European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.715 ISSN 2118-9773 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2020 · Bertolino M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:08022AE1-B293-4D42-9733-AC4845E656B7 New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile) Marco BERTOLINO 1, Gabriele COSTA 2,*, Giorgio BAVESTRELLO 3, Maurizio PANSINI 4 & Giovanni DANERI 5 1,2,3,4 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa, 26 - 16132 Genova, Italy. 5 Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16 Coyhaique, Chile. 5 Programa COPAS Sur Austral Universidad de Concepción, Barros Arana, Concepción, Chile. * Corresponding author: gabrielec1987@gmail.com 1 Email: marco.bertolino@unige.it 3 Email: giorgio.bavestrello@unige.it 4 Email: pansisml@gmail.com 5 Email: gdaneri@ciep.cl 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:71370556-B858-471C-B544-5641E2243080 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:9712037F-157D-477D-AA5E-7111C26CAE1D 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:4D585539-D4B7-4EB1-ABAD-629D9A547C9E 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7F4DA865-D72F-45FA-ABC5-81187748E6BF 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C4E24C36-8D7E-44B2-B0C8-4BB56A4B7A2D 2 Marco Bertolino and Gabriele Costa equally contributed to the paper and are first co-authors. Abstract. Until now, only 177 species of sponges (Porifera) have been reported for Chilean coastal waters. Here we describe recent scuba diving surveys undertaken to improve our knowledge of the diversity of the sponge fauna of the Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal in Chilean Patagonia. Despite these relatively harsh environments, our study yielded 23 species of Demospongiae, nine of which are new to science and described here: Hymerabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. and Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. One species, Hymedesmia (Stylopus) lissostyla (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988), is reported for the first time for Chile. Keywords. Chilean fjords, Porifera, taxonomy, benthos. Bertolino M., Costa G., Bavestrello G., Pansini M. & Daneri G. 2020. New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile). European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.715 1 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Introduction The southern tip of South America is of particular interest for ecological and biogeographic studies of marine organisms. The relative proximity of Antarctica makes this subantarctic coast a transitional zone between South America, Antarctica and the temperate Pacific area (Escribano et al. 2003). The subantarctic inner shelf of southern Chile (41–55° S) is characterized by a complex system of fjords, channels, gulf, estuaries and bays, each affected by local physical processes that strongly modulate biological productivity (Iriarte et al. 2014). Patagonian fjords are influenced by saline subantarctic surface waters and freshwater input from the continent; these waters interact to form modified subantarctic waters characterized by sharp vertical and horizontal salinity gradients (Iriarte et al. 2014 and references therein). These fjords can, therefore, be considered transitional marine systems where marked contrasts in marine biodiversity and distribution can be observed (Escribano et al. 2003). The fjords of Chilean Patagonia cover an area of nearly 240 000 km2 in one of the least densely populated areas of the country (1–8 inhabitants per 10 km2) (Pantoja et al. 2011). In the last three decades, however, the influence of anthropogenic activities on these mostly pristine terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has increased. Exploitation of the natural resources of the region (fisheries, tourism) and the expansion of commercial salmon and mussel farming (Pantoja et al. 2011) are increasing the pressure on these fragile fjord ecosystems, and they now require enhanced scientific surveillance and protection. The coastal waters of Chilean Patagonia host more than 1700 species of benthic animals (Häussermann & Försterra 2009). The biodiversity of filter-feeding organisms is of particular interest given the high levels of primary productivity and complex physico-chemical processes occurring in these ecosystems. For example, filter-feeding cnidarians (such as hydrozoans and anthozoans) have been extensively studied in Chilean fjords in recent decades because of their role within the benthic community and subsequent ecological importance (Försterra & Häussermann 2003; Häussermann 2006; Häussermann & Försterra 2007a, 2007b; Sinniger & Häussermann 2009). On the other hand, sponges have long been studied in Patagonia since the historical campaigns of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as: H.M.S. Alert (1876–1880) (Ridley 1881), H.M.S. Challenger (1873–1876) (Ridley & Dendy 1887), S.Y. Belgica (1897–1899) (Topsent 1901) and the extensive sponge collections of Thiele (1905). Desqueyroux & Moyano (1987), in their biogeographic analysis of the Chilean coast, listed 94 sponge species, a very limited number considering the latitudinal extent (more than 500 km) and intricate morphology of the Chilean coast (Hajdu & Desqueyroux-Faúndez 2008). This knowledge has recently been improved by scuba diving surveys and the list of Chilean Porifera now encompasses 177 species (Carvalho et al. 2007, 2011; Esteves et al. 2007; Hajdu & DesqueyrouxFaúndez 2008; Lee et al. 2008; Azevedo et al. 2009; Willenz et al. 2009, 2016; Lopes et al. 2011; Hajdu et al. 2006, 2013; Fernandez et al. 2016; Bertolino et al. 2019; Costa et al. 2020). However, this number remains relatively low considering the huge extent of the Patagonian coastline (Försterra 2009), suggesting that further surveys of this important benthic taxon may be fruitful. The aim of the present work is to document the diversity of sponge fauna in Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile) (Fig. 1) and thus to improve the understanding of benthic communities more generally in these coastal waters. 2 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Material and methods The study area is located within the Aysen Region of northern Chilean Patagonia (Fig. 1). The study focussed on Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Fig. 1). Puyuhuapi Fjord – located in the Chilean XI region – extends to a length of 90 km and a maximum width of 7 km (Fig. 1). The mouth of the fjord connects to the larger Moraleda Channel, which opens into the Pacific Ocean, while the head of the fjord consists of a large bay, around 2 km wide, close to Puyuhuapi village. Within the COPAS Sur Austral Program, one area of focus is a sampling program designated to improve our knowledge of the richness of the Porifera in this area from the qualitative point of view. Sampling was conducted in August 2016 through scuba diving. Twelve sites were chosen with depths of sampling ranging between 5 and 30 m. Sponges were mainly collected from rocky substrates and photographed in situ with a Canon Digital IXUS 900 Ti (Fig. 1; Table 1). The specimens were fixed in 70% ethanol and processed by standard methods for sponge identification (Rützler 1978). Taxonomic decisions were made according to the revision of Demospongiae of Morrow & Cárdenas (2015) and the classification present in the World Porifera Database (WPD) (van Soest et al. 2020). Length and width of at least 30 spicules per type were measured for each species / specimen collected. Minimum, mean (in parentheses) and maximum values of spicule dimensions are reported. For a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Vega3 TESCAN type LMU analyses, dissociated spicules and dried tissues were transferred onto stubs, and then sputter coated with gold. The type specimens of any proposed new species were entrusted to the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale G. Doria of Genoa (collection acronym MSNG). Spicule slides and the other examined specimens (paratypes) are deposited in the sponge collection of the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova. All the specimens collected during the campaign were marked by the code CILE number. Fig. 1. Study area with twelve sampling sites (A–I, L–N). 3 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) SITES COORDINATES DESCRIPTIONS DEPTH A 44.669581° S 72.798496° W Rocky slope covered by coralline algae and debris at the entrance of a channel 0–31 m B 44.650167° S 72.890850° W Rocky cliff interrupted by large submarine detrital heights 0–32 m C 44.631113° S 72.929130° W Rocky wall and detritus slope 0–32 m D 44.614863° S 72.958312° W Vertical wall, ending at a depth of 20 m on a rocky bottom that slopes down to 32 m 0–32 m E (Punta Tabla) 44.613885° S 72.941490° W Rocky cliff 0–35 m F (Punta Angostura) 44.631235° S 72.904239° W Rocky cliff and debris slope 0–32 m G 44.763254° S 72.891581° W South side of a rocky slope covered by coralline algae and debris 0–20 m H (Bouy W) 44.609000° S 72.757667° W Vertical rocky wall with debris slope 0–30 m I (Bouy W) 44.580650° S 72.730850° W Vertical rocky wall with debris slope 0–30 m L Canal Jacaf (Ite Carlos) 44.522694° S 72.693722° W Rocky wall ending on a debris bottom inside the channel located between the coast and the island 0–24 m M Canal Jacaf 44.345000° S 72.951528° W Rocky walls ending on a debris bottom inside the channel located between the coast and the island 0–24 m N Canal Jacaf 44.271194° S 73.209222° W Rocky walls ending on a debris bottom inside the channel located between the coast and the island 0–24 m Other Sites Seno Magdalena Table 1. Sampling sites with descripions. Results In total, the survey collected 44 specimens of demosponges belonging to 23 species (Table 2), with nine species that are new to science: Hymerhabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., A. coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., B. erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., B. typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. One species, Hymedesmia (Stylopus) lissostyla (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988) was reported for the first time in Chile. Axinella cylindrica was the species with the largest number of specimens (4) and was recorded at four sites (Table 2). The site with the largest number of collected specimens (14) and species was site E in Seno Magdalena. The geographical distribution of the collected and described species is shown in Table 2. 4 Table 2 (continued on the next page). List of species with the number of specimens collected at each site and their previously known distribution. Total number of specimens is also given for each site. * = new record for the Chilean fjord region. Sites Species A B C D Hymerabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. E F 1 1 G H I 2 1 Axinella crinita Thiele, 1905 Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. 1 Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. 1 1 1 1 × Galapagos 1 1 Cliona chilensis Thiele, 1905 1 Clionaopsis platei (Thiele, 1905) 1 1 2 Latrunculia (Latrunculia) ciruela Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 1 1 1 × 2 Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) 1 New Zealand 1 Clathria (Thalysias) amabilis (Thiele, 1905) × 1 1 1 × Argentina × 1 × Antarctica, Brazil, South Africa BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords 5 Antarctica Antarctica 1 Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) chilensis Thiele, 1905 × × 1 Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov Myxilla (Burtonanchora) araucana Hajdu, DesqueyrouxFaúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 outside Chile 1 3 Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov Hymedesmia (Stylopus) lissostyla (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988) * outside fjords × 1 Biemna lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2018 Amphilectus americanus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) L M N 1 Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 Biemna chilensis Thiele, 1905 Distribution Sites Species A B C D Neopodospongia tupecomareni Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 F G H I L M N outside fjords 1 × 1 Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov 1 1 Rhizaxinella unica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov 1 1 Tethya papillosa (Thiele, 1905) 1 Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. 1 Total specimens collected at each site E Distribution 1 4 3 × 6 14 1 2 5 3 2 1 2 outside Chile European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 2 (continued). List of species with the number of specimens collected at each site and their previously known distribution. Total number of specimens is also given for each site. 6 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Results Class Desmospongiae Sollas, 1885 Subclass Heteroscleromorpha Cárdenas, Pérez & Boury-Esnault, 2012 Order Agelasida Hartman, 1980 Family Hymerhabdiidae Morrow, Picton, Erpenbeck, Boury-Esnault, Maggs & Allcock, 2012 Genus Hymerhabdia Topsent, 1892 Hymerhabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF9FC2BD-D935-4B83-B345-228C74D457B2 Fig. 2; Table 3 Etymology The new species is named after the presence of imperfect rhabdostyles. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena E; 44.613885° S, 72.94149° W; depth 30 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 63; MSGN 60889. Paratype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena F (Punta Angostura); 44.6312,35° S, 72.904239° W; depth 25 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 43; DISTAV. Description Habitus. Encrusting, 5 mm thick and 5 cm long (Fig. 2A). Surface rugose and hispid, with visible canals converging towards oscules. Colour in life bright orange (Fig. 2A). Consistency of live specimens friable. Skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton formed by bundles of long styles and tylostyles with heads embedded in basal layer of rhabdostyles and sinuous sub-tylostyles. Spicules. Megascleres: Smooth styles, long and thin, sometimes with modified heads (Fig. 2B), 800– (888.33)–1000 μm long and 5–(7.16)–10 μm thick. Smooth tylostyles 410–(552.5)–700 μm long and 15–(18.9)–25 μm thick (Fig. 2C). Rather short rhabdostyles with heads variable in shape and with pointed or round extremities (Fig. 2D), 140–(252.42)–415 μm long and 7.5–(9.75)–12.5 μm thick. Rhabdostyles often sinuous or modified into oxeas or strongyles (Fig. 2E). Habitat Species lives on a rocky cliff at a depth of 25–30 m; Chilean fjords. Remarks Out of the nine species of Hymerhabdia previously described around the world (Table 3), none have been recorded along Chilean coasts. The only species of this genus from the Southern Hemisphere is Hymerhabdia oxeata (Dendy, 1924) recorded at a depth of 183 m in northern New Zealand. Hymerabdia imperfecta sp. nov. differs from H. oxeata in having a red colour whereas in H. oxeata the colour is dark brown. As to spicules, H. oxeata has oxeas whereas the new species has tylostyles and rhabdostyles that are not present in H. oxeata. Moreover, the styles of the new species are much larger (Table 3). A comparison with the other 8 species of Hymerhabdia (from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea reported in Table 3) shows remarkable differences in presence or absence of spicules (oxeas, rhabdostrongyles, toxostrongyles) and in their shape and size. 7 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 2. Hymerhabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 63; MSGN 60889). A. The holotype in life. B. Smooth styles. C. Smooth thicker tylostyles. D. Rhabdostyles. E. Rhabdostyles are often sinuous or modified in oxeas or strogyles. 8 Table 3 (continued on the next page). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Hymerhabdia Topsent, 1892 of all the world. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Species Shape Colour Surface Consistency Bright red Hispid Friable Hymerhabdia contracta Sarà & Siribelli, 1960 Encrusting Golden yellow – – Hymerhabdia intermedia Sarà & Siribelli, 1960 Encrusting Brownish yellow Hispid – Hymerhabdia kobluki van Soest, 2017 Microlobate Dull yellow to encrusting beige Microhispid, no oscules are visible Firm Hymerhabdia oxeata (Dendy, 1924) Encrusting Dark brown Hispid – Hymerhabdia oxytrunca Topsent, 1904 Encrusting Brown, grey Hispid – Hymerhabdia pori Tsurnamal, 1969 Encrusting Orange / red or yellow / orange Hispid or papillate Soft Hymerhabdia reichi Tsurnamal, 1969 Encrusting Orange / red or yellow / orange Hispid / pointed papillate – Styles: 800–(888.33)–1000 × 5–(7.16)–10 Tylostyles: 410–(552.5)–700 × 15–(18.9)–25 Rhabdostyles: 140–(252.42)–415 × 7.5–(9.75)–12.5 Tylostyles: 512–1600 × 6.2–10 Rhabdostyles: 102–152 × 5–7.5 Rhabdostrongyles: 37.5–55 × 7.5–10 Styles I: 510–1480 × 10.5–17 Styles II / Rhabdostyles: 130–250 × 3.5–7 Strongyles: 168–190 × 3.5–7 Styles I: 632–1176 × 12–36 Styles II: 498–570 × 24–31 Styles III: 264–387 × 9–18 Oxeas: 264–424 × 9–(14.9)–19 Oxeas: 270 × 12 Styles: 289–1037 × 12.7–34 Styles I: 350–610 × 8–20 Styles II: 260–550 × 7–18 Rhabdostyles I: 180–350 × 6–7.5 Rhabdostyles II: 170–290 × 7–7.5 Oxeas: 480–670 × 13–15 Styles I: 755–1550 × 13–20 Styles II: 224–600 × 13–17 Strongyles: 207–1080 × 17–22 Strongyles / Toxostrongyles: 196–380 × 6.7–11 Styles: 400–720 × 4.4–10 Strongyles: 280–520 × 6–9 Oxeas I: 400–600 × 3.5–11 Oxeas II: 100–130 × 2.2–4.4 Distribution Chile Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea, Celtic Sea Guyana Shelf, Bonaire, Colombian Caribbean New Zealand Mediterranean Sea, Azores, Canaries Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Encrusting 9 Hymerhabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, sp. nov. Spicules (μm) Species Shape Colour Surface Consistency Hymerhabdia topsenti Lévi, 1952 Encrusting Red Hispid – Hymerhabdia typica Topsent, 1892 Encrusting – Hispid – Spicules (μm) Styles I: 1600 × 12–13 Styles II: 350–500 × 15–30 Styles III: 20–350 × 4–12 Oxeas: 160–320 × 8–18 Styles and Tylostyles: 650–800 × 10 Rhabdostyles: 80–120 × 8–10 Distribution Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea, Celtic Sea, Azores, Canaries European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 3 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Hymerhabdia Topsent, 1892 of all the world. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). 10 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Order Axinellida Lévi, 1953 Family Axinellidae Carter, 1875 Genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:21616DF2-8C48-428E-8631-C6A2553E214C Figs 3–4; Table 4 Etymology The new species is named after the body shape. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena B; 44.650167° S, 72.89085° W; depth 20 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 1; MSGN 61493. Paratypes CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863° S, 72.958312° W; depth 18 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky bottom by scuba diving; CILE 37; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena E; 44.613885° S, 72.941490° W; depth 15 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 23; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena D; 56.616666° S, 72.716666° W; depth 20 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 81; DISTAV. Description Habitus. All of the specimens have a regular cylindrical shape (5–7 cm high, ca 1 cm in diameter) (Fig. 3A). Surface lightly hispid, consistence firm. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 3A). Skeleton. Skeleton formed by network of thin ascending plurispicular fibres forming quadrangular meshes with abundant spongin (Fig. 3B). Choanosome differentiated in axial compressed region (Fig. 3D) and extra-axial plumoreticulate part (Fig. 3C–D). Ectosome formed by erect spicule brushes, hispidating sponge surface, supported by terminal part of choanosomal ascending fibres (Fig. 3C–D). Spicules. Megascleres: Styles smooth, straight or slightly curved, with regular, round heads (Fig. 4A), 700–(832.5)–960 μm long and 20–(25.2)–32.5 μm thick in holotype. Rhabdostyles smooth with pronounced basal bend (Fig. 4B), 240–(296.5)–435 μm long and 15–(17)–20 μm thick in holotype. Oxeas smooth, more or less folded, 197.5–(346)–425 μm long and 12.5–(18.7)–22.5 μm thick in holotype. The thinnest ones are almost straight or slightly flexuous (Fig. 4C). Measurements of spicule of all collected specimens (holotype and paratypes) are reported in Table 4. Habitat This species lives on a rocky cliff covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 15 and 20 m. Remarks We have recorded two new species of the genus Axinella and have therefore chosen to make a single discussion after their description. 11 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 3. Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 1; MSGN 61493). A. The holotype in life. B. Skeleton formed by a network of thin ascending plurispicular fibres. C. Extraaxial pumoreticulate skeleton. D. Skeleton differentiated in two regions, axial compressed reticulated and extra-axial plumoreticulate. 12 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 4. Spicules of Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 1; MSGN 61493). A. Smooth styles. B. Rhabdostyles. C. Oxeas. 13 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 4. Comparison of spicule dimensions (in μm) among specimens of Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Specimens CILE 1 Holotype (MSGN 61493) CILE 23 CILE 37 CILE 81 Styles Rhabdostyles Oxeas 700–(832.5)–960 × 20–(25.2)–32.5 240–(296.5)–435 × 15–(17)–20 197.5–(346)–425 × 12.5–(18.7)–22.5 513–(686.6)–1005 × 21–(26.2)–29 360–(614.7)–930 × 2.5–(20)–30 204–(620.6)–887 × 8–(13.6)–23 238–(323.5)–451 × 13–(19)–26 117.5–(253.4)–390 × 12.5–(17.9)–22.5 194–(274.4)–418 × 5–(14.3)–21 283–(399.5)–492 × 16–(20)–29 182.5–(345.3)–425 × 5–(17.9)–22.5 224–(393.2)–612 × 10–(17.4)–26 Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:29550A2F-F048-40D5-B473-906EB62DC478 Figs 5–6; Table 5 Etymology The new species is named after the crown of thin styles surrounding single tylostyles. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena B; 44.650167° S, 72.89085° W; depth 20 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 22; MSGN 61494. Paratypes CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena E (Punta Tabla); 44.613885° S, 72.94149° W; depth 22 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky cliff by scuba diving; CILE 9; DISTAV • 1 specimen; Seno Magdalena C; 44.631113° S, 72.929130° W; depth 25 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 15; DISTAV. Description Habitus. Fan shaped sponge, 2 cm high, very thin (2 mm maximum), with short basal stem. Surface very hispid with tufts of macroscleres coming out from surface (Fig. 5A–B). Consistency hard but friable. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 5A–B). Skeleton. Plumose, formed by multi-spicular primary tracts, radiating from axis towards surface (Fig. 5C–D), ending in single tylostyle surrounded by crown of thin styles that projects slightly through sponge surface (Fig. 5E–F). Spicules. Megascleres: Tylostyles slightly curved (Fig. 6A), 1300–(1962)–2200 μm long and 10– (17.42)–25 μm thick. Long, smooth and thin styles, with shaft slightly thickened in distal third (Fig. 6B), 1200–(1500)–1800 μm long and 2.5–(3.3)–5 μm thick. Styles to tylostyles or subtylostyles more or less bent near head as true rhabdostyles (Fig. 6C), 460–(505)–590 μm long and 10–(15.62)–20 μm thick. Thin and sinuous styles, with round heads and slightly rounded points (Fig. 6D), 460–(556.5)–600 μm long and 2.5–(3.5)–5 μm thick. 14 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 5. Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 22; MSGN 61494). A–B. The holotype in life. C. Plumose multispicular skeleton. D. Cross section of the skeleton. E. Ectosome. F. Magnification of a single tylostyle, surrounded by a crown of thin styles. 15 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 6. Spicules of Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 22; MSGN 61494). A. Tylostyles. B. Styles. C. Styles bend near the head similar to rhabdostyles. D. Thin and sinuous styles. 16 Table 5 (continued on the next two pages). Morphological characters and distribution of the two new species and the other species of Axinella Schmidt, 1862 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Species Spicules (μm) Distribution Lightly hispid Firm Styles: 700–(832.5)–960 × 20–(25.2)–32.5 Rhabdosrtyles: 240–(296.5)–435 × 15–(17)–20 Oxeas: 197.5–(346)–425 × 12.5–(18.7)–22.5 (Holotype measure) Chilean Fjords Fan shaped, 2 cm high Bright yellow Very hispid Hard but friable Tylostyles: 1300–(1962)–2200 × 10–(17.42)–25 Styles: 460–(505)–590 × 10–(15.62)–20 Thin sinuous styles: 460–(556.5)–600 × 2.5–(3.5)–5 Chilean Fjords Globular, slightly elongated, 5.5 cm high Brown – – Oxeas: 500–1300 × 21–50 μm Straight or sinuous styles: 980–2400 × 30–52 Antarctica, New Zealand Colour Surface Regular cylindrical shape, 7 cm high Bright yellow Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Axinella antarctica (Koltun, 1964) Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. 17 Ramified, 17 cm high Orange – – Oxeas: 336–440 × 13–21 Styles: 336–440 × 13–21 East African coral coast, Banda Sea, Southeast Papua New Guinea, North, Northwest Australian coast Ramified Light red Hispid – Oxeas: 140–400 × 9–16 Styles: 120–130 × 1.5–16 New Zealand Axinella brondstedi Bergquist, 1970 Erect, irregularly lump-shaped Light yellowish Hispid – Oxeas: 400 × 6 Styles and sinuous strongyles: 400–900 × 28 New Zealand Axinella corrugata (George & Wilson, 1919) Lamellated, corrugated Bright orange, red Hispid Firm Styles sometimes modified to oxeas Styles I: (stout) 400–700 × 10–12 Styles II: (slender) 400–500 × 3–8 Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Southern Atlantic Sea (Brazil) Axinella crassa (Carter, 1885) Sub-stipitate, flabellate Wax yellow – Firm, resilient Oxeas: 1524 × 10.4 Southeast Australia Axinella crinita Thiele, 1905 Arborescent, very ramified Brown – Soft Styles I: 600–750 × 20–25 Styles II: 200–250 × 10–15 Subtylostyles: 400–500 × 2 Chilean coasts Axinella aruensis (Hentschel, 1912) Axinella australiensis Bergquist, 1970 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Consistency Shape Species Shape Colour Surface Consistency Spicules (μm) Distribution – Flexible and elastic Styles I: 550 × 15 Styles II: 270 × 12 Oxeas: 270 × 12 New Zealand Very hispid – Styles: 250–400 × up to 22 New Zealand South Australia Axinella elegans (Dendy, 1924) Cylindrical stalk base, dichotomising above White after in two places, 4.2 cm preservation high Axinella globula Brøndsted, 1924 Hemispherical shape Grey Axinella kirki Dendy, 1897 Massive hemispherical with short conical proces Yellowish / grey Rugose – Oxeas Styles Strongyles up to 1000 × 9 Arborescent – – – Styles I: 90–110 × 5.5–7.5 Styles II: 160–180 × 4–5 Oxeas: 160–180 × 4–5 Australia Axinella lifouensis Lévi & Lévi, 1983 Fan-shaped with cylindrical stalk base – Hispid – Styles I: 2300–2500 × 25–35 Styles II: 400–750 × 12–25 Oxeas: 300–1100 × 20–25 New Caledonia Axinella loribellae Alvarez & Hooper, 2009 Fan-shaped, thin lamellae, 1–5 mm thick, single or bifurcate, 3 cm high and 4 cm wide Smooth, Burnt velvety, orange marked alive, brown irregularly in alcohol with ribs Flexible, easy to tear, rubbery Styles: 196.3–(274.6±47.7)–352.9 × 8.33–(13.5±2.7)–18.3 Sinuous strongyles: 103.6–(190.1±74)–396.3 × 6.01–(10.3±1.9)–13.09 Oxeas: 148.5–(226.8±63.6)–440.2 × 4.8–(8.7±2.1)–12.9 Northern Australia between Darwin Harbour and the Wessel Is. Globular Yellow, red, Corrugated orange Firm Oxeas: 635 × 17 Southeast Australia (Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park) – Styles: 450–1200 × 12–13 Oxeas: 300 × 12 Southeast Africa (Natal) Axinella lesueuri Topsent, 1932 18 Axinella meloniformis Carter, 1885 Axinella natalensis (Kirkpatrick, 1903) Cup-shaped Pale yellow – European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 5 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the two new species and the other species of Axinella Schmidt, 1862 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Table 5 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the two new species and the other species of Axinella Schmidt, 1862 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Species Spicules (μm) Distribution – Soft Oxeas I: 275 × 7–8.4 Oxeas II: 330 × 8 Southeast Australia (Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park) Light grey – – Oxeas I: 80–150 × 8–12 Oxeas II: 250–400 × 8–12 New Caledonia Stipitate, branching dichotomously in one plane Yellowish grey Hispid – Oxeas: 84–550 × 20–37 North and South Pacific Abyssal Province Long growing, concave lamella, lobate Dull orange Hispid Firm, compressible Styles: 232–392 × 12–20 Oxeas: 208–435 × 6.9–20 New Zealand Thick Styles: 159–245 × 7–17 Thin Styles: 97–201 × 2–6 Raphids: 192.9–(227.2±14.9)–249.6 × 0.8–(2±0.6)–3 Common in the vicinity of East Point Sponge Gardens, Darwin Harbour, deep water in Western Australia Styles: 200–250 × 10–15 Curved styles / Strongyles: 250–300 × 15–20 Oxeas: (very scarce and may not belong to the sponge) New South Wales, Australia Styles: 170–520 × up to 12 Oxeas: 325–570 × up to 14 New Zealand Oxeas: 330 × 10.6 Southeast Australia (Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park) Colour Lobate Orange, brown Plumose with peduncle Axinella profunda Ridley & Dendy, 1886 Axinella richardsoni Bergquist, 1970 Axinella pilifera Carter, 1885 Axinella plumosa (Lévi & Lévi, 1983) 19 Axinella sinoxea Alvarez & Hooper, 2009 Axinella symbiotica Whitelegge, 1907 Axinella torquata Brøndsted, 1924 Axinella villosa Carter, 1885 Surface Single or multiple Orange, fans, 4–6 mm thick, pale yellow 8–14 cm long and up or beige Smooth Soft, floppy, to 30 cm wide, on with light but slightly flexible, common stalk; erect, pink tinge rough to slightly, uniplanar with digitate alive; touch compressible to irregular margins or brown-grey bifurcate tips in alcohol More or less flabellate, with a series of irregular terminal branches, 18 cm height Yellowish grey Lump shape Corrugate Digitiform – Rather brittle, Slightly harsh to the compressible touch Slightly hispid Hispid – – BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Consistency Shape European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Habitat Recorded on rocky cliffs and walls covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 20 and 25 m. Remarks The attribution of A. cylindrica sp. nov. and A. coronata sp. nov. to the genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 is based on the skeleton architecture characterised by a choanosomal skeleton differentiated in the axial (compressed or vaguely reticulated) and extra-axial (plumoreticulated) regions. The only species of this genus present on the Chilean coast is A. crinita Thiele, 1905. This species differs from the two newly described species in external shape (very ramified with cylindrical branches (Desqueyroux 1972)), absence of rhabdostyles (present in A. cylindrica sp. nov.) and presence of long thin styles with curved head (absent in A. coronata sp. nov.). In Table 5, the other geographically close species of Axinella and other species recorded in the Southern Hemisphere are reported. All of these species differ from A. cylindrica sp. nov. and A. coronata sp. nov. in the external morphology, and the type and size of spicules. Moreover A. cylindrica sp. nov. differs from all the other species in the presence of rhabdostyles (Table 5). Order Biemnida Morrow, 2013 Family Biemnidae Hentschel, 1923 Genus Biemna Gray, 1867 Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DD1D8BC5-DCF9-4294-9FA4-80FFD911417C Figs 7–8; Table 6 Etymology The new species is named after its orange colour. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena G; 44.763254° S, 72.891581° W; depth 15 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 20; MSGN 61497. Paratype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • 1 specimen; same collection data as for holotype; CILE 6; DISTAV. Description Habitus. Cushion-shaped sponge, almost spherical, 3.5 cm in diameter and ca 2 cm thick. Canal system visible, converging towards round flush oscula. Surface slightly hispid, colour in life bright orange (Fig. 7A–B). Consistency soft and friable. Skeleton. Plumoreticulate choanosome (Fig. 7C) with spongin fibres cored by bundles of spicules typical of Biemnidae. Sponge surface appears slightly hispid due to single protruding spicules (Fig. 7C). Spicules. Megascleres: Smooth sinuous styles, with regular, round heads (Fig. 8A), 700–(842.5)– 920 μm long and 2.5–(4.8)–7.5 μm thick. Tylostyles sometimes slightly bent near head (Fig. 8B), 120–(269.25)–380 μm long and 5–(12.9)–20 μm thick. Microscleres: two categories of raphids; I, long and thin raphids, curved or slightly sinuous, 105–(129.5)–200 μm long, with microspined extremities (Fig. 8C); II, short and thick raphidioid microxeas with small scattered spines (Fig. 8D), 27.5–(35.6)– 40 × 2 μm long. C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities, divided into two size categories: sigmas I, 130–(160.8)–170 μm long and × 5–(5.7)–7.5 μm thick (Fig. 8E); sigmas II, 12.5–(13.12)–17.5 μm long (Fig. 8F). 20 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 7. Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 20; MSGN 61497). A–B. The holotype in life. C. Plumoreticulate skeleton. 21 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 8. Spicules of Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 20; MSGN 61497). A. Sinuous styles. B. Tylostyles. C. Raphids I. D. Raphids II. E. Sigma I. F. Sigma II. 22 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Habitat Species lives at a depth of 20 m on a vertical wall. Remarks We have recorded three new species of the genus Biemna and have therefore decided to make combined remarks after their description. Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F0A045BB-EE04-4239-94C8-C3025A29B450 Figs 9–10; Table 6 Etymology The new species is named after its growth form. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863° S, 72.958312° W; depth 20 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a vertical wall by scuba diving; CILE 74; MSGN 61496. Description Habitus. Fan-shaped lamellar sponge, about 3 mm thick and 3.5 cm long, with basal peduncle. Surface very hispid caused by megascleres protruding from surface. Colour in life pale yellow, tending to orange (Fig. 9A–B). Consistency soft, compressible and friable in dry state. Skeleton. Plumose skeleton formed by dense fibres of spicules whose extremities protrude through surface of sponge, resulting in hispid appearance (Fig. 9C). Choanosome differentiated into two regions composed of axial compressed and extra-axial plumose fibres (Fig. 9D–E). Basal peduncle formed by ascending central fibres with radial spicules (Fig. 9F). Spicules. Megascleres: Styles smooth and sinuous, with regular round heads (Fig. 10A), 1810.5– (2033.3)–2295 μm long and 15–(17.5)–20 μm thick; tylostyles / subtylostyles slightly curved near the head (Fig. 10B), 350–(607.5)–960 μm long and 10–(18.75)–30 μm thick. Microscleres: Two categories of raphids; I, sinuous and thin raphids (Fig. 10C), 87.5–(115)–167.5 μm long; II, short and thick raphids, with small scattered spines, similar to raphidioid microxeas, 23.4–(36.55)–42.5 μm long and 2 μm thick (Fig. 10D). C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities clearly divided into two size categories: sigmas I, (Fig. 10E), 140–(159.5)–180 μm long and 5–(5.7)–7.5 μm thick; and sigmas II, (Fig. 10F), only 10–(14.5)–17.5 μm long. Habitat Species lives on a vertical wall at a depth of 20 m. Remarks We have recorded three new species of the genus Biemna and have therefore decided to make combined remarks after their description. 23 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 9. Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 74; MSGN 61496). A–B. The holotype in life. C. Plumose skeleton. D–E. Choanosome. F. Basal peduncle skeleton. 24 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 10. Spicules of Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 74; MSGN 61496). A. Styles. B. Tylostyles / subtylostyles. C. Raphids I. D. Raphids II. E. Sigma I. F. Sigma II. 25 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00C6E35C-E9FE-4F3D-A752-1A91D11BAC1C Figs 11–12; Table 6 Etymology The new species is named after its spicule complement typical of the genus. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena G; 44.763254° S, 72.891581° W; depth 15 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 28; MSGN 61495. Description Habitus. Massive, cushion shaped sponge, rather regular, ca 2 cm long and 2 cm thick, with very hispid surface. Colour in life bright red, remaining unchanged out of the water. Sponge compressible and friable (Fig. 11A). Skeleton. Structure typical of Biemnidae, plumose and with variable development of spongin fibres (Fig. 11B). Choanosome plumoreticulate, with spongin fibres covered by bundles of spicules (styles) and oxeote spicules that – protruding through sponge surface – make it hispid. Ectosomal skeleton composed of brushes of megascleres (Fig. 11C–D). Spicules. Megascleres: Styles I smooth, straight, slightly sinuous and thin, with regular, round heads (Fig. 12A), 1275–(1450.8)–1632 μm long and 5.2–(6.5)–7.8 μm thick; styles II smooth, curved and very thin (Fig. 12B), 293.6–(340.3)–365.22 μm long and 2–(2.25)–2.5 μm thick; styles III straight, curved or doubly bent, sometimes modified to rhabdostyles (Fig. 12C), 220–(409.7)–640 μm long and 10.4–(13.76)–20.8 μm thick. Microscleres: two raphid categories; raphids I, straight or sinuous (Fig. 12D), 87.5–(115)–167.5 μm long; raphids II, short and thick, similar to raphidioid microxeas with one microspined tip (Fig. 12E), 23.4–(36.55)–42.5 μm long. C-shaped sigmas with microspined extremities clearly divided into two size categories: sigmas I, (Fig. 12F),145.5–(136.7)–152 μm long and 2.6 μm thick; sigmas II, (Fig. 12G), 12.5–(19.8)–22.5 μm long. Habitat Species lives on a rocky slope covered by coralline algae, at a depth between 15 and 20 m. Remarks The three new species, Biemna aurantiaca sp. nov., B. erecta sp. nov. and B. typica sp. nov., differ from each other primarily in their external morphology and colour (see descriptions above and Table 6). Regarding megascleres, B. aurantiaca sp. nov. has smaller styles and tylostyles than B. erecta sp. nov., while B. typica sp. nov. has only three categories of styles, with no tylostyles. Furthermore, the microscleres differ in size between the three new species which are, therefore, clearly distinguishable from each other. From the cold waters of the Southern Hemisphere, twelve species of the genus Biemna are known (Table 6). Two of these have been reported on the Chilean coast: B. chilensis Thiele, 1905 and B. lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019. The new species described in the present study differ from these two species in the presence of more categories of styles and different forms of spicules. Additionally, only one category of raphids is present in B. chilensis (see Table 6). Biemna typica sp. nov. differs from all other Biemna listed in Table 6 in the presence of only one category of styles. Biemna erecta sp. nov. and B. aurantiaca sp. nov. have spicule complements similar to B. rhabderemioides 26 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Bergquist, 1961 and B. rhabdostyla Uriz, 1988, but the latter two species possess much smaller styles and subtylostyles (Table 6). In conclusion, the three species described here (Biemna aurantiaca sp. nov., B. erecta sp. nov and B. typica sp. nov.) differ from each other in the size and shape of the spicules, and should be considered as new species. Fig. 11. Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 28; MSGN 61495). A. The holotype in life. B. Plumose skeleton. C–D. Ectosomal skeleton. 27 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Fig. 12. Spicules of Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 28; MSGN 61495). A. Styles I. B. Styles II. C. Styles III, sometimes modified to rhabdostyles. D. Raphids I. E. Raphids II. F. Sigmas I. G. Sigmas II. 28 Table 6 (continued on the next two pages). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Biemna Gray, 1867 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Species Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. 29 Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Biemna anisotoxa Lévi, 1963 Colour Surface Consistency Distribution Chile Chile Chile South Africa, Southwest Madagascar BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Spicules (μm) Styles: 700–(842.5)–920 × 2.5–(4.8)–7.5 Tylostyles: 120–(269.25)–380 × 5–(12.9)–20 Orange Cushion-shaped, Lightly Raphids I: 105–(129.5)–200 tending to Friable almost spherical hispid Raphids II: 27.5–(35.6)–40 × 2 red Sigma I: 130–(160.8)–170 × 5–(5.7)–7.5 Sigma II: 12.5–(13.12)–17.5 Styles: 1810.5–(2033.3)–2295 × 15–(17.5)–20 Tylostyles / Subtylostyles: 350–(607.5)–960 × Fan-shaped, Pale yellow Soft, 10–(18.75)–30 lamellar with tending to Very hispid compressible Raphids I: 87.5–(115)–167.5 basal peduncle orange and friable Raphids II: 23.4–(36.55)–42.5 Sigma I: 140–(159.5)–180 × 5–(5.7)–7.5 Sigma II: 10–(14.5)–17.5 Styles I: 1275–(1450.8)–1632 × 5.2–(6.5)–7.8 Styles II: 293.6–(340.3)–365.22 × 2–(2.25)–2.5 Styles III: 220–(409.7)–640 × Massive cushionFriable and 10.4–(13.76)–20.8 Bright red Very hispid shaped compressible Raphids I: 87.5–(115)–167.5 Raphids II: 23.4–(36.55)–42.5 Sigma I: 145.5–(136.7)–152 × 2.6 Sigma II: 12.5–(19.8)–22.5 Styles: 300–350 × 6–10 Raphids: 115–130 × 1 Microxeas: 55–68 × 2 Massive Yellow Cavernous Friable Sigma I: 35–40 Sigma II: 18–22 Sigma III: 10 Microstyles: 35–60 × 1 Shape Species Biemna chilensis Thiele, 1905 Shape Lamellate to digitate; flabellate-digitate; spherical Colour Yellow Surface Conulose Consistency Spicules (μm) Friable Styles: 664–1016 × 25–29 Raphids: 360 –424 Sigma I: 46–55 Sigma II: 18 30 Biemna flabellata Bergquist, 1970 Erect, lamellate Biemna lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini 2019 Massive sponge, rather irregular, about 5 cm long and 3 cm thick Biemna macrorhaphis Hentschel, 1914 Almost spherical, up to 1 cm in size Yellowish grey Conulose Soft and easy to tear Biemna novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 Crust rather thin White – – Massive peduncolate claviform Yellowish grey Hispid – Biemna pedonculata Lévi, 1963 Dull yellow Hispid Conulose, Dull yellow very hispid Firm Soft due to the flaky texture Styles: 266–496 × 10–30 Microxeas I: 90–140 Microxeas II: 28–50 Sigma I: 27–40 Sigma II: 9–14 Styles: 530–(627.5)–660 × 5–(18.5)–32.5 Raphids: 112.5–(130.6)–142.5 × 1 Microxeas: 35–(37)–40 × 1 Sigma I: 140–(159.5)–180 × 5–(5.7)–7.5 Sigma II: 10–(14.5)–17.5 Styles: 664–1016 × 25–29 Raphids: 360–424 × 1 Styles: 1070 × 32 Raphids: 120 Microxeas: I 96 × 3 Microxeas: II 20 Sigma I: 56–140 Sigma II: 20 Styles: 350–550 × 30–50 Raphids: 100–130 Sigma I: 80–95 × 8–9 Sigma II: 18–20 Sigma III: 9–10 Distribution Chile, Falklands / Malvinas, East Antarctic Wilkes Land, Kerguelen Islands New Zealand Chile East Antarctica New Zealand South Africa European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 6 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Biemna Gray, 1867 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Table 6 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Biemna Gray, 1867 recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Shape Colour Surface Consistency Biemna polyphylla Lévi, 1963 Erect Yellowish grey Corrugate porous – Encrusting to massive Bright yellow Hispid, conulose Firm Biemna rhabderemioides Bergquist, 1961 31 Biemna rhabdostyla Uriz, 1988 Thickly encrusting Encrusting to Biemna rufescens massive with Bergquist & Fromont, 1988 prominent ocular fistules Biemna strongylota Rios & Cristobo, 2006 Erect sponges, supported by stalk 5 to 10 mm long and 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter at the base Glabrous, with some Dirty conules brown after terminating preservation in spicule brushes Purple, yellow White in ethanol Fragile Quite Soft and smooth and compressible finely hispid Hispid, rough to the touch – Spicules (μm) Styles: 450–550 × 35–45 Raphids: 100–110 × 1 Raphidoid microxeas: 35–55 Sigma I: 130–160 × 6–9 Sigma II: 18–20 Sigma III: 9–10 Styles: 420–470 × 10–16 Subtylostyles: 420–480 × 10–16 Raphids: 90 Microxeas: 50 × 3 Sigma I: 42–45 Sigma II: 12–14 Styles: 800–1210 × 13–27 Rhabdostyles: 130–215 × 8–11 Raphids: 123–160 Microxeas: 40–54 × 1.5 Sigma I: 53–112 × 3–4.5 Sigma II: 30–45 × 2–4 Sigma III: 13–22 × 1.5 Styles: 350–480 × 5–11.5 Microxeas I: 90–130 Microxeas II: 45–73 Sigma I: 30–50 Sigma II: 20–32 Sigma III: 13–20 Strongyles: 400–(553) 640 × 19–(26.5) 30 Raphids: 130–(179) 238 Microxeas: 58–(72) 86 Sigma I: 35–(82) 100 × 2 Sigma II: 10–(16) 22 × 1 Distribution South Africa South Africa South Africa New Zealand Antarctica BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Species European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Order Scopalinida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 Family Scopalinidae Morrow, Picton, Erpenbeck, Boury-Esnault, Maggs & Allcock, 2012 Genus Scopalina Schmidt, 1862 Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2C1EE9CB-2950-4449-AD77-D32D9A781E9C Fig. 13; Table 7 Etymology The new species is named after the cribrose surface of the sponge. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Jacaf Canal N; 44.271194° S, 73.209222° W; depth 20 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky slope by scuba diving; CILE 32; MSGN 61498. Description Habitus. Encrusting sponge 5 mm thick and 10 cm long (Fig. 13A). Surface slightly conulose with visible oscula, ostia and canal network. Slightly hispid. Colour in life reddish orange (Fig. 13A). Consistency soft. Skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton consisting of bundles of thin styles entirely enclosed in spongin. Dendritic fibres rising up from basal spongin plate. Low spicular density. Spicules. Megascleres: Smooth styles, bent near the head, ending with tip not pointed but almost rounded (Fig. 13B–C), 520–(1616.15)–2091 μm long and 2.5–(23.25)–32.5 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth of 20 m, on a rocky slope covered by coralline algae. Remarks From five species of the Scopalina genus known in the Southern Hemisphere (Table 7), only Scopalina bunkeri Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 has been recorded from Chilean coast by Bertolino et al. (2019). The new species differs from S. bunkeri in having a very spiky surface and by the presence of smaller styles (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. australiensis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982) from Eastern Australia in its external morphology, having an erect habit, large body and spicule size, but much smaller styles (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. erubescens Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 from the Falklands / Malvinas in its pale pink colour, a conulose surface, and styles that are four times shorter than those of S. erubescens (Table 7). Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. hapalia (Hooper, Cook, Hobbs & Kennedy, 1997) from Australia both in the colour and the presence of strongyles, which are lacking in the new species. Finally, regarding species of the Southern Hemisphere, S. cribrosa sp. nov. differs from S. incrustans (Lendenfeld, 1887) from Australia by its larger styles. The nine species of Scopalina reported from the Northern Hemisphere differ from S. cribrosa in the size of spicules, and often in their shape (Table 7). We, therefore, propose that Scopalina cribrosa sp. nov. should be considered as a species new to science. 32 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 13. Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 32; MSGN 61498). A. The holotype in life. B. Styles. C. Magnification of the style ends. 33 Species Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Scopalina agoga (de Laubenfels, 1954) Scopalina australiensis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982) Scopalina azurea Bibiloni, 1993 34 Scopalina blanensis Blanquer & Uriz, 2008 Scopalina bunkeri Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 Shape Colour Surface Consistency Spicules (μm) Distribution Encrusting Reddish orange Slightly hispid Soft Styles: 520–(1616.15)–2091 × 2.5–(23.25)–32.5 Chile – Spongy Oxeas: 280–300 × 2–10 Palu, Caroline Islands – Softly elastic, resilient Styles: 430–600 × 4–9.5 / 11 Eastern Australia Irregular Soft Styles: 430–739 × 6–8 Mediterranean Sea Conulose Fleshy, extremely soft in life, easily torn Styles: 380–(600)–800 × 2.3–(5.3)–9 Mediterranean Sea Rusty orange Spiky – Styles: 694–1741 Falklands / Malvinas, Chile Bright orange in life, beige in alcohol Bright yelloworange in life, beige in alcohol Smooth, strongly conulose Fleshy Styles: 160–(199)–399 × 1.9–2.5 Canarian Islands Styles: 480–(537)–603 × 3.4–(5)–6.8 Alboran Sea Styles: 331–(395)–459 × 9.4–(13)–15.6 Falklands / Malvinas Subspherical, 4 cm Rose, red verging high and 5–6 cm lateral slightly towards dimension purple Growing erect, Orange in 25 × 20 × 12 mm; life, light cushion shaped, orange / brown 45 × 25 mm wide, after preservation 20 mm thick Encrusting, 2 × 2 cm in Blue in alcohol diameter Salmon to pale Encrusting, orange in life, 2 × 3 × 0.4 cm cream in alcohol Thin encrusting Scopalina canariensis Blanquer & Uriz, 2008 Thick encrusting, 0.5 to 1 cm thick, 4 × 3 cm Scopalina ceutensis Blanquer & Uriz, 2008 Thickly encrusting, 1.5 mm thickness Smooth and Compressible and conulose fleshy Scopalina erubescens Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 Thick crust Pale pink Conulose Scopalina hapalia (Hooper, Cook, Hobbs & Kennedy, 1997) Thickly encrusting, massive bulbous, stoloniferous or elongate ridges Bright orange to dark orange alive, pale orange-brown in ethanol Sharply pointed – Styles: 375–(583.5)–1130 × Soft, 3–(8.1)–15 membranous, Stongyles: 182–(231.3)–275 × easily torn, fragile 1–(2.1)–2.5 Australia European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 7 (continued on the next page). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Scopalina Schmidt, 1862. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Table 7 (continued). Morphological characters and distribution of the species of Scopalina Schmidt, 1862. The distribution refers to that present in the World Porifera Database (van Soest et al. 2020). Species Scopalina hispida (Hechtel, 1965) Scopalina incrustans (Lendenfeld, 1887) Shape Encrusting, 1–3 mm thick Colour Light orange, pale beige in alcohol Surface Consistency Spicules (μm) Uneven and hispid Soft, limy, delicate Styles: 493–1193 × 5–12 – Conulose – Styles: 600 × 10 Scopalina lophyropoda Schmidt, 1862 Encrusting Red, brown Hispid – Styles: 560–1000 × 4–10 by Topsent. 1934 Scopalina rubra (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971) Encrusting Red – Friable Styles: 330–550 × 10–15 Massive semiencrusting, lobate Bright orange to pinkish orange Conulose Soft, delicate, compressible, easily torn Styles: 400–500 × 5.5–8 Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Australia Mediterranean Sea, Alboran Sea, Azores, Cape Verde Western and Northern Madagascar Bermuda, Caribbean Sea, Brazilian coasts 35 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Encrusting, 4 mm thick Distribution Caribbean Sea, Venezuelan coasts, Bermuda European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Order Suberitida Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999 Family Suberitidae Schmidt, 1870 Genus Rhizaxinella Keller, 1880 Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78052288-83C4-4D9F-91DE-6275C19187CE Fig. 14 Etymology The new species is so named for the presence of strongyloid styles in the spicules. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena D; 44.614863° S, 72.958312° W; depth 25 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a vertical wall by scuba diving; CILE 65; MSGN 61499. Description Habitus. Small erect sponge, 5 cm high, with thin stalk (5 mm in diameter) which divides into two branches with peariform extremities (Fig. 14A). Two round oscula visible. Surface hispid. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 14A). Consistency strong but compressible. Skeleton. Stalk characterized by axial compact skeleton that diverges into thinner secondary axes in branches. Close to surface ectosomal skeleton composed of brushes of spicules. Spicules. Megascleres: Smooth, slightly curved, long tylostyles (Fig. 14B), 841.5–(1466.3)–2320.5 μm long and 17.5–(21.75)–30 μm thick. Shorter, straight or curved, often fusiform tylostyles, with different heads (Fig. 14C), 175–(230.25)–320 μm long and 10–(14.1)–17.5 μm thick. Smooth strongyloid styles, more or less curved (Fig. 14D), 200–(274.55)–340 μm long and 10–(18.75)–25 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth between 20 and 25 m on a vertical wall. Remarks Only one species of this genus has been reported from the channels and fjords of southern Chile: Rhizaxinella spiralis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886). The new species R. strongylata sp. nov. described here differs from R. spiralis in external morphology, shape and size of styles / tylostyles, and in the presence of strongyloid spicules. In fact, R. spiralis has a stipitate cylindrical shape and two categories of tylostyles / styles that measure 1000 × 13 μm and 400 μm (width not reported in original description). Four other Rhizaxinella species are present in the Southern Hemisphere and so geographically closer to the new species. Rhizaxinella australiensis Hentschel, 1909 (North Patagonian Gulf, East Antarctic Wilkes Land, West Australia) is ramified with vertical branches; tylostyles are sinuous, straight or strongyloid and measure 500–1200 × 9–19 μm and 240–500 × 9–12 μm. Rhizaxinella dichotoma Lévi, 1993 (New Zealand, New Caledonia) is pedunculate with multiple branches, has principal tylostyles (725–1200 × 15–30 μm) and peripheral tylostyles (400–800 × 4–10 μm). Rhizaxinella durissima (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Southwest Australia) with pedunculate shape has straight styles / tylostyles (240 × 6.3 μm) and fusiform tylostyles (1500 × 15.7 μm). The species morphologically closest to the new species, based on the large spicules and the presence of strongyloid forms, appears to be R. radiata Hentschel, 1909 (West Australia) which has a pedunculate shape, straight styles (1100–2150 × 27–45 μm), styles / subtylostyles 36 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 14. Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 65; MSGN 61499). A. The holotype in life. B. Tylostyles I. C. Tylostyles II. D. Strongyloid styles. 37 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) (250–800 × 10–17 μm) and strongyles (250–350 × 7–11.2 μm). Even allowing for the lesser importance of sponge shape and a degree of morphological variability within the genus, the present description of type and size of spicules of R. strongylata sp. nov. merits the establishment of a new species. Subclass Keratosa Grant, 1861 Order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900 Family Darwinellidae Merejkowsky, 1879 Genus Darwinella Müller, 1865 Type species Darwinella muelleri (Schultze, 1865). Emended diagnosis In the Darwinella, the dendritic fibre skeleton is supplemented by fibrous spicules which can be diactinal, triactinal or polyactinal. There is no sand in the fibres but dispersed cellular elements can occur. The sponges are fleshy, encrusting, or massive to lobate; to which fibrous spicule with style shape may be added (emended from Müller 1865). Remarks The species of Darwinella may be confused with those belonging to the genus Aplysilla Schulze, 1878 because of the similarity in external shape; however, Darwinella is characterized by the presence of diactinal, triactinal or polyactinal fibrous spicules (Pronzato 1975). In the present study we described a new fibrous spicule type for the Darwinella genus. Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FA17C8DB-1973-4E6F-9AB9-A025F68D38F5 Fig. 15 Etymology The new species is named after Professor Roberto Pronzato (DISTAV – Università degli Studi di Genova) in recognition of his significant contributions to taxonomic studies on horny sponges. Type material Holotype CHILE – Puerto Cisnes • Seno Magdalena C; 44.631113° S, 72.929130° W; depth 15 m; 5–10 Aug. 2016; Marco Bertolino leg.; on a rocky wall by scuba diving; CILE 100; MSGN 61500. Description Habitus. Encrusting sponge about 5 cm long and 1.5 cm thick, with regular conulose surface. Colour in life bright yellow (Fig. 15A). Live specimens soft, very fragile, showing numerous oscula with low rim (Fig. 15A). Ostia also visible on sponge surface (Fig. 15A) Skeleton. Structure typical of Darwinella genus with ascending dendritic fibres supporting surface conules. Several dendritic fibres arise from common basal plate. Red dendritic fibres laminated, linear and sinuous, 14–(15)–16 mm long and 70–(80)–90 μm thick, with opaque core (Fig. 15B); axial core 10–(11)–12 μm thick. 38 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Fig. 15. Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 100; MSGN 61500). A. The holotype in life. B. Dendritic fibres. C. Horny styles 39 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Spicules. Smooth, straight, slightly curved or sinuous horny styles, with visible axial core (Fig. 15C), 87.5–(436)–830 μm long and 9–(12.5)–16 μm thick; axial core 2.5–(8.3)–13 μm thick. Habitat Species lives at a depth of 15 m in a shady area on rocky wall. Remarks Up to now, there was no evidence of the presence of the genus Darwinella from the Chilean coasts. Thirteen species belonging to this genus have been described worldwide, eleven of which have multiradiate spicules and one species, Darwinella tango (Poiner & Taylor, 1990), has no spicules. Only two species are characterized by monaxonic spicules: D. gardineri Topsent, 1905, characterised by curved horny oxeas (1600–2000 × 20 μm), and D. oxeata Bergquist, 1961, having horny spined oxeas (530– 2083 × 4.2–29.8 μm). Due to the presence of smooth, straight, slightly curved or sinuous horny styles, D. pronzatoi is clearly different from both these species, therefore it should be considered as a species new to science. Discussion With 23 identified species the present study notably increases the number of sponges reported from Chilean fjords to 139 (Table 8). From a biogeographic standpoint, apart from the nine new species, one species, Biemna lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019, is recorded for the first time after its description in the same region; 12 species were already recorded from the Chilean coast; and one species, Hymedesmia (Stylopus) lissostyla described from New Zealand, is recorded for the first time in the Chilean sponge fauna (Table 2). Taking into account the literature together with our data, the total number of sponge species known along the Chilean coasts, increases to 187 (Table 8). The sponge fauna of the fjord region is strongly separated from that recorded in the other areas of the Chilean coasts. In fact, among the 139 species described for the fjords and the 73 listed for the Chilean coasts, only 25 are in common. This number clearly shows the peculiarity of the Southern Chilean coast and suggests the necessity of a further effort to achieve a satisfactory knowledge of the biodiversity of this area. 40 BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Table 8 (continued on the next five pages). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords Class Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864 Subclass Calcaronea Bibber, 1898 Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958 Sycettusa chilensis Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009 Vosmaeropsis sericata (Ridley, 1881) Leucosolenia australis Brøndsted, 1931 Leucosolenia lucasi Dendy, 1891 Leucandra fernandensis (Breitfuss, 1898) Leucandra masatierrae (Breitfuss, 1898) Leucandra platei (Breitfuss, 1898) Sycon huinayense Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009 Sycon incrustans Breitfuss, 1898 Sycon proboscideum sensu Breitfuss, 1898 Subclass Calcinea Bibber, 1898 Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958 Clathrina antofagastensis Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009 Clathrina fjordica Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009 Clathrina primordialis (Haeckel, 1872) ? Clathrina ramosa (Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009) Leucettusa nuda (Azevedo, Hajdu, Willenz & Klautau, 2009) Ascaltis poterium (Haeckel, 1872) Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 Subclass Heteroscleromorpha Cárdenas, Pérez & Boury-Esnault, 2012 Order Agelasida Hartman, 1980 Hymerhabdia imperfecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Order Axinellida Lévi, 1953 Axinella antarctica (Koltun, 1964) Axinella coronata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Axinella crinita Thiele, 1905 Axinella cylindrica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Dragmacidon egregium (Ridley, 1881) Phakellia sur Carvalho, Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Hajdu, 2007 Order Bubarida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 Bubaris murrayi Topsent, 1913 Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) ? Order Acanthella danerii Costa, Bavestrello, Pansini & Bertolino, 2020 Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 Halicnemia papillosa (Thiele, 1905) Biemnida Morrow, 2013 Biemna aurantiaca Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Biemna chilensis Thiele, 1905 Biemna erecta Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Biemna lutea Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019 Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Rhabderemia uruguaiensis van Soest & Hooper, 1993 41 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Doubt presence + + + + + + + + + + + + Doubt presence + + + + + + + + + + European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 8 (continued). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords Order Clionaida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 Cliona chilensis Thiele, 1905 + Clionaopsis platei (Thiele, 1905) Cliothosa hancocki (Topsent, 1888) ? Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815) ? Order + Doubt presence Doubt presence Desmacellida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 + Desmacella vestibularis (Wilson, 1904) Order + Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928 Callyspongia fusifera (Thiele, 1905) + Siphonochalina fortis Ridley, 1881 + Chalinula variabilis (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona (Halichoclona) conica (Thiele, 1905) Haliclona (Reniera) caduca Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Haliclona (Reniera) delicata (Sarà, 1978) + + Haliclona (Reniera) infundibularis (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) + Haliclona (Reniera) topsenti (Thiele, 1905) + + + Haliclona (Rhizoniera) anceps (Thiele, 1905) Haliclona (Soestella) auletta (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona (Soestella) chilensis (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona algicola (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona bilamellata Burton, 1932 + Haliclona ignobilis (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona inepta (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona macropora (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona nodosa (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona rugosa (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona siphonella (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona sordida (Thiele, 1905) + Haliclona spinosella (Thiele, 1905) + + Haliclona virens (Topsent, 1908) + Amphimedon decurtata (Sarà, 1978) + Amphimedon maresi (Sarà, 1978) + Amphimedon reticulosa (Thiele, 1905) + Dasychalina magellanica (Thiele, 1905) + Dasychalina validissima (Thiele, 1905) + Pachychalina tenera Thiele, 1905 + 42 + + + + Haliclona thielei van Soest & Hooper, 2020 Haliclona verrucosa (Thiele, 1905) + BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Table 8 (continued). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. * = new record for Chile. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords Order Oceanapia guaiteca Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Oceanapia spinisphaera Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928 + + + Iophon proximum (Ridley, 1881) + + Iophon radiatum Topsent, 1901 Iophon timidum Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1996 + Iophon tubiforme Desqueyroux-Faúndez & van Soest, 1996 + Iophon unicorne Topsent, 1907 + Forcepia (Leptolabis) irritans (Thiele, 1905) Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) ballena Fernandez, Cárdenas, Bravo, Lôbo-Hajdu, Willenz & Hajdu, 2016 Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) coloanensis Fernandez, Cárdenas, Bravo, Lôbo-Hajdu, Willenz & Hajdu, 2016 Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata Fernandez, Cárdenas, Bravo, Lôbo-Hajdu, Willenz & Hajdu, 2016 Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) diegoramirezensis Fernandez, Cárdenas, Bravo, Lôbo-Hajdu, Willenz & Hajdu, 2016 Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) patagonica (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) + + + + + + Batzella mollis Thiele, 1905 + Strongylacidon platei (Thiele, 1905) + Abyssocladia diegoramirezensis Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + + Abyssocladia umbellata Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) bitrichela Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) magnifica Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + Asbestopluma (Helophloeina) delicata Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + + Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) schlatteri Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + Chondrocladia (Meliiderma) latrunculioides Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011 + Lycopodina microstrongyla (Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011) + Crambe amarilla Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007 + Crambe chilensis Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007 + Crambe maldonadoi Esteves, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2007 Amphilectus americanus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) Amphilectus fucorum (Esper, 1794)? Amphilectus rugosus (Thiele, 1905) + + Doubt presence + Hamigera cleistochela Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019 + Hymedesmia (Stylopus) lissostyla (Bergquist & Fromont, 1988) * + Phorbas areolatus (Thiele, 1905) + Isodictya delicata (Thiele, 1905) + Latrunculia (Latrunculia) basalis Kirkpatrick, 1908 + 43 + European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 8 (continued). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords Latrunculia (Latrunculia) ciruela Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Latrunculia (Latrunculia) copihuensis Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Latrunculia (Latrunculia) yepayek Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Latrunculia (Latrunculia) verenae Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Antho (Acarnia) inconspicua (Desqueyroux, 1972) + + + + + Clathria (Clathria) discreta (Thiele, 1905) + Clathria (Clathria) lipochela Burton, 1932 + Clathria (Clathria) microxa Desqueyroux, 1972 + Clathria (Clathria) papillosa Thiele, 1905 + Clathria (Cornulotrocha) polita (Ridley, 1881) Clathria (Cornulotrocha) rosetafiordica Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Willenz, 2006 Clathria (Microciona) antarctica (Topsent, 1917) Clathria (Microciona) mytilifila Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Clathria (Thalysias) amabilis (Thiele, 1905) + + + + + + + Clathria (Thalysias) membranacea (Thiele, 1905) Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica (Ridley, 1881) + + Mycale (Carmia) gaussiana Hentschel, 1914 + Mycale (Mycale) doellojuradoi Burton, 1940 + Mycale (Mycale) thielei Hajdu & Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1994 Mycale (Mycale) tridens Hentschel, 1914 Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata Kirkpatrick, 1907 ? Hymenancora laevis (Thiele, 1905) + + Doubt presence + + Hymenancora tenuissima (Thiele, 1905) Myxilla (Burtonanchora) araucana Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) chilensis Thiele, 1905 + Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla) massa Ridley & Dendy, 1887 + Myxilla (Myxilla) mollis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 + Stelodoryx cribrigera (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) Neopodospongia tupecomareni Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Tedania (Tedaniopsis) charcoti Topsent, 1907 + + + + + Tedania (Tedaniopsis) mucosa Thiele, 1905 + Tedania (Tedaniopsis) tenuicapitata Ridley, 1881 + Trachytedania patagonica Ridley & Dendy, 1886 + Trachytedania spinata Ridley, 1881 + 44 + + BERTOLINO M. et al., New sponge species from Chilean Fjords Table 8 (continued). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords Order Order Polymastiida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 Polymastia invaginata Kirkpatrick, 1907 + Polymastia isidis Thiele, 1905 + Scopalina bunkeri Goodwin, Jones, Neely & Brickle, 2011 + Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. + Suberitida Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999 + Halichondria (Halichondria) prostrata Thiele, 1905 Hymeniacidon calva (Ridley, 1881) + + Hymeniacidon corticata (Thiele, 1905) + + + Hymeniacidon fernandezi Thiele, 1905 Hymeniacidon longistylus Desqueyroux, 1972 + Hymeniacidon rubiginosa Thiele, 1905 + Johannesia reticulosa (Thiele, 1905) + Plicatellopsis expansa (Thiele, 1905) + Plicatellopsis flabellata Burton, 1932 + + Protosuberites epiphytoides (Thiele, 1905) Order Pseudosuberites digitatus (Thiele, 1905) + + Pseudosuberites hyalinus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) + + Pseudosuberites sulcatus (Thiele, 1905) + + Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. Suberites cranium Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Suberites puncturatus Thiele, 1905 + Suberites ruber Thiele, 1905 + Tethyda Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 Tethya melinka Hajdu, Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013 Tethya papillosa (Thiele, 1905) + + + + + Timea authia de Laubenfels, 1930 Order + Tetractinellida Marshall, 1876 Stelletta clarella de Laubenfels, 1930 + Stelletta phrissens Sollas, 1886 + Geodia magellani (Sollas, 1886) + Subclass Keratosa Grant, 1861 Order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900 + Aplysilla lendenfeldi Thiele, 1905 Darwinella pronzatoi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov. + Spongionella regularis (Ridley, 1881) + + Spongionella repens (Thiele, 1905) Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900 + Dysidea chilensis (Thiele, 1905) 45 European Journal of Taxonomy 715: 1–49 (2020) Table 8 (continued). List of sponge species hitherto recorded for the whole Chilean coast. Inside the Outside fjords the fjords + Ircinia clavata (Thiele, 1905) + Ircinia paupera (Thiele, 1905) Doubt presence Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) ? + Spongia (Spongia) cerebralis Thiele, 1905 Spongia (Spongia) magellanica Thiele, 1905 + Hyrtios arenosus (Thiele, 1905) + Hyrtios sororia (Thiele, 1905) + Scalarispongia similis (Thiele, 1905) Verongimorpha Erpenbeck, Sutcliffe, Cook, Dietzel, Maldonado, van Subclass Soest, Hooper & Wörheide, 2012 Chondrillida Redmond, Morrow, Thacker, Díaz, Boury-Esnault, Order Cárdenas, Hajdu, Lôbo-Hajdu, Picton, Pomponi, Kayal & Collins, 2013 Halisarca desqueyrouxae Willenz, Ereskovsky & Lavrov, 2016 + + + Halisarca magellanica Topsent, 1901 Class + Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 Subclass Amphidiscophora Schulze, 1886 Order Amphidiscosida Schrammen, 1924 Hyalonema (Corynonema) grandancora Lendenfeld, 1915 + Hyalonema (Prionema) poculum Schulze, 1886 + Pheronema nasckaniense Tabachnick, 1990 + Schulzeviella gigas (Schulze, 1886) + Subclass Hexasterophora Schulze, 1886 Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877 Pseudoplectella dentatum Tabachnick, 1990 + Regadrella phoenix Schmidt, 1880 + + Staurocalyptus roeperi (Schulze, 1886) Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilensis Reiswig & Araya, 2014 + Lanugonychia flabellum Lendenfeld, 1915 + Aphorme horrida Schulze, 1899 + Hyalascus stellatus (Schulze, 1886) + Rossella antarctica Carter, 1872 + + Rossella racovitzae Topsent, 1901 + Scyphidium chilense Ijima, 1927 Subclass Hexasterophora Schulze, 1886 Order Sceptrulophora Mehl, 1992 + Pararete farreopsis (Carter, 1877) Class Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978 Order Homosclerophorida Bergquist, 1978 Doubt presence 139 Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880 ? 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Zootaxa 4208 (6): 501–533. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4208.6.1 Manuscript received: 12 February 2020 Manuscript accepted: 14 July 2020 Published on: 10 September 2020 Topic editor: Rudy C.A.M. Jocqué Desk editor: Radka Rosenbaumová Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the EJT consortium: Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Meise Botanic Garden, Belgium; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid CSIC, Spain; Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany; National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic. 49