, two species, type: Z. mrakii (Capriotti) Kurtzman, asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding, saprophytic, fruit drinks, fruit flies, grape must, silage, worldwide, see Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010; outline), cultures and sequences are available. Zymoseptoria Quaedvl. & Crous 2011, Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes, seven species, type: Z. tritici (Desm.) Quaedvlieg & Crous, coelomycetous, sexual morph mycosphaerella-like, plant pathogens on Poaceae, worldwide, see Quaedvlieg et al. (2011, 2014; morphology, phylogeny), epitype and ex-epitype culture of type: CBS H-20545, IPO 323 = CBS 115943. Zythia Fr. 1849, Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes, type: Z. resinae (Ehrenb.) P. Karst. 1890, coelomycetous, sexual morph unknown, endophytic, saprobes, widespread, see Ding et al. (2010; antimicrobial activity), Hyde et al. (2011; checklist), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015, 2016; outline), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Zyxiphora B. Sutton 1981, Ascomycota genera incertae sedis, one species, type: Z. appendiculata (B. Sutton) Nag Raj, hyphomycetous, sexual morph unknown, saprobes, terrestrial, Asia, see Seifert et al. (2011; morphology), Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017; outline), Kirk et al. (2013; genus accepted), cultures and sequences are unavailable, needs generic revision. Invalid and illegitimate generic names In this section (Table 2) we list all the invalid and illegitimate genera in Ascomycota. Table 2. Invalid and illegtimate generic names and nomenclature comments based on Index Fungorum (2017) Genus name Authors Year Acantharia Theiss. & Syd., 1918 Acerbia (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd. 1899 Aciculariella G. Arnaud 1954 Acidomyces B.J. Baker, M.A. Lutz, S.C. Dawson, P.L. Bond & Banfield G. Arnaud 2004 Acremoniula 1954 Nomenclature comments Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 35.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Acrostaphylus G. Arnaud 1954 Adelphella Pfister, Matočec & I. Kušan 2008 Agyrium Fr. 1821 Allantozythia Petr. 1923 Allarthonia (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. 1895 Amandinea M. Choisy 1950 Ambrosiella Brader 1964 Ampliotrema Kalb 2004 Ancorasporella J. Mena, Mercado & Heredia 1998 Ancylospora Sawada 1944 Anekabeeja Udaiyan & Hosag. 1992 Anema Nyl. 1879 Anomomorpha Ansatospora Nyl. A.G. Newhall 1889 1944 Aponectria (Sacc.) Sacc. 1879 Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug 1977 Arthrocladia Golovin 1956 Arthrographis G. Cochet 1939 Arthrophiala 2016 Ashtaangam W.S. Lisboa, Meir. Silva & R.W. Barreto K.D. Hyde, Ranghoo & S.W. Wong K.D. Hyde, Ranghoo & S.W. Wong Subram. Aspergillus P. Micheli 1729 Assoa Urries 1944 Asteridium Speg. 1884 Austrographa Sparrius, Elix & A.W. Archer Ascobrunneispora Ascocollumdensa 1999 2000 1992 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1 (see Art. 8.5), 40.3 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval. Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. Austrographa Sparrius, Elix & A.W. Archer 2011 Bainieria G. Arnaud 1952 Basauxia Subram. 1992 Basitorula G. Arnaud 1954 Bhargavaella Sud. Singh & K.S. Srivast. 1979 Blastodendrion M. Ota 1924 Blumeria Golovin 1958 Bombardioidea C. Moreau 1954 Botanamphora Nograsek & Scheuer 1990 Botrypes Preuss 1851 Botrytis P. Micheli 1729 Brachydesmiella G. Arnaud 1954 Brachyhelicoon G. Arnaud 1952 Brettanomyces Kuff. & Van Laer ex Custers 1921 Bryomyces Döbbeler 1978 Caeruleoconidia Zhurb. & Diederich 2015 Calycella Pat. 1883 Capnodinula Bat. & Peres 1962 Capnodinula Bat. & Cif. 1963 Carlosia G. Arnaud 1954 Catapyrenium Flot. 1849 Catenolaria G.Y. Sun & H.Y. Li 2009 Cateractispora Ranghoo, K.D. Hyde & E.C.Y. Liew Rchb. ex Mussat 1999 Cephalocladium 1901 40.1; see Art. 6.3 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 35.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 41.3(Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. Ceracella (P. Karst.) Rehm 1892 Ceratospermum P. Micheli 1729 Cercosperma G. Arnaud 1954 Cercosporula G. Arnaud 1954 Chaetomeliola (Cif.) Bat., H. Maia & M.L. Farr 1962 Chloridiella G. Arnaud 1954 Chlorociboria Chondropsis Seaver Nyl. 1936 1863 Chorioactis Kupfer 1902 Chroocybe Räsänen 1943 Chrysoporthella Gryzenh. & M.J. Wingf. 2004 Ciliaria Quél. 1880 Cladosphaeria G.H. Otth 1869 Collemopsis Nyl. 1873 Coniolaria Seigle-Mur., Guiraud, Steiman & Sage 1995 Corynesporina Subram. 1994 Crinigera I. Schmidt 1969 Curculiospora G. Arnaud 1954 Curvicladium Decock & Crous 1998 Curvidigitus Sawada 1943 Cystotrichiopsis Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar 2001 Cytopleastrum Abbas, B. Sutton, Ghaffar & A. Abbas 2004 Dactylina G. Arnaud 1952 Dasyscypha Nees 1816 Deakozyma C.P. Kurtzman & C.J. Robnett 2014 36.1(a), (c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(d) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval. Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(b) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(d); see Art. 38.5, Ex. 1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1, 40.3 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.5(b) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 35.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.2, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. Dendrosporium Derexia Plakidas & Edgerton Naras. 1936 1970 Dermascia Tehon 1935 Diatrypasimilis J.J. Zhou & Kohlm. 2010 Dicellispora Sawada 1944 Dichotomomyces Saito 1949 Dichotomophthora Mehrl. & Fitzp. 1935 Dichotomophthora Mehrl. & Fitzp. ex P.N. Rao 1966 Dictyonia Syd. 1904 Didymotrichella G. Arnaud 1954 Diheterospora Kamyschko 1962 Dimeriellina Chardón 1939 Dimorphomyces Omoifo 1997 Dionysia G. Arnaud 1952 Diphratora Trevis. ex Jatta 1900 Diplocladiella G. Arnaud 1954 Diplopeltopsis Henn. ex Höhn. 1904 Diplorhynchus G. Arnaud 1952 Diplotheca Starbäck 1893 Discaria (Sacc.) Sacc. 1889 Endoblastomyces Odinzowa 1947 Englerulella Hansf. 1941 Entosordaria Speg. 1910 Epidermella Tehon 1935 Epiphegia G.H. Otth 1871 Epiphora Nyl., 1876 Equicapillimyces S.S.Y. Wong, Ngan, Riggs, J.L.L. 2012 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval. Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.5(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 52.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 35.1, 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.5 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. Euspheconisca Teng, G.K.Y. Choi, R.W.S. Poon, J.J.Y. Hui, F.J. Low, Luk & K.Y. Yuen Norman ex Bachm. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 12.1 (Melbourne) 1926 Everniastrum Hale 1976 Evicentia Barreno 2000 Farmanomyces Y.S. Paul & V.K. Thakur 2006 Fecundostilbum T.P. Devi & Chowdhry 2009 Filaspora Preuss 1851 Fuscidea V. Wirth & Vězda 1972 Fuscopannaria P.M. Jørg. 1993 Fusicatena K. Matsush. & Matsush. 1996 Fusicladina G. Arnaud 1952 Geniculospora Sv. Nilsson 1964 Geotrichella G. Arnaud 1954 Glabrotheca Chardón 1939 Glenosporopsis O.M. Fonseca 1943 Gloeocercospora D.C. Bain & Edgerton 1943 Glonium Muhl. 1813 Goidanichia G. Arnaud 1954 Goidanichiella G. Arnaud 1954 Goidanichiella G. Arnaud ex G.L. Barron 1968 Goidanichiella G.L. Barron ex W. Gams 1990 Gyalolechia Trevis. 1851 Gymnoascopsis C. Moreau & M. Moreau 1959 Haplocarpon M. Choisy 1931 Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 10.1, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.2 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1, 35.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Haplospora Räsänen 1943 Haplostromella Höhn. 1917 Haplotrichella G. Arnaud 1954 Helicosporella G. Arnaud 1954 Helicosporina G. Arnaud 1954 Hemialysidium Hol.-Jech. 1992 Hemisynnema Subram. 1994 Heteroconidium Sawada 1944 Homodium Hormococcus Nyl. Preuss 1875 1851 Hyalobotrys Pidopl. 1948 Hyalomelanconis Naumov 1954 Hyalotiastrum Abbas, B. Sutton, Ghaffar & Abbas 2003 Hyphoconis Egidi & Quaedvl. 2014 Ischnochaeta Sawada 1959 Isidium Ach. 1794 Javonarxia Subram. 1992 Katherinomyces Khodos. 2016 Kurssanovia Pidopl. 1948 Lambertellinia Korf & Lizoň 1993 Lambottiella Speg. 1910 Lasiostictis Sacc. & Berl. 1885 Latruncellus M. Verm., Gryzenh. & Jol. Roux 2011 Lautisporopsis E.B.G. Jones, Yusoff & S.T. Moss 1994 Lautisporopsis E.B.G. Jones, Yusoff & S.T. Moss 1998 Lecidora Motyka 1996 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval. Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(b) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 41.3 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 34.1 (Melbourne) Lecidorina Motyka 1996 Lembosiopsis Theiss. 1913 Leptosporina Chardón 1939 Leucographa Nyl. 1857 Lichen P. Micheli 1729 Lichenagaricus P. Micheli 1729 Lichenoides P. Micheli 1729 Linkomyces Golovin 1958 Linopeltis I. Hino & Katum. 1960 Lithophila L. Selbmann & D. Isola 2015 Lobarina Nyl. 1877 Lobarina Nyl. 1889 Lobularia Velen. 1934 Locelliderma Tehon 1935 Lyonella Syd. 1925 Magdalaenaea G. Arnaud 1952 Mariannaea G. Arnaud 1952 Martinia Whetzel 1942 Maxibeltrania Rambelli 2011 Megacladosporium Vienn.-Bourg. 1949 Meliothecium Mussat 1901 Microides De Vroey 1970 Mirandina G. Arnaud 1952 Mirandina G. Arnaud ex Matsush. 1971 Mobergia H. Mayrhofer & Sheard 1992 Nom. inval., Art. 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1, 40.3, see Arts 6.3, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 36.1(a), (c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Monostachys G. Arnaud 1954 Mycothermus 2015 Myriospora D.O. Natvig, J.W. Taylor, A. Tsang, M.I. Hutchinson & A.J. Powell Nägeli Naetrocymbe Bat. & Cif. 1963 Nakataea Hara 1936 Nemadiplodia Zambett. 1955 Nematostigma Syd. & P. Syd. 1913 Neodasyscypha Spooner 1987 Neomicrothyrium Boonmee, H.X. Wu & K.D. Hyde 2011 Nitschkia Nitschke ex Fuckel 1870 Nitschkia G.H. Otth ex Fuckel 1870 Ocellis Clem. 1909 Ochrosphaera Sawada 1959 Olegblumia S.Y. Kondr., S.O. Oh & J.S. Hur 2015 Omnidemptus P.F. Cannon & Alcorn 1994 Oncopodiella G. Arnaud 1954 Ophiodendron G. Arnaud 1952 Ophiopodium G. Arnaud 1954 Orthochaeta Sawada 1943 Overeemia G. Arnaud 1954 Ovulitis N.F. Buchw. 1949 Pachythyrium G. Arnaud 1954 Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking 2008 Palmomyces Maire 1926 Paracapsulospora Konta & K.D. Hyde 2016 Paraplacodium Motyka 1996 1853 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 41.5 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(c), see Art. 20.2 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 41.5 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. Parepichloë J.F. White & P.V. Reddy 1998 Parvosympodium A.W. Ramaley 2002 Pectenia P.M. Jørg., L. Lindblom, Wedin & S. Ekman 2014 Peltigeropsis V. Marcano & A. Morales 1994 Petriellopsis Gilgado, Cano, Guarro & Gené 2007 Peyronellaea Goid. 1946 Phaeoxyphium Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960 Phalloboletus P. Micheli 1729 Phialicorona Subram. 1993 Phloeosporella Höhn. 1920 Phloeosporina Höhn. 1916 Phlyctidia Müll. Arg. 1880 Pilulina G. Arnaud 1954 Piminella G. Arnaud 1954 Pittierodothis Chardón 1939 Plectomyriangium C. Moreau & M. Moreau 1959 Pleurocatena G. Arnaud 1952 Pleurocatena G. Arnaud ex Aramb. 1981 Polycornum Malcolm & Vězda 1995 Polyscytalina G. Arnaud 1954 Porodiscella Viégas 1944 Porodiscus Lloyd 1919 Protoplacodium Motyka 1995 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 41.3, Art. 41.8(a) does not apply (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.4 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.3, 10.1, 12.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 35.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 35.1, 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. Protoroccella Follmann 1995 Protoroccella L.M. Sánchez-Pinto & M. Schulz 2001 Pseudoalternaria 2013 Pseudohansfordia D.P. Lawr., Gannibal, F.M. Dugan & B.M. Pryor S.M. Reddy & Bilgrami Pseudophyscia Müll. Arg. 1893 Pseudoplacodium Motyka 1996 Pubigera Baral, Gminder & Svrček 1995 Pyrgillocarpon Nádv. 1942 Pyrgillocarpon Nádv. ex Tibell 1984 Quadrisporomyces Sekunova 1960 Questieriella G. Arnaud 1954 Rabenhorstia Fr. 1849 Racemosporium Moreau & F. Moreau 1941 Racodium Dill. 1741 Racovitziella Döbbeler & Poelt 1937 Ramichloridium Stahel 1954 Rhinotrichella G. Arnaud 1888 Rhipidocephalum Trail 1966 Rhynchostrigula Bat., J.L. Bezerra & Cavalc. 2010 Rodentomyces 1941 Romanoa Doveri, Pecchia, Sarrocco & Vannacci Thirum. Royella R.S. Dwivedi 1960 Saliastrum Kujala 1946 Santapauinda Subram. 1994 Saprochaete Coker & Shanor 1939 Sarcoscypha Roum. 1882 1975 1954 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1; Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Saxomyces L. Selbmann & D. Isola 2013 Saxophila L. Selbmann & de Hoog 2015 Sciniatosporium Kalchbr. 1866 Scopula G. Arnaud 1952 Seimatosporiella Abbas, B. Sutton & Ghaffar 1998 Selenosporella G. Arnaud 1954 Semilecanora Motyka 1996 Septocylindrium Sacc. 1876 Septorella Berk. ex Ainsw. & Bisby 1971 Septotinia Septotis Whetzel N.F. Buchw. 1937 1949 Septotis N.F. Buchw. ex Arx 1970 Septotrapelia Aptroot & Chaves 2006 Sepultariella Kutorga 2000 Setomyces Bat. & J.L. Bezerra 1960 Sivanesania W.H. Hsieh & Chi Y. Chen 1994 Slafractonia 2015 Sphaeromyces Alhawatema, Baucom, Sanogo & Creamer G. Arnaud Sphaeromycetella G. Arnaud 1954 Sporendocladia G. Arnaud 1954 Sporocephalum G. Arnaud 1952 Sporophora Luteraan 1952 Sporotrichopsis Guég. 1911 Stalagmites Theiss. & Syd. 1914 Stenhammara A. Massal. ex Zahlbr. 1924 Stirtoniopsis Groenh. 1938 Symbiotaphrina Kühlw. & Jurzitza 1961 1954 Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval. Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.5(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.4 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Art. 9.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. Synciboria G.L. Wang 2009 Synnmukerjiomyces Aneja & R. Kumar 1999 Tapellariopsis Lücking 1992 Tapellariopsis Lücking 1999 Tetracytum Vanderw. 1945 Texosporium Nádv. 1942 Thyrospora Kirschst. 1938 Thyrsidiella Höhn. 1905 Torulopsis L. Engel 1877 Trapelina Motyka 1996 Tretendophragmia Subram. 1994 Tretocephala Subram. 1992 Tridens Massee 1901 Tuber P. Micheli 1729 Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora 2012 Uncinulella Hara 1936 Vanbreuseghemia Balab. 1965 Velutarina Korf 1953 Veramyces Subram. 1994 Vertexicola 1999 Vezdaea Ranghoo, K.D. Hyde & E.C.Y. Liew Poelt & Döbbeler Viennotidia Negru & Verona 1966 Wakefieldia G. Arnaud 1954 Wernerella Nav.-Ros., Cl. Roux & Giralt 1996 Wernerella Nav.-Ros., Cl. Roux & Giralt 1998 1975 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 39.1, 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(c) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 34.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1, see Arts 6.6, 10.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 Nom. inval., Art. 32.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne); Nom. illegit., Art. 52.1 Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Arts 40.1 (see Arts 6.6, Wetmoreana Arup, Søchting & Frödén 2013 Wilsonia Cheel & Dughi 1944 Wolfina Seaver 1937 Xylohypha (Fr.) E.W. Mason 1953 Zelotriadelphia 2005 Zwackhiomyces R.F. Castañeda, Saikawa, M. Stadler & Iturr. Grube & Triebel Zygolipomyces Krassiln., Babeva & Meavahd 1967 Zygorenospora Krassiln. 1954 Zymodebaryomyces E.K. Novák & Zsolt 1961 Zymopichia E.K. Novák & Zsolt 1961 1989 10.1), 40.4 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 42.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.6 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 38.1(a) (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 39.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Nom. inval., Art. 40.1 (Melbourne) Doubtful genera In Table 3, we listed the genera in Ascomycota which have been listed as nom. dub. in Kirk et al. 2008 and have not been included in recent literature. Table 3. Nom. dub. genera in Ascomycota (based on Kirk et al. 2008) which were not included in recent literature. Generic name Aciesia Asteronema Blastotrichum Borinquenia Botryodiplodia Byssocladium Calothyriopeltis Cellulosporium Chaetobasidiella Chmelia Coccosporium Coniothecium Cyphellopus Dinemasporiella Diplodiella Endaematus Halterophora Hypha Hyphasma Authors Bat. Trevis. Corda F. Stevens Sacc. Link F. Stevens & R.W. Ryan Peck Höhn. Svob.-Pol. Corda Corda Fayod Speg. (P. Karst.) Sacc. Raf. Endl. Pers. Rebent. ex Nocca & Balb. Year 1961 1845 1838 1917 1884 1816 1925 1879 1918 1966 1831 1833 1889 1911 1884 1814 1836 1822 1821 Comments Leptodothis Leucosporium Theiss. & Syd. Corda 1914 1833 Levieuxia Maurya Fr. Pat. 1849 1898 Microstelium Myxonyphe Neottiosporella Pat. Rchb. Höhn. ex Falck 1899 1841 1923 Phaeoantenariella Piptostoma Piptostomum Rhinotrichum Scopularia Cavalc. Berk. & Broome Lév. Corda Preuss 1969 1873 1845 1837 1851 Spermatodium Stemmaria Variolaria Fée ex Trevis. Preuss Pers. 1860 1851 1794 Voglinoana Weinmannodora Xylodon Kuntze Fr. (Pers.) Gray 1891 1849 1821 Seifert et al. 2011 also treated as nom. dub. Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 (Index Fungorum 2017) Seifert et al. 2011 treated as a synonym of Minimidochium B. Sutton 1969 Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1 (Index Fungorum 2017) Nom. illegit., Art. 53.1; Nom. rejic., see Arts 14.6, Ex. 5 and 14.7 (Index Fungorum 2017) Nom. rejic., see Arts 14.6, Ex. 5 and 14.7 (Index Fungorum 2017) Acknowledgements Nalin Wijayawardene would like to thank Lechat Christian, Emma, Danushka Sandaruwan, Paul Mungai, Huang Zhang, Ishani Goonasekara, C. Norphanphoun, Ishara Manawasingha, Thilini Chethana for their assistances. K.D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) entitled Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice (Grant number: 60201000201) and Mae Fah Luang University grant “Biodiversity, phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae” (Grant number: 592010200112). Hugo Madrid was funded by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Chile, project no. 11140562.” Dong Qin Dai would like to thank the Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and plants on Yun-Gui Plateau for the support. Ka-Lai Pang thanks Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan for financial support (105-2621-B-019 -002-). 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