Mammalia, Fauna of Karnataka State

Shyamkant Talmale

Diversity of nature, with its bountiful flora and fauna is a source of beauty, enjoyment, understanding and knowledge-a foundation for human creativity and subject for study. Study of animal life is a fascinating subject to say the least and a challenge at best. India is very rich in biological diversity due to its unique biogeographic locations, diversified climatic conditions and enormous ecodiversity and geodiversity. India embraces three major biological realms, via, Indo-Malayan, Eurasian and Afro-tropical and is adorned with 10 biogeographic zone and 26 biotic provinces (Alfred, 1998). India possesses diversified ecosystem from snow clad high mountain ranges to sea coasts of all categories including desert and semi-arid regions, almost all types of forests, grass land, lakes and rivers, estuaries, lagoons, islands and ocean. The climate ranges from artic in the Himalayas to very hot in the thar desert of Rajasthan while annual rainfall varies from 100mm in the desert to 5000mm in the Cherrapunji hills. It is, therefore, quite inevitable that India having only 2 % of the World total landmass and harbours about 89,500 animal species comprising 7.28% of the world known animal species. Thus, India is recognizing as one of the 17-mega diversity countries of the world with four biodiversity Hot Spots, of 34 such sites identified throughout the globe. In fact our countries is very rich in term of not only species diversity but is blessed with an enormous variety and variability (genetic diversity) with in species along with the presence of a large number of endemic species.

Given India’s national, regional and global aspirations of being a developed, mega-biodiverse nation, it is important to have an accurate and adequate database to assess and monitor the state of biological resources. This would facilitate informed decision making to ensure sustainable development and conservation of biological resources. In order to overcome barriers in free and open access to biodiversity data and information, long term strategy and action plans together with national biodiversity information infrastructure are necessary. This outlook is the first step in this direction.

Government of Karnalaka United N tlons Decade on Biodiversity ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INOlA 1916 State Fauna Series, 21 FAUNA OF KARNATAKA Edited by The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Zoological Survey of India Kolkata (ii) CITATION Editor-Director, 2013. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21, 1-595. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published September, 2013 ISBN 978-81-8171-332-2 © Govt. of India, 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. Printing of this Publication Supported by Karnataka Biodiversity Board PRICE India : ｾ＠ 3,000 Foreign : $ 165; £ 115 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey ofIndia, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. Dipak Sannah, I.F.S t'Je:a:li!f6' ｾ［Ｚｭｌ］ＢＧＬ＠ｾＮＡＹ［ｅｬ Ph.: Off. Fax : 080·23341484 e-mail: poccfl<ar@gmail.com Ｎ＠ Pn ncipai Chief Conse<Va1.or of Forests (Head of Fores4 Force) ［Ｚｾ＠ｩＺｴＮｬＬ［ｾ＠ｾ､＠ (;m;Jad.:. ｾ､ｱｯＩ＠ＺｾＲＳＴＷＰ＠ Res. ＺｾＲＳＶＴＰＸ＠ •Arailya Bhayafl". 41h Floor 18111 Cross, Malleshwaram Bengaluru - 560 003 ｾｯＧｴｑｃ＠ GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA ｄ｡ｴ･ＮＧﾷｾＡ＠ D.O. No. : £l,s-}J.o'3 FOREWORD The State of Karnataka is a part of the highly biodiversity rich regions of India having five major forest types each having its unique flora and associated fauna. The State has around 4500 species offlowering plants, 600 species of birds, 160 species of reptiles and 160 species mammals and variety of other animal species. Karnataka government has declared around 16% of its total forest area under the Protected Area (PA) network. The State has taken various steps in the direction of increasing the forest cover as well as to safeguard the associated flora and fauna. Similarly, Karnataka is one of the first States to have its own People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) in some areas there by empowering the locals to have their voices heard in the State's developmental activities without compromising the true value of local traditions, rural livelihood mechanism and sustainable sharing of biodiversity. I am sure that the document prepared jointly by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in collaboration with Karnataka State Biodiversity Board, will greatly enhance the people's understanding of biodiversity with regard to some of the lesser known groups of animals. Though the locals, especially tribals have vast knowledge about the animal species with which they share their daily life, their inability to translate such knowledge for wider use among locals seemed as a great impediment till date. I hope that the ZSI document will reach wider audience especially amongst scientists and policy makers at various Government departments of the State in enhancing their understanding about the faunal diversity and their importance in the ecosystem. As expected by the Government of Karnataka, it is good to know that the institutions like the ZSI and BSI have come up with documents highlighting the faunal as well as floral diversity of the State of Karnataka. Our prime target is to organise inter and multidisciplinary institution in inventorying the biodiversity and associated knowledge through periodic monitoring. Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of the State are the repository of the natural wealth and only by means of dedicated inventory studies we can unravel the new forms of life existing in such areas to the mankind. I sincerely urge all school children and college students and teachers to get a copy of this document to know more about various life forms of animals found within the territory of Karnataka not only to increase the knowledge but to learn to live with such forms for the betterment of our future generations. I appreciate the Director and the scientists of the of ZSI for bringing out such an important document revealing faunal biodiversity associated with various Protected Areas of the State of Karnataka. ｣［ｦｫｾｴ＠ (Dipak Sarmah) (iv) STATE FAUNA SERIES FAUNA OF KARNATAKA No. 21 2013 1-595 CONTENTS 1. AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 1 K. Ilango 2. SPONGES ....................................................................................................................................... 7 J. G. Pattanayak and Santanu Mitra 3. MOLLUSCA: FRESHWATER GASTROPODS ...................................................................... 21 V.R. Punithavelu and M.B. Raghunathan 4. ANNELIDA : EARTHWORM ................................................................................................... 33 C.K. Mandai, Santanu Mitra and S. Dhani 5. ANNELIDA: FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETA ..................................................................... 39 T. Biswas and C.K. Mandai 6. ANNELIDA: LEECHES ............................................................................................................ 51 C.K. Mandai 7. CRUSTACEA: CLADOCERA .................................................................................................. 57 M.B. Raghunathan 8. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: CARIDEA ................................................................................. 63 RK. Valarmathi and M.B. Raghunathan 9. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : GECARCINUCIDAE ............................................................ 73 O.P. Srivastava 10. INSECTA : EPHEMEROPTERA ............................................................................................... 79 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 11. INSECTA : ODONATA ............................................................................................................... 81 K.G. Emiliyamma and K.A.Subramanian 12. INSECTA : PLECOPTERA ........................................................................................................ 85 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 13. INSECTA : ORTHOPTERA ....................................................................................................... 87 D. Prabakar and Kailash Chandra 14. INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA .......................................................................... 97 S.K. Mandai, K. Yadav and S. Chakrabarty (vi) 15. DERMAPTERA ......................................................................................................................... 123 Baiju Lal and V.D. Hedge 16. INSECTA: EMBIOPTERA ...................................................................................................... 125 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 17. INSECTA: MANTODEA ......................................................................................................... 127 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 18. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : MEMBRACIDAE .................................................................... 129 G. Thirumalai and S. Prabakaran 19. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC) .......................................... 133 G. Thirumalai 20. INSECTA: NEUROPTERA ..................................................................................................... 163 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 21. INSECTA: COLEOPTERA : TENEBRIONIDAE .................................................................. 167 V. D. Hedge 22. INSECTA :COLEOPTERA : SCARABAEIDAE : SCARABAEINAE DUNG BEETLES .......................... 173 Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara and Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan 23. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CECIDOMYIIDAE .......................................................................... 179 R.M. Sharma 24. INSECTA : DIPTERA : TABANIDAE ................................................................................... 183 R.M. Sharma 25. INSECTA : DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE (MOTH FLIES AND SAND FLIES) .............. 185 K. Ilango 26. INSECTA: DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE ................................................................................. 187 Bulganin Mitra and R.M.sharma 27. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE .......................................................................... 191 R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra 28. INSECTA : DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE ........................................................................ 193 R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra 29. INSECTA: SIPHONAPTERA ................................................................................................. 195 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 30. INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA .................................................................... 197 Muhamed Jafer Palot and C. Radhakrishnan 31. INSECTA: TRICHOPTERA .................................................................................................... 207 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 32. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : CHALCIDOIDEA : PTEROMALIDAE .......................... 211 P.M. Sureshan 33. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : PLATYGASTROIDEA ...................................................... 219 RAJMOHANA. K (vii) 34. CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA : SCOLOPENDROMORPHA) ............................................ 225 Vinod Khanna 35. SCORPIONida ............................................................................................................................ 233 T.J.lndra 36. FRESHWATER FISHES ............................................................................................................ 239 K. Rema Devi, T.J. Indra, B.E. Yadav, M.B. Raghunathan, S. Krishan and S.S. Jadav 37. MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH ........................................................................................ 277 R.P. Barman, S.S. Mishra, A, S. Kar and S.C. Saren 38. AMPHIBIA ................................................................................................................................ 389 Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, Sukumar Ray, P.G.S. Sethy and G.K. Bhatta 39. REPTILES .................................................................................................................................. 435 R. Aengals and M. S. Pradhan 40. AVES ........................................................................................................................................... 467 G. Thirumalai, R. Aengal, S. Krishnan & D. Prabakar 41. MAMMALIA ............................................................................................................................ 495' M.S. Pradhan and S.S. Talmale Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1-6, 2013 AN OVERVIEW K.ILANGO Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, #130 Santhoome High Road, Chennai- 600 028 srszsi@gmail.com <mailto: srszsi@gmail.com> PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES The state ofKarnatakacovers an areaofl ,91 ,976 square kilometers (74,122 sq mi) which is 5.83% of the total geographical area ofIndia and lies between latitude 11°32' 40.99' N to 18°20' 36°56' N,longitude 74°04' 23°08' E to 78°35' 10°96 E. The Karnataka state comprises 30 districts that are bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil N adu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest by its population. The state is divided meteorologically into three zonescoastal, north interior and south interior but is physio-graphically divided into 3 regions namely, (i) the coastal region of Karavali, (ii) the hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats, (iii) the northern Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau which constitutes greater part of the state and the second-largest arid region in India. The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hills in Chickmagalur district which has an altitude of 1,929 m. RAINFALL AND RIVERINE SYSTEMS The state ofKarnataka being a part of the Western Ghats experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the southwest monsoon season between June and September and the northeast monsoon season from October to till December. The coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. The highest recorded temperature is 45.6°C (114°F) at Raichur and the lowest recorded temperature is 2.8°C (37°F) at Bidar. There are seven river systems in Karnataka with their tributaries, drain the state and flow eastern and western sides. The east flowing rivers are Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, North Pennar, South Pennar, Palar. The water-grid of the state is mainly composed of 2 major rivers, Krishna and its tributaries in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries in the south. The principal tributaries of Krishna are Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Vedavati and Tungabhadra, while the Cauvery are the Harangi, the Hemavathy, the Lakshmanathirtha, the Kabini, the Shimsha, the Arkavathi and the Suvarnavathy. All these rivers except the Kabini River, Arkavathy River and Suvarnavathy River originate and downstream into Karnataka. The river Cauvery is an Inter-State river in Southern India. It is one of the major rivers of the Peninsular India flowing east and running into the Bay of Bengal. The Cauvery rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri Range of Hill in the Western Ghats, presently in the Coorg district of the State, at an elevation of 1.341m (4,400 ft.) above mean sea level. The other important river flowing through the state is Godavari with 5 tributaries. There are 9 river systems and 8 minor tributaries which are west flowing. In addition to the above main river basins there are 3 independent 2 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Sc.Ie I somi I lookm ARABIAN SEA Fig.1. Physical map of Karnataka state (Source: en.wikipedia.org) catchment and minor tributaries in the West Flowing River system. PROTECTED AREAS The Karnataka State Biodiversity Board (www.kbb.kar.nic.in) provides detailed information on the biological resources including forest coverage, protected areas, wild life but excludes updated information on the flora and fauna. Karnataka has 4.33 Million ha of forest area which is around 22.61 percent of its geographical area. The state is endowed with most magnificent forests ranging from majestic evergreen forests of the Western Ghats to the scrub jungles of the plains. Most of the dense forests are located along Western Ghats region and 60% of the Western Ghats run through the state. The Western Ghats of Karnataka are one of the 25 global priority hotspots for conservation and one of the two on the Indian subcontinent. There are 5 National parks (Anshi National Park, B andipur National Park, B annerughatta National Park, Kudremukh National Park and Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park), 18 Wildlife and 9 Bird sanctuaries (Adichunchanagiri Peacock Sanctuary, Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary, Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Cauvery Wildlife, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Ghataprabha Wildlife Sanctuary, Melukote Wildlife Sanctuary, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary, Sharavathi Valley Wildlife ILANGO : An Overview Sanctuary, Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary, Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary, Attiveri Bird Sanctuary, Gudavi BirdSanctuary,RanganathittuBirdSanctuary, Bird Sanctuary (based on a small island on the Tunga river Kaggaladu Heronry), Kokkare Bellur Pelicanry, Magadi Bird Sanctuary Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary and Bonal Bird sanctuary). There are about 1424 sacred groves which act as conservation of biodiversity sites and repositories maintained by local communities on religious faith. WILDLIFE Karnataka is endowed with rich biodiversity. Two sub-clusters viz. Talacauvery and Kudremukh considered to be biodiversity hotspot that are part of the Western Ghats are on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO. The Bandipur and N agarahole National Parks, which fall outside these sub-clusters, were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation. Tree species found in the state are Callophyllum tomentosa, Callophyllum wightianum, Garcina cambogia, Garcina morealla, Alstonia scholaris, Flacourtia montana, Artocarpus hirsutus, Artocarpus lacoocha, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Grewia tilaefolia, Santalum album, Shorea talura, Emblica <http://en. wikipedia.orglwikilEmblica> officinalis, Vitex altissima and Wrightia tinctoria. Wildlife found in Karnataka are elephant, tiger, leopard, gaur, sambar deer, chital or spotted deer, muntjac, bonnet macaque, slender Loris, common palm civet, small Indian civet, sloth bear, dhole, striped hyena and golden jackal. Some of the birds found here are Great Hornbill, Malabar Pied Hornbill, Ceylon frogmouth, herons, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, quails, partridges, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, owls, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters and munias. Besides, the important species of birds from the state are spot-billed Pelican,Yellowthroated bulbul and Nilgiri wood-pigeon. Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the Bengal tiger, Indian Elephant, Lion- 3 tailed Macaque, Olive Ridley turtle and dhole, the Indian wild dog. Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs, Indirana brachytarsus, Microhyla sholigari, Minervarya sahyadris, Nyctibatrachus aliciae, Nyctibatrachus hussaini, Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris, Philautus charius, Philautus wynaadensis, Ramanella mormorata and Rhacophorus lateralis and a toad, Bufo beddomii. Other endangered species of fauna include the freshwater mussel Pseudomulleria dalyi and the Kolar leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros hypophyllus. The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognized as the State bird and animal while sandalwood and the lotus are recognized as the State tree andflowerrespectively. However, the state wildlife like other vulnerable states is threatened by deforestation, habitat destruction, poaching, pollution leading to human-wildlife conflict. FAUNAL DIVERSITY Karnataka has a rich faunal resource largely due to geo-physical features and ecological consideration. The state of Karnataka being part of the Western Ghats remains unexplored and the records of new species of plants and animals continue to increase. The faunal components are relicts of Gondwana land as well as Eocene dispersing taxa. The state records 6 to 8 % of the known Indian fauna. The vertebrate fauna in view of their wildlife importance is higher than that of the invertebrates. In this volume an attempt has been made to update the number of known species of invertebrates and vertebrates excepting the protista. Of the 2700 species recorded from the state that comprise 1007 species of invertebrates and 1694 species of vertebrates (Table 1). Insects form the major constituents of the invertebrate fauna (87 4 species), more than half of the reported. Information on endemicity of insects also is very limited and that more endemics may exist in Western Ghats that pass through the state. The present work does not include marine fauna excepting the fishes and marine mammals. 4 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Table 1. Faunal Inventory Groups Studied Number of Species Karnataka India % of World Remarks occurrence INVERTEBRATA Marine Sponges 11 451 8553 2.43 Crustacea: Cladocera 29 190 620 15 Crustacea: Decapoda : Freshwater Prawns 25 98 655 26 Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinucidae 10 91 1,476 11 Annelida: 01igochatea (Freshwater) 8 130 1119 6 Annelida: Earthworms 21 Annelida : Leeches 10 63 676 16 3 124 3000 2 137 470 5740 29 Insecta: Plecoptera 3 116 2000 3 Insecta: Orthoptera 151 1033 24000 15 Insecta: Ephemeroptera Insecta: Odonata Insecta: Orthoptera : Acridoidea 58 Insecta: Diptera: Cecidomyiidae 30 398 6024 7 Insecta: Diptera: Tabanidae 27 244 4500 11 Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae 23 88 2900 26 Insecta: Diptera: Bombyliidae 42 138 4500 30 Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae 16 63 1100 25 Insecta: Diptera: Sarcophagidae 27 117 2600 23 Insecta: Neuroptera 32 342 6256 9 318 1501 17500 1 Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic & Semi-Aquatic) 78 288 4429 27 Insecta: Homoptera: Membracidae 47 235 3200 20 Insecta: Trichoptera 53 1046 13574 5 Insecta: Siphonaptera 14 46 2000 20 Insecta: Dermaptera 32 320 1800 10 Insecta: Mantodea 23 162 2300 14 7 235 3200 3 Insecta: Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae 55 196 3500 29 Insecta: Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea 57 300 4460 19 Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae 144 322 27000 44 Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae 47 Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera Insecta: Embioptera ILANGO : An Overview Groups Studied 5 Number of Species Karnataka India % of World Remarks occurrence Scorpionida 13 99 1500 13 Centipedes 9 102 600 9 29 193 3972 15 Mollusca: Gastropoda (Freshwater) VERTEBRATA Pisces (Freshwater) 213 667 12750 32 13 endemic; 13 new report 570 667 16025 85 1 new record 88 314 5966 28 28 species endemic 126 518 9413 24 32 species endemic 534/560 1232 9028 43/45 137 97 4629 25 2710 12992 222565 21.52% Pisces (Marine and Estuary) Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Total 22 Globally threatened 4 sp. CR; 8 sp. EN; 18 sp. VU; 71 sp. LC CR - Critically Endangered; DD - Data Deficient; EN - Endangered; LC - Least Concern; NT - Near Threatened; VU - Vulnerable. INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Among the freshwater invertebrates, freshwater prawns (Crustacea: Decapoda) are recorded as dominant group followed by cladoceran or 'Water fleas'. Within the insect groups the "Dung beetles" Among the vertebrates, fishes with little over 213 species were recorded from lentic and lotic freshwaters across the state. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve appears to have the richest fish resource, atleas t 116 species belonging to 46 genera accommodated in 20 families of which 11 species are endemic. Endemicity of amphibians and reptiles appears to be high because of the Western Ghats. Information on 560 species of avian fauna is provided form the State. Nearly one third of the Indian mammals are reported in Karnataka with 25% of mammalian fauna distributed in the state. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) account for 44% of Indian records followed by the "bee-flies" (Diptera: Bombyliidae). There are 9 species of endemic centipedes with the equal number of leeches and scorpion fauna. 315 species of butterflies (Rbaphaloceridae: Lepidoptera) have beenrecorded from the Karnataka state. 6 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 REFERENCES Anonymous. 2008. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment Hydrobiologia, 595(1) : 1-637 pp. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. Springer Netherlands, ISBN 0018-8158 Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Leveque, H. Segers & K. Martens. Frost, Darrel R. 2011. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 5.5 (31 January, 2011). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibiaJindex.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. See: http://zsi.gov.inl Ramakrishna and Alfred, J.R.B. 2007. Faunal Resources in India: 1-427 pp. Published by The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, ISBN 81-8171-131-9. THE REPTILE DATABASE http://www.reptile-database.org/as onseptember20ll n overview Plate 1 Freshwater and Land Crabs of Karnataka Travancoriana schimerae Bott Barytelphusa Barytelphusa cunicularis (Westwood) Oziotelphusa senex senex (Fabricius) Barytelphusa Barytelphusa guerini (Milne-Edwards) Plate 2 Odonata of Karnataka Ceriagrion coromandelianum Rhinocyphabisignat Euphaea dispar Pseudagrion microcephalum Vestalis gracilis I Palpopleura sexmaculata Trithemis pallidinervis Trithemis aurora n overvIew Plate 3 Scorpions of Karnataka Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus (Fabricus) Isometrus (Closotrichus) sankeriensis Tikader and Bastawade Stenochirus olitus Pocock Plate 4 Molluscas of Karnataka Indaplanarbis exustus Gyraulus canvexiusculus Lymnaea (Pseudasuccinea) luteala! impura Lymnaea (Pseudasuccinea) luteala! typica Plate 5 Molluscas of Karnataka Thiara (Melanoids) tuberculata Thiara (Thiara) scabra Stenothyra blanfordiana Pila virens ,A' ＢＬＮｾ＠ｾ -. ｾＬ＠ . ＺｾＭ... ... , -' ... Pila globosa Bellamya dissimilis Plaudomus annandalei Plate 6 Duttaphrynus melanostictus Bufo panetalis Pedostibes tuberculosus Fejervarya keralensis Indirana beddomii Plate 7 Amphibians of Karnataka Rhacophorus malabaricus Plate 8 Plate 9 Reptiles of Karnataka Plate 10 Red-vented Bulbul Plate 11 Rosy Starling Rose-ringed Parkeet Rock pigeon Red-crested Pochard Male Red-whiskered Bulbul RiverTem Plate 12 Yellow-browed Bulbul Plate 13 Birds of Kamataka Yellow Wagtail House Swallow Plate 14 Slender Loris Small Indian Civet Plate 15 Mammals of Karnataka False Vampire Bat Plate 16 Sambar Common Otter Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 7-20, 2013 MARINE SPONGES J. G. PATTANAYAKAND SANTANU MITRA Zoological Survey of India, 27 lawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata- 700016 INTRODUCTION Most of the studies done on the marine sponges of India are from the Southern India from Tamil Nadu, Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Lakshadweep and Minicoy Islands, North West India from Gulf of Kutch and Cambay and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Taxonomic information on the sponges of Karnataka coast is far from complete and prompted the necessity of this work. To date, about 11,000 species have been formally described world wide of which 8, 553 species are considered valid (Van Soest RWM et al. 2012). At present only 451 species of marine sponge recorded from India as per Pattanayak (1991). Only four species of marine sponges are reported so far from Netrani Island, Karnataka by Karnataka Biodiversity Board (2007). The Karnataka State of India has a 270 km long coast line bordering Arabian Sea. The habitats are mainly sandy with scattered rocks and rocky islands. The marine sponge fauna of the Karnataka coast is very poorly known. There is few scattered reports of marine sponges from Karnataka. To update the sponge fauna of Karnataka coast, surveys were made during 2009 - 2011 by the scientists of ZSI and these include 8 species, all of which are new record from Karnataka coast. Four species reported earlier are also incorporated here. This work describes 12 species, 10 genera, 9 families from the coast of Karnataka State. A review ofliterature indicates the major taxonomic information of the sponges of Tamil Nadu and adjacent Islands in the Gulf of Mannar consists the work of Ali (1956), Burton (1930, 1937), Burton andRao (1932), Carter (1880,1881), Dendy (1887, 1889, 1905), Pattanayak (1999,2011), Pattanayak and Manna (2001), Rao (1941), Thomas (1985). The sponges of Andaman & Nicobar Islands were made over by Burton and Rao (1932), Pattanayak (2006) and Lakshadeep & Minicoy Islands sponges by Thomas (1979,1980, 1980a) and that of Gulf of Kutch by Dendy (1916). But the studies on the marine sponge fauna of the Karnataka coast are very poorly known. Practically there is no Taxonomic study on marine sponges of the Karnataka coast except Karnataka Biodiversity Board (2007) which reports four species. The higher classification of sponges and the Definitions upto the genus lavel are described here follows Hooper and Van Soest, 2002. MATERIAL AND METHOD Material studied in this work consists of the collections made during the recent surveys of the coast by Dr. M. K. Dev Roy, Dr. J. G. Pattanayak and S. Mitra ofZSI. Sponge materials were studied by the methods according to Pattanayak, 2011. While studying the spicules, measurements were made with the aid of micrometer and are given in mm. Figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida, Photographs of the specimens are given in the plates. 8 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 LIST OF SPONGES OF KARNATAKA COAST Phylum PORIFERA Grant, 1836 Family HALICHONDRIIDAE Gray, 1867 Genus Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 7. Axinyssaflabelliformis (Keller) Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885 Order HAPLOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Subclass TETRACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 Suborder HAPLOSCLERINA Topsent, Order HADROMERIDA Topsent, 1894 Family CALL YSPONGIIDAE de Laubenfels Family SUBERITIDAE Schmidt, 1870 Genus Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Genus Suberites Nardo, 1833 1. Suberites carnosus (Johnston, 1842)* Subclass CERACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 Order POECILOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Suborder MICROCIONINA Hajdu, van Family 8. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa Ridley, 1884 9. Callyspongia (Cladochalina)fibrosa (Ridley and Dendy, 1886)* RASPAILIIDAE Hentschel, 1923 Subfamily RASPAILIINIAE Nardo, 1833 Genus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 Subgenus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 2. Endectyon (Endectyon) hornelli (Dendy, 1905) Subfamily ECHINODICTYINAE Hooper & Van Soest, 2002 Genus Echinodictyum Ridley, 1881 3. Echinodictyum longistylum Thomas, 1968 Suborder MYXILLINA Hajdu, van Soest & Hooper, 1994 Family TEDANIIDAE Ridley & Dendy, 1886 4. Subgenus Callyspongia (Cladochalina) Family CHALINIDAE Gray, 1867 Genus Haliclona Grant, 1836 Subgenus Haliclona Grant, 1836 10. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Pallas, 1766)* Subgenus Gellius Gray, 1867 11. Haliclona (Gellius) cellaria (Rao, 1941) Family NIPHATIDAE Van Soest, 1980 Genus Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 12. Amphimedon chloros Han, Gugel & van Soest, 2004* *New record from Karnataka coast Genus Tedania Gray, 1867 TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT Subgenus Tedania (Tedania) Gray, 1867 Phylum PORIFERA Grant, 1836 Tedania (Tedania) anhelans (Lieberkuhn, 1859)* Order HALICHONDRIDA Gray,1867 Family AXINELLIDAE Carter, 1875 Genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 5. Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873)* Family HYMENIACIDONIDAE DE Laubenfels Genus Auletta Schmidt, 1870 6. Auletta elongata Dendy, 1905 Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885 Porifera with siliceous spicules and/or a fibrous skeleton, or occasionally without a skeleton. Spicules are either monaxonic (either monactine or diactine) or tetraxonic (tetractine), never triaxonic. Subclass TETRACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 Megascleres are tetraxonic and monaxonic, occuring together or separately; microscleres are astrose forms and derivatives; skeletal structure is usually radial or axially compressed. PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges 9 Order HADROMERIDA Topsent, 1894 mm wide and 0.20-0.40 mm long, 0.004-0.008 mm wide. Radiate or subradiate architecture possessing pronounced cortical specialisation; considerable size distinction in the megascleres with smaller ones at the dermal part; Megasleres chiefly tylostyles with or without other categories. Family SUBERITIDAE Schmidt, 1870 Hadromerida without cortex and without microscleres other than microrhabds; spicules tylostyles or styles, exceptionally oxeas, arranged in brushes or palisade in the peripheral region. Genus Suberites Nardo, 1833 Suberitidae with ectosomal skeleton consisting of bouquets of smaller tylostyles carried by subradiate bundles of larger tylostyles; choanosomal skeleton confused or alveolar arrangement of larger tylostyles. If present, microscleres are spined centrotylote microstrongyles. Type species: Alcyonium domuncula Olivi, 1792 1. Suberites carnosus (Johnston, 1842) (Fig. la, b) 1842. Halichondria carnosus Johnston, i-xii, 1-264, pIs. l- xxv. 1941. Suberites carnosus, Rao, p.426: Thomas, 1985, p. 310, pI. V, fig. 35. Material examined: P364311, 4 ex., St. Merry Island, Distt. Udipi, Karnataka, 24.03.2010, Coll. J.G.Pattanayak & Party. Description: Sponge encrusting, clathrous shaped, surface rough to touch, Colour- pale yellow in live, consistency fleshy; oscules terminal, circular, slit-like, contractile. Skeleton - very dense mass of thick but loose bundles of tylostyles and fibres running in all directions and lie tangentially towards the surface; smaller spicules present in the dermal parts in brushes. Megascleres - Tylostyles straight or curved, two size categories, 0.50-0.85 mm long, 0.020-0.025 Microscleres - Absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay; Chennai, Tamil Nadu; St. Merry Is., Karnataka. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan. Remarks: Suberites carnosus (Johnston, 1842) is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. Subclass CERACTINOMORPHA Levi, 1953 Spicules are monaxonic (either monactinal styles) or diactinal (oxeas-strongyles), never tetractinal (although modifications to the ends of some monaxonic spicules occur and may appaear to be superficially tetractinal); microscleres are diverse (chelae, oxeote, toxote, spheres) but never astrose. Order POECILOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Skeleton composed of siliceous spoicules; main skeleton composed of megascleres (monactinal, diactinal or both) and microscleres include meniscoid forms such as chelae (unique to the order), sigmas and sigmancistra-derivatives, and other diverse forms such as toxas, raphides, microxeas and disscate microrhabds. Suborder MICRO CION INA Hajdu, van Soest & Hooper, 1994 Poecilosclerida with terminally spined ectosomal monactinal megascleres (occasionally modified to quasidiactinal forms); choanosomal megascleres diverse, consisting of at least two categories localized to distinct regions within the sketelon, or sometimes up to five categories including spicules echinating fibres in many taxa; isochelae of palmate origin, with diverse forms of toxas but lacking sigmas. Family RASPAILIIDAE Hentschel, 1923 Microcionina with a special category of smaller ectosomal styles, oxeas or anisoxeas forming discrete bouquets around the protuding larger styles or oxeas. 10 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily RASPAILIINIAE Nardo, 1833 Raspailiidae with echinating megascleres geometry ranging from microcionid-like clubshaped acanthostyles with small granular or erect spines, to club-shaped with strongly recurved or clavulate spines on the basal and distal ends of spicules, to acanthose rhabdostyles. Genus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 Raspailiiniae with clavulate modification to acanthostyle geometry and acanthostyles confined to a particular region outside of the skeletal axis. Subgenus Endectyon Topsent, 1920 Endectyon with subtylote echinating rhabdostyles bearing clavulate spines only on apex, grouped around protruding choanosomal styles in the ectosomal skeleton. Type species: Phakellia tenax Schmidt, 1870. 2. Endectyon (Endectyon) hornelli (Dendy, 1905) (Fig. 2 a-d) 1905. Raspailia hornelli Dendy, p. 172, pI. II, fig. 7; 1937. Burton, p. 33, pI. 4, fig. 27; 1985. Thomas, p. 269, pI. III, fig. 9. 2002. Endectyon (Endectyon) hornelli : Hooper and Van Megascleres : (1) Long styles straight or curved (2) Small style hair like (3) Oxeas (4) Acanhostyles. Microscleres - Absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Netrani Island (Karnataka). Remarks: This species was reported from Netrani Island, Karnataka as Raspailia hornell by Biodiversity Board (2007). This species is not collected during the present surveys. Diagnosis is incorporated from the literature. Subfamily ECHINODICTYINAE Hooper & Van Soest, 2002 Raspailiidae with regularly reticulate choanosomal skeletal structure, extra-axial skeleton vestigial or virtually absent and all but one species lacks ectosomal specialisation. Echinaaating megascleres are microcionid-like club-shaped acanthostyles. Genus Echinodictyum Ridley, 1881 Exclusively reticulate choanosomal skeleton, without any trace of axial compression, cored exclusively by smooth oxeas, and vestigial radial extra-axial and ectosomal skeleton. Type species: Spongia mesenterina Lamarck, 1814. Soest (Ed.). : 485 (Subgenus) Diagnosis: Sponge body erect, pedunculate and branching in one plane. Branches divide dichotomously and growing tips often acutely pointed. Spongin is pale yellow in colour. Consistency tough and slightly resilient. Osculesrare, diameter 1 mm with radiating excurrent canals. Skeleton: Skeleton is divisible into axial and extra axial parts. The axial reticulation is dense and fibres are cored by styles and oxeas and echinated by acanthostyles. The extra axial fibres arise from the axial part in an oblique manner. These extra axial fibres are interconnected by connectives in a scalariform pattern. Long styles are abundantly seen in an extra axial afibres and these fibres end in surface brushes. 3. Echinodictyum longistylum Thomas, 1968 (Fig.3 a-e) 1968a. Echinodictyum longistylum Thomas, p. 246, pI. I, figs. A, B; pI. 2, figs. 1-3; Thomas, 1985, p. 251, pI. II, figs. 20. Diagnosis: Sponge stalked; with foliaceous branches arising from the stalk. Stalk and branches with long styles arranged vertically and this arrangement gives a characteristic appearance to the specimen. Colour, dark gray, consistency leathery. Oscules and pores not traceable. Skeleton composed of spicular tracts running longitudinally and each tract connected to the adjacent ones through vague bundles. Both main and connecting tracts are echinated by PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges acanthostyles. Long styles have their heads buried deep in the main tracts. Megascleres - (3) Long styles or subtylostyles (4) Small hair-like styles (1) Long oxea (2) Small oxea (5) Acanthostyles. Microscleres - absent Distribution: Palk Bay; Netrani Island, Karnataka. Remarks: This species was reported from Netrani Island, Karnataka by Biodiversity Board (2007). This species is not collected during the present surveys. Diagnosis is incorporated from the literature. Suborder MYXILLINA Hajdu, van Soest & Hooper, 1994 Poecilosclerida with tridentate or polydentate chelae microscleres; palmate chelae absent; toxas absent; sigmas usually present. Differentiated ectosomal and choacosomal megascleres, although either or all may be lost secondarily. Ectosomal megascleres typically diactinal, commonly with aniso- terminations. Choanosomal megascleres usually styles, rarely oxeas or strongyles. Family TEDANIIDAE Ridley and Dendy, 1886 Megascleres monactinal or diactinal smooth spicules; microscleres onychaetes, extremely thin, long, oxeote with a roughened surface; endosomal skeleton of megascleres diacts, usually tylotes or strongyles, usually with spined bases; sponges encrusting, massive or digitate in shape. Genus Tedania Gray, 1867 1867. Tedania Gray, p.520 Ectosomal spicules diacts, usually tylotes with microspined heads, endosomal skeleton of styles which in some cases, may be spined; microscleres only onychaetes. 11 Diagnosis: Smooth, relatively small styles, occasionally strongylote styles as structural megascleres and micros pined tylotes as ectosomal megascleres. (Hooper and Van Soest, 2002). Type species: Reniera digitata Schmidt, 1862. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. 4. Tedania (Tedania) anhelans (Lieberkuhn, 1859) (Fig. 4 a-c) 1859. Halichondria anhelans Lieberkuhn, p.365. 1887. Tedania nigrescens Vosmaer, p. 338: Burton & Rao, 1932, p. 353: Burton, 1937, 27, pI. 3, fig. 22. 1985. Tedania anhelans Levi, 1963, p. 32, fig. 33: Thomas, p. 262, pI. III, fig. l. 2002. Tedania (Tedania) anhelans Hooper and Van soest, P. 629, fig. 2A-F. Material examined: P 364111, 4 exs., Murudeshwar, Distt, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, 17.03.2009, Coll. M.K.Dev Roy & Party. Description: Sponges attached on stones, 45 mm long finger like branched, surface smooth, irregular; consistency soft and fragile; colour - brick red in live; Oscule - irregularly distributed, 1-3 mm in diameter. Skeleton : Dermal part composed of tornotes arranged irregularly and interior part composed of styles and onychaetes arranged in halichondroid pattern. Megascleres : (1) Styles slightly curved and sharply pointed; 0.15-0.24 mm long, 0.004-0.007 mm wide, (2) Tornotes straight with oblong and minutely spined head, 0.1750.215 mm long, 0.002-0.005 mm wide. Microscleres: Onychaetes with unequal ends, 0.085-0.160 mm long. Distribution: In India: Andamans, Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Mincoy Island, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan. Subgenus Tedania Gray, 1867 1867. Tedania Gray, p.520 2002. Tedania (Tedania), Hooper and Van Soest, p. 629 Remarks: Tedania (Tedania) anhelans (Lieberkuhn, 1859) is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. 12 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Order HALICHONDRIDA Gray,1867 Ceractinomorpha with styles, oxeas strongyles or intermediate spicules, of widely diverging sizes, and not funtionally localized; skeleton plumoreticulate, dendritic or confused; microscleres if present microxeas and/or trichodragmas. Family AXINELLIDAE Carter, 1875 Halichondrida without specialised ectosomal skeleton; with velvety or microhispid surface; with choanosomal skeleton differentiated in axial (compressed or vaguely reticulated) and extra-axial (plumoreticulated) region. Megascleres are oxeas, anisoxeas, styles, sinuous strongyles in any combination. Microscleres are raphides, single or in trichodragmata. angles. Extra axial fibres interconnected by scattered spicules or fibres in a scalariform pattern. Extra axial fibres end in the dermal brushes and plumosely arranged spicules give a characteristic appearance to the surface. Megascleres : (l) Styles 0.20-0.45 mm long and 0.004-0.005 mm wide. (2) Oxeas 0.385-0.515 mm long and 0.007-0.008 mm wide. Microscleres - Absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Kanyakumari, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Atlantic Ocean and Red sea. Remarks: Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873) is recorded for the first time from Karnataka state. Genus Axinella Schmidt, 1862 Genus Auletta Schmidt, 1870 Definition : Axinellidae with choanosomal skeleton differentiated in axial (compressed or vaguely reticulated) and extra-axial (plumoreticulated) region. Megascleres are styles and oxeas. Microscleres, if present, are microraphides and trichodragmata. Diagnosis: Specialized hollow tubular, branching or cylindrical growth forms, with terminal oscules; choanosomal skeleton basally condensed layer of sinuous strongyles and styles lining the endopinacoderm; radial plumo-reticulate extra-axial tracts of long styles or rhabdostyles of two sizes, embedded perpendicular to axial skeleton; these extra-axial tracts ascending towards surface in longitudinal bands, united by abundant fibres and collagenous spongin, interconnected by occasional uni-or aspicular fibres; ectosome lacks a specialized skeleton, but extra-axial spicules may piercing surface singly or in brushes. Type species: Axinella polypoides, Schmidt, 1862. 5. Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873) (Fig. 5 a, b) 1873. Isodictya donnani Bowerbank, p. 28, pI. 6. 1905. Phaketia donnani, Dendy, p. 190. 1937. Axinella donnani, Burton, p. 35, pI. 6, fig. 32 ; 1970. Thomas, p. 207. 1985. Thomas, p. 289, PI. IV, fig. 23. Material examined: P 3653/1, 1 exs., Murudeshwar, Distt, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, 17.03.2009, Coll. M.K. Dev Roy & Party. Description: Sponge lamellar, surface minutely hispid, colour-yellow, texture tough, Oscules arranged in groups, in a radiating pattern; pores scattered. Skeleton: Axial condensation quite dense and extra axial fibres arise from the axial part in different Type species: Auletta sycinularia Schmidt, 1870. 6. Auletta elongata Dendy, 1905 (Fig. 6a, b&c) 1905. Auletta elongata Dendy, p.195, p1.l3, fig.7. 1937. Acanthella elongata Burton, p.37, pl.7, fig.42; Thomas, 1985, p. 302, PI. V, fig. 19. Diagnosis: Sponges stalked with tubular branches, branches grow in bushy pattern or in one plane. Fusion, partial or complete, may also produce irregularly massive body form. Diameter of branches may vary from 4-9 mm and the thickness of the wall, 2 mm on an average. Colour, pink to orange when alive. Texture, firm but compressible PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges with good resliency. Oscules terminal on branches, circular and 3-5 mm in diameter. Surface minutely conulose at places, conules supported by terminal parts of main fibres. Skeleton : Main skeleton consists of stout spicular fibres running lwngth-wise through the inner part of the wall. The extra axial fibres originate from the main fibres and end in the surface. Megascleres :(1) Styles (2) Oxeas (3) Strongyles, Crooked Microscleres :absent.. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar and Karnataka. Elsewhere: widely distributed in the Indian Ocean. Remarks: This species was reported from Netrani Island, Karnataka as Acanthella elongata by Biodiversity Board (2007). This species is not collected during the present surveys. Diagnosis is incorporated from the literature. Family HALICHONDRIIDAE Gray, 1867 Halichondrida with a confused arrangement of smooth oxeas and//or styles in the choanosome and usually an organised special ectosomal skeleton consisting of tangentially arranged or densely confusedly arranged crust of oxeas and/or styles of sizes similar to or smaller than those of the choanosome. Genus Axinyssa Lendenfeld, 1897 Halichondriidae lacking an ectosomal tangential skeleton. Choanosomal skeleton largely disorganized, but at the periphery the spicules are arranged in bundles at rioght angles to and protruding slightly beyond the surface causing a fine conulation. Type species: Axinissa topsenti Lendenfeld, 1897. 7. Axinyssaflabelliformis (Keller) 13 1936. Axinyssaflabelliformis de Laubenfels, p. 163. 1985. Axinyssa flabelliformis, Thomas, p. 329, pI. IV, fig. 39. Diagnosis: Sponges flabellate, stipitate; Colour, blue black in live; Texture, firm but compressible and resilient. Surface with longitudinal ridges and form conules at some places. Oscules very small present in between the ridges. Skeleton: sub-isodictyal reticulation of spopngin fibres filled with oxeas, sometimes plumoselyarranged. Megascleres : (1) Oxeas size up to 0.3 x 0.05 mm. Microscleres : absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar and Karnataka. Elsewhere: Red Sea. Remarks: This species was reported from Netrani Island, Karnataka as Axinysria flabelliformes by Biodiversity Board (2007). This species is not collected during the present surveys. Diagnosis is incorporated from the literature. Order HAPLOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Demospongiae in which the main skeleton is partially or entirely composed of an isodictyal anisotropic or isotropic, ocassionally alviolate riticulation of spongin fibres and or spicules, with uni- to multispicular tracts of diactinal spicules forming triangular, rectanglar or polygonal meshes. Megascleres are exclusively oxeote or strongylote, microscleres, if present, may include sigmas and/ or smooth toxas (both frequently centrangulate), microxeas or microstrongyles, and in one group amphidiscs. Suborder HAPLOSCLERINA Topsent, 1928 Marine haplosclerida with a anisotropic choanosomal skeleton; spicules smooth oxeas or strongyles of a single category. (Fig. 7) 1905. Acanthellaflabelliformis, Dendy, p. 193. 1937. Axinella flabelliformis, Burton, p.36. Family CALL YSPONGIIDAE de Laubenfels Haplosclerida with two dimensional ectosomal 14 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 skeleton of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary spongin fibres, fibres are cored by oxeas or strongyles, occasionally uncored or cored with foreign material. - 2-5 mm diameter, present on funnel shaped processes on upper surface of the sponge. Genus Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Megascleres : Oxeas 0.070-0.075 mm long and 0.004 mm wide. Callypsospongiidae with a regular ectosomal tangential reticulation of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary spiculo-fibres, ectosomal morphology; one single size or three sizes of rounded to irregular, or triangular to rectangular ectosomal mesh. Spongin abundant. Microscleres toxas may be present (e.g., CaZZyspongis (Toxochalina) multiformis Pulitzer-Finali, 1986). Type species: Callyspongia fallax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Subgenus Cladochalina Schmidt, 1870 Callyspongia with ectosomal network with three sizes of mesh around terminal ends of primary fibres largely spread on the surface. Multispicular primary fibres well defined, always fasciculated, and ramified to form a choanosomal tertiary network offine fibres always present. Spongin sheath clearly visible. Conulose surface. Type species: Tuba armigera Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. 8. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa Ridley, 1884 (Fig. 8) 1884. Callyspongia diffusa Ridley, p. 183; Burton, 1934, p. 541; Burton, 1937, p. 20; Rao, 1941, p. 432, PI. Xii, fig. 14. 2002. Skeleton : Dermal and primary skeleton fibres are well developed with spongin fibres. Microscleres : absent. Distribution: In India: Pamban, Gulf of Mannar, Kanyakumari and Karnataka. Elsewhere: Trincomalee, Ceylon. Remarks: CaZZyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa Ridley, 1884 is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. 9. Callyspongia (Cladochalina)fibrosa Ridley & Dendy, 1886 (Fig. 9) 1886. Callyspongia fibrosa Ridley & Dendy, p; Thomas, 1985, p. 248, PI. II, fig. 14. 1905. Pachychalina spinilamella, Dendy, p. 149, pI. 7, fig. 4. 1930. Sclerochalina spinilamella, Burton, p. 669. 2002. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) fibrosa, Hooper and Van Soest, p.258 (subgenus). Material examined: P364611, 12 ex., St. Merry Island, Karnataka, 24. 03. 2010, Coll. J.G. Pattanayak & Party; P364711, 4 ex., Murudeshwar, Karnataka, 17. 03. 2009, ColI. M.K. Dev Roy & Party. Description: Sponge flattened branched, connules on the surface and prominent at growing tips, colour-pale yellow in live; Oscules - irregularly distributed, rounded or elliptical, 3 mm in diameter. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa Hooper and Van soest, p. 841 (subgenus asignment). Material examined: P364811, 2 ex Murudeshwar, Karnataka, 17.03.2009, Coll. M.K. Dev Roy & Party.; P364911, 5 ex., St. Merry Island, Karnataka, 24. 03. 2010, Coll. J.G. Pattanayak & Party. Description: Sponge flabellate, fan-shaped, compressible, resilient, colour-pale brown, Oscules Skeleton : Dermal skeleton reticulate, main skeleton formed of primaries and connectives. Megascleres : Oxeas straight or slightly curved 0.075-0.105 mm long and 0.002-0.004 mm wide. Microscleres : Absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay; Kodikkarai, Tamilnadu; Murudeshwar, St. Merry Island, Karnataka. PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges Elsewhere: Indo-Australian region. Remarks: CaZZyspongia (Cladochalina) fibrosa Ridley & Dendy, 1886 is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. Family CHALINIDAE Gray, 1867 Definition : Haplosclerena with a delicate reticulated choanosomal skeleton ofuni-, pauci- or multispicular primary lines, which are regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, a regularly hexagonal, unispiocular, tangential reticulation. 15 Megascleres : Oxeas, 0.08-0.12 mm long and 0.004-0.006 mm wide. Microscleres : Absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Kodikkarai, Murudeshwar, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Pacific Ocean, Arctic. Remarks. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Pallas, 1766) is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. Subgenus Gellius Gray, 1867 Genus Haliclona Grant, 1836 Defination : Chalinidae with unis picular secondary lines. Subgenus Haliclona Grant, 1836 Choanosomal skeleton consisting of a very regular, ladder-like reticulation of uni- to paucispicular primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, a unispicular, tangential, isotropic reticulation; ocassionally with the oxeas 'intercrossing' . Oxeas short, rather robust, fusiform or with acerated points. Spongin moderate to abundant. No microscleres. Chalinidae with a choanosomal skeleton sonsisting of a rather confused, subhalichondroid reticulation of pauci- to multispicular primary lines, irregularly connected unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present either a regular, tangential, unispicular, isotrop[ic reticulation, or consisting of irregularly strewn, tangentially orientated spicules. Type species: Isodictya jugosa Bowerbank, 1866. 11. Haliclona (Gellius) cellaria (Rao, 1941) (Fig. 11) 1941. Type species: Haliclona oculata (Pallas, 1766). 10. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata (Pallas, 1766) (Fig. 10 a, b) 1766. Spongia oculata Pallas, 1941. Haliclona oculata Rao, p. 428. 2002. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata De Weerdt, W.H. p.852. Material examined: P364411, 2 ex., Murudeshwar, Karnataka, 20.03.2010, Coll. J.G. Pattanayak. Description: Sponge consists of several short tubes arising from a basal mass. Consistency soft and spongy. Surface hispid; Colour gray; oscules terminal and elevated, diameter, 3mm. Skeleton: Irregular reticulation of multiserially cored fibers, main fibers are distinct from connectives. Callyspongia cellaria var fusca Rao, p. 437, PI. XII, fig. 8 and 9. 2012. Haliclona (Gellius) cellaria, Van Soest RWM et al. Material examined: P36401l, 1 ex., St. Merry Island, Dt. Udipi, Karnataka, Shore collection, 24. 03.2010, ColI. J.G. Pattanayak & Party; P36421l, 1 ex., St. Merry Island, Dt. Udipi, Karnataka, Shore collection, 24. 03. 2010, ColI. J.G. Pattanayak & Party; P36451l, 10 ex., St. Merry Island, Dt. Udipi, Karnataka, Shore collection, 24. 03. 2010, ColI. J.G. Pattanayak & Party. Description: Sponge clathrous, attached on mollusk shells and rocks, texture less firm and slightly compressible, colour-dark brown, Oscules - numerous 5-7 mm in diameter. Skeleton: Dermal reticulation of spicular fibres formed of one or more spicules, spicular fibres Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 16 I .. c b d c b .. b 2. Endectyon (Endectyon) hornelli a. long style b. small style c. Oxea d. Acanthostyle 1. Suberites carnosus a & b tylostyle ..... 3. Echinodictyum longistylum a. long style b. hair-like style c. Oxea d. small oxea e. Acanthostyla ｾ＠ o :I 3 e ｾ＠ E o . p \ :I 3 a b c 4. Tedania (Tedania) anhelans a. style b. tornote c. onychaete b a c b 5. Axinella donnani a. style b. oxea 6. Auletta elongata a. style b. Oxea c. strongyle PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges 17 () o vr ｾ＠ j a a b 7. Axinyssaflabelliformis oxeas b 8. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa oxeas a b 9. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) fibrosa Oxeas r , p o. o o (A' CI'I ｾ＠ a b 10. Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata a, b. Oxeas 11. Haliclona (Gellius) cella ria Oxea 12. Amphimedon chloros Oxea 18 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 relatively thin and form a circular or polydgonal reticulation. Megascleres : Oxeas straight or curved, 0.100.22 mm long and 0.012-0.014 mm wide. beach, Dt. Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, 15.03.2010, Coll. J.G. Pattanayak & Party; P365211, 23 ex., Murudeshwar, Karnataka, 17.03.2009, Coll. M.K. Dev Roy & Party. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar, Kodikkarai and Karnataka. Description: Sponge maSSive, digitately branched, attached on rocks, texture soft and spongy, colour-green in live, surface hispid; Oscules - numerous 5-7 mm in diameter. Remarks: Haliclona (Gellius) cellaria (Rao, 1941) is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. Skeleton: A branching system of horny fibres cored by oxeas. Family NIPHATIDAE Van Soest, 1980 Megascleres : Oxeas straight or curved, 0.100.25 mm long and 0.005-0.012 mm wide. Microscleres : absent. Definition : Haplosclerida with three dimensional ectosomal skeleton of multispicular fibres. Choanosomal skeleton of multispicular fibres, cored by oxeas, often strongylote or stylote. Microscleres if present, sigmas or microxeas. Genus Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Smooth surface, regular tangential ectosomal network with rounded meshes of a single size. Ends of choanosomallongitudinal primary fibres barely protruding. Spongin abundant. Microscleres absent. 12. Amphimedon chloros Han, Gugel & van Soest, 2004 (Fig. 12) 1937. Hemihaliclona viridis Burton, p. 18. 1985. Haliclona viridis, Thomas, p. 232, pI. I, fig. 21 2004. Amphimedon chloros Han, Gugel & van Soest. Material examined: P3650/1, 2 ex., Murudeshwar, Karnataka, 17.03.2009, Coll. M.K. Dev Roy & Party; P365111, 2 ex., Gokarna main Microscleres : absent. Distribution: In India: Gulf of Mannar and Karnataka. Remarks: Amphimedon chloros Han, Gugel & van Soest, 2004 is recorded for the first time from Karnataka coast. SUMMARY The present paper deals with the diagnostic features of 12 species of marine sponges available in the coast of Karnataka State of which 8 species are new record from Karnataka coast. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to express their deep felt gratitude and thanks to Dr. K. Venkatraman, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities to complete this work. All staffs of General Non- Chordata section and Publication Division of Zoological Survey of India also acknowledged for their sincere help. REFERENCES Ali, M.A., 1956. Addition to the sponge fauna of Madras. Journal of the Madras University, B 26(2): 289-301. Burton, M., 1930. Addition to the sponge fauna of Gulf of Mannar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London (10)5: 665-676. Burton, M., 1937. Supplement to the littoral fauna of Krusadai Island. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, Madras, 1(2), pt. 4: 1-58, pIs. I-IX. PATTANAYAK and MITRA: Marine Sponges 19 Burton, M. and Rao, H.S., 1932. Report on the Shallow-water Marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcuta, 34(3) : 299-356. Carter, H.J., 1880. Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Mannar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W.H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, ser. 5, 5: 437-457, pIs. 18-19; ser. 5,6 : 35-61; 129-156, pIs. 4-8. Carter, H.J., 1881. Supplementary report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Mannar together with others from the sea in the vicinity of the Basse Rocks & from Bass's Straits respectively, presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W.H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural Histoy, London ser. 5,7: 361-385, pIs. 18. Dendy, A., 1887. The sponge fauna of Madras. A report on a collection of sponges obtained in the neighbourhood of Madras by Edgar Thurston Esq. Annals and Magazine ofNatural History, London, ser. 5, 20: 153-165, pIs. 9-12. Dendy, A., 1889. Report on a second collection of sponges from the Gulf of Mannar. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, ser. 6, 3 : 73-99, pIs. 35. Dendy, A., 1905. Report on the sponges collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf ofMannar, Royal Society, London, suppl. 3(18) : 57-246. Dendy, A., 1916. Report on the non-calcareous sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905-1906. Report of Government ofBaroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal, Ser. 2, 17 : 93-146, pIs. 1-4. Karnataka Biodiversity Board, 2007. Netrani island - a unique coral ecosystem survey report, sponsored by karnataka urban infrastructure development & financial corporation (kuidfc), bangalore, survey conducted by central marine fisheries research institute (cmfri), cochin. Pattanayak, J.G., 1999. Annotated checklist of marine sponges of the Indian region. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 44: 439-455. Brisbane. Pattanayak, J.G., 2006. Marine Sponges of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 255: 1-152+12 pIs, (Published by the Director, Zoo I. Surv. India, Kolkata). Pattanayak, J.G and Manna B., 2001. Distribution of Marine sponges (Porifera) in India. Proc. Zool. Soc. Calcutta, 54(1) : 73-101. Rao, H.S., 1941. Indian & Ceylon sponges in the naturalistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, collected by K.Fistedt. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 43 : 417-496. Thomas, P.A., 1979. Demospongiae of Minicoy Island (Indian Ocean) Part-I, orders keratosida and Haplosclerida. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 21(1 & 2) : 10-16. Thomas, P.A., 1980. Demospongiae of Minicoy Island (Indian Ocean) Part-II order Poecilosclerida. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 22(1 & 2) : 1-7. 20 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Thomas, P.A.,1980a. Demospongiae of Minicoy Island ( Indian Ocean) Part-III. Order Halichondrida and Hadromerida, Epipolasida and Choristida. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 22(1 & 2) : 8-20. Thomas, P.A., 1985. Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In : Recent Advance in Marine Biology, P.S.B.R.James (Ed.). Today tomorrow's printers and publishers, New Delhi: 205-365. Van Soest RWM, Boury -Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, et al. (2012) Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera). PLoS ONE 7(4): e35105. doi:1O.1371/journal.pone.0035105 Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 21-31, 2013 MOLLUSCA FRESHWATER GASTROPODS V.R. PUNITHAVELU and M.B. RAGHUNATHAN Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION Karnataka state with an area of 76,245 sq. km IS situated on the western edge of the Deccan plateau and stretches from 11.5N to 19N latitude and from 74E to 78.6E longitude. The main rivers of the south originate from western ghats, namely Cauvery, Thunghabhadra and Krishna. The districts surveyed were Bangalore, Chickmagalur, Dakshinkannad, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Udipi besides Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple sanctuary and Bannerghatta National Park. Family BITHYNIIDAE Subfamily BITHYNIINAE Genus Gabbia Tyron 6. Gabbia alticola (Annandale, 1918) 7. Gabbia stenothyroides (Dohrn) 8. Gabbia travancorica (Benson, 1860) Genus Digoniostoma Annandale, 1920 9. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson, 1836) Subfamily MYSORELLINAE Genus Mysorella Godwin-Austen, 1919 10. Mysorella costigera (Kuester, 1852) SYSTEMATIC LIST Family STENOTHYRIDAE Phylum MOLLUSCA Genus Stenothyra Benson, 1856 Class GASTROPODA 11. Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill, 1880 Order MEGAGASTROPODA Family THIARIDAE Family NERITIIDAE Subfamily THIARINAE Genus Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Genus Thiara Roeding, 1786 1. Neritina (Dostia) violacea (Gmelin, 1791) Family VIVIPARIDAE Subfamily BELLAMYINAE Genus Bellamya Jousseaume, 1886 2. Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck, 1882) 3. Bellamya dissimilis (Mueller, 1774) Family PILIDAE Genus Pila (Bolten) Roeding, 1798 4. Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) 4a. Pila globosa var. minor Nevill, 1877 5. Pila virens (Lamarck, 1822) 12. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller, 1774) 13. Thiara (Stenomelania) punctata (Lamarck, 1822). 14. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray, 1828) 15. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller, 1774) Subfamily MELANATRIINAE Genus Suicospira Troschel, 1858 16. Sulcospira huegeli (Philippi, 1841) Genus Brotia H. & A. Adams, 1866 17. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque, 1833) 22 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily PALUDOMINAE 27. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes) Genus Paludomus Swainson, 1840 Subfamily SEGMENTINAE 18. Paludomus (Paludomus) annandalei Preston, 1909. Genus Segmentina Flemming, 1817 19. Paludomus (Paludomus) tanschauricus (Gmelin, 1771). 20. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon Benson. 1862. 28. Segmentina (Polypylis) trochoidea (Benson, 1836) Subfamily PLANORBINAE Genus Gyraulus Charpentier 29. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) Subclass PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Family L YMNAEIDAE Phylum MOLLUSCA Genus Lymnaea LamarcK, 1799 Class GASTROPODA 21. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata Lamarck. 1822 Order MEGAGASTROPODA 21. (a) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray, 1820 Genus Neritina Lamarck, 1816 21. (b) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck, 1822 21. (c). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. gracilior Martens, 1881 22. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) biacuminata Anandale and Rao, 1925 23. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola Lamarck, 1822 23. (a). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck, 1822 23. (b). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola Jimpura Troschal, 1837 23. (c). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. ovalis Gray, 1822 23. (d). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao, 1925 24. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) ovalior Anandale and Prashad. Family ANCYLIDAE Genus Ferrissia Walker, 1903 25. Ferrissia tenuis (Bourguignat, 1862) 26. Ferrissia verruca (Benson, 1855) Family PLANORBIDAE Subfamily BULININAE Genus Indoplanorbis Annandale and Prashad Family NERITIIDAE 1. Neritina (Dostia) violacea (Gmelin, 1791) 179l. Neritina violacea (Gmelin). Syst. Nat., ed. 13 : 3686 1989. Neritina (Dostia) violacea (Gmelin). Subba Rao. Hand book: Freshwater molluscs of India. p. 37-38. 1992. Neritina (Dostia) violacea (Gmelin). Fauna of west Bengal State Fauna series, 3(9) : 10. Material: Not collected. Diagnostic Characters brackish water. Occurs mostly ill Distribution : Andaman Islands; Andhra Pradesh; Goa; Gujarat; Kerala; Karnataka; Orissa; Tamilnadu and West Bengal. Family VIVIPARIDAE Subfamily BELLAMYINAE Genus Bellamya Jousseaume, 1886 2. Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck, 1882) 1882. Paludima bengalensis Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert. 6(2) : 174 1989. Bellamya bengalensis Lamarck. Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. 45-47. Material : 24 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 141 exs Karnataka; 57 exs, Kerala; 22 exs, Pondicherry; 123 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters: Shell thin, smooth with three colour bands. PUNITHAVELU and RAGHUNATHAN : Mollusca :Freshwater Gastropods Distribution : Common throughout India. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 28.1 mm; Width: 17.2 mm; Height: 14.4 mm. Other work: Bio accumulation of heavy metals were studied by Gupta and Banerjee (1998), and studies pertaining to seasonal variation in reproductive potentiality were made by Panigrahi, (1998). 3. Bellamya dissimilis (Mueller, 1774) 1774. Nerita dissimilis Mueller. Hist. Verm. Test pt. 2 : 184 1989. Bellamya dissimilis Mueller. Subbarao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 48-49. 1989. Bellamya dissimilis Mueller. Fauna of Orissa State Fauna series, P. 286-288. 1992. Bellamya dissimilis Mueller. Fauna of west Bengal State Fauna series, 3(9) : 14. 1997. Bellamya dissimilis Mueller.Fauna of Delhi State fauna series, 6 : 114. 2004. Bellamya dissimilis Mueller. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 145. Material : 2 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters : Shell smaller without spiral bands, suture deeply impressed. Distribution : Penisular, Northern India and West Bengal. Morphometric Measurements : Length : 20.5mm; Width : 14.3 mm; Height : 10.7 mm. Family PILIDAE Genus Pila (Bolten) Roeding, 1798 23 Previous Studies : Detailed studies made on this species with references to reproductive processes, development, structure of heart, nervous system, biology, anatomy and physiology. Studies pertaining to density, biomass, secondary productivity by Singh (1990)and shell structural support againstdamage were made by Panigrahi (1999). Distribution : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Assam. Eventhough Subba Rao shows distribution only in North India except Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. This species is available from Tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh and Karnataka. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 50.61 mm; Width: 44.9 mm; Height: 36.8 mm. 4. (a) Pila globosa var. minor Nevill, 1877 1877. Ampullaria globosa var. minor Nevill, Hand list Moll. Indian Mus., pt. 2 : 4. 1992. Pila globosa var. minor Nevill. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna series, 3(9) : 15-16. Material : 1 ex, Karnataka; 1 ex, Tamilnadu Diagnostic Characters : Variety minor and variety incrassatula reported. Distribution: Pila globosa var. minor has been reported only from Kolkata, West Bengal but recorded for the first time from Tamilnadu. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 29.4 mm; Width: 25.9 mm; Height: 22.2 mm. 5. Pila virens (Lamarck, 1822). 4. Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) 1822. Ampullaria globosa Swainson. Zool. Illustrations. Vol. 2. pI cxix. 1989. Pila globosa Swainson. Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. 58. 1822. Ampullaria virens Lamarck. Hist. Nat.anim. Sans. Ver. 6(2) :179. 1989. Pila virens Lamarck. Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. 60-6l. 1992. Pila globosa Swainson. Fauna of West Bengal State Fauna series, 3(9) : 15. 2004. Pila virens Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 146. 2004. Pila globosa Swainson. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 146. Material : 6 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 28 exs, Karnataka; 4 exs Pondicherry. Material : 17 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 69 exs, Karnataka; 18 exs, Kerala; 164 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters: Variable in colour and shape of the spine. 24 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Other work: Physiology especially pertaining to aestivation was investigated by Meenakshi (1951, 54, 55a-c, 1956a-c, 1957, 1964) Ramamoorthy (1955, 1958a, d 1959a,b, 1960) Shylaja and Alexander (1975). Distribution: Common species in South India and Maharashtra. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 16.4 mm; Width: 12.5 mm; Height: 10.9 mm. 1989. Gabbia travancorica (Benson). Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. 78. Material : Not collected. Diagnostic Characters globose, aperture oval. Shell conically Distribution : Andhra Pradesh; Kerala. Type locality : Quilon, Kerala. Genus Digoniostoma Annandale, 1920 9. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson, 1836) Family BITHYNIIDAE Subfamily BITHYNIINAE 1836. Paludima pulchella Benson. 1. Asiat, Soc. Beng., 5 : 746. Genus Gabbia Tyron 6. Gabbia alticola (Annandale, 1918) 1918. Amnicola alticola Annadale. Rec. Indian Mus., 14 : 122. pI.xiv. figs 6, 6a. 1989. Gabbia alticola Annandale. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 78 Material: 76 exs, Karnataka; 6 exs, Tarnilnadu. 1989. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 80. 1992. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna series, 3(9) : 16-17. 1997. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Fauna of Delhi, State fauna series, 6 : ll5. Diagnostic Characters : Shell sculptured with longitudinal striae. 2003. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series 5: Fauna of Asan Wetland, P.20. Distribution : After the first description from Myanmar recorded from Karnataka and Tarnilnadu and New record for India. 2004. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 145. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 21.9 mm; Width: 18.6mm; Height: 18 mm. 7. Gabbia stenothyroides (Dohrn) 1857. Bithini stenothyroides Dohrn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 123. 1989. Gabbia stenothyroides (Dohrn). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 77. Material: 16 exs, Karnataka. Material: Not collected. Diagnostic Characters : Shell elongate, spire longer, sutures depressed. Distribution : Throughout India. Subfamily MYSORELLINAE Genus Mysorella Godwin-Austen, 1919 10. Mysorella costigera (Kuester, 1852) Diagnostic Characters : Shell ovate, body whorl larger, spire short. 1852. Paludina costigera Kuester. In Martin & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., 1(21) : 33 pI. 7, figs. 18, 19. Distribution: Maharashtra, Tarnilnadu and also Karnataka. 1989. Mysorella costigera (Kuester). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 84. Morphometric Measurements: Length mm; Width: 4.3 mm; Height: 3.7 mm. 5.1 Material : Not collected. 8. Gabbia travancorica (Benson, 1860) Diagnostic Characters : Shell with 5 spiral ridges, with horny brown colour. 1860. Bithynia travancorica Benson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6(3) : 259. Distribution : Tamilnadu; Pondicherry; Karnataka. PUNITHAVELU and RAGHUNATHAN : Mollusca :Freshwater Gastropods Family STENOTHYRIDAE Genus Stenothyra Benson, 1856. 11. Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill, 1880 1880. Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill. 1. Asiat. Soc. Bang., 49(2) : 160. 1989. Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 87. 1989. Stenothyra blanfordiana Nevill. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna series, 1(2) : 29l. 25 Other work : Studies pertaining to Breeding biology, physiology were carried out by Mulay (1975-78), Mulay and Naghabhusanam (1975, 1977). Distribution : Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements : Length : 20.9 mm; Width: 8.2 mm; Height: 9.9 mm. 13. Thiara (Stenomelania) punctata (Lamarck, 1822) Material : 2 exs, Karnataka. Diagnostic Characters : Shell subventricose, whorls spire not elongated. Distribution : West Bengal, Orissa and Tamilnadu. During the present study collected from Karnataka and a new report for Karnataka. Morphometric Measurements : Length : 28.4 mm; Width: 17.6 mm; Height: 13.4 mm. 1822. Melania punctata Lamarck, Hist Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert. 6(2) : 165. 1989. Thiara (Stanomelania) punctata (Lamarck). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p.9697. Material : 1 ex, Karnataka. Diagnostic Characters: Shell turret elongated, operculum horny. Distribution : Throughout India. Family THIARIDAE Subfamily THIARINAE Morphometric Measurements : Length : 44.0 mm; Width: 13.3 mm; Height : 12.6 mm. Genus Thiara Roeding, 1786 12. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller, 1774) 14. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray, 1828) 1774. Buccinum scabra Mueller. Hist. Verm. Terr. Flur., 2 : 136. 1828. Helix lineata Gray, in Wood's index Text. Suppl. P. 24, fig. 68. 1989. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray). Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. 102. 1989. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 96-97. 1989. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna series, 3(9) : 19. 2002. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 3 : Fauna of Ujani, P. 137-138. 2002. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland. P.20. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 3 : Fauna of Ujani, P. 138. 2004. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 147. 2003. 2004. Thiara (Thiara) scabra (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 146 147. Material: 17 exs., Andhra Pradesh; 400 exs., Karnataka; 18 exs., Kerala; 23 exs., Pondicherry; 146 exs., Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters: Sutures distinct, whorls with spires. 1989. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray), Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna series, 1(2) : 294-296. 1992. Thiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 20. Material : 2 exs, Karnataka. Diagnostic Characters : This species was synonymised with Thiara granifera (Lamarck) or treated as its variety (Van Benthem Jutting, 1956). But It is readily distinguished from the former by the absence of rows of nodules and presence of distinct dark spiral lines. 26 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Other work: Studies on the effect of pesticide ragor on biochemical constituents were made by Chaudhuri et al. (1999). Distribution: Earlier it was recorded from west Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharshtra, Assam and presently it is recorded from Karnataka. Morphometric Measurements : Length mm; Width: 6.3 mm; Height :12.5 mm. 12.6 Berry and Kadri (1974) investigated on reproduction. Distribution Kashmir. Throughout India except Morphometric Measurements : Length : 22.2 mm; Width: 8.5 mm; Height: 7.7 mm. Subfamily MELANATRIINAE Genus Sulcospira Troschel, 1858 16. Sulcospira huegeli (Philippi, 1841) 15. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller, 1774) 184l. Melania huegeli Philippi. Abbild, Beschreib. Conch., 1 : 61, pI. 2, fig.8. 1774. Neretia tuberculata Mueller. Hist. Verm. Terr. Fluv., 2 : 191 1989. Sulcospira huegeli (Philippi) Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 107. 1989. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 103-105. Material: 5 exs, Pondicherry; 174 exs, Karnataka. 1989. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 293-294. Diagnostic Characters : Shell ovoid conical, whorls 5-6, regularly increasing in size. 1992. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 19-20. Distribution : Assam, Karnataka, Kerala and also Pondicherry. 1997. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 116 2000. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Zoological Survey of India, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2 : Fauna of Renuka Wetland, p. 19 2002. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 3 : Fauna of Ujani, P. 138-139. 2003. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 20. 2004. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna Morphometric Measurements: Length: 47.3 mm; Width: 20.0 mm; Height: 20.9 mm. Genus Brotia H. & A. Adams, 1866 17. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque, 1833) 1833. Melania costula Rafinesque. Atlantic Journ. No., 5 : 166. 1989. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque) Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 108. 1992. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9): 2l. of Pench National Park, P. 147-148. Material: 3 exs, Karnataka; 78 exs, Tamilnadu. Material : 36 exs, Karnataks; 47 exs, Tamilnadu; 2 exs, Andhrapradesh. Diagnostic Characters: Shell with a high spire and moderately large body whorl. Other studies: Growth indices (Agarwal, 1994) (Dhanumkumari et al.). Preference of substratum (Annapurna and Bhavanarayana 1993). Seshayya (1936), Ramamoorthi (1950, 1955) Jacobe (1959a, b), Subbarao and Mitra (1982) studied the biology. Diagnostic Characters: Shell elongate, whorls 12-14, prominent axial ribs. Other work: Taxonomical studies from Barck valley, Assam, (Gupta, 1998). Distribution: Bihar, West Bengal, Manipur, Assam and also from Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 51.4 mm; Width: 14.3 mm; Height: 14.4 mm. PUNITHAVELU and RAGHUNATHAN : Mollusca :Freshwater Gastropods Subfamily PALUDOMINAE Genus Paludomus Swainson, 1840 27 Material: 4 exs, Karnataka; 3 exs, Tamilnadu. 1909. Paludomus annandalei Preston. Rec. Indian Mus., 3 : 278, fig. l. Diagnostic Characters: Shell with a large and inflated body whorl, columellar callus broad as in neritids and bears a prominent tooth-like projection on its anterior part. Operculam horny, dark brown with excentric nucleus. 1989. Paludomus (Paludomus) annandalei Preston. Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs ofIndia, p. 112. Distribution : Kerala and also Karnataka, Tamilnadu. Material: 46 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 21 exs, Tamilnadu; 6 exs, Karnataka; 46 exs, Kerala. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 18.3 mm; Width: 15.3 mm; Height: 13.6 mm. Diagnostic Characters : Shell conoidal, apex eroded, sutures slightly impressed. Subclass PULMONATA 18. Paludomus (Paludomus) annandalei Preston, 1909 Order BASOMMATOPHORA Distribution : Western Ghats and also from Andhra Pradesh. family L YMNAEIDAE Genus Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799 Morphometric Measurements : Length: 11.9 mm; Width: 8.6 mm; Height: 7.9 mm. 19. Paludomus (Paludomus) tanschauricus (Gmelin, 1771) 1791. Helix tanscha urica Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 : 3655. Refers to Chemnitz's syst. Conch. Cab., 9: 174, figs. 1246, 1247. 1989. Paludomus (Paludomus) tanschauricus (Gmelin). Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India p. ll8. Material : 105 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 100 exs, Karnataka, 92 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters: First few whorls with keeled spiral ridges, aperture ovate, posteriorly pointed. 21. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata Lamarck. 1822 1822. Lymnaea acuminata Lamarck. Hist. nat. Anim. Sans Vert., 6 (2): 160. 1989. Lymnaea acuminata Lamarck. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 126. Material: 12 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 318 exs, Karnataka; 209 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters: The nature of the spiral whorls of the shell and the outer lip are quite distinct. Two forms are recognised one with the ovate shell and the other with narrow shell. 20. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon Benson, 1862 Other work : Shell variation,environmental plasticity (Agarwal) Annapurna and Bhavanarayana (1993) preference of substratum. Raut and Das (1997) effect of water depths on the hatching of eggs. Bharamalal and N anaware (2001) effect of temperature on the histological and histochemical changes in the Ovotestis. Bharamal and Nanwara (2001) Photoperiod induced biochemical changes in Ovotesticular cholesterol. 1862. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon Benson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3)10 : 415. Distribution : Throughout India (In water bodies with abundant vegetation). 1989. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon Benson. Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs ofIndia, p. 122. Morphometric Measurements: Length mm; Width: 9.1 mm; Height: 13.6 mm Distribution: Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh and also Karnataka. Morphometric Measurements : Length: 17.7 mm; Width: 10.2 mm; Height: 9.6 mm. 18.7 28 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 21(a). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray, 1820 1820. Limnaea rufescens Gray, in Sowerby,s Genera of shells, 1 : Limnaea, fig. 2. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 298-300. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 23. 2003. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland. P. 20. 2004. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park Asan Wetland. P. 148. Material: Not collected. Distribution : Throughout India. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 118. 21 (c). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. gracilior Martens, 1881 2000. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Zoological Survey of India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2 : Fauna of Renuka Wetland p. 19 188l. Lymnaea acuminata var. gracilior Martens. Conch. Mithiel., 1 : 77 2002. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 3: Fauna of Ujani, P. 139. 2003. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 20. 2004. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. rufescens Gray. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 149. Material : 4 exs, Karnataka. Diagnostic Characters : The shell narrow, mouth relatively shorter and legs expanded. Distribution : Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements: Length: 29.3 mm; Width: 14.1.2 mm; Height: 18.9 mm. 21 (b). Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck, 1822 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. gracilior Martens. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 298. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. gracilior Martens. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 23. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. gracilior Martens. Fauna of Delhi State Fauna Series, 6 : 117- 118. Material: Not collected. Distribution : Throughout India. 22. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) biacuminata Anandale and Rao, 1925 1925. Lymnaea biacuminata Anandale and Rao. Rec. Indian Mus., 27 : 182, fig. III-2. 1989. Lymnaea biacuminataAnandale and Rao. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 128. Material : 5 exs. Karnataka. 1822. Lymnaea acuminata Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert. 6 Pt. 2 : 160. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 296-298. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 22. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck. Fauna of Delhi, State fauna Series, 6 : 117. 2000. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck. Zoological Survey of India, Wetland Ecosystem Series, 2 : Fauna of Renuka Wetland, p. 19. Diagnostic Characters : This may be a phenotypic variant of Lymnaea acuminata f. rufescens. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Uttranchal and also Karnatka. Morphometric Measurements mm; Width: 10.12 mm; Height Length : 20.9 12.9 mm. 23. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola Lamarck, 1822 1822. Lymnaea luteola Lamarck. Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans Vert., 6(2) : 160. 29 PUNITHAVELU and RAGHUNATHAN : Mollusca :Freshwater Gastropods 1989. Lymnaea luteola Lamarck. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 128. 2002. Lymnaea luteola Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 3, Fauna of Ujani, P. 139-140. Material : 61 exs, Karnataka; 35 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters : Spire not very much pointed shell ovate with narrow aperture. Distribution : Common found even temporary waterbodies-Pest of Paddy. ill Morphometric Measurements: Length 16.4 mm; Width : 10.5 mm; Height : 11.4 mm. 23(a) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck, 1822 1822. Lymnaea luteola Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., 6 pt. 2 : 160. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2):300-30l. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 24. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 118. 2003. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 2l. 2004. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. typica Lamarck. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 149. Material : 5 exs Karnataka; 5 exs Tamilnadu. Distribution : Throughout India. 23 (b) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola Jimpura Troschal, 1837 1837. Lymnaea impura Troscha1, in Weigman's Arch. f. Natureges, 3 : 172. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteolafimpura Troschal. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 30l. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f impura Troschal. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 119 Material Tamilnadu. 288 exs, Karnataka; 5 exs Distribution Tamilnadu. Bihar and also Karnataka, Morphometric Measurements: Length: 15.4 mm; Width: 10.8 mm; Height : 11.1 mm. 23(c) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola Jovalis Gray, 1822 1820. Lymnaea ovalis Gray, in Sowerby,s Genera of shells, 1 : Limnaea, fig. 4. 1898. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola fovalis Gray. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 302. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola fovalis Gray. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 24-25. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola fovalis Gray. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 119-120. 2003. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteolafovalis Gray.zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland. P. 2l. Material : 2 exs, Karnataka. Distribution : Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements: Length 14.7 mm; Width: 10.8 mm; Height: 13.8 mm. 23(d) Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao, 1925 1925. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao, Rec. Indian Mus., 27 : 184. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao. Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 30 l. 1992. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao. Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 24. 1997. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 114. 2003. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao. Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 2l. 2004. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. australis Anandale and Rao. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 149-150. Material : 2 exs, Karnataka. 30 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution : Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements : Length 22.6 mm; Width: 14.9 mm; Height: 14.6 mm. 24. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) ovalior 1989. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 142. 1992. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 25. 1997. Anandale and Prashad 1921. Limnaea ovalior Annandale and Prashad. Rec. Indian. Mus., 22 : 572. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) ovalior Anandale and Prashad. Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 129. Material : 3 exs Karnataka. Distribution : Manipur and also Karnataka. Family ANCYLIDAE Genus Ferrissia Walker, 1903. 25. Ferrissia tenuis (Bourguignat, 1862) 1862. Ferrissia tenuis Bourguignat. Spicil. Malac., 1862 : 208. 1989. Ferrissia tenuis (Bourguignat). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 138. Material: Not collected. Diagnostic Characters : Found decaying leafs submerged in water. 2002. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series, 3, Fauna of Ujani, P. 137138. 2003. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem series,S, Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 21. 2004. Diagnostic Characters : Having more similar characters of Lymnaea luteola f. ovalis, requires detailed study. ill died Distribution : Andhra Pradesh; Karnataka; Kerala; Tamilnadu; Maharashtra. 26. Ferrissia verruca (Benson, 1855) 1855. Ferrissia verruca Benson. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 15 (2) : 12. 1989. Ferrissia verruca (Benson). Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 139. Material : Not collected. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 120. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20, Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 150. Material : 93 exs, Andhra Pradesh; 449 exs, Karnataka; 10 exs, Kerala; 21 exs, Pondicherry; 621 exs, Tamilnadu. Diagnostic Characters : Shell large and thick, sutures deeply impressed, animal sinistral, aperture ear-shaped and foot leaf shaped. Other works: Annapurna and Bhavanarayana (1993) preference of substratum. Bharamal and Nanaware (2001) effect of temperature on ovotesticular lysosomal enzymes. Raut and Das (1997) effect of water depth on the hatching of eggs of snail. Singh ans Saxena (2002) substrate preferences among gastropod specimens in a pond in the arid region of Rajasthan. Distribution :Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements: Diameter: 17.7 mm; Height : 7.7 mm. Subfamily SEGMENTINAE Genus Segmentina Flemming, 1817 28. Segmentina (Polypylis) trochoidea (Benson, 1836) Distribution : Throughout India. Family PLANORBIDAE Subfamily BULININAE Genus Indoplanorbis Annandale and Prashad 27. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes) 1834. Planorbis exustus Deshayes, in Belangar, Voy. IndesOrientales, p. 417, pI. I, figs. 11-13. 1836. Planorbis trochoideus Benson. 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 5 : 742. 1989. Segmentina (Polypylis) trochoidea (Benson). Subba Rao. Hand book, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p.150. Material: Not collected. Diagnostic Characters Shell trochoid, PUNITHAVELU and RAGHUNATHAN : Mollusca :Freshwater Gastropods periphery more acute, umbilicus small or totall absent. Distribution Bengal. Karnataka; Tamilnadu; West 31 Diagnostic Characters: Whorls 4 or 5 rounded, aperture ovate, maximum diameter within 5mm. Distribution : Throughout India. Morphometric Measurements: Diameter: 3.0 mm. Subfamily PLANORBINAE Genus Gyraulus Charpentier DISCUSSION 29. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) Based on the earlier studies 14 species of gastropods with 4 forms belonging to 11 genera are reported from Karnataka and the species are as follows: Neritina (Dostia) violacea; Bellamya dissimilis; Pila virens.; Mysorella costigera; Thiara (Thiara) scabra; Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata; Sulcospira hugely; Paludomus (Paludomus) obesus; Lymnaea luteola f ovalis; Ferrissia tenuis; Ferrissia verruca; Indoplanorbis exustus and Segmentina (Polypylis) trachoidea (Subba Rao, 1989; Ramakrishna et al 2006). 1849. Planorbis convexiusculus Hutton. 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 18 (2) : 657. 1989. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Subba Rao. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, p.154. 1989. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Fauna of Orissa, State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 304. 1992. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3(9) : 26. 1997. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6 : 120-12l. 2003. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Zool. Surv. India. Wetland Ecosystem Series, 5 : Fauna of Asan Wetland, P. 2l. 2004. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 15l. 2004. Zool. Surv. India. Conservation Area Series, 20 : Fauna of Pench National Park, P. 146. Material : 1 ex, Karnataka; 5 exs Tamilnadu. During the present study the following species are recorded for the first time : Pila globosa; Gabbia alticola; Stenothyra blanfordiana; Thiara (Tarebia) lineata; Brotia (Antimelania) costula; Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata; Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) biacuminata; Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) ovalior and Lymnaea luteola f australis. In view of the above a total of 29 species with 7 forms and one variety are available in Karnataka state. REFERENCES Punithavelu, V.R and Raghunathan.M.B.2007. Gastropds. Zoo I. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park., Conservation Area Series, 33 : 85-88. Ramakrishna, Mitra, S.c. and Arvind, N.A. 2006. Mollusca. Zoo I. Surv. India. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27 : 9-12. Subba Rao, N.V. 1989. Handbook. Freshwater Molluscs of India. Zoological Survey ofIndia. Handbook Series, 9 : 1-289. Subba Rao, N.V. 1991. General introduction to Mollusca. Snails, Flukes and Man: 5-16. Subba Rao, N.V. 1991. Mollusca. Animal resources of India. State of the Art. Zoological Survey of India :125-147. Subba Rao, N.V. 1993. Freshwater molluscs of India. 187-202, illustr. In : Rao, K.S. Recent advances in freshwater biology. Vol. 2. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, New Delhi: 1-380. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 33-38, 2013 ANNELIDA EARTHWORM C.K. MANDAL, SANTANU MITRA and S. DHANI Zoological Survey of India, F.P.S. Building, Kolkata-700 016 INTRODUCTION The beneficial effect of earthworms ill increasing soil fertility has been documented since the time of Darwin (1881). Presently, earthworms are not restricted as a basic biology material but is being established as basic material for biotechnology (vermitechnology). Because of economic value, understanding of the distribution, abundance and ecological condition of the earthworms has become very important. Though earthworms of various locality of our country were well studied by Stephenson (1923); Julka (1988); Haider (1998) and Paliwal & Julka (2005) but our knowledge is very poor regarding the earthworm fauna of Karnataka. Haider, K.R. et al (2007) reported some 29 species from the unnamed collection of Zoological survey of India from the state of Karnataka. A recent survey was undertaken in different ecological regions of Karnataka during the year 2006-2008 and a total 21 species under 14 genera and 5 families are collected of which 7 species have been recorded for the first time from this state. B. Order HAPLOT AXIDA II. Family LUMBRICIDAE 2. Genus Eisenia MaIm, 1877 *3. Eisenia fetida (Savingny, 1826) 3. Genus Octolasion Orley, 1858 4. Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny, 1826) III. Family MEGASCOLECIDAE 4. Genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 5. Amynthus cortices (Kingberg, 1867) 5. Genus Lampito Kinberg, 1866 *6. Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1866 6. Genus Metaphire Sims & Easton, 1972 *7. Metaphire posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) 8. Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) 7. Genus Perionyx Perrier, 1872 9. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 10. Perionyx sansibaricus Michaelsen, 1909 IV. Family OCTOCHAETIDAE 8. Genus Berogaster Gates, 1939 11. Berogaster sp. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Phylum ANNELIDA Class OLIGOCHAETA A. Order MONILIGASTRIDA I. Family MONILIGASTRIDAE 1. Genus Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 *1. Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907 *2. Drawida wilsi Michaelsen, 1907 9. Genus Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 12. Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891) 10. Genus Octochaetona Gates, 1962 13. Octochaetona beatrix (Beddard, 1902) *14.0ctochaetona surensis (Michaelsen, 1910) 15. Octochaetona parva (Gates, 1945) 11. Genus Hoptochaetella 16. Hoptochaetella anomala Stephenson, 1920 34 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 12. Genus Ramiella 17. Ramiella heterochaeta Michaelsen, 1922 13. Genus Pellogaster Gates, 1939 18. Pellogaster bermudensis Gates, 1939 19. Pellogaster matheranensis Gates, 1939 V. Family ALMIDAE 14. Genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 20. Glyphidrilus annandalei Michaelsen, 1922 *21. Glyphidrilus tuberosus Stephenson, 1916 ring shaped. Two gizzards, in XIV and XV. Male pores on transversely oval papillae in b. Female pores in abo Distribution: India; Madhya Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh; Uttarakhand and Karnataka. Remarks : This species is first recorded from this state. B. Order HAPLOT AXIDA II. Family LUMBRICIDAE Species marked with asterix (*) are recorded for the first time from the state of India. Genus 2. Eisenia MaIm, 1877 Phylum ANNELIDA 1877. Eisenia MaIm, Ofvers. Sallsk. Hortikult. Vann. Forh. Goteburg. 1 : 45. Class OLIGOCHAETA A. Order MONILIGASTRIDA I. Family MONILIGASTRIDAE Genus 1. Drawida Michaelsen, 1900 1900. Drawida Michaelsen, Tier. X, 114. 1. Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907 1907. Drawida nepalensis Michaelsen, Mt. Mus. Hamburg, xxiv, 146. Material examined: 2 ex., 361811, K.R. Puram, Kaskot, Bangalore, 20.iii.2007, ColI. C.K.Mandal Diagnosis : Length 60-135mm; diameter 2.15.2 mm. segments 120-180. Male pore at 10111 segment. Female pore at 11112 segment. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Assam; Bihar; Himachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; Sikkim; Uttar Pradesh; Uttarakhand, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Pakistan; Nepal, Bangladesh; Myanmar; Indonesia. Remarks : This species is first recorded from this state. 3. Eisenia foetida (Savingny, 1826) 1826. Enterion foetidum Savingny, Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr., 5 : 182. 1981. Eiseniafoetida Julka, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80: 132. Material examined: 5 ex., 362011, K.R. Puram, Kaskot, Bangalore, 20.iii.2007, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnosis: 28-129 mm length, segments 80131. Prostomium epilobic, tongue open. Clitellum saddle shaped, beginning from XXVII-XXVII and ending in XXXI-XXXIV. Female pores at XIV. Male pores at or near m BC on XV. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Himachal Pradesh; Kerala; Nicobar islands; Sikkim; Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Europe; Lebanon; Turkey; Afganistan; Korea; Japan; Australia; New Zealand; North America; West Indies; South America; Some islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Remarks : This species is first recorded from this state. Genus 3 Octolasion Orley, 1858 2. Drawida wilsi Michaelsen, 1907 1885. Octolasion Orley, Ert. Term. Kor., 15 : 13. 1907. Drawida wilsi Michaelsen, Mt. Mus. Hamburg, xxiv, 145. 4. Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny 1826) Material examined: 1 ex., 361911, K.R. Puram, Kaskot, Bangalore, 20.iii.2007, ColI. c.K. MandaI. 1826. Enterion tyrtaeum Savingny, Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr., 5 : 180. Diagnosis : 55-60mm in length, maximum diameter 2.5 mm. Segments 155-160. Clitellum 1972. Octolasion cyaneum Gates, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 62(7) : 125. MANDAL et al. : Annelida : Earthworm 35 1980. Octolasion tyrtaeum Soota & Haider, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 76 : 203. Material examined: 5 ex., 362111, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Clitellum, saddle shaped, six segments, xxx-xxxv. Un interrupted longitudinal bands. Distribution : India Uttarakhand; West Bengal; Himachal Pradesh; Kashmir; Sikkim; Tamil Nadu; Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Africa; Europe; Pakistan; Australia; Canada; U.S.A; Mexico; some Islands in the Atlantic ocean; South America. III. Family MEGASCOLECIDAE Genus 4. Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 6. Lampito mauritii Kinberg, 1866 1866. Lampito Kingberg, Ofvers. K. Vetensk Acad. Forth. Stockh., 23 : 103. Material examined: 3 ex., 337611, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007. Coll. c.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Clitellum annular, dorsal pores present. Digestive system with a single oesophageal gizzard in V. Male pores paired on XVIII. Female pores paired on XIV. Distribution : India: All over India and world. Remarks : First recorded from this state. Genus 6. Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 1972. Metaphire Sims and Easton, BioI. 1. Linn. Soc., 4(3) : 215. 7. Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) 1867. Amynthas Kinberg, O/vers. K. Vetens. Acad. Forhandl. Stockholm, 23 : 97. 5. Amynthus cortices (Kingberg, 1867) 1867. Perichaeta corticis Kingberg, Ofoers. K. Vetensk Acad. Forth. Stockh., 23 : 102 Material examined: 3 ex., 338111, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. Mandai. 1872. Perichaeta houlleti Perrier, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 8 : 99. 1982. Metaphire. houlleti Ju1ka, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80 : 142. Material examined: 3 ex., 338011, Lalbagh Bangalore, 21.iii.2007, Coli. C.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Length 45-170 mm. Diameter 3-6 mm. Segmets 79-121. Prostomium epibolic, tongue open. Clitellum on XIV-XVI segment. Genital markings small. Diagnosis: length 40-200 mm. Diameter 3-8 mm. Segmets 90-140. Prostomium epibolic, tongue open. Male pores minute on XVIII. Female pore single. Distribution: India: Uttarakhand; West Bengal; Himachal Pradesh;Jammu and Kashmir; Sikkim; Tamil Nadu; Uttar Pradesh; Arunachal Pradesh; Assam; Manipur; Meghalaya; Karnataka. Distribution: India: West Bengal; J&K; H.P.; Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh. Outside India: Sierra Leone, Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka; Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Florida (U.S.A), Salvador, Cuba, Bahamas. Elsewhere: Africa; Madagascar; Europe; China; Korea; Japan; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Bhutan; BangIa Desh; Myanmar; Indonesia; Philippines; Hainan; Hong Kong; Taiwan; Australia; New Zealand; Some islands in the Pacific Ocean; U.S.A; Central America; West Indies; South America. 8. Metephireposthuma Vaillant, 1868 1868. Perichaeta posthuma Vaillant, Annl Sci. Nat., (ser). 5, 10 : 228. 1972. Metephire posthuma Sims & Easton, BioI. 1. Linn. Soc., 4(3) : 239. Remarks : This species is first recorded from this state. Material examined: 3 ex., 362311, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. Mandai. Genus 5. Lampito Kingberg, 1867 Diagnosis : Length 60-140 mm, diameter 3-8 mm. Segments 91-124. Prostomium epilobic. Genital markings paired. Female pore single, mid- 1866. Lampito Kingberg, Ofoers. K. Vetensk Acad. Forth. Stockh., 23 : 103. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 36 ventral on XIV segment. Male pores, minute and invaginate, on XVIII. Distribution : India Almost all over India. Elsewhere: Pakistan; BangIa Desh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Malay Peninsula; Indonesia; Philippines; U.S.A. Genus 7. Perionyx Perrier, 1872 11. Berogaster sp. Diagnosis: Length 95-110 mm. Segments 130. Prostomium prolobic. Clitellum on XIII - XVII. Spermathecal pores minute. Material examined: lex., 337811, Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka, 23.iii.2007, Coll. C.K. Mandai. Distribution : India : Karnataka. 1872. Perionyx Perrier, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 8 : 126. Genus 9. Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 9. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 1888. Dichogaster Beddard, Q. Jt. microsc. Sci., 29 : 25l. 1872. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 8 : 126. 12. Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1900) 1897. Perionyx excavatus Julka & Senapati, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 92 : 13. 1900. Dichogaster bolaui, Michaelsen, Tierreich, 10 : 340. Material examined: 7 ex., 337411, K.R. Puram, Kaskot, Bangalore, 20.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. MandaI Diagnosis: Length 175 mm, diameter 2.5-4.5 mm. Segments 178. Colour yellowish brown. Prostomium epilobous. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores very close together on XVIII segment. Distribution : India : All over India. Elsewhere : Philippines; Malay Archipelago; Siam; China. 10. Perionyx sansibaricus 1909 1909. Perionyx sansibaricus Michaelsen, Mem. Ind. Mus., 174. Material examined: 2 ex., 337511, K.R. Puram, Kaskot, Bangalore, 20.iii.2007, Coli. c.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Length 175 mm, diameter 2.5-4.5 mm. Segments 178. Colour yellowish brown. Prostomium epilobous. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores very close together on XVIII segment. Distribution : India : All over India. Elsewhere : Philippines; Malay Archipelago; Siam; China. IV. Family OCTOCHAETIDAE Genus 8. Berogaster Gates, 1939 1939. Gates, Rec. Indian Mus., 41: 154. 1978. Dichogaster bolaui bolaui, Righi et al., Acta Amazonica, 8(3), suppl. 1 : 38. Material examined: 2 ex., 362311, Lalbagh, Bangalore, Karnataka, 23.iii.2007, Coll. C.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Length 19-23 mm, diameter 1-3mm. Segments 70-98. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XXI. Male pores minute on XVIII segment. Female pores single, median, presetai. Genital markings absent. Distribution : All over India and world. Genus 10. Octochaetona Gates, 1962 1962. Octochaetona Gates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 13), 5 : 21l. 13. Octochaetona beatrix (Beddard, 1902) 1902. Octochaetus beatrix Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7), 9: 456. 1962. Octochaetona beatrix Gates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 13), 5: 213. Material examined: 3 ex., 3377al1, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Length 40-134 mm, diameter 2-5 mm. Segments 133-197. Prostomium proepilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIIIXVIII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings absent. MANDAL et al. : Annelida : Earthworm Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Arunachal Pradesh; Maharashtra; Gujarat; West Bengal; Karnataka. Elsewhere : Pakistan; Myanmar; Malay peninsula; Philippines 14. Octochaetona surensis (Michaelsen, 1910) 1910. Octochaetus surensis, Michaelsen, Abh. Geb. 37 Diagnosis: Length 48-139 mm, diameter 2.54mm. Segments 66-117. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue open. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Genital markings oval. Distribution : India : Maharashtra; Karnataka. Genus 12 Pellogaster Gates, 1939 1939. Pellogaster Gates, Rec. Indian Mus., 41 : 200. Naturw., Hamburg, 19(5) : 88. 1962. Octochaetona surensis Gates, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 13), 5 : 213. Material examined: 3 ex., 3377bll, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.03.2007, Coll. C.K.Mandal. 17. Pellogaster bermudensis Gates, 1939 1939. Pellogaster bermudensis Gates, Rec. Indian Mus., 41 : 200. Material: Not collected during this survey. Diagnosis : Length 60-140 mm, diameter 2.56 mm. Segments 111-180. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings oval, paired on some of XVIII-XXXII. Diagnosis: Length 60-140 mm, diameter 2.56 mm. Segments 111-180. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings oval,paired on some of XVIII-XXXII. Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka. Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka. Elsewhere: Myanmar. Elsewhere: Myanmar. Remarks : First recorded from this state. 15. Octochaetona parva (Gates, 1945) 1945. Octochaetoidesparvus Gates, J1. R. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 11: 84. 1962. Octochaetona parva Gates, Ann. Mag, nat. Hist, (ser. 13), 5: 213. Diagnosis : Length 70-100 mm, diameter 34mm. Segments 80. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue open. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Distribution Karnataka. India 18. Pellogaster matheransis Gates, 1939 1939. Pellogaster matheransis Gates, Rec. Indian Mus., 41 : 200. Diagnosis: Length 60-140 mm, diameter 2.56 mm. Segments 111-180. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings oval, paired on some of XVIII-XXXII. Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka. Elsewhere: Myanmar. Andhra Pradesh; Genus 11. Hoptochaetella Michaelsen, 1900 1900. Hoptochaetella Michaelsen, Tie rre ich, 10 : 32l. 16. Hoptochaetella anomala Stephenson, 1920 Genus 13. Ramiella Stephhenson, 1921 1921. Ramiella Stephhenson, P.Z.S. 109. 19. Ramiella bishambari (Stephenson, 1900) 1914. Octochaetus bishambari, Stephenson, Rec. Ind. Mus., X,347. 1921. Ramiella bishambari, Stephhenson, P.Z.S. 109. 1920. Hoptochaetella anomala Stephenson, Mem. Indian Mus., 7 : 223. 1940. Hoptochaetella anomala, Gates, Rec. Indian Mus., 42 : 212. Diagnosis : Length 35 mm, diameter 1 mm. Segments 85. Prostomium epilobous. Gizzard in vi. Clitellum on xiv-xvi. 38 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution Pradesh. India Uttarakhand; Uttar V. Family ALMIDAE Genus 14. Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 1889. Glyphidrilus Horst. Tijdschr. Nederlandsche Dierk. VeL 2, 2: LXXVI. 20. Glyphidrilus annandalei Michaelson Diagnosis : Length 60-140 mm, diameter 2.56 mm. Segments 111-180. Prostomium epilobous. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings oval,paired on some of XVIII-XXXII. Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka. Tongue closed. Clitellum on XIII-XVII. Male pores minute. Female pores paired. Genital markings oval, paired on some of XVIII-XXXII. Distribution : India : Uttarakhand; Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Myanmar. SUMMARY The paper deals with earthworms of Karnataka, specimens collected from difficult districts of Karnataka, a total of 21 species belonging to 14 genera and 5 families recorded from Karnataka. As those species were described earlier only a brief diagnosis and distribution of those species are included. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Elsewhere: Myanmar. 21. Glyphidrilus tuberosus Stephenson, 1916 1916. Glyphidrilus tuberosus Stephenson, Rec. Indian Mus., 12: 349 1987. Glyphidrilus tuberosus : Julka & Senapati, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 92 : 6. Material examined: 3 ex., 362411, Kuknali kere, Mysore, 23.iii.2007, Coll. c.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Length 60-140 mm, diameter 2.56 mm. Segments 111-180. Prostomium epilobous. We are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Dr. N.C. Nandi, Scientist 'F', and OIC F.P.S. Building and Dr. A. Misra, Retired Scientist c., General Non-Chordata Section, ZSI for lucid suggestions during the study of the earthworms, and our special thanks to Dr. J.G. Pattanayak, OIC General Non-Chordata Section for critical going through our manuscript. And deep gratitude to the officers and staffs, General Non-Chordata section for their valid suggestions. REFERENCES Darwin, C. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms with obser-vations on their habits. Murry, London, 298 pp. Haider, K.R. 1998. Annelida: Oligochaeta : Earthworms, Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3,(Part 10) : 17-93. Julka, J.M. 1988. Fauna of India & the adjacent Countries: Megadrile Oligochaeta (earthworms); Haplotaxida : Lumbricina : Megascolecoidea : Octochaetidae, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, XIV + 400 pp. Haider, K.R ., Dhani, S., Mandai. c.K. 2007. On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107( Part-3) : 79-93. Paliwal, R. and Julka, J.M. 2005. Checklist of earthworms of Western Himalaya, India. Zoos print journal, 20(9) : 1972-1976. Stephenson, J. 1923. Txhe Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Myanmar. Taylor & Francis, 518pp. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 39-49, 2013 ANNELIDA FRESHWATER OLIGO CHAETA T. BISWAS and C.K. MANDAL Zoological Survey of India, F.P.S. Building, Kolkata-700 016 INTRODUCTION Aquatic oligochaetes are very common microinvertebrates occur in a diversity of water bodies. They are usually very thin and small ranging from about 1 mm to a few centimeters in length. They are loosely termed "microdriles" and comprise of 13 families. Most microdriles are fully aquatic, with the exception of Enchythaeidae, a family i.e. primarily terrestrial. About 1700 valid species of aquatic oligochaetes are known to date, of these about 1100 are freshwater. The most speciose group is the Tubificidae which at present includes over 1000 described species, 582 of which are considered freshwater inhabitants. paper includes description, distribution along with the key for identification of eight species so far recorded from present study area of five districts of Karnataka. MATERIAL AND METHOD Collection: Aquatic worms living in mud and silt are collected along with under water soil and then washing them on a white based enamel tray. Those found on surface of water collected readily with the help of a wide mouthed pipette or bent needle. Specimen living among aquatic vegetation and algal masses are collected along with the substrata and washing them afterwards. Our knowledge of Indian Freshwater Oligochaeta is based on the contributions made by several workers and is well scattered in the literature. A resume of work on Indian freshwater oligochaeta was dealt with in the book "Fauna of British India" by Stephenson (1923). The most important and comprehensive works on Indian freshwater Oligochaeta are fauna of Indian aquatic Oligochaeta by Naidu (1956-2005), Mehra (19221927), Aiyar (1924-1929), Carnovitov (1942), Ali (1971), Radhakrishna and Sashibala (1977) and Mukhopadhaya (1998-2005) are worth to mention. The present attempt was made to know the current status of freshwater Oligochaeta in the different districts of Karnataka (Billary, Mysore, Bangalore, Raichur, Simoga) survey was undertaken during the year 2006-2008. Preservation : The best and most successful method of preservation is to pour worms directly into 4% formalin. N acrotisation before preservation does not help in these delicate worms because they disintegrate by the effect of the narcotizing agent. The bigger Tubifid worms may however be narcotized with gradually increasing dose of alcohol. Preservation directly with formalin has one disadvantage which is opacity the specimen undergo, which is to be overcome during studies by agent like lactophenol etc. A list of freshwater Oligochaeta so far known from Karnataka is also furnished. The present In the laboratory the preserved material is studied under microscope after treatment with Study : The detail study of the anatomy and morphology can be best accomplished by examining the worm in living condition. The specimens are put on a slide with an excess amount of water and covered by a cover slip. As the water dries up the full anatomical details can be studied. 40 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 glycerin which bring out some amount of transparency and make the specimens most suitable for observation and study. Order TUBIFICIDA Family TUBIFICIDAE 1. Subfamily NAIDINAE MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY 1. Genus Chaetogaster Vonbaer, 1827 Prostomium : Anterior part of the body above the mouth opening. It may be conical, semicircular, rounded, triangular or sharply or bluntly pointed. It may be also extended as a whip like process, the proboseis (Stylaria, Pristina). 1. Chaetogaster cristallinus Vejdovsky, 1883 2. Chaetogaster diastrophus (Gruithuisen, 1828) 3. Chaetogaster langi Bretscher, 1896 2. Genus Nais Muller, 1773 4. Nais andhrensis Naidu and Naidu, 1981 Setae : Minute, microscopic locomotory structure arranged in dorsal and ventral bundles, one pair mid-dorsally and mid ventrally segment. These are of various shapes and play the highest role in taxonomy. Hair : Elongated, slender look like an individual hair. Needles : Short, broad with simple or bifid tips or pectinate with multiple tips; usually with a median swelling, the nodules. The body may be bent in the form of a sickle. Crotches : These resemble single or double pointed hooks with equal or unequal ends or teeth. The teeth may again be pointed blunt or pectinate. Ventral setae : These are characteristically double headed (pronged), hook like (crotchet) with the swollen portion (noodles) at different position of the shaft. In shape they resemble the English letter f, and usually begin from the II segment. Gills or branchiate : Specialised organelles for gaseous exchanges. These may be simple extensions of the body arranged serially on the mid-dorsal line each having a loop of blood vessel (Branchiodrilus, Branchiura) or leaf like expansions at the hind end of the body in a hollow area, the branchial fossas (Dero). 5. Nais communis Piguet, 1906 6. Nais variabilis Piguet, 1906 3. Genus Haemonais Bretscher, 1900 7. Haemonais waldvogeli, Bretscher, 1900 4. Genus Branchiodrilus Michaelsen, 1900 8. Branchiodrilus semperi (Bourne, 1890) 5. Genus Dero Oken, 1815 9. Dero cooperi Stephenson, 1932 10. Dero digitata (Muller, 1773) 11. Dero indica Naidu, 1962 12. Dero plumose Naidu, 1962 13. Dero sawayai Marcus, 1943 14. Dero zeylanica Stephenson, 1913 6. Genus Aulophorus Schmarda, 1861 15. Dero (Aulophorus)furcatus (Muller, 1773) 16. Dero (Aulophorus) hymanae Naidu, 1963 17. Dero (Aulophorus) michaelseni Stephenson, 1923 18. Dero (Aulophorus) tonkinensis (Vejdovsky, 1894) 7. Genus Allonais Sperber, 1945 19. Allonais gwaliorensis (Stephenson, 1920) 20. Allonais rayaslaseemensis Naidu, 1963 8. Genus Stephensonianae Cernosvitov, 1938 21. Stephensoniana trivandrana (Aiyar, 1926) LIST OF FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETA 2. Subfamily PRISTININAE Phylum ANNELIDA 9. Genus Pristina Ehrenberg, 1828 Class CLITELLA T A Oligochaetous clitillata [= Oligochaeta] Superorder MICRODRILI 22. Pristina aequiseta Bourne, 1891 23. Pristina foreli Piguet, (1906) 24. Pristina longiseta longiseta Ehrenberg, 1828 BISWAS and MANDAL : Annelida : Freshwater Oligochaeta 25. Pristina synclites Stephenson, 1925 3. Subfamily TUBIFICINAE 10. Genus Tubifex Lamarch, 1816 26. Tubifex tubifex (Muller, 1774) 11. Genus Limnodrilus Claparede, 1862 27. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede, 1862 41 2. Atria with solid prostate attached by narrow stalk, spermatophores in spermathica .......... . .............................................. TUBIFICINAE 3. Often diffuse prostate gland on vasa differentia or atria, spermathica usually opening apart sometimes accompanied by special setae ..... .................................................... NAIDINAE 12. Genus Aulodrilus Bretscher, 1899 Subfamily NAIDINAE 28. Aulodrilus pigueti Kowalewski, 1914 29. Aulodrilus pluriseta (Piguet, 1906) 4. Subfamily RHACODRILINAE 13. Genus Bothrioneurum Stole, 1888 30. Bothrioneurum iris Beddard, 1901 Diagnosis: Eyes normally present. Pharyngeal, Oesophagal and sepal gland present. No especially elongated segment. Pharynx with dorsal diverticulum. Male reproductive organ in IV segment 4 or more pair of commissural vessels. 14. Genus Branchiura Beddard, 1892 31. Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Family TUBICIFIDAE Diagnosis : dorsal setae from II, hair setae present or absent; otherwise bifid setae or with any number of intermediate teeth forming obscurely to completely pectinate setae or rarely palmate setae, even simple-pointed setae but these mostly in posterior bundles. Ventral setae in indefinite number per bundle, beginning in second, bifid or rarely simple-pointed. Clitellum in a few segment in region of gonads. Spermathecal or penial setae or both modified or absent in matured specimen. Asexual reproduction By fragmentation. Cosmopolitan Type genus Tubifex Lamarck, 1816 This family is divided into six subfamilies Tubificinae, Naidinae, (formarly Naididae but now treated as a subfamily : Erseus and Gustavsson, 2002) Telmatodrilinae, Rhyacodrilinae, Phallodrilinae and Limnodrilodinae. Key to the subfamilies 1. Coelomocytes abundant ................................ . .................................... RHY ACODRILINAE Coelomocytes present or absent ................. 2 Key to the genera known from the area of study 1. Branchial processes present ........................ 2 Branchial processes absent .......................... 5 2. Gills finger like dorso-Iateal processes, two per segment in anterior segments ................ . ............................................... Branchiodrilus 3. Gill processes around anus in funnel-shaped fossa at hind end ........................................ .4 4. Branchial fossa with Palps ......... Aulophorus Branchial fossa with out palps ............. Dero 5. Specially elongated hair setae absent; no sensory papillae ...................................... Nais Genus Branchiodrilus Michaelsen, 1900 1890. Chaetobranchus Bourne, Quart. )i. Microsc. Sci, (N.S.) pp. 83-89, pI. XII. 1900 Branchiodrilus Michaelsen, Quart. )1. Microsc. Sci, p. 575: Naidu 1962b, 1. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 520-546, Figs. 9-14. Type species : Branchiodrilus semperi (Bourne). Diagnosis : Prostomium rounded. Paired bronchial processes dorso-Iaterally placed on many or most of the body segments beginning immediately after the anterior end of the body. Dorsal setae begin in the same segment as the Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 42 India, pp. 518, 262 pI; Brinkhurst 1971, Univ. Queensland Papers: 99-128. gills and consisting of hair and needle setae; ventral setae bifid crotchets. 1. Branchiodrilus semperi (bourne, 1890) 1890. Chaetobranchus sempari Bourne, Quart.)1. Microsc. Sci, (N.S.) : 83-89, pI. XII. 1900. Branchiodrilus semperi Michaelsen, Quart.)1. Microsc. Sci., (N.S.) p. 575; Naidu 1962b, 1. Bomb. nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 520-546, Figs. 9-14. Material examined: An 359211, 5 ex., Nagar Kera (Bellary district), 28.iii.2007, ColI. T. Biswas & party; An 359311 1 ex., Basanta Kunta (Bellary district), 29.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis : Worm large, brownish with transverse pigmented bands in anterior part of body only. Prostomium bluntly conical. Gills dorso-Iateral, one pair in each of the anterior 4050 segments beginning from II segment, the five or six pairs a little shorter, gradually increasing in length after 20 th segment, after which become shorter until they become mere warts; length of the largest gill is several times the diameter of the body; gills are hollow projections of the body wall. Ciliated, each having a loop of the dorsal blood vessel. Dorsal setae from V or VI and 1-3 needle setae per bundle. Hair setae smooth, needle setae without nodules, simple pointed, straight in anterior segments with a peculiar bayonet shaped distal curve. Ventral setae starts from the II segment, 4-6 per bundle, bifid crotchets, outer prongs of which being twice the length of the inner, while in hind segments of the inner being twice the length of the outer. Nephridium begins at XII segment. Budding zone seen one at a time. Type species: Aulophorus furcatus (Muller, 1773). Diagnosis : Dorsal setae start from IV, V or VI segment; ventral setae of II to V segment may or may not be different from the following segment. Posterior border or branchial fossa projecting into two palps. Coelomocycles mayor may not be present. Pineal setae absent usually. 2. Aulophorus furcatus (Muller, 1773) (Fig. 1) 1773. Nais Jurcata Muller, Helminth. Hav.Lipsiae, pp. 1214; Khatoon and Ali 1993 : 531-534. Material examined: An 359411, 1 ex., Nandingud (Mysore district), 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis: Worm of medium size, pale brown a b c d Habit: Mud dwellers; not swimming. Distribution: India: Karnataka-Bellary Simoga districts; Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Punjab; Bihar, Assam. Elsewhere: Dhaka; Myanmar; Sri Lanka; South and East Asia. Genus Aulophorus Schmafda, 1861 1861. Aulophorus Schmarda, Neue Wilbelose Thiere, Qligochaeta., : 51-56; Stephenson 1923, Fauna Brit. Fig. 1. Identification features of Aulophorus Jurcatus (Muller, 1773). a. Needle seta; b. Ventral seta (II Segment); c. Ventral Seta (V & VI Segment); d. Nephredium relaxed; e. Nephridium contracted. BISWAS and MANDAL ; Annelida : Freshwater Oligochaeta 43 in colour. Prostomium bluntly conical with stiff eilia on margin. Dorsal setae from V, 1-2 hair and 1-2 needle setae per bundle. Hair setae smooth, slightly curved. Needle setae 50-64 1m long, with distal nodulus, distal tooth thinner about equal to straight than proximo ventral setae 3-5 per bundle decreas to 2-3 posteriorly; in II-IV, 54-76 1m long, slender, less curved with median nodules, teeth equally thick, distal nearly twice as long as proximal in rest 53-68 1m long, more curved, which with distal nodulus, distal tooth shorter and thinner than proximal. Lengths and thickness of seta, length of distal tooth and position of nodulus vary from seta to seta in a bundle. Branchial fossa cup-shaped with a pair of non contractile palps. Clitellum in V-VII, weak between male pores. Chekanoskaya (1962) treated Dero and Aulophorus as distinct, separate genere. And Liang(l964) bestowed generic status to Allodero. In the present work they are treated as distinct genera. Habits : Worms like portable mucus tubes covered with foreign matter, burying anterior part of body in mud, keeping posterior part and branchial fossa protruded in water. Swims with brisk transverse horizontal movements. 3. Dero cooperi Stephenson, 1932 (Fig. 2) Distribution: Karnataka-Bellary, Bangalore, Mysore, West Bengal, Kerala, Chennai, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Srinagar, Bihar. Elsewhere : Dhaka; Myanmar; Sri Lanka; Cosmopolitan Key to the species of genus Dero known from the area of study 1. Dorsal setae begin from IV segment.. .......... ................................................... D. zeylanica Dorsal setae begin from VI segment.. ........ 2 2. Needle teeth unequal, distal tooth longer than proximal.. ................................. Dero digitata Needle teeth equal and short .. Dero cooperi 1852a. Dero limosa Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. : 224-227. 1932. Dero cooperi Stephenson, don, pp. 227-256, 18 figs; Mukhopadhaya 1998, Zool. Surv. India. : 95-123. Material examined: An 3595/1, 2 ex., Kooknalekere (Mysore dist.,), 24.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 3596/1, lex., Kudli village pond (Simoga dist.,), 26.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Type species: Dero digitata (Muller, 1773). Diagnosis : Size small, 10 mm. pale red. Prostomium with sensory hairs. Dorsal setae start from V segment having one hair and one needle per bundle; hair bayonet shaped smalaler than body diameter; needle-sickle shaped with distal nodules befit with short but equal teeth; ventral setae from II segment, those of II to V 4-5 per bundle straighter, thinner and longer with proximal nodule. Bronchial fossa having anterior margin flat and broad, posterior margin prolonged into convex lip; gill 4 pairs, one pair dorsal, one pair lateral and two pairs ventral. Clitellum cover V to VII segment. Nephridium starts in VII segments. Branchal fossa having anterior margin flat and broad, posterior margin prolonged into convex tip; gill 4 pairs, one pair dorsal, one pair lateral and few pairs ventral clitellum covers V to VII segment. Nephridum starts in VII segment. Stephenson (1923, 1930), Marcus (1943) Habits: Worms like in tubes of mucous, sand Genus Dero Oken, 1815 1815. Dero Oken, Fleisch. Their.Leipzig, pp. 313-363; Naidu 1962b, 1. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 520-546, Figs. 9-14; Mukhopadhaya 1998, Zool. Surv. India : 95-123. Diagnosis : Eye absent. Dorsal setae from either IV to V segment onwards, consisting of hairs and doubled pronged pectinate or palmate needles. Ventral setae of II to V segment different from the rest, having the distal teeth longer than the proximal but equally thick, compared with equally long or short but thinner in later segment. Pharynx in II to V segment with Pharangeal glands. Nephredia invested with peridoneal cells in some usually tube dweller. 44 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Nandingud (My sore dist.), 24.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 359811, 1 ex., Nagerkere (Bellary dist.,), 28.iii.2007, ColI. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis: Worms medium size tube-dwelling, reddish, epidermis with uniform orange red pigment more concentrated in head segment. Prostornium bluntly triangular with stiff sensory cilia on margin. Dorsal bundles from VI, each with 1 hair setae, slightly bayonet shaped, and 1 bifid needle seta with distal nodules and outer tooth longer and slightly thinner than inner tooth. Ventral setae of II-V, 4-5 per bundle, thin less curved than others with proximal nodules teeth equally thick distal 1Y2 times as long as proximal. In other 2-4 per bundle, with distal nodules, distal tooth about equal or slightly shorter and thinner than proximal. Branchial fossa with antero-dorsal margin entire convex and ciliated and a posteroventral margin prolonged into a non-ciliated rounded lip. Gills 4 pairs, 1 pair dorsal and small, 1 pair lateral and 2 pairs ventral, all foliate. Clitellum in V-VII segments. \ Habits : Lives in tubes of mucus and sand in freshwater. Swim with spiral movement. Fig. 2. Identification features of Dero cooperi Stephenson, 1932. a. Needle seta; b. Ventral seta (II Segment); c. Ventral Seta (middle); d. Bronchial fossa relaxed; e. Bronchial fossa contracted. Distribution: Karnataka- Bangalore, Mysore, Bellary, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab. and mucous, protruding either end from the tubes. Swim with spinal movement. Elsewhere : Dhaka; South and East Asia; Europe; south America; Australia Distribution: Karnataka-Bellary, Bangalore, Andhra Pradesh. Simoga, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Kerala, Delhi. Elsewhere: Lahore, Sri Lanka; Africa, Italy, Germany, south America. 4. Dero digitata 1773. Nais digitata Muller, Helmenthica Havniae Lipsiae : 1-214. 1914b. Dero limosa Stephenson, Rec. India. Mus., pp.321365, Figs. PXXXVI; Singh 1989, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., : 271-277., 1975. Dero (Dero) digitata Ali, Bangladesh 1. Zool., : 556l. Material examined An 359711, 2 ex., 1. Dero zeylanica Stephenson, 1913 (Fig. 3) 1913b. Dero zeylanica Stephenson, pp. Spoi. Zeylan Colombo, 251-276; pI. I-II; Naidu and Naidu 1981a, 1. bomb. nat. Hist. soc., pp. 524-538, Fig. 58; Mukhopadhaya 1998, Zool. Surv. India. : 95-123. Material examined: An 359911, 2 ex., Kurenj lake (Mysore dist.), 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 360011, Lalbagh (Bangalore dist.,), 21.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis : Size small, light brown. Prostornium bluntly triangular with stiff cilia on margin. Dorsal setae begin from VI segment, each bundle having 2 hairs and 2 needles or 3 of each BISWAS and MANDAL : Annelida : Freshwater Oligochaeta in every bundle or 3 2 or 1 of each in anterior, middle and posterior segment respectively; hairs long, bayonet shaped with distal nodules; ventral setae 4-6 per bundle, bifid crotchets nodules distal; in II to V segment setae 4-5 per bundle, thinner and straighter, nodules median and diverging teeth. Branchial organ with flat anterior and posterior margin; 4 pairs pf gills. foliate. One pair dorsal; one pair ventral and 2 pairs lateral. Nephridium begins with VII segment. Clitellum includes VVII segment. 45 Habit : Lives in soft mud along with other species of Naididae; rarely in tubes; swim by slow spiral movement. Distribution: Karnataka-Bangalore, Bellary, Simoga. Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Meghalaya. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Kandy Srilanka; Asia; Brazil Nais Muller, 1773 1773. Nais Muller, Helmenthica Havniae Lipsiae pp. 2324: Brinkhurst 1971, Univ. Queensland Papers, pp. 99-128: Mukhopadhaya 1998, zaol. Surv. India. 95-123. Type species: Nais barbata Muller a b Diagnosis: Prostomium simple, rounded hind end simple, Dorsal setae beginning in V segment consisting of moderately ling hair setae and simple or bifid needles. Ventral bundles consisting of double pronged crotchets, those to II to V segment well differentiated from those of the following segment. Pharynx in II and III segment. Pharyngeal and esophageal gland present. Clitellum includes segments V to VII. Pineal setae present. 6. Nais andherensis Naidu and Naidu, 1981a 1962. Nais menoni Naidu, 1. bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. : 113118, Fig. 19. 1981b. Nais andherensis Naidu and Naidu, 1. bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., :113-118. fig. 19. Nais andherensis Naidu and Naidu, 1981 a some freshwater aquatic Oligochaeta from Nilgiris, South India Hydrobiol. 76 : 113-118, 19 figs. Material examined: An 360111, 3 ex., Lalbagh (Bangalore dist.), 20.iii.2007, ColI. T. Biswas & party; An 360211, 2 ex., Karenj Lake (Mysore dist.,) 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 360311, 5 ex., Krishna river (Bellary dist. ,) 29.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 360411, 3 ex., Nandingud (Mysore dist.,), 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party Fig. 3. Identification features of Dero zeylanica Stephenson, 1913. a. Needle seta: b. Ventral seta (II Segment): c. Ventral Seta (VI Segment): d. Distal end of Ventral Seta of Posterior segment: e. Bronchial foss. Diagnosis : Worm small and slender, prostomium bluntly triangular with stiff sensory cilia on outer margin. Dorsal setae from V, 1 hair 46 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 setae and 1 needle setae per bundle. Hair setae ling and needle setae bifid sickle-shaped with distal nodules, teeth equally thick, distal straight and longer than proximal. Ventral setae in II-V 2-4 per bundle less curved, long with proximal to middle nodules, distal tooth 1Y2 times as long as proximal ventral setae in II-V per bundle less curved, long with proximal, in rest 2-6 per bundle 43-50 flm long with distal nodules and teeth equally thick and distal longer than proximal. Habits : Worms live in freshwater and swim with brisk spiral movement. Distribution : Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka; Known only in Indian sub continent. Subfamily RHY ACODRILINAE Diagnosis : Prostate diffuse when present Coelomocytes present, usually abundant, spermatophores present or absent. Genus Branchiura Beddard, 1892 1892. Branchiura Beddard,. pp. 325; Brinkhurst and Jamieson 1971, Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World: 860, Fig. 1.1-15.14; Mukhopadhaya 1998, Zool. Surv. India: 95-123. Diagnosis: Dorsal bundle with hair setae along with single pointed or bifid crotchets. Posterior segment with paired gill on dorsal and ventral sides. Distribution : India. Elsewhere : Africa; Pakistan; Great Britain; Ireland; France; Germany; Japan; China; North and South America. Type species : Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892. 7. Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 1892. Branchiura soweerbyi Beddard, Quart. II. Microsc., Sci. (N-S) pp. 325-340; Naidu and Naidu, 1981a, I. bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., : 524-538, Fig. 58. Material examined: An 360511, Nagerkere (Bellary dist. ,) 29 .iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 360611, 7 ex., Krishna river (Raichur dist.,) 30.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. An 360711, 10 ex., Nandingud (Mysore dist.,), 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis: Size large 50-80 mm; robust, dark brown. Posterior third with hollow mid-dorsal and mid-ventral gill serially arranged a pair per segment, gradually increasing in length to a length of the widest diameter of the body, about 50-150 pair; these arecontractile and each enclose on it a vascular loop. Dorsal bundle of setae begin in II segment, having 2-4 hairs and 2-6 crotchets per bundle; having bayonet shaped, longest anteriorly, decreasing gradually in the branchial region; crotchets bifid with proximal prongs longer than distal, ventral setae 4-6 per bundle anteriorly, 12 posteriorly nodules distal, simple pointed or bifid sometime pectinate. Clitellum covers X-XII segment. Habits: Worms live in clayey slit at bottoms of tanks, lakes, canals and even drains along with Limnodrilus hoffmusteri when disturbed coil then to spiral immediately. Distribution: Kerala, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka; Cosmopolitan. Subfamily TUBIFICINAE Diagnosis : Aquatic oligochaeta of moderate size. Length may extent upto 200 mm. pale to deep red. Prostate solid, stalked, and attached to the atria when present. Sperm and spermatophores within the spermathica. Coelomacytes absent, rarely present Genus Limnodrilus Claparede, 1862 1862. Limnodrillus Ciaparede, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve, : 227-291 pIs. I-IV; Brinkhurst and Cook 1966, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. : 1-33. Type species : Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Diagnosis : Dorsal and ventral bundles of setae 47 BISWAS and MANDAL ; Annelida : Freshwater Oligochaeta are bifid crotchets of same type. Hair seate absent. Vascular net work in posterior part of the body. Lateral pulsatile hard in VIII segment, testes in X and ovaries in XI segment Distribution : India. Elsewhere: Pakistan; Tibet; Ceylon; Japan and N. America 8. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede, 1862 (Fig. 4) 1862. Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri C1aparede, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve : 217-291, I-IV; Mukhopadhaya 1998, Zool. surv. India, 95-123. 1912. Limnodrilus socialis Stephenson, Rec. Indian. Mus., : 59-77, Fig. 8, pI. VII-VIII. Material examined: An 360811, 6 ex., Kudli village pond (Simoga dist.,) 26.iii.2007, Coll. T. a b Biswas & party; An 360911, 10 ex., Karenj Lake (My sore dist.,), 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party; An 361011, 2 ex. Kaveri river side (Mysore dist.,) 25.iii.2007, Coll. T. Biswas & party. Diagnosis : Size large. 70-80 mm, brown anteriorly and lighter posteriorly. Posterior position whiplike and without setae. Both dorsal and ventral setae start form Ii segment and are bifid crotchets of one type only having prongs equal in length the distal prong thinner; dorsal bundle consisting of 6-7 setae in anterior, 3-5 setae in the middle and 1-2 setae in hind segments thinner and shorter than the setae of the ventral bundles. Clitellum embraces XI-XII segment, opaque white. Habits: These worms live buried in soft clay or mud in clear, turbid even foul water and perform wavy move out of the hind portion and disappear in the mud the moment they are disturbed. Distribution : India : West Bengal; Andhra Pradesh; Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam. Elsewhere: Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka; Cosmopolitan. SUMMARY The paper deals with Diagnosis, distribution and key upto the species level of 8 species under 6 genera and 2 families of freshwater aquatic oligochaeta collected from 5 districts of Karnataka viz. Billary, Mysore, Bangalore, Raichur, Simoga. A classified list of freshwater oligochaeta is also incorporated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Dr. A.K. Sanyal, Addl. Director, (Retd.) Dr. N.e. Nandi, Scientist 'F', (Retd.), Dr. A. Misra, Retd. Scientist 'C', Dr. J. Pattanayak, Ole., General Non-Chordata Section, ZSI for the Fig. 4. Identification features of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri C1aparede, 1862. a. Dorsal seta; b. Ventral seta facilities and necessary help and suggestion provided to us. 48 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 REFERENCES Aiyer, K.S.P. 1924. Reproduction of the aquatic oligochaeta Nais paraguaayensis Michaelsen. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9)14 : 615-616, 2 figs. Aiyer, K.S.P. 1929a. An account of aquatic oligochaete of Travancore. Ibid., B31B : 13-76, pi. I-V. Ali, S.R 1971. Bottom fauna of streams in spring season in relation to food of fishes, Pak. f. Sci., 23 : 73-77, 2 tabs. Beddard, FE. 1892. a new branchiate oligochaeta, Branchiura sowerbyi. Quart. fl. Microse. Sci. (N.S.) Bourne, A.G. 1890. On chaetobranchus, a new genus of oligachaetes chaetopoda. Quart. jl. Microsc. sci. (N.S.), 31 : 83-89, pi. XII Brinkhurst, RO. and Jamieson, B.G.M. 1971. Aquatic oligochaetaof the world. Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh, 860 pp. Fig. 1.1-15.14. Cernosvitov, L. 1942 a. Oligochaeta from various parts of the world. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, (B) III : 197-236, 73 figs. Khatoon, S and Ali, S.R 1993. Some freshwater oligochaeta (Clitellata : Tubificidae) from Punjab, N.W.P.P and Kashmir. Pakistan f. Indust. Res., 36 : 531-534. Leidy, J. 1852a. Helminthological contribution II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad; 5 : 224-227. Mehra, H.R 1922. Two new Indian species of the little known genus Aulodrilus Bretscher of the Aquatic Oligochaete belonging to the family Tubificidae. Ibid, 1922 : 1-4: 943-969, 3 figs., pi. 1-III. Michaelsen, W. 1900. Oligochaeta Das Tierreich. 10. Berlin. 1: XXIX + 575 p. Muller, O.P. 1973-74. Vermium terrestrium et fluviataallium seu Infusoriorum Helminthicorum et Testaceorum non marinorum succineta historia. Helminthica Havniae et Lipsiae, 1-214. Mukhopadhyay, S.K. 1998. Oligochaeta : Fauna of West Bengal, State Fauna Series, 3 (Part 10), Zool. Surv. India., 95-123. Mukhopadhyay, S.K. 2005. State Fauna Series, 5: Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, Zoo I. Surv. India: 307318, Naidu, K.V. 1962a. Studies on freshwater oligochaeta of south India. I. Aeolosomatidae and Naididae. Part III, f. Bombay. nat. Hist. Soc., 59(2) : 520-546., fig. 9-14. Naidu and Naidu, 1981a. Some freshwater oligochaeta from Bombay city and environs. f. Bombay nat. Hist. soc., 78(3) : 524-538, 58 figs. P. Martin, E. Martinez-Ansemil, A. Pinder, T. Tim, M.J. Wetzel, 2008. Global diversity of oligochaetous clitellates ("Oligochaeta" : Clitellata) in freshwater animal diversity assessment. Hydrobiologia DOl 10. 1007/s10750-007-9009-1 , 595 : 117-127. Radhakrishna, V. & Saibaba, K. 1977. New record of freshwater Oligochaete, Aulophorus flabelliger Stephenson, 1930, from India Curro Sci., 46(16) : 564-565. Schmarda, L.K. 1861. Neue wilbellose Thiere, oligochaeta. Bd. I, II. Leipzig, 7-17 : 51-56. Singh, D.N. 1989. Studies on weed associated macrofauna of ox-bow lake. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 59 B : 271-277. BISWAS and MANDAL : Annelida : Freshwater Oligochaeta 49 Stephenson, J. 1912a. On a new species of Branchiodrilus and certain other aquatic oligochaeta with remark on cephalisation in the Naididae. Rec. India Mus., 7 : 214-241, pi. XI, XII. Stephenson, J. 1913. On a collection of oligochaeta mainly from Ceylon. Spol., Zeylan, Colombo, 8 : 251-276, pi. I, II. Stephenson, J. 1914b. On a collection of oligochaeta mainly from northern India. Rec. Indian Mus. 10 : 321-365, Figs, pi. XXXVI. Stephenson, J. 1923. Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India. (London). XXIV + 518 pp, 262 figs. Stephenson, J. 1932. Report on oligochaeta Mr. Omar-cooperi investigations of Abyssinian freshwaters. Proc. zool. soc. London, 1932(1-2) : 227-256, 18 figs. Wetzel, M.J., R.D. Kathman, S.V. Fend & K.A. Coates, 2007. Classification and checklist of freshwater oligochaeta occurring in North America of Mexico.World Wide Web URL http:// www.inhs.uiuc.edu/mjwetze/FWOligoNachklist.htmi. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 51-55, 2013 ANNELIDA LEECHES C.K. MANDAL Zoological Survey of India, F.P.S. Building, Kolkata-700 016 INTRODUCTION 2. Genus Hemiclepsis Vejdovsky, 1883 There are more than 667 leech species in the world. In India 63 leech species have been recorded (Bandyopadhyay and MandaI, 2006). Harding and Moore (1927), Soos (1965) is the pioneer in Taxonomy of leeches. MandaI, c.K. (1966, 2002, 2004 and 2006), Nandi, N.C. and Raut, S.K., and (1987) have done some work on taxonomy and ecological work of leeches in West Bengal. Soota, T.D (1977), Chandra, M (1983), Ghosh G.c. (1998) contributed a lot on the taxonomy of leeches. *2. Hemiclepsis marginata asiatica Moore, 1924 Mukherjee and Chandra (1988) recorded 5 species from Karnataka. So the present communication deals with 103 examples of leeches collected by the author during May 2006 from the fresh water bodies of Karnataka.1O species have been collected under 8 genus and 3 families. 6 leeches out of 10 are new recorded from this state. MATERIAL AND METHODS After making the collection, leeches were sorted out. Then the cleaned leeches were placed in a tray with a small quantity of water and were slowly killed by anaesthetizing with alcohol. Leeches usually die in an extended condition by the process. Just after death, the leeches were kept in 70% alcohol for permanent preservation. As fixing fluid 4% formalin may be used. I. Family GLOSSIPHONIDAE 1. Genus Glossiphonia Johnson, 1816 1. Glossiphonia weberi Blanchard, 1897 3. Hemiclepsis marginata marginata (Muller, 1774) *4. Hemiclepsis viridis Moore, 1927 3. Genus Helobdella Blanchard, 1896 *5. Helobdella nociva Harding, 1924 4. Genus Paraclepsis Harding, 1924 6. Paraclepsis praedatrix Harding, 1924 5. Genus Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 *7. Placobdella emydae Harding, 1920 II. Family ERPOBDELLIDAE 6. Genus Herpobdelloidea Kaburaki, 1921 8. Herpobdelloidea lateroculata Kaburaki, 1921 7. Genus Nematobdella Kaburaki, 1921 *9. Nematobdella indica Kaburaki, 1921 III. Family ERPOBDELLIDAE 8. Genus Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 *1O.Hirudo birmanica (Blanchard, 1894) 1. Genus Glossiphonia Johnson, 1816 1816. Glossiphonia Johnson, Treatise on the medicinal leech, 8 * London Glossiphonia weberi Blanchard, 1897 1897. Glossiphonia weberi Blanchard, Zool. Ergeb. Einer Reise in Niederlandische Ost-Indian, Max Weber, 4: 332 (Type Locality: Sumatra: Type- Deposited: Not known). 1977. Glossiphonia weberi, Chandra, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 73(1-4) : 189-195. Material : 2 ex. Shimoga district, Karnataka, 52 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 25.3.2003. Registration number An 337011, Coll. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic character : Body is ovateacuminate. It is triangular in contraction. Larger form of bitten rice or Sumatra leech (common name) attains a length of about 12 mm, general colour varies from grayish-white to light orange but usually white in preserved state; five longitudinal rows of dark brown spots; dorsal surface bears seven longitudinal rows of prominent papillae. Dorsal surface is rough due to the presence of tubercles on every ring. Eyes are three pairs on rings 6, 7 and 8; male and female genital ducts open by a common pore between rings 27/ 28; rings 70; mouth opens within the anterior sucker; crop with six pairs of sub-lobate lateral caeca, the last and the longest pair reflected posteriorly. Distribution : India : Widely distributed throughout India. Bihar; Uttar Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh; Assam; Tamil Nadu; Orissa; Madhya Pradesh; Jammu and Kashmir. West Bengal, Karnataka. Elsewhere Sumatra. Pakistan, Nepal, Burma and 2. Genus Hemiclepsis Vejdovsky, 1883 1883. Hemiclepsis Vejdovsky, Sitzb. des. Koningl. Bohm. Gesel. Des Wissensch. Prag., 35-5l. 2. Hemiclepsis marginata marginata (Muller, 1774) 1778. Hirudo marginata Muller, Vermium terrestrium et fluviatiluem 1 Pars 2.4 Havniel et Lipsie, 17731774. (Type Locality and Type-Deposited Not known). 0 1976. Hemiclepsis marginata marginata, Chandra, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 69 : 325-328. Material: 1 ex. Karanji lake, District Mysore, Karnataka, 22.3.2003. Registrtion number AN 349411, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : The common name is Pigmented leech. It is flattened and claviform in shape; ground colour light-yellow, profusely sprinkled above with bright green but this green colour disappears in preserved state; lemon-yellow spots arranged in seven longitudinal rows on dorsal surface; 72 rings; eyes two pairs; male pore and female pore open between rings 29/30 and 31/32 respectively. Distribution: India: Bihar; Orissa; Rajasthan; Uttar Pradesh; Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh; Tamil Nadu; West Bengal, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Europe, Western Asia and Nepal. Remarks : Hemiclepsis marginata marginata has been recorded from Karnataka for the first time. Average length is 22 mm. at rest. 3. Hemiclepsis marginata asiatica Moore, 1924 1924. Hemiclepsis marginata asiatica, Moore, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad. 76 : 343-388. (Type Locality : Srinagar, Kashmir; Type-Deposited: Z.S.I.). Material: 2 ex. Karanji lake, District Mysore, Karnataka, 22.3.2003. Registrtion number AN 349511, Coll. c.K. MandaI. 3ex. District Shimoga, Karnataka, 25.3.2003. Registrtion number AN 333711, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : Larger forms attain a length of about 15 mm., width of about 4 mm., colour pinkish white with dull green pigmented cells on the dorsal side; body smooth ventrally but rough dorsally; middle ring of each somite bears three pairs of larger dorsal paillae; eyes three pairs arranged in two sub-parallel columns; the first, second and third pairs of eyes lie on ring 3, 4 and 7 respectively; male and female pores open between 29/30 and 31/32 respectively, rings 73 mouth subterminal; crop with nine pairs of lateral diverticula. Distribution: India: Sirmour, Solan, Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh); Kalka (Haryana); Chota Nagpur (Bihar) Mangaldai (Assam); Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Bikaner, Sikar (Rajasthan), Igatpuri, Kolhapur, Satara (Maharashtra); Andhrapradesh; Assam; Himachal Pradesh; Rajasthan; Shimoga (Karnataka); West Bengal. MANDAL : Annelida : Leeches 4. Hemiclepsis viridis Chelladurai 1934 1934. Hemiclepsis viridis Chelladurai, Rec. Indian Mus., 36 : 345-352. (Type Locality: Travancore, Kerala: Type-Deposited: Z.S.I.). Material: 1 ex. Kuknalikere, District Mysore, Karnataka, 28.3.2003. Registrtion number AN 3368/1, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : The body is ovatelanceolate, head is faintly dilated. The dorsal surface bears fifteen bright pea-green longitudinal subparallel lines composed of numerous closseset pigment spots. Three pairs of eyes in two subparallel rows on rings 3, 4 and 6. Mouth opening within the oral sucker. Distribution : India Mysore, Karnataka. Trivandrum, Kerala, Remarks : Hemiclepsis viridis has been recorded from Karnataka for the first time. 3. Genus Helobdella Blanchard, 1896 1924. Helobdella Blanchard, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, XI, No. 263. 5. Helobdella nociva Harding, 1924 1924. Helobdella nociva Harding, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 14 : 489. (Type Locality and Type- Deposited Not known). Material: 1 ex. Kuknalikere, District Mysore, Karnataka, 28.3.2003. Registration number AN 3369/1, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : The common name is Claviform leeches. Larger forms attain a length of about 7.5 mm. and the greatest width about 1.5 mm. Body translucent, dull green but usually white in preserved state; dorsal surface with five brown longitudinal stripes; papillae two pairs on dorsal side; eyes one pair on ring 4; male and female ducts open between 28/29 and 30/31 respectively; 70 rings; mouth opens within anterior sucker; crop with six pairs of simple lateral caeca. Male and female genital pore separated by two annuli. Distribution: India: Solan (Himachal Pradesh); Puri (Orissa); Poonch, Udhampur, (Jammu and Kashmir) Bankura, Calcutta, Howrah, Medinipur, 53 Purulia, South 24 Parganas, Murshidabad and Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) Mysore (Karnataka). Remarks: Helobdella nociva has been recorded from Karnataka for the first time. 4. Genus Paraclepsis Harding, 1924 1924. Paraclepsis Harding, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser., 9, 14 : 489. 6. Paraclepsis praedatrix Harding, 1924 1924. Paraclepsis praedatrix Harding, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser., 9, 14 : 489. (Type Locality and TypeDeposited Not known). 1983. Paraclepsis praedatrix Chandra, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80 : 279. Material: Not collected during this survey. Diagnostic characters: Body ovate- acuminate. Total number of rings 73. Three pairs of eyes are disposed in two sub-parallel rows in rings 3,4 and 7. Male gonopore between ring 29 and 30. Distribution: India: Sirmour, Solan, Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh); Kalka (Haryana); Chota Nagpur (Bihar) Mangaldai (Assam); Jodhpur, Nagaur, Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Bikaner, Sikar (Rajasthan), Igatpuri, Kolhapur, Satara (Maharashtra); Andhrapradesh; Assam; Himachal Pradesh; Rajasthan; Shimoga (Karnataka); Bankura, Burdwan, Howrah, Medinipur, Murshidabad, Purulia (West Bengal). 5. Genus Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 1893. Placobdella Blanchard, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 17 : 93. 7. Placobdella emydae Harding, 1924 1920. Placobdella emydae, Harding, Mem. Indian Mus., 5: 510. (Type Locality and Type- Deposited Not known). 1983. Placobdella emydae, Chandra, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 80 : 277. Material: 1 ex. Kuknalikere, District Mysore, Karnataka, 28.3.2007. Registrtion number AN 3367/1, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters: The common name is Indo Burman leech. Larger forms attain a length 54 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 of about 14.2 mm. and breadth about 9.1 mm.; Translucent, elliptic body with head region dilated; colour grayish-green; three pairs of papillae on dorsal surface, intermediate pair being largest; male and female pores open between rings 26/27 and 28/29 respectively; rings 71; anterior sucker with a shallow anterior cup; mouth opening terminal. Distribution : India : Solan (H.P.); Chota Nagpur (Bihar); Sambalpur, Chilka Lake (Orissa); Hoshangabad, Nagpur, Satara (Maharastra); Calcutta, Hughly, Jalpaiguri, Purulia, 24 Parganas North, 24 Parganas South, Howrah, Nadia (West Bengal); Mysore (Karnataka). 6. Genus Nematobdella Kaburaki 1921 1921. Nematobdella Kaburaki, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 689719. 8. Nematobdella indica Kaburaki, 1921 1921. Nematobdella indica Kaburaki, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 689-719. (Type Locality: Dharmapur, Himachal Pradesh; Type- Deposited Z.S.I.). 1983. Nematobdella indica Chandra, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 80 : 28l. Material: 5 ex. Nandinguda, District Mysore, Karnataka, 23.3.2007. Registrtion number AN 336411, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : The common name is worm leech of Dharmapura, Himachal Pradesh. Larger forms attain a length of about 20 mm and width about 3 mm; form very slender, attenuated anteriorly; colour bright buff when alive but fades away in preserved state; eyes six pairs, the first pair larger and dorsal on somite III, remaining five pairs smaller, sub-marginal on somites V to XI; gonopores separated by five annuli. Distribution : Himachal Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra; Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh; Renuka, Simla hills, Srimour (H.P); Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Howrah; Hughly; Medinipur; Burdwan; 24 Parganas; Nadia; South Dingjur, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Birbhum (West Bengal); Mysore, (Karnataka). 7. Genus Herpobdelloidea Kaburaki, 1921 1921. Herpobdelloidea Kaburaki, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 668-719. 9. Herpobdelloidea lateroculata Kaburaki, 1921 1921. Herpobdelloidea Kaburaki, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 668-719. (Type Locality: Saugar, Madhya Pradesh; Type-Deposited Z.S.I.). 1983. Herpobdelloidea lateroculata Chandra, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80 : 28l. Material: 5 ex. Nandinguda, District Mysore, Karnataka, 23.3.2007. Registration number AN 337311, ColI. c.K. MandaI. Diagnostic characters : The common name of the leech is Worm leech of Saugor, Madhya Pradesh. Larger forms attain a length of about 27 mm and width of about 3 mm; form very slender, attenuated anteriorly; colour pale buff when alive but generally white in preserved state; eyes five or six pairs, the first pair larger and dorsal on somite IV; the remaining submarginal on somites V to VIII; gonopores separated by two and onehalf to three annuli. Distribution: India: Saugor (Madhya Pradesh); Loktak Lake (Manipur); Assam, N agaur (Rajasthan); Satara (Maharastra); Uttar Pradesh; Cuttack (Orissa); Calcutta; Hughly; Medinipur; Burdwan; Birbhum; Bunkura; South 24 Parganas; North 24 Parganas. Nadia; MaIda; Murshidabad; Jalpaiguri; Coochbehar, West Dinajpur (W.B.), Mysore (Karnataka). 8. Genus Hirudo Linnaeus 1758 1758. Hirudo Linnaeus, Systema Nature, 10th ed. 10. Hirudo birmanica (Blanchard, 1894) 1894. Haemopis birmanica Blanchard, Annuli. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat Giacomo Doria, 2(14) : 113-118. (Type Locality: Kareni Mountains, Burma; Type- Deposited : Genova Museum). 1983. Hirudo birmanica, Chandra, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 80 : 283. Material: Not collected during this survey. Diagnostic characters : Length in life from 5 cm to 7 cm long, slender and small headed. Colour olive brown. Eyes arranged as usual but small. MANDAL : Annelida : Leeches 55 The first three pairs of eyes on contiguous annuli, the fourth pair separated by one annuli and the fifth by two. Distribution : India : Dehradun and Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh; Mukteswar, Nainital Uttar Anchal; Sikkim; Manipur; Bhubaneswar Orissa; Assam; Naga Hills Nagaland; Darjeeling, Bunkura, Calcutta, Coochbehar, South 24 Parganas, Calcutta West Bengal; Chikmagalur, Jammu; Lohardanga, Chota Nagpur Bihar; Andhra Pradesh; Mysore Karnataka. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka; Siam; Bankok; Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan and Iran. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am gratefull to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Dr. N.C. Nandi, Scientist 'F', and OIC., F.P.S. Building and Dr. A. Misra, Retired Scientist c., General Non-Chordata Section, ZSI for lucid suggestions during the study of the earthworms, and our special thanks to Dr. J.G. Pattanayak OIC General Non-Chordata Section for critical going through our manuscript. And deep gratitude to the officers and staffs, General Non-Chordata section for their valid suggestions. REFERENCES Bandyopadhyay, P.K. and MandaI, c.K. 2006. Studies on a new species (Haemadipsa kodairensis) of leech of the Genus Haemadipsa from the kodair forest of Tamil Nadu. Rec. zool. Surv. Ind., 106 (part-I) : 33-37. Chandra, M. 1981. A check-list of leeches of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 80 : 265-290. Harding, W.A. and Moore, J.P. 1927. Fauna British India. Hirudinea, London, 1-302. MandaI, C.K. 2002. Checklist of the Hirudinea (Leech) of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102(Partl-2): 41-46. MandaI, c.K. 2004. Endemic leech fauna of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 103(Partl-2) : 103-110. MandaI, c.K. 2005. State Fauna Series, 5: Leech fauna of coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, (part5): 339-355. MandaI, c.K. 2005. State Fauna Series, 5: Leech Fauna of Non coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, (part-5) : 319-338. MandaI, c.K. 2006. Leech. In : Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 13 (Part-2): 47-48. Moore, J.P. 1927. Fauna of British India, Hirudinea. 185-89. Nandi, N.C. and Raut, S.K. 1987. Devlopmental stage of Trypanosoma gachuii in the leech host Hemiclepsis marginata. Indian J. Parasitol. 11 : 153-154. Soos, A. 1966. Indentification key to the leeches (Hirudinoidea) genera of the W orid, with a Catalogue of the spp. III. Acta Zool.Acad. Sci. Hung., 12(3/4): 371-407. Soota, T.D. 1956. Fauna of Kashmir: Leeches. Rec. Indian Mus., 54 : 1-4. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 57-62, 2013 CRUSTACEA CLADOCERA M.B. RAGHUNATHAN Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION Sharma & Michael (1987) reviewed the taxonomic studies on freshwater Cladocera from India and reported 93 species belonging to 37 genera under 8 families. In the Fauna of Indian Cladocera, Michael and Sharma (1988) reported 90 species of Cladocera from India. From Karnataka only the following four species are reported by them, namely Ceriodaphnia cornuta., Daphnia carinata, Daphnia cephalata and Simocephalus vetulus. Raghunathan (1989) reviewed the work on Indian Cladocera and reported 106 species from India. In the state of the art published by Zoological Survey of India on Animal Resources of India, Sharma (1991) reported 39 species of Cladocera from Karnataka. Raghunathan & Sureshkumar (2003) provided a checklist of Indian Cladocera with 190 species belonging to 49 genera under 10 families. With reference to Karnataka state, the following contributions are important namely Daday (1911), Brehm (1953), Patil & Gouder (1982,1985), Raghunathan (1988) and Raghunathan & Rane (2001). Family DAPHNIIDAE 5. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars, 1885 6. Ceriodaphnia laticaudata P.E. Muller, 1867 7. Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.F. Muller, 1776) 8. Simocephalus vetulus (O.P. Muller, 1776) Family MOINIDAE 9. Moina micrura Kurz, 1874 10. Moina brachiata (Jurine, 1820) 11. Moinadaphnia macleayi (King, 1853) Family BOSMINIDAE 12. Bosmina longirostris (O.P. Muller, 1776) 13. Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895 Family MACROTHRICIDAE 14. Macrothrix spinosa King, 1853 15. Echinisca triserialis (Brady, 1886) 16. Echinisca odiosa (Gurney, 1907) Family CHYDORIDAE Subfamily CHYDORINAE 17. Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) 18. Pleuroxus similis Vavra, 1900 19. Chydorus faviformis Birge, 1893 SYSTEMATIC LIST Family SIDIDAE 20. Chydorus barroisi Richard, 1894 21. Chydorus sphaericus (O.P. Muller, 1776) 1. Pseudosida bidentata Herrick, 1884 22. Chydorus ventricosus Daday, 1898 2. Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 23. Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898 3. Diaphanosoma excisusm Sars, 1885 4. Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, 1895 *email: drmbcraghu@rediff.com Subfamily ALONINAE 24. Alona quadrangularis (O.P. Muller, 1776) 58 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 25. Alona reactangula rectangula Sars, 1862 26. Alona davidi punctata (Daday, 1898) 27. Alona guttata Sars, 1862 28. Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer, 1854) 29. Biapertura karua (King, 1853) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Family SIDIDAE 1. Pseudosida bidentata Herrick, 1884 1884. Pseudosida bidentata Herrick, Geol and Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, Ann Rep., 12 : 20. K. fig. 9. 1988. Pseudosida bidentata. Michael and Sharma, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera. : 36-39. Material: Not collected. 4. Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, 1895 1894. Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard. Revue BioI. Nord. France, 6 : 365. 2007. Diaphanosoma sarsi. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of BannerghattaNational Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5% exs, Pond near B.R. Hills, BRTWLS, l1.iv.2000; 5 exs, Singagatte, BNP, 29.iv.2002; 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 2.viii.2002; 5exs, Hutchinagunta, BNP, 5.viii.2002; 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5exs, Jobkhanalla, BNP, 16.iii.200. Distribution : Bihar, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, Uttarpradesh, West Bengal. Family DAPHNIIDAE Distribution: Kerala, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. 2. Latonopsis australis Sars, 1888 1888. Latonopsis australis Sars, Forth. Vidensk. Salsk. Christiana., 7 : 1-74. 1988. Latonopsis australis, Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera. : 41-43. Material: Not collected. Distribution : Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. 3. Diaphanosoma excisusm Sars, 1885 1885. Diaphanosoma excisusm Sars, Norske, Vidensk, Salsk. Forhandl. Christiana., 7 : 1-74. 2007. Diaphanosoma excisusm, Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material : 5 exs, Banuwadi, BRTWLS, 19.ii.99; 5exs, Banuwadi, BRTWLS, 25.ii.99; 5exs, B.R. Hills, BRTWLS, 1.iii.99; 5 exs, K. Gudi, BRTWLS, 22.ix.99; 5 exs Singagatte, BNP, 29.iv.2002; 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 2.viii.2002; 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15.iii.2003, 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5exs, Jobkhanalla, BNP, 16.iii.200. Distribution: Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. 5. Ceriodaphnia corn uta Sars, 1885 1885. Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars. Norske. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhaundl. Christiania, 8 : 26-28. 2007. Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined : 5 exs, Kalani Road, BRTWLS, 2.iv.99, 5 exs, Sebinakare, BRTWLS, 4.iv.99; 5 exs, B.R. Hills, BRTWLS, 22.xi.99; 5 exs, Bannerghatta Quarry pool, BNP, 29.iv.2002; 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 2.viii.2002; 5exs, Hutchinagunta, BNP, 5.viii.2002; 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5exs, Doddanakere, 15.iii.2003; 5exs, Jobkhanalla, BNP, 16.iii.2003. Distribution : Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. 6. Ceriodaphnia laticaudata P.E. Muller, 1867 1867. Ceriodaphnia laticaudata P.E. Muller, Schiodikes. Naturalist. Tidskr., 3 : 130, pI. l. fig. 19. 1988. Ceriodaphnia laticaudata, Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera. : 41-43. Material: Not collected. Distribution: Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan. RAGHUNATHAN: Crustacea: Cladocera 59 7. Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.P. Muller, 1776) Distribution: Kashmir, Meghalaya, Rajasthan. 1758. Daphnia quadrangular O.F. Muller. Lipsiae et. Havniae, 90. 11. Moinadaphnia macleayi (King, 1853) 2007. Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.F. Muller). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. 1853. Moinadaphnia macleayi King. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Van Diennans Land, 2 : 243-263. Material examined: 5 exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5 exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5 exs, Jobkhanalla, BNP, 16.iii.2003. Distribution : Karnataka, Kashmir, Ladakh, Tamilnadu. 8. Simocephalus vetulus (O.P. Muller, 1776) 1776. Simocephalus vetulus, O.F. Muller. Haviniae : 1-273. 2006. Simocephalus vetulus, Raghunathan. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife sanctuary, Conservation Area series, 27 : 13-16. Material: 5 exs, Durugur, BRTWLS, 26.ii.99. Distribution : Karnataka, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu and West Bengal. 1988. Moinadaphnia macleayi Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera.: 243-263. Material : not Collected Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal. Family BOSMINIDAE 12. Bosmina longirostris (O.P. Muller, 1776) 1776. Lynceus longirostris O.F. Muller. Havniae. 76. 2007. Bosmina longirostris (O.F. Muller). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 15.iii.2003; 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15.iii.2003. Distribution: Kashmir, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, Tripura, West Bengal. Family MOINIDAE 9. Moina micrura Kurz, 1874 13. Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895 1874. Moina micrura Kurz. Sitzber. K. Acad. Wiss. Wein. Malh. Nat., 70 : 13-15. 1895. Bosminopsis deitersi Richard. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 8 : 96. 2007. Moina micrura Kurz. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. 1988. Bosminopsis deitersi Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera, : 99-100. Material examined : 5 exs, Kalani Road, BTRWLS, 2.iv.99; 5 exs, Sebinakarae, BRTWLS, 4-iv-99; 5exs, Singhaghatta, BNP, 30.iv.2002; 5exs, Hutchinagunta, 5.viii.2002. Distribution : Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. Family MACROTHRICIDAE 14. Macrothrix spinosa King, 1853 1853. Macrothrix spinosa King. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Van Diemans Land, 2 : 256. 10. Moina brachiata (Jurine, 1820) 2007. Macrothrix spinosa King. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. 1820. Moina brachiata Jurine. Histoire. desMonocler, quise trouvent aux environs de Geneve. Paris, 131-132. Material examined: 5 exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. 2007. Moina brachiata (Jurine). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Distribution: Kamataka, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. Material examined: 5 exs, Singhaghatta, BNP, 30.ivi.2002. 1886. Echinisca triserialis Brady. 1. Linn. Soc. Zool., 19 : 295. 15. Echinisca triserialis (Brady, 1886) 60 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1988. Echinisca triserialis Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera, : 109-11l. Material: Not Collected. Material: Not collected. Distribution: Kashmir, Maghalaya. 20. Chydorus barroisi Richard 1894 Distribution: Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal. 16. Echinisca odiosa (Gurney, 1907) 1907. Echinisca odiosa Gurney. Rec. Indian. Mus. 1 : 25. 1894. Pleuroxus barroisi Richard. Revue. BioI. Nord. France. 6 : 375-377. 2007. 1988. Echinisca odiosa Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera, : 111-113. Material: Not Collected. Distribution: Bihar, Rajasthan. Family CHYDORIDAE Subfamily CHYDORINAE 17. Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) 1820. Monoculus aduncus Jurine. Histoire des Monoclas. Quise trouvent aux environs de Geneve. Paris. : 152153. 2007. Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5 exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, West Bengal. 18. Pleuroxus similis Vavra, 1900 1900. Pleuroxus similis Vavra. Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise 2, Hamburg., : 2324. 2007. Pleuroxus similis Vavra. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5 exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. Distribution: Karnataka, Kashmir, Meghalaya, West Bengal. Chydorus barroisi Richard. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5 exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Gujarat, West Bengal, Tamilnadu. 21. Chydorus sphaericus (O.P. Muller, 1776) 1776. Lynceus sphaericus O. F. Muller. Havniae. 119. 2007. Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Muller). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5exs, Doddanakere, BNP, 2.viii.2002. Distribution : Bihar, Kashmir, Ladakh, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, Tibet, West Bengal. 22. Chydorus ventricosus Daday, 1898 1898. Chydorus ventricosus Daday. Termes. Fuzetek., p. 28-29, figs. lOa-d. 2006. Chydorus ventricosus Daday : Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27 : 15. Material: 5 exs., Banuwadi, BRTWLS, 19.ii.99, 5 exs., Kadakkinagangandi, BRTWLS, 21.ii.99; 5 exs., Kalani road, BRTWLS, 2.iv.99. Distribution : Gujarat, Kerala, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. 23. Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898 19. Chydorus faviformis Birge, 1893 1893. Chydorus faviformis Birge 1898. Dunhevedia serrata Daday. Termes. Fuzetek. p. 21 : 32-33. 1988. Chydorus faviformis Birge. Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera., : 111113. 1988. Dunhevedia serrata Daday : Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera., : 16016l. 61 RAGHUNATHAN: Crustacea: Cladocera Material: Not collected. Distribution : Karnataka, Tamilnadu. Subfamily ALONINAE Material examined 15 .iii.2003. Distribution Tamilnadu. 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, Karnataka, Kashmir, Ladakh, 24. Alona quadrangularis (O.P. Muller, 1776) 1776. Lynceus quadrangularis O.F. Muller. Havniae., : 7273. 2007. Alana quadrangularis (0. F. Muller). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5exs, Singhaghatta, BNP, 30.iv.2002. Distribution : Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. 28. Leydigia aeanthoeereoides (Fischer, 1854) 1854. Leydigia acanthocercoides Fischer. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 27 : 431-433. 2007. Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined BNP, 5.viii.2002. 5 exs, Hutchinagunta, Distribution: Gujarat, Karnataka, Kashmir, Rajasthan, west Bengal. 25. Alona reaetangula reetangula Sars, 1862 1862. Alana rectangula Sars. Forhandl. Vidensk. Salark. Christiania. pp. 160. 2007. Alana rectangula rectangula Sars. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. Distribution : Gujarat, Karnataka, Kashmir, Ladak, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, West Bengal. 26. Alona davidi punetata (Daday, 1898) 1898. Alana punctata Daday. Terms. Fiezetek. 21 : 39-40. 2007. Alana davidi punctata (Daday). Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. Material examined: 5exs, Seegakette, BNP, 15 .iii.2003. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. 27. Alona guttata Sars, 1862 1862. Alana guttata Sars. Forhandl. Vidensk. Salark. Christiania, : 287-289. 2007. Alana guttata Sars. Raghunathan and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33 : 13-19. 29. Biapertura karua (King, 1853) 1853. Biapertura karua King. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Van Diemans. Land, 2 : 260. 1988. Biapertura karua King: Michael and Sharma. Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of India, Cladocera, : 207-209. Material : Not collected. Distribution : Andhrapradesh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. DISCUSSION During the present study a total 29 speCIes belonging to 17 genera under 6 families are recorded. Family Chydoridae alone is represented with 13 species. From Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Sanctuary 6 species belonging to 5 genera under 4 families are reported (Raghunathan, 2006). Studies from Bannerghatta National Park revealed the presence of 17 species of Cladocera belonging to 9 genera under 6 families.(Raghunathan & Sureshkumar, 2006) From earlier studies on Coorg district of Karnataka, 14 species of Cladocera belonging to 8 genera under 6 families are reported (Raghunathan, 1988). Raghunathan & Rane (2001) recorded 17 species belonging to 14 genera under 5 families from Karnataka part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Hence a total of 41 species belonging to 19 genera under 6 families are available in Karnataka. 62 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au thor is grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and to the Officer-in- Charge, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai for encouragement and facilities. REFERENCES Brehm, V. 1953. Indische Diaptomiden, Pseudodiaptomidan und Cladoceren. Ost. Zool. Zeit., 4: 241345. Daday, E. 1911. Egy uj Cladocera-faj Keletindiabol. Allattani Kozlemenyek., 10 : 63-68, 110-112. Michaeel, RG. and Sharma, B.K. 1988. Fauna of India and adjacent countries. Indian Cladocera. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda : Cladocera). Ed. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, : 1-262. Patil, C.S. and Gouder, B.Y.M. 1982. Freshwater fauna of Dharwad (India). Cladocera. Jour.Karnatak Sci., 27 : 115-126. Patil, C.S. and Gouder, B.Y.M. 1985. Ecological study of freshwater zooplankton of a subtropical pond (Karnataka state) India. Internationale Revue Ges Hydrobiol., 70(2) : 259-267. Raghunathan, M.B. 1988. Cladocera (Crustacea) of Coorg district, Karnataka. Geobios New Reports. 7 : 163. Raghunathan, M.B. 1989. Indian Cladocera (Crustacea). Indian Review of Life Sciences, 9 : 137-152. Raghunathan, M.B. 2006. Cladocera (Crustacea). Zoological Survey of India. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy, Wildlife Sanctuary Conservation Area Series (Under publication). Raghunathan, M.B. and Rane, P.D. 2001. Studies on Cladocera (Crustacea) of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Fauna of Conservation Area Series 11, Fauna of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, 31-37. (Zoological Survey of India). Raghunathan, M.B. and Sureshkumar, R 2003. Checklist of Indian Cladocera (Crustacea). Zoos Print Journal, 18(8) : 1180-1182. Raghunathan, M.B. and Sureshkumar, R 2006. Cladocera (Crustacea) from Bannerghatta National Park. Karnataka. (in press). Sharma, B.K. 1991. Cladocera. In Animal Resources of India. 205-223 (State of the Art-Zoological Survey of India). Sharma, B.K. and Michael, RG. 1987. Review of taxonomic studies on freshwater Cladocera from India with remarks on biogeography. Hydrobiologia, 145 : 29-33. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 63-72, 2013 CRUSTACEA:DECAPODA:CARIDEA (Freshwater Shrimps) RK.VALARMATHIANDM.B.RAGHUNATHAN Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053 INTRODUCTION Freshwater habitats are abundant and diverse in Karnataka state and support myriads of aquatic faunas and floras. Freshwater shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) are unique and playa very critical role not only in maintaining aquatic food chain but also in supporting aquaculture indus try. In view of these, the freshwater prawns have been intensively studied for their taxonomy and biology. The distribution and seasonal changes of freshwater shrimps in and around Bangalore, Karnataka were recorded by Anantharaman et al. (1986). Jalihal et al. (1984 & 1988) studied the availability of freshwater shrimps of Dharwar area of Karnataka and described seven new species. The occurrence of freshwater shrimps in Bannerghata National Park, Karnataka was explored by Raghunathan and Valarmathi (2007). These earlier works reveal the distribution of 20 species of freshwater shrimps accommodated under 2 genera and 2 families. The present study is based on the collections made from different parts of Karnataka and available in the National Zoological collections of Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. In this work 13 species of freshwater shrimps belonging to 2 genera and 2 families were examined. CHECKLIST OF FRESHWATER SHRIMPS Order DECAPOD A Infraorder CARIDEA Superfamily ATYOIDEA 1. Caridina gurneyi J alihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1984 2. Caridina kempi Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1984 3. Caridina kunnathurensis Richard and Chandran, 1994 4. Caridina panikkari Sankolli, 1984 5. Caridina shenoyi Jalihal and Sankolli, 1984 6. Caridina rajadhari Bouvier, 1918 Jalihal, Shenoy and Superfamily PALAEMONOIDEA Family PALAEMONIDAE Subfamily PALAEMONINAE 7. Macrobrachium banjarae (Tiwari 1958) 8. Macrobrachium canarae (Tiwari, 1958) 9. Macrobrachium hendersodayanum (Tiwari, 1952) 10. Macrobrachium idea (Heller, 1862) 11. Macrobrachium idella idella 1898) (Hilgendorf, 12. Macrobrachium kistnense (Tiwari, 1952) 13. Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards., 1837) 14. Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1844) Family ATYIDAE 15. Macrobrachium peguense (Tiwari, 1952) Genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards 16. Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) 64 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 17. Macrobrachium sankollii Jalihal et Shenoy, 1988 18. Macrobrachium scabriculum (Heller, 1862) 19. Macrobrachium tiwarii Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli,1988 20. Macrobrachium unikamatakae J alihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1988 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Key to the families 1. Chela in the first and second pereiopod with tufts of hair ................................... ATYIDAE the third segment of the antennular peduncle and the berried females with more number of (230-690) smaller size eggs .......................... .. ...................... C. shenoyi Jalihal and Sankolli. 1. Caridina gurneyi J alihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1984 1984. Caridina gurneyi Ja1iha1, Shenoy and Sankolli. Rec. Zool. Surv. India. Occ.Paper No. 69: 1-40 1994. Caridina gurneyi: Richard and Chandran. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 91(2): 242-259 2006. Caridina gurneyi: Mariappan and Richard, Rec.zool.Surv.India,Occ.Paper No. 243: 39. 2007. Caridina gurneyi: Mariappan and Richard, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ Paper No. 261: 55. 2. Chela in the first and second pereiopod without tufts of hair .................... PALAEMONIDAE 2007. Caridina gurneyi: Raghunathan and Va1armathi, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107(2): 95 Key to the Caridina species 2007. Caridina gurneyi: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, 1. Rostrum as long as or longer than antennal scale ...................................................................... 2 Rostrum always shorter than antennal scale ... ...................................................................... 4 2. Uppermargin of the rostrum with distal edentate part ................................................................ 3 Uppermargin of the rostrum without distal edentate part and spines are arranged continuously ....... c. rajadhari Bouvier 1918 3. The distal edentate part of the rostrum generally not interrupted by any teeth (but there are exceptions) and always with a subapical teeth ...................................... C. nilotica (P. Roux) The distal edentate part of the rostrum is always interrupted by 1 to 6 teeth and the tip of the rostrum is without subapical teeth ................. . ........ C. kunnathurensis Richard & Chandran. 4. Rostrum always longer than 3/4th of the third segment of the antennular peduncle and the berried females with less number of (80-170) large sized eggs ............................................. . ........ C. gumeyi J alihal, Shenoy and Sankolli. Rostrum extends from 1I4th of the second segment of the antennular peduncle to 3/4th of Conservation Area Series, 33: 26. Material examined: 3M and 19F (l8BF) from Hosahalli, Mysore Dt. 20-i-1999, Coll: M.B.R; 17M and 32 F (llBF) from Srirangapattinam, Hassan-Mandy Dt., 1-i-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 39M and48F (lSBF) fromK.R.Pet, Hassan-MandyaDt., 2-i-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 9M, lSF (3BF) from Road to Aathuhullipara, Mysore Dt., 2S-ii-2000, Coll: G.T; IF from Hassan to Kalkere Road, HassanDt., 02-iv-2001, Coll: G.T; 6M and 13 F(2BF) from Aldur, Chickmagalur Dt., 16-iv-2002, Coll: M.B.R; 4F(3BF) from Honagodu, Chickmagalur Dt. Alt: 700m, 18-vi-2002, Coll: M. B. R; 3M from Chikkajala (Bangalore Dt.), 17-xii-2001, Coll: M.B.R; IF from Balakolecanal, MysoreDt., 16-xii200S, Coll: S. P4M, 6F (2bf) from Rayapatnam, Hassan Mandya, 22-12-2000, coll: M. B. R; 1M and 3F (l BF) from Doddakannur, Hassan Mandya, 24xii-2000, Coll: M. B. R. Diagnostic characters: Rostrum short extending from the end of the II segment to end of III segment of the antennular peduncle. Rostral formula 1-26/612 (3-6). Carapace 1.4 to 2.03 times as long as rostrum with a distinct antennal spine. Carpus of the first pereiopod is deeply excavated distally and is 1.4 to 1. 8 times as long as its breadth. Carpus of VALARMATHI and RAGHUNATHAN : Crustacea: Decapoda : Caridea second pereiopod without any excavation and is 4 to 5.53 times as long as its breadth. The dorsal surface of the telsonis armed with five to six pairs of spines, the terminal pair flanking the posterolateral angles. The posterior margin of the telson is possess 6 spines of which the lateral spines are stout. Exopod of the uropod with 17-23 movable spines. The berried females carried 135 to 192 eggs measuring 0.5-0.6x 0.8-0.9mm. Males possess a well developed appendix intern a on the endopod of the first pleopod. Distribution: Karnataka, Keralaand Tamilnadu. 2. Caridina kunnathurensis Richard and Chandran, 1994 1994. Caridina kunnathurensis Richard and Chandran. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 91(2): 242- 259. 2006. Caridina kunnathurensis: Mariappan and Richard, Rec.zool.Surv.India,Occ.Paper No. 243: 3l. 2007. Caridina kunnathurensis: Mariappan and Richard, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 261: 46. 2007. Caridina kunnathurensis: Raghunathan and Va1armathi, Rec. Zool. Surv. India 107(2): 95. 2007. Caridina kunnathurensis: Raghunathan and Va1armathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 26. Material Examined: 6BF, 1M from Hosahalli, Mysore Dt., 20-i-1999, Coll: M. B. R; 9M; 30F(llBF) Srirangapatnam, Hassan-Mandya Dt., l-i-2000, Coll: M. B. R; 21M and 48F (llBF) from K.R. Pet, Hassan-Mandya Dt., 2-i-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 23F(9bf) from Kabini River and around 600mts, Mysore Dt., 22-ii-2000, coll: G. T; 1M, IIF (5BF) from Road to Aathuhullipara, Mysore Dt., 25-ii-2000, Coll: G.T; 2M, 2F from Kollegal road, MysoreDt.,Alt: 600m, 28-ii-2000, Coll: G. T; 12F(5BF) from Rayapatnam, Hassan-Mandya dt., 22-xii-2000, coll: M. B. R; 3F(berried), 1M from Doddakannur, Hassan-Mandya Dt., 24-xii-2000, coll: M. B. R; 2F from Bhavanahalli, Hassan MandyaDt., 25-xii-2000, Coll: M. B. R; 4M and4F from Muttigere, Hassan-Mandya Dt., 31-xii-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 5F(4BF) from Hassan to CR Patna, Hassan dt, 3-iv-2001, coll: G. T; IF from Bengal Melkote WLS, 640 mts, Mandya dt, 1O-iv-2001, Coll: G. T; 89M and IF from Bengal Melkote WLS, 65 640 mts, Mandya dt, 1O-iv-2001, Coll: G. T; 160F(139bf) from Chickkajala (Bangalore dt.) 800mts, Kolar-Bangalore dt., 17-xii-200l, coll: M. B. R; 165M, 148F and 249 juveniles from Doddanakere, BNP, 17.iii.2004, Coll: K.R.D; IF fromPalahalli, Mysore Dt., 14-xi-2005, Coll: S. P; 98M (few small No AI); 215 F(3BF) from Thimmanahalli, Hassan dt, 27 -xii -2005, Coll: S. P; 3M and2F from Hassan Dt., 28-xii-2005, Coll: S.P; IIF(7B), 3M from Kallakolla Range, Magaraja Kattle, 1O-xii-2007, Coll: R. A; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum straight or slightly upturned distally, equal to or slightly longer than the antennal scale. Rostral formula 11-34+ 1-6 /6-16 (2 -5). In the dorsal margin of the rostrum 1134 teeth are closely arranged on the proximal 112 to 3/4th and the remaining edendate part is interrupted by 1-6 intermediate teeth normally there where no subdistal teeth. In the ventral margin the teeth are confined to the proximal Y2 to % and the remaining distall/4th to half of the portion is completely free from rostral teeth. Carapace 0.78 to 1.05 times as long as rostrum with a distinct antennal spine. In first pereiopod carpus is slightly excavated distally and is 2 to 3.1 times as long as broad. In second pereiopod carpus is 4.0 to 5.2 times as long as broad and is without any excavation distally. The dorsal surface of the telson is armed with five pairs of spines, the terminal pair flanking the posterolateral angles. The postrior margin of the telson is moderately convex and possess 9 spines of which the lateral spines are stout. Exopod of the uropod with 8-13 movable spines. The berried females carried 25 to 92 eggs measuring 0.4-0.7 x 0.75-1.0 mm. Mostly adult males possess a well developed appendix intern a on the endopod of the first pleopod. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. 3. Caridina nilotica (P. Roux, 1833) 1833. Pelias niloticus P. Raux, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 28(1): 73. pI. 7. fig. l. 1928. Caridina nilotica : CaIman, Proc. zool. Soc. London. XLIX: 738 1950. Caridina nilotica: Barnard, Annals of the South African Museum. 657. 66 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1980. Caridina nilotica: complex. Holthuis, FAD Fish. Synop., 125(1): 74. 2007. Caridina williamsonii: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107(2): 96. 2005. Caridina nilotica: Richard and Clark, Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 118(4): 707. 2007. Caridina williamsonii: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, 2007. Caridina gracilipes: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107(2): 95 Material Examined: 2 F from Kothahalli, Bangalore Dt., 17-iii-2002, Coll: S.K; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum slender mostly overreaching the tip of the antennalscale or equal to it. Rostral formula 12-26 +1-4111-22 (0-3). In the dorsal margin of the rostrum the proximal group of 12-26 teeth are separated from the 1-4 (generally 1) subapical teeth by a wide distal gap, usually this gap is not interrupted by any intermediate teeth but occasionally it may be interrupted by 1-2 intermediate teeth. In the ventral margin of the rostrum teeth are arranged compactly throughout its entire length leaving a very small portion near the tip. Carapace 0.55 to 0.9 times as long as rostrum with a distinct antennal spine. In first pereiopod carpus is slightly excavated distally and is 1.6 to 2.7 times as long as broad. In second pereiopod carpus is 4 to 7 times as long as broad. The dorsal surface of the telson is armed with 4 to six pairs of spines, the terminal pair flanking the posterolateral angles. The posterior margin of the telson possess 3-4 pairs of spines of which the lateral spines are stout. Exopod of the uropod with 9-14 movable spines. The berried females carried 168 to 2000 eggs measuring 0.25-0.5xO.5-0.6mm. In first pleopod of males the endopod is with a well developed or poorly appendix interna or it may be totally absent or represented a by a bud, in the second pleopod appendix masculina is 0.65 to 0.67 times as long as endopod and 1.5 to 1.63 times as long as appendix interna. Distribution: Commonly available in rivers, lakes, backwaters and small waterbodies in southern India. 4. Caridina rajadhari Bouvier 1918 1918. Caridina rajadhariBouvieL Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris., 24: 386-393. 1975. Caridina brachydactyla peninsularis: Dutt and Ravindranath, Current Science, 44(8): 269. Conservation Area Series, 33: 27. Material examined: 11M and 22F (l4bf) from Srirangapatnam, Hassan -Mandya dt, 1-i-2000, Coll: M. B. R; 18F (8BF) from Muttigere, Hassan -Mandya Dt., 31-xii-2000, Coll : M.B.R ; lBF from Hassan to Kalkere Road, Hassan Dt., Alt : 840mts, 02-iv2001, Coll : G.T ; 2 BF from Hassan to CR Patna, Hassan dt, 3-iv-2001, Coll: G. T; 6M and 6F from Road to Mandya, Mandya Dt, Alt : 560mts, 4-iv2001, Coll: G. T; 6F from Bengal Melkote WLS, 640 mts, Mandya dt, 1O-iv-2001, Coll: G. T; 67M and 137F(9BF) from Nellore Shringeri-Agursh Road, Chickmagalore dt., 1-vi-2002, Coll: M. B. R; 4BF from Honagodu, 700mts, Chickmagalore dt., 18-vi-2002, Coll: M. B. R; 12F(6BF); 67M and 137F (9BF) from Sringeri, Chickmagalore Dt., 19vi-2002, M. B. R; 1M, Bhadra River, Alt : 600mts, Chickmagalore dt., 24-vi-2002, Coll: M. B. R; 2M from Moorleygundi, BNP, 15-iii-2003, Coll: S. K; 5M and IF from Chickrahally, BNP, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. K; 475M, 679F and 225 juveniles from Doddanakere, BNP, 17 -iii-2004, Coll: K. RD; 42M and 48F from Gollahalliseleo, BNP, 20-iii-2004, Coll: K.RD; 7M, 13F (3BF) from Thimmanahalli, Hassandt, 27-xii-2005, Coll: S. P; 4F from Hassan Dt., 28-xii-2005, Coll : S. P ; 1 F from Kallakolla Range, Magaraja Kattle, 1O-xii-2007, R. A; 19F(lOBF), 5M from Thirthahalli Range, Kanagadurga tank, 19-xii-2007, Coll: RA; 5M, IF Megrahalli Range, Minehole(Nalur), Shimoga Dt, 20-xii-2007, R A; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum straight, equal to or slightly longer or shorter than the antennal scale. Rostral formula 27-47 / 5-14 (2-5). In the dorsal margin, the teeth are arranged throughout the length of the rostrum without any gap. In the ventral margin the teeth are arranged leaving a gap in 1,4 of the distal end. In first pereiopod carpus is slightly excavated distally and is 1.75 to 2.23 times as long as broad. In second pereiopod carpus is 3.83 to 4.5 times as long as broad. The dorsal surface of the VALARMATHI and RAGHUNATHAN : Crustacea: Decapoda : Caridea telson is armed with 5 to 6 pairs of spines, the terminal pair flanking the posterolateral angles. The posterior margin of the telson is possesses 5 to 7 spines of which the lateral spines are stout. Exopod of the uropod is with 9 to 15 movable spines. The berried females carried 57 to 250 eggs measuring 0.3-0.5xO.5-0.61mm. First pleopod of male with a well developed appendix intern a on the endopod. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. 5. Caridina shenoyi Jalihal and Sankolli, 1984 1984. Caridina shenoyi Jaliha1 and Sankolli, Rec. Zool. Surv. India. Dcc.Paper No. 69:1-40 Material Examined: 13M and 80F (54BF) from Muttigere, Hassan-Mandya Dt., 31-xii -2000, Coll: M.B.R; IBFfromHassan to CR Patna Road, Hassan Dt., Alt: 750-800mts, Coll: G.T; 3 F (l BF), from Kollegal Road, Mysore Dt. 600m Alt, 28/iiJ2000, Coll: M.B.R. Diagnostic characters: Rostrum short extending from the half of the II segment of the antennular peduncle to Y2 of III segment of the antennular peduncle. Rostral formula 21-22/4-6 (5-7) Carapace 1.75 to 2.08 times as long as rostrum with a distinct antennal spine. In first pereiopod carpus is deeply excavated distally and is 1.23 to 1.64 as long as broad. In second pereiopod carpus is 4.29 to 5.0 times as long as broad. The dorsal surface of the telson is armed with five to six pairs of spines, the terminal pair flanking the posterolateral angles. The posterior margin of the telson possess 4 pairs spines of which the lateral spines are stout and the median pairs are short and slim. Exopod of the uropod with 16-18 movable spines. The berried females carried 168 to 630 eggs measuring 0.3-0.35 x 0.5-0.6 mm. Males possess a well developed appendix intern a on the endopod of the first pleopod. Distribution: India: River Malapraba near Khanapur, Belgaum, Karnataka; Kerala, Boating Lake, Yercaud, Salem, Tamilnadu. 67 Carpus subequal to or shorter than merus second pereiopod of males stronger and exhibits sexual dimorphism .................. M. lanatum Cai and Ng 2. Rostrum as long as or slightly longer than antennal scale with a distal edendate part followed by 1 or 2 subapical teeth ................ 3 Rostrum subequal to or slightly shorter than the antennalscale the rostral teeth is arranged throughout the entire length of the rostrum ... . ...................................................................... 4 3. Appendix masculina of the male second pleopod is as long as or slightly longer the endopd ..... ......................... M. lamarrei (H. M. Edwards) Appendix masculina of the second pereiopod is about Y2 of the endopod ................................. . ....................................... M. canarae (Tiwari) 4. Exopod of the uropod with subapical spine ... ...................................................................... 5 Exopod of the uropod without subapical spine ...................................................................... 6 5. Chela of the second pereiopod shorter than or as long as 3/4th of the carpus ............................. . ..................... M. sankollii Jalihal and Shenoy. Chela of the second pereiopod always longer than 3/4th of the carpus .................................. . ... M. unikamatakae J alihal Shenoy and Sankolli. 6. Chela of the second pereiopod is always subequal to the carpus irrespective of size and sex ...... . ...................................... M. peguense (Tiwari) Chela of the second pereiopod is generally shorter than carpus but in larger adult females it is equal to or longer than the camps ............. 7 7. Rostrum equal to to or slightly longer/shorter than the antennal scale ................................... . ........... M. tiwarii Jalihal Shenoy and Sankolli Rostrum always shorter than the antennalscale ...................................... M. kistnense (Tiwari) Key to the Macrobrachium species 6. Macrobrachium canarae (Tiwari, 1958) 1. Carpus distinctly longer than merus and second pereiopod of males normal and similar in both sexes ............................................................. 2 1958. Palaemon canarae Tiwari, Rec. Indian Mus., 53: 298 1988. Macrobrachium canarae: Ja1iha1, Shenoy and Sankolli, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 112: 8. 68 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1991. Macrobrachium canarae: Jayachandran, Mahasagar, 24 (2): 139. 2001. Macrobrachium canarae: Jayachandran Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biologyand Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.pp. 84. 2006. Macrobrachium canarae: Mariappan & Richard, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 243: 62. Material Examined: 67 M and 27F (8BF) from Anejan (Mavinkar), Dakshin Kannada Dt., 13-iv1999, Coll: G.T; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum mostly longer than antennular peduncle and antennalscale, occationally it is equal to the antennalscale. When the length of the rostrum extends much beyond the antennalscale it appears slightly upturned otherwise it is straight. Dorsal margin of the rotrum with 4-9 proximal teeth which is widely separated from one or two subapical teeth. Most of the time the distal gap is interrupted by 2-3 intermediate teeth and 12 of the proximal teeth are located behind the orbit. The ventral margin of the rostrum with 4-7 teeth (in one specimen 10 teeth was observed). Lot of variation is observed in the number and and arrangement of the teeth on the rostrum. Carapace smooth with an antennal and hepatic spines and is about 0.64-1.15 times as long as rostrum. Second pereiopods are slender equal and similar in both sexes. It is about half of the total body length and overreaches the antennalscale by the chela. Fingers 0.79 to 1.0 times as long as palm; the movable finger with 2 two weak denticles in the proximal cutting edge and the fixed finger is with one denticle (the denticles are observed only in few large adults and most of the time fingers are smooth without denticles). In males chela is always less than 3/4th of the carpus but in few females it is slightly longer than 3/4th of the carpus. Carpus is longer than merus and about 10.4-15 times as long as its distal diameter. The exopod of the uropod without accessory spine. The berried females carried 44-127 eggs measuring 1.15-1.4Xl.4-1.85mm. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. 7. Macrobrachium kistnense (Tiwari, 1952) 1949. Palaemon lanchesteri: Tiwari, Rec. Indian Mus., 45: 340 1952 Palaemon kistnensis partim Tiwari, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5: 28. 1988 Macrobrachium kistnensis : Jalihal, Shenoyand Sankolli, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 112: 34. 2001 Macrobrachium kistnense Jayachandran. Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. p. 126. 2007. Macrobrachium kistnensis : Patil, Yadav and Jadhav, Bionotes, 93(3): 85. 2007 Macrobrachium kistnense: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 28 Material Examined: 42M and 41F (11 berried) from Melkote Wildlife Sanctuary, 10-iv -2001, Coll: G. T; 3Mand4FfromBNP, 15-iii-2003, Coll: S. K; 1M and IFfromBNP, Coll: K. R.D; 1M from BNP, 20-iii-2004, Coll: K. R.D; 4M and 2F from BNP, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. R.D; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum slightly longer than or equal to antennular peduncle but always falls short of the antennal scale. Upper margin of the rosrum with 5-9 teeth of which 1 or 2 are located behind the orbit and the lower margin carries 2-5 teeth. Carapace smooth and 0.95 to 1.49 times the length of the rostrum. Second pereiopods are simple and similar in both the sexes; Ischium is shorter than merus, carpus and chela but longer than finger and palm; Merus shorter than carpus (merus 0.7 to 0.75 times the length of the carpus); Chela shorter than carpus (chela 0.78 to 0.95 times the length of the carpus) the length of the chela overreaches the carpus in larger females (Table ); Fingers shorter than palm (fingers 0.6 to 0.81 times of the length of the palm). In the second pleopod appendix masculina is 0.79 times as long as endopod and 1.53 times as long as appendix interna. Exopod of the uropod lacks accessory sub apical spine. The berried females carried 48-109 eggs and the size of the egg ranges from 1.3-1.5 x 1.0-1.3. Distribution: Maharashtra, Karnataka. VALARMATHI and RAGHUNATHAN : Crustacea: Decapoda : Caridea 8. Macrobrachium lamarrei (H. Milne Edwards., 1837) 1837. Palaemon lamarrei H. Milne Edwards., Hist. Nat. Crustaces, II: 397. 1908. Palaemon (Eupalaemon) lamarrei: De Man Rec. Indian. Mus. 2: 222. 1910. Palaemon lamarrei: Henderson and Matthai, Rec Indian Mus, 5: 301. 69 but shorter than carpus; ischium slightly longer than chela and more less equal to the merus. The appendix masculina of this species is peculiar and differs from other species by it longer appendix masculina which is subequal to or longer than the endopod. Exopod of the uropod lacks accessory sub apical spine. The berried females carried 38 to 289 eggs ranging from 0.85-1.2x1.0-1.6 mm. 1988. Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarrei : J alihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 112: 2 Distribution: This species occurs in Fresh and Brackish water sometimes it is subterranean (Holthius, 1950). It is commonly available in Rivers, lakes and tanks in India. 2002. Macrobrachium lamarrei: Cai and Ng, Hydrobiologia, 487: 76. 9. Macrobrachium lanatum Cai and Ng 2007. Macrobrachium lamarrei: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National 1910. Palaemon dolichodactylus Henderson and Matthai, Rec. Indian Mus., 4(4):300 pI. 18 figs 8 a b. 1950. Macrobrachium lamarrei: Holthuis, Siboga Exped. Monogr., 39 a (9): 119. Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 28. Materials examined: 9F( 4BF) from, Thumbalahalli Dam, 23-xi -1996, Coll: M.B .R; 17M and 49F(1 bi), from KabiniRiver and around 600mts, MysoreDt., 22-ii-2000, Coll: G. T; 9Mand5Ffrom Kollegal Road, Mysore dt., 28-ii-2000, Coll: G.T; 3M and5F from Kolpaj , Hassan Mandya dt., 28-xii2000, Coll: M.B.R; 56F(4BF), 15M from Kothahalli (near Bangalore) Bangalore Dt., 17-iii-2002, Coll: S. K; 56M and 112F from Doddanakere, BNP, 17iii-2004, Coll: K.R.D; 11M and 33F from Muninagaram, BNP, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K.R.D; 8M and 22F from Seenappanthotti (Attolipura), Chamrajnagar, 20-xii-2005, Coll: S. P; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum longer than antennular peduncle and longer than or equal to the antennal scale. Rostral formula 4-7+ 1-2/4-9 (1-2). In the upper margin of the rostrum a proximal group of 4-7 teeth are widely separated from the distal 02 sub-terminal tooth. Rostrum exhibits considerable variation in length, number and arrangement of teeth. Carapace smooth with antennal and hepatic spine and is about 0.75 to 1.0 times as long as the rostrum. The second pereiopods are simple and similar in both the sexes. In this the finger is shorter than the palm (Finger/Palm=0.63-1.0); chela nearly Y2 of the carpus (Chela/Carpus= 0.55-0.57 in males and 0.55-0.67 in females); merus longer than chela 1950. Palaemon (Parapalaemon) dolichodactylus Barnard, Annals of the South African Museum.779. 1988. Macrobrachium scabriculum: Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 112: p. 42 figs 12, 13. 1999 Macrobrachium dolichodactylus: Yeo, Cai and Ng. Raffles. Bull. Zool. Suppl. 6 : 235, figs 20a-f. 2001 Macrobrachium scabriculum: J ayachandran Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. 164. 2002. Macrobrachium lanatum: Cai and Ng. Hydrobiologia, 487: 72, fig, 13-16. Material Examined: 2M and 1 F from Anejan (Mavinkar), DakshinkannadaDt., 13-iv-1999, Coll: G.T. Diagnostic Characters: Rostrum straight always shorter than antennalscale either it is equal to or slightly longer than the end of the antennular peduncle. Rostral formula 12-14/2-3 (3-5). Carapace smooth with antennal and hepatic spines and is about 1.1 to 1.9 times as long as rostrum. The second pereiopods are stronger and unequal in adult males exhibiting sexual dimorphism. Either the right or left leg is larger than the other both the pereiopds are entirely tuberculated. The major second pereiopod of the male overreaches the antennalscale by its entire carpus; and is subeaqual 70 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 to the total length of the body; entire cheliped except Y2 of the finger is covered with long thin velvety hair; the palm and proximal Y2 of the finger is thickly pubescent; fingers are slender, twice as long as palm and armed with 22-3S denticles; carpus is slightly longer than merus. Entire second minor pereiopod is covered by sparsely arranged thin long velvety hairs and is covered with closely arranged minute turebcles. It exceeds the antennalscale with its 1/4th ofthe carpus. The fingers are armed with 3S denticles. Finger is 1.6 times as long as palm; carpus is subequal to merus. Propodus 2.S times as long as dactylus, merus shorter than propodus and nearly twice as long as carpus. Exopod of the uropod with an accessory subapical spine. Distribution: Kerala, Karnataka. 10. Macrobrachium peguense (Tiwari, 19S2) 1952. Palaemon peguense Tiwari, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V (ser. 12): 27. 2001. Macrobrachium peguense: Jayachandran, Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. 157. 2005. Macrobrachium peguense: Raghunathan & Valarmathi. Rec. zool.Surv. India, 105(part3-4):51-56. 2007.Macrobrachiumpeguense: Raghunathanand Valarmathi, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107(2): 98. Materials examined: 21M and 44F(l4BF) from Budipadaka, BRTWLS, 18-ii-1999, Coll: S.K; SM and lIF from Bhanuwadi, BRTWLS,19-ii-1999, Coll: S.K; 16M and 8F from Harangiri Dansite, BRTWLS, 9-iv-1999,Coll: G.T;2Mand lEFfrom Seebinaekare, BRTWLS, 7-iv-2000, Coll: S.K; IF from Mandya Dt., 4-iv-2001, Coll: G.T; 23M and 2SF from Balakolecanal, Mysore Dt., 16-xii-200S, Coll: S.P; 13M and lOF from Hassan Dt., 28-xii200S, Coll: S.P; 8M and 6Ffrom Hassan Dt.,28-xii200S, Coll: S.P; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum always longer than the antennular peduncle and slightly shorter than or rarely equal to the antennal scale. Rostral formula 6 - 1013 - S usually with 7 - 913 - 4, with one or two post orbital teeth. In the lower margin of the rostrum, teeth are equidistant butin the upper margin though the teeth are equidistant slight variations in distance were also observed. The upper margin is with or without sub apical teeth if present also it is not widely separated from the remaining teeth. The second cheliped is equal on both the sides and similar in both the sexes. It is sub equal to the half of the total body length. It over reaches the antennal scale by the entire chela and l/S th of the carpus. In males the length of the cheliped is 1 or 2mm shorter than the half of the total body length, but in females it is 0.3 to 3.6mm longer than the half of the total body length. Carpus is distinctly longer than the merus. Chela is sub equal to the carpus. Mostly carpus is slightly longer (0.1 - 1.1mm) than the chela, occasionally it is equal to or slightly (0.1 1.1mm) shorter than the chela. Finger is always shorter than the palm (0.6 - 0.8mm) with delicate hairs at the tip. Cutting edges of both movable and immovable fingers of males are smooth without any tubercles. The number of eggs varies from 67 - 122 and size of the eggs ranges from 1.2 - 1.8 x 0.9 1.Smm. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu. 11. Macrobrachium sankollii J alihal and Shenoy, 1988 1988. Macrobrachium sankollii Jalihal and Shenoy, In: Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper 112: 1l. 2001 Macrobrachium sankollii: Jayachandran. Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. p.162. 2007 . Macrobrachium sankollii: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 29 Materials examined: 4M, SF (lEF) from Karad, Kodagu-Dakshinkannad Dt., 13-ix-1998, Coll: M.B.R; SF from Chikbanavare, Hassan-Mandya Dt., 19-xii-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 4M, 4F from Hassan to Kalkere Road, Hassan Dt., Alt: 840mts, 02-iv2001, G.T; 2SM, 31F(6BF) from Hassan to CR Patna Road, Hassan Dt., Alt: 800mts, 03-iv-2001, Coll: G.T; IMfromChikkajala, BangaloreDt., Alt: 800mts, 17-xii-2001, Coll: M.B.R; 1M from VALARMATHI and RAGHUNATHAN : Crustacea: Decapoda : Caridea Honagodu, Chickmagalur Dt., Alt: 700mts, 18-vi2002, Coll: M.B.R; 136M and 114F from Village pond, 27-vi-2002, Coll: M.B.R; 1M and IF from Gaddhealla, BNP, 15-iii-2003, Coll: S.K; 3F from Jodhithimmapura, Chikmagalur Dt., 22-iii-2003, Coll: S.K; 1M and 2F from Bhadra River, Chickmagalur Dt., Alt: 600mts, 24-vi-2003, Coll: M.B.R; 3M and 11F from Mulegundi, BNP, 18-iii2004, Coll: K. R. D; 8M and 18F from Udigabande, BNP, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. R. D; 3M and 2F from Uchanakante, BNP, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. R. D; 2M and lOF from Chettahalli, Medikere Dt., 24-xii2005, Coll: S.P; 7M and 10F (7BF) from Thimmanahalli, Hassan Dt., 27 -xii -2005, Coll: S .P; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum always longer than the antennular peduncle and slightly shorter than or equal to or slightly longer than antennular peduncle and exhibits lot of variation. Rostral formula 4-8/2-4 (1-2). Carapace smooth and 0.87 to 1.25 times as long as rostrum. The second pereiopods are simple and similar in both the sexes. In this finger is 0.59 to 0.89 times as longs palm; chela slightly shorter than, equal to or slightly longer than %th of the carpus; carpus longer than merus and 9.4 to 12.86 times as long as its width; merus longer than the ischium and subequal to the chela. In males second pleopod appendix masculina is 0.67 to 0.68 times as long as endopod and2.13 to 2.75 times as long as appendix interna. The berried females carried 35 to 175 eggs ranging from 1.0-1.3 x 1.0-1.8mm. Exopod of the uropod with an accessory sub apical spine. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala. 12. Macrobrachium tiwarii Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1988 1988 Macrobrachium tiwarii : Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli , Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 112: 27. 200l. Macrobrachium tiwarii: Jayachandran. Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. p.17l. 2007. Macrobrachium tiwarii: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 30. 71 Materials examined: 3M and IF from Hosahalli, Mysore Dt., 20-i-1999, Coll: M.B.R; 24M and23F fromK.R. Pet, Hassan-MandyaDt., 2-i-2000, Coll: M.B.R; 2??and 3?? from Udigabande, BNP, 18-iii2004, Coll: K.R.D; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum always longer than antennular peduncle and slightly shorter than or equal to the antennal scale. Rostral formula 6-9 / 3-4 (1-2). Carapace 0.8 to 1.36 times of the rostrum. Though the second chelipeds of male and female look simple and similar shows slight variation in the length of various segments. Both in males and females fingers are slightly shorter than or equal to the palm, ishium is more or less equal to the merus. In males the carpus is longer than the chela (1.43 to 1.5 times) and the merus is much shorter than carpus but equal to propodus. In females carpus is more or less equal to chela and the merus is much shorter than carpus and propodus. Exopod of the uropod lacks accessory sub apical spine. Distribution: Tamilnadu. Karnataka, Puducherry, 13. Macrobrachium unikarnatakae Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, 1988 1988., Macrobrachium unikarnatakae: Jalihal, Shenoy and Sankolli, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ.Paper No. 112: 21 200l.,Macrobrachium unikarnatakae: Jayachandran, Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. p.174. 2007., Macrobrachium unikarnatakae: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 107(2): 100. 2007. Macrobrachium unikarnatakae: Raghunathan and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 30. Materials examined: 4F from Mulegundi, 15iii-2003,Coll: S.K; 1MfromMulegundi,BNP, 18iii-2004, Coll: K. R.D; 6F from PoojakalMullah Nagerhole Range, 2-xii-2007, Coll: R.A; Diagnostic characters: Rostrum shows considerable variation with or without slightly raised basal crest and is always longer than the antennular peduncle but slightly shorter than or equal to or slightly longer than than the antennalscale. Carapace 72 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 smooth with antennal and hepatic spine. In younger animals carapace is shorter than rostrum but in adults it is subequal to the rostrum. The second pereiopods are similar in both the sexes without exhibiting sexual dimorphism. In second pereiopods finger is shorter than palm (0.76-0.79 times as long as palm); chela is always longer than the 3/4th ofthe carpus (0.76-0.92 times as long as carpus); merus is slightly longer than the ischium and subequal to the chela; movable figers in some cases armed with two weak denticles and the fixed finger is either smooth or with one denticle; in most of the cases both the fingers are smooth. Exopod of the uropod with accessory sub apical spine. In male second pleopod appendix masculina is 0.75 to 0.83 times as long as endopod and 1.58 to 1.93 times as long as appendix interna. A berried female carried 124 eggs of the size ranging from 1.2-1.3x1.4mm. Distribution: India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu. SUMMARY In this study, 13 species of freshwater shrimps belonging to 2 genera and 2 families were recorded and their diagnoses were provided from the collection made from various parts of Karnataka by the Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai. Abbreviations used: M- Male; F- Female; BFBerried Female; G. T- G. Thirumalai; M. B. R - M. B. Raghunathan; K. R- K. Rema Devi; O.P.SO.P.Srivastava; S.K- S. Krishnan; R.A - R. Aengals; S.P- S. Prabakaran. REFERENCES Anantharaman, K. V., Ravichandra Reddy, Sand Shakuntala, K. 1986. Distribution and abundance of prawns in the freshwater habitats of Bangalore, South India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), 95: 77-87. Holthuis, L. B. 1950. Subfamily Palaemoninae. The Palaemonidae collected by the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions with Remarks on other species. I. The ecapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part X. Siboga Exped., mon., 39(a9): 1-268. Jalihal, D. R., Shenoy, Sand Sankolli, K. N. 1984. Five new species of freshwater Atyid shrimps of the genus Caridina H.Milne Edwards from Dharwar area (Karnataka state, India). Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 69: 1-40. Jalihal.D.R., Shenoy, S. and Sankolli, K. N.1988. Freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Karnataka, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 112: 1-74. Jayachandran, K. V. 2001. Palaemonid Prawns Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Biology and Management. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta. 1-624. Raghunathan, M. B. and Valarmathi, K. 2007. Crustacea: Freshwater Prawns. Zoo I. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Coservation Area Series, 33: 25-31. Valarmathi, K. 2009. Studies on the freshwater prawns of the families Atyidae and Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from Suthern India. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Submitted to Madras University. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 73-78, 2013 CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : GECARCINUCIDAE (FRESHWATER AND LAND CRABS) O.P. SRIVASTAVA Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700 053 INTRODUCTION The fresh water and land crabs of Karnataka state was studied based on the material collected during the extensive surveys of southern Karnataka undertaken by the various survey parties of Southern Regional Center, Zoological survey of India, Chennai (T.N.). The specimens belonging to Northern K'nataka, lying unidentified at Western Regional Center, Zoological Survey of India, Pune (Maharashtra) were also included to enumerate the species composition of K'nataka state. First record of the Gecarcinucid crabs from Karnataka was described by Rathbun (1904-1906). Subsequently few Carcinologist viz.Alcock (1910), Chopra (1947), Dutta (1983) and Srivastava (2006) and (2007) recorded scanty information on the freshwater crabs of Karnataka state. Bott (1970), in his comprehensive revisionary work on this group, accounted 8 species under 6 genera of two families from Karnataka based on the characters of pleopods in addition to traditional characters set by Alcock (1910). The author followed the classification of Bott (1970). The present study reveals 10 specIes, accommodated under 6 genera and two families based on the collection as stated above. SYSTEMATIC LIST Order DECAPODA Infraorder BRACHYURA Family GECARCINUCIDAE 1. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis (Westwood 1836). 2. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) guerini (MilneEdwards 1853). 3. Gecarcinucus jacquemontii Milne-Edwards 1844 4. Gubernatoriana gubernatoris (Alcock 1909). 5. G. pilosipes (Alcock 1909) 6. Travancoriana pollicaris (Alcock 1909). 7. Travancoriana schirnerae Bott 1969. Family PARATHELPHUSIDAE 8. Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst 1794). 9. Oziotelphusa senex senex (Fabricius 1798). 10. Oziotelphusa wagrakarowensis (Rathbun 1904). 1. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis (Westwood 1836) 1836. Thelphusa cunicularis Westwood, III Sykes & Westwood, Trans.Entom.Soc. London, 1 : 183, T.19. 187l. Thelphusa indica Westwood, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 40(2) : 196. 1905. Potamon (Potamonautes) jacquemontii Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus. (4)7 : 185, T.16 F.1, 5. 1910. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) jacquemontii Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus, 1(2) : 79, T.12, F. 55. 1970. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Bott, Abh. Senckenb. Nature, Ges. No. 526 : 30 2006. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Bott: Srivastava & Krishnan, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27 : 17-20. 74 Material examined : 7 exs., Western Ghat Survey, Karwar Mysore, 23.ii.1971, B.S. Lamba; 8 exs.,Western Ghat Surevy, Karwar Mysore, 26.ii.1971, B.S. Lamba; 2exs., Menchali, Kolar, Karnataka, 20.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; lex., Sharavati Jogfall, North Kanara river, Karnataka 26.ix.1991, R.M Sharma. 3 exs., Pais ani river, South Kanara, Karnataka, W.ii.1992, P.P. Kulkarni; 14 exs., Shivaete R.F., D. Kanada, karnataka, W.xii.1998; M.S. Ravichandran; 2 exs., Kolar road, BRT. WLS, Karnataka, 2.ii.1999, G.Thirumalai; 5 exs., Honametti Bedaguli, BRTWLS, Karnataka, 20.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 3 exs., Basavangodu, BRT. WLS, Karnataka, 20.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 14 exs., K. Gudi, Karnataka, 21.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 25 exs., K Gudi, BRTWLS, Karnataka, 24.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 7 exs., Hanakere, BRTWLS, Karnataka, 25.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 4 exs., Basavangodu, 28.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; l.iii.1999, S. Krishnan; 4 exs., Basavangodu, Karnataka, 3.iv.1999, G. Thirumalai ; 4 exs., Hosahalli, Mysore, Karnataka, 20.xi.1999, M.B. Raghunathan ; 14 exs., BRT Hills, Karnataka, 22.xi.1999, M.B. Raghunathan; 6 exs., Ranganathan Koil, Karnataka, 19.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai ; 7 exs., BRT Hills, Karnataka, 20.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai ; 2 exs., Dodasampige, Karnataka, 20.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai ; 2 exs., Doddasempige, BRTWLS, Karnataka, 2.iii.2000, G.Thirumalai; 8 exs., K. Gudi, BRTWLS, Karnataka, 7.iv.2000, S. Krishnan. 8 exs., KGudi, Karnataka, 7.iv.2000, Krishnan; 4exs., Muthyala, B.N.P., Karnataka, 15.ix.2003, G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., Athikupae halli, B.N.P., Karnataka, 17.ix.2003, G. Thirumalai; 14 exs, Doddaannakar, B.N.P., Karnataka, 17.iii.2004, K Rema Devi; 10 exs., Udigebande, Karnataka, 18.iii.2004, K Rema Devi; lex. Madeshpura Koil Kere, B.N.P., Karnataka, 19.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi; 3exs., Gubamadugo, B.N.P., Karnataka, 20.iii.2004, K Rema Devi. Diagnosis : Carapace flat; its length three fourths its greatest breadth and depth is less than half its length. Anterolateral margin of carapace is well defined. Cervical groove very prominent and Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 deep, broadly V -shaped, runs towards lateral epibranchial tooth. Epigastric and post orbital crests form a bold ridge from mesogastric region to the lateral epibranchial tooth. The exopodite of the external maxillipeds is much longer than ischium and carries the hairy flagellum. This species attains a large size to maximum 3 inches long and 4 inches broad. The chelipeds are unequal in the male but almost equal in female. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Burger) Andhra Pradesh, Bihar (undivided), Karnataka, Kerala, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh (undivided) Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Doflein). 2. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) guerini (H. Milne-Edwards 1853) 1853. Thelphusa guerini Milne-Edwards, Ann. sci. nat., (3)20 : 210. 187l. Telphusa guerini Westwood, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 40(2) : 190,203. 1905. Potamon (Potamonautes) guerini Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus., (4)7 : 186, T.16, F.2. 1910. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) guerini Alcock, Cat. Ind. decap. Crust. Ind. Mus, 1(2) : 87, T.12, F.57. 1970. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Batt, Abh. Senckenb. Nature, Ges. No. 526 : 33. 2006. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Batt: Srivastava & Krishnan, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27 : 17-20. 2007. Barytelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Batt: Srivastava, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 5(Part-4) : 245-248. Material examined : 5exs.,Devimani ghat, Mysore, Kamataka, 11.ii.1971, B.S. Lamba; 3 exs., Kanheri river, Karwar Mysore, Karnataka, 05.xi.1971, B.S. Lamba; 2 exs., Picrup dam, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Karnataka, 23.xii.1988, G.M. Yazdani; 2 exs., Kolar Road, Kamataka, 2. ii.1999, G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., Honametti Bedaguli, Karnataka, 20.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 3 exs., Biligiri Rangasamy Temple Hills, Karnataka, l.iii.1999, S. Krishnan; 2 exs., Basavanagodu, Karnataka, 3.iv.1999, G. Thirumalai; 2 exs., Biligiri Rangasamy Temple Hills, Karnataka, 20.ii.2000, SRIVASTAVA: Crustacea: Decapoda : Gecarcinucidae (Freshwater and Land Crabs) G. Thirumalai ; 3 exs., Doddannakar, B.N.P., Karnataka,17.iii.2003, K. Rema Devi; 4 exs., Ebetta,B.N.P.,Karnataka, 14.ix.2003, G. Thirumalai; 2exs., Athkupae halli, B.N.P., Karnataka, 17.ix.2003, G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., Gubamadugo, B.N.P., Karnataka, 20.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi; 2exs., Muninagaram, B.N.P., Karnataka, 22.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi. Diagnosis: Carapace broad, deep and strongly convex; its lenrth in the adult male is about twothird its greatest breadth but is more than twothird in the adult female;its depth is half of its length. Antero-Iateral border of carapace is strongly convex and well defined. Cervical groove broad and deep running towards but not reaching to lateral epibranchial tooth. The epigastric and postorbital crests form one prominent ridge, Continuous, on either side of mesogastric furrow.The chelipeds are much more unequal in the male than female. Distribution: India : Andhra Pradesh,Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. Remarks : This is first record of occurrence from Karnataka State. 3. Gecarcinucus jacquemontii Milne-Edwards 1844 III 1853. G. jacqumontii Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. nat., (3)20 : 205, TIl F.1. 1871. G. jacqumontii Wood-Mason, 1. asiat. Soc. Bengal., 40(2) : 190. 1906. G. jacqumontii Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus., (4)8 : 67, T.19 F.1-2.Abb.122. 1909. 1970. Gecrcinucus jacqumontii Bott Abh. Senckenb. Nature, Ges. No. 526 : 30 Material Examined : Nil. The account stated from the literatures. Diagnosis : Carapace convex, subcylindrical, cervical groove very broad and deep, long, narrow forming anteroposterior loop. Front square cut, its width little more than the maximum diameter of the orbit,and about one sixth the greater breadth of the carapace; finger-cleft and inner surface of palm nacked. Epigastric crests low, blunt, obscure continuous on either side of the mesogastric groove. Chelepeds are unequal in both sexes. Distribution: India : Maharashtra, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Not recorded 4. Gubernatoriana gubernatoris (Alcock 1909) 1910. Paratelphusa (Globitelphusa) gubernatoris Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1(2) : ll7, fig. 32. 1970. Gubernatoriana gubernatoris Bott, Abh. Senckenb Natur. Ges. No. 526 : 44. Material Examined: lex., Doddannakar, B.N.P., Karnataka, 7.iii.2004, Rema Devi. Elsewhere : Not recorded. 1844. Gecrcinucus jacqumontii Milne-edwards, jacquemont, Voy.I'India 1832, 4 : 4,T.1 75 G. jacqumontii Alcock, Rec.ind.Mus., 3 : 380. Diagnosis : Carapace flat and squarish, its length nearly seven-eights its breadth and depth less than half its length. The antero-Iateral borders of the carapace short and almost straight from the orbit. A long shallow cervical groove separate the just distinguishable epigastric crests. The exopodite of the third maxillipede is longer than ischium and is usually non-flagellate. The chelipeds are unequal in both the sexes. Distribution : India : Kerala (Kochi), Maharashtra (Mahabaleshwar), Karnataka. Remarks : This species is the first record of occurrence from Karnataka state. 1909. G. jacqumontii Edwardsi : Alcock, Rec. indo Mus., 3 : 380. 5. Gubernatoriana pilosipes (Alcock 1909) 1910. G. (G.) jacqumontii Alcock, Cat. Ind. decap. Crust. Ind. Mus, 1(2) : 122, T.l3, F.66. 1909. Paratelphusa (Globitelphusa) pilosipes Alcock, Rec. indo Mus., 3 : 379. 1910. G. (G) edwardsi Alcock Cat. Ind. decap. Crust. Ind. Mus, 1(2) : 124, T.9, F.35. 1910. Paratelphusa (Globitelphusa) pilosipes Alcock, Cat. Ind. decap. Crust. Ind. Mus, 1(2) : ll8, T.9, F.33. 76 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1970. Gubernatoriana pilosipess Batt, Abh. Senckenb Natur. Ges. No. 526 : 46. Material Examined : Nil. The account stated from the literatures. Diagnosis : The species is closely related to Gubernatoriana gubernatoris except the carapace is little broader and the cervical groove is even less distinct. The epigastric and post orbital crests are faint. Distribution : India : Maharashtra, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Not recorded. 6. Travancoriana pollicaris (Alcock 1909) 1909. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) pollicaris Alcock, Rec. Indian Mus., 3 : 377 1970. Travancoriana pollicaris Batt, Abh. Senckenb. Natur. Ges. No. 526 : 41 Material Examined: lex., Madeshpura Koil Kere, B.N.P., Karnataka, 19.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi. Diagnosis : Carapace flat, its length in the adult male about three-fourths of its greatest breadth and more than that in adult female, its depth is almost less than half of its length. Antero-Iateral margins of carapace are well defined and irregularly crenulated. Cervical groove deep and broad running behind the lateral epibranchial tooth on either side. The epigastric and post orbital crests form one strong almost straight ridge running on either side. The chelipeds are unequal in both the sexes. Distribution: India: Western Ghat: Karnataka. Remarks : This species is endemic to western ghat. 7. Travancoriana schirnerae Bott 1969 1905. Potamon (Potamonautes ) cunicularis Rathbun, Nouv. Arch. Mus., (4)7 : 184, T. 15. Fig. 10. 1910. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa) cunicularis Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1(2) : 83; fig 56. Karnataka, 2.ii.1999, G. Thirumalai; 25 exs., K. Gudi, Karnataka, 24.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 7 exs., Hanakere, Karnataka, 25.ii.1999, S. Krishnan; 5 exs., Hanakere, Karnataka, l.iii.1999, S. Krishnan; 4 exs., Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, G. Thirumalai; 17 exs., Basavangodu, Karnataka, 3.iv.1999, G. Thirumalai, 1 ex., BRT Hills, Karnataka, 20.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., Doddasempige, Karnataka, 2.iii.2000, 4exs., Gubamadugo, B.N.P., Karnataka, 20.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., Muninagaram, B.N.P., Karnataka, 20.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi. Diagnosis : Broad carapace,its length is less than three fourth its greatest breadth in both the sexes. The antero-Iateral borders of the carapace are more convex and the lateral epibranchial tooth is not fully developed. Cervical groove is superficial and convergent, it does not clearly di vide the post orbital crests from lateral epibranchial tooth. The species attains medium size between 2 to 3 inches. The fixed finger of the cheliped is rather broad and none of the teeth is enlarged. Distribution : India : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra (Poona to Baroda). Remarks : This species is the first record of occurrence from Karnataka state. 8. Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst 1794) 1794. Cancer hydrodromus Herbst, Naturgesch, Krabben und Krebse, 2 : 164, T. 41 F.2. 1910. Paratelphusa (Oziotelphusa) hydrodroma Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1(2) : 97 [partJ. 1970. Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma Batt, Abh. Senckenb. Nature Ges. No. 526 : 97. 2006. Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma Batt: Srivastava & Krishnan, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27 : 17-20. 1970. Travancoriana schirnerae Batt, Abh. Senckenb. Natur. Ges. No. 526 : 41 2007. Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma Batt: Srivastava, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 5(Part-4) : 245-2 Material examined : 2 exs., Kolar Road, Material Examined: 2 exs., Dodahosala lake, SRIVASTAVA: Crustacea: Decapoda : Gecarcinucidae (Freshwater and Land Crabs) Kolar, W.iii.1978, M.B. Rao. lex. Shivaete R.F., Karnataka, W.xii.1998, M.S. Ravichandran; 26 exs., Narasipurkera, Karnataka, 18.xi.1999, M.S. Ravichandran; 87 exs., Hosahaiti, Mysore, Karnataka, 20.xi.1999, M.B. Raghunathan; 24 exs., Chikkund, Mysore, Karnataka, 25.xi.1999 M.B. Raghunathan; 16 exs., Kolegal, Mysore, Karnataka, 26.xi.1999, M.B. Raghunathan; 5 exs., Chamrajnagar, Karnataka, 21.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai; 19 exs., Kollegal Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 24.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., Attubuthupura, Karnataka, 25.xi.2000, G. Thirumalai; 2 exs., Belur, Bhomihalla, Karnataka, 31.iii.2001, G. Thirumalai. lex., Attubuthapura, Biligiri Rangasamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary., Karnataka, 25.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai, 3 exs., Judukonta, B.N.P. Karnataka 16.iii.2004, K. Rema Devi. Diagnosis: Carapace strongly convex its length is about two-third its greatest breadth in adult male; its depth is half of its length. The antero-Iateral borders of the carapace convex ,cristiform smooth and very finely crenulated in young one. Cervical groove is distinct but superficial, it disappear behind the post orbital crests. The regions on the carapace are well defined. The epigastric crests sub-trenchant,subcresentic overlapping and slightly in advance of post- orbital crests.Chelipeds are unequal in both the sexes. Distribution : India : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad), and West Bengal (Kolkata) Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 9. Oziotelphusa senex senex (Fabricius 1798) 1798. Cancer senex Fabricius, Entom. Syst. (Suppl.), 340. 1887. Telphusa (Oziotelphusa) hippocastanum MUller, Verh. naturw. Ges. Basel, 8 : 492, T.S F.7. 2007. 77 Oziotelphusa senex senex Batt: Srivastava, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofAndhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series, 5(Part-4) : 24S-248. Material examined: 4 exs. Sultan tank, Kolar, Karnataka, 3.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 6exs., Malkartank, Kolar, Karnataka, 3.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 4 exs., Abdul Ali garden, Kolar Karnataka, 6.iii.1978, M.B. Rao. 12 exs. Kudi, Kolar, Karnataka, 10.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 2 exs., Dodahosala Lake, Kolar Karnataka, W.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; gexs., Ganaratank, Kolar, Karnataka, 16.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 2exs., Appaya Kunta Chikallapur, Kolar, Karnataka, 17.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 4exs., Manchanpani tank, kolar, Karnataka, 18.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 2 exs.,Gopal Tank, Kolar, Karnataka, 19.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 6 exs., Gudi Bandi tank, Kolar, Karnataka, 22.iii.1978, M.B. Rao; 3exs., North Kanara, Hossure, Karnataka, 18.ix.78, R.M. Sharma; 25 exs., Belu, Hasan, Karnataka, 31.iii.200l, G. Thirumalai; 37 exs., Koilegal Road, Mysore, Karnataka, 24.ii.2000, G. Thirumalai; 4 Exs., Kayglahalli, B.N.P. Karnataka, 11.xi.2005, S. Prabhakaran: 4 Exs., B.N.P. Karnataka,W.xii.2005, S. Prabhakaran. Diagnosis : Carapace is little convex and covered with fine furfuraceous pubescence, its antero-Iateral borders are less convex and the lateral epibranchial tooth is very prominent and sharp. Some oblique striae are seen on the posterolateral border of the carapace. The post orbital crest is straight and transverse and running almost toward lateral epibranchial tooth. The chelipeds are unequal in both the sexes. Distribution : India Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : Predominantly distributed Karnataka. ill 1910. Paratelphusa (Oziotelphusa) bouvieri Alcock, Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus.,1 (2): 100, T.l3 F.6l. 1915. Paratelphusa (Oziotelphusa) bouvieri Raux, Rev. suisse (Zool.), 23 : 279. 1960 Paratelphusa ceylonensis Fernando, Ceylon 1. Sci. (Biol.), 4 : 21S, T.2, Abb. l3g, h, 18. 1904. Potamon (Potamon) wagrakarowensis Rathbun, Oziotelphusa senex senex Batt, Abh. Senckenb. Nature Ges. No. 526 : 1Ol. 1910. Paratelphusa (Oziotelphusa) hydrodroma Alcock, 1970 10. Oziotelphusa wagrakarowensis (Rathbun 1904) Nouv. Arch. Mus, (4) 6 : 292, PI. 12, Fig. 4. Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1(2) : 97 [partJ. 78 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 2005. Oziotelphusa wagrakarowensis Bahir &Yeo, The Raffles Bulletin a/Zoology Supplement. No. 12: 4775 Material examined : Nil. The account stated from literature. Diagnosis : Dorsal surface of carapace highly convex fore and aft ;anterior ;lateral carapace low in frontal view. Epibranchial tooth moderate in size sharp little above to post- orbital cristae .The post orbital cristae sharp, almost straight to curved. Male abdomen triangular with concave lateral border. Distribution : India : Karnataka; Bellary area W agrakarwour. Elsewhere: Mysore,Tributary of Cauveri River at Hansur 50 km from Mysore on MadekeriMysore road. SUMMARY Ten species of Brachyuran (Freshwater) crabs belonging to six genera are dealt with this study based on the collection brought from the various surveys. Four species ie. Gubernatoriana gubernatoris (Alcock), Travancoriana pollicaris (Alcock), T. schirnerae Bott and Oziotelphusa wagakarowensis (Rathbun) are recorded for the first time from the Karnataka state. Among these two species ie. Travancoriana pollicaris and Oziotelphusa wagakarowensis are found endemic to the state. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India and Officer-in-Charge, Southern Regional Center, Zoological survey of India, Chennai for providing the necessary facilities during this work. Thanks are also due to Sri S.S. Ghatak, Asst. Zoologist, Crustacea Div. ZSI, Kolkata for helping me in confirmation the identification. The author also express thanks to the Officer-in-Charge, WRC., ZSI Pune for providing the unidentified specimens of northern Karnataka for study. REFERENCES Alcock, A. 1910. Brachyura l.Fasc.II. The Indian Fresh water Crabs-Potamonidae. Cat. Ind. Decap. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1(2) : 1-135, pIs. 1-14. Bott, R. 1970. Die Siibwasserkrabben Von Europa, Asien, Australien und ihre stammesgeschichte (Crustacea : Decapoda). Abh. Senckenb. natuif. Ges., Frankfurt, 526 : 1-338, pIs. 1-58. Chopra, B.N. and Tiwari, K.K. 1947. Decapoda Crustacea of Patna state, Orissa. Rec. Indian Mus., 45 : 213-224. Dutta, N.K. 1983. Studies on the systematics and distribution of crabs in Assam. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 80(3) : 539-548. Rathbun, M.J. 1904. Les crabs d'eau douce. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (4)6 : 225-312, pIs. 9-18. Rathbun, M.J. 1905. Les crabs d'eau douce. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (4)7 : 159-323, pIs. 13-22. Rathbun, M.J. 1906. Les crabs d'eau douce. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (4)8 : 33-122, pIs. 1322. Srivastava, O.P. and S. Krishnan 2006. Crustacea: Decapoda : Gecarcinucidae (Crabs). Zool. Surv. India. Conservation area series, 27, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple wildlife Sanctuary : 17-20. Srivastava, O.P. 2007. Crustacea: Brachyura : Crabs. Zool. Surv. India, Conservation area series, 33, Fauna of Bennarghata National Park: 33-37. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 79, 2013 INSECTA EPHEMEROPTERA R.M. SHARMA AND KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION Adult mayflies or short-lived insects are slender and uniform in appearance but the group is very diverse in morphology in the nymphal stage. Adults have triangular wings held vertically over the body and can not be folded flat. There are 2 or 3 long thread-like caudal filaments at the end of the abdomen in both sexes. The lateral pair is cerci; the middle one when present is called the terminal filament. Adults are unable to feed with their nonfunctional mouthparts. Males have a pair of clasper - like forceps at the end of the abdomen. Males often congregate in dense swarms during mating flights and mating lasts for a few seconds. Females land on the water surface after mating to release eggs and die while still in the water. Most species develop in fresh water, a few may occur in brackish water of estuaries. World wide 2200 species occur where as from India 106 species are known (Varshney, 1998). The state of Karnataka however, remains a terra incognito as far as the ephemeropteran fauna is concerned. A perusal of literature reveals that only three species of two genera under 2 families are reported from Karnataka State (Hubbard & Peters, 1978). Order EPHEMEROPTERA Family BAETIDAE 1. Cloeon bicolor Kimmins Distribution : Karnataka. Family EPHEMERIDAE 2. Ephemera (Ephemera) annandalei Chopra Distribution: Mysore, Karnataka 3. Ephemera (Ephemera) immaculata Eaton Distribution : Bangalore, Karnataka REFERENCES Hubbard, M.D. and Peters, W.L. 1978. A Catalogue of the Ephemeroptera of the Indian Subregion. Oriental Insects Suppl. No.9: 1-43. Varshney, R.K. 1998. Insecta, pp. 146-157. In Alfred et al. : Faunal Diversity in India, 495 pp. Published- ENVIS Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 81-84, 2013 INSECTA ODONATA K.G. EMILIYAMMA * AND K.A. SUBRAMANIAN# * Western Ghats Research Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Kozhikode # Western Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Pune INTRODUCTION Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) are one of the prominent groups of insects in wetlands. They occupy diverse wetland habitats such as torrential streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, rainwater pools etc (Corbet, 1999). Odonata complete their life history in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The larval stages are completed in wetland habitat and adult life is spend as aerial predator in the landscapes surrounding the wetlands. Each species is specific to a particular wetland habitat and they are very sensitive to the physicochemical changes in their habitat quality. Their habitat specificity and sensitivity to changes in habitat quality makes them an ideal candidate for biomonitorying and biodiversity studies. The Odonata fauna of Karnataka state is fairly well studied by Fraser (1933-1936). He described many new species, mainly from Kodagu (then Coorg) district. During 1980's and 1990's odonate fauna of Karnataka was explored by Western Regional Centre, Pune and Western Ghats Research Centre, Kozhikode of Zoological Survey of India. Results of these studies remained as museum records and never published formally. Recently odonate fauna of some protected areas of Karnataka were documented (Emiliyamma and Radhakrishnan, 2006, 2007a, 2007b, Subramanian, 2005 and 2007). Other than these faunisitc studies, there are some studies on ecology and conservation studies (Subramanian et.al. 2006, Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2005, Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2002). Here a comprehensive checklist of Odonata of Karnataka state is provided based on recent studies and from published literature. SYSTEMATIC LIST Order ODONATA Suborder ZYGOPTERA Family COENAGRIONIDAE 1. Aciagrion hisopa (Selys, 1876) 2. Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw, 1919 3. Agriocnemisfemina (Brauer, 1868) 4. Agriocnemis lacteola Selys, 1877 5. Agriocnemis pieris Laidlaw, 1919 6. Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) 7. Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919 8. Archibasis oscillans (Selys, 1877) 9. Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) 10. Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) 11. Ceriagrion rubiae Laidlaw, 1916 12. Enallagma parvum Selys, 1876 13. Ischnura aurora (Brauer, 1865) 14. Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) 15. Onychargia atrocyana (Selys, 1865) 16. Paracercion calamorum (Ris,1916) 17. Pseudagrion decorum (Rambur, 1842) 18. Pseudagrion hypermelas Selys,1876 19. Pseudagrion indicum Fraser, 1924* 20. Pseudagrion malabaricum Fraser, 1924 82 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 21. Pseudagrionmicrocephalum(Rambur,1842) 51. Euphaeafraseri (Laidlaw,1920)* 22. Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 52. Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 23. Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) Dysphaea ethela Fraser, 1924 Suborder ANISOPTERA Family AESHNIDAE 24. Copera vittata Selys, 1863 53. Anaciaeschna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) Family PLATYSTICTIDAE 54. Anax guttatus (Burmeister, 1839) 25. Protosticta gravelyi Laidlaw, 1915* 55. Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842 26. Protosticta mortoni Fraser, 1924* 56. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839) 27. Protosticta sanguinostigma Fraser, 1922* 57. Gynacantha bayadera Selys,1891 Family PROTONEURIDAE 28. Caconeura ramburi (Fraser, 1922)* 29. Disparoneura apicalis (Fraser, 1924)* 30. Disparoneura quadrimaculata (Rambur, 1842) 31. Elattoneura souteri (Fraser, 1924)* 58. Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck,1960 59. Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839) Family CHLOROGOMPHIDAE 60. Chlorogomphus campioni (Fraser,1924)* Family CORDULIIDAE 32. Elattoneura tetrica (Laidlaw, 1917)* 61. Idionyx corona Fraser,1921 * 33. Esme longistyla Fraser, 1931 * 62. Idionyx galeata Fraser,1924* 34. Melanoneura bilineata Fraser, 1922* 63. Idionyx saffronata Fraser,1924* 35. Phylloneura westermanni (Selys, 1860)* 64. Macromidia donaldi (Fraser, 1924) * 36. Prodasineura verticalis (Selys, 1860) Family LESTIDAE Family GOMPHIDAE 65. Acrogomphusfraseri Laidlaw, 1925* 37. Indolestes pulcherrimus Fraser, 1924* 66. Asiagomphus nilgiricus (Laidlaw,1922)* 38. Lestes dorothea Fraser, 1924 67. Burmagomphus cauvericus Fraser,1926* 39. Lestes elatus Hagen in Selys, 1862 68. Burmagomphus laidlawi Fraser,1924* 40. Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924* 69. Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw,1922 41. Lestes praemorsus Hagen in Selys, 1862 70. Cyclogomphus wilkinsi Fraser,1926 42. Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842 Family CALOPTERYGIDAE 71. GomphidiaJletcheri Fraser,1923* 72. Gomphidia kodaguensis Fraser,1923* 43. Neurobasis chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) 73. Heliogomphus promelas (Selys,1873)* 44. Vestalis apicalis Selys 74. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842) 45. Vestalis gracilis (Rambur, 1842) 75. Macrogomphus annulatus (Selys,1854) 46. V gracilis montana (Fraser, 1934) 76. Macrogomphus wynaadicus Fraser,1924* Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE 77. Megalogomphus hannyngtoni (Fraser,1923)* 47. Calocypha laidlawi (Fraser,1924)* 78. Merogomphus longistigma (Fraser,1922)* 48. Libellago lineata (Burmeister, 1839) 79. Microgomphus souteri Fraser,1924* 49. Rhinocypha bisignata Hagen in Selys,1853 80. Onychogomphus acinaces (Laidlaw,1922)* Family EUPHAEIDAE 50. Euphaea dispar (Rambur,1842)* 81. Onychogomphus nilgiriensis (Fraser,1922)* 82. Paragomphus lineatus (Selys,1850) RAJMOHANA : Insecta: Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea Family LIBELLULIDAE 83 122. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842) 83. Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 123. Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 84. Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur, 1842) 124. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) 85. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) 125. Tetrathemis platyptera Selys, 1878 86. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius,1793) 126. Urothemis signata (Rambur, 1842) 87. Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842) 127. Zygonyx iris Selys,1869 88. Cratilia lineata Foerster, 1903 128. Zygonyx torrida (Kirby,1889) 89. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770) 129. Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842 90. Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur,1842) 91. Diplacodes nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793) 92. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,1842) 93. Epithemis mariae (Laidlaw,1915)* 94. Hydrobasileus croce us (Brauer, 1867) 95. Hylaeothemis indica Fraser,1946* 96. Indothemis carnatica (Fabricius, 1798) 97. Indothemis limbata (Selys, 1891) 98. Lathrecista asiatica (Fabricius, 1798) 99. Macrodiplax cora (Brauer,1867) 100. Neurothemis fulvia (Drury, 1773) 101. Neurothemis intermedia (Rambur, 1842) 102. Neurothemis tullia (Drury, 1773) 103. Onychothemis testacea Laidlaw, 1902 104. Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) 105. Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865) 106. Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868) 107. Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister,1839) 108. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770) 109. Orthetrum triangulare (Selys, 1878) 110. Palpopleura sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787) 111. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) 112. Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) 113. Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) 114. Rhyothemis triangularis Kirby, 1889 115. Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) 116. Sympetrumfonscolombii (Selys, 1840) 117. Sympetrum hypomelas (Selys, 1884) 118. Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) 119. Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) 120. Tramea limbata (Desjardins,1832) 121. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839) Family MACROMIIDAE 130. Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister,1839 131. Macromia bellicosa Fraser,1924* 132. Macromia cingulata Rambur,1842 133. Macromia ellisoni Fraser,1924* 134. Macromia flavocolorata Fraser,1922* 135. Macromia ida Fraser,1924* 136. Macromia indica Fraser,1924 137. Macromia irata Fraser,1924* RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Current study documents 137 species of odonates under 78 genera and 14 families from Karnataka. Out of this 137 species, 41 are endemic to Western Ghats (marked with asterisk*). The Zygoptera comprises of27 genera and 52 species including 17 species endemics and the Anisoptera comprises of 51 genera and 85 species, with 24 endemics. The families Gomphidae, Corduliidae, Macromiidae, Platystictidae and Protoneuridae has high endemism. The genera Macromia (7 sp.), Orthetrum (6 sp.), Pseudagrion (6sp.) and Agriocnemis (5sp.) are species rich. The Odonata fauna of Karnataka part of the Western Ghats and Deccan plateau are very distinct. All the endemic species are restricted to hill streams and forests of the Western Ghats. They are characterised by genera such as Euphaea, Idionyx, Macrogomphus, Microgomphus, Platysticta etc. These genera are specialized for torrential hill streams and found nowhere else in the state. These hill streams are also habitats for Gondwanian relicts such as Phylloneura, Melanoneura and Caconeura. On the other hand, the wetlands of the Deccan 84 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 plateau are mostly dominated by widespread generalist genera of libullids and coenagrionids such as Tramea, Trithemis, N eurothemis, Rhyothemis, Coenagrion, Pseudagrion, Ischneura etc. The hill streams of Kodagu, Mangalore, Udupi, Hassan and Uttar Kannada districts harbour high diversity, endemism and evolutionarily significant species of odonates and requires conservation attenation. REFERENCES Corbet, P.S. 1999. Dragonflies: Behavior & Ecology of Odonata. Harley Books, Great Horkesley, Colchester. Emiliyamma, K.G. and e.Radhakrishnan. 2006. Insecta: Odonata. In: Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 21-25. Emiliyamma, K.G. and e.Radhakrishnan. 2007a. Insecta: Odonata. In: Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32: 27-48. Emiliyamma, K.G. and e.Radhakrishnan. 2007b. Insecta: Odonata. In: Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 39-41. Fraser, F.e. 1933. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata, vol. 1. pp. XIII + 428.Taylor & Francis Ltd., London: 1-423. Fraser, F.e. 1934. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata, vol. 2. pp. XIII + 398. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London: 1-398. Fraser, F.e. 1936. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata, vol. 3. p. XII + 461. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London. K. A. Subramanian and K. G. Sivaramakrishnan. 2002. conservation of Odonata fauna in Western Ghats - A biogeographic perspective. Vistas of Entomological Researchfor the New Millennium. Pp. 1122. Subramanian. K.A. 2005. Damselflies and dragonflies of peninsular India-A Field Guide. E-book of the Project Lifescape. Indian Academy of Sciences and Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. 118pp. Available online in PDF format http://ias.ac.in/initiat/sci_ed/ lifescape/odonates.htrnl Subramanian, K. A. and K. G. Sivaramakrishnan. 2005. Habitat and microhabitat distribution of stream insect communities of the Western Ghats. Current Science, vol. 89, No.6: 976-987. Subramanian, K.A., K.G.sivaramakrishnan and Madhav Gadgil. 2005. Impact of riparian land use on stream insects of Kudremukh National Park, Karnataka State, India. Journal of Insect Science, 110. Subramanian, K.A. 2007. Endemic odonates of the Western Ghats: habitat distribution and conservation. In: Biology of Odonata (Ed. Tyagi, B.K), pp. 257 - 271, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 INSECTA 85-86, 2013 PLECOPTERA R.M. SHARMA AND KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION 1. Chinoperla nigriceps (Banks) Plecoptera are commonly known as Stoneflies and mostly found in high altitude hill streams of cold temperate regions. The nymphs of these insects are seen on stony surfaces and adults on bushes and tree trunks near the streams. The adults are weak fliers and diurnal in nature with some exceptions. Adults feed on algae, lichen and foliage, many of them may not take any meal in their life time as their life span is very short. The occurrence of brachypterous or wingless forms is common during winter months. 1914. Neoperla nigriceps Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 66 : 610. Probably due to scant availability of these insects not much work has been done in India. About 3402 valid species under 388 valid genera spread over 28 valid families are recorded from the world (Dewalt, et ai, 2009). Of which, 116 species of 25 genera under 8 families are known from India (Chandra & Sharma, 2009). The Karnataka fauna of stoneflies is known by only 3 species of three genera under one family. 1930. Neoperla tristis Navas, Mem. Pont. Acad. Rom. Nuov. Lincei, (2)14 : 43l. 1981. Chinoperla nigriceps : Zwick, Oriental Insects, 15(2) : 115. Distribution : Karnataka : Belgaum. 2. Neoperla moesta Banks 1939. Neoperla moesta Banks, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool., 85 (7) : 447-448 1975. Neoperla moesta : Jewett, Oriental Insects, 9(2) : 13l. 1981. Neoperla moesta : Zwick, Oriental Insects, 15(2) : 115. Distribution : Karnataka : Belgaum, Bhadravati, Mysore, Shimoga. 3. Phanoperla peniculus Kawai 1968. Phanoperla peniculus Kawai, Oriental Insects, 2(2) : 115-117. 1975. Phanoperla peniculus : Jewett, Oriental Insects, 9(2) : 128-129. Order PLECOPTERA Family PERLIDAE Mclachlan, 1886 Distribution: Karnataka : Bhadravati, Mysore. REFERENCES Baumann, R.W. 1975. Revision of the Stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera) world fauna at the generic level. Smith. son. Contr. Zool. No., 211 : 1-74. A study of the Chandra, K. and R.M. Sharma. 2009. Checklist of Indian Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) http :// www. zsi.gov.in/zoologicalsurveyofindia/zsidata/checklist. Dewalt, R.E.D. Neu-Becker and G. Steuber, 2009. Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 1.1/3.5 (l9 th May 2009) <http://Plecoptera.SpeciesFile.org > Das, B.C. 1998. Plecoptera, pp180-182. In : Faunal Diversity in India, Ed. Alfred et al., Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 495 pp. 86 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Jewett, S.G. 1975. Some Stoneflies from Bangladesh, India and Southeast Asia. Oriental Insects, 8(2) : 127-134. Kawai, T. 1968. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Thailand and India with description of one new genus and two new species. Oriental Ins., 2(2) : 107-139. Zwick, P. 1981. The south Indian species of Neoperla (Plecoptera : Perlidae). Oriental Insects, 15(2) : 113-126. Zwick, P. 1982. A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Systematic Entomology, 7(1) : 87-126. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 87-96, 2013 INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA D. PRABAKAR and KAILASH CHANDRA Zcnlcgical SL!rvEy of Irrlia, M-Blcx:k, N3v Abp::re, KoThata-700 053. INTRODUCTION Orthopterans are commonly known as Sl. Families No. grasshoppers, crickets, mole-crickets, pigmy-mole 1. Acrididae crickets and grouse locusts. The major work on Number of genera Number of species 36 53 2. Chorotypidae 1 1 Orthopteran fauna of India is published by Kirby 3. Pyrgomorphidae 8 9 (1914) and Chopard (1969). However, a little 4. Tetrigidae 9 13 information on Orthopteran fauna from Karnataka 5. Tridactylidae 1 2 has been published by Usman & Puttarudraiah 6. Gryllidae 24 40 (1955), Vastrad (1986), Kumar & Vikraktamath 7. Trigonidiidae 5 7 (1990, 1991) and Vastrad et al. (1991). 8. Gryllotalpidae 2 2 9. Mogoplistidae 3 5 16 19 111 159 A number of workers including Bhowmik (1985a, b, 1986), Shishodia & Hazra (1986), 10. Tettigoniidae Shishodia & MandaI (1990), MandaI et al. (1990, Total 2007), Shishodia (1991, 1997a, b, 2000), Hazra et al. (1993, 1995), Vasanth (1993), Schmidt (1998), SYSTEMATIC LIST Shishodia & Tandon (2000), Dey & Hazra (2003), Order ORTHOPTERA MandaI & Yadav (2007), Gupta et al. (2008), Suborder CAELIFERA Shishodia et al. (2010) have also worked on the Superfamily ACRIDOIDEA Indian fauna and various states also included the Family ACRIDIDAE distribution of some species in Karnataka state. Subfamily ACRIDINAE Genus lulea Bolivar, 1914 This paper presents the comprehensive account on Orthopteran fauna of Karnataka along with 1. their known distribution in the state. Altogether, 159 species/subspecies ofOrthoptera belonging to 111 genera and 10 families are on listed. Julea indica Bolivar, 1914: Karnataka Genus Orthochtha Karsch, 1891 2. Orthochtha ramachandrae Popov, 1981: Karnataka 88 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Pasiphimus Bolivar, 1914 3. Pasiphimus sagittaeformis Bolivar, 1914 : Karnataka Genus Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 4. Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859) : Karnataka. Genus Phlaeoba StiH, 1860 Genus Xenocatantops Dirsh & Uvarov, 1953 17. Xenocatantops humilis humilis (Serville, 1839) : Karnataka. 18. Xenocatantops henryi (Bolivar, 1918) : Karnataka. Genus Diabolocatantops Jago, 1984 5. Phlaeoba ramakrishnai Bolivar, 1914: Karnataka 19. Diabolocatantops innotabilis (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. 6. Phlaeoba rotundata Uvarov, 1929 : Mysore : Karnataka 20. Diabolocatantops pulchellus (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. Genus Truxalis Fabricius, 1775 7. Truxalis indica (Bolivar, 1902) : Bellary. Genus Capulica Bolivar, 1918 8. 9. Genus Stenocatantops Dirsh & Uvarov, 1953 21. Stenocatantops splendens (Thunberg, 1915) : Karnataka. Capulica alata Uvarov, 1929 : Mysore Plateau. Tribe Genimenini Li, X. J. & X. C. Yin, 2009 Capulica pulla Bolivar, 1918 : Bellary : Kamalapuraur . 22. Genimen prasinum Bolivar, 1918 : Gudalur, Nilgiris. Genus Bababuddinia Bolivar, 1918 Tribe Paraconophymatini Otte, 1995 10. Bababuddinia bizonata Bolivar, 1918 : Attakati, Mysore : Bababuddin Hills, Mudumalai, Gudalur. Subfamily CALLIPTAMINAE Genus Acorypha Krauss, 1877 11. Acorypha glaucopsis (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. Subfamily CATANTOPINAE Genus Opharicus Bolivar, 1918 12. Opharicus ballardi Bolivar, 1918 : Kamalapuram and Yemmiganur, Bellary District. Genus Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 13. Pachyacris vinosa (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. 14. Pachyacris violascens (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. Genus Palniacris Henry, 1940 15. Palniacris maculatus Henry, 1940: Karnataka. Genus Oxyrrhepes StiH, 1873 16. Oxyrrhepes obtusa (De Haan, 1842) : Karnataka. Genus Genimen Bolivar, 1918 Genus Paraconophyma Uvarov, 1921 23. Paraconophyma scabra (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. Subfamily COPTACRIDINAE Genus Coptacra StiH, 1873 24. Coptacra ensifera Bolivar, 1902 : Belgaum. Genus Eucoptacra Bolivar, 1902 25. Eucoptacra ceylonica Kirby, 1914 : Dharwad. 26. Eucoptacra praemorsa (StiH, 1860) : Karnataka. Subfamily CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE Genus Anacardium U varov, 1923 27. Anacardium flavescens (Fabricius, 1773) : Karnataka. Genus Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 28. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica tatarica (Linnaeus, 1758) : Karnataka. Subfamily EYPREPOCNEMIDINAE Genus Tylotropidius StiH, 1860 29. Tylotropidius varicornis (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka 89 PRABAKAR and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera Tribe Eyprepocnemidini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 30. Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serville, 1839) : Karnataka Genus Parahieroglyphus Carl, 1916 44. Parahieroglyphus colemani (Bolivar, 1912) : Karnataka Subfamily OEDIPODINAE Subfamily GOMPHOCERINAE Genus Leva Bolivar, 1909 31. Leva indica Bolivar, 1902 : Mysore. Genus Chloebora Saussure, 1884 45. Chloebora crassa (Walker, 1870) : Belgaum. Genus Stenohippus Uvarov, 1926 32. Stenohippus trapezoids (Bolivar, 1914) : Karnataka Genus Dittopternis Saussure, 1884 46. Dittopternis venusta (Walker, 1870) : Mysore. Genus Gonista Bolivar, 1898 33. Gonista sagitta (Uvarov, 1912) : Mysore Plateau. Genus Aiolopus Fieber, 1853 47. Aiolopus thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius, 1798) : Karnataka. Genus Aulacobothrus Bolivar, 1902 34. Aulacobothrus luteipes inferrus Bolivar, 1902 : Karnataka. 35. Aulacobothrus luteipes luteipes (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. 36. Aulacobothrus socius (Bolivar, 1902) : Karnataka. Genus Crucinotacris Jago, 1996 37. Crucinotacris decisa (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. Genus Leinotacris Jago, 1996 38. Leinotacris bolivari Uvarov, 1921 : Karnataka. Subfamily HEMIACRIDINAE Genus Calamippa Henry, 1940 39. Calamippa prasina (Bolivar, 1902) : Gudalur District. Nadghnai Ghat, Dhimbam, Biligirirangam Hills. Genus Clonacris Uvarov, 1943 40. Clonacris kirbyi (Finot, 1903) : Karnataka. Genus Hieroglyphus Krauss, 1877 Genus Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884 48. Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg, 1815) : Karnataka. Genus Oedaleus Fieber, 1853 49. Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg, 1815) : Belgaum. Tribe Epacromiini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Genus Heteropternis StiH, 1873 50. Heteropternis respondens respondens (Walker, 1859) : Karnataka. Tribe Trilophidiini Shumakov, 1963 Genus Trilophidia StiH, 1873 51. Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg, 1815) : Belgaum. Subfamily OXYINAE Genus Chitaura Bolivar, 1918 52. Chitaura indica Uvarov, 1929 : Mysore : Coorg. Genus Oxya Serville, 1831 41. Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius, 1798) : Karnataka. 53. Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall, 1836) : Karnataka. 42. Hieroglyphus concolor (Walker, 1870) : Canara. 54. Oxya hyla hyla Serville, 1831: Karnataka. 43. Hieroglyphus nigropletus Bolivar, 1912: Karnataka. 55. Oxya japonica japonica (Thunberg, 1824) : Siddapur. 56. Oxya nitidula (Walker, 1870) : Karnataka. 90 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily SPATHOSTERNINAE Genus Chrotogonus Serville, 1838 Tribe Spathosternini Rehn, 1957 Subgenus Chrotogonus Serville, 1838 Genus Spathosternum Krauss, 1877 57. Spathosternum abbreviatum Uvarov, 1929 : Masinigudi : Karnataka. 58. Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871): Karnataka. Subfamily TROPIDOPOLINAE 66. Chrotogonus (Chrotogonus) oxypterus (Blanchard, 1836) : Bellary. Tribe Poekilocerini Bolivar, 1884 Genus Poekilocerus Serville, 1831 67. Poekilocerus pictus (Fabricius, 1775) : Karnataka. Tribe Tristriini Mishchenko, 1945 Tribe Pyrgomorphini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874 Genus Tristria StiH, 1873 Genus Pyrgomorpha Serville, 1838 59. Tristria pulvinata (Uvarov, 1921) : Karnataka. 68. Pyrgomorpha (Pyrgomorpha) conica (Olivier, 1791) : Karnataka. Superfamily EUMASTACOIDEA Family CHOROTYPIDAE Subfamily CHOROTYPINAE Genus Zarytes Bolivar, 1904 69. Zarytes squalinus squalinus (Saussure, 1884) : Karnataka. Superfamily TETRIGOIDEA Tribe Chorotypini StiH, 1873 Family TETRIGIDAE Genus Phyllochoreia Westwood, 1839 Subfamily SCELIMENINAE 60. Phyllochoreia sp. : Mysore. Tribe Thoradontini Kevan, 1966 Superfamily PYRGOMORPHOIDEA Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE Subfamily ORTHACRIDINAE Tribe Popoviini Kevan & Akbar, 1964 Genus Cole mania Bolivar, 1910 61. Colemania sphenarioides Bolivar, 1910 : Bellary, Mysore. Genus Ramakrishnaia Bolivar, 1918 62. Ramakrishnaia gracilis (Kevan, 1964) : Coorg. 63. Ramakrishnaia notabilis Bolivar, 1918 : Mysore. Subfamily PYRGOMORPHINAE Tribe Atractomorphini Bolivar, 1905 Genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 64. Atractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius, 1793) : Karnataka. Genus F eacris Kevan, 1969 65. Feacris malabarensis (Kevan, 1953) : Mysore. Genus Bolivaritettix Gunther, 1939 70. Bolivaritettix ins ignis (Kirby, 1914) : Karnataka. 71. Bolivaritettix javanicus (Bolivar, 1909) : Karnataka. Genus Eucriotettix Hebard, 1929 72. Eucriotettix exsertus (Bolivar, 1902) : Attakatti. 73. Eucriotettix Jlavopictus (Bolivar, 1902) : Karnataka. 74. Eucriotettix maculatus (Kirby, 1914) : Siddapur. 75. Eucriotettix spinilobus (Hancock, 1904) : Karnataka. Genus Thoradonta Hancock, 1909 76. Thoradonta spiculoba, Hancock, 1912 : Mudumalai. Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907 Genus Euscelimena Gunther, 1938 77. Euscelimena harpago (Serville, 1839) : Karnataka. PRABAKAR and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera 91 Subfamily TETRIGINAE Genus Gymnogryllus Saussure, 1877 Genus Ergatettix Kirby, 1914 89. Gymnogryllus kashmirensis Bhowmik, 1967 : Mysore. 78. Ergatettix dorsiferus (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. Genus Hedotettix Bolivar, 1887 79. Hedotettix gracilis (Haan, 1842) : Karnataka. 80. Hedotettix punctatus Hancock, 1909 : Karnataka. Genus Itaropsis Chopard, 1925 90. Itaropsis tenella (Walker, 1869) : Mysore : Nalparai. Genus Loxoblemmus Saussure, 1877 91. Loxoblemmus equestris Saussure, 1877: Mysore : Valparai. Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838 Genus Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 Genus Copotettix Bolivar, 1887 81. Copotettix annandalei Hancock, 1915 : Karnataka. Genus Paratettix Bolivar, 1887 82. Paratettix cingalensis (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. Infraorder TRIDACTYLIDEA Subgenus Phonarellus Gorochov, 1983 92. Phonarellus (Phonarellus) erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Serville, 1839) : Shimoga. 93. Phonarellus (Phonarellus) humeralis (Walker, 1871) : Shimoga. 94. Phonarellus (Phonarellus) minor Chopard, 1959: Mysore. Superfamily TRIDACTYLOIDEA Brulle, 1835 Genus Plebeiogryllus Randell, 1964 Family TRIDACTYLIDAE Brulle, 1835 Subfamily TRIDACTYLINAE Brulle, 1835 Genus Xya Latreille, 1809 83. Xya nigraenea (Walker, 1871): Karnataka. 84. Xya riparia (Saussure, 1877) : Dharward : Mysore. Suborder ENSIFERA Superfamily GRYLLOIDEA Family GRYLLIDAE Subfamily GRYLLINAE Tribe Gryllini Laicharting, 1781 Genus Acanthoplistus Saussure, 1877 85. Acanthoplistus birmanus Saussure, 1877: Karnataka Genus Depressogryllus Gorochov, 1988 86. Depressogryllus depressiceps (Ebner, 1935) : Karnataka. Genus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 87. Gryllus (Gryllus) bimaculatus De Geer, 1773 : Bengaluru, Shimoga. 88. Gryllus (Gryllus) quadrimaculatus Saussure, 1877: Mysore. 95. Plebeiogryllus guttiventris guttiventris(Walker, 1871) : Mysore : Karnataka. Genus Tarbinskiellus Gorochov, 1983 96. Tarbinskiellus orientalis (Burmeister, 1838) : Shimoga. 97. Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein, 1796) : Karnataka. 98. Tarbinskiellus terrificus (Walker, 1869) : Mysore : Bhadravati. Genus Teleogryllus Chopard, 1961 Subgenus Brachyteleogryllus Gorochov, 1988 99. Teleogryllus (Brachyteleogryllus) occipitalis (Serville, 1838) : Karnataka. Subgenus Macroteleogryllus Gorochov, 1988 100. Teleogryllus (Macroteleogryllus) mitratus (Burmeister, 1838) : Singla : Shimoga. Genus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 Subgenus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 101. Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) aspersus (Walker, 1869) : Mysore : Shimoga and Valparai. 92 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 102. Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) ceylonicus (Chopard, 1928) : Mysore. 103. Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus)fallax (Chopard, 1969) : Mysore. Genus Gryllodes Saussure, 1874 104. Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker, 1869) : Mysore: Shimoga. 105. Gryllodes supplicans (Walker, 1859) : Shimoga. Genus Gryllopsis Chopard, 1928 106. Gryllopsis femorata Chopard, 1935: Mysore. 107. Gryllopsis flavifrons Chopard, 1969 : Coorg. 108. Gryllopsis furcata (Saussure, 1877) : Shimoga. Genus Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961 Subgenus Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961 109. Modicogryllus (Modicogryllus) confirmatus (Walker, 1859) : Shimoga. 110. Modicogryllus (Modicogryllus)facialis (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. 118. Sclerogryllus punctatus Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1893 : Mysore : Coorg. Subfamily PODOSCIRTINAE Tribe Podoscirtini Saussure, 1878 Genus Madasumma Walker, 1869 119. Madasumma ventralis Walker, 1869 : Karnataka. Genus Prozvenella Gorochov, 2002 120. Prozvenella soror (Chopard, 1969) : Karnataka Subfamily NEMOBIINAE Tribe Pteronemobiini Otte & Alexander, 1983 Genus Dianemobius Vickery, 1973 121. Dianemobius csikii (Bolivar, 1901) : Nedungadu. 122. Dianemobiusfascipes (Walker, 1869) : Mysore: Shimoga. Genus Polionemobius Gorochov, 1983 123. Polionemobius taprobanensis (Walker, 1869) : Mysore: Shimoga. (Chopard, 1936) : Mysore : Nedungadu. Genus Pteronemobius Jacobson and Bianchi, 1905 Subgenus Promodicogryllus Gorochov, 1986 Subgenus Pteronemobius Jacobson, 1904 111. Modicogryllus (Modicogryllus)flavus 112. Modicogryllus (Promodicogryllus) bucharicus (Bei-Bienko, 1933) : Karnataka. 113. Modicogryllus (Promodicogryllus) ehsani (Chopard, 1961) : Mysore : Nedungadu. Genus Turanogryllus Tarbinskii, 1940 114. Turanogryllus fascifrons (Chopard, 1969) : Karnataka 115. Turanogryllus maculithorax Chopard, 1969 Shimoga : Kodikam mounts. Subfamily LANDREVINAE Tribe Landrevini Gorochov, 1882 Genus Landreva Walker, 1869 116. Landreva semialata Chopard, 1928 : Canara. 124. Pteronemobius (Pteronemobius) heydeni concolor (Walker, 1871) : Mysore: Shimoga. Genus Stenonemobius Gorochov, 1981 Subgenus Ocellonemobius Gorochov, 1981 125. Stenonemobius (Ocellonemobius) bicolor bicolor (Saussure, 1877) : Karnataka. Genus Paranemobius Saussure, 1877 126. Paranemobius pictus (Saussure, 1877) : Bengaluru : Shimoga. 127. Paranemobius vicinus Chopard, 1928 : Mysore : Coorg. Subfamily OECANTHINAE Subfamily SCLEROGRYLLINAE Tribe Oecanthini Blanchard, 1845 Genus Sclerogryllus Gorochov, 1985 Genus Oecanthus Serville, 1831 117. Sclerogryllus coreaceus (Haan, 1842): Karnataka. 128. Oecanthus indicus Saussure, 1878 : Karnataka. PRABAKAR and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera Subfamily EUSCYRTINAE Genus Euscyrtus Guerin Meneville, 1844 Subgenus Osus Gorochov, 1987 129. Euscyrtus (Osus) concinnus (Haan, 1842) : Mysore : Mudumalai. 93 Genus Derectaotus Chopard, 1936 139. Derectaotus ceylonicus (Chopard, 1928) : Karnataka. 140. Derectaotus indicus (Chopard, 1928) : Mysore. Family TRIGONIIDAE Superfamily TETTIGONIOIDEA Tribe Trigonidiini Saussure, 1874 Family TETTIGONIIDAE Genus Amusurgus Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1893 Subfamily CONOCEPHALINAE Subgenus Amusurgus Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1893 Tribe Conocephalini Burmeister, 1838 130. Amusurgus (Amusurgus) fulvus Chopard, 1969: Mysore. 131. Amusurgus (Amusurgus) unicolor Chopard, 1925: Mysore : Coorg. Genus Anaxipha Saussure, 1874 132. Anaxipha longipennis (Serville, 1839) : Shimoga. Genus Homoeoxipha Saussure, 1874 133. Homoeoxipha lycoides (Walker, 1869) : Mysore : Valparai. Genus Metiochodes Chopard, 1931 134. Metiochodes greeni (Chopard, 1925) : Shimoga. Genus Trigonidium Rambur, 1838 135. Trigonidium humbertianum (Saussure, 1878) : Karnataka. Subgenus Trigonidium Rambur, 1839 136. Trigonidium (Trigonidium) cicindeloides Rambur, 1839: Mysore. Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE Subfamily GRYLLOTALPINAE Genus Gryllotalpa Latreille, 1802 137. Gryllotalpa africana Beauvois, 1805 : Shimoga. Genus Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815 Subgenus Anisoptera Latreille, 1829 141. Conocephalus (Anisoptera) honorei (Bolivar, 1900) : Karnataka. Subfamily HEXACENTRINAE Genus Euhexacetrus Hebard, 1922 142. Euhexacentrus annulicornis (StiH, 1877) : Karnataka. Subfamily MECONEMA TINAE Tribe Meconematini Burmeister, 1838 Genus Nefateratura Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000 143. Nefateratura mesembrina Kevan & Jin, 1993: South Coorg, Ammatti. Genus Indokuzicus Gorochov, 1998 144. Indokuzicus militaris (Bolivar, 1900) : South Coorg, Ammatti. Genus Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 Subgenus Xiphidiopsis Redtenbacher, 1891 145. Xiphidiopsis (Xiphidiopsis) straminula (Walker, 1871) : Karnataka. Genus Xizicus Gorochov, 1993 Subgenus Axizicus Gorochov, 1998 146. Xizicus (Axizicus) simplicicercts ( Kevan, 1993) : South Coorg, Ammatti. Subfamily MECOPODINAE Subfamily SCAPTERISCINAE Tribe Mecopodini Walker, 1871 Genus Indioscaptor Nickle, 2003 Genus Mecopoda Serville, 1831 138. Indioscaptor leptodactylus Chopard, 1928 : Shimoga. 147. Mecopoda elongata elongata (Linnaeus, 1758) : Karnataka. Family MOGOPLISTIDAE Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE Subfamily MOGOPLISTINAE Genus Himertula Uvarov, 1940 94 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 155. Phaneroptera (Phaneroptera) gracilis Burmeister, 1838 : Karnataka. 148. Himertula kinneari (Uvarov, 1923) : Karnataka. Genus Letana Walker, 1869 Tribe Trigonocoryphini Bei-Bienko, 1954 149. Letana atomifera (Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1878) : Bengaluru, Bellary. Genus Trigonocorypha StiH, 1874 (1873) 150. Letana bulbosa Ingrisch,1990 : Karnataka. 156. Trigonocorypha unicolor (Stoll, 1787) : Karnataka. Tribe Elimaeini Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1891 Subfamily PSEUDOPHYLLINAE Genus Elimaea StiH, 1874 Tribe Cocconotini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 Subgenus Elimaea Karny, 1926 Genus Meroncidius Serville, 1831 151. Elimaea (Elimaea) securigera Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1878 : Karnataka. Tribe Ducetiini Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1878 Genus Ducetia StiH, 1874 157. Meroncidius ochraceous StiH, 1813: Karnataka. Tribe Cymatomerini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 Genus Sathrophyllia StiH, 1874 152. Ducetiajaponica (Thunberg, 1815) : Bellary, Coorg, Lallar. Tribe Holochlorini Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1878 Genus Holochlora StiH, 1873 158. SathrophylliaJemorata (Fabricius, 1787) : Karnataka. 159. Sathrophyllia rugosa (Linnaeus, 1758) : Karnataka. 153. Holochlora indica Kirby, 1906 : Karnataka. 154. Holochlora spectabilis (Walker, 1869) : Karnataka. Tribe Phaneropterini Burmeister, 1838 Genus Phaneroptera Serville, 1831 Subgenus Phaneroptera Serville, 1831 SUMMARY The paper presents the checklist of Orthoptera of Karnataka along with their known distribution only from the state, which includes 159 species/ subspecies of belonging to 111 genera representing 10 families. REFERENCES Bhowmik, H. K. 1985a. Contribution to the gryllid fauna of the Western Himalaya (Orthoptera Grylloidea). Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No. 73 : 1-85. Bhowmik, H. K. 1985b. Outline of distribution with an index-catalogue ofindian grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acrididae). Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No. 78 : 1-51. Chopard, L. 1969. The Fauna of India and adjacent countries: Orthoptera, 2 Grylloidea. Pub. : Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata, 2 : 1-421. Dey, A. and Hazra, A. K. 2003. Diversity and distribution of grasshopper fauna of Greater Kolkata with notes on their ecology. Memoirs zool. Surv. India, 19 (3) : 1-118. Gupta, S. K., Dube, K. K. and Chandra, K. 2008. On a collection of Orthoptera from Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh. Natl. 1. Life Sci., 5(1) : 117-126. Hazra, A. K., Tandon, S. K., Shishodia, M. S., Dey, A. and MandaI, S. K. 1993. Insecta: Orthoptera : Acridoidea. Fauna oJ West Bengal, State Fauna Series 3, (Part 4), Zool. Surv. India, 287-354. PRABAKAR and CHANDRA : Insecta : Orthoptera 95 Hazra, A. K., Tandon, S. K., Shishodia, M. S., MandaI, S. K. and Dey, A. 1995. Insecta: Orthoptera : Acridoidea. Fauna of Meghalaya, State Fauna Series 4, (Part 3), Zool. Surv. India, : 209-277. Kirby, W. F. 1914. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, I. Orthoptera (Acridiidae) : IX+276 pp. London. Kumar, P. and Viraktmath, C. A. 1990. A list of short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) of Bangalore district and their host plants. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(3) : 320326. Kumar, P. and Viraktmath, C. A. 1991. Illustrated keys for identification of common species of shorthorned grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acridoidea) of Karnataka and notes on their ecology and behavior. Hexapoda (Insecta Indica), 3(1-2) : 53-70. MandaI, S. K. & Yadav, K. 2007. Insecta: Orthoptera : Acridoidea. Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, State Fauna Series 5, (Part 3), Zool. Surv. India, : 183-222. MandaI. S. K., Hazra, A. K. and Tandon, S. K. 1999. Studies on taxonomy, biology and ecology of grasshoppers. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Pap. No. 173, : i-iv, 1-167. MandaI. S. K., Dey, A. and Hazra, A. K. 2007. Pictorial Handbook on Indian short-horned grasshopper pests (Acridoidea : Orthoptera) : 1-57. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Schmidt, G. H. 1998. New records of Grylloidea from Africa and the Indian subcontinent (Insecta: Orthopteroidea : Ensifera). J. Ent. Res Soc., 1(1) : 39-57. Shishodia, M. S. 1991. Taxonomy and Zoogeography of the Tetrigidae (Orthoptera : Tetrigoidea) of North Eastern India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No. 140 : vi+ 1-203. Shishodia, M. S. 1997a. Orthoptera. Fauna of Delhi, State Fauna Series, 6, : 173-196. Shishodia, M. S. 1997b. Orthoptera. Fauna of Conservation Areas 9: Fauna of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Zool. Surv. India, : 49-53. Shishodia, M. S. 2000. Short and long horned grasshoppers and crickets of Bastar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India. 98(1) : 27-80. Shishodia, M.S., Chandra, K. and Gupta, S. K., 2010. An annotated checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) from India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 314: 1-366. (Published by the Director, Zool Surv. India, Kolkata. Shishodia, M. S. and Hazra, A. K. 1986. Orthopteran Fauna of Silent Valley, Kerala, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 84 (1&4) : 191-228. Shishodia, M. S. and MandaI. S. K. 1990. New records of Orthoptera (Insecta) from the N agarjuna Sagar reserve Forest, Andhra Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 87 (1) : 67-76. Shishodia, M. S. and Tandon, S. K. 2000. Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea and Eumastacoidea, (Part 2), Fauna of Tripura, State Fauna Series, 7, : 197-230. Usman, Sand Puttarudraiah, M. 1955. A list of the insects of Mysore including the mites. Bull. Dept. Agric. Mysore (Ent.) 16 : 4-8. 96 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Vasanth, M. 1993. Studies on crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera : Gryllidae) of Northeast India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No. 132: i-vi, 1-178. Vastrad, A. S. 1986. Ecological studies on grasshoppers (Acridoidea : Orthoptera) fauna of Dharwad region. M. Sc. (Agri.) thesis, University of Agril. Sciencs, Dharwad. Pp. 124. Vastrad, A. S., Rai, P. S. and Lingappa, S. 1991. Ecological distribution, life forms and food habits of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Dharwad region, Karnataka. Hexapoda, 3 (1-2) : 94100. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 97-122, 2013 INSECTA ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA S.K. MANDAL, K. YADA V and S. CHAKRABARTY Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-7000 53 INTRODUCTION Karnataka is a lower to high altitude hilly state in the south west India .. Notable workers like, Bolivar (1902, 1914), Kirby (1914), Uvarov (1921,1929), Henry (1940), Dirsh (1954,1961, 1975), Banerjee and Kevan (1960, 1964), Hollis (1971), Jago (1971), Ingrisch (1993) have taxonomically studied the group, but no body has yet worked out the fauna of Acridoidea of Karnataka state, except MandaI & Tirumalai (2009) have recorded a list of Acridoidea from this state. Present paper is based on recent surveys in Karnataka by the scientists of Zoological Survey of India as well as previously published data. This report is as such the first consolidated report of the Superfamily Acridoidea from the state of Karnataka. The present paper reports a total of 58 species distributed under 44 genera and 2 families, along with their systematic account, valid names, species diagnosis and zoogeographical distribution. Nineteen species are new from this state, these have been marked with an (*) in the text. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT CLASSIFIED LIST OF ACRIDOIDEA 2. Chrotogonus (Blanchard) (Chr.) 3. Chrotogonus (Blanchard) (Chr.) tr. oxypterus 5. Ramakrishna notabilis Bolivar 6. Pyrgomorpha bispinosa bispinosa (Walker) 7. Pyrgomorpha conica Bolivar 8. Neorthacris acuticeps acuticeps (Bolivar) 9. Orthacris (Pseudoorthacris) rufocornis Bolivar Family ACRIDIDAE Subfamily GOMPHOCERINAE 10. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus) (Walker) luteipes 11. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus) desicus (Walker) 12. Leva indica Bolivar 13. Leva cruciata Bolivar 14. Bababuddinia bizonata Bolivar 15. Phonogaster carniventris Henry 16. Capulica alata Uvarov Subfamily ACRIDINAE 17. Acrida exaltata (Walker) 18. Phlaeoba infumata Brunner 19. Phlaeoba antennata Brunner 20. Phlaeoba rotunda Uvarov Superfamily ACRIDOIDEA 21. Gonista sagitta (Uvarov) 1. Atractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius) oxy. 4. Ramakrishnaia gracilis Kevan Order ORTHOPTERA Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE trachypterus 22. Gelastorrhinus semipictus (Walker) 23. Paraphlaeoba platyceps Bolivar Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 98 Subfamily OEDIPODINAE 55. Stenocatantops splendens (Thunberg) 24. Aiolopus thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius) Subfamily CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE 25. Heteroptemis respondens (Walker) 56. Pachyacris violascens (Walker) 26. Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg) 57. Chondracris rosea (de Geer) 27. Gastrimargus africanus africanus (Saussure) 58. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Linnaeus) 28. Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg) Superfamily ACRIDOIDEA 29. Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure 30. Morphacris citrina (Walker) 31. Dittoptemis venusta (Walker) Subfamily ROMALINAE 32. Teratodes monticollis (Gray) Subfamily HEMIACRIDINAE 33. Spathostemum pro prasiniferum (Walker) 34. Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) 35. Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus Bolivar 36. Gesonula punctifrons (Stal) Subfamily OXYINAE Size small to large, but range from less than lOmm to 65 mm.; antennae filiform, but some time ensiform; pronotum rarely cover a part of abdomen; wings either fully developed or reduced or absent; fore wings in the form of leathery tegmina; hind wings membranous, fan like; tympanal organ generally present; strong and well developed hind legs with enlarged femora which are adapted for jumping; all tarsi three segmented; claws provided with an arolium; structure of phallic complex entirely different and epiphallus present. 37. Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall) 38. Oxya hyla hyla Serville Key to families 39. Oxya nitidula (Walker) 41. Coptacra punctoria (Walker) 1. Foveolae of vertex contiguous, superior and forming the extremity of the fastigium; stridulator mechanism absent ...................... .. .................................. PYRGOMORPHIDAE 42. Coptacra ensifera Bolivar - 40. Chitaura indica Uvarov Subfamily COPTACRIDINAE 43. Eucoptacra saturata (Walker) Subfamily TROPIDOPOLINAE 44. Oxyrrhepes obtusa (de Haan) Foveolae lateral or inferior, never forming the tip of fastigium; stridulatory mechanism present ...................................... ACRIDIDAE Family PYRGOMORPHIDAE 45. Tristria pulvinata (Uvarov) Key to genus Subfamily EYPREPOCNEMIDINAE 46. Eyprepocnemis al. alacris (Serville) 47. Heteracris pulchra (Bolivar) 48. Tylotropidius varicomis (Walker) 1. Anterior margin of prosternum strongly reflexed and dialated . Chrotogonus Serville - Subfamily CATANTOPINAE 49. Paraconophyma scabra (Walker) 50. Catantops pinguis innotabilis (Walker) 51. Catantops pulchellus (Walker) Anterior margin of prosternum neither reflexed nor dialated .................................................. 2 2. Antennae remote from the eyes, placed in front of the ocelli .................................................. 3 - 52. Catantops henryi Bolivar Antennae near the eyes and inserted below the ocelli .................. Pyrggomorpha Serville 53. Xenocatantops humilis humilis (Serville) 3. Brachypterus, or fully winged ................... .4 54. Xenocatantops kamyi (Kirby) - Tegmina rather absent ................................. 5 MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 99 4. Tegmen reaches upto the first abdominal segment ................................. Ramakrishnaia Elsewhere : Bangladesh; Malaya: Myanmar; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; N. Sumatra; Thailand and S. Vietnam. Tegmen long and narrow and reaches beyond the abdomen ......................... Atractomorpha 5. Body rather uniformly slender and cylindrical; head longer than wide; tubercles of cheeks and lateral pronotal lobes few or lacking; tympanum variable, often small or lacking .. ........................................ Neorthacris Kevan Body varying from slender to stout; head variable, longer than wide; tubercles of cheek and lateral pronotal lobes numerous; tympanum always distinct ............................ . .......................................... Orthacris Bolivar Genus Chrotogonus Serville, 1839 Key to species 1. Hind wings are clearly hyaline or occasionally faintly tinged yellowish brown but never infumated .............. trachypterus (Blanchard) Hind wings always infumated ...................... . ............ ........... .......... oxypterus (Blanchard) Genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1862 1. Atractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius) Remarks : It is a common species, generally found near the marshy land. Genus Chrotogonus Serville, 1839 2. Chrotogous (Chr.) trachypterus trachypterus (Blanchard) 1836. Ommexecha trachypterum Blanchard, AnnIs. Soc. ent. France, 5 : 618. 1959. Chrotogonus (Chr.) trachypterus trachypterus Kevan, Publocoes cult. Co. Diam, Angola, no. 43 : 147 . Material examined: District: Shimoga : 2 a a, 3'¥ '¥, Shimoga, 24.ix.2008, coIl. S.K. Mandal. Diagnosis: Body small in size; flattened; hind wings hyaline or occasionally faintly tinged yellowish brown, extend nearly two-thirds as long as tegmina. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, South east of Maharastra, South of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Sri Lanaka. 1793. Truxalis crenu1ata Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2 : 28. 1969. Atractomorpha crenulata: Kevan and Chen, Zool. 1. Linn. Soc., 48 : 187. Material examined: District: Mysore : 4'¥ '¥ , Manchali kere, 12.ix.2008, coIl. S.K. MandaI; 3'¥ '¥, Gundappa, 13.ix.2008, coIl. S.K. Mandal. Distict : Shimoga : 2'¥ '¥, Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, coIl. S.K. Mandal. Diagnosis : Green or pale in colour; body medium and slender; fastigium of vertex short; eyes convex and prominent; lateral pronotallobes with distinct membranous area, specially in females; hind femora not clearly convex; tegmina pointed, extending for one fourth of their length beyond the hind femora; hind wings normally tyrian pink to light mallow purple at base. Distribution : India (Throughout). Remarks : This species is the pest of various types of crops. 3. Chrotogonus (Chr.) oxy. oxypterus (Blanchard) 1836. Ommexecha oxypterum Blanchard, AnnIs. Soc. ent. France, 5 : 622. 1959. Chrotogonus (Chrotogonus) oxypterus oxypterus : Kevan, Publsoes cult. Co. Diam. Angola, no, 43 : 48. Material examined: District: Shimoga : 5 '¥ '¥ , Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandal. Diagnosis: Body dorsoventrally flattened; hind wings infumated at basal part and extended nealy 2/3 rd as long as tegmina. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Kerala, South-east of 100 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Maharastra, Chattishgarh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Remarks : It is a pest of various crops and vegetables and prefer the places where the amount of water is less in soil. Genus Ramakrishnaia Bolivar, 1918 Key to species 1. Body slender fastigium vertices not narrow ........................................... notabilis Bolivarr Body more slender fastigium vertices narrower ............................................... gracilis Kevan sub genital plate in dorsal View; slender ovipositor valves. ill female with Distribution: India (Karnataka). Remarks: It is taken from the literature (Kevan, 1964). Genus Pyrgomorpha Serville, 1831 Key to species 1. Lateral carinae of pronotum well marked .... .............................................. conica (Olivar) Lateral carina of pronotum broken .............. . ....................... bispinosa bispinosa (Walker) 4. Ramakrishnaia gracilis Kevan 1964. Ramakrishnaia gracilis Kevan, Can. Ent., 96 : 1501. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis: Male: Head acutely conical, longer than pronotum; fastigium of vertex elongate, longer than wide; median carinula prominent; disc of pronotum a little longer than wide; disc of pronoum longer than wide, median carina distinct, lateral pronotallobe longer than deep; mesonotum about as long as metazoan of pronotum; tegmina reduced, very narrow, strap like, slightly expanded posterior margin and reaching posterior margin of first abdominal segment; supra-anal plate narrowly elongate-triangular with a median longitudinal sulus; subgenital plate acute in dorsal view, subtruncate in lateral view; cerci short, compressed and broad at base. Female : head straight; dorsally in profile; fastigium of vertex with lateral margins divergence posteriorly; supraanal plate and subgenital plate 5. Ramakrishnaia notabilis Bolivar 1918. Ramakrishnaia notabilis Bolivar, Rev. Acad. Cien. exact. fisi. nat. Madrid, 16 : 392. 1964. Ramakrishnaia notabilis Kevan, Can. Ent., 96 : 1500. Material examined : not available. Diagnosis : Body more or less slender with a little narrow fastigium vertices and oblique frontal profile; head longer than pronotum; in male epiproct more or less elongate and an acute 6. Prgomorpha bisinosa bispinosa (Walker) 1870. Pyrgomorpha bispinosa Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 3 : 499. 1975. Pyrgomorpha bispinosa bispinosa : Kevan, Acrida, 4 : 58. Material examined: District: Mysore : 1 '¥ , Rajiv Gandhi National park, 14.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI. Diagnosis: Body medium size and moderately slender; pronotum with lateral carinae broken; tegmina in some cases even in female, extend beyond the abdomen; posterior ventral point of lateral pronotal lobe distinct but generally short. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,Orissa, Tamil Nadu). Remarks : It is recorded first time from Karnataka. 7. Pyrgomorpha conica (Olivier) 1791. Acridium conicum Olivier, Encycl. Meth. Ins., 6 : 230. 1914. Pyrgomorpha conica : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthoptera : 175. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis : Lateral carinae of pronotum well marked; wings hyaline, generally pink towards the base along nervures; hind tibiae above with an outer apical spine; abdomen spotted with black above. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 101 Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal). a furrow on supra-anal plate of male; hind femora narrow. Elsewhere: N.W. Africa, W. Asia; S.Europe. Remarks : This species is rather in limited distribution. It is reported from literature (MandaI, 2007). Genus Neorthacris Kevan, 1964 8. Neorthacris acuticeps acuticeps (Bolivar)* Distribution Tamil Nadu). India (Karnataka, Kerala and Remarks: This species is newly recorded from Karnataka state. Family ACRIDIDAE Key to the subfamily 1902. Orthacris acuticeps Bolivar, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 608, 610. 1. Prosternal tubercle usually absent; if present, then antennae ensiform and body strongly elongate ........................................................ 2 1964. Neorthacris acuticeps acuticeps : Kevan & Singh, Entomologist, 97 : 175. Prosternal tubercle present ......................... .4 Material examined : District : Codagu : 1, '¥ , Talkavery wls, 17.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. 2. Sound producing mechanism represented by articulated stridulatory pegs on inner side of hind femur ................... GOMPHOCERINAE Diagnosis : Body elongate, side of the body with a distinct broad black (some time dark green) band bordered both above and below by much narrower yellow stripes runs uniformly and unbroken; male cerci as long as but not sufficiently longer than supra anal plate; female supra anal plate longer than its width. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu). Remarks : This species is first time recorded from Karnataka state. Genus Orthacris (Pseudorthacris) Kevan and Singh 9. Orthacris (Pseudorthacris) rufocornis Bolivar* 1902. Orthacris rufocornis Bolivar, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 580. Sound producing mechanism not represented by peg on inner side of hind femur ........... 3 3. Head with acute in profile, and with acute angle of frons; tegmina without intercalary vein (if present, weak, irregular and not serrated even in male) ............. ACRIDINAE Head rounded in profile, face almost vertical, rarely oblique and tegmina always with an intercalary vein in median area (mostly well developed) ......................... OEDIPODINAE 4. Lower basal lobe of hind femur as long as upper one or insignificantly longer or shorter ............................................ ROMALEINAE Lower basal lobe of hind femur distinctly shorter than upper one ................................. 5 1964. Orthacris (Pseudorthacris) rufocornis : Kevan and Singh, Trans. R. Entom. Soc. London, 117(13) : 367. 5. Radial area of tegmen with a series of regular parallel stridulatory veinlets ........................ .. ...................................... HEMIACRIDINAE Material examined : District : Codagu : 1 a, Talkavery wild life sanctuary, 17.ix.2008, collc S.K. Mandai. Stridulatory veinlets of radial area of tegmen absent; if apterous, then tympanum (at least rudimentary) present .................................... 6 Diagnosis : Size medium; body robust; antennae long, with 14 segments, segments quadrate; fastigium of vertex semi-circurcular in front, longer than wide; sides of head and pronotum with a few tubercles; tympanum large; 6. Lower external lobe of hind knee with spinelike apex ...................................... OXYINAE Lower external lobe of hind knee with apex rounded, angular or subacute but not spine like ................................................................ 7 102 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 7. Last abdominal tergite in male (in most of the genera) well developed furcula; supra anal plate mostly with an attenuate or trilobate apex ....................................... COPTACRIDINAE Last abdominal tergite without well developed furcula; supraanal plate. Variable; sub genital plate without transverse fold....... .............. 8 8. Mesosternal interspace closed ........................ . ..................................... TROPIDOPOLINAE Mesosternal space mostly open .................. 9 9. Mesosternallobes rounded or obtuse-angular or acute-angular, but not rectangular ........ 10 Mesosternal lobes rectangular ...................... . ...................... CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE 10. Dorsum of pronotum flat or weekly tectiform, with median and lateral carinae linear (linear carinae sometimes obliterated); male cercus with strongly compressed, lobiform or subacute, down curved at apex .................... . ........................... EYPREPOCNEMIDINAE Dorsum of pronotum of variable shape; lateral carinae if present, not linear; male cercus variable, but not with strongly compressed, lobiform or subacute, down curved at apex ......................................... CATANTOPINAE Subfamily GOMPHOCERINAE Key to Genera 1. Body long slender; head broad, lamellated, longer than pronotum; head and pronotum with numerous parallel carinae; wings abbreviated ................ ............. .......... Phonogaster Henry Body not long and slender; head not broad and lamellated; head and pronotum without parallel carinae; wings well developed ...... 2 2. Antennae flattened towards basal segment; prozona longer than metazona ..................... . ................................... Bababuddinia Bolivar Antennae filiform; prozona not longer than metazona ....................................................... 3 3. Fastigial foveolae of vertex not visible from above, apex more or less angular ................ . .................................................. Leva Bolivar Fastigial foveolae of vertex visible from above, apex not pointed ........... Dnopherula Karsch Genus Dnopherula Karsch, 1896 Subgenus Aulacobothrus Bolivar, 1902 10. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus) luteipes (Walker) 1871. Stenobothrus luteipes Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 5 Suppl. : 82. 1971. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus) luteipes : Jago, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad., 123(8) : 243 Material examined: District : Dakhin Kanada 1 '¥, Bhatkal,20.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Mysore : 2'¥ '¥, Manchalikere, I2.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. 6'¥ '¥ ,Rajiv Gandhi national park,13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 3 '¥ '¥ ,Haihole, Settihali wls, I5.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. 60' a, 11 '¥ '¥, Saravati wls, I6&17.ii. 20W,collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Size small; hind femur with three black bands on the dorsal surface and with a black at the distal end; pronotum subcylindrical with nearly parallel lateral carinae which are weakly concave in the middle part; posterior part of pronotum nearly smooth and posterior margin obtusely angulate; median carina distinct; hind tibiae reddish in the apical part. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal) . Elsewhere: N. America; China; Europe; Japan; Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Remarks: Widely distributed in India. 11. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus ) descisus (Walker) 1871. Stenobothrus decisus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus., 5 : 80. 1971. Dnopherula (Aulacobothrus) decisus : Jago, Proc. Acad. Sci. nat. Philad., 123(8) : 24. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 103 Material examined: District: Shimoga : 36 6, 3'¥ '¥, Shettihali wls, 15. ii. 2010, collc. S.K. Mandai. 1 '¥ , Saravati wls, Joga, 17 .ii.20 10, collc. S.K. Mandai. Material examined: District: Mysore : 466, 6'¥ '¥ ,Gundappa, Rajiv Gandhi national park, 13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size small; general colour brownish; fastigium of vertex almost subtraingular; abdomen carinated above; a pale stripe usually running from fastigium to end of pronotum; tegmen rufo testaceous; tibiae with small black spines on each side. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharastra, West Bengal). Diagnosis: Size small; antennae filiform, basal segments slightly depressed; fastigium of vertex long, angular with acute apex, foveole not visible above; Dorsum of pronotum constricted, lateral carinae of pronotum excurved in prozona and in metazoan to form 'X' shaped marking. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks: We have found this specIes from two localities of Shimoga district. Remarks: This species is fairly distributed in Karnataka. Genus Leva Bolivar, 1909 14. Bababuddinia bizonata Bolivar 12. Leva indica (Walker) 1909. Gymnobothrus indicus Bolivar, Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat., 9 : 295. 1921. Leva indica: Uvarov, Ann. nat. Hist., 7(9) : 485. Material examined : District : Mysore : 16, Rajiv Gandhi national park, 12.ii. ix. 2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. 466,2 '¥ '¥, Gundappa, 13, ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Size small; antennae filiform, basal segments slightly depressed; fastigium of vertex long, angular with acute apex; foveolae not visible from above; lateral carinae of pronotum parallel in prozona and divergent in metazoan; median carina cut by 3rd sulcus in metazoan. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Bihar, Delhi, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : This species occurs with Leva cruciata. ill associated 13. Leva cruciata Bolivar 1914. Leva cruciata Bolivar, Trab, Mus. Cienc. nat. Madrid, 20: 66. 1929. Leva cruciata : Uvarov, Revue suisse Zool., 36 : 450. 1917. Bababuddinia bizonata Bolivar, Revta R. Acad. Cienc. Exact fis. Nat. Madrid, 16: 382. 1919. Bababuddinia bizonata : Revue Suisse Zool., 36 544. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis: Male: Size medium; head conical, fastigium of vertex longer than its width, convex, with transverse basal furrow and sharp marginal carinulae; fastigial foveolae hardly visible from above; antennae flattened towards basal se4gments; disc of pronotum flattened, crossed by single sulcus behind the middle of pronotum; elytra and wings fully developed and slightly extended beyond the hind femora; supr-anal plate triangular, acute at apex, cerci longer than the supra-anal plate, obtusely rounded at apex; sub genital plate acute at apex. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.) Remarks : This species IS taken from the literature (Uvarov, 1919). Genus Phonogaster Henry, 1940 15. Phonogaster cariniventris Henry* 1940. Phonogaster cariniventris Henry, Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 90(19) : 510. 104 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material examined: 266,1 '¥, Sadashivgarh, Karwar, 4.iv.1984, collc. M.S. Shishodia. situated nearly in the middle part of the head ............................... Gelastorhinnus Brunner Diagnosis : Body long and slender; head elongate, much longer than pronotum, dorsum of head and pronotum with a strong median carina and seven lateral parallel carinae starting from behind the eye; fastigium of vertex longer than eye; tegmina and wings extended behind the hind knee and posteriorly acutely pointed; in male supra-anal plate triangular and acutely blunt posteriorly; ceri cylindrical, tapering; in female supra-anal plate triangular, compressed; cerci short conical. 4. Tegmen rudimentary; wings not developed; apex of tegmina not Obliquely truncate ....... ................................... Paraphlaeoba Bolivar Distribution: (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu). Remarks : This species is endemic to India. Genus Capulica Bolivar, 1917 16. Capulica alata Uvarov Capulica alata Uvarov, Revue Suisse Zool., 36 : 540. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis: Not available. Distribution: India (Karnataka). Remarks: This species is taken from (Uvarov, 1929). Subfamily ACRIDINAE Key to genera Genus Acrida Linnaeus, 1758 Key to genera 1. Fastigium of vertex horizontally produced, and forming an angle with the frontal ridge ..... 2 Fastigium of vertex rounded in front, which is nearly vertical .............................................. 3 Tegmen and wings perfectly developed; apex of tegmina obliquely truncate ...................... . ......................................... Phlaeoba Brunner 17. Acrida exaltata (Walker) 1859. Truxalis exaltata Walker, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (3)4 : 222. 1954. Acrida exaltata : Dirsh, Bull. Soc. Fouad Ent., 38 : 149. Material examined: District : Mysore : 56 6 6'¥ '¥, Manchalikere, 12.ix. 2008, collc. S.K. MandaI. District: Shimago : 466,6 '¥ '¥ ,Shimago, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI. Diagnosis : Size medium large Size; head conically ascending, basal part narrow, fastigium of vertex broad, laminate and truncate; transverse sulcus of pronotum placed about the middle of disc; hind femora without any peg-like structure on internal surface. Distribution : India (Karnataka, widely distributed). Elsewhere : Afghanistan; Aden; Arabia; Bangladesh; S.E. Iran; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; S.E. Tibet and Yemen. Remarks: This species is widely distributed throughout plains and hilly regions of Indian subcontinent. Genus Phlaeoba Stal, 1860 Key to genera 2. Head large, tegmina longer than abdomen .. ...................................................................... 4 1. Antennae unicolour ........... infumata Brunner Head small; its length considerably shorter than pronotum ..................... Gonista Bolivar Antennae ringed or tipped with obscure yellow ......................................... antennata Brunner 3. Head length with considerably greater than the pronotum; eyes situated on the anterior part of the head ................... Acrida Linaeus Head length with equal to less than or some what greater than that of pronotum; eyes 18. Phlaeoba infumata Brunner 1893. Phlaeoba infumata Brunner, Annali Mus. civ. Star. Nat. Giacomo Doria, 33 : 124. 1914. Phlaeoba infumata : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthopt., : 103. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 105 Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 1 a, 2'¥ '¥ Muthodi, Bhadra wls, 21.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. 3 a a ,2 '¥ '¥, Emrally village, Muthodi, 21.ix. collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Mysore : 2a a, Gundappa, 13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 3 a a ,4 '¥ '¥, Rajiv Gandhi National park, 12.ix.2008,collc.S.K.Mandai. lOa a, 3'¥ '¥ , Haihole, Settihali wls,14,15 and 16.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Elsewhere: Bangladesh; Borneo; Myanmar; China; Hainan; Malaya; Tonking; Sumatra. Diagnosis: Size medium; brownish testaceous in colour; antennae ensiform; tegmina and wings longer than abdomen; wings fusco-hyaline, infuscated towards extremity and sub genital plate of male acute at apex. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Widely distributed). Elsewhere: S. China; Malacca; Myanmar; E. Nepai. 19. Phlaeoba antennata Brunner, 1893. Phlaeoba antennata Brunner, Annali. Mus. civ. Star. nat. Giacomo. Doria., 13 : 125. 1914. Phlaeoba antennata : Kirby, Faun. Brit. India, Orthoptera, Acrididae, : 102. Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 5 a a, 6'¥ '¥ , Emrally village, Muthodi, Bhadra wls, 20 & 21.ix.2008, collc S.K. Mandai. Distict : Codagu : 1 a, around source of Kavery river, 16.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Mysore : 1 a, Manchalikere, Rajiv Gandhi national park, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Shimago : 2'¥ '¥, Haihole, Settihali, 15.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 '¥, Gundappa, 13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Medium in size; olive-brown colour with a broad band running from the vertex to the end of tegmina, at least in male; antennae ensiform, black, tipped with yellow; pronotum smooth, all the three carinae well marked; wings bluish black at base, infuscated towards the tip; posterior tibiae dirty blue. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, West Bengal). Remarks : This species is well distributed in India. It is known to occur both in plains and hilly regions mainly in forest areas. 20. Phlaeoba rotundata Uvarov 1929. Phlaeoba rotundata Uvarov, Revue Suisse Zool., 36 : 537. Material examined: Not available. Distribution: India (Karnataka [Mysore], Tamil Nadu). Remarks : This species literature (Bhowmik, 1985). IS taken from the 21. Gonista sagitta (Uvarov) 1912. Gelastorrhinus sagitta Uvarov, Horae. Soc. Ent. Ross., 11(3) : 10. 1913. Gelastorrhinus semipictus : Kirby, Fauna British India, 1 : 217. 1933. Gonista sagitta: Uvarov, Trans. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci., URSS, 1 : 189. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis: Body long and slender; head small, much shorter than pronotum; vertex in both sexes distinctly narrowed towards the fastigium, its inner carinae converging towards the fastigium; antennae sword-shaped; length of tegmina 10-11 times more than their greatest width; wings 2.52.75 times more than its greatest width, shorter than tegmina; female mesosternum in the median part with distinctly separated lobes. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Manipur, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu). Elsewhere : North Afghanistan; Azerbaijan; Myanmar; Sri Lanka. Remarks : This species IS reported from (Tandon and Shishodia, 2004). It is commonly known as arrow grasshopper. Genus Gelastorrhinus Brunner, 1893 22. Gelastorrhinus semipictus (Walker)* 1870. Opomala semipicta Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 3 : 512. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 106 1914. Gelastorrhinus semipictus : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthoptera, Acrididae, 1: 217. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 '¥ , Saravati wls, 17.ii.201O, collc. S. K. MandaI Diagnosis : Body long, slender; fastigium is separated from vertex by an arched sulcus; antennae thickened and flattened at base, and as long as head and pronotum; tegmina is not uniformly green. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Elsewhere ; Sri Lanka. Remarks : This species is rare in collection. We have found one female from single locality. It is first time recorded from Karnataka. Genus Paraphlaeoba Bolivar, 1902 23. Paraphlaeoba platyceps Bolivar* 1902. Paraphlaeoba platyceps Bolivar, Anns. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 593. 1929. Paraphlaeoba platyceps Uvarov, Rev. suisse Zool., 36 : 538. Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 666,Emrally village, Bhadra wls, 21.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Mysore : 266, Manchallikere, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Size small; antennae 24 segments; seven basal segments of flagellum depressed, of which 4 segments more or less ensiform, apical segment pointed; frontal ridge compressed above median ocellus; pronotum with disc crossed by 2 transverse sulci; first sulcus indented on lateral lobes only; metazona less than half of the prozona; tegmina lobate and pointed at apex ; supra-anal plate triangular with a median transverse suture; cerci conical as long as supra-anal plate; subgenital plate navicular. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu). Remarks: This species is newly recorded from Karnataka state. Subfamily OEDIPODINAE Key to genera 1. Median carina of pronotum entire or slightly intersected by the transverse groove. (foeolae trapezoidal) .......................... Aiolopus Fieber Median carina of pronotum very distinctly interrupted by transverse groove ................. 2 2. Median carina of pronotumcut by two grooves ...................................................................... 3 Median carina of pronotum cut by two grooves ...................................................................... 6 3. Thorax rather short ..................................... .4 Thorax long .................................................. 5 4. Wings without well-marked fascia ............. 7 Wings with well marked fascia ................... . ·........................................... Oedaleus Fieber 5. Pronotum with strong crest or acutely tectiform without black Black mark at apex ............... . ................................. Gastrimargus Saussure Pronotum with well-marked median carina, and with numerous longitudinal rugue ........ . ·...................................... Morphacris Walker 4. Pronotum with well-marked crest, angulated behind; median carina of pronotum distinctly interrupted in the prozona by transverse grooves and seems to be bidentate; occiput with a pair of tubercles between the eyes; wings without dark ............. Trilophidia Stal Pronotum without distinct crest; median carina indistinctly interrupted by the transverse grooves, not bidentate in prozona; occiput without a pair of tubercles between the eyes; wings with dark band in the middle ........... . ·.......................................... Acrotylus Fieber 5. Internal calcaria of posterior tibiae not greatly unequal, normal ....... Dittopternis Sauussure Internal calcaria of posterior tibiae unequal, the lower one much longer than the upper, apex acute and abruptly hooked .................. . ......................................... Heteropternis Stal MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea Genus Aiolopus Fieber, 1853 24. Aiolopus thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius) 1798. Gryllus tamulus Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl. : 195. 1968. Aiolopus thalassinus tamulus : Hollis, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 22(7) : 347. Material examined: District Bangalore : 1 6, Kenengi, 8.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Codagu : 26 6, 5 '¥ '¥, Around Tal Cavery wild life sanctuary, 16, 17 and 18ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Shimoga : 666, 8'¥ '¥ , Settihali wls, 13 and 14.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI; 2'¥ '¥, Saravati wls, Joga, 17.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Size medium; fastigium with front angle more acute; foveolae narrowly trapezoid, about as long as wide; pronotum somewhat saddleshaped, posterior margin rounded; posterior tibiae usually with red colouration in apical fourth and broadly separated from black band by a wide bluish grey band. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). Elsewhere : Australia; Bangladesh; Borneo; Celebes; China; Hainan; Hong Kong; Japan; Java; Lombok; Malaya; Myanmar; New Guines; Papua; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Sumatra; Taiwan; Thailand and Timor. Remarks: This species is recorded throughout Oriental region and extends upto Australia. 107 opaque, transverse veins in apical part erect, the cells square or oblong; wings without well marked fascia; hind tibiae red, unequal internal spines, wings yellow at base and darker towards out side. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh); China; Java; Myanmar; Malakka; South East Asia; Sri Lanka and Sumatra. Remarks : From literature Tandon and Shishodia (1995). Genus Oedaleus Fieber, 1853 26. Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg) 1815. Gryllus abruptus Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci, St.Petersb., 5 : 233. 1981. Oedaleus abruptus : Ritchie, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent) , 42(3) : 104-107. Material examined: Shimoga : 4'¥ '¥ , Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; pronotum low tectiform, median carina low acute, not interrupted by posterior sulcus; hind margin obtusely angular; pronotal x marking always with anterior and posterior arms separate; hind tibiae with straw or red coloured with dark basal ring and thicker subbasal pale ring. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Bihar, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir, Goa, Kerala, Madhaya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan; Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). 25. Heteropternis respondens (Walker) Elsewhere: Afghanisthan; Bangladesh; China; Indo-Chaina; Myanmar; Nepal Pakistan; Sri Lanka and Thailand. 1859. Acrydium respondens Walker, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 4(3): 223. Remarks: This species is widely distributed in India 1912. Heteropternis respondens : Kirby, Faun. Brit. India, Orthoptera : 14l. Genus Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884 Genus Heteropternis Stal, 1873 27. Gastrimargus africanus africanus (Saussure) Material examined: District : Not available, B. Ghatta, 24.v.1985, collc. M. Prasad. Diagnosis: Body medium in size; head smooth or a little granulated; hind margin of pronotum rectangular, rounded at apex; basal half of tegmina 1888. Oedaleus (Gastrimargus) marmoratus var. africana Saussure, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve, 30(1) : 39. 1982. Gastrimargus africanus africanus : Ritchie, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 44(4) : 248. 108 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material examined: District: Mysore : 1 '¥ , Gundappa, 13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 1 '¥, Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 a, Haihole, Shettihali wls, 15.ii.20W, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 a, Saravati Wls, Joga, 17.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Body large size; antennae as long as head and pronotum together or slightly longer; pronotum tectiform with high sharp median carina; metazoan of pronotum with X-marking usually effaced and without pale striae; wings with dark brown or black fasciae hind femora brown or blackish. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattrish garh, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal,West Bengal). Elsewhere : Nepal; Saudi Arabia; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tibet and Yemen A. R. Remarks : In general it occurs all over from Peninsular India to the north of Himalayas. Diagnosis: Size medium; body brown to grey with black markings, pubescent beneath; pronotum rugose with a high median carina, forming two teeth in front, and with lateral carina; wings yellow at base and brown or black beyond; hind tibiae brown with a pale band towards the base and with a little pale band beyond the middle. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa; Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere: Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Borneo; South Chaina; Japan; Java; Korea; Malayasia; Mongolia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines Sarawak; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Sumatra; Taiwan; Thailand; Vietnam. Remarks: This species is widely distributed in India and its range of Distribution extends from Pakistan to North Borneo and extends into Palaearctic region. It is a bare ground species. Genus Acrotylus Fieber, 1853 Genus Trilophidia Stal, 1873 29. Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure* 28. Trilophidia annulata (Thunber 1815. Gryllus annulatus Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 5 : 234. 1965. Trilophidia annulata : Hollis, Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 117(8) : 25I. Material examined: District: Bangalore : 1 a, Vortoor, 8.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Codagu : 2'¥ '¥, East of forest Bunglow, Chikmagalur, 16.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 2aa, Bagmandella, 17.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Mysore : 2a a ,4 '¥ '¥, Elephant camp, Rajiv Gandhi national park, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 '¥, Gundappa, 13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 2a a, 5'¥ '¥, Manchalikere, Rajiv Gandhi National park, 15.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 1 '¥, Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 5 a a, 1 '¥ Mahatma Gandhi power project, 25.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 a, Settihali wls, 13.ii.20W, collc. S.K. MandaI; 2a a, 3'¥ '¥, Haihole, 14.ii. 2010, collc. S.K. Mandai. 1884. Acrotylus humbertianus Saussure, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve, 28(9) : 189. 1914. Acrotylus humbertianus : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthoptera : 153. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a , Saravati wls,16.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Body medium in size; antennae longer than head and pronotum together; tip of vertex conical, concave, with a carina on each side; prozona with fuscus fascia, lateral margin white below; tegmina with two oblique white spots or fascia; wings hyaline, yellow at base; radial area with a semilumnar fuscous fascia. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya, Pradesh, Maharastra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 109 Remarks : It seems to be rare in Karnataka, as we have found one example in Shimoga district. at base, followed by a light yellow band, then blue. Genus Morphacris Walker, 1870 Distribution : India (Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu). 30. Morphacris citrina Kirby* 1815. Gryllus fasciatus Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St., Petersb., S : 230. 1921. Morphacrs citrina: Kirby, Fauna of British India, Orthoptera (Acrididae) : 137. Material examined: District: Mysore : 1 '¥ , Rajib Gandhi national park. District : Shimoga : 466, Saravati wls, 16.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; antennae filiform, longer than head and pronotum together; pronotum tectiform, without lateral carinae; median carina sharp and high; dorsum covered with parallel sharp longitudinal ridges; wings at base light yellowish with dark transverse fascia. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu). Elsewhere : Ethiopia; Sri Lanka; Syria. Remarks : It is widely distributed in India. Genus Dittopternis Saussure, 1884 31. Dittopternis venusta (Walker)* 1870. Oedipoda venusta Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus., 4: 740. 1913. Dittopternis venusta : Kirby, Fauna British India, (Orthopt) Acrididae : 140. Material examined : District : Mysore :16 ,Manchalikere,12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District Shimoga : 1 '¥ , Manchalikere, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 16,2 '¥ '¥, Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Mahatma Gandhi power project, 25.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size small; deep brown in colour; pale beneath; vertex with four diverging rows; pronotum rugose, granulated and strongly carinated, cut by principal sulcus before the middle, obtusely angulated behind, with tip rounded; wings hyaline, yellow at base, with broad suffused blackish band beyond; hind tibiae black Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : Dittopternis venusta distributed in India. IS fairly Subfamily ROMALEINAE Genus Teratodes Brulle, 32. Teratodes monticollis (Gray)* 1832. Gryllus monticollis Gray, Griffith's Anim. Kingdom, S : 215. 1914. Teratodes monticollis : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthoptera : 235. Material examined : 16, Shettihali wls, 13.ix.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Body stout; head broad, rounded, face vertical; antennae short and filiform; pronotum raised, large sub-laminate, compressed, the front arched above the head in a point, the middle forming a high crest, denticulated, specially behind, and covering half of the length of abdomen; legs short, tegmina opaque. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : Usually found on trees or large woody, shrubs in forest areas. This species is newly recorded from this state. Subfamily HEMIACRIDINAE Key to subfamily 1. Prosternal tubercle spathulate; head conical; fastigium of vertex obtusely angular; tegmina with a pach of densely placed transverse nervures at the parting of the radial vein .... ........................ SPATHOSTERNUM Karsch Prosternal process not spathulate; head not conical; fastigium of vertex not angular; 110 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 tegmina without a patch of nervures at the parting of the radial veins ........................... 2 2. Size small; head small; fastigium longer at apex, obtusely triangular ............................. . ..................................... GESONULA Uvarov Size medium; head big; fastigium of vertex not triangular at apex ................................... . ............................ HIEROGL YPHUS Krauss Genus Spathosternum Krauss, 1877 33. Spathosternum pro prasiniferum (Walker) 1871. Heteracris (?) prasinijera Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 5 Suppl.: 65. 1936. Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum : Tinkham, Lingman. Sci. Journ. Canton, 15 : 51. Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 1 a ,1 '¥ ,Mu tuhali,Bhadra wild life sanctuary, 20.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 6 a a, 11 '¥ '¥ , Emralli village, Muthodi, Bhadra W.L.S, 21.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Kodagu : 2 a a, 5 '¥ '¥ , Talkavery WLS, 17.ix.2008. District : Mysore : 5 a a, Manchalikere, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Shimago : 2'¥ '¥, Shimago, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Body small in size; head considerably shorter than pronotum; antennae short, not reaching the posterior margin of pronotum; hind femora with a rounded genicular lobe; broad black or dark green stripe running behind the lower part of the eyes and below the lateral carinae of pronotum. Distribution : India (karnataka, Throughout India). Elsewhere : Myanmar; S.E. China; Thailand and Vietnam. Remarks: This species is associated with grass habitation. Genus Hieroglyphus Kraus, 1877 1. Cercus bifurcate at apex in male; sub genital plate with parallel ridges in female ............. . ............................................ banian Fabricius Cercus with elongate acute apex in male; oblique on upper margin subgenital plate without parallel ridges ... .nigrorepletus Bolivar 34. Hieroglyphus banian (Fabricius) 1798. Gryllus banian Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., : 194. 1973. Hieroglyphus banian : Mason, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 28(7) : 540 . Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a ,Around the Alkola forest guest house, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI Diagnosis : Medium in size; pronotum with median carina weak, cross by three sulci, first sulcus present laterally, second centrally, third and posterior sulci entire; prosternal process conical; cerci bifurcate, upper branch recurved anteriorly towards head and lower branch elongate and acute. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Remarks: It is commonly known as a nce grasshopper. 35. Hieroglyphus ngrorepletus Bolivar 1912. Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus Bolivar, Trab. Mus. naco Cien. nat. Madr., no. 6 : 56. 1913. Hieroglyphus bettoni Kirby, Fauna British India, 1 : 203. 1915. Hieroglyphus vastator Carl, Revue suisse zaol., 24 : 481. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis: Male: Large and robust; fastigium of vertex one and half times as broad as long; pronotum with only a weak median carina; tegmina and wings longer than abdomen or may be brachypterus; supra-anal plate angular, with subacute apex; cercus simple, elongate, slightly incurved, apex acute. Female: Fastigium of vertex two and half times as long as broad; subgenital plate with very acute median lobe. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Assam, Kashmir, Maharastra, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal). Elsewhere : Pakistan. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 111 Remarks: We have studied the species, which is present in National Zoological collections, ZSI, Kolkata. This species is taken from the literature (Tandon, 1972) Micropterous spCles; prosternal tubercle broadened, flattened, transverse and trilobate at apex ............................... Chitaura Bolivar Genus Oxya Audinet-Serville Genus Gesonula Uvarov, 1940 Key to species 36. Gesonula punctifrons (Stol)* 1860. Acridium (Oxya) punctifrons Sta1, Kong. Sven. Fragatta Eug. Resa Omkring, Jorden: 336. 1965. Gesonula punctifrons : Mischenko, Locusts and Grasshoppers of USSR and adjacent countries. Catantopinae, Leningard : 172. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a, Settihali wls, 13.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI. Diagnosis: Medium in size; antennae longer than head and pronotum together; pronotum narrow, long and rugose; prosternal tubercle conical; lateral lobes of pronotum wide, anterior margin oblique, anteroventral angles rounded; supra-anal platespoon shaped; upper valves of female ovipositor with small blunt teeth along the dorso-outer margin; hind tibiae at apex modified for swimming. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andaman islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Kerala, Maharastra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal. Elsewhere : Bangladesh; Borneo; China; Hainan; Japan; Java; Malacca; Myanmar; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Tonking and Thailand. Remarks : In Karnataka we have found only from Settihali wild life santuary in Shimoga district. There is possibility of its occurrence in other areas, as this species is known to occur in mixed habitat of grass and low vegetation and mainly damage the water hyacinth in India. Subfamily OXYINAE Key to genus 1. Fully winged, folded tegmen, always touching in mid dorsal line prosternal tubercle simple, conical with subacute or rounded apex ..... . ................................... Oxya Audinet -Serville 1. Supra-anal plate with tubercle on each side of a median apical process in male; ovipositor valves with long teeth, the apical one curved in female ...................................................... 2 Supranal plate without lateral tubercle in male; ovipositor valves with short teeth in female ........................................... nitidula (Walker) 2. Cercus laterally compressed, hardly narrowing apex, weakly bifurcate at apex in male; ventral surface of sub genital plate almost completely flat or weakly concave, appearing widely posteriorly in female ..................................... . ............................... fuscovittata (Marschall) Cercus conical, narrowing towards apex and obtuse or truncate apically in male; ventral surface of sub genital plate flat or concave only median posterior half, not widening posteriorly in female .......................... hyla hyla Serville 37. Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall) 1836. Gryllus fuscovittatus Marschall, Annln. Wien. Mus. Naturg., 1 : 21l. 1971. Oxya fuscovittata : Hollis, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 26(7) : 289. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a , 1 '¥, Shimoga, 23.ix.2008, colI. S.K. MandaI. Diagnosis : Size medium; integument finely pitted and shiney; supra-anal plate with lateral tubercles are more prominent than posterior lobe; male cercus strongly compressed, apex strongly compressed or almost bifid; in female, ventral surface of subgenital plate broadly flattened, posterior margin emurginate medially, straight or with two very small median spines. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Throughout). Elsewhere : Afghanistan; Pakistan; USSR (South West). Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 112 Remarks : It is a common Indian gas shopper. 38. Oxya hyla hyla Serville 183l. Oxya hyla Serville, AnnIs. Sci. nat. (zool), 22 : 287. 1971. Oxya hyla hyla : Hollis, Bull. Brit. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 26 : 282. Material examined: District: Chikmagalur : 3 a a, Bhadra WLS, 22 ..ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Codagu : 2 a a ,around Tal Kavery wls, 17.ix.2008. District: Mysore : 1 '¥ , Rajiv Gandhi National park, 12.ix.2008, coli. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 2 a a ,5 '¥ '¥ , Shimoga around the shimoga forest rest house, 23.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 3 a a, 4'¥ '¥ , Haihole, Settihali wls, 13.ix.20W and 14.ii. 2010, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Body small and finely rugose, shiney; in male supra-anal plate with small tubercle; cercus with subacute apex; in female subgenital plate with two longitudinal ridges extending forwards from posterior margin. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka; Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere: Afghanistan; Africa; Bangladesh; Madagascar; Nepal; Pakistan; Persia and Sri Lanka. Remarks: This species is widely distributed in different parts of Indan sub-continent and Africa. 39. Oxya nitidula (Walker) 1870. Acridium nitidula Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 4 : 63l. 1971. Oxya nitidula : Hollis, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist (En.) 26(7) : 315. Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 3'¥ '¥ , Ernralli village, Muthodi, 20 and 21.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Codagu : 1 a, around Tal Kavery reserve forest, 17.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimago : 3 a a, around of Shimago F.R. House, 25.ix.2008, collc. S.K. MandaI; 2'¥ '¥ , Settihali wls, 13.ii.20W, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Medium in size; pronotum narrowing forwards; tegmina reaching apex of hind femora; in male supra-anal plate rounded, triangular with basal folds; cercus conical, with truncate apex; in female ventral surface of sub genital plate with a pair of well developed submargino-Iateral spines, posterior margin with a single spine and on each side of median aical spmes. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Kerala,Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks: This species is earlier recorded from south India and Sri Lanka. Genus Chitaura Bolivar, 1918 40. Chitaura indica Uvarov 1929. Chitaura indica Uvarov, Revue Suisse Zool., 36 : 553. Material examined : District : Chikmagalur : 1 '¥ , Muthodi, Bhadra wls, 20.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Mysore : 1 '¥, Rajiv Gandhi national park, 12.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : Mahatma Gandhi power project, 25.ix.2008, cole. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; fastigium of vertex roundly triangular from above, as long as, or almost as long as wide; antennae filiform, about as long as head and pronotum together; pronotum smooth; prosternal tubercle with apex anteroposteriorly flattened, trilobite apically; elytra and wings reduced to micropterous form, scale like; in male tength abdominal tegite with furcula on posterior margin. Distribution: India (Karnataka and Kerala). Remarks : It is very similar to genus Oxya in appearance but can be differentiated from reduced elytra and wings. Subfamily COPTACRIDINAE Key to genera 1. Frontal costa of ridge parallel sided, not or so MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 113 wider between antennae than vertex ........... . ................................................. Coptacra Stal Diagnosis: Size medium; fastgium shortly tricarinate between the eyes, the middle carina produced backwards; frontal costa not or a little wider between the antennae; antennae ensiform; pronotum rugose, a little tectiform, crossed by all the three sulci; posterior margin obtusely angular; lateral carina of pronotum absent; wings yellowish hyaline; posterior tibiae red. Frontal costa distinctly widened between antennae and wider than Vertex between eyes ..................................... Eucoptacra Bolivar Genus Coptacra Stal, 1873 Key to species 1. Antennae distinctly ensiform; head and pronotum without rugose or granulose ........ . ............................................. ensifera Bolivar Antennae not ensiform; head and pronotum with rugosely punctuate and with raised granules .......................... punctoria (Walker) 41. Coptacra punctoria (Walker)* 1870. Acridium punctarium Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 4 : 630. Material examined: District: Mysore : 1 '¥ , Murkal kere, Rajiv Gandhi National park, l1.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; head rugosely punctuate; antennae yellowish brown at base, dark at apex; interocular space narrower than the width of eyes; pronotum with small rugosities of dark brown or dark colour; wings hyaline, posterior part a little infumated; hind femur brown, area superia with two indistinct brown spots in the middle, area infero external black, inner area red; hind tibiae red. Distribution : India (Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, Kerala (Silent Valley), Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Remarks : This species is generally found in fallen dry leaves. One female example of this species have been collected from Mysore district. 42. Coptacra ensifera Bolivar 1902. Coptacra ensifera Bolivar, AnnIs. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 62l. 1914. Coptacra ensifera : Kirby, Fauna Brit. India, Orthopter, Acrididae, Orthoptera, 1 : 239. Material examined: Not available. Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu). Remarks : This species literature (Kirby, 1914). IS taken from the Genus Eucoptacra Bolivar, 1902 43. Eucoptacra saturata (Walker)* 1870. Acridium saturatum Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. Pt. III Locustidae 628 1921. Eucoptacra saturate: Uvarov, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 7 : 503. Material examined: District: Mysore : 4'¥ '¥ , Gundappa,13.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimoga : 5'¥ '¥ ,Shettihali wls,13.ix.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. 1 a ,Haihole, near Shettihali wls, 14.ix.201O. 4'¥ '¥ ,Saravati wls, 15 & 16,ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; body rusty red brown; head short, smooth; tip of vertex flat, punctured; prosternal tubercle, stout, a little acute; hind femur black beneath, hind tibia red, as long as the hind femora; tegmina a little shorter than the body, with numerous small marks; wings hyaline. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura,Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Remarks: Generally found India. ill North West Subfamily TROPIDOPOLINAE Key to genera 1. Prosternal tubercle compressed laterally, slightly bent backwards, not reaching the Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 114 anterior margin of mesonotum and obtuse at apex ..................................... Oxyrrhepes Stal Prostemal tubercle very broad at lower surface, bent backwards touching the anterior margin of mesonotum, broadly flattened behind the middle, apex more or less truncate ............. . .............................................. Tristria Uvarov Genus Oxyrrhepes Stal 44. Oxyrrehepes obtusa (de Haan)* 1842. Acridium (Oxya) obtusum Haan, Verh. Ned. Overz. Bezit. Orth., 155, 156. 1929. Oxyrrehepes obtuse: Willemse, Treubia, 10 : 463. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 '¥ , Joga, Saravati wls, 17.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Medium size; body slender; antennae filiform; head reclinate; fastigium of vertex short with and elongate concavity; median carina of pronotum well developed; lateral carina indistinct, parallel, principal sulcus placed behind the middle; prosternal process compressed laterally, apex a little bent backwards, conical; hind femur knee lobes rounded; supra-anal plate long, triangular apex pointed; cercus only reaching a little behind the supra-anal plate, a little curved, apex pointed. Distribution : India (Karnataka, kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu). Elsewhere : Celebes; Chaina; Indo-China; Indonesia; Java; Lombock; Myanmar; Sri Lanka; Sumatra; Taiwan. Remarks : This species is limited in Distribution in Karnataka. Genus Tristria Stal, 1873 45. Tristria pulvinata (Uvarov)* Diagnosis : Size medium; fastigium of vertex parabolic, moderately narrow; tegmina and wings extending upto the apex of subgenital plate or shorter; male circus in apical third incurved, down curved laterally; female subgenital plate with an angular projection on the posterior margin on either side of mid line; male subgenital plate almost linear, compressed knife like. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : This species is first time recorded from Kamataka state. Subfamily EYEPREPOCNEMIDINAE Key to genera 1. Apex of abdomen flated; supra-anal plate with some what obtuse rounded at apex ............ 2 Apex of abdomen inflated; supra anal plate with angular apex ........... H eteracris Walker 2. Posterior femur moderately long (14-15), moderately produced beyond abdomen, not inflated basally, not strongly narrowing on apical half; posterior tibiae with sparse spines; prosternal process cylindrical, with with rounded or inflated apex .............................. . .................................. Eyprepocnemis Fieber Posterior femur long, produced far beyond end of abdomen, inflated basally and strongly narrowed on apical half; posterior tibiae densely spined, prosternal process almost spathulate, with rounded, some slightly inflated at apex ................ Tylotropidius Stal Genus Eyprepocnemis Fieber, 1853 46. Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serville) 1921. Tapinophyma pulvinata Uvarov, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7(9) : 497. 1839. Acridium alacre Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins. Orth.,: 682. 1929. Tristria pulvinata : Uvarov, Revue Suisse Zool., 29 : 559. 1958. Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris : Dirsh, Proc. R. ent. Soc. London, (B)27(3-4) : 40. Material examined: District: Shimoga : 266, Saravati wls, 16.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 16, Shimoga, 23.ix. 2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 115 Diagnosis : Size medium; concavity of fastigium of vertex distinct, without median carinula; pronotum with lateral carinae converging forwards; prosternal process cylindrical, apex obtusely rounded; in male cercus reaching a little beyond the supra anal plate; in female subgenital plate longer than broad; hind tibiae bluish grey with two whitish rings at base. 1914. Tylotropidius varicornis : Kirby, Faun. Brit. India, Orthoptera : 265. Distribution : India (Uttaranchal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere : Afghanistan; Bangladesh; E. Persia; Pakistan; Sri Lanka. Remarks: This species is a widely distributed in India. Genus Heteracris Walker, 1870 47. Heteracris pulchra (Bolivar)* 1902. E (Uprepocnemis) pulchra Bolivar, AnnIs. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 630. 1958. Heteracris pulchra : Dirsh, Tijdschr. Ent., 101 : 54. Material examined: District: 16, Murkel Kere lake, Rajiv Gandhi National park, 21.ix.2008, collc, S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; fastigium of vertex smooth, a little sulcated; prosternal process subcylindrical, compressed in front, obtuse at apex; cerci compressed and curved; colour olivaceous in general; pronotum with a broad velvety black stripe on the back and distinctly expanded and paler in the middle, borders green. Distribution : India ( Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Remarks : This species is limited in distribution. This species is first time recorded from Karnataka state. Genus Tylotropidius Stal, 1873 48. Tylotropidius varicornis (Walker) 1870. Heteracris varicornis Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 4 : 667. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 '¥ , Haihole, Shethihali wls, 15.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI; 266, 7'¥ '¥, Joga,Saravati wls, 17.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; fastigium of vertex with 2 depressions at the base; front of head oblique prosternal process compressed, truncate and a little notched in the middle of apex; posterior femora thick at base, very slender and long towards apex; supra-anal plate of male elongatedtraingular and sulcated; dorsum of pronotum dark brown, tegmen with a row of triangular strip in costal area. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chattrishgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Maharastra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, uttaranchal, West Bengal). Elsewhere : Myanmar; Sri Lanka. Remark : The distribution range of distribution is wide. IS very parse but Subfamily CATANTOPINAE Key to genera 1. Tegmina lateral lobiform, extending beyond first abdominal segment .............................. .. ............................... Paraconophyma Uvarov Tegmina and wings well developed, reaching upto or beyond the apex of abdomen ........ 2 2. Prosternal process cylindrical and rounded at apex; pronotum sub-cylindrical .................... . ......................................... Catantops Schaum Prosternal process neither cylindrical nor with rounded apex; pronotum not subcylylindrical ...................................................................... 3 3. Pronotum not constricted; prosternal process laterally compressed .................................... .. ............... Stenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarov Pronotum constricted; prosternal process conical .... Xenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarov 116 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Paraconophyma Uvarov, 1921 49. Paraconophyma scabra (Walker)* 1870. Caloptenus scaber Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 4 : 707. 1921. Paraconophyma scabra : Uvarov, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 7 : 500, 501. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 3'¥ '¥ ,M. Gandhi power project, 25.ix.201O, Collc. S.K. MandaI; arround Shethihali forest rest house, Sethihali wls, 14.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis :Body small in size; dark-brown in colour, with black markings; pronotum with median carina crossed by 2 or even 3 sulci; lateral carinae develop before the first sulcus only and distinctly convergent behind; punctuation of pronotal disc, pleurae, mesonotum, metanotum, and abdominal tergites very coarse and strong; hind tibiae muddy green, with a pale sub-basal ring; supra-anal plate of male hind angle straight, sharp. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, and West Bengal). Remarks: This species is newly recorded from Karnataka state. Genus Catantops Schaum, 1853 Key to species 1. External disc of hind femur with two broad incomplete fascia .................. henryi Bolivar External disc of hind femur not as above ... ...................................................................... 2 2. Male cercus simple, with sub-acute apex .... ...................................... pulchellus (Walker) 50. Catantops henryi Bolivar* 1918. Catantops henryi Bolivar, Revta R. Acad. Cience. exact. lis. nat. Madrid, 16 : 404. 1956. Catantops henryi : Dish, Publcoes. Cult. Co. Diam. Angolar, 28 : 90. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a, Haihole, Saravati wls,14.ii. 2010, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; head shorter than pronotum; fastigium sub-pentagonal with convex anterior margin; antennae filiform, shorter than head and pronotum together; prosternal tubercle rounded at apex which is slightly inclined backwards; tegmen and wings extended beyond the apex of posterior femora; posterior femora with two broad incomplete fasciae on the external disc; cerci short, bifurcated at apex, the internal lobe short with rounded apex. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharastra, Goa); Upper Myanamar. Remarks : Catantops henryi can be easily separated from the other species of the genus by their darker fasciae on the external disc of hind femur and bifurcated cerci. Genus Xenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarv, 1953 Key to species 1. Male cercus showing no clear apical bifurcation, but apically bilaterally compressed and a little curved ........................................ .. .............. .............. humilis humilis (Serville) Male cercus clearly bifurcate apically .......... ................................................ karnyi (Kirby) 51. Catantops pulchellus (Walker) 1870. Cyrtacanthacris pulchellus (Walker) 1943. Catantops pulchellus : Uvarov, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11)10 : 127. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 '¥ , Haihole, Settihali wls, 15.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Prosternal tubercle subcylindrical, inclined backwards, with rounded and slightly broadened apex; lateral lobe of pronotum, in the upper half, with a narrow longitudinal black stripe, the lower edge of which indistinct; external disc of hind femur with two longitudinal black stripes below the upper carinula, one in the middle, MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 117 another in the apical third, and with a small irregular black spot at the base of knee; male cercus simple, broadened at base, gradually narrowing towards apical part, and with rounded apex. head and pronotum together; pronotal and thoracic markings much lighter with proportionately broader light oblique band on episternum III; Ratio of length to depth of hind femur never less than 3.45; male cercus with rounded apex. India (Karnataka, Andaman Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Island, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Distribution Islands; Sikkim. Remarks: It is also previously recorded from Karnataka state. Genus Diabolocatan Jago, 1984 52. Diabolocaton tops innotabilis (Walker), 1870 1870. Acridium innotabile Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 4 : 629. 1953. Catantops pinguis innotabilis : Dirsh and Uvarov, Tijdsch. Ent., 96(3) : 233. Material examined: District: Dakhin Kanada 1 a, Bhatkal, 20.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. District: Shimago : 3'¥ '¥ , Joga, 23.ix.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; lateral lobe of pronotum without coloured pattern; external disc of hind femur without black median spot below the upper carinula; male cercus more upcurved, with more broadened apex and projecting upper apical angle. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Throughout). Remarks: This species is widely distributed in Indian sub-continent. It is also widely distributed in Karnataka 53. Xenocatantops humilis humilis (Serville) 1839. Acridium humile Serville, Ins. Orth., : 662. 1953. Xenocatantops humilis humilis : Dirsh, & Uvarov, Tijdschr. Ent., 96: 237. Material examined: District : Codagu : 1 '¥ '¥ , around Tal Kavery reserved forest, 17.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. District : Shimago : 2'¥ '¥ , Shethihali wls, 14.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 '¥, Joga, Saravati wls, 16.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Medium size; antennae longer than Elsewhere: Bangladesh; Borneo; Indo-China; Lombock; Malaya; Myanmar; New Guinea; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Sumatra; Thailand; S. Tibet; Vietnam and Yunan. Remarks : This species is also found in moist forest parts near streams and rivers. 54. Xenocatantops karnyi (Kirby)* 1910. Catantops karnyi Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orthopt., 3 : 483. 1982. Xenocatantops karnyi : Jago, Trans. Am. ent. Soc., 108(3) : 455. Material examined: District: Shimoga : 3 a a, 3'¥ '¥ , Haihole, Shethihali, 15.ii.201O, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis Size medium; pronotum constricted; prosternal process conical; posterior femur being with a row of black dots on the lower outer carina for the whole length; cercus with apical bifurcation bluntly pointed and subequal; epiphallus with distinct lophi almost square in plane view. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andaman Islands., Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Philippines; Indonesia. Remarks : Specimens are collected from the single locality. Genus Stenocatantops Dirsh and Uvarov 55. Stenocatantops splendens (Thunberg)* 1815. Gryllus splendens Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Sci. St.Petersh., 5 : 236. 118 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1953. Stenocatantops splendens: Dirsh and Uvarov, Tijschr. Ent., 96(3) : 237. Material examined : District : Shimga : 1 a, Shettihali wls, 13.ii.201O, collc. S.K. MandaI; 1 '¥ , Haihole, Shettihali,15.ii.201O, coli. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size medium; body more slender and elongated; middle joint of antennae about twice or three times as long as broad; prosternal tubercle strongly curved and inclined backwards in profile; colour brown or brownish testaceous. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal). Elsewhere: Borneo; Celebes; China; Hainan; Java; Korea; Malaya; Maluccus Islands; Myanmar; Phillippines; Sri Lanka; Sumatra; Thailand. Remarks: This species is newly recorded from Karnataka. Subfamily CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE Pachyacris Uvarov, 1923 56. Pachyacris violascens (Walker) 1870. Acridium violascens Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 3 : 387. 1965. Orthacanthacris violascens : Kirby, Fauna British India, Orthoptera, Arididae, 1 : 229. 1923. Pachyacris violascens: Uvarov, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 11(9) : 478. Material examined: Not available. Diagnosis : Pronotum of prozona is shorter than metazona, its posterior margin rounded; lateral pronotum lobes compressed at prozonal area; disc of pronotum saddle shaped; median carina narrow, low, interrupted by punctuations; tegmina sub-hyaline, brownish spots indistinct; male cercus laterally compressed, widened gradually and regularly narrowed posteriorly, apex pointed, incurved; subgenital plate laterally compressed, acute pointed, upcurved long. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh). Key to genera Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 1. Prosternal tubercle straight, conical, vertical or slightly inclined backwards in the direction of mesosternum,male cercus elongate, conial; male sub genital plate acuminate, apex pointed ........................................ Pachyacris Uvarov Remarks : This species literature (Uvarov, 1923). Prosternal tubercle strongly curved backwards touching or almost touching mesosternum, inflated in middle, with acute or sub-acute apex; male cercus and sub genital plate not as above ............................................................ 2 2. Pronotum strongly tectiform; integument strongly rugose; median carina of pronotum sharp; male cercus incurved at base, about half as wide as its length ............................. . ..................................... Chondracris Uvarov Pronotum moderately tectiform, slightly constricted; integument fairly rugose, almost smooth; male cercus with subacute apex ..... ................................ Cyrtacanthacris Walker IS taken from the Genus Chondracris Uvarov, 1923 57. Condracris rosea De Geer* 1773. Acridium roseum de Geer, Mem. Hist. Ins., 3 : 488. 1923. Chondracris rosea : Uvarov, Bull. Ent. Res., 14 : 39. Material examined : District : Shimoga : 1 a , Shimoga, 21.09.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis : Size large; body robust; median carina of pronoum raised in prozona and low straight in profile in metazona; uniformly green, wings hyaline with base rose; hind tibiae and tarsi red. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Tripura and West Bengal) . MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 119 Elsewhere : Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Hainan; Indonesia; Java; Korea; Manchuria; Philippines; Tawaine; Thailand; Vietnam. Elsewhere: Africa (except North Africa) and Sahara; Hainan, Madagascar; Phillipines; Seychelles; Sri Lanka; Sumatra and Thailand. Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 Remarks: Multivorous species. 58. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Linnaeus)* 1758. Gryllus Locusta tataricus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (lOth ed.) : 432. 1923. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica : Uvarov, Bull. Ent. Res., 14 : 39. Material examined: District: Shimoga : 2a a, Mahatma Gandhi power project, 25.ix.2008, collc. S.K. Mandai. Diagnosis: Size large; pronotum on both sides above with a broad velvety blackish brown band; tegmina with thick and dense reticulation and transverse oblique fasciae or irregular spots; wings hyaline or sometimes yellowish at base; hind tibiae bluish or brown with yellow or brown spines, tips black. Distribution : India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Maharastra, Manipur, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal). SUMMARY Fifty eight species and subspecies of grasshoppers have been reported from Karnataka state. They belong to 44 genera and 2 families. Of these nineteen species and subspecies are new locality records, key to subfamilies, families, genera and species have been provided. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, for laboratory facilities. We are also thankful to Dr. A.K. Sanyal, Additional Director, for going through the manuscript, and for helping us in many ways to complete this work. Thanks are due to O/C Orthoptera section. Our thanks are also due to officers and staff of the Survey for the collections of these material from Karnataka State. REFERENCES Banerjee, S.K. & Kevan, D.K. McE. 1960. A Preliminary reViSion of the genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 18962 (Orthoptera : Acridoidea : (Pyrgomorphidae), 25 : 165-189. Bolivar, I. 1902. Les Orthopte'res St. Joseph's College, Trichinopoly (Sud de I'Inde). 3e partie. Annis. Soc. ent. France, 70 : 580-634. Bhowmik, H.K. 1985. Outline of distribution with an index-catalogue of Indian grasshoppers (Orth. : Acrididae). Part I. Subfamilies: Acridinae, Truxaline, Gomphocerinae and Oedipodinae. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No. 78 : 1-47. Dirsh, V.M. 1954. Revision of species of genus Acrida Linne (Orthoptera : Acrididae). Bull. Soc. Fouad Entom. Carico., 38 : 107-160. Dirsh, V. M. 1956. Preliminary revision and review of the group Catantopinae (Orthoptera : Acrididae). Publcoes Cult. Diam Angola, 28 : 11-150. Dirsh, V.M. 1961. A Preliminary revision of the famil;ies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera : Insecta). Bull. Br. nat. Mus. Hist. (Ent.) 10(9) : 351-419. Dirsh, 1975. Classification of the Acridomorphid Insects. F. W. Classey Lte. Faringdon. Oxon. Vii +171. 120 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Henry, G.M. 1940. New and little known South Indian Orthoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 90(19): 497-540. Hollis, D. 1971. A Preliminary revision of the genus Oxya Audinet Serville (Orthoptera) : Acridoidea) : Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.)., 26(7) : 269-343.1gnrish, 1995. Jago, N.D. 1971. A review of the Gomphocerinae of the World with a key to the genera (Orthoptera : Acrididae)). Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 123(8): 205-243. Kirby, W.P. 1914. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae). Pp. ix+ 276. Mandai, S.K. 2006. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wild Life Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, Zool. Surv. India, 27 : 27-34. Tandon, S.K. 1972. On the genus Xenocatantops Dirsh & Uvarov (Orthoptera Catantopinae) Acridoidea) Uvarov, B.P. 1921. Records and description of Indian Acrididae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9)7: 480-509. Uvarov, B.P. 1929. Acriden (Orthoptera) aus sud-Indian. Rev. Suisse zool. Geneve. 36 : 533. MANDAL et al. : Insecta : Orthoptera : Acridoidea 121 FAUNA OF KARNATAKA (INDIA) ECOSYSTEM Name of the districts 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + + - + + + - + - - + - - + - - - - - - - - + - Pyrgomorpha bispinosa bispinosa - - - + - - - - - - + - Chrotogonus tr. trachypterus - + - - + - - + - - + - Chrotogonus oxy. oxypterus - - + - - - - - - + - - Spathosternum pro prasiniferum + + + + + - - + + - + - Hieroglyphus banian + - - - - - - - - - - - Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - Oxya hyla hyla - + - - + - - - - - - - - Oxya fuscovittata - + - - + - - - - - - - - Eucoptacra saturata + - + - - - + - - - - - - Name of the species Atractomorpha crenulata Coptacra foe data Oxyrrhepes obtusa + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - - - + - + - - - - - - - Eyprepocnemis al. alacris + - - - + - - - - - - - - Heteracris pulcher - + - - - + - - - - - - - Tylotropidius varzcornzs + + - - - - - - + - - - - Paraconophyma scabra + + - - + - + - + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Paraconophyma scabra + + - - + - + - + - + - - Catantops pinguis innotabilis + + + - - - - - - - - - - Xenocatantops humili humilis + + + - - - - - - - - - Xenocatantops karnyi - - - - + - - - - - - - - Stenocatantops splendens + - - - - - - - - - - - - Cyrtacanthacris tatarica - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - Pachyacris vinosa - + - - - - - - - - - - - Acrida exaltata - + + - + - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + - - + + - + - - Phlaeoba infumata Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 122 Name of the districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Phlaeoba antennata - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Aulacobothrus lutepes + + + - - - - - + - - - - Aulacobothrus desicus + + - - + - - - + - - - - Leva indica + + + - - - - - + - - - - Aiolopus tho tamulus + + + - + - - + + - - - - Heteropternis respondens - - - - - - - - - - - - - Oedaleus abruptus - + - - + - + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - + - - - - - Gastrimargus africanus africanus - - - - - - - + + - - - - Trilophidia annulata - + + - - - + + - - - - - Acrotylus humbertianus - + - - - - - - - - - - - Morphacris fasciata sulcata - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pternoscirta cintifemur - - + - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - Ceracris nigricornis nigricornis 10 11 12 Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 123-124, 2013 DERMAPTERA BAIJU LAL and V.D. HEGDE* Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 INTRODUCTION Even though there is no comprehensive work on Dermaptera fauna of Karnataka state, based on the Fauna of India, Dermaptera parts I and II by Srivastava (1988,2003) and studies of Oriental Dermaptera by Srivastava (1990) and Steinmann (1975) and other references a detailed account of check-list of Dermaptera fauna of Karnataka has been prepared. This list contains a total of 32 species belonging to 19 genera under 13 subfamilies of 6 families and 3 super families. Inspite of cosmopolitan distribution of the 3 species Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847), Nala livideps (Dufour, 1820) and Labidura rip aria (Pallas, 1773), there are no reports on the occurrence of Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) from Karnataka state. Subfamily DIPLATYINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Diplatys Serville, 1831 5. Diplatys chopardi Hincks, 1955 6. Diplatys excidens Hincks, 1954 7. Diplatys confusus Hincks, 1955 8. Diplatys coelebs Hincks, 1955 9. Diplatys jawalagiriensis Kapoor, Bharadwaj & Banarjee, 1971 10. Diplatys lefroyi Burr, 1910 11. Diplatys carinatus Srivastava 1988 Superfamily FORFICULOIDEA (= Eudermaptera Verhoeff, 1902) Family FORFICULIDAE Stephens, 1831 Subfamily OPISTHOCOSMIINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Hypurgus Burr, 1907 12. Hypurgus humeralis (Kirby, 1891) SYSTEMATIC POSITION Family CHELISOCHIDAE Burr, 1907 Superfamily PYGIDICRANOIDEA (= Protodermaptera Zacher, 1911) Subfamily CHELISOCHINAE Burr, 1907 Family PYGIDICRANIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Subfamily PYGIDICRANINAE Verhoeff, 1902 Genus Cranopygia Burr, 1908 1. Cranopygia burri Hincks, 1955 2. Cranopygia vittipenis Hincks, 1955 Subfamily ECHINOSOMATINAE Burr, 1910 Genus Echinosoma Serville, 1839 3. Echinosoma parvulum Dohrn, 1863 4. Echinosoma trilineatum Borelli, 1921 *Email id:hegde67@yahoo.co.in Genus Chaetospania Karsch, 1886 13. Chaetospania nigriceps (Kirby, 1891) 14. Chaetospania acuminata Srivastava, 1990 Genus Adiathetus Burr, 1904 15. Adiathetus tenebrator (Kirby, 1891) Family SPONGIPHORIDAE (= Labiidae Burr, 1909) Subfamily SPONGIPHORINAE Burr, 1911 Genus Spongovostox Burr, 1911 16. Spongovostox anamalaiensis Srivastava, 1969 124 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 17. Spongovostox semiflavus (Bormans, 1894) 27. Anisolabella nandii (Srivastava, 1987) Subfamily LABIINAE Burr, 1911 Genus Gonolabis Burr, 1911 Genus Apovostox 28. Gonolabis krishnappai Srivastava, 2003 18. Apovostox serratus (Kapoor, 1967) Subfamily BRACHYLABIDINAE Burr, 1909 Genus Labia Leach, 1815 Genus Ctenisolabis Verhoeff, 1902 19. Labia curvicauda Motschulsky, 1863 29. Ctenisolabis fletcheri Burr, 1910 Superfamily ANISOLABOIDEA Family LABIDURIDAE Verhoeff, 1902 Family ANISOLABIDIDAE (= Carcinophoridae Popham, 1965) Subfamily LABIDURINAE Burr, 1909 Genus Labidura Leach, 1815 Subfamily TITANOLABIINAE 30. Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773) Genus Titanolabis Burr, 1910 Genus Forcipula Bolivar, 1897 20. Titanolabis maindroni (Borelli, 1911) (= Labidurodes orientalis Ramamurthi, 1968). 31. Forcipula quadrispinosa (Dohrn, 1863) Subfamily NALINAE Steinmann, 1975 Subfamily CARCINOPHORINAE Hincks, 1954 Genus Paralabis Genus Nala Zacher, 1910 32. Nala lividepes (Dufour, 1820) 21. Paralabis lefroyi (Burr, 1910) 22. Paralabis greeni (Burr, 1899) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Subfamily PLATYLABIINAE Burr, 1910 Genus Platylabia Dohrn, 1865 23. Platylabia sp. Srivastava 1990 Subfamily ANISOLABIINAE Genus Euborellia Burr, 1910 24. Euborellia annulata (Fabricius, 1793) 25. Euborellia stali (Dohrn, 1864) Genus Anisolabella Zacher, 1911 26. Anisolabella dohmi (Kirby, 1891 ) Weare very much grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for providing necessary facilities and Late Dr. G. Thirumalai, Additional Director, ZSI, Chennai who has inspired us to do this work. We are very much indebted to Dr. G.K. Srivastava, Retd. Addl. Director, ZSI for his valuable suggestions. Thanks are also due to O/C Coleoptera section and the other staffs for constant encouragement. REFERENCES Srivastava, G.K. 1988. Fauna of India and the adjacent Countries: Dermaptera, Part I, Superfamily: Pygidicranoidea: 1-268. Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. Srivastava, G.K. 1990. Studies on Oriental Dermeptera preserved in the California Academy of Science, Sanfrancisco, U.S.A. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 87(1) : 15-53. Srivastava, G.K. 2003. Fauna of India: Dermaptera, Part II, Superfamily: Anisolaboidea : 1-235. Published by Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. Steinmann, H. 1975. Supergeneric classification of Dermaptera, Acta zoological Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XXI(1-2) : 195-220. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 INSECTA 125-126, 2013 EMBIOPTERA R.M. SHARMA and KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION The order Embioptera includes primitive insects commonly known as web-spinners or embiids. Medium sized (5 to 25 mm) insects with body elongate and dorso-ventrally flattened. Their mouth parts are chewing type, antennae filiform and metatarsus of forelegs swollen containing glands and spinnerets. The winged members have two pairs of elongate, membranous similar wings. The wings remain folded over the back at rest. Males are generally winged and females are apterous. They have a unique ability in the world of insects to spin the silk threads with their feet. These webs serve for the protection against predacious insects, for regulating the humidity and for laying the eggs. The reproduction takes place by both sexual as well as parthenogenesis. The females exhibit parental care as they remain near the eggs and young ones. They inhabit the humid places like under stones, leaves, bark and other objects. They usually shun the light. Their food consists of almost anything of vegetable origin. Some species of genus Oligotoma also live in association with spiders, ants and termites. The studies on web-spinners and their association with termites and other arthropods will throw some light on evolution of commensalisms and socialism in insects. They play an important role in the formation of the humus and improvement of the soil quality. These insects are found in all continents but their distribution is discontinuous. About 317 species under eight families are known throughout the world (Ross, 1999) and thirty one species belonging to two families ViZ. Embiidae and Oligotomidae are known from India, covering the various ecosystems (Chandra & Sharma, 2009). The work on Indian Embioptera is very limited may be due to poor speciation in the order. The South Indian fauna was studied in the past by Ananthakrishnan and Ananthasubramanian (1956), Ananthasubramanian and Ananthakrishnan (1960), Bradoo (1971) and Ross (1943, 1950). The Karnataka fauna of embiids is represented by 7 species of 3 genera under two families. Order EMBIOPTERA Family EMBIIDAE 1. Pseudembia truncata Davis, 1939 Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwar Family OLIGOTOMIDAE 2. Aposthonia josephii (Bradoo, 1971) Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwar 3. Oligotoma ceylonica ceylonica Enderlein, 1912 Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwar 4. Oligotoma dharwariana Bradoo, 1971 Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwar 5. Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure, 1896) Distribution : Karnataka: Bhadrawate, Mysore, Dharwar 6. Oligotoma minuscula Enderlein, 1912 Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwar 7. Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood, 1837) = Oligotoma latreillei Rambur, 1842 = Oligotoma insularis McLachlan, 1883 126 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 = Oligotoma cubana Hagen, 1885 = Oligotoma rochai Navas, 1917 = Oligotoma bramina Saussure, 1896 = Oligotoma inaequalis Banks, 1924 = Oligotoma hova Saussure, 1896 Distribution : Karnataka: Dharwar REFERENCES Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and Ananthasubramanian, K.S. 1956. Some Embioptera from South India. Indian 1. Ent., 17 : 105-168. Ananthasubramanian, K.S. 1956. Biology of Oligotoma humbertiana Saussure. Indian 1. Ent., 18(3) : 226-232. Ananthasubramanian, K.S. and Ananthakrishnan, T.N. 1960. Biology of Oligotoma minuscula Enderlein (Oligotomidae : Embioptera). Bull. Ent., 1 : 8-21. Chandra, K. and Sharma, R.M. 2009. Checklist of Indian Embioptera (Embiidina) http://www. zsi.gov.in /zoological survey of India/zsidatalchecklist. Bradoo, B.L. 1971. Two new species of Embioptera with records of others from South India. Oriental Ins., 5(2) : 263-267. Davis, C. 1939a. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera I. The genotype of Oligotoma Westwood. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W, 64 : 181-190. Davis, C. 1939b. Taxonomic notes on the order Embioptera VI-X. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W, 64 : 474495. Imms, A.D.1913. Contributions to a knowledge of the Structure and Biology of some Indian InsectsII. On Embia major sp.nov., from the Himalayas. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 11 : 167-195. Kapur, A.P. and Kripalani, M.B. 1957. Studies in Indian Embioptera, Part 1. The Oligotomidae of India. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, 109 : 111-134. Mukherjee, S. 1927, On the morphology and bionomics of Embia minor sp. nov. with special reference to its spinning organs. A contribution to our knowledge of Indian Embioptera. (plate-28). Rec. Ind. Mus., 29 : 253-282. Ross, E.S. 1943. Two new Indian Embioptera and the lectotype of Oligotoma borneensis Hagen, Psyche, 50 : 100-108, 13figs. Ross, E.S. 1950. The Embiidae of India (Embioptera). Wasmann 1. Bioi., 8(20) : 133-153. Ross, E.S. 1999. World list of extant and fossil Embiidina (= Embioptera). http:// research. calacademy. org/researchlentomolo gy/Entomolo gy _Resources/embiilist/inde. (Updated January, 2009). Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna oj Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 127-128, 2013 INSECTA MANTODEA R.M. SHARMA and KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION The insects commonly known as 'Praying Mantids' are carnivorous and peculiar in respect of their body structure, prey capture, camouflage and reproductive behaviour. General body color of the mantids varies from green to pale brown. Being predators they playa very important role in biological control of harmful insects. They are weak fliers and occur in all habitats from plains to hills, seen mostly in bushes, herbs and shrubs. Very often they are encountered at light as they get attracted to electric bulbs, tube lights etc. World wide about 2310 species of 432 genera are known, of which, 162 species of 68 genera occur in India (Mukherjee et aI., 1995 and Hazra and Mukherjee, 1998). A perusal of literature revealed that so far 23 species of 20 genera under 2 families (14% of Indian diversity) are recorded from Karnataka State including a new record of man tid (Ghate et al., 2000). Further explorations may yield in addition of some more species from the state. Order MANTODEA Subfamily HYMENOPODINAE 4. Creobroter apicalis Saussure Distribution : Kumta, Karnataka Family MANTIDAE Subfamily CHOERADODINAE 5. Choeradodis cancellata (Fabricius) Distribution : South India Subfamily TARACHODINAE 6. Didymocorypha lanceolata (Fabricius) Distribution : Karnataka 7. Dysaules longicollis Stal Distribution : Karnataka: Bangalore 8. Oxyophthalma gracilis Saussure Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily LITURGUSINAE 9. Humbertiella affinis Giglio-Tos Distribution : Karnataka: Bangalore 10. Humbertiella ceylonica Saussure Distribution : Karnataka: Belgaum, Londa 11. Humbertiella indica Saussure Distribution : Karnataka Family HYMENOPODIDAE 12. Theopompa ophthalmica (Olivier) Subfamily ACROMANTINAE Distribution : Southern India Tribe Acromantini Beier 1. Acromantis insularis Giglio-Tos Distribution: Karnataka : Jog falls 2. Ephestiasula intermedia Werner Distribution : Karnataka: Hubli 3. Euantissa pulchra (Fabricius) Distribution : Southern India Subfamily OXYOTHESPINAE 13. Heterochaetula jissispinis Wood-Mason Distribution : Karnataka : Mehabobnagar Subfamily IRIDOPTERYGINAE Tribe lridopterygini 14. Parananomantis brevis Mukherjee Distribution : Karnataka 128 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Tribe Mantini Tribe Tropidomantini 15. Eomantis guttatipennis (Stal) 19. Hierodula (Hierodula) doveri Chopard Distribution : Karnataka Distribution : Karnataka : Jog falls 20. Hierodula (Hierodula) unimaculata (Olivier) Subfamily AMELINAE Distribution: Karnataka : Mysore 16. Elmantis trincomaliae (Saussure) Distribution: Karnataka: Jog falls, Belgaon: Londa 21. Mantis religiosa Linnaeus Distribution : Karnataka: Gulberga, Yadgir 17. Gonypeta punctata (De Haan) Subfamily TOXODERINAE Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily MANTINAE Tribe Miomantini 18. Deiphobella laticeps (Wood-Mason) Distribution : Karnataka : Mysore. Tribe Toxoderini 22. Paradanuria orientalis Wood-Mason Distribution: Karnataka 23. Toxomantis westwoodi Giglio-Tos Distribution : Karnataka REFERENCES Ghate, H.V., Rane, N. and Ranade, S. 2000. Recent record of Creobroter apicalis Saussure (Insecta : Mantodea) from Pune, Maharashtra and Kumta, Karnataka. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 97(2) : 297-298. Hazra, A.K. and Mukherjee, T.K. 1998. Mantodea. In : Faunal Diversity in India, pp 495, Editors, Alfred, et al., Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata : 210-214. Mukherjee, T.K., Hazra, A.K. and Ghosh, A.K. 1995. The Mantid fauna of India (Insecta: Mantodea). Oriental Insects, 29 : 185-358. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 INSECTA 129-132, 2013 HOMOPTERA MEMBRACIDAE G. THIRUMALAI and S. PRABAKARAN Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION The members of the family Membracidae are small-size and phytophagous belonging to the auchenorrhychous Homoptera and can be easily recognised by the peculiar structure of the pronotum which frequently conceals the scutellum and takes different shapes, Horn-like process of the protonum, very oftenassuming curious bizarre shapes in different specieshave earned them the name "horn bugs" or "cow bugs". Although endowed with powers of flight, they prefer to hop about when disturbed and this habit has earned them the popular name "tree hoppers". The Indian Mambracidae diversity belongs to 233 species under 42 genera (Ananthasubramanian,1996). A perusal of literature revealed that in the state of Karnataka the Membracidae fauna is represented by 47 specias of 17 genera. Family MEMBRACIDAE Rafinesque Subfamily OXYRHACINAE Haupt Tribe Oxyrhacini Distant Genus Oxyrhachis Germar 1. Oxyrhachis brevicornutus Anananthasubramanian and Ananathakrishnan, 1975 Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Madras), Karnataka (Bangalore) 2. Oxyrhachis lefroyi Distant, 1916 Distribution : India : Kerala (Ernakulam), Karnataka (Coorg) 3. Oxyrhachis palus (Buckton, 1905) Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore); Tamilnadu (Coimbatore) 4. Oxyrhachis rufescens Walker, 1851 Distribution: India : All over India 5. Oxyrhachis taranda (Fabricius, 1798) Distribution: India : All over India Subfamily CENTROTINAE Amyot and Serville Tribe Tricentrini Ahmad and Yasmeen Genus Tricentrus StiH 6. Tricentrus brevis Funkhouser, 1914 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg). Elsewhere : Indonesia: Banguey. 7. Tricentrus decornis Anananthasubramanian and Ananathakrishnan, 1975 Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Madras); Karnataka (Mysore) 8. Tricentrus fairmairei (StiH, 1859) Distribution: India : Karnataka (Bangalore, Mercara). Elsewhere : East Asia : Philippines 9. Tricentrus horizontalis Distant, 1916 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg). Elsewhere : Burma (Moulmein) 10. Tricentrus nobilis Anananthasubramanian, 1980 Distribution : India : Karnataka (M ysore). 130 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 11. Tricentrus pilosus Anananthasubramanian Genus Otinotus Buckton and Ananathakrishnan, 1975 20. Otinotus elongatus Distant, 1908 Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Madras); Karnataka (Bangalore); Kerala (Trivandrum); Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad); Andamans Distribution : India : Kerala (Trivandrum), Karnataka (Bangalore), Assam, West Bengal, Orissa Genus Deitzius Anananthasubramanian 12. Deitzius tomentosus 21. Otinotus mysorensis Anananthasubramanian, 1980 (Anananthasubramanian, 1980) Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore) Genus Lanceonotus Capener Distribution: India: Karnataka (Mysore) 22. Otinotus obliquus Anananthasubramanian and Ananathakrishnan, 1975 13. Lanceonotus cinnamomi Anananthasubramanian, 1980 Distribution : India : Karnataka (Mercara) Genus Leptocentrus Still\ Distribution : India : Kerala (Trivandrum), Karnataka (Bangalore), Tamilnadu (Madras, Coonoor) 23. Otinotus oneratus (Walker, 1858) 14. Leptocentrus ins ignis Distant, 1951 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg) 15. Leptocentrus leucaspis (Walker, 1851) Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Madras), Karnataka (Bangalore), Andhra (Vijayawada, Guntur). Elsewhere Malaysia Sri Lanka; Philiphines; Borneo; 16. Leptocentrus rhizophagus Anananthasubramanian and Ananathakrishnan, 1975 Distribution : India : In all southern states 17. Leptocentrus substitutus (Walker, 1851) Distribution : India : All over. Elsewhere : Srilanka; Central China Genus Nilautama Distant 18. Nilautama typica Distant, 1908 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Assam. Elsewhere : Burma Genus Dograna Distant 19. Dograna suffulta Distant, 1908 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg), Kerala (Palghat), Maharashtra (Bombay). Distribution : India : All over India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka 24. Otinotus pallescens Distant, 1908 Distribution: India: Maharashtra (Bombay), West Bengal (Calcutta), Karnataka (Bangalore), Punjab, Uttar Pradesh Genus Emphusis Buckton 25. Emphusis malleus (Walker, 1851) Distribution : India : Karnataka (Coorg), Maharashtra (Bombay). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka; North Borneo; Malaysia Genus Centrotypus Still 26. Centrotypus ortus Distant, 1908 Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Aiyur, N. Salem, Jawalgiri, Naganoor); Karnataka (Coorg, Mysore), Uttar Pradesh (Dehra Dun); Madya Pradesh (Balaghat). Genus 26. Anchon Buckton 27. Anchon pilosum (Walker, 1851) Distribution : India : Kerala (Trivandrum), Karnataka (Mysore), Tamilnadu (Coimbatore); Maharashtra (Bombay). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. THIRUMALAI and PRABAKARAN : Insecta: Homoptera : Membracidae 28. Anehon reetangulatum (Kirby, 1891) Distribution : India : Karnataka (M ysore). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 29. Anehon ulniforme Buckton, 1903 Distribution : India : Kerala (Trivandrum), Karnataka (Mysore), Tamilnadu (Madras); West Bengal (Darjeeling), Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere : Burma (Tenasserim); Sumatra; Java. Tribe Uroxiphini Goding 131 Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Colombo); Burma (Tenasserim); Borneo; China 36. Gargara penangi Funkhouser, 1918 Distribution : India : Tamilnadu Salem), Karnataka (Coorg). Elsewhere : Malaysia; Penang; Borneo 37. Gargara pulehripennis StiH Distribution : India : Tamilnadu (Aiyur, Salem); Karnataka (Fraserpet, Coorg). Elsehwere : Philippines Genus Insitoroides Funkhouser, 38. Gargara sikhimensis Distant, 1908 30. Insitoroides typiea Funkhouser, 1933 Distribution : India : Karnataka (Shimoga), Sikkim Distribution : India : Karnataka (Fraserpet, Coorg) Genus Cryptaspidia StiH 39. Gargara splendidula Distant, 1916 31. Cryptaspidia piceola (Melichar, 1903) Distribution : India : Kashmir, Punjab, Karnataka (Coorg, Fraserpet), Uttar Pradesh (Dehra Dun) Distribution : India : Karnataka (Fraserpet, Coorg). 40. Gargara varieolor StiH, 1870 Genus Gargara Amyot and Serville Distribution: India: Tamilnadu (Aiyur, Salem), Karnataka (Coorg), Punjab (Chichawatni), Uttar Pradesh (Dehra Dun, Naini Tal) 32. Gargara affinis Distant, 1908 Tribe Coccosterphini Distant Distribution : India : Karnataka (Coorg, Mysore), Maharashtra (Bombay), Uttar Pradesh (Dehra Dun). Genus Eueoeeosterphus Ananthasubramanian & Ghosh Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Elsewhere : Burma (Tenasserim); Borneo; Philippine Islands. 33. Gargara aurea Funkhouser, 1933 Distribution : India : Karnataka (Fraserpet, Coorg) 34. Gargara extrema Distant, 1916 Distribution : India : All over. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 35. Gargara mixta (Buckton, 1903) Distribution : India : All over. 41. Eueoeeosterphus mueronieollis (de Motschulsky, 1859) Distribution : India : Karnataka (Coorg, Fraserpet). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Genus Coeeosterphus StiH 42. Coeeosterphus deeoloratus Distant, 1908 Distribution : India : Keral (Trivandrum), Karanataka (Bangalore), West Bengal (Calcutta) 43. Coeeosterphus mysorensis Anananthasubramanian and Ghosh, 1987 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg) 132 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Parayasa Distant 46. Parayasa nigrolimbata 44. Parayasa affixa Distant, 1916 Anananthasubramanian, 1981 Distribution: India: Tamilnadu (Salem, Ooty), Karnataka (Fraserpet, Coorg) Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg) Genus Kanada Distant, 45. Parayasa maculosa Distant, 1916 47. Kanada irvinei Distant, 1908 Distribution: India: Tamilnadu (Kodaikanal), Karnataka (Coorg) Distribution: India: Bihar (Ranchi), Karnataka (Coorg) REFERENCES Anananthasubramanian, K.S. 1996. Fauna of India, Homoptera : Membracidae, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, : 534. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 INSECTA 133-162, 2013 HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC AND SEMI -AQUATIC) G. THIRUMALAI Zcnlcgical 9..1rvEy of Irrlia, S::ut:l:Em REgiaBl c:entre, Chrrai - 600 028 INTRODUCTION Sharma (2000-2005), Shureshkumar Hemiptera Infraorders N epomorpha and Gerromorpha comprises of true aquatic bugs and Thirumalai (2005-2006), Zettel and and Thirumalai (2001) and Zettel (1977, 1998, 2000, 2001). semi-aquatic bugs respectively, though the former group is having two families namely The present studies on the water bugs fauna of Gelastocoridae and Ochteridae which are mostly the state ofKarnataka is aimed to give a consolidated terrestrial yet also found near the edge of fresh taxonomic - cum - faunal account of the conserned water pools. Other major Nepomorphan families group since there was not much knowledge on are Notonectidae, Corixidae, Belostomatidae, these important insects from the state. Nepidae and Naucoridae. Typical characteristic In the present work total 78 species under 42 feature of Nepomorphy is short antennae which genera of 11 families of water bugs (aquatic and are hidden inside cavities underneath the head. semi-aquatic forms) have been recorded. Out of Gerromorpha contains eight families namely these 11 species have been reported for the first Gerridae, Veliidae, Mesoveliidae, Hebridae, time from the state of Karnataka , which are denoted H ydrometridae, Macroveliidae, Paraphrynoveliidae with asteric marks in the text. The species with and Hermatobatidae (Andersen, 1982) and they are material examined have been collected from characteriszed by having long conspicuous Karnataka Survey during 1999-2003 made by the antennae longer than head and inserted in survey parties of the Southern Regional Centre, front of eyes and also they are capable of Chennai, of the Zoological Survey of India. dwelling over the surface of water by having characteristic modified leg structures. For a good number of species the materials were not available for studies but have been Consolidated informations on the water bugs included in the present water- bug fauna as they from different parts of India pertains to work of were recorded earlier by different workers. Thirumalai (1983-2006), Polhemus et al. (1990), Taxonomic references on homonyms, synonyms, Bal and Basu (1994-2009), Ramakrishna (2000), distribution in India and abroad have been cited Papacek and Zettel (2001), Ravishankar and in the present water- bug Fauna of Karnataka. The Venkitesan (1988), Thirumalai and Raghunathan diagnostic characters have been given to those (1988), Thirumalai and Radhakrishnan (1999), species only for which the specimens were available Thirumalai and Krishnan (2000), Thirumalai and for the present studies. 134 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 SYSTEMATIC LIST Genus Tenagogonus StiH, 1854 Order HEMIPTERA Suborder HETEROPTERA 15. Tenagogonus ceylonensis Hungerford & Matsuda, 1962 Infraorder GERROMORPHA Subfamily HALOBATINAE Family GERRIDAE Genus Metrocoris Mayr, 1865 16. Metrocoris communis (Distant, 1910) Subfamily CYLINDROSTETHINAE 17. Metrocoris Genus Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865 1. Cylindrostethos productus (Spinola, 1840) Subfamily EOTRECHINAE Genus Onychotrechus Kirkaldy, 1903 18. Metrocoris malabaricus Thirumalai, 1986 19. Metrocoris variegans Thirumalai, 1986 Genus Ventidius Distant, 1910 Subgenus Ventidius Distant, 1910 2. Onychotrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy, 1903 3. Onychotrechus rupestris Andersen, 1980 4. Oncyhotrechus spinifer Andersen, 1980 20. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant, 1910 Subfamily PTILOMERINAE Genus Amemboa Esasi, 1925 Subgenus Amemboa Esaki, 1925 5. Amemboa (Amemboa) kumari (Distant, 1910) Subgenus Amemboides Polhemus &Andersen, 1984 6. Amemboa (Amemboides) perlata Polhemus & Andersen, 1984 Genus Tarsotrechus Andersen, 1980 7. Tarsotrechus polhemi indicus Chen & Nieser, 1993 Genus lucundus Distant, 1910 21.Jucundus custodiendus Distant, 1910 Genus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville, 1843 Subgenus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville, 1843 22. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt, 1926 Genus Stridulobates Zettel & Thirumalai, 2001 Andersen, 1980 23. Stridulobates anderseni Zettel & Thirumalai, 2001 Subfamily GERRINAE 24. Stridulobates nostras (Thirumalai, 1986) Genus Aquarius Schellenberg, 1800 Subfamily RHAGADOTARSINAE 8. Aquarius adelaidis (Dohrn, 1860) Genus Limnogonus StiH, 1868 Genus Rhagadotarsus Breddin, 1905 Subgenus Limnogonus StiH, 1868 Subgenus Rhagadotarsus Breddin, 1905 9. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) fossarum fossarum (Fabricius, 1775) 25. Rhagadotarsus (Rhagadotarsus) kraepelini Breddin, 1905 10. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) nitidus (Mayr, 1865) Subfamily TREPOBATINAE Subgenus Limnogonoides Poisson, 1965 Genus Gnomobates Polhemus & Polhemus, 1995a. 11. Limnogonus (Limnogonoides) pectoralis (Mayr, 1865) 26. Gnomobates kuiterti (Hungerford & Matsuda, 1958) Genus Limnometra Mayr, 1865 Genus Lathriobates Polhemus, 2004 12. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy,1901) 13. Limnometrafluviorum (Fabricius, 1798) Genus Neogerris Matsumura, 1913 14. Neogerris parvula (StiH, 1859) * 27. Lathriobates raja (Distant, 1910) * Genus Naboandelus Distant, 1910 28. Naboandelus signatus Distant, 1910 Genus Ventidius Distant, 1910 THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) Subgenus Ventidius Distant, 1910 135 Infraorder NEPOMORPHA 29. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant, 1910 Family NOTONECTIDAE Family VELIIDAE Subfamily ANISOPINAE Subfamily MICROVELIINAE Genus Anisops Spinola, 1837 41. Anisops barbatus Brooks, 1951 Genus Baptisa Distant, 1903 42. Anisops bouvieri Kirkaldy, 1904 30. Baptisa angulata Andersen, 1989 Genus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 43. Anisops campbelli Brooks, 1951 Subgenus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 44. Anisops cavifrons Brooks, 1951 31. Microvelia (Microvelia) diluta Distant, 1909 * 32. Microvelia (Microvelia) douglasi Scott, 1874 Genus Pseudovelia Hoberlandt, 1950 Subgenus Pseudovelia Hoberlandt, 1950 33. Pseudovelia (Pseudovelia) sexualis (Paiva, 1917) 45. Anisops nigrolineatus Lundblad, 1933 46. Anisops paranigrolineatus Brooks, 1951 47. Anisops nivea (Fabricius, 1775) * 48. Anisops sardeus HetTich - Shaffer, 1850 49. Anisops waltairensis Brooks, 1951 * Subfamily NOTONECTINAE Latreille, 1802 Subfamily RHAGOVELIINAE Tribe Notonectini Latreille, 1802 Genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 Genus Enithares Subgenus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 34. Rhagovelia (Rhagovelia) tibialis Lundblad, 1936 * Spinola, 1837 50. Enithares ciliata (Fabricius, 1798) 51. Enithares hungerfordi Brooks, 1948 52. Enithares fusca Brooks, 1948 Genus Tetraripis Lundblad, 1936 Family NEPIDAE 35. Tetraripis asymmetricus Polhemus & Karunaratne, 1979 Subfamily RANATRINAE Family HEBRIDAE Genus Cercotmetus Amyot & Serville, 1843 Subfamily HEBRINAE Genus Neotimasius Andersen, 1981 36.Neotimasius orientalis Andersen, 1981 Genus Timasius Distant, 1909 37. Timasius splendens Distant, 1909 Family MESOVELIIDAE Tribe Ranatrini 53. Cercotmetusfumosus Distant, 1904 * 54. Cercotmetus pi/ipes (Dallas, 1850) Genus Ranatra Fabricius, 1790 55. Ranatra elongata Fabricius, 1790 56. Ranatra fi/iformis Fabricius, 1790 57. Ranatra varipes varipes Stat, 1861 Subfamily MESOVELIINAE Subfamily NEPINAE Genus Mesovelia Mulsant & Rey, 1852 Tribe Nepini 38. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath, 1895 Family HYDROMETRIDAE Subfamily HYDROMETRINAE Genus Hydrometra Latreille, 1796 39. Hydrometra butleri Hungerford and Evans, 1934 40. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy, 1898 Genus Laccotrephes * Stat, 1866 58. Laccotrephes griseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1835) 59. Laccotrephes ruber (Linnaeus, 1764) Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Subfamily BELOSTOMATINAE Genus Diplonychus Laporte, 1833 136 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 60. Diplonychus rusticus (Fabricius, 1781) Subfamily MICRONECTINAE Subfamily LETHOCERINAE Genus Micronecta Kirkaldy, 1897 Genus Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 Subgenus Basilonecta Hutchinson, 1940 Subgenus Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 71. Micronecta (Basilonecta) scutellaris 61. Lethocerus (Lethocerus) indicus scutellaris (Stal, 1858) (Lepeletiler & Serville, 1825) Family PLEIDAE 72. Micronecta (Basilonecta) siva (Kirkaldy, 1897) Genus Paraplea Esaki & China, 1928 Subgenus Dichaetonecta Hutchinson,1940 73. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) desertana dravida Hutchinson, 1940 62. Prapleafrontalis (Fieber, 1844) Family NAUCORIDAE 74. Micronecta(Dichaetonecta) flavens Wroblewski, 1960 * Subfamily LACCOCORINAE Genus Heleocoris Stal, 1876 75. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) prashadana Hutchinson, 1940 63. Heleocoris bergrothi Montandon, 1897 Family HELOTREPHIDAE Subfamily HELOTREPHINAE 76. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) sanctaecatherine Hutchinson, 1940 Tribe Limnotrephini Subgenus Indonectella Hutchinson, 1940 Genus Limnotrephes Esaki & China, 1928 77. Micronecta (lndonectella) grisea (Fieber, 1844) 64. Limnotrephes campbelli Esaki & China, 1928 Family CORIXIDAE Subgenus Sigmonecta Wroblewski, 1962 78. Micronecta (Sigmonecta) quadristrigata Breddin, 1905 Subfamily CORIXINAE Note: Species with asteric marks have been denoted as new record from the State of Karnataka. Tribe Agraptocorixini Genus Agraptocorixa Kirkaldy, 1898 65. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis hyalinipennis (Fabricius, 1803) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order HEMIPTERA Tribe Corixini Suborder HETEROPTERA Genus Sigara Fabricius, 1775 Infraorder GERROMORPHA Subgenus Tropocorixa Hutchinson, 1940 Family GERRIDAE 66. Sigara (Tropocorixa) graveleyi (Hutchinson, 1940) * Genus Cylindrostethus Mayr, 1865 67. Sigara (Tropocorixa) horana (Hutchinson, 1940) * 68. Sigara (Tropocorixa) promontoria Distant,1910 69. Sigara (Tropocorixa) pruthiana (Hutchinson, 1940) Subfamily CYMATINAE Genus Cymatia Flor, 1860 70. Cymatia apparens (Distant, 1910) Subfamily CYLINDROSTETHINAE 1. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola, 1840) 1840. Gerris productus Spinola, Essai Sur less insectes hemipteres rhynchotes on heteropteres, 64. 1903a. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola): Distant, .Fauna British India, 2: 184. 191Oa. Janias elegantulus: Distant,. Ann.Mag.nat.Hist. 5(8): 145. 1994. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola): Polhemus,. Bishop Mus. Dcc.Pap., 38: 10. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 137 2002. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola): Thirumalai,.Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 58. 1 cJ (w) from Sebinakare to Duraisanialla, 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. 2006. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 73. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu. AFRICA. 2007. Cylindrostethus productus (Spinola): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna ofBannerghatta Remarks: o.rhexenor lives on inclined rock faces close to mountain streams, rock splashed by waterfalls and similar habitats. National Park, Conservation Area Series 33:57. 3. Onychotrechus rupestris Andersen, 1980 Diagnosis: This species is very large (more than 25 mm), elongate, dark, which can be recognised by its large connexival spines. C.productus is the only member of the genus so far known from India. This species has been found inhabiting smooth flowing mountain streams. Material Examined: 7 cJ , 4 ｾ＠ from Budipaduga, 18.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 cJ (winged) from Muthyalamaduvu, 15-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, UttarPradesh, West Bengal. SRILANKA Subfamily EOTRECHINAE 1980. Onychotrechus rupestris Andersen, Steenstrupia, 6(10): 132. 2002. Onychotrechus rupestris: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2) : 60. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. 4. Oncyhotrechus spinifer Andersen, 1980 1980. Onychotrechus spinifer Andersen, Steenstrupia, 6(10): 138. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra. Genus Amemboa Esasi, 1925 Genus Onychotrechus Kirkaldy, 1903 Subgenus Amemboa Esaki, 1925 2. Onychotrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy, 1903 5. Amemboa (Amemboa) kumari (Distant, 1910) 1903. Onychotrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy, Entomologist, 36: 44. 1980. Onychotrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy: Andersen, Steenstrupia, 6(10): 128. 1910. Onychotrechus kumariDistant,Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5: 145 2002. Onychothrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 60. 1984. Amemboa (Amemboa) kumari (Distant): Polhemus & Andersen, Steenstrupia, 10(3): 85. 2006. Onychothrechus rhexenor Kirkaldy: Thirumalai and Sureshkumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation 2002. Amemboa (Amemboa) kumari (Distant): Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 58. 1950. Amemboa pervati : Pradhan, Rec. Indian Mus., 48 (3&4): 12. Area Series, 27: 73 Diagnosis: Darker brown or black in colour; short brown sublateral stripes on mesonotum in wingless forms; male front femur tapering towards apex, elongate patch of dark spinules on mner surface. Material examined: 1 cJ (w) from Basavanagodu, 3. iv. 1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai, 1 cJ (w) from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 2006. Amemboa (Amemboa) kumari (Distant): Thirumalai and Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBiligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 74 Diagnosis: The male forefemur relatively slender, with two separate hair tufts beyond middle, the basal hair tuft small and pointed. The females cannot safely be identified without the associated males. 138 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material Examined: 16 (apt.), 1 Is from Sebinakare to Doraisanihalla, 27 .ii.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 26, 3 ｾ＠ (apt.) from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 16, 1 ｾ＠ (apt.) from the road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamilnadu. Remarks: This species is reported to occur in small pools, puddles near the streambeds, or on riverbanks. It has not been so far recorded outside the Indian Peninsula. Subgenus Amemboides Polhemus & Andersen, 1984 6. Amemboa (Amemboides) perlata Polhemus & Andersen, 1984 1984. Amemboa (Amemboides) perlata Polhemus & Andersen, Steenstrupia,10(3): 100. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. Genus Tarsotrechus Andersen, 1980 7. Tarsotrechus polhemi Andersen, 1980 Diagnosis: The first antennal segment is the longest, the head, rostrum, pronotum and forelegs are black. The hind margin of pronotum is brownish yellow; forewing dark brown in macropterous forms with dark brownish veins; the hind margin of the 7th sternum with a large triangular impression in middle. This is one of the very common species inhabiting the permanent waterbodies in India, with both macropterous and apterous forms. This species is found in all len tic habitats and also recorded from deep wells in Southern India. Material examined: 1 ｾ＠ (winged) from Swarnamugi Beat (Ramasamy Pond), 13-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDONESIA; MYANMAR; NEPAL; PHILIPPINES; SRILANKA; THIALAND; VIETNAM. Genus Limnogonus StiH, 1868 Subgenus Limnogonus StiH, 1868 9. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) fossarum fossarum (Fabricius, 1775) 1980. Tarsotrechus polhemi Andersen, Steenstrupia, 6( 10): 143 1775. Cimex fossarum Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 727. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: : Karnataka, Kerala Subfamily GERRINAE Genus Aquarius Schellenberg, 1800 8. Aquarius adelaidis (Dohrn, 1860) 1860. Aquarius adelaidis Dohrn, Stettin.ent.Ztg. 21: 408. 1896. Gerris spinolae Leth. & Ser., Cat. gen. Hemiptera, 3: 63. 1903. Gerris spin alae Leth. & Ser.: Distant, Fauna British India, 2:180. 1990. Aquarius adelaidis (Dohrn): Andersen, Steenstrupia, 16(4): 6l. 2002. Aquarius adelaidis (Dohrn): Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 60. 2007. Aquarius adelaidis (Dohrn): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33:57. 1794. Gerris fossarum Fabricius, Ent. Syst. emen. aucta, IV:188. 1868. Limnogonus fossarum Stal,K.Svenska Vetensk.Akad., 7: 133. 1959. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) fossa rum (Fab.,) : Hungerford & Matsuda, 1. Kans. Ent. Soc., 32(1) : 40. 1975. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) fossarum(Fab.,}: Andersen, Ent.Scand.Suppl.,7:30. Material Examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal. CHINA, JAVA, MALACCA ISLANDS, PHILIPPINES, SUMATRA, TAIWAN, THIALAND, VEITNAM. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 10. Limnogonus (Limnogonus) nitidus (Mayr, 1865) 1865. Hydrometra nitida Mayr, Verh.zool.-bot.Ges. Wien, 15: 443. 1903. Gerris nitida (Mayr) : Distant, Fauna British India, 2:178. 1908. Limnogonus nitidus (Mayr,): Kirkaldy, Wissenschaf Ergebn. der Schwed. Zool. Exped. nach dem Kilimandjaro, 12: 2l. 2002. Limnogonus (Limno gonus) nitidus (Mayr): Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 62. 2006. Limnogonus(Limnogonus) nitidus (Mayr): Thirumalai and Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBiligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 74. Diagnosis: This species has been recorded from temporary pools, rice fields, ponds from sea level to 1000 metres and found as winged individuals. This can be identified from all the known species of this genus by the presence of fairly, prominent connexival spines and yellow markings at the anterior pronotallobe. Material Examined: 1 cJ (w) from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa,Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; MALDIVE ISLANDS; MYANMAR; NEPAL; SINGAPORE; SRILANKA; THAILAND; VIETNAM. Subgenus Limnogonoides Poisson, 1965 11. Limnogonus (Limnogonoides) pectoralis (Mayr, 1865) 1865. Hydrometra pectoralis Mayr, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 443. 139 Genus Limnometra Mayr, 1865 12. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy, 1901) 1901. Gerris anadyomene Kirkaldy, Entomologist, 34: 117. 1915. Tenagogonusanadyomene (Kirkaldy): Bergroth,Zool. Meded. Leiden, 1(2):122. 1934. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy): Lundblad,Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 12 : 37l. 1960. Tenagogonus (Limnometra) anadyomene (Kirkaldy): Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 41: 206. 1995. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy): Andersen, Steenstrupia, 21: 117. 1986. Tenagogonus(Limnometra) longispinulus (Kirkaldy): Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 84 (1-4): 1l. 2002. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy): Thirumalai,Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 63. 2006. Limnometra anadyomene (Kirkaldy): Thirumalai and Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 75. Diagnosis: This species can be easily identified by the second tarsal segment of front leg longer than first, middle femur longer than the total body in male and about equal in female; the abdominal connexival spines in males surpassing the first genital segment and not the abdominal tip and never do so in females. It is interesting to note that in this species, females are strikingly broader and larger than males. Its habitat is highly restricted to forest streams. Material examined: 1 cJ , 4 ｾ＠ (apt) and 1 ｾ＠ (M) from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu. BORNEO; BURMA; MALAYA; PHILLIPINE ISLANDS; SRI LANKA; SUMATRA. 13. Limnometrafluviorum (Fabricius, 1798) 1798. Cimexfluviorum Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., 543. 1903. Gerris pectoralis (Mayr): Distant, Fauna British India, 2: 181 1975. Limnogonus (Limnogonoides) pectoralis (Mayr) Andersen, Ent. Scand. Suppl., 7: 69. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. 1903. Gerris fluviorum (Fabricius): Distant, Fauna British India, 2: 177 1903. Gerris armata Spinola: Distant, Fauna British India, 2:180. 1958. Limnometra fluviorum (Fabricius): Hungerford & Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. , 39: 40l. 140 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1960. Tenagogonus(Limnometra)fluviorum (Fab.): Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 41: 206. 1903. 2002. Limnometra fluviorum (Fabricius): Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 63. 2006. Neogerris parvula (Stal): Thirumalai and Suresh Kumar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation 2006. Limnometra fluviorum (Fabricius): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 75. 2007. Limnometra fluviorum (Fabricius): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park" Conservation Area Series, 33: 58. Diagnosis: L.fluviorum can easily be identified by the presence of a spine -like projection on the dorsolateral rear margin of middle coxae. This is a very common species found throughout Southern India and also recorded from a wide variety of freshwater habits. Material examined: 1 a, lIs from Kenkare, 25.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 a (Macrop) from Doddachempike, 25 .ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ｾ＠ (winged) from Kombarmathi, 26.ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 2 a(w) from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 2a (w) from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2a, Ｑｾ＠ and 1 immature (winged) from Muthyala maduvu, 15-ix2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 8 immature from Athikupae halla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. PHILIPPINES; SRILANKA. Genus Neogerris Matsumura, 1913 14. Neogerris parvula (Still, 1859) * 1859. Gerris parvula Stiil, Zoology, 4: 265. 1939. Limnogonus parvulus (Stiil): Hafiz & Riberio, Rec. Indian Mus., 4: 427. G. tristan Kirkaldy : Distant, Fauna British India, 2: 179. Area Series, 27: 76. Diagnosis: N. parvula is easily separated from all the known species of this genus by the presence of a large round or quadrangular yellow spot on the pronotum. This gerrids enjoy a distribution from the Eastern parts of the Arabian Peninsula to Solomon Island and from Rynku Islands to Java. A very common species found in slow running streams, reservoirs, ponds and rain-fed pools, throughout Indian subcontinent. Material examined: 1 ｾ＠ (w) from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai Distribution: INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Pondicherry, Tamilnadu, UttarPradesh,WestBengai. CHINA; INDONESIA; IRAN; JAPAN; MALAYSIA; MYANMAR; NEW GUINEA; OMAN; PHILIPPINES; PAKISTAN; SOLOMON ISLAND; SRI LANKA; TAIWAN; THAILAND; VIETNAM. Remarks: Reported this species for the first time from the state. Genus Tenagogonus Still, 1854 15. Tenagogonus ceylonensis Hungerford & Matsuda, 1962 1962. Tenagogonus ceylonensis Hungerford & Matsuda, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc., 57: 14l. Material Examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. SRILANKA. Subfamily HALOBATINAE Genus Metrocoris Mayr, 1865 1959. L.(Limnogonellus)parvulus (Stal):Hungerford & Matsuda,l. Kans. Ent. Soc., 32(1): 4l. 16. Metrocoris communis (Distant, 1910) 1960. L. (Neogerris) parvulus (Stiil) : Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 41 : 114. 1910. Euodus communis Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5(8): 15l. 1975. N eo ge rris parvula (Stiil) : Andersen, Ent. Scand. Suppl., 7: 86. 1929. Metrocoris communis (Distant): Esaki, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. Soc., 4(10): 419. 2002. Neogerris parvula (Stiil): Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 63. 1965. Metrocoris communis (Distant) Verh. Leiden,. 74: 13. Den Boer, Zool. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 1993. Metrocoris communis (Distant) : Chen & Nieser, Steenstrupia, 19(2):49. 2002. Metrocoris communis (Distant): Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 65. 2006. Metrocoris communis (Distant): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 77. 2007. Metrocoris communis (Distant): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 58. Diagnosis: A small (4.5 to 5.8 mm) oval, black and yellow water strider with black marking on dorsal side of head and thorax. The pronotum of wingless forms with'T' shaped black pattern and the winged form with a median black longitudinal stripe almost reaching tip with a pair oflateral black stripes on posterior lobe. The 7th ventral segment of female with a tuft of dark brown hairs on either side laterally. M.communis found abundant in still or smooth flowing shaded streams, where they stroke and glide across the surface. Material Examined: 1 ｾ＠ (Apt.) 141 Material Examined: Nil Distribution:INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu. NOTE: Spegimens from Southern India earliar identified as Metrocoris stali (Dohrn, 1860) refer to M.indicus. 18. Metrocoris malabaricus Thirumalai, 1986 1986. Metrocoris malabaricus Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 84: 22. 2002. Metrocoris malabaricus Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 67. 2006. Metrocoris malabaricus Thirumalai: Thirumalai and Suresh Kumar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBiligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 77. from Kombarmathi, 26.ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 2c3', 1 ｾ＠ and 1 Is from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 c3' and 1 immature from Ebella, Andharakangavalae, 14-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 4c3', 6 ｾ＠ (apterus) and 15 immature from Muthyala maduvu, 15-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 c3' winged and 12 immature from Athikuppaehalla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: IND IA Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, UttarPradesh. AFGHANISTAN; IRAN; IRAQ; OMAN. 17. Metrocoris indicus Chen & Nieser, 1993 1993. Metrocoris indicus Chen & Nieser, Steenstrupia, 19(2): 48. 1903. Metrocoris Stali (Dohrn): Distant, Fauna British India, 2: 190. 1965. MetrocorisStali(Dohrn): DenBoer, Zool. Verh.Leiden, 74: 8. 1994. Metrocoris Stali (Dohrn) : Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 165: 37. Diagnosis: It can easily be recognised by the thick dark band on dorsal half of mesopleura and thick long velvety pilosity. The slender male femur and prominent falciform paramere which extends beyond genital segments are the other distinguishing characters. Material examined: 5 c3', 6 ｾ＠ (Apt) from Kadakkinakandi, 21.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan and 1 c3', 12 ｾ＠ from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala. 19. Metrocoris variegans Thirumalai, 1986 1986. Metrocoris variegans Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 84: 25. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala. 142 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Ventidius Distant,1910 Subgenus Ventidius Distant, 1910 20. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant, 1910 1910. Ventidius aquarius Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5(8): 150. 1960. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant: Hungerford & Matsuda, Kans. Univ., Sci. Bull., 40 (7): 324. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Subfamily PTILOMERINAE Genus lucundus Distant, 1910 21. lucundus custodiendus Distant, 1910 1910. lucundus costodiendus Hist., 5(8):143. Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. 1927. Rheumatogonus custodiendus (Distant): Esaki, Eos Revista Espanola Entomologia, 3: 267. 2001. lucundus costodiendus Distant: Zettel & Thirumalai, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 103B : 276. 1992. Pleciobatus tuberculatus Esaki: Thirumalai, Hexapoda, 4: 173 (male, mis -identification) Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala. Genus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville, 1843 Subgenus Ptilomera Amyot & Serville, 1843 22. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt, 1926 Diagnosis: The long dorsolateral projection of pygofer, which extends half its length beyond lateral wings of surnal plate as viewed from above, separates this species from all other known species. The distal half of middle femur bears a dense brush of long hairs. The connexival spine of female arising from beneath the connexival edge of the seventh abdominal segment near its base. This species is so far known only from Southern India. Material Examined: 56, 16 ｾ＠ (apt.), 3 Is from Kadakkina gandi, Bedgudi, 21.ii.1999, ColI. S. Krishnan; 26, 3 ｾ＠ from Girialla, 22.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 56, 6 ｾＬＱ＠ Is from Doddachempike, 25.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 16,1 ｾ＠ from Kombarmathi, 26.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 26 ,4 ｾ＠ ,31s from Kenkere,l.iii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 16,5 ｾ＠ (apt.) from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai, 3 ｾ＠ (apt.) from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 3 6 ,2 ｾ＠ (apt.), 2 Is, from Sebinakare to Doraisanihalla, 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 36,1 ｾ＠ (apt.) from Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Hills, 29.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 36 ,3 ｾ＠ (apt.) from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 146 ,9 ｾ＠ from K. Gudi-Sebinakare,7.iv.2000, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ｾ＠ (Apterous) from Muthyala maduvu, 15-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu. 1926. Ptilomera agroides Schmidt, Ent. Mitt., 15(1): 63. 1903. Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardwicke): Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 2:185 (Fig:133). 1926. Ptilomera lachne Schmidt, Ent. Mitt., 15(1): 64. Genus Stridulobates Zettel & Thirumalai, 2001 23. Stridulobates anderseni Zettel & Thirumalai, 2001 1960. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt: Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 41(2): 269. 200l. Stridulobates anderseni Zettel & Thirumalai, Insect Syst. Evol., 31(4) : 434. 2002. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt: Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 69. 1992. Pleciobatus tuberculatus Esaki: Thirumalai, Hexapoda, 2006. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 77. 2007. Ptilomera (Ptilomera) agroides Schmidt: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of BannerghattaNationalPark, ConservationAreaSeries, 33: 71 4: 173 (Female, misidentification) Material Examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala. 24. Stridulobates nostras (Thirumalai, 1986) 1986. Pleciobatus nostrus India, 84(1-4): 19. Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 2001. Stridulobates nostras (Thirumalai): Zettel & 2002. Gnomobates 143 kuiterti: Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2) : 71. Thirumalai, Insect Syst. Evol., 31(4): 433. Material Examined: Nil Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. Genus Lathriobates Polhemus, 2004 Subfamily RHAGADOTARSINAE 27. Lathriobates raja (Distant, 1910) Genus Rhagadotarsus Breddin, 1905 * Subgenus Rhagadotarsus Breddin, 1905 191Oa. Gerris raja Distant,. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5(8): 142. 25. Rhagadotarsus (Rhagadotarsus) kraepelini Breddin, 1905 1929. Cryptobatus raja (Distant): Esaki,. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 4(10): 412. 1905. Rhagadotarsus karaepelini Breddin, Mitt. Nat. Mus. Hamburg, 22: 137. 1995a. Cryptobatus raja (Distant) : Polhemus & Polhemus,. Ent. Seand., 26(1):104. 1910. Nacebus duk Distant, Ann. Meg. Nat. Hist., 5: 153. 2002. 2002. Rhagadotarsus karaepelini Breddin: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 70. 2006. Rhagadotarsus (Rhagadotarsus) karaepelini Breddin: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 78. Diagnosis: The body colour is black. The eighth abdominal segment in males is cylindrical, strongly longitudinally depressed ventrally. The female genitalia is having a well formed saw -like ovipositor. This species is always found on the calm surface of ponds and lakes. Anderson & Foster (1992) has recorded R. kraepelini on the surface of sheltered ponds of brackish water in Kerala. Material examined: 1 e (apt.), 2 is from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil N adu, West Bengal. CHINA; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; MYANMAR. Subfamily TREPOBATINAE Genus Gnomobates Polhemus & Polhemus, 1995a 26. Gnomobates kuiterti (Hungerford & Matsuda, 1958) 1958. Cryptobates kuiterti Hungerford & Matsuda, J. Kans. Ent. Soc., 31(4): 246. 1995. Gnomobates kuiterti (Hungerford & Matsuda): Polhemus & Polhemus, Ent. Scand., 26(1):108. Cryptobatus raja (Distant) : Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100 (1-2): 71. 2004. Lathriobates raja (Distant): Polhemus, J.N. Y. Entomol. Soc., 112: 212. 2007. Lathriobates raja (Distant) : Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 59. Diagnosis: Ground colour yellowish to orange brown; mesosternum without dark streaks laterally; macropterous with long pronotum, broadly rounded posteriorly, with median and lateral broad stripes. Material Examined: 1 e (winged) from Athikupae halla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA : Karnataka, Kerala. SRILANKA. Remarks: This species is being reported here for the first time from the State. Genus Naboandelus Distant, 1910 28. Naboandelus signatus Distant, 1910 1910. Naboandelus signatus Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5: 152; 2002. Naboandelus signatus Distant: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 71. 2006. Naboandelus signatus Distant: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 79. 2007. Naboandelus signatus Distant: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 59. 144 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Diagnosis: Body short and somewhat oval. Size of male (apterous) 1.9 to2.1 mm; female (apterous) 2.1 to 2.4 mm; there is a large black spot surrounded by brownish area on dorsal side of the head; pronotum is with a median yellow spot. Second genital segment with lateral process prominent. This species has been reported from stagnant pond. 30. Baptisa angulata Andersen, 1989 1989. Baptisa angulata Andersen, Ent. Seand., 19: 373. 2002. Baptisa angulata: Thiruma1ai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(1-2) : 72. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. Material Examined: 2c3', 3 ｾ＠ (apt.), 4 Is from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai.1 c3', 3 ｾ＠ｾ＠ and 1 immature from Ebella, Andharkangavalae, 14-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirurmalai. Genus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 Subgenus Microvelia Westwood, 1834 31. Microvelia (Microvelia) diluta Distant, 1909* 1909. Microvelia diluta Distant,. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 3(8): 500. 1995. Microvelia (Microvelia) diluta Distant: Andersen, Cat. Het. Palaearctic Region, 1: 87. 29. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant, 1910 1989. Microvelia (M) diluta Distant: Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 118 : 52. 1910. Ventidius aquarius Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 5(8): 150. 2007. 1960. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant: Hungerford & Matsuda, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 40 (7): 324. Microvelia (Microvelia) diluta Distant: Thiruma1ai and Va1armathi, zool. Surv .India, Fauna of BannerghattaNational Park, ConservationArea Series, 33: 60. 2002. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant: Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 67. 2006. Ventidius (Ventidius) aquarius Distant: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Genus Ventidius Distant, 1910 Area Series, 27: 79. Diagnosis: Eyes overlapping anteriolateral angles of mesonotum, antennal segments 2 nd and 3rd are equal in length, body oval and ochraceous, with 'T' shaped black marking on pronotum in winged form; venter pale brown. Material examined: 2exs.from Budipaduga, 28.ii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Diagnosis: This can be readily identified by the presence of tibial comb both in the anterior and middle tibiae in males. The parameres are very rudimentary. Material Examined: 1 c3' from Athikuppae halla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu (JavadiHills), Tripura, West Bengal. INDONESIA. Remarks: This species is a new record from the State. 32. Microvelia (Picaultia) douglasi Scott, 1874 1874. Microvelia douglasi Scott, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 14: 448. Remarks: This species is commonly found in lotic habitat in the higher ranges of Kerala and Tamil N adu parts of Western Ghats (altitude between 400-2160m). 1903. Microvelia repentiana Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 3: 174. Family VELIIDAE 1995. Microvelia(Microvelia) douglasi Distant: Andersen, Cat. Het. Palaearctic Region, 1: 87. 2002. Microvelia(Microvelia) douglasiDistant: Thiruma1ai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 73. Subfamily MICROVELIINAE Genus Baptisa Distant, 1903 1909. M. kumaonensis Distant, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 3(8): 500 THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 2003. Microvelia (Picaultia) douglasi Scott: Anderson and Weir. Invertebrate Systematic, 17: 338. 2006. Microvelia (Picaultia) douglasi Scott: Thiruma1ai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 79. 2007. Microvelia (Picaultia) douglasi Scott: Thiruma1ai and Va1armathi, zool. Surv . India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 6l. Diagnosis: Fourth antennal segment longest in males, tibial comb present only in foretibia and the interemedise tibiae distinctly smaller than femora. Material Examined: 11 e, 9 ｾ＠ 1994. Rhagovelia (Rhagovelia) tibialis Lundblad: Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 94: 382. Material examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Genus Tetraripis Lundblad, 1936 35. Tetraripis asymmetricus Polhemus & Karunaratne, 1979 1979. Tetraripis asymmetricus Polhemus & Karunaratne, Bull. Fish. Res. Stn., SriLanka, 29: 99. 1996. Tetraripis asymmetricus Polhemus & Karunaratne: from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2e, 1 ｾ＠ 145 from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 1 ｾ＠ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 4e (winged) and 4 ｾ＠ from from Athikuppae halla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ and 35 immature from Udugebandae, ll-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Thiruma1ai & Dam, Hexapoda, 8(2): 67. Material examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Family HEBRIDAE Subfamily HEBRINAE Genus Neotimasius Andersen, 1981 36. Neotimasius orientalis Andersen, 1981 Distribution: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu (Javadi Hills), Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. INDONESIA; JAPAN, SRI LANKA. Genus Pseudovelia Hoberlandt, 1950 Subgenus Pseudovelia Hoberlandt, 1950 33. Pseudovelia (Pseudovelia) sexualis (Paiva, 1917) 1981. Neotimasius orientalis Andersen, Syst. Entomol., 6: 405. 2002. Neotimasius orientalis : Thiruma1ai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100 (1-2) : 77. Material Examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Genus Timasius Distant, 1909 37. Timasius splendens Distant, 1909 1917. Micronecta (Kirkaldya) sexualis Paiva, Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 6 : 77. 1909. Timasius splendens Distant,Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 3(9): 499. 1983. Pseudovelia (Pseudovelia) sexualis (Paiva) : Andersen, 1981. Timasius splendens Distant: Andersen, Syst. Entomol., Ent. Scand., 14: 256. 6: 392. Material examined: Nil. Material examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Assam, Karnataka. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. Subfamily RHAGOVELIINAE Family MESOVELIIDAE Genus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 Subfamily MESOVELIINAE Subgenus Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 Genus Mesovelia Mulsant & Rey, 1852 34. Rhagovelia (Rhagovelia) tibialis Lundblad, 1936 38. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath, 1895 1936. Rhagovelia tibialis Lundblad, Ark. Zool., 28(21): 3l. 1895. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath, Rev. Entomologie, 14: 160. 146 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1901. M. orientalis Kirkaldy, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 20: 808; 2002. Hydrometra butleriHungerford and Evans: Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 79. 1903. M. mulsanti White: Distant, Fauna British India, 2: 169 2006. Hydrometra butleriHungerford and Evans: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation 1933. M. orientalis Kirkaldy : Lundblad, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. , 12: 186. 1980. M. vittigera Horvath: Andersen & Polhemus, Ent. Scand., 11: 290. 1989. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath: Thirumalai, Misc., Dcc., Pap., Rec., zaol., Surv. India, 118: 35 2002. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(1-2) : 79. 2006. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 80. Area Series, 27: 8l. Diagnosis: It can easily be distinguished by the swollen ventral sixth abdominal segment; a brush or stiffhair extends to the posterior margin in males. The male parameres are symmetrical. The terminal dorsal process is sharp, long and about one half as long as the 6th abdominal segment in both the sexes. Material examined: 1 cJ from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 1 cJ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. Diagnosis: The species has a very wide distributional range viz., South Europe, Eastern Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Orient, Australia, Oceania, eastward to Samoa Islands. The ventral abdominal segment in males possesses a group of median spines and two sets of brush like hairs laterally. The middle femur in females is spiny below. They prefer stagnant or slow running water covered by emergent or floating vegetation. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamilnadu. Material examined: 1 cJ, 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ , 1 ｾ＠ from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, Coll. G. 2006. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Thirumalai and4 cJ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharshtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. AFRICA; AUSTRALIA; EGYPT; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; PALESTINE; PHILIPPINES; SYRIA; SAMOA ISLANDS; SRI LANKA. Family HYDROMETRIDAE Subfamily HYDROMETRINAE Genus Hydrometra Latreille, 1796 39. Hydrometra butleri Hungerford and Evans, 1934 1934. Hydrometra butleri Hungerford and Evans, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 28: 7l. 40. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy, 1898. 1898. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy, Entomologist, 31 : 2. 1903. Hydrometravittata (Stiil): Distant, Fauna British India, 2:170. 2002. Hydrometra greeni Kirkaldy : Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(1-2): 79. Area Series, 27: 8l. Diagnosis: Anteclypeus conical, seventh abdominal strigite in male with a deep depression, fringed with short stiff hairs. In India this species occurs from near sea level to over 1500 meters elevation. Its habitats include ponds, swampy areas, rocky up and low land streams, lakes, flooded paddy fields. Material examined: 1 cJ from Basavanagodu, 3.iv .1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai and 1 cJ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. JAPAN; MALA YSIA, MYANMAR, PHILIPPINES, SRI LANKA. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 147 Infraorder NEPOMORPHA 42. Anisops bouvieri Kirkaldy, 1904 Family NOTONECTIDAE 1904.Anisops bouvieri Kirkaldy, Wiener Ent. Zeit., 23: 116; Subfamily ANISOPINAE Genus Anisops Spinola, 1837 41. Anisops barbatus Brooks, 1951 1951. Anisops barbata Brooks, Kan. Univ. Sci. Bull., 34: 387. 1994. Anisops barbata Brooks: Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 165: 13 1995. Anisops barbatus Brooks: Polhemus et al. Cat. Heteroptera Palaearctic region, 1: 64. Material Examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman &Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. BANGLADESH; CHINA; MALAY ASIA, MYANMAR, NEW GUINEA, THIALAND. 2004. Anisops barbatus Brooks: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102 (1-2): 65. 43. Anisops campbelli Brooks, 1951 2007. Anisops barbatus Brooks: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National 1951. Anisops campbelli Brooks, Brooks, Kans univ. Sci. Bull., 34: 322. Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 5l. Diagnosis: This species can be easily identified by its large size (over 8.1 mm). It has two tufts of hair on the facial tubercle, asymmetrical male parameres with left paramere showing moderate excavation. The female ovipositor shows a small lateral tooth -like setae near apex and teeth arranged in two longitudinal rows. This species is the largest species of Anisops so far reported from India and distributed from plains to thefoothills of the Western Himalaya. from Material Examined: 204 e e and 211 ｾ＠ Uchanakente, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; from Nachenkere, 22-iii-2004, 131 e e and 63 ｾ＠ Coll: K. Rema Devi; 42 e e and 18 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 14e e and23 ｾ＠ from Thallebande, 24-iii-2004, Coll: K. RemaDevi; 6 e e and 15 ｾ＠ fromPillavarathahalli, 12-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai;20e e and 14 ｾ＠ from Boothanapalli, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 e and 1 ｾ＠ from Udigabande, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Hriyana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. CHINA; INDONESIA; MALA Y ASIA; MYANMAR; SRILANKA; TAIWAN, VIETNAM. 1964. Anisops campbelli Brooks: Lansbury, Ann. zoo I. Warszawa, 22: 213. 200l. Anisops campbelli Brooks: Thirumalai, Fauna conservation area, 11: 117. 2004. Anisops camp belli Brooks: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102 (1-2): 65 2007. Anisops campbelli Brooks: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, zool. Surv.India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 5l. Diagnosis: The interocular space in male projects anteriorly into a very short cephalic horn. The parameres are asymmetrical with the left very deeply excavate on the posterior margin. The ovipositor with two rows oflongitudinal teeth and seven tooth like lateral setae near apex. It is almost entirely confined to the Indian subcontinent. Material Examined: 1 e and 8 ｾ＠ｾ＠ from Uchanakente, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 13e e and 35 ｾ＠ from Nachenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 4e e and 23 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 1 e and 1 ｾ＠ fromPillavarathahalli, 12-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 e from Udigabande, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan. Distribution: INDIA: Chandigarh, Gujarat, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. MYANMAR. 148 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 44. Anisops cavifrons Brooks, 1951 2001. Anisops paranigrolineata, Brooks: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: 117. 1951. Anisops cavifrons Brooks, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 34: 418; 1994. Anisops cavifrons Brooks: Thirumalai, Misc. Pap. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 165: 16. Dcc. 2004. Anisops cavifrons Brooks: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102(1-2): 65 2007. Anisops cavifrons Brooks: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv . India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 52. Diagnosis: A. cavifrons can be distinguished by the presence of a procumbent spine on the fore tibia of male. In males the left paramere is moderately excavate and there are three closely arranged small setae near the base of tarsus. This species has been reported from both Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and interestingly recorded from Cochin backwaters in Kerala. from Material Examined: 10 c3' c3' and 13 ｾ＠ Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 1 c3' and 8 ｾ＠ from Pillavarathahalli, 12-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 c3' and 1 ｾ＠ from Athikuppehalla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,WestBengai. PAKISTAN. 2006. Anisops paranigrolineata, Brooks: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 64. Diagnosis: The interocular space is not swollen, the left paramere in male is little excavate. 1 c3', 1 ｾ＠ from Doddachempige, 25 .ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 18 c3' , ＱＷｾ＠ from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 9 c3', 10 ｾ＠ from Sebinakare to Duraisanialla, 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 c3' from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 14 c3', 40 ｾ＠ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Material examined: Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh. Remarks: It is so far known only from India and has a remarkable distribution in being restricted so far to Maharashtra, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh. Present study has revealed a new record of the species from the State. 47. Anisops nivea (Fabricius, 1775) * 1775. Notonecta nivea Fabricius, Systema Entomologiae, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 690. 45. Anisops nigrolineatus Lundblad, 1933 1851. Anisops niveus (Fabricius): Fieber, Abhandl. Konigl. bohm. Ges. Wiss., 7: 484. 1933. Anisops nigrolineata Lundblad, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. , 12: 160. 1928. Anisops niveus (Fabricius): Dover, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 32: 615. 1995. Anisops nigrolineatus Lundblad: Polhemus, 1934. Anisops nivea(Fabricius): Lundblad, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 12: 163. Cat.Het.Palaerctic region, 1: 65. Material Examined: Nil Distribution: INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. AFGANISTHAN; MYANMAR; BANGLADESH; INDONESIA. 46. Anisops paranigrolineatus Brooks, 1951 * 1951. Anisops paranigrolineata, Brooks, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 34: 407 1947. Anisops Anisops) nivea (Fabricius): Hafiz & Pradhan,. Rec. Indian Mus., 45: 353. 1951. Anisops nivea (Fabricius): Brooks, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 34: 373. 1995. Anisops niveus (Fabricius): arshney, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna Western Himalaya, 1: 53 2001. Anisops nivea (Fabricius): Thirumalai, Fauna conservation area, 11: 117. 2007. Anisops nivea (Fabricius): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 52. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) Diagnosis: Size not more than 6.00 mm; facial tubercle with a triangular excavation bordered on each side by a raised carina in males. from Material examined: 196 6 and 39 ｾ＠ Nachenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 16 from Thallebande, 24-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 266 from Udigabande, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. SUMATRA. 149 Material examined: 16, 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai 766 and 16 ｾ＠ from Uchanakente, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1306 6 and 62 ｾ＠ from N achenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 27366 and 96 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan ; 26 and 1 ｾ＠ from Thallebande, 24-iii- 2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 46 6 and 11 ｾ＠ from Pillavarathahalli, 12-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 366 and 13 ｾ＠ from Boothanapalli, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 26 6 and 3 ｾ＠ｾ＠ from Udigabande, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 1566 Remarks: This species is being reported for the first time from the State. and 6 ｾ＠ from Athikuppehalla, 17-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. 48. Anisops sardeus Herrich-Shaffer, 1850 Distribution: INDIA: Andamam & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. AFGHANISTAN; AFRICA; ALBANIA; CANARY ISLANDS; MYANMAR; SYRIA; TURKEY. 1850. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer, Die wanzenartigen Insecten, 9: 4l. 1906. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Distant, Fauna British India, 3: 45 1918. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Pavia, Rec. Indian Mus., 14: 28 1951. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Brooks,. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull., 34: 423. 1989. Anisops sardea Herrieh-Shaffer: Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 118: 26 1995. Anisops sardeus sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Polhemus, Cat.Het.Palaerctic region, 1: 66. 2006. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 64. 2007. Anisops sardeus Herrieh-Shaffer: Thirumalai and Valarrnathi, zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta 49. Anisops waltairensis Brooks, 1951 * 1951. Anisops waltairensis Brooks, Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull., 34: 457. 1994. Anisops waltairensis Brooks: Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 165: 19. 2002. Anisops waltairensis Brooks: Thirumalai Metha & Sharma, Res. Bull. Panjab Univ., 52: 156. 2007. Anisops waltairensis Brooks: Thirumalai and Valarrnathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 53. National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 52. Diagnosis: This is a moderately larger species (more than 7.3 mm)with the male having a cephalic projection, the two basal tibial setae of anterior legs in male spatulate and the left paramere deeply excavate. The ovipositor of female with the longitudinal teeth and lateral tooth-like setae. It has a wide distribution. It is known to occur in Mediterranean countries and Western Asia and widely distributed in Ethiopian, Oriental and southern Palaearctic regions. Diagnosis:The species has been known only from India. The diagnostic characters comprise of a much narrower synthlipsis, a median raw of small setae on inner surface of anterior tarsi of males of rostral prong that is acuminate at the apex. from Material Examined: 46 6 and 2 ｾ＠ Nachenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 2466 and 50 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 26 6 from Udigabande, 16-iii2003, Coll: S. Krishnan 150 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: INDIA: AndhraPradesh, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,Punjab, Tamil Nadu. 2001. Enithares hungeifordi Brooks: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: ll5. Remarks : Present study has considered this species as a new record from the State. 2006. Enithares hungeifordi Brooks: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Subfamily NOTONECTINAE LATREILLE, 1802 Tribe Notonectini Latreille, 1802 Genus Enithares Spinola, 1837 50. Enithares ciliata (Fabricius, 1798) 1798. Notonecta ciliata Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 524. 1906. Enithares indica Spinola: India, 3: 42. Distant, Fauna British 1910. Enithares paviana Distant, Fauna British India, 5: 329. 1919. E. lacta Paiva, Rec. Indian Mus., 19: 155. 1938. E. abbreviata (Kirby): Hafiz and Mathai, Rec. Indian Mus., 40: 210. 2006. Enithares ciliata (Fabricius): Thiruma1ai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 65. Diagnosis: The mesotrochanter is rounded with a patch of black spicules along the ventral margin, covering a much larger area. This species, like the other known species of the genus, is found on water surface and usually feeds on prey caught in the surface film or floating at the surface of deep water or clinging to submerged objects. Material Examined: 1 6 from Kombarmathi, 26.ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 26 ,1 ｾ＠ from Sebinakare to Duraisanialla, 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 126 ,4 ｾ＠ and SIs from Doddasempige, 2.iv.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal. BHUTAN; INDONESIA, MALAY ASIA, MAURITIUS, SRI LANKA, VEITNAM. 51. Enithares hungerfordi Brooks, 1948 1941. Enithares hungerfordi Brooks, I. Kans. Ent. Soc., 21: 41 Area Series, 27: 65. Diagnosis: The basal width of the metaxyphus equals the median length. The males of Enithares hungerfordi lack a flap on the forefemora near the back of the trochanters. Material Examined: 16 from Girialla, 22.ii.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; Ｔｾ＠ from Doddachempige, 25 .ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 16,1 ｾ＠ from Kombarmathi, 26.ii.1999, colI. S. Krishnan; 16, 3 ｾＬ＠ lIs from Kenkere, l.iii.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 86, 6 ｾ＠ ,2 Is fromKalaniroad, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 26, 4 ｾ＠ from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ from Dodithagadu, 5.iv. 1999,Coll. G. Thirumalai; 16, 4 ｾＬ＠ 2 Is from Sebinakare to Duraisanialla, 27.ii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 36, 5 ｾ＠ from Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Hills, 29.ii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai and 16 ,2 ｾ＠ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand. Remarks: Out of the five species so far known from India, E. hungerfordi along with E. fusca Brooks so far restricted to southern part of India. The distribution records so far revealed that this species has been found in Western and Eastern Ghats. 52. Enithares fusca Brooks, 1948 1948. Enithares fusca Brooks, I.Kans. Ent. Soc., 21: 46. 1968. Enithares fusca Brooks: 10: 412. Lansbury, Pacif Insects, 200l. Enithares fusca Brooks: Thiruma1ai, ZSI. Fauna Conservation area, 11: ll5. 2004. Enithares fusca Brooks: Thiruma1ai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102 (1-2): 65 2007. Enithares fusca Brooks: Thiruma1ai and Va1armathi, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 50. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) Diagnosis: Size more than 9.0 mm (9.1 to 9.45mm); Similar to E. ciliate (Fabricius) in genral and the presence of a large nodule on the inner surface of the mid-tibia distally separate E. fusca from E.ciliata. This species is so far reported only from Kerala and hence the occurrence of this species in the Dharmapuri District of Tamilnadu IS an additional interesting record. Material examined: 2 ｾ＠ from Nachenkere, 22iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. Distribution: INDIA: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. Kerala, Karnataka, Family NEPIDAE Subfamily RANATRINAE Tribe Ranatrini 151 1997. Cercotmetus pilipes (Dallas): Bal & Basu, Zool. Surv. India, State Fauna, 6: 267. 2006. Cercotmetus pilipes (Dallas): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 67. Diagnosis: Length not more than 40mm; vertex with very distinct tubercle; antennae in male with stout spines sparsely arranged; middle and hind tibia with dense fringes of hairs; mesonotum with carination posteriorly. Material examined: 1 cJ from Budipaduga, 18.ii.1999, ColI. S. Krishnan. Distribution: INDIA: Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala; BHUTAN Genus Ranatra Fabricius, 1790 Genus Cercotmetus Amyot & Serville, 1843 53. Cercotmetusfumosus Distant, 1904 * 55. Ranatra elongata Fabricius, 1790 1904. Cercotmetusfumosus Distant, Entomologist, 37: 27S. 1790. Ranatra elongataFabricius Skrif. Nat. Selesk., 1: 22S. 2001. Cercotmetus fumosus Distant: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: llS. 1906. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Distant, F aunaBrit. India, 3: IS. 2006. Cercotmetus fumosus Distant: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation 1947. Area Series, 27: 67. Diagnosis: Long, 48mm; vertex with prominent tubercle; respiratory siphon two and a half times longer than the operculum; operculum narrow and carinate. Material Examined: 1 ｾＬ＠ Road from Parashukatta to Budipaduga, 28,ii, 2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai Distribution: INDIA: Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. SRI LANKA. Remarks: Species belonging to this genus are poorly known in India. This species is reported for the first time from the State. 54. Cercotmetus pilipes (Dallas, 1850) IS50. Ranatra (Cercotmetus) pilipes Dallas, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Land., 1:9. 1903. Cercotmetus pilipes (Dallas): Montandon, Bull. Soc. ti. Buck., 12: 1l0. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Indian Mus., 45: 36S. Hafiz & Pradhan, Rec. 1972. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Lansbury, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Land., 124: 306. 1994. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 165: 22. 200l. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Thirumalai, Fauna Conservation Area, 11: llS. 2004. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Thirumalai, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102 (1-2): 66. 2006. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 67. 2007. Ranatra elongata Fabricius: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna ofBannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 50. Diagnosis: This genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and contains more than 120 species all over the world. It is reported to be feeding on tadpoles, nymph of mayflies and other aquatic hemipterans and during dry seasons, it is known to migrate in search of suitable areas. This species can 152 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 be identified by the structure of the anterior femur, which is provided with a triangular tooth beyond the middle of its length, and the metasternal process, which is sub triangular, and centrally longitudinally foveately sulcate. The forecoxae are two-thirds the length of prothorax and anterior lobe of prothorax less than twice the length of posterior lobe. Large body size (40-60 mm) and the length of the respiratory siphon that is equal or longer than the body can also distinguish this species. Bangalore, Coll: S. Krishnan; 3866 and 16 ｾ＠ from Kollegal Road, Mysore, 24.ii.2000, Coll: G. and 10 immature from Thirumalai; 356 6 , 34 ｾ＠ Chinnathagudi, Mysore, 17.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 ｾ＠ from Amera Hall Kere, Material Examined: 16 from Girialla, Mysore, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 366 6, 20 ｾ＠ and 9 immature from Hosahalli, Mysore, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 22.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan, 106, 8 ｾ＠ and 3 Is 7km from K. Gudi to Biligiri, 24.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan, 1 ｾ＠ from Dodithagadu, 5.iv.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 16 from Parashukatta to Budipaduga, 28.ii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai and 16,2 ｾ＠ from Doddasempige,2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3766 and 41 ｾ＠ from Thalebande, 24-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 486 6 and 39 ｾ＠ from Gullattikere22-iii-2004, Coll: K. RemaDevi; 3166 and 39 ｾ＠ 12.xii.2001, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Hunchia Subramaniya, Dakshina Kannada, 16.iv.1995, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 16 from Kollegal Road, Myosre, 24.ii.2000, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1266 and 5 ｾ＠ from Road to Chamarajnagar, Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,WestBengai. AUSTRALIA; NEPAL; SRI LANKA. and 2 immature from Nelgavi, 21-iii- 2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 156 6 and 14 ｾ＠ and 1 immaturefromWachenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. from Mulegundi, 18Rema Devi; 5 6 6 and 10 ｾ＠ iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 16 from Horahalli Range, Batanalu, 23-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 266 from Pillavarathahalli, 12-ix-2003, Coll:G. Thirumalai; 16 and 2 ｾ＠ from Uthigabande Dam Site, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 16 from Boothana Palli, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; from Madeshpura Koil Kere, 19-iii1 6 and 2 ｾ＠ 2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. 2166, 28 ｾ＠ and 9 immature from Hosahalli, Mysore, 20.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 366 from Kolarkere (Basavanahale), 13.xii.2001, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 ｾ＠ and 4 immature from Ellapallikere, 20.xii.200 1. Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 46 6, 1 ｾ＠ and 7 immature from Haskote, 12.xii.2001, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 466, 3 ｾ＠ and 2 immature from Chikkundi, Mysore, 19.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 16 and 1 immature fromAmmankere, 16-xii-200l, Coll: M. from Udigabande, B. Raghunathan; 16 and 2 ｾ＠ 56. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius, 1790 1790. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius, Skrit. Nat. Selsk., 1 22S. lS60. Ranatra sordidula Dohrn, Stett. ent. Zeit., 21: 409 . 1906. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius: Distant, Fauna British India, 3: 2l. 1906a. Ranatra sordidula Dohrn: Distant, F auna British India, 3: 22. 2001. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: llS. 2006. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 6S. 2007. Ranatra filiformis Fabricius: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 55. Diagnosis: The males of this species can be identified by the absence of a tooth and presence of several small spines on the inner margins of distally hook shaped paramere and presence of wide interocular space. This species is smaller in size than R. elongata. This species is mostly found among vegetation, fringing the shallower parts of THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) water, clinging to submerged vegetation and feeds on nymphs of dragonflies and mosquito pupae. Material examined: 3 ｾ＠ from Kenkare, 25.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 cJ from BR hills, 153 Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. AUSTRALIA; INDONESIA; MALA Y ASIA; MYANMAR; SRI LANKA; TAIWAN; THAILAND. l.iii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 cJ, 4 ｾＬ＠ 1 Is from Parashukatta to Budipaduga, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 1 cJ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Remarks: Distribution of this species with a new record from the State. Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 cJ cJ and limmature from Doddnnakere, 17-iii-2004, Coll: K. RemaDevi; 1 ｾ＠ from Uthigabande Dam Site, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 cJ from Madeshpura Koil Kere, 19- Tribe Nepini iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. 1 cJ and 2 ｾ＠ from Kollegal Road, Mysore, 24.ii.2000, Coll: G. and 2 immatures from Thirumalai; 2 cJ cJ, 6 ｾ＠ N adanahalli, Mysore, 31.iii.2000, Coll: S. Krishnan; from Amera Hall Kere, 12.xii.2001, 1 cJ and 4 ｾ＠ Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. NEPAL; PAKISTAN; PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA .. 57. Ranatra varipes varipes Still, 1861 * 186l. Ranatra varipes Stiil, Dfvers. K. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., 18: 203; 1972. Ranatra varipes Stiil: Lansbury, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Land., 124: 316; 1998. Ranatra varipes varipes Stiil: Nieser & Polhemus, Amemboa, 2: 22. 2007. Ranatra varipes varipes Stiil: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 55. Diagnosis: Small body size 20-33 mm; respiratory siphon shorter than body; fore femora are broad with irregular brown markings. Material Examined: 1 cJ from Doddannakere, 17-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. Distribution: INDIA: Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Subfamily NEPINAE Genus Laccotrephes Still, 1866 58. Laccotrephes griseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1835) 1844. Nepa grise us Guerin- Meneville, Iconoogr. Regne. Anim. Ins., 352. 1910. Laccotrephes grise us (G-M): Distant, Fauna British India,S: 314; 1947. Laccotrephes grise us (G-M): Hafiz & Pradhan, Rec. Indian Mus., 45: 363. 2005. Laccotrephes grise us (G-M): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 105: 1l. 2006. Laccotrephes grise us (G-M): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 69. 2007. Laccotrephes grise us (G-M): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 53. Diagnosis: This species can be identified by the presence of slightly hooked and symmetrical parameres, abdominal appendages shorter than the body, presence of an obtusely rounded tooth at the base of the anterior femora. This species is commonly found in Peninsular India. It is a very sluggish species often found under weeds or at the bottom of slow or stagnant waters. Material examined: 2 cJ, 1 ｾ＠ from Kenkare, 25.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 cJ and 1 ｾ＠ from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ Road to Sebinakare,4.iv. 1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ, 3 ｾ＠ from Parashukatta to Budipaduka, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 1 cJ from Doddasempige, 2.iii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; and limmature from Doddannakere, 17-iii2 ｾ＠ 2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 cJ from Chikkundi, 154 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Mysore, 19.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 cJ from Anjeri, Kollr, Dakshin Kannada, 11.iv.1999, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ from Road to Mandya, Thirumalai and 1 ｾ＠ from foot hills, K. Gudi, l.iii.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. 1 cJ and 1 ｾ＠ from Chikkundi, Mysore, 19.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Mandya, 8.iv.2001, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ and 1 ｾ＠ from Bevagal, Melkote Wildlife Sanctuary, Mandya, 1O.iv.2001, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Hassan (Bhandur), Hassan, 30.iii.2001, Coll: G. Thirumalai; Distribution: INDIA: : Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi,Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. MALA Y ASIA; MY ANMAR; SEYCHELLES; SRI LANKA; THAILAND. 59. Laccotrephes ruber (Linnaeus, 1764) 1764. Nepa ruber, Linnaeus, Mus. Lud. VIr. 165. 1906. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn.): Distant, Fauna British India, 3: 18; 1994. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn.): Thirumalai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 165: 22. 2006. Laccotrephes ruber (Linn.): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 69. Diagnosis: This is a common species with wide distribution in the Indo - Australian region and is largely found in habitats like rivers, streams, tanks, etc. The abdominal appendices are distinctly longer than the body, the prosternum is convex in the middle and has a curved and hook shaped male paramere. Material examined: 1 ｾ＠ from Kadakkina gandi, Bedgudi, 21.ii.1999, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 cJ, 4 ｾ＠ from Kenkare, 25.ii. 1999, ColI. S. Krishnan; 5 cJ ,4 ｾ＠ from BR hills, l.iii.1999, ColI. S. Krishnan; 3 cJ, 1 ｾ＠ from B asavanagodu , 3. iv.1999, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Raghunathan; 1 cJ and 6 ｾ＠ from Kollegal Road, Mysore, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ and 1 immature from Road to Bhagamandala Napoklu, 8.iv.1999, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ and 2 ｾ＠ from Bevagal, Melkote Wildlife Sanctuary, Mandya, 1O.iv.2001, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 cJ from Kollegal, Mysore, 26.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 ｾ＠ from B. R. Hills, Mysore, 22.xi.1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 1 cJ from Kolathuru near Hoskote, 11.xii.2001, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; Distribution: INDIA: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. CHINA; JAPAN; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; TAIWAN. Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Subfamily BELOSTOMATINAE Genus Diplonychus Laporte, 1833 60. Diplonychus rustic us (Fabricius, 1781) 178l. Nepa rustica Fabricius, Species insectorum, 2: 333. 1776. Nepa plana Sulzer, abgek. Gesch.Insect, 92. Thirumalai; 4 ｾ＠ from Seebinakare to Duraisanialla, 1863. Appasus marginicollis Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4)3: 393. 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai;l ｾ＠ from Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Hills, 29.ii.2000, Coll. G. 1868. Diplonychus rusticus (Fab.): Mayr Zoolog. Teil Wien, 188. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 1871. Diplonychus rusticum (Fab): Mayr, Verh.zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 21: 437. 1906. Sphaerodema rusticum (Fab.): Distant, Fauna British India, 3 : 36. 1915. Sphaerodema rustica (Fab): Bergroth, I. Bombay nat. Hist., 24: 179. 1934. Diplonychus rusticum (Fab): Lundblad, Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl., 12: 55. 1947. Diplonychus rusticum (Fab): Hafiz & Pradhan, Rec. Indian Mus., 45: 374. 1961. Diplonychus rusticus (Fab.): Lauck & Menke, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 54: 649. 1980. Diplonychus indicus Venkatesan & Rao, I. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 77 : 299. 2005. Diplonychus rusticus (Fab.): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 105: 13. 2007. Diplonychus rustic us (Fab.): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 56. Diagnosis: This species has a single segmented fore tarsus with small claw, pale lateral basal margins of pronotum and its head length is shorter than the width between the eyes. This species is commonly found in fishponds and voraciously feeds on fish fry, mosquito larvae and other aquatic organisms. Material Examined: 2366, 38 ｾ＠ and 12 immature from Doddannakere, 17-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 ｾ＠ and 23 immature from Doddannakere, 17-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 16 and 2 ｾ＠ from Boothapalli, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 366 6 , 20 ｾ＠ and 9 immature from Hosahalli, Mysore, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 8 6 6, 10 ｾ＠ and 7 immature from Kabini River and around, Mysore Coll: G. Thirumalai; 1 ｾ＠ from Road to Attuhullipura, Mysore, 25.ii.2000, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 16 and 1 ｾ＠ from Kabini River and around, Mysore, 22.ii.2000, Coll: G. Thirumalai; from Amera Hallikere,Kolar , 1 6 and 2 ｾ＠ｾ＠ 12.xii.2001, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; 366, 3 ｾ＠ and 1 immaturefromB. R. Hills, Mysore, 22.xi. 1999, Coll: M. B. Raghunathan; Distribution: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, 155 Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. AUSTRALIA; CHINA; INDONESIA; JAPAN; MALAY ASIA; MYANMAR; NEW GUINEA; NEW ZEALAND; SRI LANKA; THAILAND. Subfamily LETHOCERINAE Genus Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 Subgenus Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 61. Lethocerus (Lethocerus) indicus (Lepeletiler & Serville, 1825 ) 1825. Belostoma indica Lepeletiler & Serville, Encycl. Meth., X: 272 1871. Belostoma indicum Lepeletiler & Serville, Mayr, Verh.zool.-bot.Ges. Wien, 21: 426. 1901b. Amorgius indicus Kirkaldy, Entomologist, 34: 51. 1906. Belostoma indicum (Lepeletiler & Serville): Distant, Fauna British India, 3: 38. 1911. Belostoma indica Lepeletiler & Serville: D'Abreu, I. Bombay nat. Hist., 20: 883. 1927. Lethocerus indicus(Lep.& Serv.) : Torre-Bueno Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc., 22: 30 2006. Lethocerus indicus (Lep. & Serv.): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 66. 2007. Lethocerus (Lethocerus) indicus (Lepeletiler & Serville): Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 56. Diagnosis: The 'giant Indian water bug' large, elongate, dorsoventrally flattened brown aquatic bug; divergent yellow line on anterior lobe of pronotum broad; eyes twice as long as wide and elongate. Members of this genus are found in deeper water bodies such as pond, lakes, flooded paddy fields etc. Material examined: 16 from Kalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 16 from Gubamadugu, 20-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 266 from Udigabande, 18-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 16 and 1 ｾ＠ fromDoddannakere, 17-iii-2004, Coll: K. RemaDevi; 16 from Nelgavi 21-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. 156 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. CHINA; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; MYANAMAR; PAKISTAN; SRI LANKA. Family PLEIDAE Genus Paraplea Esaki & China, 1928 62. Parapleafrontalis (Fieber, 1844) 1844. Plea frontalis Fieber, Entomologische Mongraphien, Leipzig, 18. Material examined: 1 cJ , 1 ｾ＠ ,lIs from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu. Family HELOTREPHIDAE Subfamily HELOTREPHINAE Tribe Limnotrephini Genus Limnotrephes Esaki & China, 1928 64. Limnotrephes campbelli Esaki & China, 1928 1928. Limnotrephes campbelli Esaki & China, Eos. Revta. Esp. Entomol., 4: 16l. 1990. Limnotrephes campbelli Esaki & China: Polhemus, 1947. P. (Paraplea) frontalis (Fieber): Hafiz & Pradhan. Rec. Indian Mus., 45: 349. 1999. Prapleafrontalis (Fieber, 1844): Thiruma1ai. IAAB, 7: 34. 1910. Plea pelopea Distant, Fauna British India, 5: 336. Material examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh. Bihar, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. MYANMAR, FORMOSA, JAVA, SUMATRA. Family NAUCORIDAE LEACH Subfamily LACCOCORINAE STAL Genus Heleocoris Stal, 1876 63. Heleocoris bergrothi Montandon, 1897 1897. Heleocoris bergrothi Montandon, Verh. Z-b. Ges. Wien, xlvii: 448. 1974. Heleocoris bergrothi Montandon: La Rivers, Dcc. Pap. BioI. Soc. Nevada, 38. 2006. Heleocoris bergrothiMontandon: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv .India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 70. Diagnosis: Oval, 10mm long; light yellow with black thick spots on the head and pronotum; scutellum black with its tip yellow, a yellow 'V' shaped discal spot differentiates this species from all known Indian species. Acta. Entomol. Bohemoslov, 87: 6l. Material examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka. Family CORIXIDAE Subfamily CORIXINAE Tribe Agraptocorixini Genus Agraptocorixa Kirkaldy, 1898 65. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis hyalinipennis (Fabricius, 1803) 1803. Sigara hyalinipennis Fabricius, Syst. Rhyn Brusvigae, 105. 1918. Corixa unicolor Paiva, Rec. Indian Mus., 14: 30. 1922. Corixa paivana Dover in Paiva & Dover, Rec Indian Mus., 24: 333. 1926. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis (Fabricius): Jaczewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Polan. Warsaw, 5: 18 1940. Agraptocorixa(Agraptocorixa ) hyalinipennis (Fabricius): Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci.,33: 41l. 2005. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis (Fabricius): Thiruma1ai & Suresh Kumar, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 105(1-2): 8. 2007. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis hyalinipennis (Fabricius): Thiruma1ai and Valarmathi, Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 48. Diagnosis: This species can be very easily recognized by its uniform hyaline brown coloration, unmarked elytra and pronotum. The abdominal THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) sixth dorsum bearing the strigil, produced backwards as a well-defined peduncle (Fig. 2 A). A. hyalinipennis is the only species of the genus so far known from India and commonly found to inhabit the ditches, puddles and stagnant pools in various parts of the country including Eastern and Western Ghats. Material Examined: 13 a and 29 ｾ＠ from Nachenkere, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 a and 4 ｾ＠ from Pillvarathahalli, Coll: G. Thirumalai; 52 a, 28 ｾ＠ and 4 immature from Boothanapalli, 22-iii-2004, Coll: K. Remadevi; 1 a and 1 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan; 1 a from Horahalli range, Bettahalli Kavalu, 23-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi; 1 ｾ＠ from Thallibande, 24-iii-2004, Coll: K. Rema Devi. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Pondicherry , Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,WestBengal. MYANMAR; NEW GUINEA; PAKISTAN; TAIWAN. Tribe Corixini Genus Sigara Fabricius, 1775 from Basavanagodu, 3.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 8a, 9 ｾ＠ from Road to Sebinakare, 4.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2 ｾ＠ from Sebinakare to Duraisanialla, 27.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 3a, 13 ｾＬ＠ lIs from Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple hills, 29.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. Remarks: This species is being recorded for the first time from the State. 67. Sigara (Tropocorixa) horana (Hutchinson, 1940) * 1940. Corixa (Tropocorixa) horana Hutchinson, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts. Sci., 33: 435. 2001. Sigara (Tropocorixa) horana Hutchinson: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: 113. 2001. Sigara (Tropocorixa) horana Hutchinson: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 70. Diagnosis: Strigil (stridulatory comb) present on the right side of the 6th tergite of male, pala (the foreleg) sub-triangular with 24-26 pegs; female difficult to identify without the associated male. MateriaIExamined:9a, 13 ｾ＠ fromKalaniroad, Subgenus Tropocorixa Hutchinson 66. Sigara (Tropocorixa) graveleyi (Hutchinson, 1940) * 1940. Corixa (Tropocorixa) graveleyi Hutchinson, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts. Sci. 33: 453. 2001. Corixa (Tropocorixa) graveleyi Hutchinson: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: 113. 2006. Sigara (Tropocorixa) graveleyi (Hutchinson): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 70. Diagnosis: Pronotum dark brown with ten pale yellow lines; the males are characterized by conspicuous brush like hairs on the right side of the 8th dorsal abdominal segment. MaterialExamined: 15a ,36 ｾ＠ ,25IsfromKalani road, 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2a, 6 ｾＬ＠ 157 lIs 2.iv.1999, Coll. G. Thirumalai and 1 a, 1 ｾ＠ from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka(presentreport), Tamilnadu. Remarks: The type locality of this species is Nilgiris and the present record is the first report outside the type locality. Hence it is a new record from the State. 68. Sigara (Tropocorixa) promontoria Distant, 1910 1910. Corixa promontoria Distant, Fauna British India, 5: 341. 1940. Corixa (Tropocorixa) promontoria Distant : Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 437. Material Examined: Nil. 158 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: INDIA: Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 69. Sigara (Tropocorixa) pruthiana (Hutchinson, 1940) 1940. Corixa (Trpocorixa) pruthiana Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci.,33: 447. Subfamily MICRONECTINAE Genus Micronecta Kirkaldy, 1897 Subgenus Basilonecta Hutchinson, 1940 71. Micronecta scutellaris scutellaris (Stal,1858) 1858. Sigra scutellaris Stiil , Vetens akad. Forh., 15: 319. 1908. MicronectamalabaricaKirka1dy, Canad.Ent., 40: 209. 1910. Micronecta diane Distant, Fauna Brit. India,S: 348. 1989. Corixa (Trpocorixa) pruthiana Hutchinson Thiruma1ai, Misc. Dcc. Pap. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 118: 13. 1999b. Sigara (Tropocorixa) pruthiana (Hutchinson): Thirumalai, Zoos Print J., : 1-10: 132 200l. Sigara (Trpocorixa) pruthiana (Hutchinson): Thirumalai, Fauna conservation area, 11: 114. 2004. Sigara (Trpocorixa) pruthiana (Hutchinson): Thirumalai, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 102: 68. 2007. Sigara pruthiana (Hutchinson): Thiruma1ai and Va1armathi, Zool. Sur. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 49. Diagnosis: General colour pale yellow or brown and palae are parallel sided with pegs uniformely, closely placed. The right paramere of male with broad base, a central blunt process on the dorsal margin, a well marked subapical tubercle on the ventral margin and a broad elongate beak at the apex. Material examined: 1 e and 1 ｾ＠ from Chickrahalli, 16-iii-2003, Coll: S. Krishnan. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh. Subfamily CYMATINAE Genus Cymatia Flor, 1860 70. Cymatia apparens (Distant, 1910) 1910. Corixa apparens Distant,Fauna British India, 5: 343. 1940. Cymatia apparens (Distant): Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 405. 1879. Corixa hieroglyphia Distant, Rhynchota, 2: 13. Material examined: Nil. Distribution :INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 1910. Micronecta malabarica Kirka1dy: Distant, Fauna Brit. India,S: 347. 1910. Micronecta proba Distant, Fauna Brit. India,S: 348. 1940. Micronecta. (Basilonecta) scutellaris scutellaris (Stiil ): Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 365. 1940. Micronecta scutellaris pseudostriata Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 37l. 2005. Micronecta (Basilonecta) scutellaris scutellaris (Stiil): Thirumalai & Sharma, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Melghat Tiger Reserve Conservation Area Series, 24: 352. 2006. Micronecta(Basilonecta) scutellaris scutellaris (Stiil): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool. Surv. India. Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 72. 2007. Micronecta scutellaris scutellaris (Stiil): Thiruma1ai and Va1armathi, Zool. Surv. India, Fauna of BannerghattaNational Park, ConservationArea Series, 33: 49. Diagnosis: This is a very widely distributed species in India and mostly found in stagnant pools, pond and ditches. It is the most common member and the largest species (2.8 to 3.1 mm) of the genus. It can be identified by club shaped tip of the left paramere and grey or greyish brown pronotum of males. Material examined: 1 e ,4 ｾ＠ fromParashukatta, 28.ii.2000, colI. G. Thirumalai; 60e, 67 ｾ＠ and 30 immature from Amba Temple Tank, ll-ix-2003, Coll: G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,West Bengal. AFRICA (CENTRAL); CHINA; INDONESIA; THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 159 MALAYSIA; SAUDI ARABIA; SRI LANKA; VIETNAM. 200l. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) flavens Wroblewski: Thirumalai, Fauna conservation area, 11: 114. 72. Micronecta siva (Kirkaldy, 1897) 2007. Micronecta flavens Wroblewski: Thirumalai and Valarmathi, Zool. Sur. India, Fauna of Bannerghatta 1897. Sigara siva Kirkaldy, Entomologist London, 30: 240. 1940. Micronecta(Basilonecta) siva (Kirkaldy): Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci.,33: 37l. 1906. Micronecta striata Fieber: Distant, Fauna British India, 3: 50. Material examined: Nil Distribution :INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 50. Diagnosis: M.flavenscan be identified by narrow metaxiphus which is parabolic in outline. However, the parameters are very distinct with right has its shaft swollen in the middle and apex while the tip of left paramere dilated and the right margin with wrinkles and barbs. This species is very common in Sri Lanka. Subgenus Dichaetonecta Hutchinson, 1940 Material examined: 15 cJ cJ and 17 ｾ＠ from Ebella, Andergangvalail, 14.ix.2003, Coll: Thirumalai. 73. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) desertana dravida Hutchinson, 1940 Distribution: INDIA: Tamilnadu, Karnataka (present record). 1940. M. (Dichaetonecta) desertana dravida Hutchinson, Trans. Conn. Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 392. Remarks: This species is being reported for the first time from the State. 200l. M. (Dichaetonecta) desertana dravida Hutchinson: Thirumalai, ZSI. Fauna Conservation area, 11: 114. 2006. M. (Dichaetonecta) desertana dravida Hutchinson: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 72. Diagnosis: Dark brownish yellow; size 2.7 to 2.9mm; the apex of the right paramere knob like, left paramere without any groove and denticulation. Material examined: 5 cJ, 2 ｾＬ＠ 2 Is from Dodithagadu, 5.iv. 1999, colI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu. IRAN; SRI LANKA. 75. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) prashadana Hutchinson, 1940 1940. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) prashadana Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci.,33: 387. Material examined: Nil. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. 76. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) sanctaecatherine Hutchinson, 1940 1940. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) sanctae-catherine Hutchinson, Trans. Connecticut Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 384. Material examined: Nil. Remarks: This specIes occurs with different geographical races and with many subspecies. Distribution: INDIA: Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra. 74. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta)flavens Wroblewski, 1960 * Subgenus Indonectella Hutchinson, 1940 1960. Micronecta flavens Wroblewski, Ann. zool. Polan. Warszaw, 18: 317. 77. Micronecta (Indonectella) grisea (Fieber, 1844) 1844. Sigara grisea Fieber, Entomol, Mono. Leipzig, 14. 1972. Micronecta flavens Wroblewski: Wroblewski, Bull. Entomol. Pologne., 42:17 1910. M icronecta thyesta Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 5: 349. 1999. Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) flavens Wroblewski: Thirumalai, Zoos Print 1. 1-10:133. 1940. M (Indonectella) thyesta Distant: Hutchinson, Trans. Conn. Acad. Art. Sci., 33: 363. 160 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1995. M. (I)grisea (Fieber): Jansson, Catal. Heter. Palearctic region, 1: 30. 2001. M. (I) thyesta Distant: Thirumalai, ZSI. Fauna of Conservation Area, 11: ll5. 2006. M. (I) grisea (Fieber): Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, Zool.Surv.India, FaunaofBiligiriRangaswamyTemple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 71. Diagnosis: It can be differentiated from the known oriental forms by the absence of strigil (stridulatory comb) in males and the distal margin of free lobe of eighth abdominal tergite, deeply emarginated. General colour greyish-yellow with head darkened posteriorly. Head evenly rounded anteriorly. 2 Is from Material examined: 13 c3', 11 ｾＬ＠ Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, colI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. CHINA; VIETNAM. Subgenus Sigmonecta Wroblewski,1962 78. Micronecta (Sigmonecta) quadristrigata Breddin, 1905 1905. Micronecta quadristrigata Breddin, Soc. Ent. Zurich, 20: 57; 2001. Micronecta quadristrigata Breddin: Thirumalai, ZSI, Fauna of Coservation Area, 11: 115 2006. Micronecta (Sigmonecta) quadristrigata Breddin: Thirumalai & Suresh Kumar, zool. Surv. India, Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 71. Diagnosis: The eighth abdominal tergite of the males is sigmoid in outline. The seventh abdominal tergite has four, moderately enlarged bristles. Material examined: 2 c3' from Parashukatta, 28.ii.2000, colI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal. INDONESIA; IRAN; MALAYSIA; PHILLIPINES; SRILANKA. Remarks: It is very common in the Southern and Eastern parts of India. It is also reported to occur in brackish water pools. It has also been collected from the backwaters of Madras Coast (Salinity 4.2%0) by the senior author. NOTE: Jansson (1995) regardedM. minthe as a separate species found in SriLanka. However, certain forms of minthe are quadristrigata. SUMMARY The present studies on the water-bug fauna from the state of Karnataka is a pioneer attempt for a consolidated taxonomic-cum- faunal account from the state as there was no such studies earlier. Total 78 species under 42 genera of 11 families of water bugs have been recorded in the fauna of Karnataka. Out of which 11 species have been recorded for the first time from Karnataka. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Director, Dr. K. Venkataraman for facilities and encouragements. He is also thankful to Dr. S. Krishnan, Scientist- E and the colleagues of Southern Regional Centre, Chennai, for their kind co-operation. REFERENCES Alfred, J. R. B. & N. C. Nandhi, 2001. Wetlands: Freshwater ecosystems ofIndia, ENVIS, ZSI: 165-193. Andersen, N.M. 1995. Infraorder Gerromorpha Popov, 1971-Semi-aquatic bugs, in B. Aukema & c. Riger (eds.), Catalogue ofthe Heteroptera ofthe Palaearctic Region. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, 1: 77-114. Anonymous. 1990. Wetlands of India - A directory, Govt. of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. 150pp. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. 1999. Multidimensional links in biodiversity research: An integrated exercise. Curro Sci., 77 (3): 356-358. THIRUMALAI : Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic) 161 Daniels, RJ.R 1997. Taxonomic uncertainties and conservation assessment of the Western Ghats. Curr.Sci., 73(2): 169-170. Ganeshaiah, K. N. and R Uma Shaankar, 1998. Biligiri Rangaswamy TempleSanctuary: A Biogeographic Bridge of the Deccan Plateau. Biligiri Rangaswamy Templewildlife Sanctuary, Natural history, Biodiversity and Conservation, ATREE and VGKK publication: pp 4-6. Ghosh, A. K. 1996. Insect biodiversity in India. Oriental Insects, 30: 1-10. Jordon,K.H.C. 1951. Zoogeographisce Betrachtungen uber das ostiliche sachsen dargestelltandentschen Neuf under von Heteropteren. Zool. Anz., 147: 79-84. Hungerford, H.B. and R Matsuda. 1958. Some interesting aspects of the world distribution and classification of aquatic and semi -aquatic Hemiptera. Proc. 10th International Cong.Ent., 1 (1956) : 337-348. Jenkins, D.W. 1964. Pathogens, parasities and predators of medically important Arthropods, annotated list and bibliography. Bull. WHO, 30(Suppl.) : 1-150. Murdoch, W.W. Scott,M.A. and P.Ebsworth. 1984. Effects of the general predator Notonectidae (Hemiptera) upon a fresh water community. 1. animo Ecol., 53 : 791-808. Pennak, RW. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States. 2 nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 803 pp. Ramakrishna. 2000. Limnological investigation and distribution of micro and macro invertebrates and vertebrates of Fox Sagar Lake, Hyderabad. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 98(1): 169-196. Thirumalai, G. 1999. Aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera of India. Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists(IAAB) Publication No., 7: 1-74 pp. Thirumalai, G. 2001 a. A checklist of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(14): 1-48. Thirumalai, G., 2001 b. Insecta-Aquatic and semi -aquatic Heteroptera. Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 11, Zool. Surv. India, : 111-127. Thirumalai, G. 2002. A checklist of Gerromorpha (Hemiptera) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(12): 55-97. Thirumalai, G. 2003. A checklist of aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemiptera (insecta) of Karnataka. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 102(1-2): 55-70. Thirumalai, G. 2007. A synoptic List of Nepomarpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from India. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper No., 273: 1-84. Thirumalai, G and S. Krishnan, 2000. Diversity of Gerromorpha (Heteroptera: Hemiptera: Insecta) in the Western Ghats States ofIndia. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 98(4): 59-77. Thirumalai, G and Suresh Kumar, R 2006. Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and semi-Aqautic). Fauna of Bilgiri Rangaswamy Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 59-82. Thirumalai, G and M.B. Raghunathan. 1988. Population fluctuations of three families of aquatic Heteroptera in perennial pond. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 85 (3): 381-389. 162 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Thirumalai,G and S. Krishnan. 2000. Diversity of Gerromorpha (Heteroptera: Hemiptera: Insecta) in the Western Ghats States ofIndia. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 98(4): 59-77. Thirumalai, G and Suresh Kumar, R. 2006. Insecta: Hemiptera (Aquatic and Semi-aquatic) Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series, 27: 59-82. Thirumalai, G and Valarmathi, K. 2007. Insecta: Hemiptera. Fauna of Bannerghatta National Park, Conservation Area Series, 33: 45-61. Zettel, H. and G. Thirumalai, 2001 a. Stridulobates anderseni, a new genus and species of Ptilomerine Gerridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with stridulatory devices from South India. Insect Syst. Evol., 31(4): 433-439. Zettel, H. and G. Thirumalai, 2001 b. Re-establishment of ptilomerine genus lucundus Distant, 1910 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Gerridae) with redescription of the type species lucundus custodiendus Distant, 1919 from south India and notes on 1. vittatus (Esaki, 1928) comb.n. from Sri Lanka. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 103B: 273-282. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 163-165, 2013 INSECTA NEUROPTERA R.M. SHARMA and KAILASH CHANDRA Central Zone Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Vijay Nagar, labalpur- 482 002 INTRODUCTION Neuroptera is an important order of predacious insects which includes many small to large sized, soft bodied structurally and biologically heterogenous members. They are readily recognized by the network of veins of generally transparent wings and well developed antennae. The neuropterans are rarely abundant in numbers and most are weak in flight. They feed on softbodied insects including pests in their larval and adult stages thus considered as valuable allies of man. Their carnivorous habit offers a better scope for their use in biological control measures. Numerically about 5500 species are known from the world and Indian fauna accounts for 354 species/subspecies (Oswald, 2007). The neuropterans of Karnataka State belong to 32 species of 24 genera under 8 families as enumerated below. 2. Mantispa femoralis Navas, 1914 Distribution : Karnataka 3. Mantispa indica Westwood, 1852 Distribution : Karnataka 4. Mantispa maindroni Navas, 1909 Distribution : Karnataka Family HEMEROBIIDAE Subfamily NOTIOBIELLINAE 3. Genus Psectra Hagen, 1866 5. Psectra iniqua (Hagen, 1859) Distribution: Karnataka Subfamily HEMEROBIINAE 4. Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 6. Hemerobius harmandinus Navas 1910 Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily MICROMINAE Order NEUROPTERA Suborder PLANIPENNIA Family CONIOPTERYGIDAE Subfamily ALEUROPTERYGINAE Tribe Aleuropterygini 1. Genus Heteroconis Enderlein, 1905 1. Heteroconis terminalis (Banks, 1913) Distribution : Karnataka Family MANTISPIDAE Subfamily MANTI SPINAE 2. Genus Mantispa Illiger, 1798 5. Genus Micromus Rambur, 1842 7. Micromus calidus Hagen, 1859 Distribution : Karnataka 8. Micromus timidus Hagen, 1853 Distribution : Karnataka Family BEROTHIDAE Subfamily BEROTHINAE 6. Genus Berotha Walker, 1856 9. Berotha insolita Walker, 1860 Distribution : Karnataka 164 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Family CHRYSOPIDAE Subfamily CHRYSOPINAE Tribe Belonopterygini Distribution : Karnataka 20. Stenares improbus (Walker, 1853) Distribution : Karnataka 7. Genus Italochrysa Principi, 1946 Subfamily MYRMELEONTINAE 10. Italoehrysa aequalis aequalis (Walker, 1853) Distribution : Karnataka Tribe Chrysopini 8. Genus Brinckochrysa Tjeder, 1966 11. Brinekoehrysa seelestes (Banks, 1911) Distribution : Karnataka 9. Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 12. Chrysopa eymbele Banks, 1933 Distribution : Karnataka Tribe Acanthaclisini 16. Genus Syngenes Kolbe, 1897 21. Syngenes horridus (Walker, 1853) Distribution : Karnataka Tribe Nemoleontini Subtribe Neuroleontina 17. Genus Creoleon Tillyard, 1918 22. Creoleon irene (Banks, 1939) Distribution : Karnataka 13. Chrysopa smitzi Navas, 1914 Distribution : Karnataka 18. Genus Neuroleon Navas, 1909 Subgenus Neuroleon, 1909 10. Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 23. Neuroleon (Neuroleon) pallidus (Banks, 1939) 14. Chrysoperla orestes (Banks, 1911) Distribution : Karnataka 11. Genus Mallada Navas, 1925 15. Mallada madestes (Banks, 1911) Distribution : Karnataka 12. Genus Plesiochrysa Adams, 1982 16. Plesioehrysa laeeiperda (Kimmins, 1955) Distribution : Karnataka Family MYRMELEONTIDAE Distribution : Karnataka Family ASCALAPHIDAE Subfamily ASCALAPHINAE Tribe Ascalaphini 19. Genus Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775 24. Asealaphus abdominalis (Kimmins, 1949) Distribution : Karnataka 25. Asealaphus die ax Walker, 1853 Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily PALPARINAE Tribe Suhpalacsini Tribe Palparini 20. Genus Suphalomitus Weeie, 1908 13. Genus Indopalpares Rambur, 1842 17. Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842) Distribution : Karnataka 14. Genus Palpares Rambur, 1842 18. Palpares eontrarius (Walker, 1853) Distribution : Karnataka 15. Genus Stenares Hagen, 1866 19. Stenares Jrazeri Banks, 1931 26. Suphalomitus brevis Kimmins, 1949 Distribution : Karnataka Tribe Hybrisini 21. Genus Glyptobasis MacLachlan, 1873 27. Glyptobasis dentifera (Westwood, 1847) Distribution : Karnataka 28. Glyptobasis nugax (Walker, 1853) Distribution : Karnataka SHARMA and CHANDRA : Insecta : Neuroptera 165 Tribe Encyoposini Family NEMOPTERIDAE 22. Genus Bubopsis MacLachlan, 1898 Subfamily CROCINAE 24. Genus Croce MacLachlan, 1898 29. Bubopsis rubrapunctata Ghosh, 1981 Distribution : Karnataka 32. Croce Jilipennis (Westwood, 1841) 23. Genus Ogcogaster Westwood, 1848 Distribution : Karnataka 30. Ogcogaster kempi Fraser, 1922 SUMMARY Distribution : Karnataka 31. Ogcogaster segmentator (Westwood, 1847) Distribution: Karnataka The enumeration of neuropteran fauna of Karnataka State resulted in 32 species of 24 genera under 8 families. REFERENCES Ghosh, S.K and Sen, S. 1977. Checklist of Indian Planipennia (Order Neuroptera) Rec. zool. Surv. India, 73 : 277-326. Oswald, J.D. 2007. Neuropterida species of the World. Version 2.0 http://lacewing.tamu.edu./Speciescatalogue/(Accessed on 10.12.2009). Singh, S.P. 1992. Indian Chrysopidae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (lCAR) , Technical Bulletin No.5. 34 pp. Szirili, G. 1999. Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) from southwestern parts of Asia. Rovartani Kozlemenyek {=Folia Entomologica HungaricaJ (N.S.) 60 :179-186. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 167-172,2013 INSECTA: COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE V.D.HEGDE Zoological Survey ofIndia, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 E-mail: hegde67@yahoo.co.in<mailto:hegde67@yahoo.co.in> INTRODUCTION Occurrence of many species of the order Coleoptera are with special ecological requirements for their continued existence and can be used as indicators of ecological conditions. Beetles provided suitable material for all types of studies on comparative biology. They also offer a classic example of evolutionary diversification. The family Tenebrionidae is the fifth largest family under the order Coleoptera and representatives of the family are found in almost all the habitats. The representatives of this family are hard to differentiate but can be identified by these characters. Body hard, antennal insertion hidden under frons, elytra usually completely covering abdomen, abdomen with five visible sternites and first three segments connate, front coxal cavities closed behind, heteromerous tarsi, tarsal segments and claws simple. Since there is no comprehensive study on the Tenebrionidae fauna of Karnataka state, an attempt has been made to throw some light by preparing the check-list of Tenebrionidae of Karnataka state. To make the study comprehensive, all earlier scattered reports were taken into consideration and few important references were noted. (lwan, 2002, Iwan and Ferrer, 1998, Iwan et al. 2010, Kaszab, 1961,1975, Masumoto 1995, Sabu et al. 2007, Schawaller and Ando, 2009). The paper contains the report of 47 species of 23 genera under 12 tribes of 04 subfamilies from Karnataka state. The classification was followed as per Bouchard et al. (2005). Few species are not having synonyms. SYSTEMATIC CHECK-LIST Subfamily LAGRIINAE Latreille, 1825 (1820) Tribe Lupronini Ardoin, 1958 1. Luprops gracilior Fairmaire, 1896 Lyprops gracilior Fairmaire, 1896:28 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra. Elsewhere: Bhutan and Pakistan. 2. Luprops tristis (Fabricius, 1801) Lagria tristis Fabricius 1801: 70. Lyprops pice us Fairmaire 1894: 24 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Sikkim. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. Tribe: Cossyphini Latreille, 1802 3. Cossyphus (Cossyphus) depressus (Fabricius, 1781) 2000., Cossyphus cossyphus depressus (Fabricius, 1781) Scupola : 231. 2000., Cossyphus cossyphus planus Fabricius, 180l. Scupola : 231. Distribution: INDIA: Karnataka (Shimoga), Tamil N adu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh (Hardoi and Sitapur districts) ( Hegde, 2012). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 168 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily Tenebrioninae Latreille,1802 Tribe Toxicini Lacordaire, 1859 Distribution:India: Karnataka, West Bengal (Calcutta) Cosmopolitan. 4. Cryphaeus tenuis (Fairmaire 1896) Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Kanara). 10. Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse, 1880 1880, Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5(V) : 148 Elsewhere: Nepal. Tribe Alphitobini Reitter, 1917 5. Alphitobius laevigatus (Fabricius, 1781) 1781, Alphitobius laevigatus Fabricius, Spec. Ins. 1: 90. 1972, Kaszab, Alti. Soc. It. Sc. Nat.c. Museo. Civ. St. Nat. Milano., 113 (4): 366-384. Distribution:India: Karnataka, West Bengal (Calcutta) Cosmopolitan. Alphitobius laevigatus (Fabricius), Kaszab, Tijdschr. V. Ent. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. C. VII (5): 295. Distribution: India: Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Andaman Island. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. 6. Alphitobius pice us Olivier, 1972 1972, Alphitobius piceus Olivier, Encycl. Meth 7: 50. Distribution: India: Karnataka, West Bengal (Calcutta, Bankura) Cosmopolitan. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. Tribe Pedinini Eschscholtz, 1829 11. Adamus bellaryensis (Kaszab, 1975) 1975b., Platydendarus bellaryensis Kaszab, : 315. Adamus bellaryensis: Iwan 1997a: 257, 2002: 50. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bellary). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 12. Adamus mediocris (Fairmaire, 1896) Platynotus mediocris Fairmaire, 1896: 14. - Gebien 191Ob: 273, 1938b: 293. Platydendarus mediocris: Kaszab 1975b: 314. Tribe Tribolini Mulsant, 1854 7. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) 1797., Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Nature kafer, 7: 2 1825., Tribolium castaneum Macleay, Annulora javanica : 50 Distribution: India: Karnataka, West Bengal (Calcutta, Howrah, North 24 paragnas). Cosmopolitan. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. 8. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1868 1868., Tribolium confusumJacquelin du Val, Gen. col d. Eur. Cat., P 18l. Distribution: India: Karnataka, West Bengal, Cosmopolitan. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. Tribe Ulomini Blanchard, 1845 9. Hypophloeus ratzeburgii Wissman, 1848 1848, Hypophloeus ratzeburgii Wissmam, Steltein ent. Ztg., 9: 77 Adamus mediocris: Iwan 1997a: 257, 2002: 50. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 13. Adamus opatroides (Kaszab, 1975) Platydendarus opatroides Kaszab, 1975b: 316. Adamus opatroides: Iwan 1997a: 257, 2002: 50. Distribution: India: Karnataka (B angalore). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 14. Amblysphagus pachyderus Fairmaire, 1896 Distribution: India: Karnataka(Belgaum), Tamil Nadu (Madura, Trichinopoly). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 15. Eucolus indicus Kaszab, 1975 Eucolus indicus Kaszab, 1975: 286. - Iwan 1997a: 259, 2002: 68. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bellary). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 169 HEGDE : Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidea 16. Menearchus longipennis Kaszab, 1975 Menearchus longipennis Kaszab, 1975b: 350. - Iwan 1997a: 260, 2002: 78. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Samanahally, Bangalore). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 17. Penthicoides seriatoporus Fairmaire, 1896 Penthicoidesseriatoporus Fairmaire, 1896: 20. -Gebien 191Ob: 287; 1938b: 309; Kaszab 1975b:357; Iwan 1997a: 264, 22. Pseudonotocorax cornelli Iwan and Ferrer, 1998 Pseudonotocorax cornelli Iwan et Ferrer, 1998: 337 - Iwan 2002: 94. Distribution: India: Karnataka (B angalore), Maharashtra(Aurangabad). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. Tribe Opatrini Brulle, 1832 23. Gonocephalum acuticolle Kaszab, 1952 2002: 82. Gonocephalum acuticolle Kaszab, 1952a: 616. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 18. Platyburakfrilingeni (Kaszab, 1975) Notocoraxfrilingeni Kaszab, 1975b: 305. Platyburakfrilingeni: Iwan 1990a: 126, 1997a: 266, 2002: 86. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bellary). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 19. Platyburak girardi (Kaszab, 1975) Notocorax girardi Kaszab, 1975b: 304. Platyburak girardi: Iwan 1990a: 127, 1997a: 266, 2002: 86. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bellary). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 20. Platyburak ram os us (Fairmaire, 1896) Pseudoblaps ramosus Fairmaire, 1896: 15. - Gebien 191Ob: 274, 1938b: 293. Distribution: India: Karnataka (My sorer , Shimoga), Maharashtra ( Poona). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 24. Gonocephalum borosi Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum Borosi Kaszab, 1952a: 543. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 25. Gonocephalum brittoni Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum Brittoni Kaszab, 1952a: 618. Distribution: India:Karnataka ( Belgaum, Shimoga). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 26. Gonocephalum catenulatum (Fairmaire, 1896) Notocorax ramosus: Kaszab 1975b: 309. Hopatrum catenulatum Fairmaire, 1896: 19. Platyburak ramosus: Iwan 1990a: 127, 1997a: 266, 2002: 86. Gonocephalum catenulatum (F airmaire, 1896). - Gebien 191Ob: Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 21. Platycolpotus pandaroides (Fairmaire, 1893) Platynotus pandaroides Fairmaire, 1896: 13. - Gebien 191Ob: 273, 1938b: 293. 322,1939: 447; Kaszab 1952a: 463; Iwan and LobI 2008: 263. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Kanara), Himalaya, Bombay, Sikkim, Darjeeling District. Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 27. Gonocephalum civicum Kaszab, 1952 Platydentarus pandaroides: Kaszab 1975b: 314. Gonocephalum civicum Kaszab, 1952a: 612. - Kaszab 1970a: Platycolpotus pandaroides: Iwan 1997a: 267, 2002: 88. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 423,1977: 257; Schawaller 1997a: 4; Iwan and LobI 2008: 263. Distribution: India:Karnataka (Belgaum, 170 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Mysore), Ranchi, Ahmed Nagar, Calcutta, Sikkim (DarjeelingDistrict), Uttaranchal(Haridwar,Rurki). Elsewhere: Nepal, Burma, Nepal and Thailand. 28. Gonocephalum dravidum Bremer and Ferrer, 1992 Gonocephalum dravidum Bremer et Ferrer, 1992: 85. Distribution: India: (Mysore, Shimoga, Agumbe Ghat, 2000 ft). 34. Gonocephalum semipatruele Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum semipatruele Kaszab, 1952a: 608. - Gridelli 1953: 63;Kaszab 1982b: 167; Iwan and LobI 2008: 265. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum), Uttarakhand, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad, Faizabad). Elsewhere: Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 29. Gonocephalum horni Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum Horni Kaszab, 1952a: 567. - Kaszab 1961a:4, 1979a:260, 1979b: 63. Distribution: Shimoga). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. India: Karnataka ( Mysore, Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. Iran, Pakistan and Yemen. 35. Gonocephalum shimoganum Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum shimoganum Kaszab, 1952a: 597. - Kaszab 1979a:260, 1979b: 64. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga), Tamil Nadu (Trichinopoly, Nilgiri Hills). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. 30. Gonocephalum laosense Kaszab, 1952 36. Gonocephalum stoeckleini Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum laosense Kaszab, 1952a: 564. - Kaszab 1980b: 17l. GonocephalumStockleiniKaszab, 1952a: 662. -Kaszab 1961b: 351,1979b: 66. India: Karnataka ( Mysore, Gonocephalum stOckleini Kaszab, 1952. - Kaszab 1965a: 114. Distribution Shimoga). Gonocephalum stoeckleini Kaszab, 1952. - Iwan and LobI Elsewhere: Laos and Vietnam. 31. Gonocephalum marani Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum Marnni Kaszab, 1952a: 575. Distribution Shimoga). India:Karnataka ( Mysore, Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 32. Gonocephalum mysorense Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum mysorense Kaszab, 1952a: 496. - Kaszab 1965a: 113. Distribution Shimoga). India: Karnataka (Mysore, Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 33. Gonocephalum obenbergeri Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum Obenbergeri Kaszab, 1952a: 598. - Kaszab 1961a: 4,1979b: 64. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga, Kanara), Orissa Coast (Puri). 2008: 266. Distribution India: Karnataka( Mysore, Shimoga,Bangalore). Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu (Trichinopoly, Madras, Coimbatore Nedungadu, Tajore Distr. Madura Arana Kurichi, Nilgiri Hills), Pondicherry, Orissa ( Puri, Chilka Lake, Behrampur, Chota Nagpur), West Bengal (Calcutta). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka and Pakistan. 37. Gonocephalum tenuicorne Kaszab, 1952 Gonocephalum tenuicorne Kaszab, 1952a: 590. - Kaszab 1979a: 260,1979b: 63, 1980b: 171; Iwan and LobI 2008: 266. Distribution India: Karnataka (Mysore, Shimoga), Tamil Nadu (Shembaganur, Madura, Trichinopoly, Nilgiri Hills ), West Bengal (Kurseong , Darjeeling ), Sikkim. Elsewhere: Myanmar, Tharrawaddy, SriLanka and Vietnam. HEGDE : Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidea 38. Mesomorphus gridellii Kaszab, 1963 Distribution: India: Karikal. Karnataka (Shimoga), Elsewhere: Sri Lanka. 39. Mesomorphus villiger Blanch, 1853 Mesomorphus villiger Blanch, 1853, Voy.Pole Sud. 4: 154, t.10, f.15. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Dharwar, N.Kanara), West Bengal (Calcutta, Hoogly, Singur). 171 Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 44. Derispia blairi Kaszab. maculata Kaszab,1961 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg, Frasserpet. ) Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. Tribe Crypticini Brulle, 1832 45. Sivacrypticus sericans (Fairmaire, 1896) Distribution: India: Karnataka ( Belgaum). Elsewhere: Myanmar (Rangoon). Sub Family DIAPERINAE Latreille, 1802 Tribe Diaperini Latreille, 1802 40. Ceropria bifasciata Chervolat, 1878 M-1 Ceropria bifasciata Chevrolat, 1878 C.R. Soc. ent. Belg., 1878: CL (Bombay). Distribution: India: Karnataka (Kanara), Maharashtra ( Mumbai), Tamil Nadu (Shembaganur). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. 41. Ceropria purpurina Gebien 1925 Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. Subfamily STENOCHIINAE Kirby, 1837 Tribe Cnodalonini Gistel, 1855 46. Catapiestus indicus Fairmaire, 1896 Catapiestus indicus Fairmaire, 1896: 28 Distribution: India: Karnataka( Kanara), Sikkim. Elsewhere: Nepal. 47. Foochounus wasmanni (Blair, 1929) Chariophenus wasmanni Blair, 1929: 240 Ceropria induta var. purpurina Gebien, 1925. Philip. 1. Sci., 27: 277. Foochounus assamicus (Kaszab, 1965); Kaszab, 1983: 134 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Kanara), Uttarakhand (Ramnagar), Assam, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh. Anobriomaia assamica Kaszab, 1965a: 127 Elsewhere: Nepal and Sri Lanka. syn. nov. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Frasserpet), Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills), Assam (Ratu). Elsewhere: Nepal. 42. Spiloscapha sericans (Fairmaire, 1896) Distribution: India: Karnataka (Belgaum). Elsewhere: Not yet recorded. Tribe Leiochrini Lewis, 1894 43. Derispia blairi Kaszab. nigromarginalis Kaszab,1961 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg, Frasserpet. ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankfulto Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director, Zoological Survey ofindia, Kolkata for the facilities and late Dr. G.Thirumalai, Addl. Director who has inspired me to do this work. I am indebted to Dr. Kailash Chandra, Addl. Director and Head, Entomology Division 'A' for his valuable suggestions in preparing the manuscript. 172 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 REFERENCES Bouchard, P., Lawrence, J.P', Davies, A.E. & Newton, A.P. (2005) Synoptic classification of the world Tenebrionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with a review of family-group names. Annales Zoologici, 55 :499-530. Hegde, V.D. (2012). New record of Cossyphus depressus Fab. 1781( Cossyphini:Lagriinae Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) from Uttar Pradesh (In Press). Iwan, D. (2002) Catalogue of the worldPlatynotini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Genus 13 (2): 219-323. Iwan, D. Ferrer, J. (1998) Pseudonotocorax cornelli sp.nov. from India and notes on the Asian Platynotini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Genus, 9(3): 337-342. Iwan, D. Ferrer, J. M. Ras (2010). Catalogue of the world Gonocephalum Solier, 1834 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionini : Opatrini) Part 1. List of the species and subspecies. Kaszab, Z (1975). Tenebrioniden Aus Indien (Coleoptera) Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 21: 1-38. Kaszab, Z(1961). Revision der Tenebrioniden-Gattung Derispia Lewis (Coleoptera). Acta zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 7(1-2) : 139-184. Masumoto, K. (1995). A study of the Asian species of the genus Ceropria (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) (Part 3) Jpn. J. Ent., 63(4): 723-734. Sabu, T.K., Merkl, O.andAbhita, P. (2007) A new Luprops species from Western Ghats withredescriptions and identification key to the species ofIndian Peninsula and Sri Lanka (Tenebrionidae: Lagriinae: Lupropini). Zootaxa, 1636: 47-58. Schawaller, W. & Ando, K. (2009): Revision of the genus Foochounus Pic, 1924 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Oriental region. Ent. Rev. Japan, 64: 259-286. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 173-178,2013 INSECTA COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE DUNG BEETLES SCARABAEINAE SEENA NARAYANAN KARIMBUMKARA and PRIYADARSANAN DHARMA RAJAN Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura lakkur Post, Bangalore-560 064, India INTRODUCTION Dung beetles are a group of ecologically important insects which use decomposing materials such as vertebrate dung, carrion and other rotting materials as food resource for the adults and the larvae. They have evolved several ways to overcome competition by quickly removing the dung or other resources and hiding them from the other potential competitors like the flies and other beetles. Traditionally, the dung beetles have been divided into three groups according to their mode of resource relocation into the rollers (teleocoprids), the tunnelers (paracoprids) and the dwellers (endocoprids) (Halffter and Matthews, 1966, Hanski and Cambefort, 1991). At present, the above classification is purely functional with limited phylogenitic significance due to polyphyletic origin of similar behavioural patterns (Phillips et al., 2004). The "true dung beetles" belong to the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera) which feed exclusively on faeces and carcasses, comprises of more than 5,000 species worldwide. The earlier contribution to the taxonomic works on Indian Scarabaeinae were mainly by Arrow (1931) and Balthasar (1963 a, b & 1964). The global database on the dung beetles (ScarabNet, 2010), has listed 322 species of scarabs belonging to 34 genera from India. Apart from the list of priyan@atree.org dung beetles reported from the Bilgiri Rangaswamy Temple Sanctuary (BRT) of Karnataka (Priyadarsanan, 2006) in which 7 tribes, 13 genera and 87 species were recorded, a comprehensive list of the dung beetles of Karnataka is lacking. The following list comprises 145 species of dung beetles belonging to 9 tribes and 23 genera reported so far from Karnataka. The places of collection from Karnataka are mentioned after the name string in brackets. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order COLEOPTERA Superfamily SCARABAEOIDEA Family SCARABAEIDAE Subfamily SCARABAEINAE Tribe Scarabaeini Genus 1. Scarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 1. Scarabaeus (s.str.) gangetic us (Castelnau, 1840) (Bangalore) 2 Scarabaeus (Kheper) erichsoni (Harold, 1867) (Bangalore, BRT, Rajiv Gandhi National Park, Nagarahole (RGNP)) 3. Scarabaeus (Kheper) sanctus (Fabricius, 1798) (Bangalore, Belgaum) Tribe Gymnopleurini Genus 2. Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 4. Gymnopleurus (s.str.) bombayensis Arrow, 1931 (Belgaum) 174 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 5. Gymnopleurus (s.str.) cyaneus (Fabricius, 1798) (Bellary, Bangalore, Belgaum, BRT) 6. Gymnopleurus (Metagymnopleurus) gemmatus Harold, 1871 (Bangalore, Belgaum) 7. Gymnopleurus (Metagymnopleurus) miliaris (Fabricius, 1775) (Mysore, Bangalore, BRT) 8. Gymnopleurus (Metagymnopleurus) parvus (Mac Leay, 1821) (BRT, Belgaum Genus 3. Paragymnopleurus Shipp, 1897 9. Paragymnopleurus melanarius Harold, 1867 (North Kanara) 10. Paragymnopleurus sinuatus (Olivier, 1789) (Kanara) 21. Heliocopris dominus (Karnataka, BRT) Bates, 1868 Genus 10. Catharsius Hope, 1837 22. Catharsius capucinus (Fabricius, 1781) (BRT) 23. Catharsius granulatus (Sharp, 1875) (BRT) 24. Catharsius molossus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mysore, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 25. Catharsius pithecius (Fabricius, 1775) (BRT) 26. Catharsius sagax (Quenstedt, 1806) (BRT, RGNP) Genus 11. Copris Geoffroy, 1762 11. Garreta dejeani Castelnau, 1840 (BRT) 27. Copris (Paracopris) andrewesi Waterhouse, 1891 (Belgaum, Mysore, North Kanara, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 12. Garreta sumptuosus Castelnau, 1840 (BRT) 28. Copris (s.str.) carinicus Gillet, 1910 (RGNP) Genus 4. Garetta Janssens, 1940 Genus 5. Allogymnopleurus Janssens, 1940 13. Allogymnopleurus maculosus (MacLeay, 1821) (Belgaum) 14. Allogymnopleurus spilotus (MacLeay, 1821) (Bangalore, BRT) Tribe Sisyphini Genus 6. Sisyphus Latreille, 1807 15. Sisyphus (s.str.) crispatus hirtus Wiedemann, 1823 (South Mysore, Bangalore, BRT) 16. Sisyphus (s. str.) longipes (Olivier, 1789) (Belgaum, BRT, RGNP) 17. Sisyphus (s.str.) neglectus Gory, 1833 (North Kanara, South Mysore, BRT, RGNP) 29. Copris (Paracopris) davisoni Waterhouse, 1891 (BRT, RGNP) 30. Copris (s.str.) fricator (Fabricius, 1787) (Mysore, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 31. Copris (Paracopris) imitans Felsche, 1910 (North Kanara, Belgaum, RGNP) 32. Copris (s.str.) repertus Walker, 1858 (Belgaum, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 33. Copris (s.str.) sarpedon Harold, 1868 (RGNP) 34. Copris (Paracopris) signatus Walker, 1858 (Bangalore, BRT) Tribe Canthonini 35. Copris (s.str.) sodalis Walker, 1858 (BRT, RGNP) Genus 7. Ochicanthon Vaz-de-mello, 2003 Tribe Onitini 18. Ochicanthon laetus Arrow, 1931 (BRT) Genus 12. Cheironitis Lansberge, 1875 Tribe Dichotomini 36. Cheironitis arrowi Janssens, 1937 (Belgaum) Genus 8. Delopleurus Erichson, 1847 Genus 12. Onitis Fabricius, 1798 19. Delopleurus purvus (Sharp,1875)(Jakkar, Bangalore) Tribe Coprini Genus 9. Heliocopris Hope, 1837 20. Heliocopris bucephalus (Fabricius, 1775) (Karnataka, BRT) 37. Onitis brahma Lansberge, 1875 (Dharwar, Mysore, Bangalore) 38. Onitis falcatus (Wulfen, 1786) (Belgaum, BRT) 39. Onitis philemon Fabricius, 1801 (Belgaum, Mysore, Bangalore, BRT) KARIMBUMKARA and RAJAN : Insecta :Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae, Dung Beetles 175 40. Onitis singhalensis Lansberge, 1875 (Coorg, South India, BRT, RGNP) 57. Caccobius (Caccophilus) vulcanus (Fabricius, 1801) (Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 41. Onitis siva Gillet, 1911 (BRT, RGNP) Genus 19. Cleptocaccobius Cambefort, 1984 42. Onitis virens Lansberge, 1875 (Belgaum, North Coorg, BRT, RGNP) 58. Cleptocaccobius inermis Arrow, 1931 (BRT, RGNP) Tribe Oniticellini Genus 20. Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 Genus 14. Drepanocerus Kirby, 1828 59. Onthophagus (s.str.) abreui Arrow, 1931 (BRT) 43. Drepanocerus setosus (Wiedemann, 1823) (BRT, RGNP) Genus 15. Oniticellus Serveille, 1825 60. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) agnus Gillet, 1925 (Kanara) 44. Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Mysore, BRT, RGNP) 61. Onthophagus (Furconthophagus) amicus Gillet, 1925 (RGNP) Genus 16. Liatongus Reitter, 1892 62. Onthophagus (s.str.) amphioxus Arrow, 1931 (Chikballapur, Karnataka) 45. Liatongus (s.str.) affinis (Arrow, 1908) (RGNP) 46. Liatongus (Paraliatongus) rhadamistus (Fabricius, 1775) (RGNP) Genus 17. Tiniocellus Peringuey, 1901 47. Tiniocellus spinipes Roth, 1851 (BRT, Belgaum, RGNP) Tribe Onthophagini Genus 18. Caccobius Thomson, 1859 48. Caccobius (s.str.) rufipennis (Motschulski, 1858) (BRT, RGNP) 49. Caccobius (Caccophilus) (Fabricius, 1798) (BRT) aterrimus 50. Caccobius (Caccophilus) diminutivus (Walker, 1858) (BRT, RGNP) 51. Caccobius (Caccophilus) gallinus Arrow, 1907 (RGNP) 52. Caccobius (Caccophilus) indicus Harold, 1867 (Bangalore, BRT) (s.str.) 63. Onthophagus Boucomont, 1914 (BRT) amphicoma 64. Onthophagus (s.str.) amphinasus Arrow, 1931 (North Kanara) 65. Onthophagus (s.str.) andrewesi Arrow, 1931 (Kanara, RGNP) 66. Onthophagus (s.str.) arboreus Arrow, 1931 (Mysore) (Colobonthophagus) 67. Onthophagus bengalensis Harold, 1886 (BRT, RGNP) 68. Onthophagus (Paraphanaeomorphus) bifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) (BRT, RGNP) 69. Onthophagus (s.str.) brevicollis Arrow, 1907 (Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 70. Onthophagus (s.str.) bronzeus Arrow, 1907 (North Kanara, BRT) 71. Onthophagus (Micronthophagus) cavia Boucomont, 1914 (Nandidurg) 72. Onthophagus (s.str.) cervus (Fabricius, 1798) (BRT) 53. Caccobius (Caccophilus) meridionalis Boucomont, 1914 (Dharwar, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 73. Onthophagus (s.str.) centricornis (Fabricius, 1798) (Belgaum, Kanara, BRT, RGNP) 54. Caccobius (Caccophilus) torticornis Arrow, 1931 (RGNP) 74. Onthophagus (s.str.) chrysurus Arrow, 1931 (BRT, RGNP) 55. Caccobius (Caccophilus) ultor Sharp, 1875 (BRT, RGNP) 75. Onthophagus (s.str.) circulifer Arrow, 1931 (BRT) 56. Caccobius (Caccophilus) unicornis Fabricius, 1798 (BRT, RGNP) 76. Onthophagus (s.str.) coeruleicollis Arrow, 1907 (Belgaum, Dharwar) 176 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 77. Onthophagus (Paraphanaeomorphus) comottoi Lansberge, 1885 (BRT, RGNP) 97. Onthophagus (s.str.) laborans Arrow, 1931 (Dharwar) 78. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) dama (Fabricius, 1798) (Bangalore, Belgaum, Kanara, BRT, RGNP) 98. Onthophagus (s.str.) laevigatus (Fabricius, 1798) (Chickkaballapur, Bellary, BRT) 79. Onthophagus (Gibbonthophagus) dubernardi Boucomont, 1914 (RGNP) 80. Onthophagus (Gibbonthophagus) duporti Boucomont, 1914 (Belgaum, Kanara) 81. Onthophagus (s.str.) ensifer Boucomont, 1914 (BRT, RGNP) ( Colobonthophagus) 82. Onthophagus ephippioderus Arrow, 1907 (Bangalore, Chikmagalur, Kanara, Belgaum) 83. Onthophagus (s.str.) falcifer Harold, 1880 (RGNP) 84. Onthophagus (s.str.) falsus Gillet, 1925 (BRT) 85. Onthophagus (s.str.) fasciatus Boucomont, 1914 (Belgaum, BRT, RGNP) 86. Onthophagus (s.str.)favrei Boucomont, 1914 (Belgaum, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 87. Onthophagus (Paraphanaeomorphus) frugivorus Arrow, 1931 (BRT) 88. Onthophagus (s.str.) furcillifer Bates, 1891 (BRT, RGNP) 89. Onthophagus (Matashia) gracilipes Boucomont, 1914 (BRT, RGNP) 90. Onthophagus (s.str.) griseosetosus Arrow, 1931 (S. Mysore, Kanara, BRT) 91. Onthophagus (Micronthophagus) gulo Arrow, 1931 (Belgaum) 92. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) hindu Arrow, 1931 (Bellary, Bangalore, BRT) 93. Onthophagus (Micronthophagus) hystrix Boucomont, 1914 (Belgaum) 94. Onthophagus (s.str.) igneus Vigors, 1825 (Bangalore, RGNP) 95. Onthophagus (s.str.) kanarensis Arrow, 1931 (North Kanara) 96. Onthophagus (s.str.) kchatriya Boucomont, 1914 (Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 99. Onthophagus (s.str.) lemniscatus 1924 (RGNP) Gillet, 100. Onthophagus (Furconthophagus) lilliputanus Lansberge, 1883 (Kanara) 101. Onthophagus (s.str.) ludio Boucomont, 1914 (Belgaum, BRT) (Gibbonthophagus) 102. Onthophagus luridipennis Boheman, 1858 (RGNP) 103. Onthophagus (s.str.) madoqua Arrow, 1931 (BRT, RGNP) 104. Onthophagus (s.str.) mauritii Boucomont, 1919 (Chikkaballapura, BRT) 105. Onthophagus ( Colobonthophagus) metalliceps Arrow, 1931 (Kanara) 106. Onthophagus (s.str.) mopsus (Fabricius, 1792) (BRT, RGNP) 107. Onthophagus (s.str.) negligens Walker, 1858 (B angalore) 108. Onthophagus (s.str.) pacificus Lansberge, 1885 (Kanara) 109. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) paliceps Arrow, 1931 (RGNP) 110. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) pardalis (Fabricius, 1798) (Belgaum) 111. Onthophagus (s.str.) parvulus (Fabricius, 1798) (Belgaum, Dharwar, RGNP) 112. Onthophagus (s.str.) politus (Fabricius, 1978) (Belgaum, BRT, RGNP) 113. Onthophagus (s.str.) porcus Arrow, 1931 (RGNP) 114. Onthophagus (s.str.) pusillus (Fabricius, 1798) (BRT) 115. Onthophagus (s.str.) pygmaeus (Schaller, 1783) (Bangalore) 116. Onthophagus ( Colobonthophagus) quadridentatus (Fabricius, 1798) (Bangaiore, Belgaum, BRT, RGNP) KARIMBUMKARA and RAJAN : Insecta :Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Scarabaeinae, Dung Beetles 177 117. Onthophagus ( Colobonthophagus) ramosellus Bates, 1891 (Bangalore) 133. Onthophagus (s.str.) turbatus Walker, 1858 (Belgaum, Kanara, BRT, RGNP) 118. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) ramosus (Wiedemann, 1823) (Belgaum, Kanara, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 134. Onthophagus (s.str.) unifasciatus (Schaller, 1783) (Belgaum, Chikkaballapura, BRT) 119. Onthophagus (s.str.) rana Arrow, 1931 (BRT) 120. Onthophagus (Serrophorus) rectecornutus (Lansberge, 1883) (Chikmagalur, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) 135. Onthophagus (s. str.) usurpator Balthasar, 1960 (BRT, RGNP) 136. Onthophagus (Parascatonomus) vividus Arrow, 1907 (Nandidurg, Bangalore) 137. Onthophagus (s.str.) vultur Arrow, 1931 (Belgaum) 121. Onthophagus (Parascatonomus) rudis Sharp, 1875 (Dharwar) 138. Onthophagus (s.str.) zebra Arrow, 1931 (Belgaum) 122. Onthophagus (s.str.) semicinctus D'Orbigny, 1897 (BRT) Genus 21. Proagoderus Lansberge, 1883 123. Onthophagus (s.str.) socialis Arrow, 1931 (Belgaum, Fraserpet, Coorg) 124. Onthophagus (s.str.) spinifex (Fabricius, 1781) (Belgaum, Chikballapur) 125. Onthophagus (s.str.) suillus Arrow, 1931 (S. Mysore) 126. Onthophagus (Trichonthophagus) tarandus Fabricius, 1792 (Belgaum, BRT, RGNP) 127. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) tragus (Fabricius, 1792) (Belgaum, RGNP) 139. Proagoderus imperator Castelnau, 1840 (Belgaum, Kanara) 140. Proagoderus pactolus (Fabricius, 1787) (Mysore, Bangalore, BRT, RGNP) Genus 22: Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959 141. Digitonthophagus bonasus (Fabricius, 1898) (Belgaum, Mysore, BRT, RGNP) 142. Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) (Belgaum, BRT) Genus 23 Phalops Erichson, 1848 (Colobonthophagus) 128. Onthophagus transcaspicus Koenig, 1889 (BRT, RGNP) 143. Phalops candezei Lansberge, (Belgaum, Bellary, Bangalore) 129. Onthophagus (Colobonthophagus) triceratops Arrow, 1913 (BRT) 144. Phalops cyanescens (D'Orbigny, 1897) (Bellary, Bangalore) 130. Onthophagus (Parascatonomus) tricornis (Wiedemann, 1823) (BRT, RGNP) 145. Phalops divisus (Wiedemann, 1823) (BRT) 131. Onthophagus (s.str.) tritinctus Boucomont, 1914 (Nandidurg, BRT, RGNP) 132. Onthophagus (s.str.) truncaticornis (Schaller, 1783) (Belgaum, Dharwar, Mangalore, South Kanara, BRT, RGNP) 1883 Notel: Delopleurus parvus is a new Report to Karnataka. Note 2: Apart from these 145 species, another 22 species of the genus Onthophagus and 1 species of Copris in our collection are yet to be identified. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 178 REFERENCES Arrow, G.J. 1931. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma Coleoptera: Lamellicornia III (Coprinae), Taylor and Francis, London, 3 : 428, 61 figs., 19 pIs. Balthasar, V. 1963a. Monographic der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der Palaeoarktischen und Orientalischen Region (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia). VerI. Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prague. Vol. I: 1-39, pIs. 1-24 figs. 1-137. Balthasar, V. 1963b. Monographic der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der Palaeoarktischen und Orientalischen Region (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia). VerI. Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prague. Vol. II: 1-627, pIs. 1-16. figs. 1-226. Balthasar, V. 1964. Monographic der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der Palaearktischen und Orientalischen Region Prague, Veri. Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Prague. Vol. III, 1-652, figs. 1-224. Ralffter, G. & Matthews, E.G. 1966. The natural history of dung beetles of the sub family Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Folia Entomolica Mexicana, 12-14 : 312. Ranski, I & Cambefort,Y. 1991. Dung Beetle Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 481. Philips, T.K., E. Pretorius and C.R. Scholtz. 2004. A phylogenetic analysis of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae: Scarabaeidae): unrolling an evolutionary history. Invertebrate Systematics, 18 : 53-88. Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan, 2006. Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea : Scarabaeidae (Dung Beetles) In : Fauna of Bilgiri Rangaswamy Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Area Series: Zoological Survey of India, 27 : 91-135. ScarabNet, 2010. ScarabNet Global Taxon Database Version 1.5 [l9th February 2010] (www .scarabnet.org). Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 179-181, 2013 INSECTA DIPTERA CECIDOMYIIDAE R.M. SHARMA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION Presently, the family Cecidomyiidae best known as plant gall makers or gall midges consists of four subfamilies viz. Catotrichinae, (not reported from India) Lestremiinae, Porricondylinae and Cecidomyiinae. The species belonging to second and third subfamilies are mycophagous, saprophagous, phytosaprophagous and xylophagous in nature. The subfamily Cecidomyiinae includes phytophagous (gall forming or non gall forming and inquilines), zoophagous or predatory species. Several phytophagous gall midges cause considerable damage to economically important agricultural / horticultural crops and have gained the status of serious pests. The number of species of all Cecidomyiidae in the world at large and India in particular is still unknown and inestimable. Of the 6131 species and 783 genera of living and fossil gall midges known from the world (Gagne 2010), Indian diversity accounts for 398 described species belonging to 125 genera under three subfamilies (Sharma, 2009), which is approximately 6.5% of world diversity. Only 30 species of 24 genera under three subfamilies (7.10% ofIndian diversity) are so far recorded from the state, Sharma (1993, 1999 & 2001). Order DIPTERA Suborder NEMATOCERA Family CECIDOMYIIDAE Subfamily LESTREMIINAE Tribe Lestremiini 1. Anarete allahabadensis Grover, 1964, 1970 Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. 2. Conarete calcuttaense (Nayar), 1949 Host: Unknown. Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park. Tribe Micromyini 3. Monardia Subg. Xylopriona nilgiriensis Sharma, 1993 Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. Subfamily PORRICONDYLINAE Tribe Asynaptini 4. Asynapta aurangabadensis Sharma, 1987 Host: Unknown. Distribution : Karnataka: N agarhole National Park. Tribe Porricondylini 5. Claspettomyia indica Rao and Sharma, 1978 Host: Unknown. Distribution : Karnataka: N agarhole National Park. 6. Parepidosis trilobata Sharma and Rao, 1979 Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. 180 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 7. Clinophaena longiptera (Nayar), 1949 Host: Unknown. Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park. 8. Rabindrodiplosis orientalis Sharma and Rao, 1980 15. Clinodiplosis indica (Rao), 1953 (Charidiplosis) Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. Tribe Microdiplosini Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park. Supertribe Lasiopteridi Tribe Lasiopterini 9. Lasioptera achyranthesae Sharma, 1988 Host: Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae). Distribution: Karnataka: North Kanara. 10. Lasioptera tomentosae (Grover), 1967 Host: Setaria intermedia R.& S. (Poaceae). Distribution: Karnataka: North Kanara. Tribe Lestodiplosini 17. Odontodiplosis jonesi (Nayar), 1949 (Lestodiplosis) Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. 18. Odontodiplosis raoi Sharma, 1986 Host: Unknown. Tribe Dasineurini 11. Dasineura gossypii Felt, 1916 Host: Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae) Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. Tribe Cecidomyiini Distribution : Karnataka : Dharwad 19. Cecidomyia artocarpi Felt, 1921 Supertribe : Stomatosematidi 12. Stomatosema vanchii (Nayar), 1949 (Vanchidiplosis) Host: Unknown. Distribution: Karnataka: Nagarhole National Park. Host : Decaying Artocarpus sp. (Urticaceae). Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park. 20. Procontarinia matteina Kieffer and Cecconi, 1906 Host: Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae). Supertribe Cecidomyiidi Distribution : Throughout India including Karnataka Tribe Asphondyliini Subtribe Asphondyliina 13. Asphondylia phyllanthi Felt, 1920 officinalis 16. Coquillettomyia longipalpi (Rao), 1953 (Microplecus) Host: Unknown. Subfamily CECIDOMYIINAE Host Emblica (Euphorbiaceae ). Tribe Clinodiplosini Gaerth Distribution: Karnataka : Nilgiris (5300 ft). 21. Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett), 1899 Host: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Sorghum spp. (Poaceae) Distribution : Throughout India including Karnataka. 14. Asphondylia tectonae Mani, 1974 Unplaced to Tribe Host: Tectona grandis L. (Verbanaceae). 22. Blastodiplosis longipennis Sharma, 1999 Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park and wherever host plant exists in the state. Host: Unknown. Type Locality: Nagarhole National Park (Karnataka). 181 SHARMA : Insecta : Diptera : Cecidomyiidae 23. Giardomyia indica Grover and Bakshi, 1978 Host: Unknown. Distribution : Karnataka: N agarhole National Park. 24. Octodiplosis brevipalpis Sharma, 1999 Type Locality: Muruvani, Mysore (Karnataka). 28. Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason), 1889 Host: Oryza sativa L.; Oryza perrenis Moench (nom. Illeg.) (Poaceae). Host: Unknown. Type Locality: Nagarhole National Park (Karnataka) Distribution : Throughout India including Karnataka. 25. Orseolia apludae (Felt), 1920 29. Triommata coccidivora (Felt), 1914 Host : Apluda mutica L. ( = varia Hack) (Poaceae). Distribution : Karnataka : N agarhole National Park 26. Orseolia eragrostisae (Mani), 1936 Host: Eragrostis amabilis (= E. tenella) (L.) P. Beauv (Poaceae). Host Ferrisia virgata (Cockrell); Macronellicoccus hirsutus (Green); Nipaecoccus vastator (Maskell); Pseudococcus virgatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Distribution: Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh Type Locality : Mangalore (Karnataka). 27. Orseolia monticola (Felt), 1921 Host: Chrysopogon fulvus ( Spr.) Chiov. (= Andropogon monticola) (Poaceae). 30. Xylodiplosis kempi Mani, 1934 Host: Unknown. Type Locality: Castle Rock, North Kanara (Karnataka). REFERENCES Gagne, R.J. 1985. A taxonomic revision of the Asian Rice Gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (WoodMason) and its relatives. Entomography, 3 : 127-162. Gagne, R.J. 2010. A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington No. 25 : 505. Sharma, R.M. 1993. A new species of Xylopriona Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Hexapoda, 5(1) : 71-74. Sharma, R.M. 1999. Descriptions of two new gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 97(Pt. 2) : 167-172. Sharma, R.M. 2001. Insecta: Gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae). In : Zoological Surv. India, Fauna of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 11 : 159-163. Sharma, R.M. 2009. Checklist ofIndian Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). http://www.zsi.gov.in/ zoological survey of indialzsidatalchecklist. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 INSECTA 183-184, 2013 DIPTERA TABANIDAE R.M. SHARMA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur- 482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION SYSTEMATIC LIST The brachyceran flies commonly referred to as horse flies, deer flies or clegs are stout bodied, medium to large (5-33 mm in length) in size having capacity to fly swiftly. Adult flies are generally colourful, have a pair of large black, brown to green or yellow eyes with iridescent coppery red and green bands or spots in the living condition. Males have holoptic eyes which meet in the mid line whereas females have dichoptic eyes which are markedly separated. The antennae are porrect and horn-like. Wings are transparent or clouded, banded or striped or with mottled infuscations. The thorax and abdomen are usually striped or banded with various colours. Order DIPTERA Tabanid flies are mostly diurnal except a few which are nocturnal. They are mostly exophilic and exophagic, enter the human habitations along with livestock. The adults of both sexes feed on nectar and pollen of flowers, honeydew or on plant juice. Most of the females also suck blood from vertebrate animals including man and transmit several pathogens. These flies are facultative haematophagous ectoparasites, thus important from medical and veterinary point of view. They are efficient mechanical carriers of various diseases are responsible for transmission of more than 25 animal diseases. Indian fauna of Tabanid flies is represented by 240 species (Veer, 2004), of which, 27 species of 3 genera under two subfamilies are known from Karnataka State. Suborder BRACHYCERA Family TABANIDAE Subfamily CHRYSOPSINAE Tribe Chrysopsini 1. Chrysops terminalis Walker, 1848 Distribution: Karnataka : Mysore Subfamily TABANINAE Tribe Haematopotini 2. Haematopota adusta Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution: Karnataka: Gersoppa, N.Kanara 3. Haematopota albimedia Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution: Karnataka: Shimoga, Bhagawati 4. Haematopota brevis Ricardo, 1906 Distribution: Karnataka: Bangalore 5. Haematopota cana Walker, 1848 Distribution: Karnataka: Belgaon 6. Haematopota chvalai Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution : Karnataka: Sidpur, Pillibeta (Coorg) 7. Haematopota dissimilis Ricardo, 1911 Distribution: Karnataka : Basti, N. Kanara 8. Haematopota echma Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution : Karnataka : Coorg 9. Haematopota hindostani Ricardo, 1917 Distribution : Karnataka : Bababuddin Hills 10. Haematopota immaculata Ricardo, 1911 Distribution : Karnataka 184 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 11. Haematopota inconspicua Ricardo, 1911 Distribution: Karnataka : Karwar, Kanara 12. Haematopota limbata Bigot-1891 20. Tabanus brunnipennis Ricardo, 1911 Distribution : Karnataka : Basti, Polibetta (Coorg) Distribution : Karnataka : Coorg 21. Tabanus crassus Walker, 1850 13. Haematopota longipennis Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution : Karnataka : Karwar 22. Tabanus explicatus Walker, 1854 Distribution : Karnataka : Coorg 14. Haematopota malbarica Stone & Philip, 1974 Distribution: Karnataka : Conoor 23. Tabanus indianus Ricardo, 1911 Distribution : Karnataka : Kanara 15. Haematopota montana Ricardo, 1917 Distribution: Karnataka: Bababuddin Hills, Distribution: Karnataka : Kadra, Coorg 24. Tabanus leucocnematus Bigot, 1892 Distribution : Karnataka : Conoor Coorg Tribe Tabanini 25. Tabanus leucohirtus Ricardo, 1909 16. Tabanus aurisegmentatus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1932 Distribution: Karnataka : Kondo, Mysore Distribution : Karnataka : Kanara 26. Tabanus tenebrosus Walker, 1854 Distribution : Karnataka : Kanara 17. Tabanus auristriatus Ricardo, 1911 Distribution : Karnataka : Gersoppa, Koonor 18. Tabanus avittatus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1926 27. Tabanus tuberculatus Ricardo, 1911 Distribution : Karnataka : Vellupuram SUMMARY Distribution : Karnataka : Belgaum 19. Tabanus biannularis Philip. 1960 A checklist of 27 species belonging to 3 genera Distribution: Karnataka: Koonoor, N.Kanara, Pollibetta and Sampaji Ghat, Coorg under two subfamilies of Tabanid flies recorded from Karnataka State is provided. REFERENCES Bigot, J.M.F. 1891.Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Bull. Zool. Soc. France, 16 : 74-79. Bigot, J.M.F.1892.Descriptions de Dipteres nouveaux. Mem. Soc. Zoo I. France, 5 : 602-691. Ricardo, G. 1911a. A revision of the species of Tabanus from the Oriental Region including notes on species from surrounding countries. Rec. Indian Mus., 4 : 111-255, pIs 13-14. Ricardo, G. 1911b. A revision of the Oriental species of the genus of the family Tabanidae other than Tabanus. Rec. Indian Mus., 4 : 321-397. Stone, A. 1975. Family Tabanidae. In : A catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region (Delfinado and Hardy, eds.). University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 2 : 43-81 Stone, A. and Philip, C.B. 1974.The Oriental species of the tribe Haematopotini (Diptera Tabanidae). U.S. Dep. Agri. Res. Sev. Tec. Bull., 1489 : 1-240. Vijay Veer. 2004. Tabanidae Flies (Diptera) from the Indian subregion. Annals of Forestry, 12(2): 301-447. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 185-186, 2013 INSECTA DIPTERA PSYCHODIDAE (MOTH FLIES AND SAND FLIES) K. ILANGO, Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, 130 Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION The family Psychodidae is typically characterized by a small fly with the presence of dense hairs on the wings and bodies. Members of Psychodidae contain some of the archaic lower Diptera that are distributed in tropical and sub tropical countries. Psychodids includes traditionally the subfamily Phlebotomine sandflies (some of which are vectors of leishmaniasis) and non-Phlebotomine moth flies. Taxonomy of Psychodidae was of special interest to Dr Nelson Annandale, the founder Director of Zoological Survey of India but their cryptic biology and behavior, the knowledge of Indian psychodids is only partial with less than 100 known species. Brunetti (1912) recorded two species Psychoda alternata Say (= Psychoda bengalensis Brunetti) and Trichopsychoda hitipennis (Brunetti) from Bangalore in Karnataka state but as in many other states lacks a thorough taxonomic study of Psychodidae. However, Psychodid fauna of Karnataka comprises 23 species representing 10 genera and 2 subfamilies which are similar to the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Ilango, 1990). TAXONOMIC LIST Family PSYCHODIDAE Subfamily PSYCHODINAE (Moth flies) 3. Brunettia travancorica Annandale 4. Philosepedon decora (Brunetti) 5. Philosepedon distans (Brunetti) 6. Trichopsychoda hirtipennis (Brunetti) 7. Psychoda acanthostyla Tokunaga 8. Psychoda alabangensis del Rosario 9. Psychoda alternata Say 10. Psychoda pathenogenetica Tonnoir 11. Epacretron apicalis Brunetti 12. Epacretron impunctata Brunetti Subfamily PHLEBOTOMINAE (Sand flies) 13. Grassomyia indica (Theodor) 14. Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) colabaensis Young & Chalam 15. Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argetipes Annandale & Brunetti 16. Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi Scopoli 17. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) babu Annandale 18. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) insularis Theodor 19. Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) yercaudensis Ilango 20. Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) punjabensis Sinton 21. Sergentomyia (Sintonius) clydei Sinton 1. Telmatoscopus longichaetus (Brunetti) 22. Sergentomyia bailyi (nicni Group) (Sinton) 2. Neotelmatoscopus ctenophours Ilango 23. Sergentomyia shettyi (nicni Group) Ilango E-mail: kilangozsi@gmail.com 186 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 REFERENCES Brunetti, E. 1912. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma: Diptera Nematocera. Vol. 1. Taylor and Francis, London. Ilango, K. 2009. The family Psychodidae, Fauna of Tamil Nadu. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata : 103-104. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 187-189, 2013 INSECTA: DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE BULGANIN MITRA and R.M. SHARMA* Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 *Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 INTRODUCTION The bombyliids or "bee-flies" as they are commonly referred to are a group of moderate to large sized colourful flies constituting one of the large and diverse families of the suborder Brachycera. With over 4,500 described species from the world, 257 represent Oriental Region. The Indian bombyllid fauna stands at 138 species belonging to 36 genera under eight subfamilies (Evenhuis and Greathead, 1999; Mitra, 2008). So far, 42 species of 19 genera under three subfamilies are known from Karnataka State (Banerjee, et al., 2006; Mitra, 2008). These flies are most frequently found in arid and semiarid portions of the world, with a few specialized forms occurring in moist tropical climates. Adults are commonly found on flowers, hovering in bright sunlight, or resting on warm, bare ground. They show remarkable range in size (from 1.5 mm to more than 60 mm in length). In India, the members of this family are generally found from the vegetative parts of the high altitude areas of the Himalayas to the hot and arid zone of the Thar Desert and also from the cold desert of Ladakh to the sea coast of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Larvae of these flies are primarily parasitoids of holometabolous insects, thus very important group from economic point of view. Tribe Bombyliini 1. Genus Anastoechus Osten Sacken, 1877 1. Anastoechus bangalorensis Kapoor & Agarwal, 1979 Distribution: Karnataka 2. Genus Bombomyia Greathead, 1995 2. Bombomyia maculata Fabricius, 1775 Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil N adu, Uttarakhand. 3. Bombomyia tricolor Guerin -Meneville, 1835 Distribution: Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand , West Bengal. 3. Genus Bombylella Greathead, 1995 4. Bombylella roonwali Zaitzev, 1988 Distribution: Karnataka 4. Genus Bombylisoma Rondani, 1856 5. Bombylisoma ghorpadei Kapoor & Agarwal, 1979 Distribution: Karnataka 5. Genus Bombylius Linnaeus, 1758 6. Bombylius (Bombylius) ardens Walker, 1849 Distribution: Karnataka Order DIPTERA Suborder BRACYCERA Family BOMBYLIIDAE Subfamily BOMBYLIINAE Latreille 7. Bombylius (Bombylius) major Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution: Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka 188 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 8. Bombylius (Bombylius) propinquus (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: Karnataka 16. Coliosoptera latipennis (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: Karnataka, Meghalaya 12. Genus Exoprosopa Macquart, 1840 6. Genus Euryearenus Loew, 1860 9. Euryearenus ereetus (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: Karnataka, Maharashtra 7. Genus Systoeehus Loew, 1855 10. Systoeehus Jlavospinosus Brunetti, 1920 17. Exoprosopa niveiventris Brunetti, 1909 Distribution: Karnataka, West Bengal 18. Exoprosopa puerula Brunetti, 1920 Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh 19. Exoprosopa tamerlan Portschinsky, 1887 Distribution: Karnataka Distribution: Bihar, Karnataka, Orissa 11. Systoeehus socius Walker, 1852 Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Subfamily CYTHEREINAE BECKER 8. Genus Amietus Wiedemann, 1817 12. Amietus bowdeni Kapoor&Agarwal Distribution: Karnataka Subfamily ANTHRACINAE Latreille Tribe Anthracini Latreille 9. Genus Anthrax Scopoli, 1763 13. Anthrax distigma (Wiedemann, 1828) Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tamil N adu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. 13. Genus Heteralonia Rondani, 1863 20. Heteralonia (Homolonia) bengalensis (Macquart, 1840) Distribution: Bihar or West Bengal, Karnataka 21. Heteralonia(Homolonia) lateralis (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: AndhraPradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal. 22. Heteralonia (Isotamia) bangalorensis (Zaitzev, 1987) Distribution: Karnataka 23. Heteralonia (Isotamia) bramha (Schiner, 1868) Distribution: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 24. Heteralonia (Isotamia) brunettii (Zaitzev, 1987) Distribution: Karnataka 14. Anthrax obseurifrons Brunetti, 1909 25. Heteralonia (Isotamia) insulata (Walker, 1852) Distribution:Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab,Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 10. Genus Spogostylum Macquart, 1840 15. Spogostylum duvaueelii (Macquart, 1840) Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Tribe Exoprosopini Becker 11. Genus Coliosoptera Hull, 1973 26. Heteralonia(Isotamia) lankiensis (Zaitzev, 1988) Distribution: Karnataka 27. Heteralonia (Isotamia) maeuliventris MITRA and SHARMA : Insecta : Diptera : Bombyliidae (Brunetti, 1920) 189 35. Ligyra sujjisipennis (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarakhand 28. Heteralonia (Isotamia) mudigerensis (Zaitzev, 1987) Distribution: Karnataka Distribution:Bihar, Kerala, Karnataka, Uttarakhand. 15. Genus Litorhina Bowden, 1975 36. Litorhina collaris (Wiedemann,1828) Distribution:Karnataka, Rajasthan, Sikkim. 29. Heteralonia (Isotamia) siva (Nurse, 1922) 37. Litorhina lar (Fabricius, 1781) Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu. Distribution:Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. 30. Heteralonia (Isotamia) sty lata (Brunetti, 1920) Distribution: Karnataka 16. Genus Micomitra Bowden, 1964 31. Heteralonia (Isotamia) tarikerensis (Zaitzev, 1987) 38. Micomitra vitripennis Brunetti, 1912 Distribution: Karnataka, Maharashtra. Distribution: Karnataka 17. Genus Exhyalanthrax Becker, 1916 14. Genus Ligyra Newman, 1841 39. Exhyalanthrax compactus (Brunetti, 1920) 32. Ligyra flaviventris (Doe schall, 1857) Distribution: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh Distribution: Andaman Islands, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim. 18. Genus Villa Lioy, 1864 40. Villa fletcheri (Brunetti, 1920) 33. Ligyra orientalis Paramonov, 1931 Distribution: Karnataka Distribution: Karnataka Tribe Xeramoebini Hull 34. Ligyra semifuscata (Brunetti, 1912) Distribution:Andaman & Nicobar islands, Karnataka, Maharashtra. 19. Genus Petrorossia Bezzi, 1908 41. Petrorossia claripennis (Brunetti, 1909) Distribution: Karnataka, Punjab, Uttarakhand. 42. Petrorossia curvipennis Zaitzev, 1988 Distribution: Karnataka REFERENCES Evenhuis,N.L.and Greathead,D.J. 1999. World Catalog OJ Bee-Flies (Diptera:Bombyliidae) Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,: 1-525. Banerjee, D. Mitra, B. Roy, S and Dey, C.2006. Bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae) of Western Ghats. Bionotes., 8(2):44-45. Mitra, B.2008. A check-list of Bee-flies (Diptera: Insecta) ofIndia. Ann. Entomol., 26 (1-2): 23- 38. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 191-192, 2013 INSECTA DIPTERA CALLIPHORIDAE R.M. SHARMA and BULGANIN MITRA * Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) Karnataka: Bangalore, Kaimara INTRODUCTION Members of the family Calliphoridae are commonly known as blow flies or blue, brown or green bottle flies. They are small to large, robustlybuilt, metallic blue-green, and covered more or less with dusting. Adults frequent vegetation, flowers, excrement, or decaying animal and plant matter. Larvae are omnivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic. They are known to be either primary scavengers feeding in carrion, faeces, dung, and garbage, or parasites on insects, earthworms, snails, mammals, or other animals. Blow flies are of great medical, veterinary and forensic importance because of their breeding and feeding habits. With approximately 1100 described species world-wide Indian representatives belong to 120 species under 30 genera (Nandi, 2004; Singh & Sidhu, 2004 & 2007; Ronges, 2009). Blow flies fauna of Karnataka is poorly studied, only 16 species of 10 genera are so far known. Subfamily LUCILIINAE Tribe Luciliini 2. Genus Lucillia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 3. Lucillia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) : All over India 4. Lucillia sericata (Meigen, 1826) : All over India 5. Lucillia porphyrina (Walker, 1856) : All over India Subfamily POLLENIINAE Tribe Polleniini 3. Genus Pollenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 6. Pollenia rudis (Fabricius, 1794) : All over India Subfamily CHRYSOMYINAE Tribe Chrysomyini 4. Genus Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 7. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) : All over India Order DIPTERA Suborder BRACHYCERA 8. Chrysomya pinguis (Walker, 1858) : All over India Superfamily OESTROIDEA Family CALLIPHORIDAE Subfamily BENGALIINAE 9. Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, 1842 : All over India Tribe Bengaliini Subfamily RHINIINAE 1. Genus Bengalia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 1. Bengalia jejuna (Fabricius, Karnataka : Kaimara Tribe Rhiniini 1794) 5. Genus Idiella Braeuer and Berenstearnn, 1889 2. Bengalia surcoufi Senior-White, 1923 10. Idiella mandarina (Wiedemann, 1830) : All over India *Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 (W.E.) 192 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 6. Genus Idieliopsis Townsend, 1917 Tribe Cosminini 11. Idiellopsis xanthogaster (Wiedemann, 1820) 9. Genus Cosmina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : All over India 7. Genus Rhinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 12. Rhinia apicalis (Wiedemann, 1830) : All over India 8. Genus Stomorhina Rondani, 1861 13. Stomorhina discolor (Fabricius, 1794) : All over India 14. Cosmina bicolor (Walker, 1856) : Karnataka : Bangalore 15. Cosmina prasina (Brauer-Bergenstamm, 1889): All over India Tribe Rhyncomyiini 10. Genus Rhyncomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 16. Rhyncomya divisa (Walker, 1853) : All over India REFERENCES Nandi, B.C. 2004. Checklist of Calliphoridae (Diptera) of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 231 : 1-47. Ronges, K. 2009. Revision of Oriental species of Bengalia peuhi species group (Diptera, Calliphoridae) Zootaxa, 2251 : 1-76. Singh, D & Sidhu, I.S. 2004. A check list of blow flies (Diptera : Calliphoridae) from North-west of India. Uttar Pradesh 1. Zoology, 24(1) : 63-71. Singh, D. and Sidhu, I.S. 2007. Two New species of Melinda Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera : Calliphoridae) from India, with a key to the Indian species of this genus. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 104 (1) : 55-57. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 193-194, 2013 INSECTA DIPTERA SARCOPHAGIDAE R.M. SHARMA and BULGANIN MITRA * Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) Tribe Phyllotelini Rohdendorf INTRODUCTION The members of the family Sarcophagidae are commonly known as 'flesh flies'. Adult flies measure in length from 4 mm to 18 mm. Body grayish to black with three black stripes on the thorax. The abdomen has a light and dark gray checkerboard pattern and is often red at the tip. Although the name would seem to indicate a habit of breeding in vertebrate carcases, this is by no means typical for the family, which includes specialists ranging from inhabitants of pitcher plants to bat coprophages, crab saprophages, wasp nest inquilines, and insect parasitoids. With nearly 2600 described species world-wide (Pape et aI, 2009) Indian representatives belong to 117 species under 38 genera spread over three subfamilies (Nandi, 2002). So far, 27 species under 16 genera of flesh flies are known from the Karnataka State. Order DIPTERA Suborder CYCLORRHAPHA Family SARCOPHAGIDAE Subfamily MILTOGRAMMATINAE Brauer & Bergenstamm Tribe Miltogrammatini Brauer & Bergenstamm Subtribe Senotainiina Rohdendorf 1. Genus Senotainia Macquart, 1846 Subgenus Chaetometopia Malloch, 1930 1. Senotainia (Chaetometopia) cinerea (Malloch, 1930) : Karnataka : Midigare Subtribe Hoplocephalina Rohdendorf 2. Genus Krombeinomyia Verves, 1979 2. Krombeinomyia mirabilis Verves, 1979 Karnataka: Bannerghatta Tribe Metopiini Rohdendorf Subtribe Metopiina Rohdendorf 3. Genus Metopia Meigen, 1803 Subgenus Australoanicia Verves, 1979 3. Metopia (Australoanicia) nudibasis (Malloch, 1930) : Karnataka: Bannerghatta Subfamily SARCOPHAGINAE Macquart Tribe Protodexiini Townsend 4. Genus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861 Subgenus Blaesoxipha Loew, 1861 4. Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) aldrichi Nandi, 1992 : Karnataka: Kaimara 5. Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) karanataka Pape, 1994 : Karnataka : Kemmagundi 6. Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) valangae (Aldrich) : Karnataka: Bangalore Tribe Sarcophagini Macquart Subtribe Parasarcophagina Rohdendorf 5. Genus Bercaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 7. Bercaea cruentata ( Meigen , 1826) : All over India 6. Genus Boettcherisca Rohdendorf, 1937 8. Boettcherisca peregrina (RobineauDesvoidy, 1830) : All over India *Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 (W.E.) 194 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 7. Genus F engia Rohdendorf, 1964 9. F engia kaimaraensis Karnataka : Kaimara Nandi, 1992 11. Genus Sarcosolomonia Baranov, 1938 Subgenus Parkerimyia Lopes & Kano, 1969 8. Genus Parasarcophaga Johnston & Teigs, 1921 19. Sarcosolomonia (Parkerimyia) andamanensis Nandi, 1989 : Karnataka : Kaimara Subgenus Liopygia Enderlein, 1928 Subtribe Helicophagellina Lopes et al. 10. Parasarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794) : Karnataka : common 12. Genus Thyrsonema Enderlein, 1928 Subgenus Liosarcophaga Enderlein, 1928 11. Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) amplicercus Shinonaga & Tumrasvin, 1979 : Karnataka (Bandipur) 12. Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) dux (Thomson, 1869) : Karnataka : common Subgenus Pseudothyrsocnema Rohdendorf, 1937 20. Thyrsocnema (Pseudothyrsocnema) indica Shinonaga & Lopes, 1975 : Karnataka: Kemangundi hills, Mudigare 13. Genus Pierretia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 Subgenus Asceloctella Enderlein, 1928 Subgenus Curranea Rohdendorf, 1937 21. Pierretia (Asceloctella) calicifera (Boettcher, 1912) : Karnataka: common 13. Parasarcophaga (Curranea) scopariiformis (Senior-White, 1927) : Karnataka : common Subtribe Hapragophallina Rohdendorf Subgenus Pandelleisca Rohdendorf, 1937 14. Parasarcophaga (Pandelleisca) ballardi (Senior-White, 1924) : Karnataka: Mysore 15. Parasarcophaga (Pandelleisca) kurahashii Nandi, 1992 : Karnataka: Mysore Subgenus Parasarcophaga Johnston & Tiegs, 1921 16. Parasarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps (Meigen, 1826) : Karnataka : common 9. Genus Robineauella Enderlein, 1928 Subgenus Robineauella Enderlein, 1928 17. Robineauella (Robineauella) walayari (Senior-White, 1924): Karnataka : Nandi Hills 14. Genus Harpagophalla Rohdendorf, 1937 22. Harpagophalla kempi (Senior-White, 1924) : Karnataka : common 15. Genus lranihindia Rohdendorf, 1961 23. Iranihindia futilis (Senior-White, 1924) : Karnataka: common 24.Iranihindia jamesi Karnataka : Bangalore Nandi, 1979 25. Iranihindia martellata (Senior-White, 1924): Karnataka : common. 26. Iranihindia martellatoides (Baranov, 1931): Karnataka: common Subtribe Seniorwhiteina Rohdendorf 10. Genus Sarcorohdendorfia Baranov, 1938 16. Genus Seniorwhitea Rohdendorf, 1937 18. Sarcorohdendorfia mysorensis Nandi, 1988 : Karnataka : Mysore, Belur, Chikmangalore 27. Seniorwhiatea reciproca (Walker, 1856) : Karnataka: common REFERENCES Nandi, B.C. 2002. Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Diptera, Sarcophagidae, Vol. 10 : 608, Edited by Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Pape, T., Dahlem, G., Mello Patiu, c.A. and Giroux, M. 2009. The World of Flesh flies (Diptera : Sarcophagidae) .http://www.zmuc.dk/entoweb/sarcoweb/sarc_web.htm. (Accessed on 10th March, 2010) Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 195-196, 2013 INSECTA SIPHONAPTERA R.M. SHARMA and KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION Adult fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites of mammals and to a lesser extent, birds. The larvae undergo a holometabolous type of development and generally are not found on the host animal. They ordinarily utilize organic debris as food. Adults range in length from 1-10 mm but most are less than 5 mm. The body is laterally compressed giving a distinct flattened appearance. Wings are absent; antennae are short, 3-segmented usually fit into grooves on the head. The piercing and sucking mouthparts are enclosed within a beak. Most fleas require blood to reproduce and majority of the species infest mammals like rabbits, rats, mice, squirrels and other rodents. Birds, bats, pigs, dogs, cats and humans are also hosts. Many species of the fleas transmit diseases to their hosts thus important from health point of view. Worldwide more than 2000 species and 550 subspecies under 18 families are known (Catalogue of Life, 2009; Medvedev et al., 2003; Parhost, 2005). The Indian fleas fauna is represented by 46 species and 5 subspecies belonging to 24 genera under 8 families (Sharma, 2010). A perusal literature reveals that the following fourteen species of seven genera under three families are reported from the State. Order SIPHONAPTERA Latreille, 1825 Infraorder PULICOMORPHA Medvedev, 1998 Superfamily PULICOIDEA Billberg, 1820 Family PULICIDAE Billberg, 1820 Subfamily PULICINAE Billberg, 1820 Tribe Pulicini Billberg, 1820 1. Genus Echidnophaga Olliff, 1886 1. Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood, 1875) Distribution : All over India 2. Genus Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 2. Pulex irritans Linnaeus, 1758 Distribution : All over India Subfamily ARCAEOPSYLLINAE Oudemans, 1909 Tribe Arcaeopsyllini Oudemans, 1909 3. Genus Ctenocephalides Stiles et Collins, 1930 3. Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis, 1826) Distribution : All over India 4. Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche, 1835) Distribution : All over India 5. Ctenocephalides orientis (Jordan, 1925) Distribution : All over India Subfamily XENOPSYLLINAE Glinkiewicz, 1907 Tribe Xenopsyllini Glinkiewicz, 1907 4. Genus Pariodontis Jordan et Rothschild, 1908 6. Pariodontis riggenbachi (Rothschild, 1904) Distribution : All over India 5. Genus Xenopsylla Glinkiewicz, 1907 7. Xenopsylla astia Rothschild, 1911 Distribution : All over India 8. Xenopsylla brasiliensis (Baker, 1904) Distribution : All over India 196 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 9. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild, 1903) Distribution : All over India Superfamily CERATOPHYLLOIDEA Dampf, 1908 Infraorder PYGIOPSYLLOMORPHA Medvedev, 1998 Family CERATOPHYLLIDAE Dampf, 1908 Superfamily PYGIOSYLLOIDEA Wagner, 1939 Subgenus Nosopsyllus Jordan, 1933 Family STIV ALIIDAE Mardon, 1978 6. Genus Stivalius Jordan et Rothschild, 1922 10. Stivalius ahalae (Rothschild, 1904) Distribution: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 11. Stivalius aporus Jordan et Rothschild, 1922 Distribution: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Infraorder CERATOPHYLLOMORPHA Medvedev, 1998 7. Genus Nosopsyllus Jordan, 1933 12. Nosopsyllus alladinis (Rothschild, 1904) Distribution : Karnataka 13. Nosopsyllus arcotus (Jordan et Rothschild, 1921) Distribution: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 14. Nosopsyllus argutus (Jordan et Rothschild, 1921) Distribution : Karnataka REFERENCES Catalogue of Life: 2009. Annual Checklist. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2009/ search.php (Accessed on jlh November, 2009). Medvedev, S.G. 1998. Classification of Fleas (Order Siphonaptera) and Its Theoretical Foundations. Entomological Review, 78(9) : 904-992. Medvedev, S.G., A. Lobanov and Mikhail, D. 2003. Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Science Universitetskaya Embankment 1 St. Petersburg 199034 Russia http://www.zin.ru/Animaliai Siphonapteralindex.htm (Accessed on 28 th October, 2009). Parhost, 2005. Parhost World Database of Fleas, Version, 2 Nov. 2005. Sharma, R.M. 2010. Checklist of Indian Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) http:www.zsi.gov.in/zoological survey of Indialzsidata/dB::k1.i9:.. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 197-206, 2013 INSECTA LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA MUHAMED JAFER PALOT AND C. RADHAKRISHNAN Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut- 673 006, Kerala Butterflies have been the subject of interest to Most significant work on the butterfly fauna for both amateurs and professionals for a long time. the entire Western Ghats region was made by Harish The butterfly fauna of the Karnataka has been Gaonkar (1996) of Copenhagen Zoological studied by British naturalists more than a century Museum, Denmark. In his work he included 313 ago. Aitken, 1887, Davidson & Aitken, 1890, species of butterflies so far known from the Davidson et ai, 1896, Bell (1909-1927) published a series of articles on the butterflies of northern Western Ghats and Kanara region of the central Western Ghats in the journal Bombay Natural History Society. They listed 290 species from Karnataka. However, the most recent compilation of all butterfly species of Western Ghats has been done by Krishnamegh Kunte (2006). In his list of 332 species of Western Ghats, 318 are recorded from Karnataka. Western Ghats, mainly from north Kanara district Altogether 318 species under 166 genera belong of Kamataka and some part of Maharashtra. Watson to 5 families recorded by Kunte (2006) from (1890) published a comprehensive list of butterflies recorded from the then Mysore state covering some important districts like Shimoga, Hassan, Chickmagalore and Mysore in Karnataka. The Coorg area of the Western Ghats was thoroughly explored by many workers (Hannyngton, 1916& 1918; Winchworth, 1928; Yates, 1929, 1931, 1932 & 1933; Home, 1934). They listed around 250 Karnataka. The family Lycaenidae dominated with 98 species followed by Nymphalidae (92 species), Hesperiidae (80 species), Pieridae (29 species) and 19 species from the family Papilionidae. Thirty three species are endemic to the Western Ghats (Table-I). Five species such as the Blue Nawab, Eriboea schreiberi, Blue Nawab, Euthalia telchinia, Danaid Eggfly, Hypolimnas misippus, Malabar-banded Swallowtail, Papilio butterfly species from the Coorg and adjoining liomedon and the Crimson Rose, Pachliopta hector Brahmagiri mountains. In the recent past many are listed in the Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife studies (Larsen, 1987-88; Geetha et ai, 2000; (Protection) Act. 38 species from Karnataka is in Radhakrishnan and Lakshminarayana, 2001, Schedule-II and 7 species in the Schedule-IV of Mohandas, 2004; Radhakrishnan and Palot, 2006 the Act. Nomenclature followed after Gaonkar & 2007 and Ali et al. 2007) on the butterfly fauna (1996) and the English Common Name is adopted of the Karnataka has been published. from Wynter- Blyth (1957). 198 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Table-l: Endemic butterflies of the Western Ghats reported from Karnataka SI.No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 Troides minos Southern Birdwing 2 Pachliopta pandiyana Malabar Rose 3 Papilio liomedon Malabar Banded Swallowtail 4 Papilio dravidarum Malabar Raven 5 Papilio buddha Buddha Peacock 6 Eurema nilgiriensis Nilgiri Grass Yellow 7 8 9 Colias nilgiriensis Nilgiri Clouded Yellow Appias wardii Lesser Albatross Parantirrhoea marshallii Travancore Evening Brown 10 Mycaesis igilia Small Long-Brand Bushbrown 11 Mycalesis orcha Pale- Brand Bushbrown 12 Mycaleis adolphei Red Eye Bushbrown 13 Zipoetis saitis Tamil Cat's Eye 14 15 16 Ypthima chenui Nilgiri Fourring Parantica nilgiriensis Nilgiri Tiger Idea malabarica Malabar Tree Nymph 17 Tarucus indica Indian Pierrot 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Celatoxia albidisca White disc Hedge Blue Arhopala alea Indian Oakblue Spindasis abnormis Abnormal Silverline Curetis siva Shiva Sunbeam Sarangesa purendra Spotted Small Flat Aereomachus pygmaeus Pygmy Scrub Hopper Sovia hyrtacus Bicolured Ace Thoressa honorei Madras Ace Thoressa astigmata Unbranded Ace Thoressa sitala Sitala Ace Thoressa evershedi Evershed's Ace Arnetta vindhiana Vindhyan Bob Quedara basiflava Yellow Base Tree Flitter Oriens concinna Tamil Dartlet Caltoris canaraica Canara Dartlet Arnetta mercara Mercara Dartlet Remarks Recorded only from Kerala, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu Kerala, Karnataka & Tamil nadu Recorded only north of Palghat gap PALOT and RADHAKRISHNAN : Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order LEPIDOPTERA Sub Order RHOP ALOCERA Family PAPILIONIDAE Subfamily PAPILIONINAE 199 21. Pioneer(Caper White), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius 22. Common Gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius 23. Lesser Gull, Cepora nadina Lucas 24. White Orange Tip, Ixias marianne Cramer 25. Yellow Orange Tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus 01. Spot Swordtail, Pathysa nomius (Esper) 26. Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury 02. Fivebar Swordtail, Pathysa antiphates (Cramer) 27. Painted Sawtooth, Prioneris sita C. Felder 03. Common Jay, Graphium doson (c. & R. Felder) 29. Striped Albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius 04. Tailed Jay, (Linnaeus) 31. Common Albatross, Appias albina Felder Graphium agamemnon 28. Plain Puffin, Appias indra Moore 30. Chocolate Albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer 32. Lesser Albatross, Appias wardii (Moore) 05. Common Bluebottle, Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus) 33. Psyche, Leptosia nina Fabricius 34. Great Orange-Tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus 06. Common Rose, Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius) 35. Small Salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius 07. Crimson Rose, Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus) 36. Large Salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier) 08. Malabar Rose, Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore) 37. Small Orange-Tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval 09. Southern Birdwing, Troides minos (Cramer) 39. Crimson-Tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius) 10. Common Mime, Papilio (Chilasa) elytia, Linnaeus 40. Dark Wanderer, Pareronia ceylanica (c. & R. Felder) 11. Malabar Banded Swallowtail, Papilio liomedon (Moore) 41. Common Wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer) 12. Blue Mormon, Papilio polymnestor (Cramer) 42. Common Emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius 13. Red Helen, Papilio helenus (Linnaeus) 43. Mottled Emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Latreille 14. Common Mormon, (Linnaeus) Papilio polytes 38. Plain Orange-Tip, Co 10 tis eucharis Fabricius 44. Small Grass Yellow, Eurema brigitta Cramer 15. Malabar Raven, Papilio dravidarum (Wood-Mason) 45. Spotless Grass Yellow, Eurema laeta Boisduval 16. Lime Butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus) 46. Common Grass Yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus 17. Common Banded Peacock, Papilio crino (Fabricius) 18. Malabar Banded Peacock, Papilio buddha (Westwood) 19. Paris Peacock, Papilio paris (Linnaeus) 47. Three-Spot Grass Yellow, Eurema blanda Boisduval 48. Nilgiri Clouded Yellow, Colias nilgiriensis Felder & Felder Family PIERIDAE Family NYMPHALIDAE Subfamily PIERINAE Subfamily LIBYTHEINAE 20. Indian Cabbage White, Pieris canidia Linnaeus 49. Common Beak Libythea lepita (Moore) 50. Club Beak Libythea myrrha(Godart) 200 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily DANAINAE 51. Glassy Tiger, Parantica aglea (Stoll) 52. Nilgiri Tiger, Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore) 53. Dark Blue Tiger, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler) 75. Dark Branded Bushbrown Mycalesis mine us (Linnaeus) 76. Common Treebrown (Fabricius) Lethe rohria 54. Blue Tiger, Tirumala limniace Cramer 55. Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus 77. Tamil TreebrownLethe drypetis (Hewitson) 78. Bamboo Treebrown Lethe europa (Fabricius) 56. Common Or Striped Tiger, Danaus genutia Cramer 79. Common Threering Ypthima asterope (Klug) 80. Jewel Fourring Ypthima avanta Moore 57. Common Indian Crow, Euploea core (Cramer) 81. Common Fivering (Fabricius) 58. Double-Branded Crow, Euploea sylvester (Fabricius) 82. White Fourring Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson 83. Nilgiri Fourring Ypthima chenui (GuerinMeneville) 59. Brown King Crow, Euploea klugii Moore 60. Malabar Tree Nymph, Idea malabarica Moore Subfamily CHARAXINAE 61. Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus (Fabricius) 62. Black Rajah Charaxes solon (Fabricius) 63. Blue Nawab Polyura schreiberi (Godart) 64. Common Nawab Polyura athamas (Drury) 65. Anomalous Common N awab Polyura agraria Swinhoe Subfamily MORPHINAE 66. Southern Duffer Discophora lepida (Moore) Subfamily SATYRINAE 67. Whitebar Bushbrown Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson 68. Small Longbrand Bushbrown Mycalesis igilia Fruhstorfer 69. Long-Brand Bushbrown Mycalesis visala Moore 70. Pale-brand Bushbrown Mycalesis khasia Evans 71. Redeye Bushbrown Mycalesis adolphei (Guerin -Meneville) 72. Gladeye Bushbrown, Mycalesis patnia Moore 73. Tamil Bushbrown Mycalesis subdita Moore 74. Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius) Ypthima baldus 84. Common Fourring Ypthima huebneri Kirby 85. Baby Fivering Ypthima philomela (Linnaeus) 86. Tamil Catseye Zipaetis saitis Hewitson 87. Nigger Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius) 88. Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda (Linnaeus) 89. Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima (Cramer) 90. Great Evening Brown Melanitis zitenius (Herbst) 91. Travancore Evening Brown Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason 92. Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus) Subfamily HELICONIINAE 93. Cruiser Vindula erota Fabricius 94. Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius) 95. Rustic Cupha erymanthis (Drury) 96. Small Leopard Phalanta alcippe Stoll 97. Leopard Phalanta phalantha Drury 98. Indian Fritillary Argynnis hyperbius Linnaeus 99. Tamil Lacewing Cethosia nietneri Felder & Felder Subfamily ACRAEINAE 100. Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus) Subfamily LIMENITIDINAE 101. Commander Limenitis procris (Cramer) PALOT and RADHAKRISHNAN : Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. Common Sergeant Athyma perius (Linnaeus) Blackvein Sergeant Athyma ranga Moore Staff Sergeant, Athyma selenophora (Kollar) Colour Sergeant, Athyma nefte (Cramer) Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll) Extra Lascar Pantoporia sandaka (Butler) Common Sailer Neptis hylas Linnaeus Shortbanded Sailer Neptis columella Moore Chestnut-Streaked Sailer Neptis jumbah Moore Yellowback Sailer Neptis viraja Evans Sullied Sailer Neptis soma Eliot Clear Sailer Neptis nata Moore Southern Sullied Sailer Neptis clinia Moore Clipper Parthenos sylvia (Cramer, 1775) Common Baron Euthalia aconthea (Cramer) Gaudy Baron Euthalia lubentina (Cramer) Baronet Euthalia nais (Forster) Blue Baron Euthalia telchinia (Menetries) Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea (Butler) Redspot Duke Dophla evelina (Stoll) Subfamily CYRESTINAE 122. Common Map Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval, 1836 201 134. Chocolate Pansy, Junonia (Precis) iphita (Cramer) 135. Lemon Pansy Junonia (Precis) lemonias (Linnaeus) 136. Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus) 137. Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) 138. Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus) 139. South Indian Blue Oakleaf Kallima horsfieldi Kollar 140. Autumnleaf Doleschallia malabarica (Cramer) bisaltide Family L YCAENIDAE 141. Plum Judy, Abisara echerius (Moore) 142. Mottle Logania distanti Semper 143. Apefly Spalgis epius (Westwood) 144. Red Pierrot Talicada nyseus Guerin 145. Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Fabricius 146. Dark Pierrot Castalius ananda de Niceville 147. Angled Pierrot Caleta caleta Hewitson 148. Banded Blue Pierrot Discolampa ethion Westwood 149. Spotted Pierrot Tarucus callinara Butler 150. Striped Pierrot Tarucus nara Kollar 151. Indian Pierrot Tarucus indica Evans Subfamily BIBLIDINAE 123. Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus 124. Common Castor Ariadne merione(Cramer) 125. Joker Byblia ilithyia (Drury) Subfamily APATURINAE 126. Black Prince Rohana parisatis (Westwood) 127. Painted Courtesan Euripus consimilis (Westwood) 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. Subfamily NYMPHALINAE Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica (Herbst) Painted Lady Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) Blue Admiral Kaniska canace (Linnaeus) Gray Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus) Peacock Pansy Junonia (Precis) almana (Linnaeus) Yellow Pansy Junonia (Precis) hierta (Fabricius) 152. Zebra Blue Syntarucus plinius (Fabricius) 153. Bright Babul Blue Azanus ubaldus Cramer 154. Dull Babul Blue Azanus uranus Butler 155. African Babul Blue Azanus jesous GuerinMeneville 156. Quaker Neopithecops zalmora Butler 157. Malayan Megisba malaya (Horsfield) 158. Plain Hedge Blue Celastrina lavendularis (Moore) 159. Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield) 160. Hampson's Hedge Blue Acytolepis lilacea (Hampson) 161. White Hedge Blue Akasinula akasa (Horsfield) 162. Whitedisc Hedge Blue Cyaniris albidisca Moore 202 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 163. Lime Blue Chilades laius (Cramer) 164. Indian Cupid Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius) 195. Silverstreak Blue [raota timoleon Stoll 165. Small Cupid Chilades contracta (Butler) 166. Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria lysimon (Hubner) Oak-Blue 197. Many-tailed multicaudata Moore Thaduka 167. Lesser Grass Blue Zizeeria otis (Fabricius) 168. Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar) 198. Large Oakblue (Hewitson) amantes 169. Tiny Grass Blue Zizula gaika (Trimen) 170. Grass Jewel Freyeria trochylus (Freyer) 171. Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius) 172. Plains Cupid Edales pandava (Horsfield) 173. Ciliate Blue Anthene emolus (Godart) 174. Pointed Ciliate Blue Anthene lycaenina (C. Felder) 175. Forget-me-not Catochrysops (Fabricius) strabo 176. Silver Forget-me-not Catochrysops panormus (c. Felder) 177. Peablue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) 178. Dark Cerulean lamides bochus Stoll 179. Common Cerulean lamides celeno (Cramer) 180. Metallic Cerulean lamides alecto (Felder) 194. Toothed Sunbeam Curetis dentata Moore 196. Leaf Blue Horsfieldia anita Moore Arhopala 199. Aberrant Bushblue Arhopala abseus (Hewitson) 200. Dark Broken-Band Oakblue Arhopala atrax (Hewitson) 201. Centaur Oakblue Nilasera centaurus (Fabricius) 202. Rosy Oakblue Panchala alea (Hewitson) 203. Tamil Oakblue Narathura bazaloides (Hewitson) 204. Common Acacia quercetorum (Moore) Blue Surendra 205. Silver Streaked Acacia Blue Zinaspa todara (Moore) 206. Yamfly Loxura atymnus (Cramer) 207. Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius) 181. Large Four-line Blue Nacaduba pactolus (Felder) 208. Long-banded Silverline Spindasis lohita (Horsfield) 182. Pale Four-line Blue Nacaduba hermus (Felder) 209. Plumbeous Silverline Aphnaeus schistacea Moore 210. Abnormal Silverline Aphnaeus abnormis Moore 211. Common Shot Sil verline Aphnaeus ictis Hewitson 212. Scarce Shot Silverline Aphnaeus elima Moore 213. Lilac Silverline Aphnaeus lilacinus Moore 183. Pointed Lineblue Nacaduba helicon Felder 184. Transparent Six-line Blue Nacaduba kurava (Moore) 185. Opaque Six-line Blue Nacaduba beroe (Felder & Felder) 186. Rounded Six-line Blue Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schaffer) 187. Dark Ceylon Six-line Blue Nacaduba calauria (c. Felder) 188. Common Lineblue Prosotas nora (Felder) 189. Tailless Lineblue Prosotas dubiosa (Semper) 190. White-tipped Lineblue Prosotas noreia (Felder) 214. Redspot Zesius chrysomallus Hubner 215. White Royal Pratapa deva (Moore) 216. Silver Royal Ancema blanka (De Niceville) 217. Broadtail Royal Creon cleobis (Godart) 218. Plains Blue Royal Tajuriajehana Moore 191. Dingy Lineblue Petre lea dana (De Niceville) 219. Peacock Royal Tajuria cippus (Fabricius) 220. Spotted Royal Tajuria maculata Hewitson 192. Indian Sunbeam Curetis thetis (Drury) 193. Shiva's Sunbeam Curetis siva Evans 221. Branded Royal (De Niceville) Ops melastigma PALOT and RADHAKRISHNAN : Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera 222. Banded Royal Charanajalindra Moore 223. Common Imperial Cheritrafreja (Fabricius) 203 225. Common Onyx Horaga onyx (Moore) 250. Bush Hopper Ampittia dioscorides (Fabricius) 251. Coorg Forest Hopper Arnetta mercara (Evans) 226. Brown Onyx Horaga viola Moore 252. Vindhyan Bob Arnetta vindhiana (Moore) 227. Common Tinsel Catapaecilma elegans Druce 253. Paintbrush Swift Baoris farri (Moore) 228. Orchid Tit Chliaria othona (Hewitson) 254. Hedge/Hampson's Hedge-Hopper Baracus vittatus (Felder) 224. Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor (Fabricius) 229. Nilgiri Tit Chliaria nilgirica (Moore 230. Fluffy Tit Zeltus etolus (Fabricius) 231. Cornelian Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) 232. Common Guava Blue Virachola isocrates (Fabricius) 233. Large Guava Blue Virachola perse (Hewitson) 234. Indigo Flash Rapala varuna (Hewitson) 235. Slate Flash Rapala schistacea (Moore) 236. Common Red Flash Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) 237. Malabar Flash Vadebra lankana (Moore) 238. Plane Bindahara phocides (Fabricius) Family HESPERIIDAE Coeliadinae 239. Brown Awl Badamia exclamation is (Fabricius) 240. Pale Green Awlet Bibasis gomata (Moore) 241. Orange-striped Awl/Orange Awlet Bibasis jaina (Moore) 242. Orangetail Awl/Pale Green Awlet Bibasis sena (Moore) 243. Indian Awlking, Choaspes benjaminii (Guerin -Meneville) 244. Common Awl Hasora badra (Moore) 245. Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus (Cramer) 246. White Banded Awl Hasora taminatus (Hubner) 247. Plain Banded Awl Hasora vitta (Butler) HESPERIINAE 248. Dingy Scrub-Hopper Aeromachus dubius (Elwes & Edwards) 249. Pygmy Grass/Scrub-Hopper Aeromachus pygmaeus (Fabricius) 255. Beavan's Swift Pseudoborbo bevani (Moore) 256. Rice Swift Borbo cinnara (Wallace) 257. Kanara Swift Caltoris canaraica (Moore) 258. Blank Swift Caltoris kumara (Moore) 259. Philippine Swift Caltoris philippina (Herrich-Schaffer) 260. Wax Dart Cupitha purreea (Moore) 261. Palm Redeye Erionota thrax (Linnaeus) 262. Giant Redeye Gangara thyrsis (Fabricius) 263. Indian/Ceylon Ace Halpe homo lea (Hewitson) 264. Moore's Ace Halpe porus (Mabille) 265. Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala (Moore) 266. Common Redeye Matapa aria (Moore) 267. Restricted Demon Notocrypta curvifascia (Felder & Felder) 268. Common Banded Demon Notocrypta paralysos (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) 269. African Straight/Straight Swift Parnara naso (Fabricius) 270. Continental Swift Parnara ganga (Evans) 271. Dark Branded Swift Pelopidas agna (Moore) 272. Conjoined Swift Pelopidas conjuncta (Herrich-Schaffer) 273. Dark Small-Branded Swift Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius) 274. Large Branded Swift Pelopidas subochracea (Moore) 275. Contiguous Swift Polytremis lubricans (Herrich-Schaffer) 276. Confucian/Chinese Dart Potanthus confucius (Felder & Felder) 277. Pallied Dart Potanthus pallida (Evans) 278. Palni Dart Potanthus palnia (Evans) 204 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 279. Pava Dart Potanthus pava (Fruhstorfer) PYRGINAE 280. Pseudomaesa/Common Dart Potanthus pseudomaesa (Moore) 301. Golden Angle Caprona ransonnetti (Felder) 281. Coon Psolos fuligo (Mabille) 282. Yellow-Base/Golden Tree Flitter Quedara basiflava (De Niceville) 303. Spotted Angle Caprona alida (De Niceville) 304. Malabar Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus ambareesa (Moore) 283. Maculate Lancer (Hewitson) sala 305. Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar) 284. Bicolour Ace Sovia hyrtacus (De Niceville) 285. Indian Palm Bob, Suastus gremius (fabricius) 306. Tamil Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus ruficomis (Mabille ) 286. Small Palm Bob, Suastus minuta (Moore) 307. Tricolour Flat Cogia indrani (Moore) 287. Tamil Grass Dart Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson) 308. Fulvous Pied (Fabricius) 288. Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius) 309. Common Yellowbreasted Flat Gerosis bhagava (Moore) 289. Dark Palm Dart Telicota ancilla (HerrichSchaffer) 310. African MallowlMarbled Skipper, Gomalia elma (Trimen) 290. Pale Palm Dart Telicota colon (Fabricius) 311. Chestnut/Banded Angle Odontoptilum angulata (Felder) Salanoemia 291. Plain Palm Dart Cephrenes chrysozona (Plotz) 292. Southern Spotted Ace or Unbranded Ace Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe) 293. Evershed's Ace Thoressa evershedi (Evans) 294. Madras Ace Thoressa honorei (De Niceville) 295. Tamil Ace or Sitala Ace Thoressa sitala (De Niceville) 296. Grass Demon, Udaspes folus (Cramer) 297. Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus (Stoll) 298. Brush Flitter Hyarotis microstrictum (WoodMason & de Niceville) 299. Tamil Dartlet Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards) 300. Common Dartlet Oriens goloides (Moore) 302. Spotted Angle Caprona agama (Moore) Flat Coladenia dan 312. Common Small Flat Sarangesa dasahara (Moore) 313. Spotted Small Flat Sa ranges a purendra (Moore) 314. Indian Grizzledllndian Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius) 315. Immaculate/Large/Suffused Snow Flat Tagiades gana (Moore) 316. Common/Ceylon Snow Flat Tagiades jepetus (Stoll) 317. Water Snow Flat Tagiades litigiosa (Moschler) 318. Angled FlatlBlack Angle Tapena twaithesi (Moore) REFERENCES Aitken, E.H. 1887. A list of butterflies of Bombay Presidency. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 2: 35-44 Ali,S., Rao,G.R., Mesta, D.K., Sreekantha.,Mukri, V.D., Subhash Chandran,M.D., Gururaja,K.V., Joshi, N.V and T.V. Ramachandra. 2007. Sahyadri Conservation Series-I: Ecological status ofSharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. Prism Books Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore. 185pp. Bell, T.R. 1909-1927. Common butterflies of the Pains ofIndia. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 12(2) toVo1.31(4). PALOT and RADHAKRISHNAN : Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera 205 Davidson, J. Aitken, E. H. 1890. Notes on Larvae & pupae of some butterflies of Bombay Presidency. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 5: 260-278, 349-375, 369-374. Davidson, J. Bell, T.R & Aitken, E.H. 1896. The Butterflies of North Canara district of the Bombay Presidency. Part-I & II. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., Vo1.10:237-259, 269-277,372-393. Davidson, J. Bell, T.R & Aitken, E.H. 1896. The Butterflies of North Canara district of the Bombay Presidency. Part-III & IV. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc Vo1.10:568-584, 11: 22-63. Gaonkar, H. 1996. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, including Sri Lanka. A biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system. A report submitted to the Centre for Ecological Sciences Bangalore. Geetha, V. Ramanujam, P and H. Singh. 2000. Comparative study of biodiversity of butterflies between Bangalore and Jammu region. Indian J. of Environ. & Ecoplan. 3:599-602. Hannyngton, F. 1916. Notes on Coorg Butterflies. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 24(3)578-581. Hannyngton, F. 1918. Life History of Coorg Butterflies. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 26: 871-872 . Home, W.M.L. 1934. Notes on butterflies of Coorg. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 37(3): 669-674. Kunte, K. 2000. Butterflies of Peninsular India. University Press India Ltd., Hyderabad. 254pp. Kunte, K. 2006. Krishnamegh Kunte's Website. httpllwww. bioutexas.edul grad/krushnamegh/mooringsl naturalhistory.htn. Larsen, T.B. 1987-1988. The butterflies of the Nilgiri mountains of southern India (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 84: 26-54, 219-316, 560-584, 85: 26-43. Mohandas, T.V. 2004. Distribution of butterfly species in Kudremukh National Park during Monsoon. In: Perspectives on Biosystmeatics and Biodiversity. TC. N. Com. Vol. March. 2004: 129-134. Niceville, L.de. 1900. The food plants of the butterflies of the Kanara district of Bombay Presidency, with a revision of the butterflies there occurring. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal., 69(2):187-278. Radhakrishnan, C. and Jafer Palot.M. 2006. Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera; In: Fauna of Bililgiri Rangasami Temple Sanctuary, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 27: 141-152. 2006. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Radhakrishnan, C. and J afer Palot.M. 2007. Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera; In: Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Fauna of Conservation Area Series, 32:71-96. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Radhakrishnan,C and K.V. Lakshminarayana. 2001. Insecta: Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera. In Fauna of Conservation Series 11: Fauna ofNilgiri Biosphere Reserve: 143-158. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Watson, E.Y. 1890. A Preliminary list of butterflies of Mysore. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 5(1): 28-37. Winchworth, H.C. 1928. The Occurrence of the Wood Mason butterfly (Parantirrhoea marshalli) in Coorg. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 32:230-231. Wynter-Blyth, M.A. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 523pp. 206 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Yates, J.A. 1929. Some notes on the Travancore Evening Brown butterfly (Parantirrhoea marshalli) in Coorg.l. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 33:455-457. Yates, J.A. 1931. The butterflies of Coorg. Part-I. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 34(4): 1003-1014. Yates, J.A. 1932.The butterflies ofCoorg. Part-II. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 35(1):104-114. Yates, J.A. 1933. Butterflies of Bangaiore and neighborhood. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 36(2): 450459. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 207-209, 2013 INSECTA TRICHOPTERA R.M. SHARMA AND KAILASH CHANDRA Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, labalpur-482002 (M.P.) INTRODUCTION Small to moderate sized moth-like insects commonly called 'caddis-flies'. Their cruciform larvae popularly referred as 'caddis worms' are capable of constructing silky cases to live in. Adults bear setaceous antennae, densely hairy membranous wings with a very few cross veins and are kept roof-like over the back at rest. Forewings are elongate and hind-wings broader with folded anal area. Wings with very few crossvems. World's extant valid species of Trichoptera are 12,627, accommodated in 46 extant families (Morse, 2009). In the light of world checklist (Morse, 2009), the caddisflies of Karnataka fauna is known by following 53 valid species belonging to 14 genera under 6 families. 1. Diplectrona indica (Mosely 1931) Distribution : Karnataka, Belgaum Family PSYCHOMYIIDAE F. Walker, 1852 Subfamily TINODINAE, Y. J. Li & J C Morse, 1997 5. Tinodes pullulans Navas 1932 Distribution : Karnataka Family XIPHOCENTRONIDAE H.H. Ross, 1949 Subfamily XIPHOCENTRONINAE H.H. Ross, 1949 6. Abaria achwatirtha Schmid 1982 Distribution : Karnataka 7. Melanotrichia pachupati Schmid 1982 Distribution : Karnataka 8. Melanotrichia singularis Ulmer 1906 Distribution Karnataka Superfamily LEPTOCEROIDEA W.E. Leach, 1815 Family MOLANNIDAE H.D.J. Wallengren, 1831 9. Molanna paramoesta Wiggins 1968 Subfamily HYDROPSYCHINAE J. Curtis, 1835 2. Cheumatopsyche marianne Ola'h & Johanson, 2008 Distribution : Karnataka 3. Hydromanicus topali Ola'h & Johanson, 2008 Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily MACRONEMATINAE G.Ulmer, 1905 Tribe Macronematini G. Ulmer, 1905 4. Amphipsyche distincta Martynov 1935) Distribution : Karnataka. Distribution : Karnataka Family LEPTOCERIDAE W.E.Leach, 1815 Subfamily LEPTOCERINAE W.E. Leach, 1815 Tribe Leptocerini W.E. Leach, 1815 10. Leptocerus atiraskrita Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 11. Leptocerus chatadalaja Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 12. Leptocerus kchapavarna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 208 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 13. Leptocerus posticus (Banks 1911) Distribution : Karnataka 14. Leptocerus sakantaka Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 15. Leptocerus samchita Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka, 16. Leptocerus sudhara Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 17. Leptocerus sukhabaddha Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka Tribe Oecetini A.J. Silfvenius, 1905 18. Oecetis angustipennis (Martynov 1936) Distribution Karnataka Distribution : Karnataka 31. Setodes bhimachringa Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 32. Setodes dantavarna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 33. Setodes ekachringa Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 34. Setodes himaruna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 35. Setodes kalyana Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 36. Setodes kapchajalaja Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 19. Oecetis dakchineswara Schmid, 1995 37. Setodes lineatus Banks 1913 Distribution: Karnataka, Mysore Distribution : Karnataka 20. Oecetis ichtasurama Schmid, 1995 Distribution: Karnataka, Mysore 21. Oecetis mahadeva (Banks 1913) Distribution : Karnataka 22. Oecetis rajasimha Schmid, 1995 Distribution: Karnataka, Mysore 23. Oecetis vrindawama Schmid, 1995 Distribution: Karnataka, Mysore Tribe Setodini J.e. Morse, 1981 24. Setodes abhiramika Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 25. Setodes abhrayita Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 26. Setodes acchidra Schmid 1987 38. Setodes madhuvarna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka, 39. Setodes meghavarna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 40. Setodes monicae Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 41. Setodes nyuna Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 42. Setodes parisamchuddha Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 43. Setodes supattra Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 44. Setodes trikantayudha Schmid Distribution : Karnataka Distribution : Karnataka 45. Setodes vitanka Schmid 1987 27. Setodes akutila Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka Distribution : Karnataka 28. Setodes asammuaddha Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 29. Setodes atiloma Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 30. Setodes atipunya Schmid 1987 46. Setodes vratachakora Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 47. Trichosetodes damchtragada Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 48. Trichosetodes karapatradhara Schmid 1987 Distribution : Karnataka 209 SHARMA and CHANDRA : Insecta : Trichoptera Superfamily PHILOPOTAMOIDEA J.P. Stephens, 1829 Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE J.F. Stephens, 1829 Subfamily PHILOPOTAMINAE J.P. Stephens, 1829 49. Gunungiella chovimchi Schmid 1968 Distribution : Karnataka 50. Gunungiella dvadachi Schmid 1968 Distribution : Karnataka 51. Gunungiella ekatrimchi Schmid 1968 Distribution : Karnataka 52. Gunungiella navavimchi Schmid 1968 Distribution : Karnataka Subfamily CHIMARRINAE P. Rambur, 1842 53. Chimarra henryi Kimmins 1957 Distribution : Karnataka REFERENCES Higler, L.W.G. 1992. A check-list of the Trichoptera recorded from India and a larval key to the families. Oriental Insects, 26 : 67-106. Morse, J.e. (Ed.). 2009. Trichoptera World Checklist. http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/ index.htm (Accessed on 21st May, 2009). Ola'h, J. and K.A. Johanson 2008. Generic review of Hydropsychinae, with description of Schmidopsyche, new genus, 3 new genus clusters, 8 new species clusters and 62 new species from the Oriental & Afrotropical regions (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Zootaxa, 1802: 1-248. Saini. M.S., Kaur, M. and Bajwa, P.K. 2001. An updated check-list of the Indian Trichoptera along with an illustrated key to its families. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 99(1-4) : 201-256. Schmid, F. 1982.La Famille des Xiphocentronides (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia). Mem. Soc. Ent., Canada, 121 : 1-127. Schmid, F. 1987. Considerations diverses sur quelques genres leptocerins. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. nat. Belgique (Ent), 57 (Supplement) : 1-147, 29 pi. Schmid, P. 1995a. Les Oecetis du groupe d'eburnea en Inde (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae). Fabreries, 20(2): 41-56 Schmid, F. 1995b. Les Oecetis du groupe de testacea en Inde (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae). Fabreries, 20(2) : 57-78 Schmid, P. 1995c. Le genre Oecetis en Inde (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae). Fabreries, 20(4) : 113-151. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 211-218, 2013 INSECTA HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA PTEROMALIDAE P.M. SURESHAN Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut, Kerala-673 006 INTRODUCTION The family Pteromalidae represents one of the largest and taxonomically difficult families of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera Parasitica), members of which are found all over the world and virtually in all habitats except Polar Regions. Majority of Pteromalidae are primary or secondary parasitoids attacking a large range of insect orders in their various stages of development and some arachnida, hence of economic importance in the biological control of noxious insect pests. A few species are phytophagous developing in seeds and make galls in plants. Many species of Pteromalidae have been employed successfully in biological control programmes all over the world. The family contains over 3500 described species under 588 genera world wide (Noyes, 2003). When compared to the other parts of the world, the knowledge on the Pteromalid fauna of Indian subcontinent is still far from satisfactory. Boucek et al. (1979) provided a more complete picture of the Pteromalid fauna of Indian subcontinent which was supplemented by works of Farooqi & Subba Rao (1985, 1986), Sureshan (2003, 2007), and Sureshan & Narendran (2003, 2004). Currently 224 species of Pteromalidae under 101 genera and 17 subfamilies are reported from the Indian subcontinent, out of which Indian fauna is represented by 196 species under 91 genera and 16 subfamilies. When compared to the other parts of India, the southern states are more explored for the collection of Pteromalidae. email: samanyu2003@yahoo.com The present paper is an inventory of the species of Pteromalidae reported from the Indian state of Karnataka which is based on the information available in the literature. 55 species of Pteromalidae belonging to 32 genera and 10 subfamilies are known to occur in the state of Karnataka. The classification of Boucek (1988) is followed in the present work. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Class INSECTA Order HYMENOPTERA Suborder APOCRITA (Parasitica) Superfamily CHALCIDOIDEA Family PTEROMALIDAE Subfamily CLEONYMINAE Genus Heydenia, Forster, 1856 1. Heydenia tuberculata Sureshan, 2000 2000. Heydenia tuberculata Sureshan, Zoos 'print Journal, 15(2) : 197. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg) 2. Heydenia indica Narendran et al., 2001 200l. Heydenia indica Narenclran et al. Entomon., 26(2) : 150. 2008. Heydenia indica Narendran et ai., Narendran et al., J. Bioi. Control., 22(2) : 252. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Jammu & Kashmir. 212 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Grooca Sureshan & N arendran, 1997 3. Grooca coorgensis (Sureshan & Narendran, 1995) 1995. Neoepistenia coorgensis Sureshan & Narendran. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 92 : 97. 1997. Grooca coorgensis (Sureshan & Narendran) : Sureshan & Narendran, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 94(1) : 175. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg). Elsewhere : Malaysia, Thailand. Subfamily ORMOCERINAE Genus Systasis Walker, 1834 4. Systasis dalbergiae Mani, 1942 1942. Systasis dalbergiae Mani. Indian. 1. Ent., 4 : 157158. 2007. Systasis dalbergiae Mani : Sureshan, Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 38. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi. Subfamily ASAPHINAE 2003. Cerocephala dinoderi Gahan : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos 'print journal, 18(5) : 1104. Distribution : India : Karnataka (My sore) Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Philippines, Thailand, Hawaii, Indonesia, Australia, America. Genus Theocolax Westwood, 1832 8. Theocolax elegans (Westwood, 1874) 1874. Choetospila elegans Westwood. Thesaurus Ent. Oxon. 137. Syn. Boucek,1988 : 339. 2003. Theocolax elegans (Westwood). Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos' print journal, 18(5) : 1104. Distribution : India : Karnataka (Dharwar), Kerala, Arunachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Delhi. Elsewhere : Pakistan, China, Australia, S. Africa, America., Palearctic Region. Subfamily SPALANGINAE Genus Spalangia Latreille, 1805 9. Spalangia cameroni Perkins, 1910 Genus Asaphes Walker, 1834 5. Asaphes vulgaris Walker, 1834 1834. Asaphes vulgaris Walker: Ent. Mag., 2 : 152. 2008. Asaphes vulgaris Walker: Ankita Gupta & Poornai. Biosystematica, 1(2) : 22. Distribution : India : Karnataka (Hebbal), Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh. 1910. Spalangia cameroni Perkins. Fauna Hawaii, 2(6) : 656. 2003. Spalangia cameroni Perkins. : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos 'print journal, 18(5) : 1104. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Delhi, Pondicherry. Elsewhere : Cosmopolitan Elsewhere: Nepal, Pakistan. Subfamily DIPARINAE Genus Dipara Walker, 1833 6. Dipara sringericus (Narendran, 2006) 2006. Parurios sringericus Narendran in Narendran et al. 1. Bio. Sci. Raj., 14 : 17, 20-2l. Syn. Desjardins. 2007. 1647 : 42, 46. 10. Spalangia Juscipes Nees, 1834 1834. Spalangia Juscipes Nees, Hym. Ichneum. Affin. Monogr., 2 : 270. 2007. SpalangiaJuscipes Nees : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 268 : 34. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Andhra Pradesh. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Sringeri). Subfamily CEROCEPHALINAE Elsewhere : Palearctic, Nearctic and Oriental reglOn. Genus Cerocephala Westwood, 1832 7. Cerocephala dinoderi Gahan, 1925 11. Spalangia gemina Boucek, 1963 1925. Cerocephala dinoderi Gahan. Philippine 1. Sci., 27 : 100-102. 1963. Spalangia gemina Boucek. Acta Ent. Mus. nat. Pragae., 35 : 484. SURESHAN : Insecta : Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea : Pteromalidae 2003. Spalangia gemina Boucek. Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos 'print journal, 18(5) : 1104. Distribution : India : Karnataka, W. Bengal, Tamil Nadu. 213 Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia. Subfamily EUNOTINAE Genus Cephaleta Motschulsky, 1859 16. Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky, 1859 Elsewhere Thailand. Brazil, Fiji, Malaysia, China, 12. Spalangia nigra Latreille, 1805 1805. Spalangia nigra Latreille. Hist.nat. Crust. Ins., 13 : 228. 2008. Spalangia nigra Latreille. Ankita Gupta & Poornai. Biosystematica, 1(2) : 23. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore); Germany, America. 13. Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, 1839 1839. Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Brit. Ent., 16 : fol. 740. P(2). 2007. Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 268 : 34. Distribution : India : Delhi, Karnataka (Bangalore), Maharashtra, Pondicherry. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan; cosmopolitan. 14. Spalangia obscura Boucek, 1963 1859. Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky. Etudes Ent. 8 : 174. 2003. Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos' print journal, 18(5) : 1105 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Assam, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Pondicherry, Goa, Kerala, Daman & Diu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Philippines, Taiwan, Nearctic region. Genus Moranila Cameron, 1881 17. Moranila californica (Howard, 1881) 188l. Tomocera californica Howard. Rept. U.S. Dept. Agr. Ent. for 1880 : 368. Syn. Burks, 1958 : 75. 2003. Moranila californica (Howard) : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos 'print journal, 18(5) : 1105 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). Elsewhere: Australian, Palearctic and Nearctic reglOns. Genus Scutellista Motschulsky, 1859 1963. Spalangia obscura Boucek. Acta Ent. Mus. nat. Pragae., 35 : 488 18. Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe, 1832) 2003. Spalangia obscura Boucek : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos' print journal, 18(5) : 1104. 1832. Encyrtus caeruleus Fonscolombe. AnnIs. Sci. nat. (Zool.) (I) 26 : 304. Syn. Graham. 1969 : 76. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Kamalashile). 2003. Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe, 1832) : Hayat et al. Oriental Ins., 37 : 326. Elsewhere : Malaysia, China, Philippines. Subfamily HERBERTINAE Genus Herbertia Howard, 1894 15. Herbertia indica Burks, 1959 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Gujrat, Maharashtra. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Afrotropical, Nearctic and Oriental regions. Subfamily PTEROMALINAE 1959. Herbertia indica Burks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 61(6) : 252. Genus Acroclisoides Girault & Dodd, 1915 2007. Herbertia indica Burks: Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 268 : 1l. 19. Acroclisoides maculatus Sureshan & N arendran, 2002 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Kerala. 2002. Acroclisoides maculatus Sureshan & Narendran. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 100(3-4) : 128. 214 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 2009. Acroclisoides maculatus Sureshan & Narendran : Ankita Gupta & Poornai. J. Threatened taxa 1(5) : 300. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Maharashtra, Genus Agiommatus Crawford, 1911 20. Agiommatus geethae Sureshan & N arendran, 1996 1996. Agiommatus geethae Sureshan & Narendran. J. Bombay nat. HIst. Soc., 93 : 59-61. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore) Genus Anisopteromalus Ruschka, 1912 21. Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881) 1881. Pteromalus calandrae Howard. Ann.Report U.S. Dept. Agr. For., 1880 : 273. Syn. Peck, 1951 : 564. 2003. Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. 205 : 16. Distribution: India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal. Elsewhere : Cosmopolitan. Genus Cyrtophagoides N arendran, 2008 22. Cyrtophagoides ghoonbori Narendran, 2008 2008. Cyrtophagoides ghoonbori Narendran. in Narendran et ai. J. Bioi. Control., 22(2) : 250. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore) Genus Dinarmus Thomson, 1878 2001. Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) : Sure shan & Narendran. Zoos 'print. Journal, 18(5) : 1106. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore) Kerala, Bihar, Delhi, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere : Bangladesh 25. Dinarmus colemani (Crawford, 1913) 1913. Bruchobius colemani Crawford. Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. 45 : 250. 2001. Dinarmus colemani (Crawford) : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos' print. Journal, 18(5) : 1106. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Jharkhand, Bihar. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. 26. Dinarmus crotalariae Ankita Gupta, 2007 2007. Dinarmus crotalariae Ankita Gupta. Entomon., 32(3) : 162. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). 27. Dinarmus maculatus (Masi, 1924) 1924. Sphaerakis maculatus Masi. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Giacomo Doria, 51 : 157. Syn. Boueek et ai., 1979 : 442. 2008. Dinarmus maculatus (Mas i) : Ankita Gupta & Poornai. Biosystematica, 1(2) : 22. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar. 23. Dinarmus acutus (Thomson, 1878) 28. Dinarmus vagabundus (Timberlake, 1926) 1847. Pteromalus robustus Walker.230. Syn. Graham, 1969 (nee. Walker, 1835) 1926. Bruchobius vagabundus Timberlake. Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc., 6 : 305. Syn. Boueek et ai., 1979 : 442. 1878. Dinarmus (Dinarmus) acutus Thomson. Hym. Scand. 5 : 56. 2001. Dinarmus vagabundus (Timberlake) : Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos 'print. Journal, 18(5) : 1106. 2007. Dinarmus acutus (Thomson) : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper. 268 : 8. Distribution: India: Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Europe. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Sri Lanka Genus Inkaka Girault, 1939 29. Inkaka keralensis Sureshan & Narendran, 24. Dinarmus basalis (Rondani, 1877) 1997 1877. Entedon basalis Rondani. Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., 9 : 174. Syn. Boueek, 1974. 245-246. 1997. Inkaka keralensis Sureshan & Narendran. Hexapoda, 9(1&2) : 30. SURESHAN : Insecta : Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea : Pteromalidae 215 2007. Inkaka keralensis Sureshan & Narendran : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 13. 2003. Mokrzeckia orientalis Subba Rao. Sureshan & Narendran. Zoos' print Journal, 18(15) : 1107. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala. Distribution : India : Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya. Genus Euneura Walker, 1844 Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand 30. Euneura lachni (Ashmead, 1887) Genus Norbanus Walker, 1843 1887. Pachycrepis lachni Ashmead: Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 14 : 193. 2008. Euneura lachni (Ashmead) : Ankita Gupta & Poomai. Biosystematica, 1(2) : 22. Distribution: Karnataka (Chikahallapura). Elsewhere : Pakistan, Europe and America. 35. Norbanus acuminatus Dutt & Ferriere, 1961 1961. Norbanus acuminatus Dutt & Ferriere. Ind. J. Agric. Sci., 31 : 14l. 2007. Norbanus acuminatus Dutt & Ferriere : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 20. Genus Kumarella Sureshan, 1999 Distribution : India : Karnataka (Bangalore) West Bengal, Kerala. 31. Kumarella angulus Sureshan, 1999 36. Norbanus equs Sureshan, 2003 1999. Kumarella angulus Sureshan. Oriental Insects, 32 : 100-1Ol. 2003. Norbanus equs Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 205 : 6l. 2004. Kumarella angulus Sureshan : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 103(3-4) : 125-127. 2007. Norbanus equs Sureshan. Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 24. Distribution : (India : Karnataka (Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wild life sanctuary), Kerala, Maharashtra) Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala, Genus Metastenus Walker, 1834 37. Norbanus malabarensis Sureshan, 2003 32. Metastenus concinnus Walker, 1834 2003. Norbanus malabarensis Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 205 : 62. 1834. Metastenus concinnus Walker. Ent. Mag., 2 : 302. 2007. Norbanus malabarensis Sureshan. Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 24. 2007. Metastenus concinnus Walker: Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 18. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala. 38. Norbanus thekkadiensis Sureshan, 2003 Elsewhere : Europe. Genus Mokrzeckia Mokrzecki, 1933 33. Mokrzekia menzeli Subba Rao, 1973 1973. Mokrzeckia menzeli Subba Rao. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.( Anim. Sci.) 90 : 479. 2007. Mokrzeckia menzeli Subba Rao : Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper. 268 : 18. 2003. Norbanus thekkadiensis Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 205 : 60. 2007. Norbanus thekkadiensis Sureshan. Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 24. Distribution : India : Karnataka (Bangalore), Kerala. Genus Oricoruna Boucek, 1978 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh. 39. Oricoruna arcotensis (Mani & Kurian, 1953) 34. Mokrzeckia orientalis Subba Rao, 1973 1953. Pachycrepoideus arcotensis Mani & Kurian. Ind. J. Ent. 15 : 1l. syn. Boucek et al., 1979 : 449. 1973. Mokrzeckia orientalis Subba Rao. Oriental Ins. 7 : 356. 2007. Oricoruna arcotensis ( Mani & Kurian) : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 26. 216 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu. Genus Pachycrepoideus Ashmead, 1904 40. Pachycrepoideus veerannai Narendran & Anil, 1992 45. Pachyneuron bangalorensis Sureshan, 2007 2007. Pachyneuron bangalorensis, Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 268 : 28 Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). 46. Pachyneuron groenlandicum (Holmgren, 1872) 1992. Pachycrepoideus veerannai Narendran & Anil. Bioved, 3(1) : 1-3. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). 41. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) 1875. Encyrtus (Pteromalus) vindemmiae Rondani. Boll. Comizio Agrar. Parmen, 8 : 148. 2003. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 205 : 69. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore), Chandigarh, Haryana, Pondicherry, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. Genus Pachyneuron Walker, 1833 42. Pachyneuron aeneum Masi, 1929 1872. Pteromalus groenlandicus Holmgren. Dfvers. Kungl. Vet. Akad. Forh., 29 : 100. 2003. Pachyneuron groenlandicum (Holmgren) : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 205 : 72. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kashmir, Delhi, Orissa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana. 47. Pachyneuron leucopiscida Mani, 1939 1939. Pachyneuron leucopiscida Mani. Ind. J. Ent., 1 : 86. 2009. Pachyneuron leucopiscida Mani : Ankita Gupta & Poornai. J. Threatened taxa, 1(5) : 30l. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Hebbal), Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Delhi, 1929. Pachyneuron aeneum Masi, Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Giacomo Doria., 53 : 229. 48. Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig, 1838) 2007. Pachyneuron aeneum Masi. Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper, 268 : 28 1838. Chrysolampus solitarius Hartig. Jahr. Forst. Naturk., 1 : 250. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Delhi, Uttar Pradesh. 2007. Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig) : Sureshan. Rec. Zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 268 : 29 43. Pachyneuron ahlaense Mani & Saraswat, Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala, 1974 Genus Paracarotomus Ashmead, 1894 1974. Pachyneuron ahlaensis Mani & Saraswat. Mem. School. Ent. Agr. No.3. 90. 49. Paracarotomus cephalotes Ashmead, 1894 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh 1894. Paracarotomus cephalotes Ashmead. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 21 : 336. 44. Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouche, 1834) 2007. Paracarotomus cephalotes (Ashmead), Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 268 : 3l. 1834. Diplolepis aphidis Bouche. Natur. Ins. Berlin. 5: 17. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). 2003. Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouche) : Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 205 : 72. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka Distribution : India : Karnataka, J ammu& Kashmir, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab. Genus Propicroscytus Szelenyi, 1941 50. Propicroscytus oryzae (Subba Rao, 1973) 1973. Elsewhere : Pakistan Dbtusiclava oryzae Subba Rao. Bull. Ent. Res. 62 : 627. Syn. Boucek et al., 1979 : 453. SURESHAN : Insecta : Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea : Pteromalidae 2007. Propicroscytus oryzae (Subba Rao) Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 33. Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala. 217 Distribution : India : Karnataka (B angalore), Kerala, Delhi, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere : China, Europe, Africa. Genus Trichomalopsis Crawford, 1913 Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 54. Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford, 1911) Genus Psilocera Walker, 1833 51. Psilocera heydoni Sureshan, 2001 2001. Psilocera heydoni Sureshan. Oriental Ins., 35 : 87. Distribution: India: Karnataka (Coorg). Genus Sphegigaster Spinola, 1811 52. Sphegigaster karnatakaensis, Sure shan, 2007 2007. Sphegigaster karnatakaensis, Sureshan. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 268 : 36. 1911. Trichomalopsis apanteloctenus Crawford, 1911. Proc. U.S. Natn. Mus. 39 : 618. 2007. Trichomalopsis apanteloctena Crawford Sureshan. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 205 : 97. Distribution : India : Karnataka (Mandya), Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere : Bangladesh Distribution: India: Karnataka (Bangalore). Subfamily PIRENINAE 53. Sphegigaster stepicola Boucek, 1965 Genus Gastrancistrus Westwood, 1833 1965. Sphegigaster stepicola Boucek. Acta Fauna Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae 11 : 12-14. Syn.Boucek et al., 1979 : 458. 55. Gastrancistrus cherryi Boucek, 1986 2007. Sphegigaster stepicola Boucek : Sureshan. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 205 : 90. 1986. Gastrancistrus cherryi Boucek. Bull. Ent. Res., 76(3) : 399. Distribution: India: Karnataka, West Bengal. REFERENCES Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). C.A.B. International, Wallingford, u.K. pp. 832. Boucek, Z. Subba Rao, B.R. & Farooqi, S.1. 1979. A preliminary review ofPteromalidae (Hymenoptera) of India and adjacent countries. Oriental Insects, 12(4) : 433-467. Farooqi, S.1. & Subba Rao, B.R. 1985. Family: Pteromalidae pp. 254-263. In Subba Rao & Hayat (Eds.). The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent countries Part. I. Review of families and keys to families and genera. Oriental Ins., 19 : 161-310 & 15pp. Farooqi, S.1. & Subba Rao, B.R. 1986. Family: Pteromalidae pp. 279-306. In Subba Rao & Hayat (Eds.). The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent countries Part. II. A catalogue. Oriental Ins., 20 : 1-430. Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea database. www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/ chalcidoids. Entomology/chalcidoids. (Last updated June 2012) Sureshan, P.M. 2003. Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae : Chalcidoidea : Hymenoptera) of Indian subcontinent. Rec.Zoool.surv. India. Occ. Paper No., 205 : 1-170. 218 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Sureshan, P.M. 2007. Taxonomic studies on Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Southeast Asia based on collections of Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA. Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Paper, 268 : 1-42. Sureshan, P.M. & Narendran, T.e. 2003. A checklist of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Indian subcontinent. Zoos 'print journal, 18(5) : 1099-1110 Sureshan, P.M. & Narendran, T.e. 2004. Key to the genera of Pteromalidae of India and the adjacent countries (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Rec. zool. surv. India. Occ. Paper No., 229 : 1-56. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 219-224, 2013 INSECTA HYMENOPTERA PLATYGASTROIDEA RAJMOHANA. K. Western Ghat Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Calicut-673006, Kerala, India INTRODUCTION Superfamily Platygastroidea is the third largest among the parasitic super families of Hymenoptera, after Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea. The group is of great significance in applied entomology. A vast majority of its members are egg parasitoids, attacking the eggs of a wide range of insects which are of relevance either in the field of agriculture or forestry. Some of them also attack the eggs of spiders and the first instar larvae of gall midges as well. Earlier, the super family Platygastroidea was composed of two families viz., Scelionidae and Platygastridae (Johnson 1992). But as of today, only Playgastridae remains valid, since Scelionidae was synonymised under Platygastridae by Sharkey et al.(2007), based on the results of a phylogenetic study by Murphy et al. (2007). While about 4500 species of Platygastroidea have been reported globally (Austin et al., 2005), nearly 300 species have been known from India (unpublished data). The figures may not represent the magnitude of their true species diversity, since much of the fauna in the tropics including India are yet to be explored. Mani & Sharma (1982), Rajmohana (2006a, 2006b & 2007) and U shakumari & Narendran (2007), document the known species from India. The present paper is an inventory of the species under Platygastriodea, hitherto reported from Karnataka, based on the information available in Email: raLmohana@hotmail.com. literature as of 2010. 57 species of Platygastroidea belonging to 19 genera and 4 subfamilies are known to occur in the state of Karnataka. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Class INSECTA Order HYMENOPTERA Suborder APOCRITA (Parasitica) Superfamily PLATYGASTROIDEA Family PLATYGASTRIDAE Subfamily TELENOMINAE Genus Mudigere Johnson, 1988 1. Mudigere bidentatus Johnson, 1988 1988. Mudigere bidentatus Johnson, Colemania. 5 : 25-28 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mudigere) Genus Paratelenomus Dodd, 1914 2. Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd) 1914 1914. Telenomus saccharalis (Dodd), Can. Entomol. 46 : 293 2007. Paratelenomus saccharalis (Dodd): Johnson, N.F. and L. Masner. 1985. Syst. Entomol., 10 : 33-58 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Bangalore, Mysore); Kerala (Malappuram: Calicut University campus, Idukki: Periyar WLS, Palghat: Walayar); Tamilnadu (Valparai, Anaimalai Hills, Ootacamund). Genus Psix Kozlov and Le, 1976 3. Psix abnormis Kozlov and Le, 1976 1976. Psix abnormis Koz1ov and Le, Zool. Zh., 55:143-145. 220 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1985. Psix abnormis Kozlov and Le Johnson: N. F. and L. Masner. 1985. Syst. Entomol., 10 : 33-58 8. Telenomus remus Nixon, 1937 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Bangalore); Uttar Pradesh (Aligarh); Tamilnadu : (Coimbatore). 4. Psix saccharicola (Mani, 1941) 1941. Telenomus saccharicola Mani, Indian J. Entomol. 3: 26 1985. Psix saccharicola (Mani) Johnson, N.F. and L. Masner, Syst. Entomol., 10 : 33-58 Distribution in India : Karnataka (B angalore), New Delhi; Tamilnadu (Coimbatore, Marudumalai, Mudumalai) 5. Psix striaticeps (Dodd, 1920) 1920. Telenomus striaticeps (Dodd), Trans Entomol Soc Land. : 355 1985. Psix striaticeps (Dodd), Johnson, N.F. and L. Masner. Syst. Entomol., 10 : 50 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Hogenakal); New Delhi; Tamilnadu (Coimbatore) Genus Telenomus Haliday, 1833 1937. Telenomus remus Nixon, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10)20 : 471 1997. Telenomus remus Nixon: in Narasimham et al. : Tech. Bulletin, PDBC, 17. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Bangalore) Host : Ex. eggs of Spodoptera litura (N arasimham et al., 1997) 9. Telenomus rowani (Gahan, 1925) 1925. Phanurus rowani Gahan, Philippine J. Sci. 27: 106 1997. Telenomus rowani Nixon: in Narasimham et al. Tech. Bulletin, PDBC, 17: 3 Distribution in India : Karnataka (B angalore), Orissa (Sambalpur), Andhra Pradesh (Elum). Host : Ex. eggs of Scirpophaga nivella on paddy and S. incertulas on Sugarcane (Narasimham etal, 1997) 10. Telenomus sechellensis Kieffer, 1910 1910. Telenomus sechellensis Kieffer, 1910 : Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr., : 294. 6. Telenomus beneficiens (Zehntner, 1896) 1982. Trissolcus seychellensis (Kieffer), in Mani & Sharma. Oriental Ins., 16 : 144. 1896. Ceraphron beneficiens (Zehntner) Arch. JavaSuikerindust., 4 : 487 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mysore), Tamilnadu (Coimbatore)] 1997. Telenomus beneficiens (Zehntner), in Narasimham et al. : Tech. Bulletin, PDBC, 17. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mandya); Orissa (Bhubaneshwar); Tamilnadu (Cuddalore) Host: Ex. eggs of Chilo infuscatellus, Chilo sacchariphagus, Scirpophaga nivella on sugarcane (N arasimham et al., 1997) 7. Telenomus dignus (Gahan), 1925 1925. Phanurus dignus Gahan, Philippine J. Sci., 27 : 108. 1997. Telenomus dignus (Gahan), Tech. Bulletin, PDBC, 17. Narasimham et al. : Hosts : Ex Eggs of Antestiopsis cruciata on Jasmine (Mani & Sharma, 1982); Ex Eggs of Cantheconidea furcellata in South distribution (Mani & Sharma, 1982) 11. Telenomus talaus Nixon, 1937 1937. Telenomus (Aholcus) talaus Nixon, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (10)20 : 127 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Bangalore) (Examined in the collections at Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore, Karnataka) Subfamily TELEASINAE Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mandya); Orissa (Cuttack); Gujarat (Surat). 12. Trimorus abbicolus Mukerjee, 1981 Host : Ex. eggs of Scirpophaga nivella on sugarcane, Scirpophaga incertulas 1981. Trimorus abbicolus Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India Misc. Publ. Occ. Pap. No., 2 : l. Genus Trimorus Forster, 1856 RAJMOHANA : Insecta: Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea Distribution in India: Karnataka (Abbi Falls) 14. Trimorus appangalus Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus appangalus Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 7. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Appangala) 221 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Attur) 22. Trimorus (Neotrimorus) scutellospinosus Rajmohana & Narendran, 1997 1997. Trimorus (Neotrimorus) scutellospinosus Rajmohana & Narenclran J. Adv. Zool., 18(1) : 32-37 2007. 15. Trimorus atturensis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus atturensis Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India. Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 8 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Attur) 16. Trimorus dubarensis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus dubarensis Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India Misc. Publ. Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 14. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Dub are ) 17. Trimorus dimidicornis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus dimidicornis Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 12 2007. Trimorus dimidicornis Mukerjee. Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 67. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh Wildlife Sanctuary : Hanumangundi). 18. Trimorus fasciatus Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus fasciatus Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 15 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare) 19. Trimorus longispina Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus longispina Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 17. Distribution in India: Karnataka (Attur), Uttar Pradesh (Agra : Keetham) 20. Trimorus maldara Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Trimorus maldara Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 19 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare) Trimorus (Neotrimorus) scutellospinosus Rajmohana & Narendran : in Rajmohana K, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 67. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh Wildlife Sanctuary : Hanumangundi); Kerala (Wyanad : Muthanga) Subfamily SCELIONINAE Genus Calliscelio Ashmead, 1893 23. Callis celio orientalis Sharma, 1981 1984. Calliscelio orientalis Sharma. Mem. Sch. Ent., St. John's College, 5 : 34 1982. Mani & Sharma, 1982, Oriental Ins., 16 : 179 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Attur, Maldare, Dubare), Kerala (ldukki : Moozhiyar, Achankovil, Cardamom Hills); West Bengal: Raja Bhat Khawa, Kausani : Kumaon. Genus Dicroscelio Kieffer, 1913 24. Dicroscelio deccanensis (Sharma, 1978) 1978. Anteromorpha deccanensis Sharma, 1978 (in Saraswat & Sharma 1978) Mem. Sch. Ent, St. John's College, 5 : 20. 1980. Anteromorpha deccanensis Sharma, Oriental Ins., 14 : 387. 1982. Anteromorpha deccanensis Sharma: in Mani & Sharma, 1982 : Oriental Ins., 16 : 175 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare, Buriiar, Dubare), Maharashtra (Mahabaleshwar : Satara Road, Anjmali Road, Khajuraho : Harsa, Panna-Satara Road; Himachal Pradesh: Dalhousie (Kalatop) 25. Dicroscelio glaber (Sharma, 1982) in Yoder, Valerio, Masner & Johnson, 2009 21. Trimorus nigricephalus Mukerjee, 1981 1982. Anteromorpha glabra Sharma, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 79 : 319 1981. Trimorus nigricephalus Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 2003. Dicroscelio glaber (Sharma, 1982) in Yoder, Valerio, Masner & Johnson, Zootaxa : 8 222 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution Hudukeri) ill India Karnataka (Maldare, Genus Gryon Haliday, 1833 26. Gryon fulviventris (Crawford, 1912) 1912. HadronotusJulviventris Crawford. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 42 : 2 1982. Gryon fu1viventris (Crawford) Sharma, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79 : 336 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Hogenakal, Mysore, Bangalore), Uttar Pradesh (Golagokaranath), Tamilnadu (Thanjavur), Kerala (Malappuram, Idukki : Achankovil : Cardamom hills. Host : Ex. eggs of Antestiopsis cruciata on Jasmine; Ex. eggs of Nezara viridula; Ex eggs of Clavigralla gibbosa. 27. Gryon gonikopalensis Sharma, 1982 1982. Gryon gonikopalensis Sharma, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79 : 336 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Gonikopal) 28. Gryon hogenakalensis Sharma, 1982 1982. Gryon hogenakalensis Sharma. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 79 : 327 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Hogenakal), Kerala (Mallappuram, Idukki : Achankovil : Cardamom Hills) 29. Gryon krishnagiriensis Sharma, 1982 Genus Duta Nixon, 1933 31. Duta polita Rajmohana, 2007 2007. Duta polita Rajmohana, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 50 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park: Bhagavathi) Genus Idris Forster, 1856 32. Idris appangalus Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Idris appangalus Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 35 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Coorg : Appangala) 33. Idris brachystigmatis (Mani & Mukerjee, 1976) 1976. Gryon brachystigmatis Mani & Mukerjee, Oriental Ins., to : 498 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mercara); Kerala (ldukky : Moozhiyar-Thekkady road, Moozhiyar Cardamom Hills, Malappuram : Nilambur)] 34. Idris coorgensis (Mani & Mukerjee, 1976) 1976. Gryon coorgensis Mani & Mukerjee, Oriental Ins., to : 498 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Gonikopal, Appangala) 35. Idris dubarensis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Idris dubarensis Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Pap. No., 2 : 37 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Dub are ) 1982. Gryon krishnagiriensis Sharma, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79 : 333 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Mudigeri), Maharashtra (Thana hills, Bombay); Tamilnadu (Parikatti). 30. Gryon mudugeriensis Sharma, 1981 1981. Gryon mudugeriensis Sharma, 1981. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 79 : 333 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Mudigeri); Tamilnadu (Thanjavur) 36. Idris mysorensis Mukerjee, 1978 1978. Idris mysorensisMukerjee, Mem. Sch. Ent, St. John's College, 5 : 63 Distribution in India Bandipur) Karnataka (Mysore, 37. Idris stigmatic us (Mani & Mukerjee, 1976) 1976. Gryon stigmaticus Mani & Mukerjee, Oriental Ins., to : 497 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mudigere) RAJMOHANA : Insecta: Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea 38. Idris triangularis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Idris triangularis Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India Misc. Publ. Dcc. Pap. No., 2 Distribution in India : Karnataka : Coorg (Thalacauvery) Genus Macroteleia Westwood, 1835 39. Macroteleia indica Sharma, 1978 1978. Macroteleia indica Sharma: in Saraswat & Sharma, Mem. Sch. Ent., St. John's College 5 : 11 1982. Macroteleia indica Sharma, Saraswat CG, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 79 : 346 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare, Dubare), Uttaranchal : Dehradun (Rishikesh); West Bengal: Alipur Duar (Hasimara); Kerala : Idukki (Moozhiyar), Palghat (Walayar). Genus Paridris Kieffer, 1908 40. Paridris armigera Rajmohana, 2007 2007. Paridris armigera Rajmohana, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park : Karaekatte, Bhagavathi, Hanumangundi) 41. Paridris coorgensis Sharma, 1978 1978. Paridris coorgensis Sharma, in Saraswat & Sharma, Mem. Sch. Ent, St. John's College, 5 : 26 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Appangala) 223 Orissa (Bhubaneshwar) (Examined in the collection at Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore, Karnataka) Host: Ex. Orthopteran egg on paddy leaf from Mandya; Ex. Eggs of Tryporyza incertulas from Bhubaneshwar Genus Probaryconus Kieffer, 1908 45. Probaryconus cauverycus Saraswat, 1978 1978. Probaryconus cauverycus Saraswat in Saraswat & Sharma. Mem. Sch. Ent, St. John's College, 5 : 22 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare, Thalacauvery) Genus Psilanteris Kieffer, 1916 46. Psilanteris coriacea Rajmohana, 2007 2007. Psilanteris coriacea Rajmohana, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 57 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park: Karaekatte, Bhagavathi), Kerala (Malappuram : Kadalundi) 47. Psilanteris ferruginus Rajmohana, 2007 2007. Psilanteris ferruginus Rajmohana, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32: 60 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park: Bhagavathi) 42. Paridris dubeyi Sharma 1982 48. Psilanteris orbitus Rajmohana, 2007 1982. Paridris dubeyi Sharma. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 79 : 336 2007. Psilanteris orbitus Rajmohana, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 61 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Attur) 43. Paridris karnatakensis Sharma, 1982 1982. Paridris karnatakensis Sharma. India, 79 : 338 Rec. zool. Surv. Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park: Muduba) Genus Scelio Latreille, 1805 49. Scelio nilamburenis Mukerjee, 1979 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Maldare, Hudukeri, Attur) 1979. Scelio nilamburenis Mukerjee. Mem. Sch. Ent, St. John's College, 7 : 103 44. Platys celio pulchricornis Kieffer, 1905 2007. Scelio nilamburenis Mukerjee, Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 65 1905. Platyscelio pulchricornis Kieffer, Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova), 2(2) : 13 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Mandya); Distribution in India : Karnataka (Kudremukh National Park: Manikyadharabetta, Karaekatte, Bhagavathi, Hanumangundi) 224 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus [nostemma Haliday, 1833 Subfamily PLATYGASTRINAE Genus Leptacis Forster 54. [nsostemma coorgensis Mukerjee, 1981 50. Leptacis atturensis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Leptacis atturensis Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 60 Distribution in India : Karnataka (Attur, Hudukeri) 51. Leptacis brachycerus Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Leptacis brachycerus Mukerjee, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 64 Distribution in India : Karnataka 1981. Inostemma coorgensis Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 50 Distribution in India: Karnataka (Coorg) 55. [nostemma dalhausianum Mukerjee. 1981 1981. Inostemma dalhausianum Mukerjee, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 50 Distribution in India : Karnataka (N agerhole) 56. [nostemma nelgiense Mukerjee, 1981 52. Leptacis coorgensis Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Leptacis coorgensis Mukerjee, Rec. Zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 65 1981. Inostemma nelgiense Mukerjee, India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 50 Rec. zool. Surv. Distribution in India: Karnataka (Nelgi) Distribution in India : Karnataka Genus Synopeas Forster, 1856 53. Leptacis maldarensis Mukerjee, 1981 57. Synopeas atturense Mukerjee, 1981 1981. Leptacis maldarensis Mukerjee : Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 67 1981. Synopeas atturense Mukerjee, Mukerjee, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No., 2 : 74 Distribution in India : Karnataka Distribution in India : Karnataka (Attur) REFERENCES Austin, AD, Johnson, N.F and Dowton, M 2005. Systematics, evolution, and biology of Scelionid and platygastrid wasps. Ann. Rev. Entomol, 2005, 50 : 553-82. Johnson, N.F. 1992.Catalog of world species of Proctotrupoidea, exclusive of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera) Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst, No., 51. Mani, M.S. and Sharma, S.K., 1982. Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) from India. A Review. Oriental Ins. Vol. 16(2) : 135-258. Murphy, N.P., Carey, D., Castro, L.R., Dowton, M., and Austin, A.D. 2007. Phylogeny of the platygastroid wasps (Hymenoptera) based on sequences from the 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I genes : implications for the evolution of the ovipositor system and Host relationships. Bio!. 1. Linn. Soc., 91 : 653-669 Rajmohana K., 2006b. Studies on Proctotrupoidea and Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera : Insecta) of Kerala. Mem. Zoo!. Surv. India, 21(1) : 1-153. Rajmohana K., 2006a. A checklist of Scelionidae (Platygastroidea : Hymenoptera) from India, Zoos' Print Journal, 21(12) : 2506-2513. Rajmohana K., 2007. Insecta: Scelionidae (Platygastroidea) : Hymenoptera. Fauna of Kudremukh National Park, Conservation Area Series, 32 : 49-69 Sharkey, M.J. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Zootaxa, 1668 : 521-548. Ushakumari, R. and T. C. Narendran, 2007. A taxonomic revision of Leptacis Foerster (Hymenoptera : Platygasteridae) of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 107(3) : 7-32 Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 225-232, 2013 CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA SCOLOPENDROMORPHA) VINOD KHANNA Northern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, 218, Kaulagarh Road Dehra Dun-248 195, Uttarakhand, India INTRODUCTION Family SCOLOPENDRIDAE The paper deals with the scolopendrid centipedes known to have been recorded from Karnataka state. The compilation is based on the records of the authors like Attems (1930), Jangi and Dass (1984), Khanna (2001 and 2005). Out of the 102 species of the scolopendrid centipedes, check listed by Khanna (i.c) from India, only nine species belonging to four genera viz. Scolopendra (four species), Cormocephalus (one Ethmostigmus (two species) and Rhysida (two species) have been documented from Karnataka, that includes besides their first reference, the valid names, synonymies, locality, location of types, description with illustrations, distribution, in India and elsewhere. The descriptions are based on the unpublished work of Khanna (2003). 1893. Subfamily Sco1opendrinae + Sco1opendropsinae, Bollman, Bull. US Nat. Mus., 46 : 165. While the type locality of Ethmostigmus platycephalus cribifer is in Mysore, Scolopendra hardwickei is quite common in Deccan. Scolopendra morsitans and Scolopendra amazonica occur commonly and sympatrically without hybridization. 1914. Sco1opendridae, Attems, Arch. naturges. 80A-4 : 1Ol. Tribe Scolopendrini 1906. Sco1opendrinae, Verhoeff, Acta Ac, Leap., 86 : 435. 1926. Sco1opendrini, Attems, in Kukenthal and Krumbach, Handbook. Zool., 4 : 373. 1. Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 1758. Scolopendra, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10th: 637. 1987. Trachycormocephalus, Kraepe1in, Lewis, 1. nat. Hist., 20 : 1083-1088 Type Species : Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus. The type species was designated by ICZN through its plenary powers (Opinion 454, 15 March 1957), in response to petition 843 by Crabill (1955, Bull. Zool. Nomen., 11 : 134-136) Distribution: India: Throughout. Elsewhere: In all tropical and temperate zones of the world. 1. Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 1758. Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10 : 638. Order SCOLOPENDROMORPHA 1903. 1815. Sco1opendrides. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 11: 382. Scolopendra morsitans, Kraepe1in, Mitt. Mus., Hamburg, 20 : 250. 1977. Trachycormocephalusjodhpurensis, Khanna, Orient. Ins., 11(1) : 151-156. Class CHILOPODA 1907. Sco1opendromorpha, Verhoeff, Bronn, KL Ordng., 5 (II): 242. email: drvkhanna51@gmail.com Type Locality : India 226 Description : Body length : 60-135mm, including antennae and anal legs. Colour : The species occurs in various colour forms in different ecological habitats and at different stadia of growth and development; Cephalic plate, maxillipedes and 1st segment of the tergite varies from brownishyellow to dark-orange, some dark-olive-green to black; Antennae yellow to tan brown with proximal segments bluish green, changing to yellow in the distal half; tergal segment varying in colour from dark green to brownish yellow or blackish green, usually with a light and contrast colored posterior tergal margins, giving the specimens externally a banded appearance; Endtergite, walking legs and sternites yellow or light yellowish green. The juveniles are light green in colour. On the basis of large variety of colour forms a number of species and sub species have been described under different names. Antennae: Long, 17-23 segmented (usually 20 or 21, sometimes 19, rarely 17, 18,22 or 23), with 7 or 8 basal segment glabrous. Antennae, when reflexed reaching behind to 6th tergal segments. Head: Cephalic plate smooth, sparsely punctate and without any sulcus. Coxosternum : Base of the coxosternum smooth, without furrows, however, a very weak median sulcus extending posteriorly from the base of the dental plate is visible; dental plate mostly with 4+4 teeth, rarely with 3+3 or 6+6 teeth; post dental spur present coming out from a shallow depression. Arrangement of teeth index is also variable from all separate to 3 mesal coalesced and outer separate or all irregularly disposed. Tergites : Smooth, 220 tergal segments with a pair of complete paramedian longitudinal furrows; emargination of tergites begins normally from 10th segment, but occasionally in some larger specimen it is seen beginning still earlier, whereas in juveniles it is too less represented in anterior segments or it may be half complete. Endtergite wider than longer with convexed posterior margin and presence of acomplete median furrow. Sternites : Smooth; paramedian longitudinal furrows complete on 2- Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 20 segments; endsternite gradually narrowing behind with its lateral margins con vexed a little in some cases, normally straight; median sulcus on endsternite absent. Legs: 1-19 pair of walking legs with 1 spur to its first tarsal segment. Tarsal spur present on 20th pair of legs; 1-20 pair of walking legs with 2 spurs to the terminal claws. Coxopleura : Process of the of the coxopleura long to short but wide, conical, slender and cylindrical, densely punctate with its porose area extending on each side of the median ridge to the posterior edge; at the apex again with spines varying from 2-5 in number, generally 5 on each side with a lateral spine. Anal legs : The prefemur of the anal legs may be short or long,with 3 rows of 3 spines each ventrally, 2 rows of 4-6 spines each dorsally. The anal leg prefemur and femur in the males dorsally flat with a round ridge on the lateral margins, which is a character that merits for sexual dimorphism in the specie Scolopendra morsitans. However, the ridge is smooth in females and juveniles. Note: 1. Only in few species like S. morsitans and Cormocephalus dentipes etc., the centipedes have sexually dimorphic individuals, otherwise in all the species of centipedes the sexes are alike. The species S. morsitans has much morphological characters in common with its sibling the Scolopendra amazonica, from which it, however, differs in not having tarsal spur on 20th pair of legs. Both the species occur sympatrically without hybridization. Distribution : India : Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, A & N lsI., Bihar, Bengal, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Orissa, Zoogeographical Distribution : Africa; Australia; India; Pacific Islands; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; South America; USA. Notes: Frequently introduced. 227 KHANNA: Centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) 2. Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani Brandt 1840 1840. Scolopendra subspinipes dehaani, Brandt, Bull. Ae. St., Petersburg, 5 : 152. 1930. Seolopendra subspinipes dehaani, Attems, Seolopendromorpha. Das Tierr., 54(2); 5l. Synonym(s) : Scolopendra childreni Newport, 1844; Scolopendra concolor Newport, 1845; Scolopendra jissispina L. Koch, 1865; Scolopendra javeolata Verhoeff, 1937; Scolopendra horrida c.L. Koch, 1847; Scolopendra inermipes c.L. Koch, 1847; Scolopendra inermis Newport, 1845; Scolopendra limicolor Wood, 1861; Scolopendra lucasii Gervais, 1847; Scolopendra silhetensis Newport, 1845 Type locality: Indonesia, Java Description : Length : 119 mm (Largest form of the subspinipes group). Antennae : 18-19 segmented with its 6 basal segments glabrous and rest pilose. Cephalic plate : smooth, punctate and more or less roundish. Tergites : 1, 2, and 21 without longitudinal sutures; 3-5 and 20 with a pair of incomplete and 6-19 with complete paramedian longitudinal sutures; lateral emargination beginning rather feebly and indistinctly on 7th segment. Sternites : 2-20 with a pair of paramedian longitudinal furrows, not reaching posteriorly on 19 and 20 segment; 21st markedly elongate, gradually narrowing cauded, slightly incurved laterally at about one third of its long stretch from anterior and having rounded posterior corners and straight posterior border. Maxillipedes : coxosternal plate without sutures; dental plate broader than long, each bearing a post dental spur and 4-5 teeth, the outer 2 being distinctly spaced and rest partly united; median prefemoral process thumb-like and toothed. Coxopleura : pores minute and dense, porous area extending dorsally almost right up to border; Coxopleural process conical, moderately long and tipped with 2 spines; posterior spine absent. Legs : all legs with 2 claw spurs; 1-20 with 1 tarsal spur and 21 without it; anal leg prefemur bearing a lone dorso-medial spine, and 2 on the tip of postero-medial process; 1st tarsus nearly 2-1/3 times longer than lInd. Distribution : India : Assam, A & NIsI., Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Elsewhere : Sumatra, Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, India, China (lndo-Malayan/ Indo-Chinese) Notes : The true sub specific composition of Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815 has yet to be determined, as the widespread introductions of the various forms have masked their original, native distributions. 3. Scolopendra hardwickei Newport 1844 1844. Seolopendra hardwiekei, Newport, Ann. Nat. Hist., 13 : 96. 1903. Seolopendra subspinipes var. hardwiekei, Kraepelin, Mitt. Mus., Hamburg, 20 : 262. Synonym(s) : Scolopendra bicolor Humbert, 1865; Scolopendra histrionica c.L. Koch, 1847 Type locality : India. It is the largest and perhaps the most dangerous species of the Scolopendridae from India, but unfortunately rare in distribution. Description: Length: 160 mm. Colour: Head and 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 leg bearing tergal segments dark brown or dark green alternating with yellow to yellow-brownish segments, a typical colour pattern not met within any other Scolopendrid centipede. Antennae and legs brownish yellow; both tarsi of 20 and 21st pair of legs blackish. Cephalic Plate: Moderately dense and finely punctate cephalic plate. Antennae : Long, 17 or 18 segmented with 67 basal segments glabrous, punctate, rest of the segments with extremely small, rather indistinct plumes; reflexed antennae reaching back to 4th tergal segment; the segments of the posterior half long drum like. Maxillipedes : The dental plate of 228 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 the coxosternum significantly broader than long with 6-12 very small, indistinctly separate teeth; the median hook of the teeth prefemur very weak; base of the coxosternum punctate, without furrows. Tergite : 3-20 with fine, complete paramedian longitudinal furrows; emargination begins from the segments between 5-15; Endtergite without furrows, posteriorly arched, the lateral emargination slightly more pronounced. Sternite : 2-20 with sharp, complete paramedian longitudinal furrows; endsternite posteriorly tapering with its hind margin rounded. Walking Legs: 1-20 pair of walking legs with one tarsal spur; it may be absent on 20th pair of legs; all pair of legs withpurs to the claws. Coxopleura : Process of the coxopleura very small with one spine at the apex; pore small,sparse reaching up to the end. Anal legs : Relatively small and thick anal legs; prefemur of the anal legs ventrally without thorns, medially with 0-1, dorso-medially with 0-1, only exceptionally with 2 thorns; Eckdorn with 2 spines. Distribution : India : A & NIsI., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Elsewhere Malayan) Sri Lanka, Sumatra (lndo- 4. Scolopendra amazonica (Bucherl) 1946 1946. Scolopendra morsitans amazonica, Bucherl, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 19 : 135-137. Type Locality : Brazil, Amazonia, vicinity of Manaus. It is a medium sized and most dominant species of Scolopendridae, occurring often sympatrically with its sibling, the Scolopendra morsitans. Description : The species is different from Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus in not having the tarsal spur on 20 th pair of walking legs, which is present in morsitans. Body length : 15-65 mm, including antennae and anal legs. Colour : The species occurs in various colour forms. Cephalic plate, maxillipedes and 1st segment of the tergite varies from brownish yellow to dark orange, sometimes dark olive-green to black. Antennae yellow to tan brown. Antennae : Long, 19 segmented not more than six basal segments glabrous. Antennae when reflexed reaching behind to 6th tergal segments. Head : Cephalic plate smooth, sparsely punctate and without any sulcus. Coxosternum : Base of the coxosternum smooth, without furrows, however, a very weak median sulcus extending posteriorly from the base of the dental plate is visible; dental plate mostly with 4+4 teeth; post-dental spur present. Tergites : Smooth, 2-20 tergal segments with a pair of complete paramedian longitudinal furrows; emargination of tergites begins normally from 17th segment. End-tergite wider than longer with convexed posterior margin and presence of a complete median furrow. Sternites : Smooth; paramedian longitudinal furrows complete on 220 segments; endsternite gradually narrowing behind with its lateral margins con vexed a little in some cases, normally straight; median sulcus on endsternite absent. Legs: 1-19 pair of walking legs with 1 spur to its first tarsal segment. Tarsal spur absent on 20th pair of legs; 1-20 pair of walking legs with 2 spurs to the terminal claws. Coxopleura :The process of the coxopleura long to short but wide, conical, slender and cylindrical, densely punctate with its porose area extending on each side of the median ridge to the posterior edge; at the apex again with spines varying from 2-5 in number, generally5 on each side with a lateral spine. Anal legs : The prefemur of the anal legs may be short or long, with 3 rows of 3 spines each ventrally, 2 rows of 4-6 spines each dorsally. Note : The species S. morsitans has much morphological characters in common with its sibling the Scolopendra amazonica, from which it, however, differs in not having tarsal spur on 20th pair of legs. Both the species occur sympatrically without hybridization. A valid species different from Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758 (Jangi & Dass, 1984 .J. Sci. Ind. Res., 43 : 51). Distribution: India: A & N lsI., Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, 229 KHANNA: Centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Elsewhere: Brazil, North and South America, Australia, Sudan. 2. Genus Cormocephalus Newport, 1844 1844. Cormocephalus, Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 19 : 275 1903. Cormocephalus + Cupipes + Psiioscolopendra+ Hemicormocephalus + Hemiscolopendra + Coiobopleurus, Kraepelin, Mitt. Mus., Hamburg, 20 : 174- 217. Type Species : Cormocephalus rubriceps (Newport). Type Locality : New Zealand Distribution: Southern Europe, Spain, Greece (Palaearctic); India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines (Oriental), Africa, Madagascar, Tasmania (Ethiopian); New Guinea, Australia (Australian Region); Central America, South America, West Indies (Neotropical) and Caroline IsIs., Solomon IsIs., Loyalty IsIs., Lord Homes Islands, Galapagos Islands (All Tropical and Subtropical lands) 5. Cormocephalus nudipes Jangi and Dass 1984 1984. Cormocephalus nudipes, Jangi and Dass, 1. Scient. Indi. Res., 43(2) : 34-35. Type Locality : Tiger Valley, N algaonda (Andhra Pradesh) margin, the outer tending to be antero-lateral and oblique and present on the succeeding tergite too, 21st with a posteriorly incomplete longitudinal median suture; lateral emargination on 23-21, weak on 13. Sternites : punctate; 2-20 with a pair of complete paramedian sutures; 21 st tapering rather than abruptly and rather with more or less straight margins and rounded posterior corners. Maxillipedes : each dental plate bearing 4 teeth, the inner three united, and a post dental spur present; prefemur with a tridentate process, a larger ventro-medial and a smaller dorso-medial; coxosternal plate anteriorly with a pair of short oblique sutures and longitudinal median one forming inverted 'T' with a more transverse suture. Coxopleura : posteriorly moderately dense; each with a posterior spine and a moderately long rather slender-looking, conical process tipped with 2 almost equally strong spines, the dorsal being curved upwards. Legs: all without tarsal spur but possessing doubly spurred claw; anal leg prefemur with 2 spines on tip of moderately long and conical postero-medial process, a single longitudinal row of 3 dorso-medial spines, 5 rows of 3,3,3,2,4 ventral spines on right and 4 rows of 4,3,3,5 on left leg, besides an isolated one on former and a pair on latter situated antero-ventrally; anal leg tarsi glabrous and the 1st tarsus about 1-3/4 times longer than 2nd. Distribution : India : Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Location of the Types Survey of India. NZC, Zoological Subfamily OTOSTIGMINAE Repository of the Types Survey of India. NZC, Zoological 1903. Otostigminae, Kraepelin, Mitt. Mus., Hamburg, 20 : 29, 64. Description : Length : 55 mm approximate. Antennae: 16 segmented with 6 basal segments glabrous except for a few tiny scattered setae, rest densely pilose. Cephalic Plate: punctate and with a short median notch and two anteriorly divergent longitudinal sutures in the posterior half; basal plates visible. Tergites : punctate; 1-20 segment with a pair of complete paramedian furrows, first 2 with 2 additional pair of short sutures at anterior 1930. Otostigminae, Attems, Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr., 54(2) : 127. 3. Genus Ethmostigmus Pocock, 1898 1844. Heterostoma, Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 19 : 275 1898. Ethmostigmus, Pocock, Ann. nat. Hist. ser., 7(1) : 327. Type species : Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Leach, 1817) - by subsequent designation. Fixed 230 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 by : Attems C. (1930) "Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha" Das Tierreich. De Gruyter, Berlin, 54 : 1-308, see p. 176. 1847. Scolopendra cribifera, Gervais, Walckenaer, Hist. Apt., 4 : 248. Description: Process of the coxopleura at the apex with one spine, with 1 or 2 sub apical : the two spines somewhat drifted apart from each other; laterally with one thorn, some times that too with two minute thorns; prefemur of the anal legs ventro-laterally with 2, very seldom with 3, ventromedially and medially with 1-2, dorso-medially mostly with 4, sometimes three thorns. Gigantically large Eckdorn, attenuate and conical among males or puffed up like a long process. Only first pair of legs with two tarsal spurs. 1930. Ethmostigmus platycephalus cribifer, Attems, Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr., 54(2) : 182. Distribution : India : Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. Type Locality : Ethiopia Distribution : Indo-Australian and Ethiopian reglOn. 6. Ethmostigmus platycephalus cribifer (Gervais) 1847 Type Locality: Mysore (Karnataka) Description: Length 120 mm. Colour olive brown or yellowish-green with green posterior margins of the segments. Paramedian furrows on tergites begins from 3rd or 4th segment; emargination of tergites begins from 6th segment; tergites smooth;Coxosternum with 3+ 3 teeth, the inner with small side teeth; Sternites with median furrow and grooves from 6-19 segments; endsternite with a median furrow, posteriorly rounded; Process of the coxopleura very much extending behind the length of the endsternite, with one spine at the end, dorsally with 2-3 thorns, laterally with 2 thorns. Pre femur of the anal legs ventro-laterally with 3, ventro-medially with 2 or 3, dorso-medially with 4 thorns; Eckdorn simple, of normal size. 1-3 pair of walking legs with 2 tarsal spurs, 20th with or without tarsal spur. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Oriental). 4. Genus Rhysida Wood, 1862 1862. Rhysida, Wood, I. Ac. Philad., Ser. 2, 5 : 40 1930. Rhysida, Attems, Das Tierr., Scolopendromorpha, 54(2) : 183. Type Species: Rhysida lithobioides (Newport) Distribution: Indo-Australian, Indo-Malayan, Ethiopian, Palaearctic and Neotropical. 8. Rhysida nuda nuda (Newport) 1845 1845. Branchiostoma nudum, Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc., 19 : 412 1930. Rhysida nuda nuda, Attems, Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr., 54(2) : 189-190. 1985. Rhysida nuda, Koch, I. nat. Hist., 19 : 207. Elsewhere: Sumatra, Palau Island, Amboynas, New Guinea, Kei Island (Indo-Australian). Synonym(s) : Branchiostoma obsoletum Porat, 1876; Branchiostoma subinerme Meinert, 1886; Rhysida dejecta Chamberlin, 1920; Rhysida kurandana Chamberlin, 1920 7. Ethmostigmus platycephalus spinosus (Newport) 1845 Type Locality : Australia (New Holland), Paramatta 1845. Heterostoma spinosa, Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 19 : 414. Description : Length : 55 mm, including antennae and anal legs. Colour : Posterior segments of tergites olive green; cephalic plate bluish yellow to blackish green; 3 basal segments dark to lightbluish green, remaining yellow; sternites and legs yellow; distal part of the legs and nearly the whole of anal legs bluish. Antennae Distribution : India : Karnataka. 1930. Ethmostigmus platycephalus spinosus, Attems, Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr., 54 (2) : 181-182. Type Locality : Sri Lanka Repository oj the Types : British Museum (Natural History) KHANNA: Centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) : Very long antennae, 18-21 segmented; reflexed antennae reaching back to the end of the 6th tergal segments; 2 to 2-1/3 basal glabrous. Cephalic plate : sparsely punctate, without furrows, broader than long. Maxillipedes : Dental plate of the coxosternum broader than long with 4+4 teeth; a post dental spur present and embedded in a depression; base of the maxillipedes sparsely punctate, without furrows, however, 2 small divergent furrows are seen below the dental plate, meeting at an angle of 120°. Tergite : Smooth and sparsely punctate; complete paramedian longitudinal furrows present from 3-19 segment; 2nd segment also with a very small, broken furrow; only endtergite laterally emarginate; both the lateral margins of the endtergite are almost parallel to ach other and the posterior margin converging a little to meet at an angle; very small median furrow visible at the posterior margin of the endsternite. Sternite : Sternites smooth paramedian longitudinal furrows are visible anteriorly on segments (Attems, 1930), however, the material under study by the present author has the sternal segments a bit granulose and paramedian furrows on sternites not at all visible. Endsternite tapering posteriorly with a median curve at its posterior margins and also a median sulcus running about 2/3rd of the endsternite anteriorly. Coxopleura : The process of the coxopleura moderately long, sparsely punctate with 2 apical spines and without dorsal or lateral spine; lateral sides of the porose area strongly trimmed. Walking legs; 1st pair oflegs with 1 but without tibial spur; 2-18 with 2 spurs to first tarsal segment, 19th and 20th with one and 21st without tarsal spur; all legs with two spurs to the claws. Anal Legs : Prefemur of the anal legs long with 4 thorns; distal end of the prefemur with an incomplete transverse furrow; prefemoral process absent. Distribution : Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamilnadu, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere: Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, 231 Paraguay, North America (Mexico), Paraguay (Indo-Australian, Neotropical). Notes : Many published records of Rhysida nuda Newport, 1845 are probably referable to Rhysida immarginata (Porat, 1876), according to L.E. Koch (1985, 1. Nat. Hist, 19 : 206) 9. Rhysida longipes longipes (Newport), 1845 1845. Branchiostoma longipes, Newport, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 19 : 41l. 1930. Rhysida longipes, Attems, Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr. 54(2) : 194. Synonym(s): Branchiostoma affines Kohlrausch, 1878; Branchiostoma gracile Kohlrausch, 1878; Branchiostoma longipes rotundatum Haase, 1887; Otostigmus simplex Chamberlin, 1913; Rhysida longipes brevicornis Takakuwa, 1934 Type Locality : not stated. Repository of the Types : British Museum (Natural History) Repository of the Types (Natural History) British Museum Description: Length: 80 mm. Colour: Rusty yellow to olive brown. Cephalic Plate: Sparsely punctate. Antennae : 18 segmented; reflexed antennae reaching behind up to 6th tergal segment; basal three segments dorsally glabrous; only ventrally with small plumes. Maxillipedes : Dental plate of the coxosternum with 4 + 4 teeth and a postal dental spur; the basal furrow of the dental plate meeting almost at 1100; base of the coxosternum with a small median furrow anteriorly. Tergites : Paramedian longitudinal furrows on tergites beginning from 5th segment, mostly from 6th or seventh; emargination seldom begins earlier than lyh segment. Sternites : Smooth; only small furrows visible anteriorly, endsternite tapering posteriorly sinuate. Legs: The First 7-12 pair of walking legs with 2, remaining up to 18th with one, 19th mostly with, 20th with or without tarsal spur. Coxopleura : The process of coxopleura long somewhat double the length 232 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 of the endsternite, with 3 spines at the apex, one lateral thorn and without dorsal thorn. Pre femur of the anal legs ventro-laterally with 3 or 4, ventromedially with 1-3, dorsally with 2-3 thorns; Eckdorn present. Distribution : Arunachal Pradesh, A & NIsI., Delhi, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Elsewhere : Australia, Brazil, China, East and West Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius Maxico, Seychelles, Somalia; Central and South America South Asia; St. Kitts and Nevis; Tanzania; U.S. Virgin Islands (Oriental, Indo-Australian, Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Nearctic and Neotropical). SUMMARY Based on available references, the occurrence of nine species of Scolopendrid centipedes, from the Karnataka state, have been documented in the present communication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta and to Shri P.T. Bhutia, Officer-in-Charge, Northern Regional Station, ZSI, Dehra Dun for various facilities and encouragements. Thanks are also due to Late Dr. G. Thirumalai, Officer in Charge, Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai for assigning me to write this paper REFERENCES Attems, C. 1930. Die Scolopendromorpha, Das Tierr., 54(2) : 1-308. Jangi, B.S. and Dass, C.M.S. 1984. Scolopendridae of Deccan. 1. Scient. Indl. Res., 43(2) : 27-54. Khanna, V. 2001. A check-list of the Indian species of the centipedes (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Annals of Forestry 9(2) : 199-219. Khanna, V. 2003. Scolopendromorpha (Scolopendridae and Cryptopidae). Fauna of India. Mss., Pp. 1-245. Khanna, V., 2005.Trends in the distribution of centipedes (Chilopoda : Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae and Cryptopidae) known from India. Annals of Forestry 13(1) : 130-140. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 233-237, 2013 SCORPIONIDA T.J.INDRA Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION Scorpions are the one of the oldest known arthropod group that underwent very little change during the course of evolution. They are also known as living fossils. Venom of only very few species are lethal to man. A comprehensive account on the scorpion fauna of British India including Sri Lanka and Myanmar has been given by Pocock (1900). Subsequently Tikader and Bastawade (1983) updated the knowledge of Indian scorpions. They have listed 99 species and subspecies belonging to 18 genera under 5 families. Bastawade (1986a, b, 1992) added three more species to that list, Bastawade et al., (2004) and Thulsi Rao et al., (2005) enumerated the Scorpion/Arachnid fauna of Kerala State and Nallamalai Region of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh respectively. Present paper deals with the scorpion fauna of Karnataka State. The Scientists of Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station carried out extensive surveys of few districts, and Biligiri Rangaswamy W.L.S. and Bennergatta N.P in Karnataka state. 13 species belonging to three families and 6 genera are listed here. SYSTEMATIC LIST Order SCORPIONIDA Family BUTHIDAE 1. Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus (Fabricius) 2. Lychas (Endotrichus) tricarinatus Simon 3. Stenochirus politus Pocock 4. Isometrus (Reddyanus) brachycentrus Pocock 5. Isometrus (Reddyanus) thrustoni Pocock 6. Isometrus (Closotrichus) sankeriensis Tikader and Bastawade Family ISCHNURIDAE 7. Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis Pocock Family SCORPIONIDAE 8. Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) swammerdami Simon 9. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber (Thorell) 10. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) wroughtoni (Pocock) 11. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) pelekomanus Couzijn 12. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) kanarensis Pocock 13. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) keralaensis Tikader and Bastawade 1. Mesobuthus tamulu tamulus (Fabricius) 1798. Buthus tamulus Fabricius, Ent. Syst, Suppt.,: 294. 1983. Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida Vol. : III : 216-222. Material Examined: 1 ex., Hallayalla, Haveri Dist., Karnataka, 13.9.07, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Nasik, Dhule, Nanded, Bhir, Aurangabad, Bombay, Poona, Ahmadnagar, Sholapur, Satara, Sangli and Kholapur, Maharashtra; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Bhavani Town, Tamil Nadu. 234 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Remarks: This is the first report of this species from Karnataka State. Status : Rare 4. Isometrus (Reddyanus) brachycentrus Pocock 2. Lychas (Endotrichus) tricarinatus Simon 1884. Lychas tricarinatus Simon, Ann. Mus. civ. Sto. na. Genova, 20 : 37l. 1983. Lychas (Endotrichus) tricarinatus, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol, III : 73. Material Examined: 1 ex., 1100 mts., 5.4 99, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 45 exs., Mutchinagunta, Alt. 780 mts., 29.6.02, ColI. M.B.Raghunathan; 11 exs., Udugabande, 11.9.03, ColI. G.Thirumalai; 15 exs., Kutalla Halli, Alt. 780 mts., 16.9.03, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 2 exs., Swarnamuki Beet, Ramaswamy Pond, Alt. 810 mts., 13.9.03, colI. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., Seetha Katte, 17.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., Gubamadugu, 20.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi 5 exs., Sringeri, Chikmagalur Dist., 23.9.06, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 ex., Mahulli Betta, B.R.T.W.L.S., 9.9.06, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh; Belgam, Bangalore, Bannerghatta National Park,Mangalore, Kanara, Karnataka; Trivandrum, Kerala; Nellore, Andhra Pradesh; Tanjavur, Yercaud, in Shevory Hills, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Status: Very common. In Tamil Nadu large number of examples was collected from Kattupakkam Agricultural Farm near Chengalput, and Anamalai Reserve Forest and also from Bennerghatta national Park. 3. Stenochirus politus Pocock 1899. Stenochirus politus Pocock, I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 12 : 262. 1983. Stenochirus politus, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. : III : 153. Material Examined: 1 ex., Hitchinagunta, Alt. 780 mts., 29.6.02, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan. Distribution: India: Kanara, Bennerghatta National Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, Anamalai, Indra Gandhi Wild Life Scantuary, Tamil Nadu, MandaI National Park, Madhya Pradesh. 1899. Isometrus brachycentrus Pocock, I.Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 12 : 263. 1983. Isometrus (Reddyanus) brachycentrus, Tikader and Bastawade,The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol, III : 268-272. Distribution : India : Mangalore, Karnataka; Indra Gandhi Wild Life Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu; Kerala. Status : Rare. Remarks: Not been collected in recent surveys of the State. 5. Isometrus (Reddyanus) thrustoni Pocock 1893. Isometrus thrustoni Pocock, I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 7(3): 297. 1983. Isometrus (Reddyanus) thrustoni, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, corpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. III: 273-280. Distribution: India: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh; Kholapur, Maharashtra; Belgaum, Karnataka; Cuddappha, Andhra Pradesh; Coonoor,Yercaud in Shevaroy Hills, Tiruchurapally, Thirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. Status : Rare Remarks: Not collected in recent years from Karnataka State. 6. Isometrus (Closotrichus) sankeriensis Tikader and Bastawade 1983. Isometrus (Closotrichus) sankeriensis Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. III : 311-316. Material Examined: 1 ex., Subramanya, D. Kannada, 15.4.99, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., Kollur, 2.4.99, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2 exs., Parathukatte to Bodipaduga, 28.9.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. Distribution: India: Karwar, Karnatka; Silent Valley, Kerala. Status : Rare INDRA : Scorpionida 7. Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis Pocock 235 1900. Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis Pocock, Fauna Brit. Indi, Arachn., : 82 Remarks: Though this species appears to have wider distribution, no fresh specimens could be collected in the recent surveys of the State. 1983. Iomachus laeviceps malabarensis, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. : III : 495-499. 10. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) wroughtoni (Pocock) Material Examined : 1 ex., Parashukatta to Budipaduga, 28.11.2000, ColI. G. Thirumalai. 1899. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) wroughtoni (Pocock), l. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 12 : 745. Distribution : India : Mangalore, Biligiri Rangaswamy Wild Life Sanctuary, Bangalore, Karnataka, Kerala. Status: Not very common. 8. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) keralaensis 1981. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) wroughtoni, Couzijn, Zool. Verln., 184 : 158. Distribution: Belgaum, Karnataka; Gadinglaj, Kohlapur, Dist., Maharashtra. Status: Not very common. Tikader and Bastawade Remarks: Not collected in recent surveys of the State. 1983. Heterometrus (Heterometrus) keralaensis Tikader and, Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. : III : 528-533. 11. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber Thorell Material Examined : 1 ex., Puttanakunte, Bannerghatta N.P., 17.3.04, ColI. K. Rema Devi. Distribution: India : Meenumutty, New Amarambalam (R.F), Kerala. Remark: New record to Karnataka and extension of range of distribution of this species which was earlier known from Kerala only. Status : Rare. 9. Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) swammerdami Simon 1872. Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) swammerdami Simon, Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 23(2): 56. 1983. Heterometrus (Gigantometrus) swammerdami, Tikader and, Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. : III : 562567. Distribution : India : Satara, N agpur, Maharashtra; Raipur, Madhya Pradesh; Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh; Dharwar, Karnataka Chennai, Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu; Nallamalais, eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh; Burdwan, Midanpore, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka: Tricomalai and Chilan. Status : Common. 1877. Pandinus scaber Thorell, Atti. Soc. Ital., 19 : 202. 1899. Heterometrus scaber, Kraepelin, lb. hamb. wiss. Anst., 11 : 58. 1981. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber scaber, Couzijn, Zool. Verln., 184 : 144. 1983. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) scaber, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. III : 619-625. Distribution : India : Trivandrum, Malabar, Kerala; Yelgit, Jetland in Managalore, Dharwar, Karnataka. Status : Rare Remarks: No specimens could be collected in the recent surveys of the State. 12. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) pelekomanus Vouzijn 1981. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) pelekomanus Vouzijn, Zool. Verln., 184 : 137. 1983. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) pelekomanus, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. III: 641646. Distribution : India : Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu; Mysore, Bangalore, Karnataka; Tirumalai Hills, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh; Bombay, Maharashtra. 236 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Status: Not very common. Remarks: Not collected from Bangalore or Mysore in recent years. 13. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) kanarensis (Pocock) 1900. Palamnaeus scaber kanaraensis Pocock, Fauna Brit. Inida, Arachn., : 93. 1981. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) phipsoni kanaraensis, Couzjin, Zool. Verin., 184 : 15l. 1983. Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) kanarensis, Tikader and Bastawade, The Fauna of India, Scorpions, Scorpionida, Arachnida, Vol. III : 63664l. Material Examined: 1 ex., Subramanya, 700 alt., 14.12.98, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 1 ex., Mnijur, Kodagu Dist., 700 mts., 12.12.98, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 1 ex., Road to Podithagadu, Alt. 1100 Mts., 5.4.99. Coll. G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., Road to Sebinakare, 5.4.99, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 24 exs., Sebinakare to Dorasanialla, Alt. 1140 mts., 27.2.2000 Coll.; 18 exs., Biligiri Rangaswamy temple Wildlife Sanctuary Hills, Alt. 900 mts., 29.2.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 8 exs., Doddasempige, Alt.1000 mts., 2.3.2000, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., Uduabande, 11.9.03, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 14 exs., Kutala Halli, Alt. ts., 16.3.03, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 13 exs., Muthyala Madugu, Alt.700 mts., 15.9.03, G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., Puttanakunte, 17.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 13 exs., Thatte kare, 19.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi, 21 exs., Jodukonta Plantation, 16.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi 10 exs., Mahulli Betta, B.R.T.W.L.S., 9.9.06, ColI. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : India : Kanara, Biligiri Rangaswamy Wild Life Sanctuary, Bennerghatta Wild life Sanctuary, Bangalore, Karnataka; Bombay, Maharashtra; Parambikulam Reserve forest, Kerala. Status : Very common in Karnataka State. Remarks: Bastawade et al., (2004) commented on the common occurrence of this species from Kerala parts of Western Ghats and also extended the range of distribution of this species to Kerala. SUMMARY Recent collections from Karnataka State and the earlier literature on the state consisted of 13 species of scorpions belonging to three families and 6 genera. Only six species could be collected during the recent surveys including the two new record, (Viz. Mesobuthus tamulus tamulus, Heterometrus (Heterometrus) keralaensis). Lychas (Endotrichus) tricarinatus, Stenochirus politus, Iomachus, laeviceps malabarensis and Heterometrus (Chersonesometrus) kanarensis . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au thor is grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata to the Officerin-Charge, Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Station, Chennai, for providing facilities and encouragements. REFERENCES Bastawade, D.B. 1986a. New species of scorpion of the genus Lychas (Buthidae : Scorpionida) from Nasik district, Maharashtra, India. I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 83(3) : 634-637. Bastawade, D.B. 1986b. The first record of the family Ishnuridae (Scorpionida: Arachnida) from Nasik district, Maharashtra With description of a new species of a genus Iomachus Pocock. Entomon 12(2) : 101-114. Bastawade, D.B. 1992. A first record of the genus Scorpiops Peters (Scorpiopsidae (= Vaejovidae) : Scorpionida) from Madhya Pradesh, India with description of a new species Scorpiops (Scorpiops) pachmarhicus. I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 89(1) : 99-103. Bastawade, D.B., Sureshan, P.M. and C. Radhakrishnan. 2004. An illustrated key to the identification INDRA : Scorpionida 237 of scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida) of Kerala and notes on some interesting new records. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 103(1-2): 43-58. Pocock, R.1. 1900. Fauna of British India. Arachnida. London. 1-279. Thulasi Rao, K., Bastawade, D.B., Magsood Javed, S.M., and I. Siva Ramakrishna. 2005. Arachnid fauna of Nallamalai Region, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 239 : 1-42. Tikader, D.B. and D.B. Bastawade.1983. Fauna of India. Scorpions. III. Calcutta. i-xiii & 1-671. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 239-276, 2013 FRESHWATER FISHES K. REMA DEVI, T.J. INDRA, B.E. YADAV*, M.B. RAGHUNATHAN, S. KRISHNAN and S.S. JADHAV* Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome Hogh Road, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION The Karnataka State with an area of 76,245 sq .lan., situated on the Western edge of the Deccan Plateau forms a part of the densely forested Western Ghats from which the main east flowing nvers originate namely the Cauvery, Thungabadhra and Krishna. It includes smaller west flowing rivers viz. the Sharavathi river from which several new species are being described by recent workers. From the Southern Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India. Several Districts in Southern Karnataka were surveyed viz. Bangalore, Chickmagalur, Dakshin Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya , Mysore and Udipi and two sanctuaries viz. the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Sanctuary and the B annerghatta National Park. Several new distributional records were observed. The present paper provides the ichthyofaunal diversity of the Katnataka State based on our collections and from published records. So far 213 species are known which includes 86 western ghat endemics and 13 species endemic to the state. The present survey and study by the Southern Regional Station and the Western Regional Station has revealed the presence of 104 species from the districts surveyed of which 13 are new records to Karnataka. Only these species which have been actually collected by ZSI have been detailed in this paper. The systemtic list includes the first and most recent references, material examined (length range and register numbers for collections made by SRS), date of collection, name of collector, distribution and remarks wherever required. FRESHWATER FISHES (* & ** Endemic to Western ghats; ** Endemic to Kamataka part of Western Ghats) Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES Family NOTOPTERIDAE 1. Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) Order ELOPIFORMES Family MEGALOPIDAE 2. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) Order ANGUILIFORMES Family ANGUILLIDAE 3. Anguilla bengalensis (Gray) 4. Anguilla bicolor McClelland Order GONORHYCHIFORMES Family CHANIDAE 5. Chanos chanos (Forsskal) Order CYPRINIFORMES Family CYPRINIDAE Tribe Chondrostomini 6. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) 7. Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson) Tribe Oxygasterini 8. Salmophasia acinaces (Valenciennes)* 9. Salmophasia belachi Jayaraj et al. ** 10. Salmophasia boopis (Day)* *Western Regional Station, Secr.29, Vidya nagar, Akurdi, Rawet Road, Pune-411044. 240 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 II. Salmophasia clupeoides (Bloch) 47. Tor khudree (Sykes)* 12. Salmophasia horai (Silas)* 48. Tor musullah (Sykes)* 13. Salmophasia novacula (Vlenciennes)* 49. Tor neilli (Day)* 14. Salmophasia phulo (Hamilton) 50. Neolissochilus waynaadensis (Day)* 15. Salmophasia untrahi (Day) Tribe Systomini 16. Barilius barna (Hamilton) 5I. Osteobrama belangeri(V alenciennes) 17. Barilius bakeri Day* 52. Osteobrama cotio cunma (Day) 18. Barilius barila (Hamilton) 53. Osteobrama cotio peninsularis Silas* 19. Barilius bendelesis (Hamilton) 54. Osteobrama dayi (Hora & Misra)* 20. Barilius canarensis (Jerdon)** 55. Osteobrama neilli (Day)* 2I. Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes) * 56. Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes)* 22. Barilius vagra vagra (Hamilton)* 57. Rohtee ogilbii Sykes* 23. Chela cachius (Hamilton) 58. Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton) 24. Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton) 59. Puntius amphibius (Val.) 25. Esomus barbatus (Jerdon) 60. Puntius arulius arulius (Jerdon)* 26. Esomus danricus (Hamilton) 6I. Puntius bimaculatus (Bleeker) 27. Esomus thermoicos (Valenciennes) 62. Puntius cauveriensis Hora* 28. Devario aequipinnatus (Mc Clelland) 63. Puntius chola (Hamilton) 29. Devario devario (Hamilton) 64. Pethia conchonius (Hamilton) 30. Devario fraseri Hora* 65. Puntius coorgensis Jayaram* 3I. Devario malabaricus (Jerdon) 66. Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon) 32. Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton) 67. Dravidia fasciatus fasciatus (Day)* 33. Rasbora caverii (Jerdon) 68. Dravidia fasciatus pradhani Tilak* 34. Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) 69. Dawkinsia filamentosus (Val.) 35. Rasbora labiosa Mukerji* 70. Puntius guganio (Hamilton) 36. Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton) 7I. Puntius melanostigma (Day)* 37. Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Valenciennes) 72. Puntius mudumalaiensis Menon and Rema Devi* 38. Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker) 73. Pethia narayani Hora* 39. Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton) 74. Puntius parrah Day* 40. Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton) 75. Pethia phutunio (Hamilton) Subfamily CYPRININAE Tribe Cyprinini 76. Pethia setnai Chhapgar and Sane* 77. Pethia nigrofasciatus Gunther* 4I. Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes) 78. Puntius sharmai Menon & Rema Devi 42. Cyprinus carpio carpio (Linnaeus) 79. Puntius sophore (Hamilton) 43. Cyprinus carpio communis (Linnaeus) 80. Pethia ticto (Hamilton) 44. Cyprinus carpio specularis (Linnaeus) 8I. Puntius vittatus Day 45. Carassius carassius (Linnaeus) 82. Neolissochilus bovanicus (Day)* 46. Thynnichthys sandkhol (Sykes)* 83. Gonoproktopterus carnaticus (Jerdon)* REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 84. Systomus sarana sarana (Hamilton) 85. Systomus sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) 241 121. Garra mullya (Sykes) Family PARAPSYLORHYNCHIDAE 86. Gonoproktopterus dobsoni (Day)* 122. Parapsilorhynchus prateri Hora &Misra* 87. Gonoproktopterus dubius (Day)* Family BALITORIDAE 88. Gonoproktopterus kolus (Sykes)* Subfamily BALITORINAE 89. Gonoproktopterus kurali Menon & Rema Devi* 90. Gonoproktopterus lithopidos (Day)* 91. Gonoproktopterus micropogon (Valenciennes )* 92. Gonoproktopterus pulchellus (Day)* 93. Gonoproktopterus thomassi (Day)* 94. Osteochilichthys godavariensis (Rao)* 95. Osteochilichthys nashii (Day)* 96. Osteochilichthys thomassi (Day)** 97. Kantaka brevidorsalis (Day)* 98. Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch) 99. Cirrhinus fulungee (Sykes)* 100. Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) 101. Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) 123. Bhavania australis (Jerdon)* 124. Balitora mysorensis Hora* Subfamily NEMACHEILINAE 125. Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton) 126. Acanthocobitis mooreh (Sykes)* 127. Nemacheilus anguilla Annandale* 128. Schistura denisoni denisoni (Day)* 129. Schistura denisoni mukambbikaensis Menon** 130. Schistura kodaguensis Menon** 131. Schistura nagodiensis Sreekantha, Gururaja, Rema Devi, Indra & Ramachandra** 132. Schistura nilgiriensis Menon* 133. Schistura semiarmatus (Day)* 103. Labeo ariza (Hamilton) 134. Schistura sharavathiensis Sreekantha, Gururaja, Rema Devi, Indra & Ramachandra ** 104. Labeo bata (Hamilton) 135. Longischistura bimachari (Hora)** 105. Labeo boga (Hamilton) 136. Longischistura striatus Day* 106. Labeo boggut (Sykes) 137. Mesonemacheilus guentheri (Day)* 107. Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) 108. Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes) 138. Mesonemacheilus (Menon) ** 109. Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch) 139. Mesonemacheilus pulchellus (Day)* 110. Labeo kontius (Jerdon)* 140. Nemachlichthys ruppelli (Sykes)* 111. Labeo nigrescens Day 141. Nemachlichthys shimogensis (Rao)** 112. Labeo pangusia (Hamilton) 142. Oreonectes (Indoreonectes) evezardi (Day)* 102. Catla catla (Hamilton) 113. Labeo potail (Sykes) 114. Labeo porcellus (Heckel) 115. Labeo rohita (Hamilton) 116. Schismatorhynchus (nukta) nukta (Sykes)* Subfamily GARRINAE 117. Crossocheilus latius latius Hamilton 118. Garra bicornuta Rao** 119. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus (Jerdon)* 120. Garra mcClellandi (Jerdon)* petrubanare sc ui Family COBITIDAE 143. Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton) 144. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes) 145. Botia striatus Rao* Order SILURIFORMES Family BAGRIDAE 146. Batasio sharavathiensis Anuradha Bhat & Jayaram** Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 242 147. Rita kutumee (Sykes) 148. Rita pavimentata (Valenciennes) 149. Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther)* 180. Clarias dussumieri (Valenciennes)* Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE 181. Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 150. Mystus armatus (Day)* Order MUGILIFORMES 151. Mystus bleekeri (Day) Family MUGILIDAE 152. Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) 153. Mystus krishnensis Ramakrishnaiah 154. Mystus keletius (Valenciennes) 155. Mystus malabaricus (Jerdon)* 156. Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton) 157. Mystus montanus (Jerdon) 158. Hemibagrus punctatus (Jerdon)* 159. Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 182. Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton) Order BELONIFORMES Family ADRIANICHTHIDAE 183. Oryzias setnai Kulkarni Family BELONIDAE 184. Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton) Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Family APLOCHEILIDAE 160. Sperata aor (Hamilton) 185. Aplocheilus blocki (Arnold) 161. Sperata seenghala (Sykes) 186. Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes) * Family SILURIDAE 162. Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) 187. Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton) Family POECILIDAE 163. Ompok malabaricus (Valenciennes)* 188. Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) 164. Ompok pabda (Hamilton) 189. Poecilia reticulata (Peters) 165. Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider) Family SCHILBEIDAE Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Family MASTACEMBELIDAE 166. Proeutropiichthys taakree (Sykes) 190. Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch) 167. Silonia childreni (Sykes)* 191. Macrognathus aral (Bloch) 168. Neotropius khavalchor Kulkarni 192. Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) 169. Eutropiichthys goongwaree (Sykes) 193. Macrognathus pancalus (Hamilton) 170. Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton) Family PANGASIIDAE 171. Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) Family AMBL YCIPITIDAE 172. Amblyceps mango is (Hamilton) Family SISORIDAE 173. Bagarius yarrelli (Sykes)* 174. Nangra itchkea (Sykes) Order PERCIFORMES Family CHANDIDAE 194. Chanda nama (Hamilton) 195. Parambassis ranga (Hamilton) 196. Parambassis thomasi (Day)* Family NANDIDAE 197. Pristolepis marginatus (Jerdon)* Family CICHLIDAE 175. Nangra viridescens (Hamilton) 198. Etroplus canarensis Day** 176. Glyptothorax lonah (Sykes)* 199. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch) 177. Glyptothorax madraspatanam (Day)* 200. Etroplus suratenisis (Bloch) 178. Glyptothorax trewasae Hora* 201. Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) Family CLARIIDAE 179. Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) Family GOBIIDAE 202. Awaous stamineus (Valenciennes) REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 243 203. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) Material Examined : 1 ex, Stream near Belthangdi, S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 1 ex, Halady, S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble,12.9.1991. 2 exs., 47-48 mm. SL., Sigadala, Chikmagalur Dist., 27.3.03., F.7275., ColI., S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 13-48 mm. SL., Narsipura, Chikmagalur Dist., 28.3.03., F.7277., ColI. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 74-86 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5782, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan. 204. Redigobius romeri (Weber) Family ANABANTIDAE 205. Anabas testudineus (Bloch) Family BELONTIDAE 206. Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Valenciennes) 207. Osphronemus goramy Lacepede Family CHANNIDAE 208. Channa leucopunctatus (Sykes) 209. Channa marulius (Hamilton) 210. Channa gachua (Bloch & Schneider) Distribution : India: Peninsular India : Western Ghats : Nilgiris and AnamalaisCauvery System; Mysore: Cauvery System and the Thungabhadra River. 211. Channa punctatus (Bloch) 212. Channa striatus (Bloch) Order TETRAODONTIFORMES Family TETRAODONTIDAE 213. Tetraodon (Monotretus) travancoricus (Hora & Nair)* SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 1. Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) 1769. Gymnotus notopterus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., 7 : 40, pI. 6, fig. 2 (type-locality :?Indian Ocean). 1991. Notopterus notopterus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 6465. 1999. Notopterus notopterus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 19-20. Material Examined: 2 exs., 187-190 mm. SL., N.R. Pura, 20.6.02, F.6998, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 118 mm. SL., Bangalore Suburban, 12.3.02, F.6985, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : India. Elsewhere: Myanmar. Bangladesh. Indonesia. Malaysia. Nepal. Pakistan. Thailand. 3. Salmophasia boopis (Day) 1873. Chela boopis Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 708 (Type locality: South canara) 1991. Salmostoma boopis, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, 1 : 322. 1998. Salmophasia boopis, Kottelat, 1. South Asian nat. Hist., 3(1) : 117-119. Material Examined: 1 ex, kota, S.S. Kanble, 15.9.1991,3 exs, Kali river 4 km from Ganeshgudi supadam, R.M. Sharma, 15.9.1991, 1 ex, stream near Belthaugdi, S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 1 ex, Tank near Netti dist, S. Kanard, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991; 8 exs., 53-66 mm.SL., Santhinagara, Chikmagalur Dist., 25.3.03., F.7322., ColI. S. Krishnan; 14 exs., 60-70 mm. SL., Nagalapura, Chikmagalur Dist., 27.3.03., F.7331., Coll. S.Krishnan ; 2 exs., 113125 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., Yennehole, Sharavathi River, 17.7. 2004, F.8073, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution : Peninsular India, W.ghats, Maharashtra, Karnataka, South Canara District. 4. Salmophasia clupeoides (Bloch) 1842. Leuciscus acinaces Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 17: 509 (type-locality: Kavery drainage, Mysore). 1782. Cyprinus clupeoides Bloch, Naturges ausland. Fische, 12 : 49, pI. 408, fig. 2 (type- locality: "Indian Ocean", evidently not the ocean but some fresh water). 1991. Salmostoma acinaces, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 32l. 1991. Salmostoma clupeoides, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 323. 1998. Salmophasia acinaces, Kottelat, 1. South Asian nat. Hist., 3(1) : 117-119. 1998. Salmophasia clupeoides, Kottelat, 1. South Asian nat. Hist., 3(1) : 117-119. 2. Salmophasia acinaces (Valenciennes) 244 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material Examined: 2 exs., 114-117 mm. SL., Uruganthottai, Bannerghatta N.P., 19.3.04, F.7370, Coll. M. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 108 mm. SL., Kondanjji, Davengere Dist., 18.9.2007, F.8105, Coll.S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 20-54 mm.SL., Kondanjji, Davengre Dist., 17.9.07, F.8141, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Peninsular India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh ( Cauvery, Godavary, Krishna, Narmada and Tapti River Systems). 1991. Barilius canarensis, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, 1 : 347. 1999. Barilius bendelisis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 70-7l. Material Examined: 16 exs., 45-95 mm. SL., Gundia River, Nov. 2003, F.7629, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution : Peninsular India, W.ghats, Krishna and Tungabhadra River Systems. 8. Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes) 5. Barilius bakeri Day 1844. Leuciscus gatensis Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 17: 309, pI. 503 (type-locality: Peninsula of India). 1865. Barilius bakeri Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 305 (Type locality: Mundayakam, Kerala). 1991. Barilius gatensis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 349. 1991. Barilius bakeri, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, 1 : 343. 1999. Barilius gatensis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 70-72. 1999. Barilius bakeri, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 19-69. Material Examined: 5 exs., 25-28 mm. SL., Jannapura, 15.6.02, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 46 mm. SL., Malanallasandra, 10.12.05, F.7854, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 33-40 mm. SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7914, Coll. S. Prababkaran; 1 ex., 22 mm. SL., Balichathru Thodu, 22.11.03, F.7953, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 24-25 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 15.11.03, F.7956, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 57 mm. SL., Abyothmangala, 15.9.06, F. 7967, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Material Examined: 4 exs., 59-85 mm. SL., Harangi Resrvoir, 8.9.98, F.5785, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 80 mm. SL., Honagodu, 18.6.02, F.7005, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan. Distribution : Peninsular India, W. Ghats, Kerala and Karnataka. 6. Barilius barna Hamilton 1822. Cyprinus (Bailius) barna Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges: 268, 384 (Type locality: Yamuna River and Brahmaputra River) 1991. Barilius barna, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, 1 : 344-345. Material Examined: 1 ex., 33 mm. SL., Sigadala, 27.3.03, F.7276, Coll. S. Krishnan. Remarks: This is the first report of the species from Southern India from the Cauvery River in Karnataka. Distribution : India : Ganga and Brahmaputra River systems, Mahanadi (Orissa) and also Cauvery River. Nepal. Bangladesh. Burma. 7. Barilius canarensis (Jerdon) 1849. Opsarius canarensis Jerdon, Madras. 1. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 329 (Type locality: Canara). Distribution : India : W. Ghats. 9. Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus (Chela) laubuca Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges: 260, 384 ( Type locality: Ponds in Northern parts of Bengal) 1991. Chela laubuca, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 316-317. 1999. Chela laubuca, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 73-74. Material Examined: 6 exs., 31-49 mm. SL., kapila Nandi near Nanjangud, 3.4.2000, F.6860, Coll. S.Krishnan; 3 exs., 42-46 mm. SL., Kapila Nandhi River, Nanjangud, 3.4.2000, F.6860, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 41 mm. SL., Mysore, Apr, 2000, Coll S. Krishnan. Distribution : India. 245 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Elsewhere: Bangladesh. Paksistan. Sri Lanka. Myanmar. Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. 10. Esomus barbatus (Jerdon) 12. Esomus thermoicos (Valenciennes) 1842. Nuria thermoicos Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 16 : 238, pI. 472 (type-locality: hot springs at Kanniya, Sri Lanka). Leucisscus barbatus Jerdon, Madras 1. Lit. Sci, 15 : 322 (Type locality : Bowany river, South India) 1991. Esomus thermoicos, Talwar & Jhingran, Inlandfishes of India and Adjacent Countries,Vol. 1 : 378-379. 1991. Esomus barbatus, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 376. 1999. Esomus thermoicos, Jayaram The Freshwater Fishes Esomus barbatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 75. Material Examined : 1 ex., 57 mm. SL., Mysore, April, 2000, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 29 mm. SL., Bangalore, 28.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 7 exs., 28-33 mm. SL., Amerahalli Kere, 20.12.01, F.6872, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 30-39 mm. SL., Yelhanka, 17.12.01, F.6876, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 47 exs., 47-70 mm. SL., BEML Township, Outer, 22.3.02, F.6903, F.6917, ColI. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 41-42 mm SL., Jangamkote, 24.3.02, F.6949, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 38 mm.SL., Kanva Reservoir, 16.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 27-30 mm.SL., Arabikothanur, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 44 mm. SL., Thattekere, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F.7288, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 33 mm. SL., Chickrahalli, 16.3.03, F.7309Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 29-33 mm. SL., Palankuppai Valla, 17.9.03, F.7348, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., 62-72 mm. SL., Uthigabande" 18.3.04, F.7361, Coll. K.Rema Devi; 6 exs., 6884 mm. SL., Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7371, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 25 exs., 40-75 mm. SL., Uthigabandi, 18.3.04, F.7388, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 55 mm. SL., Uchanakunte, 18.3.04, F.7402, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 5 exs., 34-35 mm. SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamrajnagar Dist., 20.12.05, F.7878, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 23-27 mm.SL., Gabbadi Kere, Bangalore, 11.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran. 1849. 1999. Material Examined : 2 exs, Appayya kunta, chikkaballapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao,17.3.78, 50 exs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur,dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 10 exs, Gavana tank, Siddalghata,Chintamani, dist. Kolar, M.B.Rao, 15.3.1978, 1 ex, Abdul Ali Garden; 5 exs., 5964 mm.SL., Muninagara, 22,3.04, F.7416, Coll.K. Rema Devi. Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, Karanataka 11. Esomus danricus (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus danrica Hamilton, Fish. Ganges: 325, 390, P1.l6, fig. 88, (Type locality: ponds & ditches of Bengal). 1991. Esomus danricus, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 371-372. 1999. Esomus danricus, Menon, Checklist-fresh water fishes of India. Rec. zool. surv. India, Misc. Publ. Dcc. Paper, 175 : 46-48. Material Examined : 3 exs Vijayapura tank, kolar, M.B. Rao, 19.3.78,6 exs,srinivasapur tank, srinivasapura, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978,8 exs, Belgaun dist. Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 11.2.1965; 12 exs., 40-60 mm.SL., Mullaghatta Highway, Kolar Dist., 22.3.02, F.6915, ColI. S. Krishnan; 14 exs., 37-44 mm. SL., Kambinahalli, 24.3.02, F.6921, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 38 mm.SL., Kombalagodu, Bangalore, 14.3.02, F.6972, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 32-37 mm. SL., Kolar-Mulbagal High Way, 22.3.02, F.6975, Coll. S. Krishnan; 8 ex., 32-33 mm. SL., Seenapanthotti, 20.12.05, F.7841, ColI. S. Prabakaran; of The Indian Region: 75. Distribution : India: Southern India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 13. Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland) 1839. Perilampus aequipinnatus McClelland, Asiat. Res., 19(2): 393, pl.60, fig. l. (Type locality: Assam). Distribution : India : Throughout Northern India. Now also common in Southern India. Elsewhere: Pakistan. Nepal. Sri Lanka. Burma. 1999. Dania aequipinnatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 75. 2003. Devario, Fang Fang, Copeia (4) : 714-728. 246 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material Examined: 4 exs, kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthal Karkalla Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 12.2.1992, 3 exs, Uppinangdi, S.S. Kanble, 4.9.1991, 1 ex, Sulkeri river 12 km from Karkalla on Belthangady Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 17.2.1992, 5 exs Bombar belt 21 kms. From Karkal, P.P. Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, 9 exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, 9 exs, Badaga kavandur, S.S. Kanble,1O.9.1991, lex, Nalla near panja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 5 exs, Stream near Belthangdi, S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 2 exs, Jolsur,sou47-48 mm. SL., S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 1.9.1991, 3 exs Kalin river near Erde village puttur, S.kavara, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992, 14 exs, yenna hulli, S. kanara, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991, 1 ex, Subramaniyam, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991, 1 ex, tank near Nette, dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991;11 exs., 41-58 mm. SL., Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 16 exs., 43-58 mm. SL., Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 36 exs., 20-57 mm. SL., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 exs., 32-47 mm. SL., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 24 exs., 32-47 mm. SL., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 24 exs., 35-60 mm. Sl., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 23 exs., 38-48 mm. Sl., Mysore, April, 2000., ColI. S. Krishnan.5 exs., 27-45 mm. SL., Kanathy, Chikmagalur Dist., 16.6.02, F.7004., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 12 exs., 29-55 mm. SL., Honagodu, Chikmagalur Dist., 18.6.02., F.7007., ColI. M.B. Raghunathan ; 1 ex., 49 mm. SL., Bangalore, 28.12.01, F.6864, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 12 exs., 18-34 mm. SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F. 7863, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : India. Elsewhere : Nepal. ? Sri Lanka. Bangladesh. Myanmar and Thailand. 14. Devario malabaricus (Jerdon) 1849. Perilampus malabaricus Jerdon, Madras 1. Lit. and Sci., 15 : 325. (type-locality: Malabar). 1991. Dania malabaricus, Ta1war and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and AdjacentCountries, Vol. 1 : 37037l. 2003. Devario malabaricus, Fang Fang, Copeia, (4) : 714728. Material Examined: Puthur; 17.9.98, F.5777, Coll. M.B.Raghunathan; 17 exs., 40-63 mm. SL., Shanthi Nagara, 25.03.03, F.7323, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 36-45 mm. SL., Gulganjamana, 26.3.03, F.7325 47 exs., 25-59 mm. SL, Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 exs., 35-45 mm. SL., Nimmar, 26.3.03, F.7327, Coll. S.Krishnan; 3 exs., 42-47 mm. SL., Korakanahalli, 26.3.03, F.7333, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 30-47 mm. SL., Road to Hassan Dist. Javagal, 30.3.01, F.6788, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 91 exs., 40-60 mmSL., Road to Mandya, 8.4.01, F.6799, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 32 exs., 21-55 mm. SL., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F.6819, ColI. G. Thirumalai. 69 exs., 40-60 mm. SL., Road t, Javagal, 30.3.01, F.6788, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., 41-60 mm. SL., Uruganadoddi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F.7307, Coll. S. Krishnan; 24 exs., 25-55 mm. SL., Muthyala maduvu, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.9.03, F.7349, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 65 mm.SL., Muthyala Maduvu, Bannerghatta N.P. 20.3.04, F.7408, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 18 exs., 2248 mm. SL., Palahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7835, Coll. S.prabakaran; 54 exs., 21-51 mm. SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7852, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 18 mm. SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarajnagar Dist., 20.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 10 exs., 20-30 mm. SL., Appangaro, medikere, Kodagu, 23. 12.05, F.7881, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 23 mm.SL., Kabini River, Nanjangud, 15.12.05, F.7894, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 168 exs., 16-52 mm. SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7902, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 265 exs., 20-50 mm. SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7912, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 32 mm. SL., Pettikere, medikere, 23.12.05, F.7930, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 5 exs., 27-50 mm. SL., Near Zoo, Mysore Dist., 18.12.05, F.7943, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 e4x., 25 mm.SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7974, Coll. S. Prabakara; 7 exs., 20-31 mm. SL., Thalakavery, 13.9.06, F.7983, ColI. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Krishna River Basin and Throughout Western Ghats. REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 15. Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus rerio Hamilton. Fish of Ganges: 323, 390. (Type-locality: Kosi River, Uttar Pradesh). 1991. Brachydanio rerio, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and AdjacentCountries, Vol. 1 : 360. 2003. Devario rerio, Fang Fang, Copeia, (4): 714-728. Material Examined : 3 exs, Sagar dist. Shimoga, Mysore, B.K .Tikader, 10.3.1965,5 exs, Sirsi, dist. N. Kanard, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 28.2.1965, 11 exs, stream near Bijali village, Mudigurd, Chikmagalur, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 20.1.1964; 26 exs., 17-24 mm. SL., Jannapura, Chikmagalur Dist., 15.6.02, F.7002, Coll M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 27 mm. SL., Honagodu, 18.6.02, F.7008 , ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 8 exs., 24-27 mm. SL., Sringeri, Agumbe Road, 19.6.02, F.7014 , Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 23-26 mmSL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7978 , Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 15-17 mm. SL., Thalakavery, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7985, COll. S. Prabakaran; 54 exs., 15-26 mm.SL., Medikere, Kodagu, 23.12.05, F.7883, Coll. S. Prabakaran ; 41 exs., 125 mm. SL., Medikere, Pettikere, 23.12.05, F.7929, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Pakistan. Bangladesh. Nepal. Widespread elsewhere. 16. Rasbora caverii (Jerdon) 1849. Leucisus caverii Jerdon, Madras 1. Sci .& Lit, 15 : 320 (Type-locality: Cauvery River (Karnataka). 1991. Rasbora caverii, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 388-389. 1999. Rasbora caverii, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 82-83. Material Examined : 1 ex, Yenna hulli, S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 7.9.1991. 54 exs., 26-72 mm. SL., Melkoto W.L.S. Bevugal R. F., Mandya Dist., 10.4.2001, F.6777, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 106 exs., 17-52 mm S L., Road to Behur, Bhomihalla., Hassan Dist., 31.3.01., F.6810., Coll. G. Thurumalai; 54 exs., 23-69 mm S.L., Road to Hassan to Patna., 3.4.01., F.6812., ColI. G 247 Thirumalai; 153 exs., 23-102 mm S.L., Road to Hassan, Kaskuntha., 30.3.01., F. 6818, F.6825, F. 6827., ColI. G. Thirumalai; 3exs., 45-110 mm S.L., Vastara, Chikmagalur Dist., 21.3.03., F. 7315., Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 64-72 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5784, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 64 mm.SL., Thanganhalli, Tumkur Dist., 23.9.07, F.8083, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 33 mm.SL., Basavanathahalli, 13.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 28 exs., 25-51 mm. Sl., Amerahalli Kere, Kolar Dist., 12.12.01, F.6873, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 24-32 mm. SL., Yelhanka, 17.12.01, F.6879, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 9 exs., 17-28 mm. SL., Mallasandra Kere, 21.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 41 exs., 28-52 mm. SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6891, ColI. S. Krishnan; 36 exs., 17-91 mm. SL., BEML, Township, 22.3.02, F.6907, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 25-26 mm.SL., Bage palli, 28.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 21 exs., 65-109 mm. SL., BEML Township, Outer Tank, 22.3.02, F.6919, Coll. S. Krishnan; 350 exs., 17-35 mm. SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, F.6929, Coll. S. Krishnan; 41 exs., 25-51 mm. SL., Magadi Tank, 18.3.02, F.6936, ColI. S. Krishnan; 236 exs., 17-80 mm. SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6967, Coll. S. Krishnan; 58 exs., 17-31 mm. SL., Arabikothanur, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6971, ColI. S. Krishnan; 10 exs., 21-26.5 mm. SL., Kombalagodu, Bangalore, 14.3.02, F.6973, Coll. Material examined :- 1 ex, Yenna hulli, S. Lanara, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991. 54 exs., 26-72mm. SL.,Melkoto W.L.S. Bevugal R . F., Mandya Dist., 1O.4.2001,F.6777, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 106 exs., 17-52 mm S L., Road to Behur, Bhomihalla., Hassan Dist., 31.3.01., F.681O., Coll. G. Thurumalai; 54 exs., 23-69 mm S.L., Road to Hassan to Patna., 3.4.01., F 6812., Coll. G Thirumalai; 153 exs., 23-102 mmS.L., Road to Hassan, Kaskuntha., 30.3.01., F. 6818, F.6825, F.6827., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3exs., 45110 mm S.L.., Vastara, Chikmagalur Dist., 21.3.03., F. 7315., Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 6472 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5784, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 64 mm. SL., Thanganhalli, Turnkur Dist., 23.9.07, F. 8083, Coll. S. Prabakaran; lex., 33 mm.SL., Basavanathahalli, 13.12.01, Coll. M.B. 248 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Raghunathan; 28 exs., 25-51 mm. Sl., Amerahalli Kere, Kolar Dist., 12.12.01, F.6873, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 24-32 mm.SL., Yelhanka, 17.12.01, F.6879, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 9 exs., 17-28 mm. SL., Mallasandra Kere, 21.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 41 exs., 28-52 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6891, Coll. S. Krishnan; 36 exs., 17-91 mm.SL., BEML, Township, 22.3.02, F.6907, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 25-26 mm. SL., Bage palli, 28.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 21 exs., 65-109 mm. SL., BEML Township, Outer Tank, 22.3.02, F.6919, ColI. S. Krishnan; 350 exs., 17-35 mm. SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, F.6929, Coll. S. Krishnan; 41 exs., 25-51 mm. SL., Magadi Tank, 18.3.02, F.6936, ColI. S. Krishnan; 236 exs., 17-80 mm. SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6967, ColI. S. Krishnan; 58 exs., 17-31 mm.SL., Arabikothanur, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6971, Coll. S. Krishnan; 10 exs., 21-26.5 mm.SL., Kombalagodu, Bangalore, 14.3.02, F.6973, Coll S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 43-46 mm. SL., Mooleygundi, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.03, F.7282, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 69 mm.SL., S. Krishnan; 2 Uruganthoddi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F.7306, Coll. S. Krishnan; 23 exs., 20-55 mm. SL., Doddannakere, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.04, F.7355, Coll. K. Rema Devi ; 3 exs., 65-82 mm. SL.,Uthigabande Gate, 18.3.04, F.7362, Coll. K. Rema devi; 1 ex., 118 mm. SL., Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7372, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 16 exs., 2055 mm.SL., Uthigabande, 18.3.04, F.7389, Coll. K. Rema devi; 1 ex., 23 mm. SL., Muthiyala Maduvu, 20.3.04, F.7409, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 15 exs., 20-50 mm. SL., Muninagaram, 22.3.04, F.7415, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 37-40 mm. SL., Poodhipadiga,20.12.05, F.7880, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 32-80 mm. SL., Bantanalu, 23.3.04, F.7392, Coll. K. Rema Devi. Distribution: India: Southern India, Notably Karnataka, especially the Cauvery Basin, Javadi Hills, Eastern Ghats. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 17. Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus daniconius Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges: 327, 391, pI. 15, Fig. 89 (Type-locality: rivers of southern Bengal). 1991. Parluciosoma daniconius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. I : 382-383. 1999. Rasbora daniconius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 82-83. Material Examined: 5 exs, Kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthal-Karkalla Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 12.2.1992, 2 exs Sulkeri river 12 km. from Karkalla on Belthangady Road, P.P.Kulkarni, 17.2.1992, 2 exs, Bombar bett 21 kms. From Karkal, P.P. Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, 2 exs, Dharamsthala, S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 3 exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 3 exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992,12 exs, Appaya kunta, Chikkabalapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 17.3.1978, 1 ex, Nalebh near murlia village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 7.2.1992, 10 exs, Joisur, south kanara, S.S. Kanble, 1.9.1991,5 exs, Kali river near Erde village puttur, s.kanara, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992, 6 exs Halady, s.kanara, S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991, 14 exs, Mashid Basalguntha pond, Mulbagal, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 8.3.1978, 24 exs, Srinivasapur tank, srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 3 exs, Tank near Nette, dist. S.kanara, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991, 4 exs, Gavana tank, Siddalghata, chintaniuni, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 15.3.1978, 60 exs, Srinivasapur tank, srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978,5 exs Bada Talab, Mullagal, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 9.3.1978; 27 exs., 33-93 mm. SL., Mysore, April 2000, ColI. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 30-47 mm. SL., Road to Hassan District., Javagal., 30.3.01., F.6787., ColI. G.Thirumalai; 47 exs., 26-70 mm. SL., Bhandur, Hassan District., 30.3.01., F.6797., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 15 exs., 37-87 mm. SL., Road to Mandya., 8.4.01., F.6800., CollI. G. Thirumalai; 50 exs., 18-43 mm. SL., Road to Hassan to Patna., 3.4.01., F.6813., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 205 exs., 27-71 mm. SL., Hassan to Kalkere., 24.4.01., F.6832, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 24 exs., 28-78 mm. SL., Melkoto W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., Mandya Dist., 10.4.01, F.6778, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 6 exs., 29-47 mm.SL., Honagodu, Chikmagalur Dist., 18.6.02, F.7006, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 59 exs., 28-76 mm. SL., Sringeri, Hugumbe Road, 19.6.02, F.7013, Coll. M.B.Rahunathan; 3 exs., 34-50 mm. SL., Bhadra, 249 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Sankakar Gutta, 21.6.02, F.7023, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 20 exs., 22-31 mm. SL., Near Village Road, Chikmagalur Dist., 27.6.02, F.7027, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 18.5-40 mm. SL., Kadur, 25.6.02, F.7029, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan;1 ex., 42 mm.SL., Sigadala, 27.3.03, F.7274, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 20 mm. SL., Narsipura, 28.3.03, F.7278, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 23 mm.SL., Shanthi Nagara, 25.3.03, F.7324, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 38-53 mm. SL., Gulganjamana, 26.3.03, F.7326, Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 40-47 mm. SL., Nimmar, 26.3.03, F.7328, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 exs., 46 mm.SL.,Nagalapura, 27.3.03, F.7332, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 45-51 mm. SL., Korakkanahalli, 26.3.03, F.7334, Coll. S. Krishnan; 47 exs., 25-59 mm. SL., Puthur, 17.9.98, F.5777, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 64-73 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5783, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 5 exs., 29-76 mm.SL., Puthur, 17.9.98, F.5778, COIL M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 16-20 mm. SL., Beerandahalli, Kolar Dist, 28.9.07, F.8088, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 6 exs., 44-65 mm. SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8093, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 25-46 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8116, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 31 exs., 25-40 mm.SL., Bangalore, 28.12.01, F. 6865, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 26 exs., 25-54 mm. SL., Magadi Tank, Bangalore, 18.3.02, F.6935, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 23 mm.SL., Chintamani, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 27-33 mm SL., Kanva Rservoir, 16.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 52 mm. SL., Palankuppai Valla, Bannerghatta N.P., 17.9.03, F.7347, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 45 mm.SL., Hosekere New Tank, Bantanalu, Bannerghatta N.P., 23.3.04, F.7382, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 22 mm.SL., Beethahalli Kavalu, 23.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 32 mm.SL., Palahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7836, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 4 exs., 3144 mm.SL., Seenapanthotti (Attolipura), Chamaraj Nagar Dist., 20.12.05, F.7842, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 46 mm.SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7853, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 5 exs., 2230 mm. SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7866, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 1860 mm. SL., Nanjangud, 15.12.05, F.7869, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 2 exs., 30-38 mm.SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarajnagar Dist., 20.12.05, F.7879, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 31-42 mm.SL., Appangaro, Medikere, Kodagu Dist., 23.12.05, F.7884, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 18-25 mm.SL., Kabani River, Nanjangudi, Mysore Dist., 15.12.05, F.7891, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 32 exs., 25-73 mm SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7903, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 37 exs., 17-73 mm. SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7913, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 28-36 mm.SL., Pettikere, Medikere, 23.12.05, F.7931, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 9 exs., 27-36 mm.SL., Gevenaballi, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, F.7935, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 26 mm. SL., Thimmanahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 59 mm.SL., Near Zoo, Mysore Dist., 18.12.05, F.7942, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 6 exs., 16-27 mm.SL., Puttulu, Kaniyur, Dakshin Kannada, 19.11.03, F.7950, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 1 ex., 18 mm.SL., Addayar, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 28-30 mm. SL., 13.9.06, F.7973, ColI. S.Prabakaran; 11 exs., 29-60 mm. SL., Medikere, Chittahalli, 24.12.05, F.7898, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 5 exs., Sharavathy River, 2.5.02, F.8044, Coll. Sreekantha et al. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh. Thailand. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. 18. Rasbora labiosa Mukerji 1935. Rasbora labiosa Mukerji, Rec. Indian Mus., 37 (3): 376, figs 1,2 (Type locality: Deolali, Nadik district, Maharashtra). 1991. Parluciosoma labiosa, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 383. 1999. Rasbora labiosa, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 83. Material Examined: 108 exs., 34-54 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6942, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 50 mm.Sl., Magdi Tank, 18.3.02, F.6937, Coll. S.K. Krishnan; 13 exs., 27-72 mm. SL., Jodithimmapura, 22.3.03, F.7258, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 24 mm.,SL., Narsipura, 28.3.03, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 43 mm. SL., Mysore, April, 2000, Coll S. Krishnan; 30 exs., 21.5-66 250 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 mm.SL., Vastara, 21.3.03, F.7316, ColI. S. Krishnan. Distribution: India: Nasik Dist., Maharashtra, Karnataka. Remarks : It is a new record. 19. Rasbora rasbora (Ham-Buch) 1822. Cyprinus rasbora Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges : 329, 391, Pl.2, fig. 90 (Type-locality: Ponds of Bengal). 1999. Rasbora rasbora, Menon, Checklist -fresh water fishes of India. Rec. zool. surv. India, Misc. Publ. Dcc. Paper, 175 : 53-54. Material Examined: 1 ex, Uppinangdi, S.S. Kanble, 4.9.1991, 2exs, Halady, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991. Distribution: India: West Bengal and Assam. Remarks : It is a new record. 20. Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker) 1853. Leuciscus microlepis Bleeker, Verh. batav. Genoot. Kunst. Wet., 25 : 14l. (Type-locality: Bengal). 1991. Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 337-338. 1999. Amblypharyngodon microlepis, J ayaram. The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 86. Material Examined: 37 exs., 38-74 mm. SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6890, F.6941, Coll. S. Krishnan; 11 exs., 36-59 mm.SL., BEML Township Outer, 22.3.02, F.6904, ColI. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 28-33 mm SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, F.6930, Coll. S. Krishnan; 19 + 3 ( Juv.) exs., 19-63 mm.SL., Muninagaram, Bannerghatta N.P.,22.3.04, F.7414, Coll. K. Rema Devi .. Distribution : India: Bengal through Chota Nagpur to Peninsular India, except the west face of the Western Ghats. 21. Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus mala Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges: 334,392, pI. 38, fig. 92. (Type locality: ponds and rivers of Gangetic Provinces). 1991. Amblypharyngodon mala, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 338. 1999. Amblypharyngodon mala, Jayaram. The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 86-87. Material Examined: 5 exs., 33-45 mm. SL., Road to Hassan Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F.6826, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., Muppane, Sharavathy river, 12.6.04, F.8043, Coll. Sreekantha et al. Distribution: India: Throughout except Kerala. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. 22. Cyprinus carpio communis (Linnaeus) 1758. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1 : 320 (Type-Locality: Europe). 1991. Cyprinus carpio communis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent. Countries, Vol. 1 : 184-186. 1999. Cyprinus carpio communis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, : 9l. Material examined : 1 ex, Ammer pelli tank near Ammerhalli, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 11.3.1978; 3 exs., 140-178 mm S.L., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, Hassan Dist., 30.3.01., F. 6824., Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 80 mm.SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5788, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 8 exs., 24-33 mm.SL., Beerandahalli, K.G.F. Kolar Dist., 28.9.07, F.8086, Cooll. S. Prabakaran; 8 ex., 70-196 mm.SL., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F.6899, F.6912, F.6927, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 46-91 mm.SL., Naickarpalaya Kere, 18.3.02, F.6933, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 143 mm.SL., Thattekere, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F.7299, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 49 mm.SL., Khajikalla Halli, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6897, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 194 mm. SL., BEML Township Outer, 22.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 70-80 mm.SL., Chintamani, 23.3.02, F.6957, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 37 mm.SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dsit.,15.3.02, F.6969, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : Naturally found all through America, China, Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan. Introduced into India in 1939. 23. Cyprinus carpio specularis (Linn.) 1758. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 1 : 320 (Type-Locality: Europe). REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 1991. Cyprinus carpio specularis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent. Countries, Vol. 1 : 184-186. 251 fifty years. One specimen answering to the description of neilli was collected and is reported here. 1999. Cyprinus carpio specularis Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 9l. 26. Osteobrama cotio peninsuiaris Silas Material Examined : 1 ex., 124 mm. SL., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F.6900, ColI. S. Krishnan. 1952. Osteobrama cotio var. peninsularis Silas, Proc. nat. Inst. Sci. India, 18(5): 433. (Type locality: Poona) Distribution : Naturally found all through America, China, Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan. Introduced into India in 1939. 24. Tor khudree (Sykes) 1839. Barbus khudree Sykes, Trans. zool. Soc. Land., 2 : 357. (Type-locality: Mulla Mutha River nr. Poona, Maharashtra). 1991. Tor khudree Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 303-305. 1999. Tor khudree Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, : 96. Material Examined: 2 exs., 113-125 mm.SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5781, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., Nagodi, Sharavathi River, 6.6. 2004, F.8055, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution: India: Peninsular India, especially in the hill streams of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil N adu and Maharashtra. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 25. Tor neilli (Day) 1839. Barbus neilli Day, Proc. zool. Soc. Land.: 581(Typelocality: Madras Presidency). 1999. Tor khudree Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, : 96. Material Examined : 1 ex., 120 mm. SL., Gundia River, Nov. 2003, F.7952, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution: India: Cauvery, Krishna and Tungabhadra river systems in Western Ghats. Also Kurnool. Remarks : Barbus neilli was considered a synonym of Tor khudree by Talwar & Jhingran (1991) and Menon (1999). Jayaram (1999) considered it a distinct species and that it is a rare specimen and has not been reported for the past 1991. Osteobrama cotio peninsularis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 240. 1999. Osteobrama cotio peninsularis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 102. Material Examined: 1 ex., 67 mm. SL., N.R. Pura, 20.6.02, F.7019, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan. Remarks: New record to Karnataka. Distribution : India : Peninsular India, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Orissa. 27. Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes) 1842. Capoeta ampbhibia Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 16 : 282, pI. 478. (Type-locality: Bombay). 1991. Puntius amphibius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 257-258 1999. Puntius amphibius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: llO. Material Examined: 52 exs, Nethravati river, pane Mangalore, S.S. Kamble, 29.81991, 12 exs, Tank near Netty, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991, lex, Doddahasale lake, Kolar, M.B. Rao, 10.3.98, 20exs, Uppinangdi, S.S. Kanble, 4.9.91, lex, Sulkeri river 12 Km. from Karkale on Belthangady road, P.P. Kulkarni 17.2.1992, 20exs, Kota, S.S. Kanble, 15.9.1991, lex, Bombar belt, 21km. from karkalla on P.P. Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, lex, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady S.S. Kanble 5.9.1991, 2 exs, Jolsur, south Karnara S.S. Kanble, 1.9.1991, 5exs, Halady, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble 12.9.1991, 4exs, Mashid Basalguntha pond, Mulbagal, Dist. Kolar M.B. Rao, 8.3.1978 30exs, Vijayapura tank, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 19.3.78, 30exs, Subramanyam, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991 5exs, Yenna hulli, S. Kanara S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991, 15exs, Dhanasthala, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991; 7 exs., 36-73 mm. SL., Puthur, 17.9.98, F.5779, Coll., M.B. Raghunathan. 252 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution : India Orissa and Rajasthan. Peninsular India upto Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 28. Dawkinsia arulius arulis (Jerdon) 1849. Systomus arulius Jerdon, Madras 1. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 317. (Type locality : Cauvery River at Sriranapathnam) 1991. Puntius arulius arulius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 258-259. 1999. Puntius arulius arulius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: llO. Material Examined : 2 exs., 83-86 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5786, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan. Distribution: India: Cauvery river system and its upper and middle reaches in Karntaka; Wayanad and Nilgiri hills, as far south as Kottayam in Kerala. 29. Puntius bimaculatus (Bleeker) 1864. Gnathopogon bimaculatus Bleeker, Verh. Nat. Hall. Maatsch. Haarlem, (2) 20 : 17, pI. 4, fig. 1 (Typelocality: Ceylon). 1991. Puntius bimaculatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 259-260. 1999. Puntius bimaculatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: llO. Material Examined: 3 exs .. , 34-36 mm S.L., Road to Hassan, Javagal, Hassan Dist., 30.3.01., F. 6785., ColI. G. Thirumalai; lex., 33mm S.L., Road to Mandya, Hassan Dist., 8401., F,6801., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., 23-30 mm S.L., Road to Belur, BhommiHalla, Hassan Dist., 31.3.01., F. 6811., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 29 mm S.L., Road to Hassan., 30.3.01., F.6821., Coll.G Thirumalai; 15 exs., 20-37 mm S.L., Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 33mm S.L. Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 39-40 mm S.L. Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 33-46 mm S.L., Melkoto W.L.S. Bevugal, R.F. Mandya Dist., 10.4.01., F.6775., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 6exs., 27-48mm S.L. Vastara, Chikmagalur Dist., 21.3.03., F. 7317., Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 exs., 16-20 mm.SL., Beerandahalli, K.G.F., Kolar Dist., 28.9.07, F.8087, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 24-28 mm.SL., Devarayandurge, Turnkur Dist., 23.9.07. F.8134, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 10 exs., 16-35 mm.SL., Bangalore Dist., 28.12.01, F.6866, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 23 mm. SL., Hosuhuddia Halli Road, Kolar Dist., 20.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan;42 exs., 15-59 mm.SL., Kuduvathi, 15.12.01, F.7076, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 8 exs., 42-56 mm.SL., Mullaght Highway, Kolar Dist., 22.3.02, COIL S. Krishnan; 12 exs., 50-56 mm. SL., BEML Township, Outer Tank, 22.3.02, F.6918, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 27 mm.SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 38 mm.SL., Magdi Tank, 18.3.02, F.6938, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 35 mm. SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6968, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 29-48 mm. SL., Gaddhealla, Bannerghatta National Park, 15.3.03, F.7293, Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 38-42 mm.SL., Udigebandi, Bennarghatta N.P. 16.3.03, F.7302, ColI. S. Krishnan, 2 exs., 38-40 mm.SL., Chikarahalli, annerghatta N.P. 16.3.03, F.7311, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 24-34 mm. SL., MuthyalaMaduvu, 15.3.03, F.7350, Coll. G.Thirumalai, 2 exs., 17-21 mm. SL., Ebella, 14.9.03, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 18 mm.SL., Golla Halle SElu, 20.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi, 6 exs., 21-60 mm.SL., Moolegundi, 18.3.04, F.7367, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 42 mm.SL., Uruganthotti, 19.3.04, F.7376, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 45 mm.SL., Hosekere New Tank, Bantanallu, 23.3.04, F.7383, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 42 mm.SL., Beethahalli Kavalu, 23.3.04, F.7384, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 68 exs., 23-56 mm. SL., Thalebande, 24.3.04, F.7386, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 21-23 mm. SL., Uthigabande, 18.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 32-80 mm. SL., Bantanalu, 23.3.04, F.7393, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 40 exs., 29-43 mm. SL., Ghaddehalla, 17.3.04, F.7395, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 6 exs., 2645 mm. SL., Uchanakunte, 18.3.04, F.7403, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 23 mm.SL., Muninagaram, 22.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 27-33 mm.SL., Sri Rangapattinam, Palahalli, 14.12.05, F.7834, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran;3 exs., 24-27 mm.SL., Seenapanthotti, Chamaraj Dist., 20.12.05, 253 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes F.7843 , Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 3 exs., 17-22 mm.SL., Malenallasandra, Bangalore Dist., 10.12.05, F.7847, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 14 exs., 24-28 mm. SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7855, ColI. M.S. Ravichandran; 6 exs., 19-25 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Sri Rangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7860, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 4 exs., 15-18 mm. SL., Puttenakunti, 9.12.05, F.7882, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 26-31 mm.SL., Medikere, Chittahalli, 24.12.05, F.7897, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 10 exs., 15-30 mm. SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7904, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 6 exs., 1936 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7915 , Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 29-30 mm.SL., Kanchanaya Kanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7923, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 11 exs., 14-25 mm.SL., Gabbadi Kere, Bangalore Dist., 11.12.05, F.7938, ColI. S.Prabakaran; 2 exs., 18-25 mm.SL., Madhavapatna, Coorg Dist., 14.9.06, F.7970, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 2122 mm. SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7976, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 5 exs., 21-25 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 13.9.06, F.7985, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 15 mm. SL., Uttegu Seegude, Chicmagalur Dist., F.7992, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Southern India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 30. Puntius cauveriensis (Hora) 1937. Barbus cauveriensis Hora, Rec. Indian Mus., 39(1) : 20, fig. 7 (Type-locality : Cauvery river, Coorg, Karnataka State). 1991. Puntius cauveriensis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 263. 1999. Puntius cauveriensis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : lll. Material Examined : 3exs, Appayya kunta, chikkaballapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao. 17.3.1978, 7 exs, Nagarhole stream, sunkadakatte, Nagarhola, M.S. Pradhan, 24.3.1991; 1 ex., 20 mm SL., Chichrahalli, 16.3.03, F.7312, Coll. S. Krishnan; Distribution : India : Cauvery River. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. 31. Puntius chola (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus chola Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges: 312, 389. (Type-locality: Northeastern parts of Bengal). 1991. Puntius chola, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 263-265. 1999. Puntius chola, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: Ill. Material Examined: 2 exs., 66-71 mm.SL., N.R. Pura, 20.6.02, F.7020, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 4 exs., 37-43 mm. SL., Mysore, April 2000, Cool. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 68 mm.SL., Thattekere, 18.3.02, F.7300, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 51 mm.SL., Matheswara Kere, 14.9.03, F.7344, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., 26-59 mm.SL., Muninagara, 22.3.04, F.7412, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 339 mm.SL., Medikere, Kodagu, 23.12.05, F.7885, Coll. S. Prabakaran ; 1 ex., 54 mm.SL., Medekere, Chittahalli, 24.12.05, F.7896, ColI. S. Prabakaran; : 6 exs., 73-90 mm.SL., Kondanjji, Davengere Dist., 18.9.07, F.8102, Coll. S. Prabakaran ; 3 exs., 45-112, Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7373, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., Nandihole, June 2003, F.8078, Coll. Sreekantha; 3 exs., Holebagilu, June 2002, F.8070, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. 32. Pethia conchonius (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus conchonius Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges: 317, 389 (Type-locality: Ponds of north east Bengal and Kosi river and Ami river). 1991. Puntius conchonius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 266. 1999. Puntius conchonius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : lll. Material Examined: 30exs, Nagarhole stream, Sunkadakatte, Nagarhole, M.S. Pradhan, 24.3.1991; 36 exs., 18-67 mm S.L., Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 47 exs., 30-49 mm S. L., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal., 30.3.01., F.6786., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 48m exs., 26-52 mm S.L., Road to Mandya., Hassan Dist., 8.4.01., F. 254 6802., ColI. G. Thirumalai; 165 exs.,12-45 mm S.L., Road to Hassan to Patna, 3.4.01., F. 6814., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 144 exs., 12-57 mm S.L., Road to Hassan, Karkunta., 30.3.01., F. 6820, 6828., ColI. G. Thirumalai; 180 exs., 23-43 mm S. L., Melkoto W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., Mandya Dist., 10.4.2001., F. 6774., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 exs., 43mm S.L., River Cauveri., Behind S.R. Patna., 7.4.01., F. 6836., ColI. G. Thirumalai; 6 exs., 14 -21 mm S.L., Kanathy, Chigmalur Dist., 16.6.02., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 2exs., 16-19 mm S.L., Kadur, Chigmagalur Dist., 25.6.02., F.7031., Coll. M.B. Raghnathan.; 2 exs., 24-27 mm. SL., Puthur, 17.9.98, F.5780, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 50 mm. SL., Harangi Reservoir, 8.9.98, F.5787, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 166 exs., 14-50 mm.SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8092, ColI. S. Prabakaran;l ex., 32 mm.SL., Hallayella , Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8119, Coll. S. Prabakaran;2 exs., 12-57 mm.Sl., Seerahalli, Road to Tiptur, 1.4.01, F.6820, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 122 exs., 20-45 mm.SL., Road to Hassan Dist, Karukuntha, 30-301, F.6828, Coll. G. Thirumalai, 17 exs., 38-43 mm. SL., Kanva reservoir, Banglore and Kolar Dist., 16.3.02, F.6963, Coll. S. Krishnan; 30 exs.,24-48 mm.SL., Palahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7833, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 43 mm.SL., Seenapanthotti, Chamraj Nagar, Dist., 20.12.05, F.7844, Coll. S. Prabakarn; 2 exs., 5055 mm.SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7856, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 18 exs., 20-45 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7861, Coll. S. Prabakaran, 1 ex., 30 mm.SL., Balakola, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7905, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 30-34 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7916, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 9 exs., 19-38 mm. SL., Kachanaya kanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7922, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 18 exs., 22-35 mm.SL., Gevenahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, F.7936, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 18 exs., 22-30 mm.SL., Thimmanahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, F.7940, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 55-65 mm.SL., Near Zoo, Mysore dist., 18.12.05, F.7944, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 23-26 mm. SL., Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7977, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 22-24 mm. SL., Thalakavery, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7986, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 25-43 mm.SL., Chamarajnagr Dist., 20.12.05, F.7874, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Nepal. Pakistan. 33. Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon) 1849. Systomus dorsalis Jerdon, Madras f.Lit. & Sci., 15 : 314 (Type-locality: Tanks and rivers in neighbourhood of Madras). 1991. Puntius dorsalis Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 268-269. 1999. Puntius dorsalis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 112. Material Examined: gex, Kollur, Dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 13.9.1991; 1 ex., 61mm S.L., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : India : Cauvery and Krishna River systems in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Orissa & Madhya Pradesh. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 34. Dravidia fasciatus fasciatus (Jerdon) 1849. Cirrhinus fasciatus Jerdon, Madras f. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 305 (Type-locality: Malabar). 1865. Labeo melanampyx Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., p. 317, (Type-locality: Wynaad). 1991. Puntius fasciatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 269-270. 1999. Puntius fasciatus fasciatus, J ayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 112. Material Examined: lex, stream, w. of T.B. Kotigehar, Chickmangalure, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 2.2.1964; 2 exs., 22-40 mmSL., Balichathru Thodu, 22.11.03, F. 7953, Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., Chengualli stream, Sharavathi River, 17.7. 2004, F.8074, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution: India: Wynaad, Nilgiri hill range in kerala and Karanataka. Distribution: Peninsular India: Western Ghats REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes : Goa, South Canara through Travancore hills to Nagercoil. Also Nilgiris, Cauvery drainage. 35. Dravidia fasciatus pradhani Tilak 255 37. Puntius mudumalaensis Menon and Rema Devi 1992. Puntius mudumalaensis Menon and Rema Devi, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 89(2) : 229-231 (Type locality: Kakkanhalla Road, Mudumalai, Tamil Nadu). 1999. Puntius mudumalaensis Menon, Check List Fresh water Fishes of India, Zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap. No. 174 : 97. 1999. Puntius mudumalaensis, Jayaram, The Freshwater 1973. Puntius malanmpyx pradhani Tilak:, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 67(1 to 4): 97, fig. 2,3,4 (Type-locality: molem, Goa). 1999. Puntius fasciatus pradhani, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 112. Material Examined: lex, Bomber belt 21 kms. From Karkal, P.P. Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, 20exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthalgady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, lex Kali river 4 km. from Ganeshgudi Supadam, R.M.S. Sharma, 15.9.1991, 4exs, Nallah near Murlia village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 7.2.1992, 2exs, Jolsur, south Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 1.9.1991. Distribution Kanara. India: Goa, Karanataka: South Remarks : This is a new repot to Karnataka. Fishes of The Indian Region: 113. Material Examined: 1 ex., 21 mm. SL., Kadur, 25.6.02, F. 7033, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan ; 1 ex., 22 mm.SL., Road to Tiptur, Seerahalli, 1.4.01, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., 20-25 mm.SL., Yelhanka, Bangalore, 17.12.01, F.6877, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan;l ex., 22.5 mm.SL., Kanva Reservoir, 16.3.02, F.6962, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution: India: Cauvery River system in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 38. Puntius parrah Day 36. Dawkinsia filamentosus (Valenciennes) 1844. Leusiscus jilamentosus Valenciennes (in C&V) Hist. 1865. Nat. poiss., 17 : 95, PI. 492 (Type-locality: Alleppy). 1991. Puntius filamentosus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 270-27l. 1991. Puntius parrah, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 277-278. 1999. Material Examined: 7exs, Badaga Kavandur, S.S. Kanble, 10.9.1991, lex, Nalla near Painja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 5exs, stream near Belthangadi, S.S.Kanble, 5.9.1991, lex, Halady, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991, lex, Yenna hulli, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991, 1Oexs, Subramanyam, S. Kanara S.S. Kanble, 12.9.1991, lex, tank near Nette dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991; 4 exs., 60-74 mm. SL., Gundia River, Kodagu Dist., Nov. 2003, F.7630, Coll. M.S. Ravichandra; 1 ex., 23 mm.SL., Frangipet, 18.9.06, F.7962, Coll. S. Prababkaran. Distribution : India : Cauvery and Krishna River systems in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Puntius parrah, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 113. 1999. Puntius filamentosus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 112. Puntius parrah Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land.: 301 (Type locality: Kuriavanoor ill. Trichur, Kerala). Material Examined: 1 ex., 90 mm.SL., Mysore, April 2000, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : India: Karnataka, Kerala, southern Maharashtra and Tamil N adu. 39. Pethia phutunio (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus phutunio Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp.319, 390. (Type-Locality: North eastern Bengal). 1991. Puntius phutunio, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 278-279. 1999. Puntius phutunio, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 113. Material Examined : 2exs, Belgaum Dist, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 11.2.1965. Distribution: India: Goa, Karnataka, Bihar, Orissa, W. Bengal, Assam, Tripura. Punjab. 256 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Pakistan. Remarks : It is a new record from Karanataka state. 40. Pethia punctatus (Day) 1865. Barbus punctatus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 302 (Type locality: Cochin). 1999. Puntius punctatus, Menon, Checklist-Freshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 175 : 99. Material Examined : 1 ex., 22 mm.SL., Kaniyur, D. Kannada Dist., 29.11.03, F.7947, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 22-27 mm.SL., Frangipet, 18.9.06, F.7961, Coll. S. Prababkaran. Distribution : India : Kerala; Tamil Nadu: Tirunelveli (Tambraparni drainage) and Anamalai Hills; Karnataka : Cauvery river. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 41. Puntius sophore (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus sophore Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 310, 389, pI. 19, fig. 86. (type-locality: Ponds and rivers in the Gangetic provinces). 1991. Puntius sophore, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 288-289. 1999. Puntius sophore, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 114. Material Examined : 11exs., Near Kuppam tank, Bangarpet Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 6.3.78, 5exs, Appaya kunta, Chikkaballapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 17.3.1978, lex, Gavana tank, Siddalghata, Chintamani, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 15.3.1978, 5exs, Abdul Ali Garden, Bangarpet, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 6.3.1978; 2 exs., 77-80 mm S.L., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 65 mm S.L., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01., F. 6829., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., 60 -65 mm S. L., N.R. Pura, Chikmagalur Dist., 20.6.02., F. 7021., ColI. M.B. Raghuanthan; 6 exs., 17-37 mm S.L., Kadur, Chikmagalur Dist., 25.6.02, F. 7030., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan ; 1 ex., 75 mm.Sl., Kondanjji, Davengere, Dist.,18.9.07,F.8101, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 44 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6892, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 18-72 mm.SL., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F. 6898, Coll. S.Krishnan; 16 exs., 22-49 mm.SL., Kambaina Halli, 24.3.02, F.6922, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 64 mm.SL., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F.6926, Coll. S.Krishnan; 17 exs., 43-57 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6943, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 26-33 mm.SL., Jangarnkote, 24.3.02, F.6950, Coll. S.Krishnan; 3 exs., 46-65 mm.SL., Chintamani, 23.3.02, F.6958, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 42-43 mm.SL., Kanva Reservoir, 16.3.02, F.6961, Coll. S.Krishnan; 2 exs., 28-56 mm.SL., BEML Township Outer, 22.3.02, F.6905, Coll. S.Krishnan. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. 42. Pethia ticto (Hamilton) 1822. Cyprinus ticto Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 314. (Type-Locality: South eastern parts of Bengal). 1999. Puntius ticto, Menon, Check list-Freshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 175 : 103-104. Material Examined: 2 exs, Kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthal-Karkala Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 12.2.1992, 7exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, 37exs, Yagachi river, Chikmagalur, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 20.1.1964, 21exs, Sagar, Dist. Shimoga, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 28.2.1965; 8exs., 23-31 mm S.L., Mysore, April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; lex., 28 mm S.L., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal, 30.3.01., F. 6796., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5exs., 28-35 mm S. L., Hassan to Kalkere., 24.4.01., F. 6833., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex.,19mm S.L., Jannapura, 15.6.02., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 4 exs., 28-35 mm S.L., Honagodu, Chikmagalur Dist., 18.6.02., F. 7009, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 30-32 mm S.L., Sringeri, Agumbe, Chikmagalur Dist., 19.6.02., F. 7016., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; lex., 30mm S.L., Nimmar, Chikmagalur Dist., 26.3.03., F. 7329., Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 22-30 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 18-21 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7906, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 10 exs., 19-23 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, Mysore, 16.12.05, F.7917. Coll. 257 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 1999. Barbodes bovanicus, Menon, Check list-Freshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 175 : 68. S. Prabakaran; 34 exs., 22-28 mm.SL., Medikere, Pettikere, 23.12.05, F. 7932, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 15-25 mm.SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7975, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 6 exs., 15-22 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 13.9.06, F.7987, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 16 exs., 20-26 mm.SL., Appangaro Medikere, Kodagu, 23.12.05, F.7886, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Material Examined: 1 ex., 60 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 14.12.05, F.7859, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : India: except Kerala and South Tamil Nadu. 45. Systomus sarana sarana (Hamilton) Elsewhere : Nepal. Pakistan. Bangladesh. 1822. Cyprinus sarana Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 307, 388. (Type-Locality: Gangetic system, Bengal). 43. Puntus vittatus (Day) 1991. Puntius sarana sarana, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 283-284. 1865. Puntius vittatus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. P. 303, (Type-Locality: Madras). 1991. Puntius vittatus" Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 293-294. 1999. Puntius vittatus" Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region 114. Material Examined : lex, Nalla near Panja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 8exs, Vijayapura tank, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 19.3.1978, 5exs, Nalla, Moroli village, S. Kanara, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 6.2.1964; 3 exs., 15.5-20 mm S.L., Kadur., Chikmagalur Dist., 25.6.02., F. 7032., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 76 exs., 11-28 mm.SL., Mangalore, 18.906, F.7995, Coll. S. Prabakara; 5 exs., 13-28 mm.SL., Farangipet, Mangalore, 18.9.06, F.7963, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 59 exs., 1423 mm.SL., Addayar, Mangalore, 18.9.06, F.7957, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 31 mm.SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarjnagar Dist., 20.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 20-28 mm.SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7857, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 17 mm.SL., Malenallasandra, 10.12.05, F.7847, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karanataka, up to Goa and Kutch, Orissa, Rajastan. Elsewhere : Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Thailand. 44. Barbodes bovanicus (Day) 1878. Barbus bovanicus Day, Fishes of India: 566 pI. 138, fig. l. (Type locality: Bowani River at base of Nilgiri Hills). Distribution : India : Cauvery River system: Tamil Nadu and Karanataka. 1999. Barbodes sarana sarana, Menon, Check listFreshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 175 : 70-72. Material Examined: lex, Kali river 4 km.from Ganeshgudi sup adam, R.M. Sharma, 15.9.1991, lex Belgaum Dist. Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 11.2.1965. Distribution : Throughout India, North of Krishna river system. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar. Remarks: It is a new record from Karanataka state. 46. Systomus sarana subnasutus (Valenciennes) 1842. Barbus subnasutus Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 16 : 154 (Type-locality: Pondicherry). 1991. Puntius sarana subnasutus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 285-286. 1999. Barbodes sarana subnasutus, Menon, Check listFreshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 175 : 72-73. Material Examined: lex, Nethravati river, pane Mangalore, dist. S. Karana, S.S. Kanble, 29.8.1991.; 2exs., 30-30.5 mm S.L., Narsipura., Chikmagalur Dist., 28.3.03., F. 7279., Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 63 mm.Sl., Matheswara Kere, 14.9.03, F.7341, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 7 exs., 2842 mm.SL., Palankuppi Valla, 17.9.03, F.7346, 258 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 91 mm.SL., Uthigabandi,18.3.04, F.7360, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 4 exs., 114-135 mm.SL., Uruganthittai, 19.3.04, F.7375, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 28-55 mm.SL., Muninagaram, 22.3.04, F.7413, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 81-90 mm.SL., Mysore Dist., Near Zoo, 18.12.05, F.7945, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Peninsular: Krishna river and South. 47. Gonoproktopterus dobsoni (Day) 1876. Barbus (Barbodes) dobsoni Day, 1. Linn. Soc. Zool., 12: 574, (Type- Locality: Deccan). 1999. Hypselobarbus dobsoni" Menon, Check1istFreshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Material Examined : 1 ex., 132 mm. SL., Gundiya River, Nov. 2003, F.7631, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution: India: Dakshina Kannada (South Canara) to Travancore Hills, Tambraparni drainage. 50. Osteocheilichthys nashii (Day) 1870. Barbus nashii Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. : 584 (Type- Locality : Fraserpett river, Coorg Dist., Karnataka). 1991. Osteochilus (Osteocheilichthys) nashii, Ta1war and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 247-248. 1999. Osteocheilichthys nashii" Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 125. Occ. Paper No., 175 : 75-77. Material Examined: 1 ex., 138 mm. SL. N.R. Pura, 20.6.02, F.6999, Coll. M. B. Raghunathan. Distribution: India: Western Ghats: Krishna and Cauvery drainages and also Anamalai Hills. 48. Gonoproktopterus curmuca (Hamilton) 1807. Cyprinus curmuca Hamilton, Journey in Mysore, 3: 344, pI. 30 (Type-locality: Mysore, Western Ghats of India). 1999. Hypselobarbus curmuca, Menon, ChecklistFreshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 175 : 75-76. Material Examined: 3 exs., Nagodi, Sharavathi River, Oct. 2003, F.8081, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : India : Western Ghats of Karnataka and Kerala. Remarks : It is a new record from Karanataka state. 51. Osteochilichthys thomassi (Day) 1877. Scaphiodon thomassi Day, Fishes of India: 551, P1.l34, fig.1 (Type- Locality: South Canara). 1991. Osteochilus (Osteocheilichthys) thomassi, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 248-249. 1999. Hypselobarbus kolus, Menon, Checklist-Freshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 175 : 75. 1999. Osteocheilichthys thomassi" Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region: 125. Material Examined: 1 ex., Holebagilu, Sharavathi River, 15.9.2002, F.8057, Coll. Sreekantha. Material Examined: 3 exs., 85-96 mm.SL., Gundia River, Non. 2003, F.7632, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution : India: Deccan, and Mysore Plateau in the Krishna, Godavry and Cauvery nvers. Distribution Karnataka. 49. Gonoproktopterus kurali Menon and Rema Devi 184l. Chondrostoma fulungee Sykes, Trans. zool. Soc. Land., 2 : 358. (Type-locality: Deccan). 1995. Hypselobarbus kurali Menon & Rema Devi, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., (3): 389-393. 1999. Hypselobarbus kolus, Menon, Checklist - Freshwater Fishes of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 175 : 78-79. India Western Ghats of 52. Cirrhinus fulungee (Sykes) 1991. Cirrhinus fulungee, Ta1war and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 171. 1999. Cirrhinus fulungee, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region : 130. Material Examined : 2 exs, Sagar, Dist. REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Shimoga, Mysore, B.K.Tikader, 10.3.1965; 1 ex., 87mm S.L., N.R. Pura, Chikmagalur Dist., 20.6.2002., F. 7018., ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 71-80 mm S.L., Vastara, Chikmagalur Dist., 21.3.03., F.7218., Coll. S Krishnan; 11 exs., 95113 mm.SL., Kondajji, Davengere Dist., 18.9.07, F.8100, ColI. S. Prabakaran;2 exs., 20-32 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8121, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 5 exs., 50-71 mm.SL., Mooleygundi, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.03, F.7283, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 48 mm.SL., Gaddhella, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.03, F.7294, Coll. S. Krishnan; 21 exs., 73-110 mm.SL., Uthigabandi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.04, F.7364, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 134 exs., 54-117 mm.SL., Moolegundi, 18.3.04, F.7369, Coll. K.Rema Devi; 26 exs., 3538 mm.SL., Uthigabandi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.04, F.7390, Coll. K. Rema Devi. Distribution : Peninsular India, Maharashtra, Karanataka, Krishna & Cauvery river systems. 53. Cirrhinus reba (Ham-Buch) 1882. 1999. Cyprinus reba, Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, 280 : 386. (Type-locality: rivers and ponds of Bengal and Bihar). Cirrhinus reba Menon, Checklist - Freshwater Fishes of India, Rec. zaol. Sur. India. Dcc. Paper, 175 : 123-125. Material examined: 1 ex, Yenna Hulli, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma. 259 55. Labeo kontius (Jerdon) 1848. 1991. Labeo kontius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 212. 1999. Cyprinus ariza Hamilton, Journey in Mysore, 3 : 344, pI. 31 (Type-Locality: rivers of Peninsular India) 1991. Labeo ariza, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 198-199. Material Examined 1 ex., Muppane, Sharavathi River, April 2002, F.8062, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution: South India: River Cauvery and its tributaries. 56. Crossocheilus latius latius (Hamilton) 1822. Labeo ariza, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, : 133. Material Examined: 10 exs., 180-220 mm.SL., Hosekere New Tank, 23.3.04, F.7419, Coll. K. Rema Devi. Distribution: Nilgiri hills and Cauvery River, Peninsular India and upto Orissa. Cyprinus latius Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges; 345, 393 (Type-Locality: Tista river at base of Darjeeling Himalaya). 1991. Crossocheilus latius latius, Talwar and Thingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 212. India, fish, vol. 1 : 416. 1999. Crossocheilus latius latius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, 152-153. Material Examined : lex, Subramanyam, S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 12.9.1991. Distribution : Ganga, Brahmaputra nver systems, Deolali, Maharashtra, Mahanadi river drainage in Orissa; and Western Ghats, south to the headwaters of Krishna river. Bangladesh. Nepal. Pakistan. 57. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus (Jerdon) 1849. Gonorhynchus stenorhynchus Jerdon, Madras J. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 310 (Type-Locality: Bowany River, Nilgiris). 1991. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 422-423. 1999. 1999. Labeo kontius, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of The Indian Region, : 134. 54. Labeo ariza (Hamilton) 1807. Cyprinus kontius Jerdon, Madras J. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 302 (Type-Locality: Cauvery and its tributaries) Garra gotyla stenorhynchus Menon, ChecklistFreshwater Fishes of India., Rec. zaol. Sur. India, Dcc. Paper, 175 :144-145. Material Examined : 2exs, stream near Belthangdi, S.S. Kanble 5.9.1991, 2exs, yenna hulli, S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble 7.9.1991, lex, Tank near Nette dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kanble, 8.9.1991, 1 ex, kupetti river Tal.Belthamgady, S. Kanara, 260 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 P.P. Kulkarani, 11.2.1992.2 exs., 80-95 mm.SL., Kondanjji, Davengere Dist., 18.907, F.8103, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Western Ghats: Cuvery and Krishna drainages. 58. Garra mullya (Sykes) 184l. Chondrostoma mullya Sykes, Trans. zaol. Soc. Land., 2 : 359, pl.62 fig.3 (Type-locality: Bheema river at Daunde, nr. Poona). 1991. Garra mullya, Ta1war and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 429. 1999. Garra gotyla stenorhynchus Menon, ChecklistFreshwater Fishes of India., Rec. zaol. Sur. India, Dcc. Paper, 175 : 148-150. Material Examined: 1 ex, Nalla near Panja village, Tal Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 1 ex, stream near Belthangdi S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 17exs, Kali river near Erde village, Puttur, S. Kanara, P.P. Kulkarani, 7.9.1992, 1 ex, Yenna Halli, S. Karana, S.S. Kanble, 7.9.1991, 2exs, Kupetti river, Tal.Belthangady dist. S. Karana, P.P Kulkarni, 11.2.1992; 29 exs., 43-96 mm S.L., Mysore., April, 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs. 59-62 mm S.L., Road to Mandya, Hassan Dist., 8.4.01., F.6804., Coll. G.Thirumalai; 3exs., 21.529 mm S.L., Road to Hassan., Karkuntha., 30.3.01., F. 6822., Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 35 mm.Sl., Narasipura, 28.3.03, F.7280, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 41-70 mm.SL., Vastara, 21.3.03, F.7319, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 26 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8124, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 21.5-29 mm.SL., Road to Tiptur, Seerahalli, Hassan Dist., 1.4.01, F.6822, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 6 exs., 52-65 mm.SL., Mooleygundi, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.03, F.7285, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 45-64 mm.SL., Urugunadoddi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F.7308; Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 61 mm.SL., Uthigabandi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.04, F.7363, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 4 exs., 63-73 mm.SL., Moolegundi, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.04, F.7368, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 75-78 mm.SL., Uruganthottai, Bannerghatta N.P., 19.3.04, F.7378, COll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 103-103.5 mm.SL., Gundia River, Karnataka, Nov.2003, F.7633, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran; 1 ex., 25 mm.SL., Kabini River Nanjangudi, Mysore Dist., 15.12.05, F.7892, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 48-59 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7910, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 27 mm.SL., Madhava Patna, Coorg Dist., 14.9.06, F.7969, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., Madenur, Sharavathi River, June 2002, F.8079, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution : Throughout peninsular India. 59. Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton) 1822. Cobitis botia Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 350 : 394. (Type-Locality: Rivers of north eastern part of Bengal). 1987. Noemacheilus botia, Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4 : 141, pI. 5, fig.5, Zool. Surv. India. 1999. Acanthocobitis botia, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 173-174. Material Examined: 12exs,Doddahasala lake, kolar, M.B. Rao, 10.3.78, lexs, Malker tank, Kolar, M.B. Rao, 3.3.1978, 3exs, Kali river 4 km. from Ganeshgudi supadam, R.M. Sharma, 15.9.1991, 7exs, Koodikunnan, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 10.3.1978, 7exs, Malker tank near. Katarpalem, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 4.3.1978, 5exs, mashid Basalguntha pond, mulbagal, Dist, Kolar, M.B. Rao, 8.3.1978, 2exs, Vijayapura tank, Dist, Kolar, M.B. Rao, 19.3.1978, 7exs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapura, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 7exs, Gavand tank, Siddalghata, Chintamani, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao" 15.3.1978, 25exs, Srinivaspura tank, Srinivaspura, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 18exs, Abdul Ali Garden, Bangarpet, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 6.3.1978 ; 2 exs., Jayamnagar, Sharavathi River, March 2004, F.8059, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : India : Northern India, (Brahmaputra), also from Western Ghats : Karnataka. Pakistan : Indus river basin. Remarks : It is a new record for Karanataka. 60. Nemacheilus anguilla Annandale 1919. Nemacheilus anguilla Annandale, Rec. Indian mus. 15 : 127 pl.!, fig. 1, (Type-Locality: Yenna River, satara district, Maharashtra) REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 1987. Noemacheilus anguilla Menon, Fauna of India, 261 1999. Oreonectes (Oreonectes) evezardi, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 205. Pisces, vol. 4(1) : 154, pl. 6, fig. 3. 1999. Nemacheilus anguilla, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 175. Material Examined : lex, Nalla near panja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992; 2 exs., Birer, Sharavathi River, 28.2.2002, F.8063, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution : Western Ghats : Maharashtra and Karnataka (Krishna river basin). Remarks: New report to Karnataka. Material Examined: lex, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978; 2 exs., 20-33 mm.SL., Medikere, Kodagu Dist., 23.12.05, F.7889, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : India : Western Ghats, Krishna and Godavari basins, Satpura range, Panchmari hills. 63. Mesonoemacheilus guentheri Day 1867. Noemacheilus guentheri Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 285, (Type- Locality: Base of the Nilgiri hills). 61. Schistura denisoni denisoni (Day) 1987. Noemachilus guntheri Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4 : 161, pI. 11, fig. 9. 1867. Nemacheilus denisoni Day, Proc. zaol. Soc. Land., 287, (Type-locality : Bhowany River, base of Nilgiris). 1991. Nemacheilus denisoni denisoni, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 476-477. 1999. Schistura denisoni denisoni, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 181, 188. Material Examined : 2 exs, Erpu fall, Laxmantirth river, S.G. Patil, 19.9.1990; 9 exs., 26-47 mm S.L., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal., 30.3.01., F.6789., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., 2855 mm S.L., Road to Mandya, Hassan Dist., 8.4.01., F. 6803., Coll. G.Thirumalai; 3 exs., 2939 mm.SL., Ghaddehalla, Bannerghatta N.P., 17.3.05, F.7399, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 3 exs., 2532 mm.SL., madeshpura Koil Kere, 19.3.04, F.7405, ColI. K. Rema devi; 1 ex., 36 mm.SL., Palahalli, Sri Rangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7838, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 24 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7862, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 33 exs., 17-38 mm.SL., Napoklu, Thalakavery, 16.9.03, F.7949, ColI. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution : Peninsular India, , Madhya pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. 62. Oreonectes (Oreonectes) evezardi Day 1878. Noemacheilus evezardi Day, Fishes of India, 613, 1999. Mesonoemacheilus guentheri, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 198 & 199. Material Examined : lex, Erpu fall, Laxmantirth River, Nagarhole, S.G. Patil, 19.9.1990. Distribution: Peninsular India, Western Ghats, Kallar, Pamba, Periyar, Bharatpuzha and Cauvery river systems. 64. Schistura denisoni mukambbikaensis Menon 1987. Noemachilus denisoni mukambbikaensis Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4 : 101, pI. 10, fig. 7 (Type locality: Mukambbika, Karnataka). 1999. Schistura denisoni mukambbikaensis Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 181 & 188. Material Examined: 19 exs., 19-41 mm.SL., Doddachempika, Biligiri Rangasamy Temple W.L.S., 25.2.99. F.6856, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 20 mmSL., K. Gudi, BRTWLS, 2.3.99, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 24 mm.SL., BRTWLS, Near Ckeck Post, 2.3.99, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution: India: Karnataka : Kollur river and Thalakavery. 65. Schistura nilgiriensis Menon 1987. Noemachilus nilgiriensis Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4 : 106, pUO, fig. 8, 9 & pI. 14, figs 1 & 2 (Type locality : nr. Pykara Dam, Nilgiri dt., pl. 153, fig. 1l. (Type-Locality: Poona). 1987. Noemachilus evezardi, Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4(1) : 191-193. Tamil Nadu). 1999. Schistura nilgiriensis Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 181 & 188. 262 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material Examined: 11 exs., 18-38 mm.SL., Medikere, 13.11.03, F.7951, Coll. S. Krishnan; 10 exs., 20-44 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 15.11.03, F.7955, ColI. S. Krishnan; 13 exs., 15-30 mm.SL., Thoddasanahalli, 10.9.06, F.7994, Coll. S. Prababakra. Distribution: India: Pykara Dam, Nilgiri Dist.; Karnataka : Thalakavery. 66. Schistura semiarmatus Day 1867. Nemachilus semiarmatus Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 286, (Type-Locality: Bowany and Seegoor rivers along the base of the Neilgherry). 1987. Noemacheilus semiarmatus Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol, 4 : llO, pl.l1, figs.1-3 & p1.l4, fig. 3. Material Examined: lex, Laxmantirth river, near kutta, Nagarhole, M.S. Pradhan, 2.10.1989; 9 exs., 32-34 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 13.9.06, F.7989, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 30-31 mm.SL., Medikere, 23.12.05, F.7888, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 24-38 mm.SL., Kodagu, 24.12.05, F.7899, Coll. S. Prababkaran; 10 exs., 25-40 mm.SL., Pettikere, 23.12.05, F.7934, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 22-26 mm.SL., Bhagmandala, 13.9.06, F.7979, Coll. S. Prabakran. Distribution : Peninsular India, Cauvery basin in Wyanad, Nilgiris and Mysore and Silent valley (Bharathapuzha basin). 67. Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton) 1822. Cobitis guntea Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges : 353,394. (Type-Locality: Bengal). 1992. Lepidocephalus guntea Menon, Fauna of India, Pisces, vol. 4(2) : 54, pl.IV, fig; fig 1-6, VIII figs, 1&2. Material Examined: lex, Nallah near Murlia village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 7.2.1992, lex, Malker tank near Katarpalem, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 4.3.1978, 5exs, Mashid Basalguntha pond, Mulbegal, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 8.3.1978, lOexs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 14exs, Gavana tank, Siddalghata, Chintamani, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 15.3.1978, 40exs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 6exs, Abdul Ali Garden, Bangarpet, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 6.3.1978. Distribution : Northern India, SatpuraVindhyas. Remarks : It is a new record for Karanataka. 68. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis (Valenciennes) 1846. Cobitis thermalis Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 18 : 78 (Type-locality: Malabar). 1991. Lepidocephalus thermalis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 1 : 527-528. Material Examined: gexs, Yagachi river, Chikmangalure, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 20.1.1964, 18exs, Sagar, Shimoga Dist, Mysore B.K. Tikader, 10.3.1965, 6exs, Sirsi,Dist. N.Kanara, Mysore, B.K. Tikader 28.2.1965, 2exs, Tunga river, Shimoga, Mysore, Bhimachar, B.S; 6 exs., 30-45 mm S.L., Mysore., April., 2000., Coll. S. Krishnan;l ex., 50mm S.L., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal., 30.3.01., F.6795., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 6 exs., 28-35 mm S.L. Bhandur, Hassan Dist., 30.3.01., F. 6798., Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 31 mm S.L., Road to Belur, Bhomrnihalla., 31.3.01., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 2exs. 30-36mm S.L., Road to Hassan to Patna, 3.4.01., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., 35-40 mm S.L., Hassan to Kalkere., 24.4.01., F. 6834., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 4 exs., 45-49 mm S.L., Melkoto W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01., F. 6776., Coll. G. Thirumalai; 10 exs., 33-34 mm S.L., Jannapura., 15.6.02., F.7003., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 18 exs., 31-35 mm S.L., Kanahathy., 16.6.02., ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 41mm S.L., Bhadra, Shankargutta., 21.6.02., F. 7024., ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 25mm S.L., Kadur, 25.6.02., F.7034., Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 47 mm.SL., Thanganahalli, Tumkur Dsit., 23.9.07, F.8084, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 32 exs., 30-64 mm. SL., Beerandahalli, Kolar Dist., 28.9.07, F. 8085, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 26-29 mm.SL., Byadgi, Haveri dist., 15.9.07, F.8091, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 44-49 mm.SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8094, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 2250 mm.SL., 13.9.07, F. 8126, Hallayella, Haveri Dist., Coll. S. Prabakaran; 8 exs., 20-24 mm.SL., 23.9.07, F.8135, Devarayan Durge, Tunkur Dist., 263 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes ColI. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 28-37 mm.SL., Kondanjji, Devengere Dist., 17.9.07, F.8142, Kondanjji, Devengere Dist., Colt S.Prabakaran; 2 exs., 22-30 mm.SL., BRTWLS, near Ckeck Post, 2.3.1999, F.6862, Coll. S.Krishnan; 2 exs., 20-27 mm.SL., Bangalore Dist., 28.12.01, Coll M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 18 mm.SL., Illapalli Kere, 20.12.01, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 2 exs., 24-32 mm.SL., Yelhanka, 17.12.01,F.6879, ColI. M.B. Raghunahan; 42 exs., 30-61 mm.SL., Kuduvathi, 15.12.01, F.7077, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 13 exs., 38-55 mm.SL., BEML, Township, 22.3.02, F.6909, ColI. S. Krishnan; 10 exs., 33-41 mm.SL., Bage Palli, 28.3.02, F.6913, Coll. S.Krishnan; 4 exs., 35-41 mm.SL., Kambina Halli, 24.3.02, F.6923, ColI. S. Krishnan; 8 exs., 36-47 mm.SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, F.6931, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 31 mm.SL., Magdi Tank, 18.3.02, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 38-39 mm.SL., Jangamkote, 24.3.02, F.6951, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 24-26 mm.SL., Arabikothanur, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 32.5-45 mm.SL., Mulbagal High Way, Kolar Dist., 22.3.02, F.6976, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 36 mm.SL., Gaddhella, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.03, F.7295, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 32 mm.SL., Udigebandi, Bennarghatta N.P., 16.3.03, F.7303, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 35-43 mm.SL., Chickara halli, Bannerghatta N.P., 16.3.03, F.7313, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 49 mm.SL., Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7377, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 4144 mm.SL., Thalebande, 24.3.04, F.7387, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 5 exs., 40-41 mm.SL., Ghaddehalla, 17.3.04, F.7396, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 41 mm.SL., Madeshpura Koil Kere, 19.3.04, F.7404, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 43 mm.SL., Muninagaram, 22.3.04, F.7417, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 6 exs., 47-55 mm.S.L., Jamballa, 10.12.05, F.7830, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 26 mm.SL., Palahalli, Sri Rangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7839, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 14.5-47 mm.SL., Malenallasandara, Bangalore, 10.12.05, F.7849, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 16 exs., 27-39 mm.SL., Ramasany Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, F.7858, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 22 exs., 27-36 mm.SL., Sri Rangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7865, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 24-39 mm.SL., Nanjangud, 15.12.05, F.7870, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 33 exs., 32-35 mm.SL., Appangaro, Medikere, Kodagu, 23.12.05, F.7887, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 1826 mm.SL., Puttenakunti, 9.12.05, F.7890, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 25-40 mm.SL., Nanjangudi, Kabini River, 15.12.05, F.7895, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 27-28 mm.SL., Chittahalli, Medikere, 24.12.05, F.7901, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 9 exs., 18-41 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F. 7907, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 31-22 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7920, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 65 exs., 30-36 mm.SL., Medikere, 23.12.05, F.7933, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 18-30 mm.SL., Gabbadi Kere, Bangalore, 11.12.05, F.7939, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 5 exs., 30-38 mm.SL., Mysore near Zoo, 18.12.05, F. 7946, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 39 mm.SL., Farangipet, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7964, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 33 mm.SL., Madhavapatna, Coorg Dist., 14.9.06, F.7971, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 4 exs., 28-31 mm.SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7980, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 3234 mm.SL., Thalakavery, 13.9.06, F.7988, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 13 exs., 10-31 mm.SL., Amerahalli Kere, Kolar Dist., 12.12.01, F.6874, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., Chinkodu, Sharavathi River, 10.1.2004, F.8069, Coll. Sreekantha; 3 exs., Kouthihole , Sharavathi River, Jan 2001, F.8080, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution: India: S. India south of Krishna river system. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 69. Sperata aor (Hamilton) 1822. Pimelodus aor Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges : 205,379' pl.20, fig.68. (Type-Locality: Rivers of Bengal and upper parts of Gangetic estuary). 1991. Aorichthys aor, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 2 : 547-548. 1999. Sperata aor, Ferraris & Runge, Proc. Calif Acad. Sci. 51(1) : 397-424, 8, figs., 7 tables. Material Examined: 3 exs., 152-165 mm.SL., Bangalore Suburban, 12.3.02, F.6978 , Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : India : Ganga, Brahmaputra, 264 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Cauvery, Mahanadi, Narbada, Tapi, Yamuna river systems. 2006. Batasio sharavatiensis , Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India : 79, 86-87. Material Examined: 5 exs., 44-56 mm.SL., Mysore, April 2000, ColI. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., Road to Hassan, 3.4.01, F.6816, ColI. G. Thirumali; 55 exs., 48-75 mm.SL., Bage Palli, 23.3.02, F.6914, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 45-58 mm.SL., Kambina Halli, 24.3.02, F.6924, Colol. S.Krishnan; 4 exs., 74-94 mm.SL., BEML Township, Outer Tank, 22.3.02, F.6920, Coll. S. Krishnan; 17 exs., 41-61 mm.SL., Jangam Kote, 24.3.02, F.6954, ColI. S. Krishnan. Material: 1 ex., Nagodihole, Sharavathi River, 20.5. 2004, F.80n, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : India : Hill streams of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Madhya Pradesh. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Pakistan. 70. Batasio sharavatiensis Anuradha & Jayaram 2004. Batasio sharavatiensis Anuradha & Jayaram, Zoos' Print 19 (2) : 1339 (Type Locality : Joginmatha, Sharavati river, Uttara Kannada). Distribution: Karnataka : Sharavathi River. 71. Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) 1822. Pimelodus cavasius Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges: 203, 379, pl.l1, fig. 67 (Type-Locality: Gangetic provinces). 1991. Mystus cavasius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 2 : 559-560. 2006. Mystus cavasius, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 40 (synonymy, description) Material Examined : 2exs, Belgaum Dist, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 11.2.1995 ;3 exs., 108125 mm. SL., N.R.Pura, 20.6.02, F.7022, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan ; 2 exs., 106-128 mm. SL., N.R. Pura, F.7001, Coll. M.B.Raghunathan.1 ex., 167 mm.SL., 18.9 07, F. 8099, Kondanjji, Devengere Dist., Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 118120 mm.SL., Bangalore, Suburban, 12.3.02, F.6980, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 27 mm.SL., F.5646, Nagarwoth, 18.02.98, M.S.R.; 1 ex., Hasaramakki, Sharavathi River, July. 2002, F.8064, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : India. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand: Salween basin. n. Mystus montanus (Jerdon) 1849. Bagrus montanus Jerdon, Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., 15 (2) : 337 (Type-Locality: Manantoday, Wynaad, Kerala State). 73. Mystus vittatus (Bloch) 1797. Silurus vittatus, Bloch, Ichthyol.Hist. Nat., 11 : 40, pI. 371, fig. 2. (Type-Locality: Tranquebar, S. India) 1991. Mystus vittatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 2 : 573-574. 2006. Mystus montanus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 36, 56-57 (synonymy, description). Material Examined: 6 exs, Near kuppam tank, Bangarpet, dist. Kolar, 25exs, Appayya kunta, chikkalabalapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 17.3.1978, 6exs, Srinivaspur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 14exs, Gavana tank, siddalghata, chintamani dist. Kolar M.B. Rao, 15.3.1978, Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lnnka, Burma, Thailand. 74. Hemibagrus punctatus (Jerdon) 1849. Bagrus punctatus Jerdon, Madras Jour. Lit. & Sci., 15 (2) : 339, (Type-Locality: Cauvery River, Western Ghats). 1991. Mystus punctatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 2 : 570-571. 2006. Hemibagrus montanus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 58, 65-66 (synonymy, description). 1991. Mystus montanus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. 2 : 567-568. Material Examined : 3exs, Berkada stream, Chipkala forest, Nagarhole, G.M. Yazdani, 28.12.1988. 2006. Mystus montanus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 49 (synonymy, description). Distribution : India: W. Ghats, Kerala, Tamil N adu, Karanataka. 265 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 75. Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) 1797. Silurus bimaculatus Bloch, IchthyoL Hist. nat. des. Poiss., 11 : 17, pL 364 (Type-Locality: Malabar). 1991. Ompok bimaculatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 582-583. 2006. Ompok bimaculatus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 105 (synonymy, description). Material Examined: 6 exs., 135-175 mm.SL., Bangalore Suburban, 12.3.02, F.6981, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., Muppane, Sharavathi River, 22.6. 2004, F.8071, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangaladesh. Malaya. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Thailand. Vietnam. Yunnan. Distribution : India. Elsewhere: ? Bali. Bangladesh, Borneo. Java. Malacca. Malaya. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Philippines. Singapore. Sri Lanka.Sumatra. Thailand. 78. Clarias dussumieri dussumieri Valenciennes 1840. Clarias dussumieri Valenciennes (in C & V), Hist. Nat. Poiss., 15 : 382, (Type-Locality: Pondicherry, Malabar). 1991. Clarias dussumieri, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, VoL 2 : 686-687. 2006. Clarias dussumieri dussumieri, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 304, 307-309 (synonymy, description). 1822. Silurus paba Hamilton, Fiahes of Ganges : 153,375, pL22, fig. 48 (Type-locality: Brahmaputra River). Material Examined: lex, Kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthal Karkala Road, P.P Kulkarni, 12.2.1992, lex, Kali river near Erde village puttur, S. Kanara, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992, lex, Halady, S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 12.9.1991, 1991. Ompok malabaricus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, VoL II : 585-586 .. Distribution: Peninsular India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry). 2006. Ompok malabaricus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 107 (synonymy, description). 79. Glyptothorax lonah (Sykes) Material: 1 ex., Muppane, Sharavathi River, 22.6. 2004, F.8082, Coll. Sreekantha 1838. Bagrus lonah sykes, Proc. zaol. Soc. Land., P.164, (Type-Locality: Deccan) 76. Ompok pabo (Hamilton) Distribution : India : Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna river systems. Now in Cauvery system. Remarks : The specimen collected by Sreekantha has been tentatively identified as Ompok pabo and is a new report to the Cauvery river system. 77. Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) 1758. Silurus batrachus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, I, ed 10 : 305 (Type-Locality: Asia and Africa) 1991. Clarias batrachus, Talwar and Jhingran,lnland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, VoL 2 : 684-685. 2006. Clarias batrachus, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 304305 (synonymy, description). Material Examined : 1 ex., 325 mm. SL., BEML Township Outer, 22.3.02, F.6902, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 235 mm.SL., Ellamalappa Kere, Avalahalli, 15.3.02, F.6948, ColI. S. Krishnan. 1999. Glyptothorax lonah Menon, checklist, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. paper, 175 : 245-246. 2006. Glyptothorax lonah, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 208, 231-233 (synonymy, description). Material Examined : lex., Erpu falls, Laxmantirth river, Nagarhole, S.G. Patil. 10.9.1990, Distribution : India : Deccah plateau, Godavari & Krishna river systems Vindhya, Orissa hills. 80. Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) 1794. Silurus fossilis Bloch, Naturgesch. Ausl. Fische, 8 : 46, pI. 370, fig.2 (Type-locality: Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu). 1991. Heteropneustes fossilis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, VoL II : 689-690. 2006. Heteropneustes fossilis, Jayaram, Cat Fishes of India; 313-316 (synonymy, description). 266 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material Examined: 10 exs., 62-100 mm. SL., Jangamkote, 24.3.02, F.6952.,6953, Coll. S. Krishnan. Distribution : India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Laos. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Thailand. 81. Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton) 1822. Mugil corsula Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges : 221, 381, pI. 9, fig. 97 (type- locality : Ganges river). : 213, 380, pI. 27, fig. 70 (type- locality: Gangetic provinces). 1991. Xenentodon cancila, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 743-744. 1999. Xenentodon cancila, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 336. Material: 1 ex., 300 mm.Sl., Gundia River, Nov. 2003, F.7634, Coll M.S. Ravichandra; 1 ex" Holebagulu, Sharavathi River, 22.4.2004, F.8053, Coll. Sreekantha. Distribution : India. 1991. Rhinomugil corsula, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 897-898. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan : Sind, Punjab. 1999. Rhinomugil corsula, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 330-33l. 84. Aplocheilus blocki (Arnold) Material Examined: 3 exs., 150-160 mm.SL., Bangalore Suburban, 12.3.02, F.6984, Coll. S. Krishnan. 1911. Haplocheilus panchax var. bloch Arnold, Wochenschr. Aquarien und Terrarienkunde, 8 : 672 (Type- locality : Ceylon). Distribution : India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. 82. Oryzias setnai Kulkarni 1940. Horaichthys setnai Kulkarni, Rec. Indian Mus., 42 : 382, (Type-Locality : Navlaki, Kathiwar coast, North and South of Bombay, Maharashtra) 1991. Horaichthys setnai, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 746-747. 1999. Horaichthys setnai, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 333 -334. Material Examined : 2exs, Kupetti River, Tal.Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992 Distribution : India : Backwaters and tanks along the coast about 160 km from Navlahai, Kathiawar coast north and south of Bombay, Maharashtra; Mahad, Kolaba district; Cochin, Valliathurai, Trivandrum. Also recorded from Jhanor, Narbada river, and Kalhor, Bodhan, Tapi river, Gujarat; from Cauvery River, Karnataka. 1991. Aplocheilus blocki, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 750-75l. 1999. Aplocheilus blocki, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 343-344. Material: 2 exs., 24-25 mm.SL., Bhadra Shankar Gutta, 21.6.02, F.7026, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 5 exs., 16-25 mm.SL., Kapila nandi near Nanjangud, 3.4.2000, F.6857, Coll. S. Krishnan; 23 exs., 12-27 mm.SL., Addayar, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7958, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 16-20 mm.SL., Farangipet, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7965, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 14-15 mm.SL., Bellighatta, Dhakshin Kannada, 19.9.06, F.7968, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 12 exs., 8-22 mm.SL., Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7997, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 24-25 mm.SL., Shankargutta, 21.6.02, F.7026, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 3 exs., 27-30 mm. SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8127, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 ex.s, Jayanagar, Sharavathi River, March 2004, F.8066, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Karnataka. Remarks : This is a new record to Karnataka. 85. Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes) 83. Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton) 1822. Esox cancila Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges 1846. Panchax lineatum Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poiss., 18 : 381 (Type-locality: Peninsular India). 267 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 1991. Aplocheilus lineatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 750,751-752. 1999. Aplocheilus lineatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 343-344. Material Examined: lex, Kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthal Karkala Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 12.2.92, 2exs, Bombar bett 21kms from Karkal, P.P.Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, lex, Kupetti River, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, lex, Kali river near Erde village Puttur, S. Kanara, P.P. Kulkarni 9.2.1992; 1 ex., 41 mm.SL., Kapilanandi near Nanjagud, 3.4.2000, F.6858, Coll. S. Krishnan; 8 exs., 22-35 mm.SL., Honagodu, 18.6.02, F.701O, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 27 mm.SL., Narsipura, 28.3.03, F.7281, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 22-35 mm. SL., Nimmar, 26.3.03, F.7330, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 29 mm,.SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7981, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 26 mm.SL., Thalakavery, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7990, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Western and South-eastern regions : Kodagu, Karntaka, Wynaad, Kerala; Tamil Nadu. 86. Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton) 1822. Esox panchax Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, pp. 211, 380, pl.3 fig.69, (Type- Locality : Bengal). 1991. Aplocheilus lineatus,Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 750, 752-753. 1999. Aplocheilus panchax Menon, Checklist, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper, 175 : 269. Material Examined: 15exs, Srinivasapur, tank, srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 5exs, water works tank srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.78, 22exs, Nalla, Moroli village, mangalore, S.kanara, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 6.2.1964; 46 exs., 19-41 mm.SL., Kanava Reservoir, 16.3.02, F.6966, ColI. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 20 mm.SL., Jambala, 10.12.05, F.7832, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: India: Andaman Islands,Orissa, W.Bengai. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Malay Archipelago. Myanmar. Pakistan. Thailand. 87. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) 1853. Heterandria ajfinis Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 6 : 390 (type-Locality: San Antanio river drainage, Texas). 1991. Gambusia affinis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 756-757. 1999. Gambusia ajfinis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 344-345. Material Examined : 40.exs, Gopal tank, Chikkaballapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 19.3.1978, 4exs, Malker tank, kolar, M.B. Rao, 3.3.1978, 30exs, Malker tank near katarpalem dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 4.3.1978; 39 exs., 18-37 mm.SL., Mysore, April 2000, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 30 mm.SL., Kapila Nandi, near Nanjagud, 3.4.01, F.6859, Coll. S. Krishnan; 57 exs., 18-33 mmSL., Melkoto W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01, F.6779, Coll.G.Thirumalai; 28 exs., 12-27 mm.SL., Kanathy, 16.6.02, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 10 exs., 16-30 mm. SL ., Kadur, 25.6.02, F.7035, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 20 mm.SL., Jodithimmapura, 22.3.03, ColI. S. Krishnan.;301 exs., 11.5-39 mm.SL., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal, 30.3.01, F.6790, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 170 exs., 11-30 mm.SL., Road to Mandya, 8.4.01, F.6805, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 105 exs., 14-29 mm.SL., Road to Hassan to Patna, 3.4.01, F.6815, Coll. G. Thirumalai,; 4 exs., 17-27 mmSL., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 35 exs., 14-35 mm. SL., Road to Hassan to Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F.6831, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 23 exs., 15-30 mm. SL., Hassan to Kalkere, 24.4.01, F.6835, ColI. G.Thirumalai ; 290 exs., 11-29 mm.SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8095, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 76 exs., 1140 mm.SL., Basavanathahalli, Kolarkere, 13.12.01, F.6868, Coll. M.B.Raghunathan; 2 exs., 17-19 mm.SL., Ulsoor Tank, Bangalore, 12.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 30-36 mm.SL., BEML, Town ship, 22.3.02, F.6908, Coll. S. Krishnan; 15 exs., 8.5-32 mm.SL., Kambinahalli, 24.3.02, F.6925, ColI. S. Krishnan; 22 exs., 18-31 mm.SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, F.6932, Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 18.5-31.5 mm.SL., Jangamkote, 24.3.02, F.6956, ColI. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 19.5-32 mm.SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6970, Coll. S. 268 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Krishnan; 45 exs., 13.5-30 mm., SL., Kombalagodu, Bangalore Rural, 14.3.02, F.6974, Coll. S. Krishnan; 231 exs., 11 -30 mm.SL., Near ramaamypond, 13.9.03, F.7353, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 200 exs., 15-30 mm.SL., Jodukonta, 16.3.04, F.7401, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 2 exs., 1213 mm.SL., Madeshpura Koil Tank, 19.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 30 mm.SL., Palahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7837, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 20-26 mm.SL., Seenapanthotti, Chamaraj Dist., 20.12.05, F.7845, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 11 exs., 16.5-25 mm.SL., Malenallasandra, Bangalore Dist., 10.12.05, F.7850, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 21-36 mm.SL., Ramasamy Canal, Mysore Dist., 17.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 37 exs., 15-31 mm.SL., Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7864, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 42 exs., 16-34 mm.SL., Nanjangudi, 15.12.05, F.7871 , Coll. S.Prabakaran; 16 exs., 2638 mm.SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarajnagar Dist., 20.12.05, F. 7876, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 1 ex., 18 mm.SL., Puttenakunti, 9.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 32 exs., 15-27 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7908, Coll. S. Prabakarn; 18 exs., 18-31 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7918, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 29 exs., 18-33 mm.SL., Kachanayakanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7924, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 16-24 mm.SL., Gevenahalli, Hassan dist., 28.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 24 mm.SL., Thimmanahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 25 mm.SL., Madavapattanm, Coorg Dist., 14.9.06, F.7972, ColI. S. Prabakaran. Distribution: Native of coastal waters of United States from New Jersey to Florida and adjoining gulf drainages in Central Americal southwards. Widely introduced in India. 88. Poeclia reticulata Peters 1859. Poeclia reticulata Peters, K. Preussischen Akad. Wiss., Berlin: 412 (Type-Locality: Venezuela) 1991. Poecilia (Lebistes) reticulata, Talwar & Jhingran, Inland fishes, vol. 2 : 758-759. 1999. Poeclia reticulata, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 345-346. Material Examined: 5exs, Sulkeri river 12 km. from Karkala on Belthangady Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 17.2.1992, 8exs, Malker tank near Katarpalem, Dist. Kolar, M.B.Rao, 4.3.1978; 10exs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist.Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978;123 exs., 9-24 mm.SL., Road to Hassan Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F.6808, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 8 exs., 16-25 mm.SL., Melkoto W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01, F.6780, ColI. G. Thirumalai;13 exs., 14-24 mm.SL., Jannapura, 15.6.02, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 5 exs., 14-33 mm.SL., Vastara, 21.3.03, F.7320, ColI. S. Krishnan; 72 exs., 12-30 mm.SL., Byadgi, Haveri Dist., 15.9.07, F.8090, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 228 exs., 15-35 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8123, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 117 exs., 14-25 mm.SL., Devarayana Durge, Tumkur Dist., 23.9.07, F. 8137, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 101 exs., 16-30 mm.SL., Kondajji, Devengere Dist., 17.9.07, F.8143, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 33 exs., 14-25 mm.SL., Biligiri Rangaswamy W.L.S., 7 Km. From K. Gudi, 24.2.99, F.6861, ColI. S. Krishnan; 24 exs., 13-20 mm.SL., BRTWLS, Near Check Post, 2.3.99, F.6863, ColI. S. Krishnan; 730 exs., 10-24 mm.SL., Bangalore Dist., 28.12. 01, F.6867, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 188 exs., 8-28 mm.SL., Kondapalli, 16.12.01, F.6870, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 290 exs., 9-22 mm.SL., Illapalli Kere, 20.12.01, F.6871, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 34 exs., 13-27 mm.SL., Amerahalli Kere, 12.12.01, F.6875, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 103 exs., 9-30 mm.SL., Yelhanka, Kolar, 17.12.01, F.6881, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 21 exs., 13-22 mm.SL., Hosuhuddia Halli Road, Kolar, 20.12.01, F. 6882, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 74 exs., 12-33 mm.SL., Mallasandra Kere, Kolar, 21.12.01, F.6883, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 38 exs., 15-31 mm.SL., Kuduvathi, 15.12.01, F.7078, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 256 exs., 7.5-29 mm.SL., Chitamani, 23.3.02, F.6960, Coll. S. Krishnan; 18 exs., 18-30 mm.SL., Mulbagal High Way, Kolar, 22.3.02, F.6977, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., Bannerghatta N.P., Mooleygundi, 15.3.03, F.7286, Coll. S. Krishnan, 1 ex., 22 mm.SL., Thattekere, 18.3.03, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 18 mm.SL., Udigebandi bannerghatta N.P., 16.3.03, F.7305, Coll. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 16-24 mm.SL., Muthyala 269 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Maduvu, 15.9.03, F.7351, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 15 mm.SL., Ebella, 14.9.03, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 734 exs., Gollahalleselu, Bannerghatta N.P., 20.3.04, F.7359 , Coll. K. Rema devi; 21 exs., 12-35 mm.SL., Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7380, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 371 exs., 8-19 mm.SL., Sebenekere, 16.3.04, F.7381, ColI. K. Rema devi; 18 exs., 11-21 mm.SL., Bettahalli Kavalu, 23.3.04, ColI. K. Rema Devi; 13 exs., 15-30 mm.SL., Ghaddehalla, 17.3.04, F.7400, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 23 exs., 14-34 mm.SL., Muthyala Maduvu, 20.3.04, F.741O, Coll. K.Rema Devi; 56 exs., 15-37 mm.SL., Jamballa, 10.12.05, F.7831, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 50 exs., 16-36 mm.SL., Malenallasandra, 10.12.05, F.7851, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 15-20 mm.SL., Chittahalli, Medikere, 24.12.05, F.7900, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 10-23 mm.SL., Gabbadi Kere, Bangalore Dist., 11.12.05, F.7942, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 20 exs., 10-20 mm.SL., Uttegu Seegudi, Chikmagalur Dist., F.7993, Coll. S. Prabakaran; Distribution : Originally from Tropical America. Introduced into India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. S.China. Hainan Island. Java. Malaya. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Sumatra. Thailand. Tonkin. Vietnam. 90. Macrognathus pancalus (Hamilton) 1822. Mastacembelus pancalus Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges, 30, 364, pI. 22" fig. 7. (Type-Locality: Tanks of Gangetic Provinces) 1991. Mastacembelus pancalus Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 1027-1028. 1999. Mastacembelus pancalus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 358. Material Examined: lex, Dharamsthala, S.S. Kamble, 5.9.1991, lex, Kali river Erde village Puttur, S. Kanara, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992, Distribution : India. Pakistan, Bangladesh. 91. Pseudosphromenus cupanus (Valenciennes) 183l. Polyacanthus cupanus Valenciennes, Hist. nat. poiss., 7 : 357. (Type-Locality : Ariancoupan river at Pondicherry) 89. Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) 1991. Macropodus cupanus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 1002-1003. 1800. Macrognathus armatus Lacepede, Hist. nat. Poiss., 2 : 286 (Type-locality: Not known). 1999. Pseudosphromenus cupanus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 438-439. 1991. Mastacembelus armatus Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 1031-1032. Material Examined: 4exs, Nalla moroli village, Mangalore, S.Kanara, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 6.2.1964, lex, Sagar, dist. Shimoga, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 10.3.1965; 1 ex., 32 mm.SL., Honagodu, 18.6.02, F.7011, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 14 exs., 28-30 mm. SL., Sringeri, Agumbe, 19.6.02, F.7015, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 29 mm.SL., Bhadra, Shankaragutta, 21.6.02, F.7025, Cool. M.B. Raghunathan ; 40 exs., 24-33 mm.SL., Doddannakere, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.3.04, F.7358, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 5 exs., 19-20 mm.SL., Addayar, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7959, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 7 exs., 17-39 mm.SL., Farangipet, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F. 7966, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 20-24 mm.SL., Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, F.7996, Coll. S. Prabakaran. 1999. Mastacembelus armatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 359-360. Material Examined: 2exs, Nalla near panja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 2exs, Kali river near Erde village Puttur, S.Karana, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992; 1 ex., 105 mm.SL., Mysore, April 2000, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 160-188 mm.SL., Melkote W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01, F.6784, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 303 mm.SL., N.R. Pura, 20.6.02, F.7028, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 315 mm.SL., Bangalore, 12.3.02, F.6982, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 59 mm.SL., Nanjangud, 15.12.05, F.7872, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 64-95 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, 16.12.05, F.7911, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Throughout India. Distribution : India : Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Coromandel coasts. 270 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Elsewhere: Bangladesh. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. 92. Chanda nama Hamilton 1822. Chanda nama Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges : 109, 371, pl.39, fig.37 (Type-locality : Ponds throughout Bengal). 1991. Chanda nama, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 799-800. 1999. Chanda nama, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 369. Material Examined: 3exs, Dharamsthala, S.S. Kamble, 5.9.1991, lex, stream near Belthagdi, S.S. Kamble, 5.9.1991; 1 ex., 40 mm.SL., Melkote W.L.S., Bevugal, R.F., 10.4.01, F.6782, ColI. G. Thirumalai; 241 exs., 22-45 mm.SL., Road to Hassan Dist., 30.3.01, F.6791, ColI. G.Thirumalai; 20 exs., 25-47 mm.SL., Javagal, 30.3.01, F.6794, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 198 exs., 24-35.5 mm.SL., Road to Mandya, 8.4.01, F.6806, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 27 mm. SL., Jodithimmapur, 22.3.03 ,F.7273, Coll. S. Krishnan; 9 exs., 23-30 mm.SL., Vastara, 21.3.03, F.7321, ColI. S. Krishnan 1 ex., 44 mm.SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8096, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 31-32 mm.SL., Hallayella, Haveri Dist., 13.9.07, F.8125, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 11 exs., 24-45 mm.SL., Kondajji, Devengere Dist., 17.9.07, F.8140, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 97 exs., 26-43 mm.SL., Thattekere, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.03, F. 7291, Coll. S. Krishnan; 127 exs., 20-29 mm.SL., Matheswara Kere, Bannerghatta N.P., 14.9.03, F.7345, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 20 exs., 1735 mm.SL., Medshpura Koil Kere, Bannerghatta N.P. , 19.3.04, F.7407, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 25 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7868, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 32 mm.SL., Kachanayakanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7926, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 28 mm.SL., Gevenahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, F.7937, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 28-29 mm.SL., Thimmanahalli, Hassan Dist., 28.12.05, F.7941, Coll. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Pakistan. Bangladesh. Nepal. 93. Pseudamassis ranga (Hamilton) 1822. Chanda ranga Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges : 113, 371, p1.l6, fig.38 (type-locality: freshwaters of all parts of Gangetic Provinces) 1991. Pseudambassis ranga, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 805-806. 1999. Paeudambassis ranga, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 370-37l. Material Examined: 23 exs., 30-47 mm. SL., Melkote W.L.S. Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01, F.6783, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 5 exs., 37-46 mm.SL., Road to Hassan Dist., Javagal, 30.3.01, F.6792, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 10 exs., 32.5-42 mm. SL., Road to Mandya, 8.4.01, F.6807, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., 55-61 mm.SL., Mysore, April, 2000, Coll S. Krishnan; 8 exs., 40-42 mm.SL., Matheswara Kere, Bannerghatta N.P., 14.9.03, F.7342, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., Holebagilu, Sharavathy River, Jan. 2003, F.8045, Coll. Sreekantha et.al. 94. Pristolepis marginata (Jerdon) 1848. Pristolepis marginatus ferdon, Madras f. Lit. & Sci., 15 : 141 (Type-locality Mananthavady river, North Malabar). 1991. Pristolepis marginata, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 88l. 1999. Pristolepis marginata, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 396. Material Examined: lex, Subramanyam, S.S. Kamble, 12.9.1991. Distribution : India : Wyanaad, Kerala; Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu. Remarks : This species has been reported for the first time from Karnataka (Rema Devi et.al., 2000). 95. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch) 1785. Chaetodon maculatus Bloch, Syst. Ichth., : pI. 427, fig.2 (type-locality : India). 1991. Etroplus maculatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 885. 1999. Etroplus maculatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 399. Material Examined: 1 ex., 22 mm. SL, Addayar, Mangalore, 18.9.06, F.7960, Coll. S. Prabkaran. REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 96. Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) 1785. Etroplus suratensis Bloch, Syst. Ichth. : pI. 217 (typelocality: ? Surat.). 1991. Etroplus suratensis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 885-886. 1999. Etroplus suratensis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 399. Material Examined: 1 ex., 102 mm.SL., Bangalore Suburbun, 12.3.02, F.6979, ColI. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 110-120 mm.SL., Netravathi River 20 Km. away from Arabian Sea, 28.11.03, F.7616, Coll. M.S. Ravichandran. Distribution : Peninsular India : Tamil N adu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Karnataka. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 97. Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) 1852. Chromis (Tilapia) mossambicus Peters, Montab. Akad. Wiss., Berlin : 681 (Type-Locality: Mozambique). 1991. Oreochromis mossambica, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 887-888. 1999. Oreochromis mossambica, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 400. Material Examined: lex, Nethravati river, pane Mangalore dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 29.8.1999; 3 exs., 27-30 mm.SL., Mysore, April, 2000, Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 exs., 23-55 mm.SL., River Cauvery behind SR Patna, 7.4.01, F.6837, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 2 exs., 18-18.5 mm.SL., Jannapur, 15/6/02, ColI. M.B. Raghunathan; 3 exs., 15-18 mm.SL., Near village Road, 27.6.02, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 15.5 mm.SL., Narsipura, 28.3.03, Coll. S. Krishnan; 96 exs., 20-48 mm. SL., Road to Hassan Dist., 30.3.01, F.6793, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 59 exs., 11-11.5 mm.SL., Road to Mandya, 8.4.01, F.6809, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 16 mm.SL., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01, Coll. G. Thirumalai 108 exs., 11-82 271 mm.SL., Byadgi, Haveri Dist., 15.9.07, F.8089, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 40 exs., 22-115 mm.SL. Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8097, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 10 exs., 77-88 mm.SL., Kondajji, Davengere Dist., 18.9 07, F.8106, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 20-55 mm.SL., Devarayan Durge, Tumkur Dist., 23.9.07, F.8136, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 27 mm.SL., Kondajji, Devengere Dist., 17.9.07, , ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 14 mm.SL., Doddachempika, B.R.T.W.L.S., 25.2.99, Coll. S. Krishnan; 265 exs., 6-36 mm.SL., Basvanathahalli, Kolarkere, 13.12.01, F. 6869, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 9 exs., 18-27 mm.SL., Yelhanka, Bangalore, 17.12.01, F.6880, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 5 exs., 5-111 mm.SL., Ulsoor Tank, Bangalore, 12.3.02, F.6889, ColI. S.Krishnan; 22 exs., 41-96 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6893, ColI. S. Krishnan; 44 exs., 30-65 mm.SL., Khajikalla halli, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, F.6896, Coll. S. Krishnan; 8 exs., 45-130 mm.Sl., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F.6901, Coll. S.Krishnan; 52 exs., 20-98 mm.SL., BEML, Township, 22.3.02, F.691O, Coll. S.Krishnan; 2 exs., 145-146 mm.SL., Hunganoor, 19.3.02, F.6911 , Coll. S. Krishnan; 6 exs., 46-140 mm.SL., Munganahalli, 23.3.02, F.6928, Coll. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 14-27.5 mm.SL., Holasahalli, 19.3.02, ColI. S.Krishnan; 240 exs., 14-113 mm.SL., Naickarpalya, 18.3.02, F.6934, Coll. S. Krishnan; 18 exs., 16-73 mm.SL., Magdi tank, Bangalore, 18.3.02, F.6940, ColI. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 44 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, Coll. S. Krishnan; 22 exs., 35-68 mm.SL., Bannerghatta, Bangalore, 12.3.02, F.6946, ColI. S. Krishnan; 4 exs., 124-140 mm.SL., Ellamalappa Kere, Avalahalli, 15.3.02, F.6947, Coll. S. Krishnan; 14 exs., 35-69 mm.SL., Jangarnkote, 24.3.02, F.6959, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 38 mm.SL., Narasapura, Kolar Dist., 15.3.02, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 25 mm.SL., Mooleygudi, 15.3.03, F.7287, Coll. S. Krishnan; 7 exs., 98-127 mm.SL., Thattekere, 18.3.03, F.7292, Coll. S.Krishnan; 4 exs., 21-46 mm.SL., Gaddhella, 15.3.03, F.7297, Coll. S. Krishnan; 9 exs., 57-125 mm.SL., Matheswara kere, 14.9.03, F.7343, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 4 exs., 15-26 mm.SL., Near ramasamy Pond, 13.9.03, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 16 exs., 22-32 mm.SL., 272 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Doddannakere, 15.3.04, F>7357, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 155 exs., 14-110 mm.SL., Uruganthottai, 19.3.04, F.7374, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 23 exs., 819 mm.SL., Sebenekere, 16.3.04, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 43 exs., 18-78 mm.SL., Ghaddehalla, 17.3.04, F.7397, Coll. K.Rema Devi; 1 ex., 15 mm.SL., Jodukontu, 16.3.04, F.7394, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 38 exs., 10-35 mm.SL., Madeshpura Koil Kere, 19.3.04, F.7406, Coll. K.Rema Devi; 13 exs., 38-78 mm.SL., Muninagaram, 22.3.04, F.7418, Coll. K. Rema Devi; 4 exs., 29-30 mm.SL., Palahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7840, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 68 exs., 18-40 mm.SL., Seenapanthotti, Chamraj Dist., 20.12.05, F.7846, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 19 mm.SL., Ramasany Canal, 17.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 25 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 39 exs., 17-31 mm.SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarajnagar Dist., 20.12.05, F.7877, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 5 exs., 1524 mm.SL., Balakola, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 2 exs., 23-36 mm.SL., Krishnarajasagar, 16.12.05, F.7919, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 23-32 mm.SL., Kachanayakanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7927, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., 15 mm.SL., Addayar, Mangalore Dist., 18.9.06, Coll. S. Prabakaran. 1 ex., 66 mm. SL., Kondanjji, Davengere Dist., 18.9.07, F.8104, ColI. S. Prabakaran; 3 exs., 5-81 mm.SL., Hanumanth Nagar, Bangalore dist., 17.3.02, F.6895, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 44 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6944, ColI. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 79 mm.SL., Kanva Reservoir, 16.3.02, F.6964, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 53 mm.SL., Poodhipadiga, Chamarajanagar Dist., 20.12.05, F.7875 , Coll. S.Prabakaran; 1 ex., 19 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, Coll. S.Prabakaran; 1 ex., 30 mm.SL., Kacnanaya Kanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7925, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 4 exs., 22-36 mm.SL., Thalasahalli, Srirangapattinam, 14.12.05, F.7867, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 1 ex., Muppane, Sharavathi River, March 2004, F.8058, ColI. Sreekantha. Distribution : East Africa to Natal, Widely introduced in India. Material Examined: 6exs, 26.5-29.0 mm SL., Kukki, Subramania, Kallagi, 15.4.1999, F.6136 Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 24 mm.SL., Seedhanadhi, Karnataka, 27.2.2002, F.7363 , Coll. Arunachalam and Party. Elsewhere: Bangladesh. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. 98. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) 1822. Gobius giuris Hamilton-Buchanan, Fishes of Ganges : 51, pl.33, fig.15 (Type-locality: Gangetic provinces). 1991. Glossogobius giuris, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 936. 1999. Glossogobius giuris, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 413-414. Material Examined : 6exs, Kali river, 4kms from Ganeshgudi Supadam, R.M. Shama, 15.9.1991; 31 exs., 30-70 mm.SL., Melkote W.L.S., Bevugal R.F., 10.4.01, F.6781, ColI. G. Thirumalai 26 exs., 27-64 mm.SL., Ramasagar, Kolar Dist., 27.9.07, F.8098 , ColI. S. Prabakaran; Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. It has a wide range of distribution from the East coast of Africa to Japan, Australia and South Pacific. 99. Redigobius romeri (Weber) 1911. Gobius romeri Weber, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf Ges., 34, p. 39, fig. 8. 1911. Redigobius romeri, Kottelat, M. et.al. Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi, Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. pp. 219, PIs. 84. Distribution : Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Fiji, Australia, India. Remarks : This species has been reported for the first time from the mainland of India (Rema Devi & Indra, 2005). 100. Anabas testudineus (Bloch) 1795. Anabas testudineus Bloch, Nat. Aus. Fish., (6) : 121, pl.322, (Type-Locality: Mentioned as Japan but it doesn't occur in Japan) 1991. Anabas testudineus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 996-998. 273 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes 1999. Anabas testudineus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes Distribution : Throughout India. of the Indian Region: 434-435. Material Examined: 3 exs, Kapinadka Bridge on Dharmasthala, Karkalla Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 12.2.1992, lOexs, Kupetti River, Tal. Betthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh. Borneo. Malay Archipelago. Myanmar. Philippines. Singapore. Sri Lanka. 101. Channa gachua (Bloch & Schneider) 1801. Channa orientalis Bloch and Schneider, Syst. Ichth. : 496, pI. 90. fig. 2 (Type-Locality : India). 1991. Channa orientalis, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 10 19-1020.d 1999. Channa orientalis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 446-447 Material Examined : 5 exs, Sulkeri river 12 km. from Karkala on Belthangady Road, P.P. Kulkarni, 17.2.1992, 5exs, Bombar bett 21 Kms from Karkala, P.P. Kulkarni, 18.2.1992, lex, Dharamsthala, S.S. Kanble, 5.9.1991, 5exs, Kupetti river, Tal. Belthangady, P.P. Kulkarni, 11.2.1992, 2exs, Nallah near panja village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 8.2.1992, 2exs, Nallah near muralia village, Tal. Sullia, P.P. Kulkarni, 7.2.1992, lex, Kali river near Erde village puttur, S. Kanara, P.P. Kulkarni, 9.2.1992, 10exs, mashid Basalguntha pond, mulbagal, Dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 8.3.1978, lex, Gavana tank, Siddalghata, Chintamani, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 15.3.1978, 8exs, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, lex, Belgaum Dist, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 11.2.1965; 1 ex., 78 mm.SL., Mysore April 2000, CoIl. S. Krishnan; 5 exs., 54120 mm. SL., Honagodu, 18.6.02, F.7012, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 1 ex., 64 mm.SL., Korakkanahalli, 26.3.03, F.7335, Coll. S. Krishnan; 3 exs., 95-110 mm.SL., Uthigabande, Bannerghatta N.P., 18.3.04, F.7365, CoIl. K. Rema Devi; 1 ex., 64 mm.SL., Balakola Canal, Mysore Dist., 16.12.05, F.7909, CoIl. S.Prabakaran; 1 ex., 58 mm.SL., Bhagamandala, Coorg Dist., 13.9.06, F.7982, CoIl. S. Prabakaran. Elsewhere: Afghanistan. Bangladesh. Borneo. Iran. Malaysia. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Thailand. 102. Channa marulius (Hamilton) 1822. Ophiocephallus marulius Hamilton, Fishes of Ganges; 65, 367, pI. 17, fig. 9. (Type-Locality: River Ganges). 1991. Channa marulius, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 10 171018. 1999. Channa orientalis, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 446-447. Material Examined: lex, Nethravati river, Pane Mangalore dist. S. Kanara, S.S. Kamble, 29.8.1991. Distribution : Throughout India. Bangladesh. China. Myanmar. Pakistan. Sri Lanka. Thailand. 103. Channa punctatus (Bloch) 1794. Ophiocephalus punctatus Bloch, Natur Aus. Fische, 7 : 139, pI. 358. (Type-Locality: Coromandal coast) 1991. Channa punctatus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 1020-1021. 1999. Channa punctatus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region: 446-447. Material Examined : lex, Appayya kunta, Chikkaballapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 17.3.1978, lex, Srinivasapur tank, Srinivasapur, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 14.3.1978, 2exs, Bada Talab, mullagal, dist. Kolar, M.B. Rao, 9.3.1978, lex, Sirsi, N. Kanara, Mysore, B.K. Tikader, 28.2.1965; 11 exs., 17-31 mm.SL., Kadur, 25.6.02, F.7036, CoIl. M.B. Raghunathan; 58 exs., 17-58 mm.SL., Road to Hassan to Patna, 3.4.01, F.6817, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 1 ex., 120 mm.SL., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F.6823, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 3 exs., 49-71 mm.SL., Road to Hassan, Karkuntha, 30.3.01, F6830, CoIl. G.Thirumala. 27exs., 18125 mm.SL., Kuduvathi, 15.12.01, F.7079, Coll. M.B. Raghunathan; 7 exs., 56-110 mm.SL., Hunumanth Nagar, 17.3.02, F.6894, Coll. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 35-56 mm.SL., Magdi Tank, 274 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Bangalore, 18.3.02, F. 6939, CoIl. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 39 mm.SL., Uyyampalli, 17.3.02, F.6945, CoIl. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 46 mm.SL., Jangam Kote, 24.3.02, F.6955, Coll. S.Krishnan; 1 ex., 65 mm.SL., Kanva Reservoir, 16.3.02, F.6965, Coll. S. Krishnan; 1 ex., 178 mm.SL., Suburbun Bangalore, 12.3.02, F.6983, CoIl. S. Krishnan; 2 exs., 55-56 mm.SL., Muthyala Maduvu, Bannerghatta N.P., 15.9.03, F.7352, Coll. G. Thirumalai; 46 exs., (Juv.), 18-22 mm.SL., Athikupae Halli, Bannerghatta N.P., 17.9.03, F.7354, Coll. G.Thirumalai; 1 ex., 21 mm.SL., Malenallasandra, Bangalore, 10.12.05, Coll. S. Prabakaran; 17 exs., 40-70 mm SL., Kachanayakanahalli, Hassan Dist., 27.12.05, F.7928, CoIl. S. Prabakaran. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Afghanistan. Bangladesh. China. Malaya. Myanmar. Nepal. Pakistan. Polynesia. Sri Lanka. 104. Tetraodon (Monotretus) travancoricus Hora and Nair 1941. Tetraodon (Monotretus) travancoricus Hora and Nair, Rec. Indian Mus., 43(3) : 391, figs. 3 & 4 (Typelocality: Pamba river at Travancore). 1991. Tetraodon travancoricus, Talwar and Jhingran, Inland Fishes of India and adjacent Countries, Vol. II : 1061-1062. 1999. Tetraodon travancoricus, Jayaram, The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region : 449-450. Material Examined: 10 exs, 10-18.5 mm SL., Mavincar, Dakshin Kannada, 13.4.1999, F.5845, Coll. G. Thirumalai. SUMMARY Earlier reports on the fishes of Karnataka to mention a few important work include Hora (1937), Bhimachar and Subba Rau (1941), Chacko and Kuriyan (1948), David (1963), David et al. (1969, 1974). Rahman (1978), Rajagopal et al. (1978), Jayaram et al. (1982) and Raghunathan (1989). Most recently Chandrashekhariah et.al. (2000) have given a detailed account the ichthyofauna of Karnataka state listing 97 species from Cauvery River, 101 from Krishna River and 60 species from Godavary River. Subsequently new distributional records have been reported by Rema Devi et al. (2000 a, 2000 b, 2005), Rema Devi and Indra (2005) and Krishnan et al. (2004) which include the following additions to the fish fauna of Karnataka viz. Esomus thermoicos (Val.), Rasbora labiosa Mukerjee, Pristolepis marginatus Jerdon, Tetraodon (Monotretus) travancoricus (Hora and Nair) and Redigobius romeri (Weber) and more recently Barilius barna (Hamilton) and Ompok pabo (Hamilton). Additional new records to Karnataka reported in this paper have been reported by WRS and are Puntius fasciatus pradhani Tilak, Puntius phutunio (Hamilton), Crossocheilus latius latius (Hamilton), Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton), Lepidocephalus guntea (Hamilton), Horaichthys setnai Kulkarni. One specimen answering to the description of Tor neilli a rare species, earlier considered a synonym of Tor khudree, was collected and is reported here. To sum up this paper reports 213 species, with 104 species actually collected and detailed here, with additional 13 new reports and one rare species from Karnataka . Of the 213 species listed 86 species are endemic to the Western Ghats and 13 endemic to the state. Distribution : India : In fresh waters along the Coastal belt of Kerala and Karnataka. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Remarks : This species has been reported for the first time from Karnataka (Rema Devi, Indra & Raghunathan, 2000). The authors are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India and the Officer's-inCharge, Southern Regional Station and Western Regional Station for the facilities provided. 275 REMA DEVI et al. : FreshWater Fishes REFERENCES Bhimachar, B.S. and A. Subba Rau. 1941. The fishes of Mysore State I, Fishes of Kadur District. 1. Mys. Univ., I : 49-61. Chacko, P.I. and Kuriyan, G.K. 1948. A survey of the fishery of the Thungabadra River. Proc. Indian Acad.Sci., 28 (5 B) : 166-176 . .......................... (1963) : Studies on fish and fisheries of the Godavary and Krishna river systems. Part I. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. India, 33B(2) : 263-286. David, A., Ray, P., Govind, B.V., Rajagopal, K.V. and R.K. Banerjee. 1969. Limnology and fisheries of the Thungabhadra reservoir. Bull. Centro Inland. Fish. Res. Inst .. Barrackpore, 13 : 188 p. (mimeo). David, A., Ray, P. and Rao, N.G.S. 1974. Tank resources of Karnataka. Bull.20., cent. Inl. Fish. Res. Inst., Barrackpore, W Bengal, India. Day, F. 1865. The fishes of Malabar. Bernard Quaritch, London. : 293. Day, F. 1875-78. The Fishes of India, being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas andfreshwaters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Text and Atlas in 4 parts, London, xx, P. 778,195 pIs. Fang Fang, 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of the Asian Cyprinid genus Danio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). Copeia, 2003(4) : 714-728. Jayaram, K.e. 1991. Systematic status Danio malabaricus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 2(2) : 109-112. Jayaram, K.e. 1999. The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region, Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi, xxvii + 551, PIs. xviii. Jayaram, K.e. 2006. The Cat Fishes of India, Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi,i- xxii +383, Pls.i - xiii. Jerdon, T.e. 1849. On the freshwater fishes of Souther India. Madras. 1. Lit. Sci., 15 : 302-346. Jayaram, K.e., Venkateshwalu, T., and Raghunathan, M.B. 1982. A survey of the Cauvery river system with a major account of its fish fauna. Rec. zool. Surv. India., Occ. Paper, 36: 1-115pp Krishnan, S., Rema Devi, K., Indra, T.J., and Raghunathan, M.B. 2004. On a collection of fish From Bangalore and Kolar Districts, Karnataka. Rec. zool. Surv. India, 103(Part 1&2) : 143-155. Menon, A.G.K. 1987. The Fauna of India and the adjacent countries, Pisces 4. Teleostei-Cobitoidea, part 1, homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, : x + 259, 16 pIs, (4 in colour). Menon, A.G.K. 1999. Check list-Freshwater Fishes of India, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No. 175 : i-xxix, 1-366 pp (publisher-Director, ZSI). Raghunathan, M.B. 1989. Ichthyofauna of Coorg District, Karnataka. Fishery Technology, 26(1) : 1921. Rahman, M.F. 1978. Rservoir fisheries in Karnataka and their development. Bull. Cent. Inst. Fish. Edn, Bombay: 156-163. 276 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Rema Devi, K, T.J. Indra, M.S. Ravichandran, and Raghunathan, M.B. 2000. On a report of Pristolepis marginatus Jerdon (Perciformes : Percoidei : Nandidae) from Karnataka. I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 97(3) : 440-441. Rema Devi, K, T.J. Indra and Raghunathan, M.B. 2000. On a report of Tetradon (Monotretus) travancoricus from South Kanara, Karnataka, India. I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 97(3) : 441- 443. Rema Devi K, and Indra, T.J. 2005. On the occurrence of Redigobius romeri (Weber) (Pisces: Gobiidae) in the Mainland of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India: 104 (1&2) : 175-178. Silas, E.G., A.Gopalakrishnan, Lijo John and Shaji c.P. 2005. Genetic identity of Tor malabaricus (Jerdon) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) as revealed by RAPD markers. Indian I. Fish. , 52(2) : 125-140. Talwar, P. K and Jhingran, A.G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2 Vols.,xix + 1158. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 277-387, 2013 MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH R.P. BARMAN, S.S. MISHRA, S. KAR and S.C. SAREN Zoological Survey of India, F. P. S. Building, Kolkata INTRODUCTION Karnataka state is endowed with vast marine and fresh water resources. This maritime state has about 300 km long coast line between 12°42'25" -14°57'20" Nand 74°02'25"-74°53'20" E. The continental shelf of the state has an area of 27,000 sq. km and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 87,000 sq. km, besides 8,000 ha of brackish water area in its coastal zone. The shelf of Karnataka has an average width of 80 km and the depth of shelf break is between 90 and 120 meters. The geographical area of Karnataka is 192,204 sq. km which is about 5.85% of the total area of the Indian Union. The State lies between the latitudes 1P12' Nand 18°12' N and longitudes 73°48' E and 78°18' E. It has a moderate climate with four seasons and receives an annual average rainfall of 120 cm. Karnataka, formerly known as the State of Mysore, is the eighth largest State in India in terms of area and population. This state has 29 districts; out of which 3 are coastal districts, i.e., Uttar Kannada, Udupi and Daskhin Kannada. The state has three principal geographical zones: the coastal region of Karavali, the hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats and the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau. It has one of the most indented shoreline with numerous river mouths, lagoons, bays, creeks, cliffs, spits, sand dunes and long beaches. There are 14 west flowing rivers draining into the Arabian Sea. The important estuaries include the Netravati-Gurpur, Gangolli, Hangarkatta, Sharavathi, Aghanashini, Gangavali and Kalinadi. Sand bars have developed in most of the estuaries. There are a number of barrier spits at Tannirbavi, Sasithitlu, Udyavara, Hoode, Hangarkatta and Kirimanjeswara formed due to migration of coastal rivers. The Karnataka State is located on the western edge of the Deccan plateau and is surrounded by Maharashtra and Goa on the north, Andhra Pradesh on the east, Tamil Nadu and Kerala on the south. On the western side of the State is the Arabian Sea. This maritime state, with its 300 km long coastline, rich continental shelf and vast EEZ, has a resource potential of 4.25 lakh tonnes of marine fish production per annum. The State is endowed with 5.03 lakh hectares of freshwater resources with a good potential for fish production. Besides this, the State has 8000 ha of brackishwater area. The present fish production of the State is around 2.90 lakh tonnes. Karnataka has the highest number of mechanised boats with 6,318 crafts operating in inshore waters. The marine fish production in the inshore waters has almost reached saturation point and further attention is required to exploit the offshore and deep-sea resources. The Karnataka coast, usually known as the mackerel coast, shows decline in fish production during last decade. The marine fish production potential IS estimated at around 4.25 lakh M. T. per annum. Prior to introduction of mechanical fishing crafts and gear, marine fish landings were around 0.18 lakh M.T. per annum. With the introduction of 278 mechanized trawlers for harvesting bottom dwelling fishes, purse seines for pelagic fishes and gill netters for mid water species, the fish landing recorded a high of 2.23 lakh M.T. (199697) in a span of about 22 years (1964-1996). In subsequent years, there was gradual decline in fish catches and a low of 1.28 lakh M. T. was recorded in 2001-2002. Marine fishing in this sate is almost restricted to the near shore areas. The oil sardines and mackerels are the dominant fishes among the total fish landings in this state. The state contributes about 10% of the total marine fish production in India. In Kamataka, mackerals, sardines, anchovics and other clupeoids form the dominent pelagic fishing while catfishes, sciaenids, perches, sharks and rays etc. constitute the deep sea fishing. Soles and prawns form the major demersal fishery. There are 29 fish landing centers including five minor fishing harbors in the State. To overcome crowding of fishing vessels in these harbors and to assist smaller mechanized boat operators and traditional fishermen, constructions of fish landing jetties have been taken up at intermediate centers. Though the State has vast inland water resources, most of them are rain fed and thereby the water holding capacity depends on good monsoon. Besides there is heavy siltation of these water bodies, reducing the overall effective water spread area. However, attempt has been made to develop all suitable resources resulting in increased inland fish production in recent years. The State has a leasing policy for inland water bodies categorizing them based on water spread areas and fixing priorities while leasing. The fishery rights of water bodies not leased out are disposed of by tendercum-auction. Supply of quality fish seed as a stocking material being a pre-requisite for intensive development, greater attention is given for fish seed production including assistance to private entrepreneurs to establish fish seed production and rearing farms. The fish seed production is around 200 million in terms of fry. As per the ad hoc survey conducted by the State Agriculture Department, about 9.91 lakh hectares Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 of land has become saline, alkaline or waterlogged, especially in the command areas of the major irrigation projects, due to continuous irrigation and has become unfit for cultivation. These lands have facility to draw copious water from the adjacent canals and can be utilized for aquaculture by correcting the soil and water quality. The State Government is implementing a scheme to encourage farmers to take up fish culture in these waterlogged areas. The State Government is implementing several of the centrally sponsored schemes and State plan schemes with the main object of augmenting fish production. The emphasis is on the improvement of socio-economic condition of the fisher folk. Attention is also given towards providing infrastructural facilities and marketing of fish. The 300 km. long coast line of this state has been surveyed covering almost all the major fish landing centers. The present work is the outcome of our exploration for the marine and estuarine fishes of all the 3 coastal districts of Karnataka, in addition to the fishes already known to occur in this state as per the published literature. In all, 570 species under 128 families and 30 orders has been included in this present work from this state. A brief description of all the families, along with key to the orders, families, genera and species has been furnished in this study. Remarks or systematic notes on some species are also included in this work. The 'key to the species' provided hereunder is applicable to the species reported from Kamataka coast only. The literature consulted during this study has been included in the bibliography section of this work. The arrangement of orders and families are mostly in accordance with Nelson (2006). SYSTEMATIC LIST CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES Order I ORECTOLOBIFORMES Family 1 HEMISCYLIDAE 1. Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov, 1980 2. Chiloscyllium griseum Muller & Henle, 1838 279 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 3. Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789) Family 2 STEGOSTOMATIDAE 24. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard) 4. Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) 25. Carcharhinus sorrah (Muller & Henle, 1839) Family 3 GYNGLIMOSTOMATIDAE 26. Galeocerdo cuvieri (Peron & LeSueur, 1839) 5. Nebrius ferugineus (Lesson, 1830) Family 4 RHINCODONTIDAE 6. Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 Order II LAMNIFORMES Family 5 ALOPIDAE 27. Lamiopsis temminckii (Muller & Henle, 1839) 28. Loxodon macrorhinus Muller & Henle, 1839 29. Negaprion acutidens (Ruppell, 1837) 30. Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) 7. Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935 31. Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell, 1837) 8. Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) 32. Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer, 1964 Family 6 ODONTASPIDAE 9. Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 Family 7 LAMNIDAE 10. [surus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 33. Scoliodon laticaudus (Muller & Henle, 1841) Family 12 SPHYRNIDAE 34. Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier, 1816) 35. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) Order III CARCHARHINIFORMES 36. Sphyrna mokarran (Ruppell, 1837) Family 8 SCYLIORHINIDAE 37. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) 11. Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett, 1830) 12. Halaelurus quagga (Alcock, 1899) Family 9 TRIAKIDAE 13. [ago omanensis (Norman, 1939) 14. Mustelus mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899 Family 10 HEMIGALEIDAE 15. Chaenogaleus macrostomus (Bleeker, 1852) Order IV SQUALIFORMES Family 13 SQUALIDAE 38. Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903 Order V PRISTIFORMES Family 14 PRISTIDAE 39. Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham, 1794) Order VI TORPEDINIFORMES Family 15 NARCINIDAE 16. Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger, 1871) 40. Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family 11 CARCHARHINIDAE Order VII RAJIFORMES 17. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) Family 16 RHINOBATIDAE 41. Glaucostegus grannulatus (Cuvier, 1829) 18. Carcharhinus dussumieri (Muller & Henle, 1839) 42. Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskal, 1775) 19. Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes, 1839) Family 17 DASY ATIDAE Order VIII: MYLIOBATIFORMES 43. Dasyatis zugei (Muller & Henle, 1841) 20. Carcharhinus limbatus (Muller & Henle, 1839) 44. Himantura bleekeri (Blyth, 1860) 21. Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) 45. Himantura uarnak (Forsskal, 1775) 22. Carcharhinus leu cas (Valenciennes, 1839) 46. Pastinachus sephen (Forsskal, 1775) 23. Carcharhinus macloti (Muller & Henle, 1839) 47. Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 280 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Family 18 GYMNURIDAE 48. Gymnura poecilura (Shaw, 1804) Family 19 MYLIOBATIDAE 69. Neenchelys buitendijki Weber & de Beaufort, 1916 Order XII CLUPEIFORMES 49. Aetobatus narinari (Eupbrasen, 1790) Family 28 CLUPEIDAE 50. Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray, 1834) 70. Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes, 1847) 51. Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 71. Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum, 1792) 52. Rhinoptera javanica Muller & Henle, 1841 73. Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847 53. Mobula eregoodootenkee (Bleeker, 1859) 74. Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker, 1849 72. Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822) Class OSTEICHTHYES 75. Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) Order IX ELOPIFORMES 76. Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Ruppell, 1837) Family 20 ELOPIDAE 54. Elops machnata (Forsskal, 1775) Family 21 MEGALOPIDAE 55. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782) Order X ALBULIFORMES Family 22 ALBULIDAE 56. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) OrderXI ANGUILLIFORMES Family 23 ANGUILLIDAE 57. Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis (Gray, 1834) 58. Anguilla bicolor bicolor (McClelland, 1844) Family 24 MURAENIDAE 77. Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) 78. Nematalosa galatheae Nelson & Rothman, 1973 79. Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) 80. Sardinella albella (Valenciennes, 1847) 81. Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes, 1847) 82. Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) 83. Sardinella jusieu (Lacepede, 1803) 84. Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847 85. Sardinella melanura (Cuvier, 1829) 86. Spartelloides delicatulus (Bennett, 1832) 87. Spartelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 59. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl, 1789) 88. Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822) 60. Gymnothorax meleagris Schultz, 1953 89. Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847) 61. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) Family 29 PRISTIGASTERIDAE 62. Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker, 1852) 90. Ilisha elongata ([Bennett], 1830) 63. Strophidon sathete (Hamilton, 1822) 92. Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839) Family 25 CONGRIDAE 64. Uroconger lepturus (Richardson, 1845) Family 26 MURAENESOCIDAE 91. Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes, 1847) 93. Ilisha melastoma (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 94. Ilisha sirishai Seshagiri Rao, 1975 95. Ilisha striatula Wongratana, 1983 65. Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853) 96. Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829) 66. Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton, 1822) 97. Pellona ditchela Valenciennes, 1847 67. Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal, 1775) 98. Raconda russeliana Gray, 1831 Family 27 OPHICHTHIDAE 68. Lamnostoma orientalis (McClelland, 1844) Family 30 ENGRAULIDAE 99. Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 281 100. Co ilia neglecta Whitehead, 1967 13 I. Netuma thalassina (Ruppell, 1837) 10 I. Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940) 132. Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 102. Encrasicholina puntifer Fowler, 1938 133. Plicofollis dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1840) 103. Stlephorus commersonnii Lacepede, 1803 134. Plicofollis platystomus (Day, 1877) 104. Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) 135. Plicofollis tenuispinis (Day, 1877) 105. Stolephorus insularis Hardenberg, 1933 136. Plicofollis tonggol (Bleeker, 1846) 106. Stolephorus waitei Jordan and Seale, 1926 107. Thryssa dayi W ongratana, 1983 Order XV AULOPIFORMES Family 35 CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE 108. Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1848) 137. Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonnaparte, 1840 109. Thryssa hamiltonii Gray, 1835 138. Chlorophthalmus bicornis Norman, 1939 110. Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795) Family 36 SYNODONTIDAE 11 I. Thryssa mystax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 139. Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) 112. Thryssa polybranchialis W ongratana, 1983 113. Thryssa purava (Hamilton, 1822) 140. Saurida micropectoralis Shindo & Yamada, 1972 114. Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782) 14I. Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) 115. Thryssa vitrirostris (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908) 142. Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) Family 31 CHIROCENTRIDAE 143. Saurida wanieso Shindo & Yamada, 1972 144. Synodus engelmani Schultz, 1953 116. Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskal, 1775) 145. Synodus indicus (Day, 1873) 117. Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 146. Synodus variegates (Lacepede, 1803) Order XIII GONORYNCHIFORMES Family 32 CHANIDAE 118. Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775) Order XIV SILURIFORMES Family 33 PLOTOSIDAE 119. Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1822 120. Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes, 1840 12I. Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) Family 34 ARIIDAE 122. Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822) 123. Arius jella Day, 1877 124. Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) 125. Arius subrostratus Valenciennes, 1840 126. Arius sumatranus ([Bennett], 1830) 127. Batracocephalus mino (Hamilton, 1822) 147. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) Order XVI MICTOPHIFORMES Family 37 MICTOPHIDAE 148. Diaphus dumerilli (Bleeker, 1856) Order XVII GADIFORMES Family 38 BREGMACEROTIDAE 149. Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson, 1840 Family 39 MACROURIDAE 150. Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843) Order XVIII OPHIDIIFORMES Family 40 OPHIDIIDAE 15I. Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 Order XIX BATRACHIDIFORMES Family 41 BATRACHOIDIDAE 128. Hemiarius sona (Hamilton, 1822) 152. Allenbatrachus grunniens (Linnaeus, 1758) 129. Hexanematichthys sagor (Hamilton, 1822) 153. Colletteichthys dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1837) 130. Nemapteryx cae lata (Valenciennes, 1840) 282 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Order XX LOPHIIFORMES Family 42 LOPHIIDAE 180. Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1847) 155. Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl, 1797) 181. Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes, 1847) Order XXI MUGILIFORMES 182. Hyporhamphus quoyi (Valenciennes, 1847) Family 43 MUGILIDAE 183. Hyporhamphus xanthopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) 154. Lophiodes mutilus (Alcock, 1894) 156. Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849) 157. Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes, 1836) 158. Liza parsia (Hamilton, 1822) 159. Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) 160. Liza planiceps (Valenciennes, 1836) 161. Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 162. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 163. Valamugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) 164. Valamugil seheli (Forsskal, 1775) 165. Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker, 1858) Order XXII BELONIFORMES Family 44 EXOCOETIDAE 166. Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) 167. Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill, 1815) 168. Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett, 1840) 169. Cheilopogon suttoni (Whitley & Colefax, 1938) 170. Cypselurus naresii (Gunther, 1889) 184. Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes, 1847) 185. Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes, 1847) Family 46 BELONIDAE 186. Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846) 187. Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850) 188. Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) 189. Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850) 190. Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & Lesueur, 1821) Order XXIII A THERINIFORMES Family 47 ATHERINIDAE 191. Atherinomorus duodecimalis (Valenciennes, 1835) 192. Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 193. Hypoatherina temminkii (Bleeker, 1853) Order XXIV BERYCIFORMES Family 48 HOLOCENTRIDAE 171. Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) 194. Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskal, 1775) 172. Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson, 1846 195. Beryx decadactylus Cuvier, 1829 173. Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 196. Beryx splendens Lowe, 1834 174. Hirundichthys coromandelensis (Hornell, 1923) 175. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1846) 176. Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes, 1847) 177. Prognichthys brevipinnis (Valenciennes, 1847) Family 45 HEMIRAMPHIDAE Family 49 BERYCIDAE Order XXV ZEIFORMES Family 50 PARAZENIDAE 197. Cyttopsis rosea (Lowe, 1843) Family 51 ZEIDAE 198. Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe, 1852) Order XXVI SYNGNATHIFORMES Family 52 FISTULARIIDAE 178. Hemiramphus archipelagicus Collete & Parin, 1978 199. Fistularia petimba Lacepede, 1803 179. Hemiramphus far (Forsskal, 1775) 200. Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Family 53 AULOSTOMIIDAE BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 283 223. Ambassis dussumieri Cuvier, 1828 Family 54 MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE 201. Macrorhamphosus gracilis (Lowe, 1839) 224. Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepede, 1802) 225. Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822 Family 55 SYNGNATHIDAE 226. Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822) 202. Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852 227. Parambassis thomassi (Day, 1870) Order XXVII SCORPAENIFORMES Family 65 LATIDAE Family 56 DACTYLOPTERIDAE 203. Dactyloptena macracantha (Bleeker, 1854) 228. Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) Family 66 ACROPOMATIDAE 204. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) 229. Acropoma japonicum Gunther, 1859 Family 57 APISTIDAE 205. Apistus carinatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family 67 SERRANIDAE 230. Cephalopholis boenak (Bloch, 1790) Family 58 SCORPAENIDAE 206. Pterois russelii Bennett, 1831 231. Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw, 1812) 207. Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) 232. Epinephelus aero latus (Forsskal, 1775) 233. Epinephelus bleekeri (Vaillant, 1878) Family 59 TETRAROGIDAE 208. Pseudovespicula dracaena (Cuvier, 1829) Family 60 SYNANCIIDAE 209. Choridactylus multibarbus Richardson, 1848 210. Minous monodactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 211. Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Family 61 SETARCHIDAE Family 62 TRIGLIDAE 213. Lepidotrigla faurei Gilchrist & Thompson, 1914 236. Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) 237. Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828) 238. Epinephelus epistictus Schlegel, 1842) (Temminck & 240. Epinepghelus fasciatus (Forsskal, 1775) 241. Epinephelus faveatus (Valenciennes, 1828) 242. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775) 214. Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan, 1905 243. Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Family 63 PLATYCEPHALIDAE 244. Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842) 215. Cociella crocodilus (Tilesius, 1812) 216. Grammoplites scaber (Linnaeus, 1758) 217. Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel, 1840) 218. Kumococius rodericensis (Cuvier, 1829) .. 219. Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) 220. Rogadius asper (Cuvier, 1829) (Knapp 235. ?Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) 239. Epinephelus erythrurus (Valenciennes, 1828) 212. Setarches guentheri Johnson, 1862 221. Rogadius melanopterus Wongratana, 1987) 234. Epinephelus chabaudi (Castienau, 1861) 245. Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 246. Epinephelus polylepis Randall & Heemstra, 1991 247. ?Epinephelus stoliczkae (Day, 1875) & 248. Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Order XXVIII PERCIFORMES Family 68 PRIACANTHIDAE Family 64 AMBASSIDAE 249. Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede, 1801) 222. Ambassis ambassis (Lacepede, 1802) 284 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 250. Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal, 1775) 251. Priacanthus tayenus Richardson, 1846 Family 69 APOGONIDAE 278. Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 279. Carangoides praeustus ([Bennett], 1830) . 252. Apogon endekataenia Bleeker, 1852 280. Carangoides talamparoides Bleeker, 1852 253. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 281. Caranx heberi (Bennett, 1830) Family 70 SILLAGINIDAE 282. Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal, 1775) 254. Sillago chondropus Bleeker, 1849 283. Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 255. Sillago intermedius Wongratana, 1977 284. Caranx sexfasciatus QUoy & Gaimard, 1825 256. Sillago lutea McKay, 1985 285. Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851 257. Sillago sihama (Forsskal, 1775) 286. Decapterus russelli (Ruppell, 1830) 258. Sillago vincenti McKay, 1980 287. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 71 LACTARIIDAE 259. Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family 72 POMATOMIDAE 260. Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Family 73 CORYPHAENIDAE 288. Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) 289. Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepede, 1801 290. Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775) 291. Scomberoides tala (Cuvier, 1832) 292. Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832) 261. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 293. Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) 262. Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758 294. Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) Family 74 RACHYCENTRIDAE 263. Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Family 75 ECHENEIDAE 264. Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 Family 76 CARANGIDAE 265. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) 295. Seriolina nigrofasciata (Ruppell, 1829) 296. Trachinotus baillonii (Lacepede, 1801) 297. Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801) 298. Trachinotus botla (Shaw, 1803) 299. Trachinotus mookalee Cuvier, 1832 300. Uraspis helvola (Forster, 1801) 266. Alectis indicus (Ruppell, 1830) Family 77 MENIDAE 267. Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) 301. Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 268. Alepes kleinii (Bloch, 1793) Family 78 LEIOGNATHIDAE 269. Alepes melanoptera Swainson, 1839 302. Equulites leuciscus (Gunther, 1860) 270. Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) 303. Eubleekeria splendens (Cuvier, 1829) 271. Atropus atropos (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 304. Gazza achlamys Jordan & Starks, 1917 272. Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833) 305. Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795) 273. Carangoides armatus (Ruppell, 1830) 306. Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes, 1835) 274. Carangoides chrysophrys (Cuvier, 1833) 307. Leiognathus daura (Cuvier, 1829) 275. Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Ruppell, 1830) 308. Leiognathus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1835) 276. Carangoides ferdau (Forsskal, 1775) 309. Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal, 1775) 277. Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775) 310. Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepede, 1803) 285 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 311. Leiognathus lineolatus (Valenciennes, 1835) 347. Paracaesio xanthura (Bleeker, 1869) 312. Nuchequula blochii (Valenciennes, 1835) 348. Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker, 1850) 313. Nuchequula gereoides (Bleeker, 1851) 314. Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes, 1835) 349. Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes, 1830) 315. Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787) 350. Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) 316. Secutor ruconius (Hamilton, 1822) 351. Pristipomoides sieboldii (Bleeker, 1854) Family 79 LUTJANIDAE 317. Aphareus furca (Lacepede, 1801) 318. Aphareus rutilans Cuvier, 1830 352. Pristipomoides typus Bleeker, 1852 353. Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes, 1830) Family 80 CAESIONIDAE 319. Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 354. Caesio caerulaurea Lacepede, 1801 320. ?Aspilus fuscus Valenciennes, 1830 355. Gymnocaesio gymnoptera (Bleeker, 1856) 321. Etelis carbunculus Cuvier, 1828 356. Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier, 1830) 322. Etelis coruscans Valenciennes, 1862 357. Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker, 1953) 323. Lipocheilus carnolabrum (Chan, 1970) 358. Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) 324. Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775) 325. Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch, 1790) 326. Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal, 1775) Family 81 LOBOTIDAE 359. Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) Family 82 Gerreidae 327. Lutjanus ehrenbergii (Peters, 1869) 360. Gerres erythrourus (Bloch, 1791) 328. Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790 361. Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829 329. Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal, 1775) 362. Gerres limbatus Cuvier, 1830 330. Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801) 363. Gerres oblongus Cuvier, 1830 331. Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal, 1775) 364. Gerres oyena (Forsskal, 1775) 332. Lutjanus johni (Bloch, 1792) 365. Gerres phaiya Iwatsuki & Heemstra, 2001 333. Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775) 366. Gerres setifer (Hamilton, 1822) 334. Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes, 1828) 367. Pentaprion longimanus (Cantor, 1849) 335. Lutjanus lunulatus (Park, 1797) Family 83 HAEMULIDAE 336. Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 368. Diagramma pictum Thunberg, 1792) 337. Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes, 1831) 369. Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepede, 1802) 338. Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 370. Plectorhinchus griseus (Cuvier, 1830) 371. Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch, 1793) 339. Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) 372. Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese, 1936) 340. Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) 373. Plectorhinchus poly taenia (Bleeker, 1852) 341. Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828) 374. Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskal, 1775) 342. Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849) 375. Pomadasys argenteus (ForsskiH, 1775) 343. Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier, 1828) 376. Pomadasys argyreus (Valenciennes, 1833) 344. Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1816) 377. Pomadasys commersonnii (Lacepede, 1801) 345. Lutjanus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 378. Pomadasys furcatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 346. Macolor niger (Forsskal, 1775) 286 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 379. Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830) Family 88 SCIAENIDAE 380. Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793) 410. Daysciaena albida (Cuvier, 1830) 381. Pomadasys multimaculatum (Playfair, 1867) 411. Dendrophysa russelii (Cuvier, 1829) 382. Pomadasys olivaceum (Day, 1875) 412. lohnieops borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) Family 84 NEMIPTERIDAE 413. lohnieops dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) 414. lohnieops macrorhynus Mohan, 1976 383. Nemipterus bipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1830) 415. lohnieops osseus (Day, 1876) 384. Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) 416. lohnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830) 385. Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 417. lohnius carouna Bloch, 1793 386. Nemipterus zysron (Bleeker, 1857) 418. lohnius carutta Bloch, 1793 387. Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao & Rao, 1981) 419. lohnius dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1833) 388. Parascolopsis townsendi Boulenger, 1901 420. lohnius elongatus Mohan,1976 389. Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch, 1792) 421. lohnius glaucus (Day, 1876) Family 85 LETHRINIDAE 422. lohnius macropterus (Bleeker, 1853) 390. Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacepede, 1802) 423. Kathala axillaries (Cuvier, 1830) 391. Gymnocranius elongatus Setna, 1973 424. Nibea coibor (Hamilton, 1822) 392. Gymnocranius grandoculis (Valenciennes, 1830) 425. Nibea maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 426. Nibea soldado (Lacepede, 1802) 393. Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede, 1802) 427. Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974 394. Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal, 1775) 428. Otolithes rubber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family 86 SPARIDAE 429. Panna microdon (Bleeker, 1849) 395. Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal, 1775) 430. Paranibea semiluctuosa (Cuvier, 1830) 396. Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (ForsskiH, 1775) 431. Pennahia anea (Bloch, 1793) 397. Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782) 432. Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede, 1802) 398. Argyrops spinifer (Forsskal, 1775) 399. Cheimerius nufar (Valenciennes, 1830) 400. Crenidens crenidens (ForsskiH, 1775) 401. Rhabdosargus sarba (ForsskiH, 1775) 402. Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes, 1830) Family 89 MULLIDAE 433. Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepede, 1801) 434. Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) Family 87 POL YNEMIDAE 435. Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede, 1801) 403. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) 436. Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepede, 1801) 404. Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991 437. Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepede) 405. Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831) 438. Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803) 406. Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804) 439. Parupeneus macronemus (Lacepede, 1801) 407. Polydactylus plebe ius (Broussonet, 1782) 440. Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepede) 408. Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 441. Upeneus guttatus Day, 1868 442. Upeneus molluccensis (Bleeker, 1855) 409. Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 443. Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829 287 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 444. Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker, 1855) 445. Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846 446. Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal, 1775) Family 90 MONODACTYLIDAE Family 102 CALLIONYMIDAE 471. Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 Family 103 ELEOTRIDAE 472. Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822) 447. Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) 473. Bunaka gyrinoides (Bleeke, 1853r) 448. Monodactylus falciformis Lacepede, 1801 474. Eleotris fusca (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family 91 TOXOTIDAE 475. Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes, 1837) 449. Toxotes chatereus (Hamilton, 1822) 450. Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767) Family 92 KYPHOSIDAE 451. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskal, 1775) Family 93 DREPANIDAE 452. Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 94 CHAETODONTIDAE 453. Chaetodon collarae Bloch, 1787) 454. Heniocus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 95 POMACANTHIDAE Family 104 GOBIIDAE 476. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) 477. Oxyurichthys microlepis (Bleeker, 1849) 478. Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes, 1837) 479. Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837) 480. Sicyopterus griseus (Day, 1877) 481. Stenogobius gymnopomus (Bleeker, 1853) 455. Apolemichthys xanthurus (Bennett, 1833) 482. Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 456. Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch, 1787) 483. Yongeichthys criniger (Valenciennes, 1837) Family 96 TERAPONIDAE Family 105 EPHIPPIDAE 457. Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) 484. Ephippus orbis (Bloch, 1787) 458. Terapon jarbua (Forsskal, 1775) 485. Platax orbicularis (Forsskal, 1775) 459. Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1829 486. Platax teira (Forsskal, 1775) 460. Terapon puta Cuvier, 1829 Family 97 KUHLIIDAE 461. Kuhlia mugil (Forster, 1801) 462. Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede, 1802) Family 98 CICHLIDAE 463. Etroplus canarensis Day, 1877 464. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) 465. Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) 466. Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Family 99 LABRIDAE 467. Halichoeres marginatus Ruppell, 1835 Family 100 SCARIDAE Family 106 SCATOPHAGIDAE 487. Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766) Family 107 SIGANIDAE 488. Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) 489. Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) 490. Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennes, 1835) Family 108 ACANTHURIDAE 491. Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) Family 109 SPHYRAENIDAE 492. Sphyraena acutipinnis Day, 1876 493. Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards, 1771) 494. Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier, 1829 468. Scarus ghobban Forsskal, 1775 495. Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829 469. Scarus russelii Valenciennes, 1840 496. Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829 Family 101 PINGUIPEDIDAE 470. Parapercis hexophthalma (Cuvier, 1829) Family 110 GEMPYLIDAE 497. Gempylus serpens Cuvier, 1829 288 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 498. Nealotus tripes Johnson, 1865 Family 115 CENTROLOPHIDAE 499. Neopinnula orientalis (Gillchrist & von Bonde, 1924) 527. Psenopsis cyanea (Alcock, 1890) 500. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) 528. Ariomma indicum (Day, 1871) 501. Rexea bengalensis (Alcock, 1894) Family 116 ARIOMMATIDAE Family 117 STROMATEIDAE 502. ?Rexea prometheoides (Bleeker, 1856) 529. Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) Family 111 TRICHIURIDAE 530. Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788) 503. Eupleurogrammus glossodon (Bleeker, 1860) 504. Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray, 1831) Order XXIX PLEURONECTIFORMES Family 118 PSETTODIDAE 531. Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 505. Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829 Family 119 BOTHIDAE 506. Trichiurus auriga Klunzinger, 1884 532. Bothus pantherinus (Ruppell, 1830) 507. Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 533. Bothus myriaster (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Family 112 SCOMBRIDAE 508. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) 534. Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894 509. Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810) 510. Auxis thazard (Lacepede, 1800) 535. Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temm. & Schlegel, 1846) 511. Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Family 120 PARALICHTHYIDAE 513. Katswonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) 536. Pseudo rhombus triocellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 514. Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) 537. Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) 512. Gymnosarda unicolor (Rtippell, 1836) 515. Sarda orientalis 1844) (Temminck & Schlegel, 539. Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker, 1853) 516. Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede, 1800) 517. Scomberomorus Schneider, 1801) 538. Pseudorhombus elevatus Ogilby, 1912 guttatus (Bloch & 540. Pseudorhombus malayanus Bleeker, 1865 Family 121 SOLEIDAE 541. Aesopia cornuta Kaup, 1858 542. Brachirus orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 518. Scomberomorus koreanus (Kishinouye, 1915) 543. Solea elongata Day, 1877 519. Scomberomorus lineatus (Cuvier, 1829) 544. Synaptura albomaculata Kaup, 1858 520. ?Thunnus albacore (Bonnaterre, 1788) 545. Synaptura commersonnii (Lacepede, 1802) 521. Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) 546. Zebrias quagga (Kaup, 1858) Family 113 XIPHIIDAE 522. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 Family 114 ISTIOPHORIDAE 547. Zebrias synapturoides (Jenkins, 1910) Family 122 CYNOGLOSSIDAE 548. Cynoglossus arel (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 523. Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792) 549. Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepede, 1802) 524. Makaria indica (Cuvier, 1832) 550. Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock, 1889 525. ?Tetrapterus angustirostris Tanaka, 1915 551. Cynoglossus dispar Day, 1877 526. Tetrapterus audax (Philippi, 1887) 552. Cynoglossus dubius Day, 1873 289 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 553. Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker, 1851) 554. Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton, 1822 555. Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman, 1926 556. Cynoglossus punticeps (Richardson, 1846) slit or nonconfluent as lateral gill slits with gill cover ......................... OSTEICHTHYES Class CHONDRICHTHYES (Cartilaginous fishes) 557. Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787) Order XXX TETRAODONTIFORMES Family 123 TRIACANTHIDAE 558. Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer (Cantor, 1849) 559. Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786) Family 124 BALISTIDAE 560. Abalistes stellatus (Lacepede, 1798) Family 125 MONACANTHIDAE 561. Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 126 OSTRACIIDAE 562. Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) 563. Ostracion meleagris Shaw, 1796 564. Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 127 TETRAODONTIDAE 565. Lagocephalus inermis (Schlegel, 1850) 566. Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 567. Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845) Family 128 DIODONTIDAE 568. Chilomycterus orbicularis (Bloch, 1785) 569. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 570. Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758 Skeleton is mainly made of soft cartilage, but partly hardened by calcification. Skin superficially naked with small denticles (or embedded placoid scales). There is no suture in the skull and endocraniun never ossified, but superficially calcified. There are usually 5 pairs of gill openings lateral on sides of head in sharks or on ventral side of disc in Batoid fishes. Gill cover or operculum absent. Teeth not fused to jaws and replaced serially. Single nasal opening that usually separated by a flap into incurrent and excurrent openings and mostly placed on ventral side of head. Intestinal spiral valve present. Fin rays soft, unsegmented. Tail usually heterocercal. Air bladder absent. Males posess paired copulatory organs called claspers. Key to the orders 1a. Gill slits present on lateral sides of head; anal fin present ................................................... 2 1b. Gill slits on ventral sides of head; anal fin absent (Batoid fishes -Skates and Rays) ... . ..................................................................... 4 2a. Mouth anterior to orbit ................................ . ............................. ORECTOLOBIFORMES SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 2b. Mouth posterior to front margin of orbit .... ..................................................................... 3 The marine and estuarine fish fauna of Karnataka are broadly divided into two classes: Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes as follows: 3a. Eyes with nictitating eyelids; intestine with spiral or scroll valve .................................... . ......................... CARCHARHINIFORMES Key to the classes 3b. Eyes without nictitating eyelids; intestine without spiral or scroll valve ...................... . ........................................ LAMNIFORMES la. Body made up of cartilaginous skeleton; five to seven pairs of lateral or ventral, nonconfluent gill slits without gill covers ... .................................. CHONDRICHTHYES 1b. Body made up of bony skeleton; one pair of lateral gill slits confluent as a single ventral 4a. Body shark-like in appearance, somewhat depressed; pectoral fins barely enlarged; tail not distinctly marked off from the body ... 5 4b. Body not shark-like, but distinctly depressed; 290 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 pectoral fins broadly enlarged; tail almost marked off from the body .......................... 6 5a. Snout conspicuously elongate, prolonged into a long, flat plate having a row of large teethlike structure (saw-like) on each side ........ . .......................................... PRISTIFORMES 5b. Snout wedge-shaped and prolonged, not blade-like and without lateral teeth ............ . .............................................. RAJIFORMES 6a. Caudal fin well-developed; electric organs in head region present; skin soft and flabby ... .................................. TORPEDINIFORMES 6b. Caudal fin and electric organs absent; skin firm ......................... MYLIOBATIFORMES Order I ORECTOLOBIFORMES Head conical to greatly depressed with short snout. Mouth small or large, subterminal to ventral; its cleft ends before the eyes. Eyes placed dorsolateral on head or lateral in some and with out nictitating membrane. Nostrils longitudinal on snout, connected with mouth. Nasoral grooves prominent. Barbels usually present. Two spineless dorsal fins. Anal fin present. Spiracles present, close behind and about level with the eyes. Five pairs of gill slits on sides of head, last two to four above or behind pectoral fin origins. Key to the families 1a. Caudal fin almost equal to rest of body ..... ................................ STEGOSTOMATIDAE lb. Caudal fin considerably shorter than rest of body ............................................................. 2 2a. Mouth extremely large and terminal; external gill slits very large, internal gill slits inside mouth cavity with filter screens; caudal peduncle with strong lateral keels and an upper precaudal pit; caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe and subterminal notch ............ . ................................... RHINCODONTIDAE 2b. Mouth smaller and subterminal; externl gill slits small, internal gill slits without filter screens; caudal peduncle without strong lateral keels and precaudal pits; caudal fin with a weak ventral lobe or none, but with a strong terminal lobe and subterminal notch ......... 3 3a. Nostrils with a lobe and groove around outer borders; spiracles large, below eyes; precaudal tail much greater than head length and body depth ............................. HEMISCYLLIDAE 3b. Nostrils without a lobe and groove around outer borders; spiracles small, behind but not below eyes; precaudal tail short, much shorter than head length and body depth .............. .. .. ............................ GLYMOSTOMATIDAE Family 1 HEMISCYLIDAE (Bamboo sharks, Longtailed carpet sharks) Body cylindrical or slightly depressed, with or without ridges on sides. Mouth small and transverse, anterior to eyes. Eyes dorsolateral with large spiracles below them. Gill slits small and fifth overlapping fourth. Two dorsal fins without spines, the second dorsal fin insertion well ahead of anal fin origin. Anal fin rounded with keel-like apex, separated from the lower caudal origin by a narrow notch. Precaudal tail long, much greater than head length and body depth. Caudal peduncle without lateral keels and precaudal pits. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov (Arabian bamboo shark) 2. Chiloscyllium griseum Muller & Henle (Grey bamboo shark) 3. Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin) (Slender bamboo shark) Key to the species 1a. Lateral ridges present on sides of body; body and tail very slender; anal fin length from origin to free rear tip almost equal to length of hypural caudal lobe; body covered with numerous small dark spots, bars, and saddles on a light background ................ C. indicum 1b. Lateral ridges absent on sides of body; body 291 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish and tail relatively stout; anal fin length distinctly shorter than hypural caudal lobe; adults uniform in colour, juveniles with or without broad bars on sides ....................... 2 2a. Predorsal and interdorsal ridges prominent; base of second dorsal fin usually longer than first dorsal fin base; juveniles uniform in colour except spotted fins ....... C. arabicum 2b. Predorsal and interdorsal ridges not prominent; base of second dorsal fin usually shorter than first dorsal fin base; juveniles usually with saddles and bars on body ...... . .................................................... C. griseum Fisheries infirmation : These fishes are regularly taken in inshore waters and utilized for human consumption. Remarks : Distinct concave rear margins of dorsal fins separate C. punctatum from C. arabicum and the later species occur all along west coast of India. Family 2 STEGOSTOMATIDAE (Zebra shark) Body cylindrical with conspicuous ridges on sides. Mouth small and transverse, anterior to eyes. Eyes lateral and spiracles subequal in size to eyes but not below them. Gill slits small, fifth overlapping fourth. Caudal peduncle without lateral keels and precaudal pits. First dorsal fin larger than second, its origin extended well anterior to origin of pelvic fins and insertion almost over pelvic fins. Immature specimens with dark saddles, but the adult specimens with dark spots. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann) (Zebra shark) Fisheries information : Zebra shark is a common species occurring in both the coasts of our country. The flesh is used fresh and dried salted for human consumption. Its livers are processed for vitamins; fins dried and processed for the oriental shark fin trade and offal used for fishmeal. Family 3 GYNGLIMOSTOMATIDAE (Nurse Sharks) Head without lateral flaps of skin. Body cylindrical, somewhat depressed, without ridges on sides. Eyes dorsolateral or lateral. Spiracles much smaller than eyes, posterior to eyes but not below them. Gill openings small, fifth practically overlapping fourth. Nostrils with short or moderately long, pointed barbels, but without circumnarial folds or grooves. Mouth small, transverse, anterior to eyes. Caudal peduncle without lateral keels and precaudal pits. Dorsal fins two, without spines; the second dorsal fin insertion well anterior to anal fin insertion. Precaudal tail short, much shorter than head length and body depth. Juvenile specimens plain or with dark spots. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson) (Tawny nurse shark) Fisheries information : Tawny nurse shark is a common species occurring in both the coasts of our country. Its flesh is used fresh and dried salted for human consumption. Its livers are utilized for oils and vitamins, fins are utilized in the oriental shark fin trade and offal is used for fishmeal. Its thick, armor-like skin is potentially valuable for leather. Family 4 RHINCODONTIDAE (Whale sharks) Head broad and flattened, without lateral flaps of skin. Body cylindrical or more or less depressed, with prominent ridges on sides. Eyes lateral, without subocular pockets. Spiracles smaller than eyes, posterior to them but not below them. Gill openings very large, fifth considerably separated from fourth. Nostrils with very small barbels and without circumnarial folds and grooves. Mouth practically terminal, anterior to eyes. Caudal peduncle with strong lateral keels and an upper precaudal pit. First dorsal fin much larger than second, its origin well anterior to insertion of pelvic fins and opposite to its bases. Body colour 292 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 light with vertical and horizontal stripes, in the form of a checkerboard. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Rhincodon typus Smith (Whale shark) Fisheries information : Whale shark IS a common species occurring in both the coasts of our country. Its flesh is consumed. Order II LAMNIFORMES Body large with a conical to slightly depressed snout. Mouth large, extending well posterior to the eyes. Teeth enlarged anteriorly. Nostrils free from mouth; nasoral and circumnarial grooves absent. Eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane. Barbels absent. Five gill slits, last two either anterior to or above origin of pectoral fins. Spiracles small, present posterior to eyes. Two dorsal fins without spines. Anal fin present. Intestinal valve of ring type. bluntly conical. Mouth small but arched and elongated, extending well beyond eyes. Eyes without nictitating lower eyelids. Two dorsal fins, the second one minute. Pectoral fins narrow, long and falcate, broad-tipped. Precaudal pit present. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Alopias pelagicus Nakamura (Pelagic thresher) 2. Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre) (Thresher shark) Key to the species 1a. Pectoral fins nearly straight and broad-tipped; labial furrows absent; sides above pectoral fin bases dark, without an extension of the white of abdominal area .......... A. pelagicus lb. Pectoral fins falcate and narrow-tipped; labial furrows present; sides above pectoral-fin bases marked with a white patch extending forward from abdominal area ... A. vulpinus Key to the families 1a. Caudal fin length almost same as long as rest of body .................................... ALOPIIDAE 1b. Caudal fin length much shorter than rest of body ............................................................. 2 2a. Caudal fin somewhat symmetrical and lunate, preventral caudal border more or less equal to dorsal border of caudal fin; caudal peduncle with very strong lateral keels ...................... . ................................................. LAMNIDAE Fisheries information: Its fisheries importance is minor, eaten locally fresh and salted and dried. Remarks : This species uses its long tail to herd small fishes into a ball and then attcks the fish Family 6 ODONTASPIDAE (Sand tiger shark) 2b. Caudal fin asymmetrical, not lunate, preventral caudal border much shorter than dorsal border of caudal fin; caudal peduncle without lateral keels or with weak ones ..... .................................... ODONTASPIDIDAE Mouth large, extending beyond eyes. Snout conical to slightly depressed and pointed. Gill slits not extending onto dorsal surface of head, anterior to pectoral fin bases. Two dorsal fins and an anal fin. Pectoral fins small. Caudal peduncle compressed without keels but with an upper precaudal pit and an asymmetrical caudal fin with a strong and short ventral lobe. Family 5 ALOPIDAE Species known to occur in Karnataka (Thresher sharks) A family of large sharks where upper lobe of caudal fin greatly elongate, cadual fin almost half of the total length. Third and fifth gill openings over origin of pectoral fins. Snout moderately long, 1. Carcharias taurus Rafinesque Fisheries information: Indian sand tiger shark is a common species found in both the coasts of our country. This species is apparently captured in India and Pakistan. It is a poorly known species. 293 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Remarks : Carcharias tricuspidatus Day usually known to occur along this coast is considered under synonymy of Carcharias taurus Rafinesque (Compagno, 2001). Family 7 LAMNIDAE (Mackerel shark) Body spindle shaped with pointed snouts. Mouth large, extending beyond eyes. Gill slits extending onto dorsal surface of head, anterior to pectoral fin bases. First dorsal fin large and second dorsal fin and anal fins minute and pivoting. Pectoral fins moderately long and broad, shorter than head length. Caudal fin lunate. Precaudal pits present, caudal peduncle strongly depressed and with strong keels. Ventral side of body white. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. [surus oxyrinchus Rafinesque (Shortfin mako) Fisheries information : Shortfin mako is a common species occurring in both the coasts of our country. Its flesh is consumed fresh, frozen, smoked and dried salted; its liver is used for oils and vitamins; fins utilized for shark-fin soup; skins processed into leather and the jaws and teeth are used for ornaments. Order III CARCHARHINIFORMES Body cylindrical to spindle-shaped. Head conical to depressed (anteriorly expanded in Hammerhead sharks). Mouth, extending posterior to the eyes. Eyes lateral in position, with nictitating eyelids or membrane. Two spineless dorsal fins. Anal fin present. Gill openings lateral; five gill slits, with the last one to three above the pectoral fins. No gill rakers. Spiracles usually absent (small ones in Hemigaleidae). Intestinal valve spiral or scroll type. Key to the families 1a. Head with lateral, blade-like expansions ..... ............................................. SPHYRNIDAE 1b. Head normal, without lateral expansions .... ..................................................................... 2 2a. First dorsal fin base opposite or behind pelvic fin bases ...................... SCYLIORHINIDAE 2b. First dorsal fin base anterior to pelvic fin bases ..................................................................... 3 3a. Precaudal pits absent. Dorsal caudal border not undulated ........................... TRIAKIDAE 3b. Precaudal pits present. Dorsal caudal border undulated ..................................................... 5 4a. Intestinal valve of scroll type ..................... . ................................... CARCHARHINIDAE 4b. Intestinal valve of spiral type ..................... . ........................................ HEMIGALEIDAE Family 8 SCYLIORHINIDAE (Catsharks) Body generally elongated and head without lateral expansions. Eyes cat-like with nictitating eyelids. Mouth large, maxilla extending to front border of eyes. Two dorsal fins and an anal fin, the first dorsal fin base over or behind pelvic fin bases. Precaudal pits absent. Caudal fin without a strong ventral lobe or lateral undulations on its dorsal border. Body colour generally variegated. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett) (Coral catshark) 2. Halaelurus quagga (Alcock) (Qugga catshark) Key to the species 1a. Supraorbital crests present; body highly variegated, dorsal saddles obsolete, black spots enlarged and usually merging together to form dash and bar marks ....................... . .............................................. A. marmoratus 1b. Supraorbital crests absent; body light brown dorsally with over 20 dark brown narrow vertical bars ................................. H. quagga Fisheries information : A. marmoratus is captured occasionally and flesh used as food. H. . . quagga IS rare ill occurrence. 294 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Remarks : Reports of these two species need further verification. 2. Hemipristis elongata (Snaggletooth shark) (Klunzinger) F amil y 9 TRIAKID AE Key to the species (Hound sharks) la. Snout obtusely wedge-shaped in dorsolateral view; lower jaw rounded at symphysis; no toothless space at middle of jaws; mesial edges of teeth unserrated, sometimes a few cusplets on mesial edges of lower teeth; fins not falcate, posterior margin of anal and second dorsal moderately concave, those of pectorals and pelvics straight or slightly concave ................................. C. macrostoma Head without lateral expansions. Mouth large, extending to front border of eyes. Eyes with nictitating eyelids. Two moderate sized spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, the first dorsal fin well ahead to pelvic fin bases. Caudal fin without a strong ventral lobe or lateral undulations on its dorsal surface. Intestine with a spiral valve of 4 to 11 turns. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. [ago omanensis houndshark) (Norman) (Bigeye 2. Mustelus mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg (Arabian Smooth hound) Key to the species la. Eyes lateral, subocular ridges obsolete; origin of first dorsal fin far anterior, over pectoral fin bases ................................... I. omanensis 1b. Eyes dorsolateral, subocular ridges strong; origin of first dorsal fin more posterior, over or behind pectoral fin bases .......... M. mosis Fisheries information : These fishes are of limited fisheries interest, but regularly captured, mostly by gillnet, and utilized as human food. Family 10 HEMIGALEIDAE (Weasel sharks) lb. Snout bluntly rounded in dorsolateral view; lower jaw truncated at sysmphysis; a toothless space at middle of both jaws; mesial edges of upper teeth and most of lower teeth serrated or with a few cusplets (smooth in young below 55 cm); fins strongly falcate, posterior margin of anal, second dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins deeply concave .......................... . ................................................... H. elongata Fisheries information : These sharks are very common in both the coasts of our country. The flesh of both the shark is utilized for human consumption. The livers of Snaggletooth shark are processed for vitamins, fins used in the oriental shark fin trade and offal for fishmeal. Family 11 CARCHARHINIDAE (Requiem sharks) Head without lateral expansions. Mouth large, extending to anterior border of eyes. Eyes with nictitating eyelids. Two moderate sized spineless dorsal fins and an anal fin, the first dorsal fin base considerably anterior to pelvic fin bases. Precaudal pits present. Caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe and lateral undulations on its dorsal border. Intestine with a spiral valve. Head without lateral expansions. Mouth extends to front margin of eyes. Eyes with internal nictitating eyelids. Two dorsal fins and an anal fin, the first dorsal fin with its base well anterior to pelvic fin bases. Precaudal pits present. Caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe and lateral undulations on its dorsal border. Intestine with a scroll valve. Body colour variable, usually no colour pattern. Species known to occur in Karnataka Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Hooktooth shark) (Bleeker) 1. Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley) (Graceful shark) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 295 2. Carcharhinus dussumieri (Muller & Henle) (White-cheek shark) with broadly triangular, serrated cusps, lowers with narrow, smooth cusps ... L. temminckii 3. Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes) (Pondicherry shark) 2b. Preoral snout length much less than mouth width; teeth in jaws similar in shape, both with narrow, smooth-edged cusps .............. . .................................................. N. acutidens 4. Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes) (Black-tip shark) 5. Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey) (Oceanic white-tip shark) 6. Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes) (Bull shark) 7. Carcharhinus macloti (Muller & Henle) (Hard-nose shark) 8. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard) (Black-tip reef shark) 9. Carcharhinus sorrah (Muller & Henle) (Spottail shark) 10. Galeocerdo cuvieri (LeSueur) (Tiger shark) 11. Lamiopsis temminckii (Muller & Henle) (Broad-fin shark) 12. Loxodon macrorhinus Muller & Henle (Sliteye shark) 13. Negaprion acutidens (Ruppell) (Sickle-fin Lemon shark) 14. Prionace glauca (Linnaeus) (Blue shark) 15. Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell) (Milk shark) 16. Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Springer (Grey sharpnose shark) 17. Scoliodon laticaudus (Muller & Henle) (Spade-nose shark) Key to the species 1a. Upper precaudal pit longitudinal; height of second dorsal fin more than 75% of first dorsal fin height .......................................... 2 lb. Upper precaudal pit crescentic or transverse; height of second dorsal fin less than 50% of first dorsal fin height .................................. 3 2a. Preoral snout length about equal to mouth width; teeth in jaws of different shape, uppers 3a. Upper labial furrows extending to front of eyes; spiracles present; teeth in characteristic cockscomb shape; a prominent dermal keel on caudal peduncle; vertical black or dusky bars on back, obscure or absent in adults .. ...................................................... G. cuvieri 3b. Upper labial furrows not extending to front of eyes; spiracles absent; teeth not cockscombshaped; dermal keel on caudal peduncle absent or a low one; no vertical bars on back ..................................................................... 4 4a. Second dorsal origin well behind anal origin, usually over or slightly anterior to anal insertion, clearly behind midbase of anal fin ..................................................................... 5 4b. Second dorsal fin origin usually slightly in front, above or behind anal fin origin, in front of midbase of anal fin ................................ 8 5a. Pectoral fins broadly triangular and very long; their length from origins to free rear tips about equal to their anterior margins; free rear tip of first dorsal extending beyond origin of pelvic fins to about over their midbases ..... ................................................. S. laticaudus 5b. Pectoral fins narrower; their length from origins to free rear tips 4/5 or less of anterior margins; free rear tip of first dorsal reaching at most to pelvic fin origins ...................... 6 6a. First dorsal fin base 2 to 3 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases; distinct notch on posterior edge of eyes present ..... ............................................. L. macrorhinus 6b. First dorsal fin base usually less than 2 times in distance between pectoral and pelvic bases; distinct notch on posterior edge of eyes absent ..................................................................... 7 296 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 7a. Upper labial furrows well developed, about equal to eye length ....................... R. acutus tips; second dorsal fin origin over or anterior to (mostly in front of) anal fin origin .... 14 7b. Upper labial furrows very short, much less than eye length ......................... R. oligolinx 13b. First dorsal fin origin over or closer to pectoral fin free rear tips than to its insertions; second dorsal fin origin over or behind anal fin origin .................................................. 16 8a. Midbase of first dorsal fin much closer to pelvic fin bases than pectorals; caudal peduncle with weak lateral keels; colour brilliant dark blue above in life ... P. glauca 8b. Midbase of first dorsal fin equidistant between pectoral and pelvic fin bases or closer to pectoral fin bases; caudal peduncle without lateral keel; colour varied but not brilliant dark blue above in life ............................... 9 9a. Second dorsal fin with a distinct black-tip, all other fins without markings .................. .. ................................................ C. dussumieri 9b. Second dorsal fin plain dusky, white or blacktipped, but if black-tipped, other fins also with distinct black markings ............................. 10 lOa. A prominent or low ridge between first and second dorsal fins present ....................... 11 lOb. Ridge between first and second dorsal fins absent ........................................................ 13 lla. First dorsal and pectoral fins very large with broad rounded tips distally ........................ .. .............................................. C. longimanus lIb. First dorsal and pectoral fins smaller, with distally pointed or narrowly rounded tips .. .................................................................. 12 12a. Inner margin of second dorsal fin about 1.5 times in fin height; upper anterolateral teeth with smooth or weakly serrated cusps; 14 or 15 rows of upper anteroposterior teeth ...... ................................................. C. hemiodon 12b. Inner margin of second dorsal fin above 2 times in fin height; upper anterolateral teeth with strongly serrated cusps; 12 rows of upper anteroposterior teeth .......... C. sorrah 13a. First dorsal fin origin anterior or closer to pectoral fin insertions than to its free rear 14a. Snout very short and broadly rounded, internarial space less than preoral length ... ...................................................... C. leu cas 14b. Snout moderately short to long and pointed, internarial space more than preoral length. .................................................................. 15 15a. Snout short and wedge-shaped, internarial space 1.0 to 1.2 times in preoral snout; inner margin of second dorsal fin long, its length 1.0 to 1.2 times in its height .................... .. .................................... C. amblyrhinchoides 15b. Snout longer and pointed, internarial space 1.3 to 1.7 times in preoral snout; inner margin length of second dorsal fin 1.1 to 1.6 times in its height ............................... C. limbatus 16b. Internariallength 0.9 to 1.4 times in preoral snout length; entire posterior margin of caudal fin not with a black edge; second dorsal fin origin over or slightly anterior to anal fin origin First dorsal fin tip with a broad black blotch ....................... C. melanopterus 16a. Internariallength 1.5 to 1.9 times in preoral snout length; entire posterior margin of caudal fin with a narrow black edge; second dorsal fin origin behind anal fin origin, about over its midbase; first dorsal fin tip plain, not black ..................................... C. macloti Fisheries information: All species of Requiem shark are of commercial importance. Their flesh used for human food, livers processed for oil, fins used in the oriental shark-fin trade and offal for fishmeal. Remarks: R. oligolinx has been reported from Karnataka coast as Scoliodon palasorrah (Cuvier) and S. laticaudus, as Scoliodon sorrakowah (Cuvier). Reports of C. longimanus and P. glauca along Karnataka coast need further confirmation. 297 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Family 12 SPHYRNIDAE (Hammerhead sharks) Head with laterally expanded blades, like a double-bitted axe. Eyes with internal nictitating eyelids. Spiracles absent. First dorsal fin anterior to pelvic fin bases, varying from equidistant between pectoral and pelvic fin bases to closer to pectoral fin bases; midpoint of first dorsal fin base always anterior to pelvic fin origins. Second dorsal fin much smaller than first. Precaudal pits present. Ventral caudal lobe strong, undulations or ripples present in dorsal caudal border. Intestine with a scroll valve. Colour light grey or brownish above, white below or no colour pattern. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier) (Winghead shark) 2. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith) (Scalloped hammerhead shark) 3. Sphyrna mokarran hammerhead shark) (Ruppell) (Great 4. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus) (Smooth hammerhead shark) Key to the species 1a. Lateral blades of head very narrow and winglike; nostrils greatly enlarged their widths 0.8 to 0.9 times in the internarial width and almost twice the mouth width; knobs present along anterior border of head, opposite nostrils .... ...................................................... .. E. blochii 1b. Lateral blades of head anteroposteriorly broad, not wing-like; nostrils short, their widths 7 to 14 times in internarial width and less than half of mouth width; no knobs along anterior border of head .............................................. 2 2a. Anterior border of head almost straight in adults; prenarial grooves absent or undeveloped; teeth strongly serrated at all sizes; pelvic fins high and falcate; first dorsal fin markedly falcate; second dorsal fin high, with a short inner margin and deeply concave posterior border ......................... S. mokarran 2b. Anterior border of head moderately convex in adults, strongly so in young; prenarial grooves well-developed; teeth smooth-edged in young, weakly serrate in adults; pelvic fins low and not falcate, with almost straight posterior margins; first dorsal fin usually semifalcate; second dorsal fin low, with a long inner border and almost straight posterior border ........... 3 3a. A distinct median indentation on anterior border of head; free rear tip of second dorsal fin almost reaching upper caudal origin; anal fin base larger than that of second dorsal fin ......................................................... S. lewini 3b. No median indentation on anterior border of head; free rear tip of second dorsal fin considerably anterior to upper caudal origin; anal fin base equal to second dorsal fin base ...................................................... S. zygaena Fisheries information : S. zygaena is found in the south-east and south-west coasts and the rest three species are in both the coasts of our country. The flesh of the hammerhead sharks is utilized for human consumption, hides are processed for leather, fins are used in the shark-fin soup base and livers are processed for vitamins and carcasses for fishmeal. Remarks : Report of Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes) from Karnataka is referable to Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith) (Talwar and Kacker, 1984) . Order IV SQUALIFORMES These are small to moderate sized sharks. Body cylindrical to slightly compressed. Head with 5 gill slits, present before pectoral fin. Moderately large spiracles always present. Eyes without nictitating membrane. Dorsal fins two, with or without spines. Anal fin absent. Family 13 SQUALIDAE (Dogfish shark) Both dorsal fins with spines, not grooved. Teeth on lower jaw not much larger than those on upper 298 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Upper precaudal pit usually present; subterminal notch on caudal fin absent. Caudal peduncle with a pair of lateral keels. Order VI TORPEDINIFORMES jaW. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder (Shortspine spurdog) Fisheries information: It is rare in occurrence, but of considerable economic importance and used for human consumption. Remarks : There is no definite record of this species from Karnataka coast, but it is included here for Compagno (1984) recognise its occurrence along west coast of India. Order V PRISTIFORMES Body shark-like, head depressed. Snout produced into a long flat blade with teeth of equal size on each side of blade, embedded in deep sockets. Barbels absent. Two distinct spineless dorsal fins and well developed caudal fin. Gill openings on ventral side. Body disc shaped. Skin soft and loose. Eyes small to obsolete. Powerful electric organs, derived from branchial muscles in head region, present. Electric organs largely used for feeding by stunning the prey and for defence to keep predators at bay. Caudal fins well developed. Family 15 NARCINIDAE (Electric rays) Body soft and flabby with electric organs derived from branchial muscles present in the head region. Disc roundish to oval anteriorly. Deep or shallow groove present around mouth and lips. Jaws protractile. One or two spineless dorsal fins present on tail region. Dorsal fins, pelvic fins and caudal fin well developed. Anal fin absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider) Fisheries information : It is not considered as a food fish, but often caught in bottom trawls. Order VII RAJIFORMES Family 14 PRISTIDAE (Sawfishes) Body shark-like and snout markedly produced into a narrow, flat blade-like projection, armed with teeth-like structures (saw-like). Gill openings on ventral side. Eyes and spiracles on top of head. Two dorsal fins widely separated. Pectoral fins small. Caudal fin well developed. Tail not marked off from the trunk. Body, fins and rostrum covered with small, closely set dermal denticles in adults, but juveniles of Anoxypristis are completely naked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham) Fisheries information: Flesh of this species is much esteemed as food and its liver yields considerable quantity of oil. This is critically endangered as per IUCN Red Data list and its capture is banned under WPA (1972) in India. Body intermediate between shark-like and skate-like. Snout produced. Tail stout, not clearly marked off from body, gently tapering towards caudal fin. Caudal fin not bilobed. Two dorsal fins; first dorsal fin origin behind pelvic fins. A row of denticles on midline of back. Tail without spine. Family 16 RHINOBATIDAE (Guitar fishes) Body more or less intermediate between sharklike and skate-like. Anterior part of trunk varying from more or less flattened to strongly flattened body. Snout elongate and tapering. Hind border of pectoral fins extending rearward as far as or further than origin of pelvic fins. Tail stout and not definitely marked off from body. Two well developed dorsal fins and a caudal fin. Caudal fin may or may not with a distinct lower lobe. Denticles over body constitute a row on middle of back. 299 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskal)(Giant guitarfish) 2. Glaucostegus grannulatus Cuvier (Sharpnose guitar fish) Key to the species 1a. Caudal fin bilobed; first dorsal fin inserted above pelvic fin bases; posterior margins of pectoral fin considerably anterior to pelvic fins origin ................................ R. djeddensis 1b. Caudal fin not bilobed; first dorsal fin inserted considerably posterior to hind tip of pelvic fins; posterior margins of pectoral fins extend rearward as far or further than origin of pelvic fins .......................................... G. granulatus Fisheries information: The guitarfishes are of not much economic value. These fishes are found in good number along with the catches of other batoid fishes. R. djeddensis is known to grow up to 240 kg. The livers of this fish produce a good quality of liver oil. Its flesh is also considered nourishing when consumed salted or fresh. floor of mouth with two or more papillae .. ............................................. DASYATIDAE Family 17 DASY ATIDAE (Sting rays, Whiprays) Disc kite-like, flattened, outer front margin of pectoral fins continuous along side of head. A long tail distinct from disc, with one or more long poisonous spines. Dorsal and caudal fin absent. Spiracles large, close posterior to eyes on top of head. Pelvic fins small, inserted below pectoral fins. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Dasyatis zugei (Muller & Henle) (Pale-edged sting ray) 2. Himantura bleekeri (Blyth) (Whiptail sting ray) 3. Himantura uarnak (Forsskal) (Honeycomb sting ray) 4. Pastinachus sephen (Forsskal) (Drab sting ray) 5. Urogymnus asperrimus (Porcupine ray) (Schneider) Order VIII MYLIOBATIFORMES Key to the species Body not shark-like, distinctly depressed, discshaped and a slender and long tail almost marked off from the body. Pectoral fins broadly enlarged. Caudal fin absent. No electric organs on head or body present. Skin firm, upper surface covered with denticles. 1a. Tail without serrated spine; upper surface of disc profusely covered with tubercles ......... . ................................................ U. asperrimus Key to the families 1a. Eyes and spiracles on sides of head; dorsal fin present ...................... MYLIOBATIDAE 1b. Eyes and spiracles on top of head; no distinct dorsal fin ..................................................... 2 2a. Disc extremely broad, more than 1.5 times broader than long; tail slender, shorter than disc width; no buccal papillae on floor of mouth ................................. GYMNURIDAE 2b. Disc at least 1.3 times as broad as long; tail (if complete) much longer than disc width; 1b. Tail with serrated spine; upper surface of disc sparsely covered with tubercles .................. 2 2a. Tail with a longitudinal cutaneous fold ..... 3 2b. Tail without a longitudianl cutaneous fold .. ...................................................................... 4 3a. Tail with very prominent cutaneous fold (only on lower side), lower tailfold very prominent, its height 2 or 3 times height of tails above fold ................................................. P. sephen 3b. Tail with a short cutaneus fold (on both sides) ...................................................... .... D. zugei 4a. Mouth with 4 buccal processes; upper surface of disc brown with bright spotted or marbled pattern ............................................ H. uarnak Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 300 4b. Mouth with 2 buccal processes; upper sureface of disc brown or grey, without nay bright markings ...................................... H. bleekeri Fisheries information: The liver of H. sephen is utilized for the preparation of liver oil which contains high potency of vitamin A. The flaps of the Sting rays and Whip rays are utilized for the preparation of fishmeal. H. bleekeri is seen to be marketed fresh and utilized as human food. Family 18 GYMNURIDAE (Butterfly rays) Disc rhomboic, at least 1.5 times broader than long. Tail conspicuously marked off, slender and shorter than disc; with longitudinal folds on upper and/or lower surface. Some species have spiracular tentacles and one or more long, saw-edged tail spines. Caudal fin absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Gymnura poecilura (Shaw) (Longtail butterfly ray) Fisheries information : A common fish but not of any fisheries importance. Remarks : It is commonly confused with Gymnura micrura (Schneider), a name often misapplied to this species following Day (1878) (see Discussion part). Family 19 MYLIOBATIDAE (Eagle rays) Head elevated and conspicuously marked off from disc. Disc rhomboic, much broader than long, its width in adults of different species up to more than 2.5 m. Head distinct with lateral prominent eyes. Spiracles also lateral on head. Anterior subdivision of pectoral fins form a single subrostral lobe. Floor of mouth with several fleshy papillae. Tail long and whip-like and much longer than disc, a serrated spine (or spines) at its base. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) (Spotted eagle ray) 2. Aetomylaeus maculatus (Gray) (Mottled eagle ray) 3. Aetomylaeus nichofii (Bloch & Schn.) (Nieuhof's eagle ray) 4. Rhinoptera javanica Muller & Henle) (Javanese cownose ray) 5. Mobula eregoodootenkee (Bleeker) (Pigmy devil ray) Key to the species la. Head with two widely separated anterior hornlike projections (cephalic fin) resemble ears ...................................... M. eregoodootenkee lb. Head with one soft fleshy lobe (subrostral lobe) protruding markedly under the head resemble a duck's beak ............................... 2 2a. Subrostral lobe divided (bilobed), deeply incised in midline; floor of mouth without papillae; teeth in seven series in both jaws. ..................................................... R. javanica 2b. Subrostral lobe undivided; floor of mouth with several fleshy papillae ................................. 3 3a. Single series of large teeth only in each jaw; caudal spine present ................... A. narinari 3b. Teeth in seven series in each jaw; caudal spine absent ............................................................ 4 4a. Eyes larger, 2.5 times in snout length and 3.2 times in interorbital width; disc with yellowish spots and blotches arranged in transverse bands .................................................. A. maculatus 4b. Eyes smaller, 3.5 times in snout length and 5.0 times in interorbital width; disc with 3 to 5 greyish blue bands, that disappear with age ...................................................... A. nichofii Fisheries information : The eagle rays are generally abundantly found in the commercial catches in our country. These fishes are usually processed for fishmeal. The oil extracted from the livers of these fishes is utilized for smearing boats. Remarks: These fishes were placed under three BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish distinct families, i.e., Mobulidae (Manta and Mobula), Mylobatidae (Aetobatus and Aetomylaeus) and Rhinopteridae (Rhinoptera) by authors. The pigmy devilray, Mobula eregoodootenkee (Bleeker), is reported as Mobula diabolus (Shaw) (see Discussion part). Class OSTEICHTHYES Head with well developed membrane bones such as opercles and suborbitals. Gills covered by bony operculum with one external opening on each side. Endoskeleton bony and firm. Body covered with cycloid or ctenoid scales, obsolete in some or modified into dermal plates. Caudal fin nearly symmetrical. Key to orders 1a. Body not bilaterally symmetrical, highly flattened; eyes present on one side of body only; dorsal and anal fins long ................... . ........................... PLEURONECTIFORMES lb. Body bilaterally symmetrical; eyes present on both sides of body; dorsal and anal fins of variable length ............................................. 2 301 then pelvic fins under or not far behind pectoral fins and as a rule with a strong spine ..................................................................... 5 Sa. Snout beak-like with upper and/or lower jaws greatly prolonged or with enlarged wing-like pectoral fin; lateral line near ventral profile of body ........................... BELONIFORMES 5b. Snout not beak-like without prolongation of upper or lower jaw; pectoral fins not greatly elongated, if so not wing-like; lateral line usually on upper part of body ................... 6 6a. Pelvic fins with 2 rays; dorsal and anal fins united with caudal fin ................................. . ........................................ OPHIDIIFORMES 6b. Pelvic fins with more than 2 rays; dorsal and anal fins not united with caudal fin .......... 7 7a. Body without scales but a bony head shield often present; barbels well developed, present around mouth; a strong spine at front of dorsal and pectoral fins .............. SILURIFORMES 7b. Body with scales; barbels usually not present, if present pood y developed ........................ 8 2a. Gill openings below or posterior to pectoral fins; first spine of dorsal fin modified into a fishing pole; body globose or depressed ..... ......................................... LOPHIIFORMES 8a. Mouth very small. Gill openings restricted (small); scales usually modified into spines, shields or plates ........................................... . .......................... TETRAODONTIFORMES 2b. Gill openings anterior to pectoral fins ....... 3 8b. Mouth moderate; gill openings normal; scales not modified as above ................................ 9 3a. Body greatly elongate, cylindrical and eellike; gill openings narrow, on sides of head; fin spines absent ........ ANGUILLIFORMES 3b. Body not so elongate and not eel-like; if eellike, then either the gill openings not separate from each other but united on ventral side of body near throat, or pelvic fins present, or spiny rays in dorsal and anal fins, or else gill cavity not enlarged .................................... .4 4a. Snout considerably elongate, tube-like, with the mouth at the end of tube; pelvic fins, when present, abdominal and without spine ............................... SYNGNATHIFORMES 4b. Snout not tubular, but if it resemble a tube 9a. Head generally with well developed spines; cheeks with a bony strut (posterior extension of suborbital bone to preopercle); pectoral fins usually rounded; caudal fin rarely forked ... ................................ SCORPAENIFORMES 9b. Head without spines; cheeks without bony strut; pectoral fins not rounded; caudal fin usually forked ........................................... 10 lOa. Head large and depressed; body compressed; fleshy tentacles around mouth; body without scales ................ BATRACHOIDIFORMES lOb. Head not depressed; no tentacles around mouth; body with scales ......................... 11 302 lla. Dorsal and anal fin with spines .............. 12 11 b. Dorsal and anal fin without spines ......... 16 12a. Lateral line present .................................. 13 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 21a. Upper jaw extending beyond eye; mouth terminal or superior ......... ELOPIFORMES 21b. Upper jaw not extending as far as front of eye; mouth inferior ....... ALBULIFORMES 12b. Lateral line vestigial or absent.. .............. 15 13a. Pelvic fin with 5 or less soft rays ............. . .......................................... PERCIFORMES 13b. Pelvic fins with 6 or more soft rays ...... 14 14a. Body usually compressed and deep; jaws greatly distensible ................. ZEIFORMES 14b. Body usually elongate; jaws not greatly distensible ...................... BERYCIFORMES 15a. First dorsal fin with 4 to 7 weak spines; anal fin with one spine; a characteristic silvery stripe along sides ...... ATHERINIFORMES 15b. First dorsal fin with 4 strong spines; anal fin with 3 spines; no characteristic silvery stripe along sides .................... MUGILIFORMES 16a. Adipose dorsal fin usually present; photophores often present ....................... 17 16b. Adipose dorsal fin absent; photophores absent .................................................................. 18 17a. Head lizard-like; sharp, canineform teeth on jaws; anal fin inserted well behind dorsal fin ....................................... AULOPIFORMES 17b. Head not lizard-like; teeth on jaws small ; anal fin inserted below or close behind dorsal fin ............................ MYCTOPHIFORMES 18a. Pelvic fins jugular to thoracic, placed before pectoral fin base ................ GADIFORMES 18b. Pelvic fins always abdominal, placed behind pectoral fin base ...................................... 19 19a. Lateral line absent on sides of body ......... . ........................................ CLUPEIFORMES 19b. Lateral line present on sides of body .... 20 20a. Branchiostegal rays 3 or 4 ......................... . ........................ GONORHYNCHIFORMES 20b. Branchiostegal rays 10 to 35 .................. 21 Order IX ELOPIFORMES Body slender, more or less compressed. Upper jaw extending beyond posterior border of eye. Branchiostegal rays 23 to 35. Gill openings wide; gular plates well developed. Scales cycloid; lateral line developed. Dorsal and anal fins without spine. Pelvic fins abdominal; caudal fin deeply forked and with seven hypurals. Key to the families la. Lateral line with 30 to 40 scales; last dorsal fin ray filamentous ......... MAGALOPIDAE lb. Lateral line with 95 to 120 scales; last dorsal fin ray not filamentous ............. ELOPIDAE Family 20 ELOPIDAE (Lady fish) Body cylindrical, elongate and fusiform. Mouth terminal, gape of mouth well posterior to hind margin of orbit. A fairly large bony gular plate present between the arms of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin with 20 to 25 unbranched soft rays, last ray not elongated; inserted almost middle of the body. Anal fin with 18 to 20 rays, inserted considerably posterior to dorsal fin. Lateral line with 95 to 120 scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Elops machnata (Forsskal) (Lady fish) Fisheries information : The ladyfishes are generally abundantly found in the east coast of our country. These fishes are of minor commercial importance. It grows to a fairly large size, up to 90 cm SL. Family 21 MEGALOPIDAE (Tarpons) Body more or less compressed and almost BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish deep. Mouth terminal or superior, its gape not extending to hind border of the orbit. A bony gular plate present below mouth between the arms oflower jaw. Dorsal fin with 13 to 21 unbranched soft rays, the last ray elongated and filamentous. Anal fin with 22 to 31 soft rays, inserted slightly behind last dorsal fin ray. Lateral line with 30 to 40 scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) (lndoPacific tarpon) Fisheries information : M. cyprinoides is a carnivorous and fast growing fish. It occurs in both the coasts of our country and can cause serious destruction to the cultivable species in culture ponds. Order X ALBULIFORMES Body usually herring-like. Gullar plates absent or reduced to thin median splint. Mandibular sensory canal lying in an open groove in the dentary and angular bones. Mouth inferior; snout projecting beyond mouth. Upper jaw not extending as far as front of eye. Infraorbital lateral line extending onto premaxilla. Family 22 ALBULIDAE (Bonefishes) Body elongate, fusiform. It resembles clupeioid fishes but posses a lateral line containing 66 to 84 scales. Snout conical, projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; mouth inferior. Bony gular plate between the arms of lower jaw small and often overlooked. Branchiostegal rays 10 to 16. Fins without spines. A single dorsal fin with 16 to 21 rays. Pelvic fin with 10 to 14 rays. Gillrakers 15 to 17. Head scaleless, body scales small. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) (Bonefish) Fisheries information: An edible fish, but with numerous fine bones. Occasionally forms a part of commercial catches. 303 Order XI ANGUILLIFORMES Body very elongate, snake-like. Pelvic fins and its supporting skeleton absent. Pectoral fins present, reduced or absent. Gill openings usually narrow; gill rakers absent. Dorsal and anal fins long and low, usually confluent with caudal fin. Scales usually absent, if present, minute cycloid scales embedded in skin. Lateral line usually present, obsolete in some. Key to the families 1a. Body with minute embedded scales ........... . ........................................... ANGUILLIDAE 1b. Body without scales .................................... 2 2a. Large canine teeth (generally fang-like) present on vomer (medially on roof of mouth) ..................................................................... 3 2b. Vomer without large canine teeth ............ .4 3a. Well developed pectoral fins present ......... . .................................. MURAENESOCIDAE 3b. Pectoral fins absent ............ MURAENIDAE 4a. Gape of mouth generally extending to orbits; pectoral fins present or absent; branchiostegal rays overlapping midventrally; posterior nostrils openings inside mouth, on upper lip or just above mouth ........ OPHICHTHIDAE 4b. Gape of mouth never extending to orbits; pectoral fins always present; branchiostegal rays not overlapping ventrally; posterior nostrils not labial, but lateral or superior .... ............................................... CONGRIDAE Family 23 ANGUILLIDAE (Freshwater eels) Body eel-like, cylindrical anteriorly with minute embedded scales. Mouth terminal or slightly oblique, gape never extending posteriorly much beyond orbits. Gill slits vertical, below origin of pectoral fins. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal fin. Dorsal fin inserted variously between pectoral fins and vent or over vent, in anterior part of body. Pelvic fins Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 304 absent. Pectoral fins well developed. Lateral line system present but not conspicuous, typically a series of minute, white pores. Usually freshwater eels are catadromous fishes. 3. Gymnothorax picta (Ahl) (Painted moray) 4. Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker) (Highfin moray) Species known to occur in Karnataka 5. Strophidon sathete (Hamilton) (Slender giant eel) 1. Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis (Gray) (Long-finned eel) Key to the species 2. Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland (Shortfinned eel) 1a. Teeth mostly blunt, some even molor-like, particularly those on roof of mouth .......... .. ................................................... E. nebulosa Key to the species 1a. Dorsal fin inserted above vent or almost near to it .................................. A. bicolor bicolor 1b. Dorsal fin inserted above about middle of gill slits and vent ......................................... . .......................... A. bengalensis bengalensis Fisheries information : A. bengalensis bengalensis is one of the most important commercial eels and fairly abundant along both the coasts of our country. A. bicolor bicolor appears not so much commonly found like the former. There is a good export market for both live elvers as well as eels. Remarks: A. bengalensis bengalensis has been reported as Anguilla nabulosa McClelland from Karnataka coast. Family 24 MURAENIDAE (Morray eels) Body cylindrical and eel-like, almost compressed along tail. Body without scales. Mouth wide, maxilla extending well behind the orbits. Teeth usually sharp, mostly raptorial but sometimes molar-like. Teeth on vomer uniserial or in a median multiserial patch. Gill slits restricted to small roundish lateral openings. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins confluent posteriorly with the caudal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) (Starry moray) 2. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw and Nodder) (Turkey morray) lb. Teeth sharp, some of them fang-like or sharklike ............................................................... 2 2a. Lateral jaw teeth without serrations; head and trunk combined 1.5 to 2.0 times in tail; head 3.0 times in trunk ......................... S. sathete 2b. Lateral jaw teeth with some serrations on their margins; head and trunk combined less than 1.5 times in tail; head less than 3.0 times in trunk ............................................................ 3 3a. Tail slightly shorter than trunk; body light brownish, mottled with pale specks on upper half of body and on high dorsal fin .......... .. .. ................................ G. pseudothryrsoideus 3b. Tail equal or longer than trunk; body grayish or whitish or blackish, mottled with minute dark specks on whole body ...................... .4 4a. Teeth in upper jaw in one row; body grayish or whitish, with fine dots .............. G. pictus 4b. Teeth in upper jaw in two rows; body black with numerous small yellow (white on preservation) spots .................. G. meleagris Fisheries information : The moray eels are of no commercial value. Remarks : Thyrsoidea macrura (Bleeker), as reported fron Karnataka, is considered as a junior synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton) (Bohlke, 1997). Family 25 CONGRIDAE (Conger eels) Body eel-like and cylindrical, generally with a BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish thin, delicate tail region which is readily damaged and body without scales. Mouth usually slightly inferior but sometimes terminal. Maxilla never extending beyond the orbits. Teeth on vomer typically in a triangular or oval, multiserial patch but may also be uniserial. Nostrils separated, the anterior one is not tubular; the posterior nostril lateral or superior, as a simple aperture anterior to eyes. Gill slits ahead of pectoral fins. Dorsal and anal fins continuous around tail. Dorsal fin inserted almost above gill openings. Pectoral fins present but pelvic fins absent. 305 Key to the species la. Largest teeth on lower jaw conical, not laterally compressed, very sharp, without basal bulges, but with slightly swollen tips, directed outward; principal teeth on vomer similar but sometimes with weak basal bulges in juveniles .......................... C. talabonoides lb. Largest teeth on lower jaw laterally compressed, sharp, with conspicuous anterior and posterior basal bulges, erect; principal teeth on vomer similar to jaw teeth .......... 2 1. Uroconger lepturus (Richardson) (Slender conger eel) 2a. Interorbital width 10 to 11 times in head; lateral line pores 33 to 39 before anus; dorsal fin rays 47 to 59 before level of anus ....... . ...................................................... .. M. bagio Fisheries information : This is a common congrid eel in our coast and of minor commercial value. Often used as fish bait and sometimes consumed by poor. 2b. Interorbital width about 8 times in head; lateral line pores 39 to 47 before anus; dorsal fin rays 66 to 78 before level of anus ....... . ................................................... M. cine reus Family 26 MURAENESOCIDAE Fisheries information : Pike congers are commercially most important among eels and M. bagio is the most common pike conger. Species known to occur in Karnataka (Pike congers) Body cylindrical, eel-like without scales and with compressed tail. Mouth terminal, maxilla extending well beyond the orbits. Snout very pointed. Teeth large, prominent especially in front; sharp, multiserial on jaws and typically in 3 rows on vomer; a median row of canines flanked on each side by a row of much smaller teeth. Gill slits large, vertical or oblique anterior to pectoral fins. Dorsal fin inserted almost above gill slits. Dorsal and anal fins united with caudal fin. Pectoral fins present but pelvic fins absent. Fins without spines. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker) (Indian pike conger) Family 27 OPHICHTHIDAE (Snake or worm eels) Body cylindrical, snake-like or worm-like. Body without scales. Mouth terminal or inferior, maxilla generally extending posterior to the orbits. Teeth on jaws highly variable, strong and fanglike or small and pointed or blunt and granular; teeth on vomer either in 1 to 3 or in a solid patch. Gill openings small, slit-like or rounded. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins, when present, continuous around the tail externally, or discontinuous, with the caudal fin rays reduced. Pectoral fins either present or absent. Pelvic fins absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 2. Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton) (Common pike conger) 1. Lamnostoma orientalis (McClelland) (Oriental worm-eel) 3. Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal) (Daggertooth pike conger) 2. Neenchelys buitendijki Weber & de Beaufort (Spotted worm-eel) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 306 Key to the species la. A fringe of fin around the tip; pectoral fins present; gill openings mid-lateral; posterior nostril an elongate slit before lower margin of eye, without flap ............... N. buitendijki lb. Tip of tail finless; pectoral fins absent; gill opening entirely ventral; posterior nostril before eye with a pendulous flap ............... . ................................................... L. orientalis Family 28 CLUPEIDAE (Herrings, Sardines) Body fusiform with a complete series of scutes along the abdomen (pelvic scutes always present). Mouth terminal with minute or small jaw teeth. Dorsal fin short, inserted almost near middle of body. Anal fin short, inserted well behind the dorsal fin. Pelvic fins inserted anterior, below or just posterior to dorsal fin. Body with 40 to 50 scales in lateral series. Fisheries information : The snake eels are of little commercial value. L. orientalis is a very common species generally abundant in the East Coast of our country. 1. Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum) (Spotted sardinella) Order XII CLUPEIFORMES 2. Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes) (Smooth-belly sardinella) Body usually compressed and covered with cycloid scales. Jaws not protrusible. Teeth small or absent. Branchiostegal rays fewer than 15. Dorsal and anal fins without spines. Abdomen often with hardened scutes along midventralline. Gill rakers numerous. Key to the families Species known to occur in Karnataka 3. Anodontostoma chacunda (Chacunda gizzard shad) (Hamilton) 4. Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes (Rainbow sardinella) 5. Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker (Slender Rainbow sardinella) 6. Escualosa thoracata Valenciennes (White sardine) la. Teeth on jaws fang-like canines; dorsal fin origin over anal fin origin, well behind midpoint of body; abdomen without scutes .................................... CHIROCENTRIDAE 7. Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Ruppell) 1b. Teeth on jaws minute or absent; dorsal fin origin well ahead of anal fin origin, before or at about midpoint of body; abdomen usually with scutes ................................................... 2 9. Nematalosa galatheae Nelson & Rothman (Galathea gizzard shad) 2a. Mouth inferior; snout projecting infront of lower jaw; maxilla reaching well beyond posterior margin of eye ............................... . ...................................... ENGRAULIDIDAE 2b. Mouth terminal or subterminal; snout usually not projecting infront of lower jaw; maxilla not reaching beyond eye ............................ 3 8. Hilsa kelee (Cuvier) (Kalee shad) (Bluestripe herring) 10. Nematalosa nasus (Bloch) (Bloch's gizzard shad) 11. Sardinella albella (Valenciennes) (White sardinella) 12. Sardinella fimbriata (Fringescale sardinella) (Valenciennes) 13. Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker) (Golds tripe sardinella) 3a. Anal fin with more than 30 rays; lower jaw projecting ................. PRISTIGASTERIDAE 14. Sardinella jusieu (Valenciennes) (Mauritian sardinella) 3b. Anal fin with less than 30 rays; lower jaw usually not projecting ............ CLUPEIDAE 15. Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes (Indian oil sardine) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 16. Sardinella melanura (Cuvier) (Blacktip sardinella) 17. Spartelloides delicatulus (Bennett) (Delicate round herring) 18. Spartelloides gracilis (Schlegel) (Silver-stripe round herring) 19. Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) (Hilsa shad) 20. Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes) (Toli shad) Key to the species la. Pelvic scute W-shaped; no other scutes along belly ............................................................. 2 lb. Pelvic scute with ascending arms; scutes present anterior and posterior to pelvic fins ..................................................................... 5 2a. Branchiostegal rays 11 to 18 ..................... 3 2b. Branchiostegal rays 4 to 8 ........................ .4 3a. Posterior part of scales with many small radiating striae; lateral scale series 40 to 45; body depth 3.4 to 4.5 in standard length .... ........................................................ D. acuta 3b. Posterior part of scales without striae; lateral scale series 52 to 55; body depth 4.5 to 6.2 in standard length .................. D. elopsoides 4a. A bright and distinct silvery midlateral stripe present; scales in lateral series 42 to 48 ..... ·..................................................... S. gracilis 4b. No silvery band, but whole flanks silvery; scales in lateral series 35 to 41 .................. . ·................................................ S. delicatulus 5a. Lower jaw flared outward; mouth generally inferior; last dorsal fin ray filamentous in many species ............................................... 6 5b. Lower jaw normal; mouth terminal; last dorsal fin ray normal ............................................. 8 6a. Last dorsal fin ray normal, not filamentous ·................. ............... .............. A. chacunda 6b. Last dorsal fin ray produced, filamentous .. ..................................................................... 7 307 7a. A pair of grooves in the spongy skin on top of head, converging posteriorly; posterior border of scales not toothed; a dark shoulder spot and a series of spots behind it ........... . .................................................. N. galatheae 7b. No grooves in the spongy skin on top of head; posterior border of scales toothed; a dark shoulder spot, but devoid of spots behind it N. nasus 8a. Upper jaw with a distinct median notch or cleft when seen from front ........................ 9 8b. Upper jaw rounded when seen from front .. ................................................................... 11 9a. Fronto-parietal striae (on top of head) many (8 to 14); gillrakers on inner arches distinctly curled outward; scales perforated ............... . ......................................................... H. kelee 9b. Fronto-parietal striae weakly developed, generally hidden by skin; gillrakers on inner arches straight; scales not perforated ...... l0 lOa. Head length 28 to 32% of standard length; gillrakers numerous, almost 100 to 250 on lower arm of first arch; caudal fin as long as head length; a dark blotch behind gill openings, followed by a series of small spots along flank ..................................... T. ilisha lOb. Head length 25 to 27% of standard length; gillrakers fewer, 60 to 100 on lower arm of first arch (barely more after 10 cm standard length); caudal fin shorter than head length; a dark diffuse mark behind gill opening, no other spots on flank ........................... T. toli lla. Hind margin of gill opening evenly rounded, without fleshy outgrowth; pelvic fin rays 7 ................................................. E. thoracata 11 b. Hind margin of gill opening with two fleshy outgrowths; pelvic fin rays 8 or 9 .......... 12 12a. Fronto-parietal striae few, 3 to 8; lower portion of paddle-shaped second supramaxilla longer than upper ........ H. quadrimaculatus 308 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 12b. Fronto-parietal striae usually many, 8 to 19; lower portion of paddle-shaped second supramaxilla equal to upper .................... 13 19a. Gillrakers 88 to 102 (at 90 mm standard length) on lower arm of first arch ............ .. ....................................................... S. jusieu 13a. Gillrakers 31 to 43; predorsal scales forming a well-defined single median row .......... 14 19b. Gillrakers 38 to 65 (at 40 to 170 mm standard length) on lower arm of first arch ............ .. .................................................... S. gibbosa 13b. Gillrakers usually more than 40 (mostly 45 to 90, but over 200 in some); predorsal scales paired and overlapping in midline .......... 15 14a. Gillrakers 33 to 43; a series of 10 to 20 gold (in life) or black (on preservation) spots down the flanks ......................................... A. sirm 14b. Gillrakers usually 31 to 33; no spots on flanks ................................................. A. leiogaster 15a. Pelvic fin with 9 rays; pseudobranch long, with distinct ventral ridge; epibranchial gillrakers curled upwards; lower gillraker on first arch 145 to 258 ............... S. longiceps 15b. Pelvic fin with 8 rays. Pseudobranch short, flat; epibranchial gillrakers almost straight; lower gillraker on first arch not more than 130 ............................................................ 16 16a. Caudal fin tips jet black; lower gillrakers 38 to 74 (at 75 to 100 mm standard length); abdominal scutes usually 16 to 17 + 12 to 13 .................................................. S. melanura 16b. Caudal fin tips plain, at most caudal fin margin dusky; lower gillrakers 43 to 132 .. .................................................................. 17 17a. Post-pelvic scutes 12 to 14 (rarely 11 or 15); total scutes 29 to 32 ................................ 18 17b. Post-pelvic scutes usually 15 (less common 14, rarely 13); total scutes 32 to 34 ....... 19 18a. Lower gillrakers on first arch 40 to 67 (50 to 130 mm standard length); perforations on hind part of scale more, at middle Y2 of scale ...................................................... S. albella 18b. Lower gillrakers on first arch 53 to 82 (50 to 130 mm standard length); perforations on hind part of scale fewer, at middle 1/4o f scale .......................................... S. fimbriata Fisheries information : The herrings and sardines are very important commercial fishes. These fishes are abundant throughout Indian coast. T. ilisha is one of the very important commercial fishes of our country. It is a well known anadromous migratory fish, entering all the major river systems of India . Remarks : Reports of Dussumieria hasselti Bleeker is referable to D. elopsoides (Bleeker), Kowala coval (Cuvier) is to Escualosa thoracata Valenciennes, Macrura kelee (Cuvier) is to Hilsa kelee (Cuvier), Sardinella dayi Regan is to S. jusieu (Valenciennes) and Hilsa ilisha is to Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) (Whitehead, 1985). Family 29 PRISTIGASTERIDAE (Pristigasterids) Body more or less compressed, abdomen with sharp median keel of scutes. Mouth moderate, terminal; lower jaw projecting. Teeth in jaws very small. Dorsal fin short, inserted ahead of middle of body in deep forms, but behind in elongate forms and sometimes missing (in Raconda). Anal fin long, with more than 30 rays. Pelvic fin with 6 or 7 rays or entirely absent. Body with 35 to 55 thin and easily shade scales in the lateral series. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pellona ditchela Valenciennes (Indian pellona) 2. Ilisha elongata (Bennett) (Elongate ilisha) 3. Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes) (Coromondel ilisha) 4. Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson) (Bigeye ilisha) 5. Ilisha melastoma (Schneider) (Indian ilisha) 6. Ilisha sirishai Seshagiri Rao (Lobejaw ilisha) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 7. Ilisha striatula Wongratana (Banded ilisha) 8. Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier) (Long-finned herring) 9. Raconda russelliana Gray (Russell's smooth back herring) Key to the species 1a. Dorsal and pelvic fins absent; anal fin very long with 81 to 92 rays ......... R. russeliana lb. Dorsal fin present and pelvic fins either present or absent; anal fin not very long with 34 to 65 rays ............................................... 2 2a. Anal fin long with 51 to 65 rays; pelvic fins absent ......................................... O. tardoore 2b. Anal fin moderate with 34 to 53 rays; pelvic fins present .................................................. 3 3a. Toothed hypomaxilla present; abdominal scutes 26 to 28 ............................ P. ditchela 3b. Toothed hypomaxilla absent; abdominal scutes 30 or more ...................................... .4 4a. No tube or a very short tube at posterior end of swimbladder that not passing backward into muscle .................................... I. sirishai 4b. One or two tubes from posterior end of swimbladder passing back into muscle ..... 5 5a. Swimbladder with one post coelomic extension on right side of body ................. 6 309 or overlapping across center of scale; 21 to 24 gillrakers on lower limb of first gill arch ................................................. I. melastoma 8b. Vertical striae on scales not continuous, but with a distinct gap across center of scale; 27 to 28 gillrakers on lower limb of first gill arch .............................................. I. striatula Fisheries information: The fishes of this family are of little commercial value due to less flesh and more bone. Remarks : Record of Euplatygaster indica (Swainson) is referable to Ilisha melastoma (Schneider). Family 30 ENGRAULIDAE (Anchovies) Body cylindrical, usually fusiform and sometimes greatly compressed (body tapering to a point in the Grenadier anchovies, Coilia). Abdomen generally with scutes. Snout prominent and generally 'pig-like' and projecting. Mouth conspicuously inferior. Posterior tip of maxilla extending far, sometimes projecting beyond operculum. Fins without spines. Pectoral fins inserted low on body, sometimes with free upper rays or filamentous rays. Dorsal fin generally short and inserted at midpoint of body. Caudal fin generally forked but sometimes tapering to a point. Body sometimes with light organs along sides. Species known to occur in Karnataka 5b. Swimbladder with two post coelomic extensions .................................................... 8 1. Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes (Gold-spotted grenadier anchovy) 6a. Total abdominal scutes 30 to 32 ................ . .............................................. I. megaloptera 2. Coilia neglecta Whitehead (Neglect a grenadier anchovy) 6b. Total abdominal scutes 34 to 42 ............... 7 3. Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley) (Devis' anchovy) 7a. Body depth 2.8 to 3.2 times in standard length; pectoral fin tip reaching pelvic fin base ..... ....................................................... I. filigera 7b. Body slender, its depth 3.3 to 3.7 times in standard length; pectoral fin tip not reaching pelvic fin base (in adults) .......... I. elongata 8a. Vertical striae on scales traversing whole scale 4. Encrasicholina puntifer Fowler (Buccaneer anchovy) 5. Stolephorus commersonii (Commerson's anchovy) (Lacepede) 6. Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt) (Indian anchovy) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 310 Hardenberg border of gill membrane; urohyal exposed. ..................................................................... 5 8. Stolephorus waitei Jordan and Seale (Spotty anchovy) 4b. Isthmus muscle reaching to and beyond gill membrane; urohyal not exposed ................ 6 9. Thryssa dayi Wongratana (Day's thryssa) Sa. Maxilla tip pointed, projecting beyond second supramaxilla and reaching to suboperculum ........................................................ E. devisi 7. Stolephorus insularis (Hardenberg's anchovy) 10. Thryssa dussumieri (Dussumier's thryssa) (Valenciennes) 11. Thryssa hamiltonii (Gray) (Hamilton's thryssa) 12. Thryssa malabarica (Bloch) (Malabar thryssa) 13. Thryssa mystax (Schneider) (Moustached thryssa) 14. Thryssa polybranchialis W ongratana (Humphead thryssa) 15. Thryssa purava (Hamilton) (Oblique jaw thryssa) 16. Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet) (Long jaw thryssa) 17. Thryssa vitrirostris (Gilchrist & Thompson) (Orange mouth thryssa) Key to the species la. Body tapering, "rat tailed"; caudal fin small, rhomboid; anal fin long, confluent with caudal fin; six upper pectoral fin rays unbranched and free from each other ........................... 2 1b. Body normal, not tapering or rat tailed; caudal fin large, forked; anal fin short not confluent with caudal fin; upper pectoral fin rays not free from each other ................................... 3 2a. Longitudinal rows of pearl spots (light organs) on flanks of body present ..... C. dussumieri 2b. Pearly spots on flanks of body absent ........ .................................................... C. neglecta 3a. Only needle-like prepelvic scutes present; anal fin short, with less than 25 rays ............... .4 3b. Prepelvic and post pelvic scutes present; anal fin long, with more than 25 rays .............. 9 4a. Isthmus muscle not reaching to posterior Sa. Maxilla tip blunt, scarcely projecting beyond second supramaxilla, not reaching to front edge of preoperculum ............... E. punctifer 6a. Posterior margin of preoperculum indented near maxilla tip; a double pigment line on back behind dorsal fin ............... S. insularis 6b. Posterior margin of preoperculum evenly rounded near maxilla tip; no double pigment line on back behind dorsal fin ................... 7 7a. Maxilla tip reaching to or only just beyond anterior border of preopercle; pelvic fin tips failing to reach vertical from dorsal fin origin. ...................................................... S. indicus 7b. Maxilla tip reaching to or beyond posterior margin of preopercle .................................. 8 8a. Pelvic fin tips reaching beyond dorsal fin origin; a double pigment line on back ahead of dorsal fin ........................ S. commersonii 8b. Pelvic fin tips not reaching to dorsal fin origin; no dark lines on back ahead of dorsal fin .. ........................................................ S. waitei 9a. Maxilla reaches beyond pectoral fin tip; lower jaw with high coronoid process .................. . .................................................. T. setirostris 9b. Maxilla not reaching pectoral fin tip; lower jaw slender ................................................ 10 lOa. Maxilla long, reaching to pectoral fin base or beyond ................................................. 11 lOb. Maxilla short, not reaching to pectoral fin base ........................................................... 14 lla. Branched anal rays 41 to 46 (mostly 42 to 44); no distinct black spot behind upper part of gill opening ................................. T. dayi BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 11 b. Branched anal rays less than 41; a distinct black blotch behind upper part of gill opening .................................................................. 12 12a. Lower gill rakers 13 to 16 on first arch, the serrae not clumped ...................... T. mystax 12b. Lower gill rakers 16 to 24 on first arch, the serrae in distinct clump ........................... 13 13a. Maxilla reaching at least half way along pectoral fin length; post pelvic scutes 6 to 9; anterior supramaxilla absent; lower gillrakers 17 to 19 (rarely 20) .............. T. dussumieri 13b. Maxilla shorter, reaching up to 1/3 along pectoral fin length; post pelvic scutes 8 to 12; anterior supramaxilla present; lower gillrakers 18 to 24 (usually 20 to 23) ....... . ·............................................... T. vitrirostris 14a. Lower gillrakers on first arch 11 to 15 ..... ·................................................. T. hamiltoni 14b. Lower gillrakers on first arch 17 to 27 ..... .................................................................. 15 15a. Lower gillrakers 25 to 27 .......................... . ·....................................... T. polybranchialis 15a. Lower gillrakers 17 to 21 ....................... 16 311 inserted below vertical from front of dorsal fin base. Pectoral fins inserted low on body, with 13 to 15 rays. Pelvic fins with 6 to 7 rays, inserted about at the middle of pectoral fin base and origin of anal fin. Fins without spines. Caudal fin deeply forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskal) (Dorab wolfherring) 2. Chirocentrus nudus Swainson (Whitefin wolf herring) Key to the species la. Upper part of dorsal fin black; pectoral fin length almost equal to length from center of eye to posterior border of operculum ......... . ........................................................ C. dorab lb. Dorsal fin white or colourless; length of pectoral fin longer than length from center of eye to posterior border of operculum ......... . ........................................................ C. nudus Fisheries information : C. nudus contributes 80% of the total catch of the wolf herrings. C. dorab is found in both the coasts but 76% of the catch comes from the east coast of our country. 16a. Branched anal fin rays 38 to 44; enlarged teeth on lower jaw only ............. T. purava Order XIII GONORYNCHIFORMES 16a. Branched anal fin rays 33 to 38; teeth in both jaws small .................... T. malabarica Mouth small, terminal; maxilla short and jaws toothless. Suprabranchial organ present. First three Fisheries information: Fishes of of this family are of minor commercial value due to less flesh and more bone. vertebrae specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs. Remarks : Report of Engraulis telera (Day) from Karnataka coast needs further confirmation (see Discussion). (Milkfish) Family 31 CHIROCENTRIDAE (Wolf herrings) Body greatly elongate and compressed with small, cycloid scales. Jaws with fang-like teeth. Dorsal fin with 16 to 19 rays, inserted posterior to middle of body. Anal fin with 32 to 35 rays, Family 32 CHANIDAE Body elongate and almost compressed with small cycloid scales. Mouth small and terminal. Maxilla extending to middle of the orbit. Gular plate absent in between the arms of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin with 13 to 17 rays, inserted almost in the middle of body. Anal fin with 9 to 11 rays, inserted close to caudal fin. Dorsal fin and anal fins with basal sheath of scales. Pelvic and pectoral bases with large axillary scales. Fins without Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 312 spmes. Caudal fin deeply forked. Lateral line present. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chanos chanos (Forsskal) (Milkfish) Fisheries information : The milkfish can be cultured in the tanks and ponds where the water is slightly saline. It is an important commercial fish, found in both the coasts of our country. Order XIV SILURIFORMES Body elongate with barbels around mouth. Skin usually naked or in some, covered with bony plates. Dorsal and pectoral fin preceeded by a strong spine. Adipose dorsal fin often present. Maxilla rudimentary. Anterior four vertebrae joined together, with a chain of small bones connecting air bladder and weberian oscicle. Key to the families 1a. Dorsal and anal fins long based and united with the caudal fin; barbels 4 pairs; adipose dorsal fin absent .................. PLOTOSIDAE 1b. Dorsal and anal fins small and not united with the caudal fin; barbels 1 to 3 pairs; adipose dorsal fin present ........... ARIIDAE Family 33 PLOTOSIDAE (Eel catfishes) Body elongate, almost eel-like without scales, tapering to a point posteriorly. Barbels 4 pairs, nasal and maxillary one pair each and mental 2 pairs. Dorsal fin two, first fin with 1 serrated spine and 4 to 6 soft rays and second fin with 69 to 143 soft rays. Pectoral fins with 1 serrated spine and 9 to 16 soft rays. Pelvic fins with 10 to 16 soft rays. Anal fin with 58 to 131 rays. Caudal fin united with second dorsal and anal fins. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Plotosus canius Hamilton (Eel catfish) Key to species 1a. Body generally with 2 or 3 pale lateral stripes; maxillary barbels extending almost posterior to orbits ....................................... P. lineatus lb. Body without any stripes; maxillary barbels extending to or beyond opercular margin ... ..................................................................... 2 2a. Eyes smaller, 7 to 12% in head length; nasal barbels extending well behind eyes ............ . ....................................................... P. can ius 2b. Eyes larger, 13 to 20% in head length; nasal barbels shorter, extending only as far as hind border of eyes or slightly beyond .............. . .................................................... P. limbatus Fisheries information: The dorsal and pectoral fin spines of the eel catfishes contain venomous glands, therefore, great care has to be taken while handling these fishes. Death may even result during careless handling of these fishes. Family 34 ARIIDAE (Sea catfishes) Body elongate without scales. Head covered with plates. Teeth on palate villiform or conical, granular or molar-like, arranged in 1 to 3 patches on each side of palate. Barbels generally 1 to 3 pairs, nasal barbels absent. Dorsal and pectoral fin preceeded by a strong spine. A short adipose dorsal fin present. Caudal fin forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Arius arius Hamilton (Threadfin sea catfish) 2. Arius jella Day (Blckfin sea catfish) 3. Arius maculatus (Thunberg) (Spotted sea catfish) 4. Arius subrostratus Valenciennes (Shovelnose sea catfish) 5. Arius sumatranus Bennett (Goat sea catfish) 6. Batracocephalus mino (Hamilton) (Beardless sea catfish) 2. Plotosus limbatus Valenciennes (Darkfin eel catfisih) 7. Hemiarius sona (Hamilton) (Sona sea catfish) 3. Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg) (Striped eel catfish) 8. Hexanematichthys sagor (Hamilton) (Sagor sea catfish) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 313 (Valenciennes) 6b. Adipose fin moderately long, its base about Y2 of anal-fin base (Arius) ........................ 11 10. Netuma thalassina (Ruppell) (Giant sea catfish) 7a. Roof of mouth with three patches of conical or viliform teeth, that joined in adults to form a large triangular patch on each side (Netuma) ................................................. N. thalassina 9. Nemapteryx cae lata (Engraved sea catfish) 11. Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus) (Soldier sea catfish) 12. Plicofolis platystomus (Day) (Flat mouth sea catfish) 13. Plicofollis dussumieri (Valenciennes) (Blacktip sea catfish) 14. Plicofollis tenuispinis (Day) (Thinspine sea catfish) 15. Plicofollis tonggol (Bleeker) (Roughback sea catfish) 7b. Roof of mouth with 1 or 2 patches of granular or molar-like teeth on each side (Plicofolis) ..................................................................... 8 8a. Roof of mouth with a single patch of teeth on each side ...................................................... 9 8b. Roof of mouth with two patches of teeth, a larger patch below a small patch on each side ................................................................... 10 lb. Barbels three pairs ...................................... 3 9a. Snout duck-bill shaped; barbels fleshy; palatine tooth patch oval or pyriform-shaped, placed at anterior part of buccal cavity ..... . ............................................... P. platystomus 2a. Lower jaw longer than upper jaw; maxillary barbel absent; mental barbels soft, minute and rudimentary (Batrachocephalus) ..... B. mino 9b. Snout not duck-bill shaped; barbels not fleshy; palatine tooth patch shoe-shaped, placed far back in buccal cavity ............. P. tenuispinis 2b. Lower jaw equal to or shorter than upper jaw; maxillary barbel present, hard and bony; mental barbels absent (Osteogeneiosus) ..... . .............. ............... ............. .......... O. militaris lOa. Posterior patches of palatine teeth elliptical, diverging posteriorly; distinct preorbital protuberance of lateral ethmoid present ..... ............................................... P. dussumieri 3a. Adipose fin long, its base as long as anal-fin base (Hemiarius) .............................. H. sona lOb. Posterior patches of palatine teeth pearshaped, converging posteriorly; preorbital lateral ethmoidal protuberance absent ....... . .................................................... P. tonggol Key to the species la. Barbels only one or two pairs ................... 2 3b. Adipose fin short, its base about half or less than half of anal-fin base .......................... .4 4a. Lateral line not bifurcated at caudal region ..................................................................... 5 4b. Lateral line bifurcated at caudal region .... 6 Sa. Palatine teeth in two patches, placed side by side, inner patch oval and outer patch triangular, on each side (Hexanemichthys) . ...................................................... .. H. sagor 5b. Palatine teeth in one triangular patch on each side (Nemapteryx) ........................ N. cae lata 6a. Adipose fin very short, its base less than Y2 of anal-fin base ........................................... 7 lla. Palatine teeth as a oval small patch ....... 12 11 b. Palatine teeth as an elliptical, large patch .. .................................................................. 13 12a. Snout long, spatulate; maxillary barbels short, not extending beyond orbit; palatine teeth patch sparsely packed ......... A. subrostratus 12b. Snout short, obtusely rounded; maxillary barbels long, extending beyond orbit; palatine teeth patch densely packed ........................ . .............................................. A. sumatranus 13a. Tooth patches on palate fully elliptical, well 314 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 formed, with densely packed teeth, inner margins almost straight ......... A. maculatus 13b. Tooth patches on palate irregularly ovate, not fully formed, with loosely packed teeth, inner margins not straight ....................... 14 14a. Anal fin rays 20 to 22; first dorsal fin ray usually prolonged ........................... A. arius 14b. Anal fin rays 17 or 18; first dorsal fin rays not prolonged ........................... ........ A. jella Fisheries information : Sea catfishes are one of the important groups of marine commercial fishes. These are caught by all kinds of gears, mostly by hook and line, and mostly consumed fresh. The air bladder is used in manufacture of isinglass. Remarks : Arius crossocheilus Bleeker is relegated to synonymy of Plicofollis tonggol (Bleeker) (Ferraris, 2007). The generic allocations considered here are following Marceniuk and Menezes (2007) and Ferraris (2007). Order XV AULOPIFORMES Head usually lizard-like. Sharp canine teeth on jaws. Dorsal fin insertion well in advance of anal fin insertion. Adipose dorsal fin present. Fins without spines. Second pharyngobranchial greatly elongated posterolaterally, extending away from third pharyngobranchial, with elongated uncinate process of second epibranchial contacting third pharyngobranchial, and third pharyngobranchial lacking cartilaginous condyle for articulation of second epibranchial. Photophores (light producing organs) often present. Caudal fin forked. Key to families 1a. Mouth lizard-like; upper jaw extending beyond level of middle of orbits; supramaxilla small or absent .............. SYNODONTIDAE lb. Mouth not lizard-like; upper jaw not extending beyond level of middle of eyes; supramaxilla single, elongate ........................................... .. ......................... CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Family 35 CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE (Greeneyes) Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, more or less rounded in cross section anteriorly. Eyes large, pupil keyhole shaped. Dorsal fin single, with 9 to 13 segmented rays. A small adipose dorsal fin present. Anal fin with 7 to 11 segmented rays. Pectoral fins long with 15 to 20 rays, extending beyond the dorsal fin. Fins without spines. Caudal fin bilobed. Body with ctenoid or cycloid scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonnaparte (Shortnose greeneye) 2. Chlorophthalmus bicomis Norman (Spinyjaw greeneye) Key to the species 1a. Lower jaw terminating in a projecting, denticulate bony plate; origin of dorsal fin closer to adipose fin than to tip of snout ... .................................................... C. bicornis lb. No projecting denticulate plate on lower jaw; origin of dorsal fin much closer to tip of snout than to adipose fin ..................... C. agassizi Fisheries information : The greeneyes fishes are of little commercial importance. These fishes are captured as trash fish along the commercial catches and are found in both the coasts of our country. Family 36 SYNODONTIDAE (Lizard fishes ) Head usually lizard-like. Body elongate, generally cylindrical with adipose dorsal fin. Mouth terminal, large with rows of small, slender and pointed teeth, visible even when the mouth is closed. Dorsal fin with 9 to 14 rays. Anal fin with 8 to 16 rays. Caudal fin forked. Body and head with scales. Lizardfishes not only resemble reptiles but also behave like that of reptiles. Most of their time is spent sitting on the bottom with the body at a BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish slight angle, propped up on the front end by the pelvic fins, like a jet fighter ready to take off. Harpadon is secondarily pelagic. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton) (Bombay duck) 2. Saurida micropectoralis Shindo & Yamada (Shortfin lizardfish) 3. Saurida tumbil (Bloch) (Greater lizardfish) 315 3b. Dorsal fin base longer than anal fin base; snout longer, greater than eye diameter ... .4 4a. Dermal flap on anterior nostril short, tubular; posterior part of cheek scaly; peritoneal spots 7 to 10 ..................................... S. englemani 4b. Dermal flap on anterior nostril long flagellum, extending well beyond edge of nares; posterior part of cheek naked; peritoneal spots 10 to 12 ................................... S. variegatus (Richardson) Sa. Pectoral fin tip not reaching to pelvic fin origin; spots on flanks and on second ray of dorsal fin present ............ S. micropectoralis S. Saurida wanieso Shindo & Yamada (Wanieso lizardfish) Sb. Pectoral fin tip reaching well beyond pelvic fin origin ..................................................... 6 6. Synodus engelmani Schultz (Engleman's lizardfish) 6a. Second dorsal fin ray (sometimes also 3rd and 4th) distinctly elongated in adults; two rows of teeth on anterior part of outer palatine tooth band ............................................. S. wanieso 4. Saurida undosquamis (Brushtooth lizardfish) 7. Synodus indicus (Day) (Indian lizardfish) 8. Synodus variegatus (Lacepede) (Variegated lizardfish) 9. Trachinocephalus myops (Bloch & Schneider) (Bluuntnose lizardfish) Key to species la. Head and anterior part of body naked, except for scales on lateral line; caudal fin trilobed; pectoral fin tip extends to below middle of dorsal fin base ........................... H. nehereus 1b. Head and body scaled; caudal fin forked; pectoral fin short, reaching at most just beyond origin of dorsal fin ........................ 2 2a. A single band of teeth on each palate (inner band absent); pelvic fin consists of 8 rays, inner ray distinctly longer than outer ray ... ..................................................................... 3 2b. Two bands of teeth on each palate; pelvic fin consists of 9 rays, inner ray not or slightly longer than outer ray .................................. S 3a. Dorsal fin base shorter than anal fin base; snout short, shorter than eye diameter ....... . ...................................................... .. T. myops 6b. Dorsal fin without elongate rays ............... 7 7a. A series of fairly distinct distinct 8 to 10 dark blotches along lateral line; vomerine teeth absent; anterior outer palatine with 2 rows of teeth ..................................... S. undosquamis 7b. No spots along the lateral line; vomerine teeth present; anterior outer palatine with 3 or more rows of teeth .................................. S. tumbil Fisheries information: The Bombay duck form an important fishery of commercial value, particularly in the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts. These fishes occur in both the coasts of India but almost 98% of its catch is obtained from the west coast. The remaining 2% of the Bombay duck is captured along the east coast of India. It is marketed fresh, salted dried or smoked. Lizard fishes are of not much commercial value. These fishes are marketed fresh or used for fishmeal. Order XVI MYCTOPHIFORMES Head and body compressed. Eyes lateral. Mouth large and terminal. Pelvic fin usually with 8 rays. Branchiostegal rays 7 to 11. Adipose dorsal 316 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 fin present. Upper pharyngobranchial not extended. Photophores on body present. Family 37 MYCTOPHIDAE (Lanternfishes) Head and trunk compressed. Eyes large. Mouth usually terminal; jaws extending to or far beyond vertical through posterior margin of eye. Branchiostegal rays 7 to 11. Well developed gill rakers usually present. No spine in all fins; adipose fin present; origin of anal fin under or close behind base of dorsal fin. Discrete, round or kidneyshaped photophores in distinct groups on head and body. Additional light organs of various shapes and sizes present on head, caudal peduncle, or on both. Scales usually cycloid. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Diaphus dumerilii (Bleeker) (Dumeril's lanternfish) Fisheries information : Myctophids play an important role in marine food chain, but not considered as a food fish for human consumption due to its small size. Order XVII GADIFORMES Body usually elongate. Pelvic fins thoracic or jugular, inserted below or in front of pectoral fin. Branchiostegal rays 6 to 8. True spines on fins absent. Dorsal and anal fins mostly long based. Scales usually cycloid. Key to families la. First dorsal fin on nape as an elongated ray only and the second with a deep notch in the middle; caudal fin distinct.. ......................... . ............................... BREGMACEROTIDAE 1b. First dorsal fin normal, second dorsal and anal fin confluent with caudal fin, which tapers to a sharp point ................... MACROURIDAE Family 38 BREGMACEROTIDAE (Codlets, Codlings) Body elongate, almost cylindrical. Snout short. Head small and more or less compressed. Dorsal fins two, the first dorsal inserted on nape with one elongated ray. Second dorsal fin and anal fins very long with large notch in middle. Pelvic fins inserted to throat with 5 rays, outer 3 rays elongate free filaments, extending backward up to one half length of the fish. Lateral line near to second dorsal fin. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Bregmaceros mcclellandi Thompson (Spotted codlet) Fisheries information : The Indian cod is generally found in the west coast. It forms a seasonal fishery around Bombay coast. It is marketed fresh. Remarks : This species have been reported as Bregmaceros atripinnis Day, a Jumor synonym (Cohen et ai, 1990). Family 39 MACROURIDAE (Grenadiers or Rattails) Head large, trunk short; tail long, tapering to a point. Snout often protruding. Eyes usually large. Caudal fin absent. Two dorsal fins; first dorsal fin short and high, first 2 rays spinous, but true spines absent. Second dorsal fin and anal fin long and continuous with tail. Pelvic fins thoracic to almost jugular, placed before pectoral fin base. Scales small, with spinules in most species. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe) (Spothead grenadier) Fisheries information: This is a deep-sea fish, almost benthopelagic in habit. Commercial value of this species is very limited at present. This is mostly caught incidentally by the trawlers fishing in deep waters and used in fishmeal preparation. Order XVIII OPHIDIIFORMES Pelvic fins, when present, mental or jugular in position, inserted at level of preopercle or before and with one or two soft rays. Dorsal and anal fin 317 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish with long base, often confluent with caudal fin. Nostrils paired on each side. Family 40 OPHIDIIDAE (Cusk eels, Brotulas) Body elongate with a tapering caudal portion. Barbels present on snout and chin in some species. Dorsal fin rays generally equal to or longer than opposing anal fin rays. Pelvic fins with one or 2 soft rays or absent, inserted close together below preopercle or further anterior. Dorsal and anal fins with long bases, confluent with caudal fin. Fins without spines. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel (Goatbeared brotula) Fisheries information : The cusk eels are of minor commercial value and are marketed fresh. B. multibarbata is occasionally found in the commercial catches. Order XIX BATRACHOIDIFORMES Body usually scaleless. Head large with eyes more or less dorsally placed. Mouth large, often with some barbels or flaps under chin. Gill opening at base of pectoral fin, gill membrane broadly joined to isthmus. Gill cover with 3 or 4 spines. Axil of pectoral fin often with a pore. Pelvic fins jugular, with 2 or 3 soft rays. First dorsal fin with 3 strong spines; second dorsal fin long based. Usually with one or three lateral lines. Branchiostegal rays six. Pectoral and caudal fins rounded. A moderate sized pocket may present in upper part of pectoral fin axil. Three lateral lines along sides represented by a series of small bifid tentacles. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Allenbatrachus grunniens (Gangetic toadfish) (Linnaeus) 2. Colletteichthys dussumieri (Valenciennes) (Flat toadfish) Key to species 1a. A pocket-like foramen present on upper portion of pectoral axilla; gill opening wide, continued to below and anterior to pectoral fin base ..................................... C. dussmieri lb. No pocket-like foramen on upper part of pectoral axilla; gill opening restricted, confined to pectoral fin base ...................... . .................................................. A. grunniens Fisheries information : The toadfishes are of no commercial value. These fishes are captured along with commercial catches in the trawl fisheries. The toadfishes are utilized in fishmeal preparation. Order XX LOPHIIFORMES Head depressed. First ray of spinous dorsal fin placed on head and modified into illicium and esca. Pelvic fins, when present, placed before pectorals. Gill opening small, tubelike, at or behind pectoral fin base. First vertebra fused to skull. Family 42 LOPHIIDAE Family 41 BATRACHOIDIDAE (Toadfishes) Body cylindrical, compressed posteriorly. Head and anterior part of body depressed. Mouth moderate, small conical teeth in both jaws and on palate. Gill opening, a relatively large oblique slit above pectoral fin base. Operculum with 3 or 4 strong spines. Dorsal fin two, first dorsal fin with 3 spines, inserted just behind head. Second dorsal fin and anal fin with long bases. Pelvic fins jugular. (Goosefishes, Anglerfishes) Anterior part of body much depressed and very broad, posterior part tapering. Head rounded, with numerous sharp spines and ridges on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Mouth very large and wide, upper jaw protractile and lower jaw projecting; both having numerous long, sharp depressible teeth. Two dorsal fins, the first with 2 or 3 isolated slender spines on head (Cephalic spines) and second with 1 to 3 spines (often connected by a 318 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 membrane, at least in juveniles) at the level of pectoral fins (post cephalic spines). Pectoral fin rays unbranched, terminating in small fleshy filaments. Anal fin with 6 to 11 rays, inserted below second dorsal fin. Caudal fin with 8 rays, outer 2 rays unbranched. subadominal, with one spine and 5 branched rays. Caudal fin moderately forked, ermarginate or truncate. Lateral line absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 2. Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes) (Otomebora mullet) Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Liza macrolepis (Smith) (Largescale mullet) 1. Lophiodes mutilus (Alcock) (Smooth angler) 3. Liza parsia (Hamilton) (Gold-spot mullet) 2. Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl) (Blackmouth angler) 4. Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) (Greenback mullet) Key to the species 5. Liza planiceps (Valenciennes) (Tade mullet) la. Pectoral fin with 21 to 25 rays; frontal ridge rugoge, bearing spines, knobs and ridges; gill slits not extending in front of pectoral fin base ............................................ L. setigerus lb. Pectoral fin with 15 to 18 rays; frontal ridge smooth, no spine, knob or ridges present; gill slits extending well in front of pectoral fin base ............................................... L. mutilus Fisheries information : The Anglerfishes or Goosefishes are of no commercial value. These fishes are found in the bottom trawls as bycatch in the commercial catches. Order XXI MUGILIFORMES Body fusiform, covered with large scales. Mouth moderate in size; teeth small or absent. Two dorsal fins widely separate, the first one typicaly with four spines. Pectoral fins high on body. No direct articulation between the pelvic girdle and the cleithra. Body covered with large scales; lateral line absent. Family 43 MUGILIDAE (Mullets) Body elongate, cylindrical or slightly compressed. Mouth small, terminal or inferior. Eyes usually covered by fatty tissue (adipose eyelids). Dorsal fin two, well separated, the first with 4 spines and the second with one spine and 8 or 9 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines. Pectoral fins set rather high on body. Pelvic fins 6. Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard) (Squaretail mullet) 7. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus (Flahead mullet) 8. Valamugil cunnesius (Longaram mullet) (Valenciennes) 9. Valamugil seheli (Forsskal) (Bluespot mullet) 10. Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker) (Speigler's mullet) Key to the species la. Posterior tip of maxilla (upper jaw) not curved below tip of premaxilla; adipose eyelids well developed; anal fin with 8 soft rays .......... . .................................................. M. cephalus lb. Posterior tip of maxilla (upper jaw) curved below tip of premaxilla; adipose eyelids well developed, feeble or absent; anal fin with 9 soft rays (rarely 8) ...................................... 2 2a. Pectoral axillary scale pointed and long; scales with membranous digitated hind margin ... 3 2b. Pectoral axillary scale small or absent; hind margin of scales not digitated .................... 7 3a. Adipose tissue covers half to most of eye; second dorsal fin origin on vertical through anal fin origin; maxilla not reaching anterior margin of eye ................................. V seheli 3b. Adipose tissue around eye feeble or absent; second dorsal fin origin on vertical behind BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish anterior fourth of anal fin base; maxilla reaching anterior margin of eye ............... .4 4a. Scales in lateral series 30 to 35; soft dorsal and anal fins moderately scaled; pectoral fin extending to vertical between 3rd and 4th spine of first dorsal fin ..................... V cunnesius 319 dussumieri (Valenciennes) are referable to Liza subviridis (Valenciennes). Records of Liza tade (Forsskal) are to be treated as Liza planiceps (Valenciennes) . Order XXII BELONIFORMES 4b. Scales in lateral series 37 to 40; soft dorsal and anal fins densely scaled; pectoral fin extending to vertical from 2nd spine of first dorsal fin .................................... V speigleri Upper jaw fixed or nonprotrusible. Interacrural cartilage small or absent. Lower caudal fin lobe with more principal rays than the upper lobe. Single dorsal fin placed in posterior half on body. Pectoral fin high on body. Sa. Anal fin rays 8; caudal fin almost truncate .................................................. L. vaigiensis Key to families 5b. Anal fin rays 9; caudal fin forked ............. 6 6a. Transverse rows of scales 12 ...................... . ................................................ L. macrolepis 6b. Transverse rows of scales less than 12 ..... 7 7a. Second dorsal fin origin over posterior half of anal fin base ........................ L. planiceps 7b. Second dorsal fin origin over anterior half of anal fin base ................................................ 8 8a. Preorbital bone narrow, not filling space between mouth and eye; corner of mouth on vertical through anterior nostril .................. . .................................................. L. subviridis 8b. Preorbital bone wide, filling space between mouth and eye; corner of mouth on vertical behind anterior nostril ................................ 9 9a. First dorsal fin origin nearer to snout tip than to caudal fin base; transverse rows of scales 11 .................................................... L. parsia 9b. First dorsal fin origin nearer to caudal fin base than to snout tip; transverse rows of scales 9 to 10 ........................ L. melinoptera Fisheries information : Mullets are very important commercial fishes. Most of the species are suitable for aquaculture due to their rapid growth and hardiness. Remarks : This family was under order Perciformes in literatures, but following Jayaram (1999) and Nelson (2006) it is being kept separated. Records of Mugil jerdoni Day and Liza 1a. Both upper and lower jaw extended into long beak with numerous needle-like teeth; mouth large ........................................ BELONIDAE lb. Only lower jaw prolonged or none of jaws prolonged, with minute teeth or without teeth; mouth small ................................................. 2 2a. Lower jaw usually prolonged, much longer than upper; pectoral and pelvic fins short .. ..................................... HEMIRAMPHIDAE 2b. Both jaws short and normal and not prolonged into a long beak; pectoral fins strikingly long, extending beyond origin of dorsal fin; pelvic fins exceptionally large in some species ..... .......................................... EXOCOETIDAE Family 44 EXOCOETIDAE (Flying fishes) Body elongate and cylindrical, flattened ventrally. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins inserted far back on body. Pectoral fins considerably long, inserted high on sides, extending beyond dorsal fin origin. Pelvic fins inserted abdominal in position and greatly enlarged in many species. Caudal fin deeply forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Lateral line low on body. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Cheilopo gon cyanopterus (Valenciennes) (Margined flyingfish) 2. Cheilopogon furcatus (Mitchill) (Spotfin fl yingfish) 320 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 3. Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett) (African flyingfish) of scales between dorsal fin origin and lateral line ....................................... E. monocirrhus 4. Cheilopogon suttoni (Whitley & Colefax) (Sutton's flyingfish) 3b. Body depth S.l to 6.0 in standard length; gill rakers 29 to 37 on first arch; usually 6 rows of scales between dorsal fin origin and lateral line ............................................... E. volitans S. Cypselurus naresii (Gunther) (Pharao fl yingfish) 6. Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes) (Yellow-wing flyingfish) 7. Exocoetus monocirrhus Richardson (Barbel fl yingfish) 8. Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus (Tropical twowing flyingfish) 9. Hirundichthys coromandelensis (Hornell) (Coromandel flyingfish) 10. Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson) (Sailfin flyingfish) 11. Parexocoetus mento (Valenciennes) (African sailfin flyingfish) 12. Prognichthys brevipinnis (Valenciennes) (Shortfin flyingfish) Key to the species 1a. Pelvic fins short, not extending to or just reaching to anal fin origin ......................... 2 1a. Pelvic fins long, extending beyond anal fin origin ...................................................... ..... S 2a. Pectoral fins extending beyond anal fin base; pelvic fins short, far from reaching anal fin origin; pelvic fin origin nearer to pectoral fin base than to anal fin origin; lateral line without a branch to pectoral fin origin; upper jaw not protrusible .................................................... 3 2a. Pectoral fins not extending beyond anal fin base; pelvic fins medium, hardly reaching anal fin origin; pelvic fin origin nearer to anal fin origin than to pectoral fin base; lateral line with a branch extending upward to pectoral fin base; upper jaw protrusible ................ .4 3a. Body depth 3.S to S.l in standard length; gill rakers 21 to 29 on first arch; usually 7 rows 4a. Predorsal scales 20 to 24; dorsal fin rays 12 to 14, depressed dorsal fin reaching beyond origin of upper caudal fin lobe; anal fin rays 12 to 14; body depth S.O to 6.S and head length 4.1 to 4.S in standard length .......... .. ............................................ P. brachypterus 4b. Predorsal scales 16 to 20; dorsal fin rays 9 to 12, depressed dorsal fin hardly reaching origin of upper caudal fin lobe; anal fin rays 10 to 12; body depth 4.S to S.O and head length 3.7 to 4.0 in standard length ............... P. mento Sa. First 2 to 4 rays in pectoral fin unbranched ................................................ P. brevipinnis Sb. Only the first pectoral fin ray unbranched . ..................................................................... 6 6a. Anal fin origin anterior to third ray of dorsal fin; dorsal fin usualy with less or equal number of rays than anal fin (rarely with 1 or 2 more) ......................... H. coromondelensis 6b. Anal fin origin under or behind third ray of dorsal fin; dorsal fin usualy with 2 to 4 rays (rarely 1) more than the rays in anal fin .... ..................................................................... 7 7a. Lower jaw usually a little shorter than upper and included beneath the upper jaw, at least some jaw teeth tricuspid; juveniles with a sinlge chin barbel or without barbel ......... 8 7b. Lower jaw subequal or lower jaw a little longer than upper jaw, jaw teeth mostly unicuspid or with supplementary cusps laterally; juveniles with two barbels (or fused) ..................................................................... 9 8a. Pectoral fins usually dark, without dark spots; pelvic fin origin midway between head and caudal fin base; predorsal scaleas 27 to 32 ...................................................... C. naresii 321 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 8b. Pectoral fins pale, with numerous dark spots arranged in bands; pelvic fin origin nearer to head than to caudal fin base; predorsal scales 24 to 28 .............................. C. poecilopterus 9a. Predorsal scales 34 to 41 ......................... 10 9b. Predorsal scales 24 to 33 ......................... 11 lOa. Pectoral fin with small dark spots scattered on pale background; pelvic fin origin midway between head and caudal fin base ............. . ...................................................... C. suttoni lOb. Pectoral fin without spots, uniformly dark; pelvic fin origin nearer to hind margin of head than to caudal fin base ...................... . ............................................. C. cyanopterus lIa. Dorsal fin with a prominent black spot; palatine teeth present; jaw teeth clearly noticeable; pectoral fin black with a narrow pale margin and a yellowish central stripe ................................................. C. nigricans Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Hemiramphus archipelagicus Collete & Parin (Jumping halfbeak) 2. Hemiramphus far (Forsskal) (Black-barred halfbeak) 3. Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes) (Dussumieri's half beak) 4. Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes) (Keel-jawed halfbeak) 5. Hyporhamphus quoyi (Valenciennes) (Quoy's garfish) 6. Hyporhamphus xanthopterus (Valenciennes) (Red-tipped halfbeak) 7. Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes) (Long-billed halfbeak) 8. Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes) (Feathered river garfish) Key to species lIb. Dorsal fin uniformly pale; palatine teeth absent; jaw teeth barely visible; pectoral fin grayish with a pale triangular cross band and a wide pale margin ................... C. furcatus 1a. Nasal papilla elongate and pointed, strongly projecting beyond nasal fossa; caudal fin rounded or truncate ........................ Z. dispar Fisheries information : Taken commercially only occasionally, but of minor fishery importance. Flying fishes are usually considered as good food fish. 1 b. Nasal papilla rounded, fan shaped or fimbricate, not projecting from margin of nasal fossa; caudal fin emarginate or deeply forked .......................................................... 2 Remarks : Reports of Cypselurus comatus (Mitchill) from Indian waters are referable to Cypselurus naresii (Gunther) (Barman and Mishra, 2006). 2a. Scales absent on snout; preorbital ridge absent ..................................................................... 3 Family 45 HEMIRAMPHIDAE (Halfbeaks) Body greatly elongate. Lower jaw prolonged and a short triangular upper jaw. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins inserted in posterior half of body. Pelvic fins with 6 soft rays, abdominal in position. Pectoral fins generally short. Lateral line originates from pectoral fin origin and then bends downward extending backward along the ventral border of body. Body with cycloid scales. 2b. Scales present on snout; preorbital ridge well developed .................................................... 4 3a. Dorsal fin with well developed anterior lobe; pigmented in anterior part; body width 1.3 to1.8 times its depth; 3 to 9 dark spot on side of body ............................................... H. far 3b. Dorsal fin without well developed anterior lobe; pigmented along margin; body width 1.8 to 2.0 times its depth; no dark spot on side of body .................... H. archipelagicus 4a. Nasal papillae fimbriate; upper jaw arched; gill rakers on first arch 47 to 78; lateral line Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 322 with 2 branches ascending behind opercle and pectoral fin origin ........................ R. georgii 4b. Nasal papillae not fimbriate; upper jaw flat or almost flat; gill rakers on first arch 19 to 47; lateral line with one branch ascending behind opercle and pectoral fin origin ...... 5 Sa. Preorbital canal simple, without posterior branch; caudal fin weakly or moderately forked .......................................................... 6 5b. Preorbital canal T -shaped, with posterior branch; caudal fin strongly forked, usually with elongate lower lobe ............................ 7 6a. Total gillrakers 46 to 53 on first arch, 40 to 47 on second arch ............. H. xanthopterus 6b. Total gillrakers 19 to 37 on first arch, 16 to 28 on second arch .................... H. limbatus 7a. Upper jaw projection pointed; gill rakers on first arch 36 to 47; lower jaw moderately short, in adult fish its length up to 1.4 times in head length ........................ H. dussumieri 7b. Upper jaw projection blunt and rounded; gill rakers on first arch 26 to 34; lower jaw shorter, in adult fish its length up to 2 times in head length ................................ H. quoyi Fisheries information : The halfbeaks are of important commercial value and are utilized fresh, dried salted and smoked. Remarks: Reports of Hyporhamphus gaimardi (Valenciennes) is referable to H. quoyi (Valenciennes) . Family 46 BELONIDAE (Needle fishes) Body considerably elongate with both upper and lower jaw extended into long beaks. Fins without spines. Dorsal and anal fins inserted in posterior half of body. Pelvic fins inserted in abdominal position and with 6 soft rays. Pectoral fins short. Lateral line extending down from pectoral fins origin and then pass along ventral margin of sides. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Ablennes hians (Valenciennes) needlefish) (Flat 2. Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (LeSueur) (Hound needlefish) 3. Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt) (Spottail needlefish) 4. Strongylura leiura (Bleeker) (Banded needlefish) 5. Tylosurus acus melanotus (Bleeker) (Keeljawed needlefish) Key to the species la. Body strongly laterally compressed and marked with a series of vertical bars; anal fin with 24 to 28 rays .......................... A. hians 1b. Body rounded or squarish in cross-section; body without vertical bars; anal fin with 13 to 23 rays .................................................... 2 2a. Dorsal fin rays 12 to 21; caudal peduncle without keel ................................................. 3 2b. Dorsal fin rays 20 to 27; a dark lateral keel on each side of caudal peduncle .............. .4 3a. Caudal fin rounded or truncate with a prominent black spot near its base; dorsal fin with 12 to 15 rays and anal fin with 15 to 18 rays ........................................ S. strongylura 3b. Caudal fin emarginate without black spot; dorsal fin with 17 to 21 rays and anal fin with 23 to 25 rays ......................... S. leiura 4a. Dorsal fin rays 24 to 27 and anal fin rays 22 to 24; upper jaw strongly curved upward at its origin forming a gap between the jaws. ......................................... T. acus melanotus 4b. Dorsal fin rays 20 to 24 and anal fin rays 19 to 22; upper jaw straight, with no gap between the jaws ................................... T. crocodilus Fisheries information : The needle fishes are of commercial importance. These fishes are mostly utilized fresh and are very tasty for their excellent flavour. 323 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Order XXIII A THERINIFORMES Mouth small, upper jaw protrusible. Margins of opercle and preopercle without spines or serrations. Orbitosphenoid absent. Two widely separated dorsal fins; spines flexible. Anal fin with a single spine. Lateral line absent or weak. Family 47 ATHERINIDAE (Silversides) Body elongate, almost compressed and silvery. Mouth usually small, terminal or oblique. Dorsal fins two, well separated, first dorsal fin with a variable number of small, flexible spines. Second dorsal fin and anal fins each with one weak spine, one unbranched ray and a variable number of branched rays. Pectoral fins inserted high on body. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays. Caudal fin almost forked. Lateral line absent. A midlateral band generally present, extending from upper angle of pectoral fins to caudal fin base, Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Atherinomorus duodecimalis (Valenciennes) (Tropical silverside) 2. Atherinomorus lacunosus (Hardyhead silverside) (Forster) 3. Hypoatherina temminkii (Bleeker) (Samoan silverside) Key to species la. Ascending premaxillary process moderately long and narrow, its length 1/3 to Y2 of eye diameter; lateral process of premaxilla broad and short; dentary bone sloping strongly upward and backward, with posterior ramus high; gill rakers usually less than diameter of pupil; anus always behind pelvic fin tip ..... ................................................ H. temminckii 1b. Ascending premaxillary process short and broad, its length 1,4 of eye diameter; lateral process of premaxilla broad and flat; dentary bone sloping gently upward and backward, with or without a slight tubercle-like elevation at distal end; gill rakers equal to or longer tham diameter of pupil; anus at or slightly in front of pelvic fin tip ................................. 2 2a. Midlateral scale count 33 to 38; vertical scale count 35 to 37; distal end of upper jaw extending backward slightly beyond vertical through anterior border of orbit.. ................ . ............ ........... ........... .......... A. duodecimalis 2b. Midlateral scale count 39 to 44; vertical scale count 38 to 43; distal end of upper jaw extending backward to vertical through anterior border pupil ................ A. lacunosus Fisheries information : The silverside fishes are usually used as bait and are of important fishes as forage for commercial fishes. Order XXIV BERYCIFORMES Body compressed, mostly oblong. Two supramaxilla and orbitosphenoid present. Anterior part of supraorbital and infraorbital sensory canals modified. Fin spines well developed. Pelvic fins usually with more than 5 soft rays. Caudal fin with 16 or 17 branched rays. Key to families la. Dorsal fin with 10 to 13 strong spines; anal fin soft rays 8 to 16 .................................... . ..................................... HOLOCENTRIDAE lb. Dorsal fin with 3 to 8 weak spines; anal fin soft rays 25 to 30 .................. BERYCIDAE Family 48 HOLOCENTRIDAE (Squirrelfishes, Soldierfishes) Body oblong and compressed. Margins of membrane bones of head serrated or with spines. Mouth terminal or lower jaw projecting. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12 stout spines and 12 to 17 rays, deeply (sometimes completely) notched between spinous and soft rays. The base of spinous part 2 to 3.5 times longer than soft part. Anal fin with 4 spines, the third spine, the stoutest and usually the longest. Pelvic fins with one spine and 7 soft rays. Caudal fin forked, with 17 branched rays. Body with ctenoid scales and complete lateral line. 324 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Sargocentron rubrum (Forsskal) (Redcoat) Fisheries information : These are small fishes to be of any commercial value, but usually marketed fresh in local markets. Family 49 BERYCIDAE (Alfonsinos) Body oval and laterally compressed. Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer and palatine. Preopercle serrate, but devoid of large spine. Cheek and operculum scally. Dorsal fin without notch, with 4 to 7 spines, increasing in length posteriorly and with 12 to 20 soft rays. Anal fin with 4 spines and 25 to 30 soft rays. Pelvic fin with one spine and 7 to 13 soft rays. Scales ctenoid. Lateral line with 66 to 82 scales, that continues to end of caudal fin. supramaxilla absent; posttemporal fused to skull. Fin spines well developed. Dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays undivided. Caudal fin with 11 branched rays. Dorsal fin with 5 to 10 spines and 22 to 36 soft rays. Key to families la. Pelvic fins with 9 or 10 soft rays and no spine; anal fin with 1 or 2 short spines and 29 or 30 soft rays; no bony plates or spines along bases of dorsal and anal fins ............ . ............................................. PRAZENIDAE lb. Pelvic fins with 1 slender, flexible spine and 5 to 7 soft rays; anal fin with 3 or 4 spines and 20 to 26 soft rays; a row of bony plates or spines along base of dorsal and anal fins ........................................................ ZEIDAE Family 50 PARAZENIDAE (Smooth dories) Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Beryx decadactylus Cuvier (Alfonsino) 2. Beryx splendens Lowe (Splendid alfonsino) Key to the species la. Body slender, its depth 2.4 to 2.8 times in standard length; total gill rakers 25 to 28 on first arch; dorsal fin with 13 to 15 soft rays; pored lateral line scales 74 to 80 ............... . .................................................. B. splendens lb. Body deeper, its depth 1.9 to 2.3 times in standard length; total gill rakers 23 or 24 on first arch; dorsal fin with 16 to 20 soft rays; pored lateral line scales 63 to 71 ............... . ............................................. B. decadactylus Fisheries information : These are good food fishes, occasionally consumed fresh, but often reduced to fishmeal and oil. They are frequently taken in small quantities with bottom trawls and longlines. Order XXV ZEIFORMES Body oblong to disc-like, compressed, thin and deep. Jaws greatly distensible. Orbitosphenoid and Body elongate and laterally compressed. Dorsal fin with 6 to 7 spines (rarely 8). Pectoral fin with 13 to 15 rays. Pectoral fin with 13 to 15 rays. Pelvic fin with no spine and 9 soft rays, inserted under or slightly ahead of pectoral fin base. (Characters included here for the genus Cyttopsis only) Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Cyttopsis rosea (Lowe) (Rosa dory) Fisheries information : It is of no commercial value. Family 51 ZEIDAE (Dories) Body oval, compressed; its depth greater than head length. Mouth large, oblique; upper jaw very protrusible. Narrow bands of small teeth on jaws and vomer. Opercular bone devoid of spines and serrae. Dorsal fin with 7 to 11 spines and 22 to 30 rays. Anal fin with 1 to 4 spines and 20 to 30 rays. Dorsal and anal fin rays unbranched. Pelvic fin with 6 to 10 elements, with or without spine. Scales small, rudimentary or absent. Bony scutes along midventral line of abdomen. BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe) (Silvery John dory) Fisheries information : The dories are not of commercial importance. These fishes are taken by trawls over 100 to 300 meters depth. These are sold fresh and their flesh is excellent to eat. Order XXVI SYNGNATHIFORMES Mouth small, placed at the end of a tube shaped snout. Upper jaw not protrusible. Lacrymal bone present, but other circumorbital bones absent. Anterior 3 to 6 vertebrae elongate. Key to families 1a. Body compressed, deep; scales with sharp ridges and spines; first dorsal fin with 5 to 8 strong spines, second spine enlarged .......... . ........................ MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE 1b. Body elongate, slender; scales not as above; dorsal fin spines usually absent, if present, 8 to 12 isolated, subequal, weak spines ....... 2 2a. Pelvic fins absent; body encased in a series of bony rings; gill opening restricted to a small pore on dorsolateral part of head ............... . ....................................... SYNGNATHIDAE 2b. Pelvic fins present; body not armoured, naked; gill opening not restricted .......................... 3 3a. Body compressed, with small scales; dorsal fin with 8 to 12 isolated weak spines; caudal fin rounded; chin with a fleshy barbel ....... . ...................................... AULOSTOMIIDAE 3b. Body depressed, naked; dorsal fin without spines, a row of bony plates before dorsal fin; caudal fin forked; chin barbel absent ... ......................................... FISTULARIIDAE Family 52 FISTULARIIDAE (Flutemouths, Cornetfishes) Body greatly elongate, fleshy and slightly depressed. Mouth small, at the tip of a long tubular snout. Dorsal and anal fins opposite, short based 325 with no spines and 14 to 17 soft rays. Pectoral fins with 13 to 17 rays. Pelvic fins with 6 rays, inserted in the abdominal position. Caudal fin with a long filamentous structure, extending from the middle of the lobes. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Fistularia petimba Lacepede (Red cornetfish) Fisheries information : It is of no commercial value, but often used as bait and reduced to fishmeal and sometimes also marketed fresh. Remarks : This fish have been also reported as Fistularia villosa Klunzinger. Family 53 AULOSTOMIIDAE (Trumpetfishes) Body very elongate and laterally compressed. Lower jaw with fleshy barbel at its tip. A series of 8 to 12 isolated spines anterior to dorsal fin of 22 to 27 soft rays. Anal fin with 23 to 28 rays. Caudal fin rounded. Vent situated considerably posterior to pelvic fins. Lateral line well developed and body covered with ctenoid scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus) (Chinese trumpetfish) Fisheries information commercial value. This IS of no Remarks : Trumpetfishes are predators and generally found near reef areas. They are usually found to swim alongside of larger fish or lie with their bodies at odd angles such as vertical with the head downward until they come closer enough to rush and capture the prey (Nelson, 2006). Family 54 MACRORHAMPHOSIDAE (Spinefishes) Body oval, compressed, deep and generally with bony plates on each side of back. Snout produced into a long tube. Dorsal fin two, first with 4 to 8 spines, second spine greatly enlarged, all joined by a membrane and second with about Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 326 11 to 19 soft rays. Bony plates present on sides above pectoral fins and/or ventral midline of body. with scales, but some are naked. Pectoral and caudal fins usually rounded. Species known to occur in Karnataka Key to families 1. Macrorhamphosus gracilis (Lowe) (Slender spinefish) la. Head encased by expanded bones that firmly attached to each other ................................ 2 Fisheries information : It is of no commercial value and not known to be marketed. 1b. Head not encased with bony armour ......... 3 Remarks : This species has been reported as Macroramphosus gracilis (Lowe) from south western coast of India (Silas, 1969). Following Headrich (1984) and Heemstra (1986) this has been considered as a junior synonym of Macrorhamphosus scolopax (Linnaeus). But Paxton et al (1989) recognized M. gracilis as a distinct species which was established by Assis (1992, 1993). 2a. Preopercular spine long; dorsal fin with one or two isolated spines on nape .................. .. ................................ DACTYLOPTERIDAE 2b. Preopercular spine short; no isolated dorsal fin spine on nape .................... TRIGLIDAE 3a. Two dorsal fins; head strongly flattened; anal fin without spine ..... PLATYCEPHALIDAE 3b. One dorsal fin; head not strongly flattened; anal fin with 2 or 3 spines ....................... .4 Family 55 SYNGNATHIDAE 4a. Body naked ..................... SYNANCEIIDAE (Sea horses, Pipefishes) 4b. Body covered with scales .......................... 5 Body elongate, angular or laterally compressed or rounded. Head slender, generally with a produced tube-like snout. Mouth terminal and oblique. Dorsal fin with soft rays only. Pelvic fins absent. Caudal fin sometimes absent. Tail long, prehensile in Sea horses. Body completely armoured by bony scutes, arranged regularly in series and forming rings round the body. 5a. Lowermost pectoral fin ray free from the rest .................................................. APISTIDAE Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker) (Spotted seahorse) Fisheries information : Spotted seahorse is a highly commercial fish and widely used in aquarium trade. It is also highly valued fish in Chinese medicine. Order XXVII SCORPAENIFORMES Body shape variable. A bony ridge known as suborbital stay across the cheek present. It is the posterior extension of the third infraorbital bone that extends to preoperculum and firmly attached to preopercle bone. Head usually spiny, sometimes covered with bony plates. Body mostly covered 5b. Lowermost pectoral fin ray not free .......... 6 6a. Dorsal fin begins before or above eye ...... .. ........................................ TETRAROGIDAE 6b. Dorsal fin begins behind eye ..................... 7 7a. Lateral line a continuous trough covered by thin scales above it; no tubed lateral line scales ........................................... SETARCHIDAE 7b. Lateral line consists of tubed scales, no thin scales .............................. SCORPAENIDAE Family 56 DACTYLOPTERIDAE (Flying gurnard) Body more or less elongate with heavily armoured large and blunt head. Eyes large with a small movable bone between plate-like bones around eye and preopercle. Preopercle with a prominent spine. Spinous and soft dorsal fins separated by a deep notch with 6 to 7 spines, of which the first or first two anterior ones are separated from the rest of the fin; soft dorsal fin BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish with 8 rays. Anal fin with 6 or 7 soft rays. Pectoral fins divided into 2 parts, a short anterior part with 5 rays and a long posterior part with 25 to 31 rays, extending to base of caudal fin in adults. Lower side of posterior part of trunk with 2 to 4 enlarged keel-like scales. Scale scute forming prominent keels. 327 2. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier) (Orientralis flying gurnard) below eye (suborbital stay) extending posteriorly and firmly attaching to preopercle. Preopercular border with 3 to 5 spines, the uppermost 3 well developed. Opercle with 2 divergent spines or a single spine, the other spines scattered on head. A single dorsal fin, usually notched posterior to the spinous part, with 8 to 18 spines and 4 to 14 rays. Anal fin with 2 to 4 spines and 5 to 14 rays. Pectoral fins broad based, large, fan-like with 11 to 23 rays. Pelvic fins inserted in thoracic region, with one spine and 3 to 5 branched or simple rays. Caudal fin rounded to square-cut but never forked. Key to the species Species known to occur in Karnataka Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Dactyloptena macracanthus (Bleeker) (Spotwing flying gurnard) 1a. Lateral line present and extending to caudal peduncle; an oblong black blotch over middle of pectoral fins ................... D. macracantha 1. Pterois russelli (Bennett) (Plaint ail turkeyfish) 2. Pterois volitans (Linnaeus) (Red lionfish) Key to the species 1b. Lateral line absent; no black blotch over middle of pectoral fins ............ D. orientalis Fisheries information : The flying gurnard fishes are of no commercial importance. Family 57 APISTIDAE (Wasp scorpionfish) Body compresed. Head usually with ridges and spines. Dorsal fin with 14 to 16 spines and 8 to 10 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 to 4 spines and 6 to 8 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 11 to 13 rays, the lowermost ray free. Chin with 3 pairs of barbels. Branchiostegal membrane not fused to isthmus. Caudal fin rounded to square-cut but never forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Apistus carinatus (Bloch & Schneider) (Ocellated wasp scorpionfish) Fisheries information : Waspfishes are of no fishery importance. It is a venomous fish. Family 58 SCORPAENIDAE (Scorpionfishes) Body almost compressed to robust, usually bass-like with large spiny head. A bony ridge 1a. Pectoral fin usually with 14 rays. Interorbital space scaleless. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 12 to 14. Median fins with small dark spots .................................... P. volitans lb. Pectoral fin usually with 13 rays. Interorbital space scally. Transverse scale rows above lateral line 9 or 10. Median fins without spots ...................................................... P. russelii Fisheries information: The scorpion fishes are of little commercial importance. A few species are used as aquarium exhibits. Remarks : The scorpion fishes known to contain venomous spines, and so, they should be very carefully handled. Family 59 TETRAROGIDAE (Wasp fishes) Body covered with small embedded scales. Dorsal fin originates on head, usually 2 or 3 pairs of pharyngeal tooth plates. Pseudobranch well developed with 10 to 15 filaments. These are small to moderate sized benthic fishes, primarily restricted to Indo-West Pacific region and found up to the depth of 300 m. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 328 Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pseudovespicula dracaena (Cuvier) (Draco waspfish) Fisheries information : It is of no interest to fisheries and is a venomous fish. Family 60 SYNANCIIDAE (Stonefish) Body compresed. Head usually with ridges and spines. Dorsal fin with 14 to 16 spines and 8 to 10 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 to 4 spines and 6 to 8 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 11 to 13 rays, the lowermost ray free. Chin with 3 pairs of barbels. Branchiostegal membrane not fused to isthmus. Caudal fin rounded to square-cut but never forked. Skin naked, without scale covering. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Choridactylus multibarbus Richardson (Orange banded goblinfish) 2. Minous monodactylus (Bloch & Schneider) (Grey stingfish) 3. Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider (Stonefish) Key to the species la. Ventralmost pectoral fin ray not detached or separate from remainder of fin ................... . .................................................. S. verrucosa 1b. Ventralmost pectoral fin ray detached or separate from remainder of fin .................. 2 2a. Pectoral fin with a single free ray ventrally ........................................... M. monodactylus 2b. Pectoral fin with 3 free ray ventrally ......... . .............................................. C. multibarbus venom into the wound which cause intolerable pam. Family 61 SETARCHIDAE (Deepsea bristly scorpionfishes) Body elongate and covered by small, cycloid scales. Lateral line a continuous trough covered by thin membranous scales. Bones weakly ossified. Single dorsal fin, notched before soft part. Dorsal fin insertion above pectoral fin base, with 12 spines and 9 or 10 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 5 rays. Pectoral fin with 20 to 25 rays. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Setarches guentheri Johnson (Deepwater scorpionfish) Fisheries information : It is of no fishery interest and is a venomous fish. Family 62 TRIGLIDAE (Gurnards or Sea robins) Body elongate, fusiform, with a row of spines along each side of dorsal fin bases. Scales small, ctenoid and imbricate or rudimentary and more or less embedded. Head large, encased in bony plates. Pectoral fin with lower 3 rays free and enlarged. Dorsal fin divided in to spinous and soft-rayed part. Pelvic fins originate below pectoral fin base. Caudal fin with 11 or 12 principal rays and 9 or 10 branched rays. Maxilla covered by preorbital bone . Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lepidotrigla faueri Gilchrist & Thompson (Scalybeast gurnard) 2. Lepidotrigla omanensis Regan (Oman gurnard) Key to the species Fisheries information : These fishes are of no commercial value. la. Rostral process with several prominent spines ........................................................ L. faueri Remarks: These are the most venomous of all fishes and need to be handled carefully when found in catches. If stepped on this fish, the needlesharp dorsal spine penetrates leading to release of 1b. Rostral process with a single pair of prominent spine ........................................ L. omanensis Fisheries information : Not of any fishery importance. BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 329 Family 63 PLATYCEPHALIDAE (Spiny flatheads) 3b. No antrose spine on lower face of preopercle ............................................ R. melanopterus Body elongate with almost to strongly depressed head. Bony ridges of head generally with spines or serrations. Mouth large, lower jaw longer than upper. Two dorsal fins, considerably separated; spinous dorsal fin with 8 to 10 spines (usually 9 spines), the first spine short and scarcely connected to the second. Soft dorsal and anal fins with 10 to 15 rays. Pelvic fins thoracic in position and set far apart towards sides of body with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. Lateral line complete, anterior scales of lateral line usually with spines. 4a. All or most pored scales of lateral line bearing a backwardly directed spine ....................... 5 Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Cociella crocodila (Tilesius) (Crocodile flathead) 2. Grammoplites scaber (Linnaeus) (Rough flathead) 3. Grammoplites suppositus (Troschel) (Spotfin roughhead) 4. Kummococius rodericensis (Cuvier) (Spiny flathead) 5. Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus) (Bartail flathead) 6. Rogadius asper (Cuvier) (Olive-tail flathead) 7. Rogadius melanopterus (Knapp Wongratana) (Obscure flathead) & Key to the species la. Pored scales in lateral line 65 or more; vomerine teeth in one transverse patch; dorsal fin with 13 soft rays .................... P. indicus 1b. Pored scales in lateral line 60 or fewer; vomerine teeth in two separate patches; dorsal fin with 11 or 12 soft rays ........................ 2 2a. Bony ridges above and below eye either with small spines or finely serrated ................... 3 2b. Bony ridges above and below eye with larger spines ........................................................... 4 3a. A stout antrose (forward pointed) spine on lower face of preopercle ................ R. asper 4b. Pored scales of lateral line atleast on posterior half of body without spines ....................... 6 5a. Anal fin usually with 12 soft rays; gillrakers on first arch 1 plus 5 or 6; upper preopercular spine not reaching margin of opercular membrane; first dorsal fin with a marginal dark band, without a blotch ........ G. scaber 5b. Anal fin usually with 13 soft rays; gillrakers on first arch 1 plus 8; upper preopercular spine long, reaching beyond margin of opercular membrane; first dorsal fin with a large black blotch posteriorly ................... G. suppositus 6a. Bony ridges crossing below eye with 3 spines; number of scale rows slanting downward and backward above lateral line greater (by 4 or more scale rows) than number of pored lateral line scales ................................. C. crocodila 6b. Bony ridges crossing below eye usually with 4 or more spines; number of scale rows slanting downward and backward above lateral line about the same (may differ by 1 or 2) as the number of pored lateral line scales .............................................. K. rodericensis Fisheries information : The spiny flathead fishes are of no commercial importance. These fishes are often found in the commercial catches. Order XXVIII PERCIFORMES Body usually elongate, laterally compressed and covered with scales. Lateral line well developed, usually on upper part of body. Head laterally compressed. Dorsal and anal fins with strong or weak spines. Pelvic fins usually with a strong spine and 5 or less soft rays. Dorsal and anal fins separate from caudal fin. Caudal fin usually forked. It is the most diversified order and not recognized as a monophyletic order. Many 330 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 families of this order are poorly defined and very similar, and so, making it difficult to separate them. Key to families la. 8a. Upper jaw prolonged into a long bill ....... 9 8b. Upper jaw normal, not prolonged into a long bill ............................................................. 10 Pectoral fins divided into two parts: the upper part normal with rays attached, the lower part with 4 to 7 free (unattached) filamentous rays .................................. POL YNEMIDAE 9a. Pelvic fins absent; first dorsal fin short-based, well separated from the second dorsal fin in adults; caudal peduncle with a single median keel on each side .................... XIPHIIDAE 1b. Pectoral fins normal, without free rays in lower part of fin, lower rays sometimes separated from each other ......................... 2 9b. Pelvic fins present; first dorsal fin with very long base, sometimes sail-like, depressible into groove and not well separated from second dorsal fin; caudal peduncle in adults with two keels on each side ...................... . ....................................... ISTIOPHORIDAE 2a. Two short dorsal fins, widely separated from each other ................................................... 3 2b. Dorsal fin either one or two (when two), with continuous bases, but if (rarely) fins separate, the inner space is negligible ..... .4 3a. Dorsal fin with 6 to 7 spines ..................... . ........................................... APOGONIDAE 3b. Dorsal fin with 5 spines ............................. . ....................................... SPHYRAENIDAE 4a. Dorsal and anal fins each with only soft rays, without spines ............................................ 5 4b. Dorsal and anal fins each with spines and soft rays ...................................................... 7 5a. Head flattened with a characteristic laminated, oval shaped sucking disc ......... . ............................................ ECHENEIDAE 5b. Head without sucking disc ........................ 6 6a. Body elongate and compressed; dorsal fin originating on nape, very long, continuing to caudal fin; first pelvic fin ray not prolonged .................................... CORYPHAENIDAE 6b. Body disc-like with sharp abdomen; dorsal fin originating far behind head, not extending to caudal fin; first pelvic fin ray in adult prolonged ................................... MENIDAE 7a. Pelvic fins with 2 strong spines separated by 3 soft rays .............................. SIGANIDAE 7b. Pelvic fins with at most 1 spine or absent .................................................................... 8 lOa. Gill openings reduced to a small opening on upper side of head; preopercle with a strong spine ........................... CALLIONYMIDAE 1Ob. Gill openings broad; preopercle without a strong spine .............................................. 11 lla. Pelvic fins very close together ............... 12 lIb. Pelvic fins widely separated ................... 13 12a. Pelvic fins united only at the bases .......... . ............................................. ELEOTRIDAE 12b. Pelvic fins united entirely forming a cuplike structure (sucking disc) .... GOBIIDAE 13a. Anal fin with 1 spine ... PINGUIPEDIDAE 13b. Anal fin with more than 1 spine ............ 14 14a. A single folding lancet-like spine on side of caudal peduncle ........... ACANTHURIDAE 14b. No folding spine on caudal peduncle ..... 15 15a. A single pair of nostrils ........ CICHLIDAE 15b. Two pairs of nostrils ............................... 16 16a. Gills 3Y2, with slit behind, last small or wanting; lower pharyngeals fused into a characteristic structure which bears a strong molar teeth ............................................... 17 16b. Gills 4, with a long slit behind; lower pharyngeals not fused into one bone and not bearing molar teeth .................................. 18 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 17a. Mouth protractile; jaw teeth mostly separate, usually projecting outward ..... LABRIDAE 17b. Mouth not protractile; jaw teeth fused to form beak-like dental pates .............. SCARIDAE 18a. Anterior part of oesophagus, immediately posterior to last gill arch having lateral pharyngeal sacs supplied in side with papillae or longitudinal folds bearing teeth; small unilateral teeth in jaws ............................ 19 18b. No toothed pharyngeal sacs; teeth uniserial to mostly multiserials .............................. 21 19a. A continuous dorsal fin or two dorsal fins scarcely separated; pelvic fins absent.. ...... . ......................................... STROMATEIDE 19b. Two dorsal fins distinctly though scarcely separated; pelvic fins always present ..... 20 20a. Dorsal fin with 13 to 16 rays .................... . ...................................... ARIOMMATIDAE 20b. Dorsal fin with 25 to 40 rays .................... . .................................. CENTROLOPHIDAE 21a. Premaxillae fixed (non protrusible upper jaw), upper jaw often form a long, forward projecting sword-like structure ................ 22 331 fusiform; two dorsal fins; isolated finlets behind dorsal and anal fins usually present; back usually brown ............ GEMPYLIDAE 24a. Two long barbels on chin (which can be folded into a median groove on throat); two widely separated dorsal fins ... MULLIDAE 24b. No barbels on chin .................................. 25 25a. Dorsal fin with 6 to 9 isolated (not connected by membrane) spines, each depressible in a groove; two silvery stripes on sides of body ................................. RACHYCENTRIDAE 25b. Dorsal fin without free spines ................ 26 26a. First two anal spines detached from rest of fin (these are partially or completely embedded in large carangids); scutes on straight part of lateral line usually present ........................................... CARANGIDAE 26b. First two anal spines not detached from rest of fin; no scutes on caudal peduncle ..... 27 27a. Anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins markedly elongated, giving both fins a sickle shape; pelvic fins usually small or vestigial ................................ MONODACTYLIDAE 21b. Maxillary bones not very firmly attached to premaxillae and so, free to move forward. .................................................................. 24 27b. Anterior rays of soft dorsal and anal fins not elongated, when elongate they do not give either fin a sickle shape; pelvic fins well developed ................................................. 28 22a. Caudal fin always present, well developed, lunate or strongly notched; body spindleshaped; keels present on caudal peduncle . ........................................... SCOMBRIDAE 28a. Dorsal fin inserted in posterior half of body and above anal fin; length of soft dorsal fin base much shorter than soft portion of anal fin; eyes large ...................... TOXOTIDAE 22b. Caudal fin often absent, but if present then not large or lunate-shaped; body oblong or elongate, often ribbon-like; no keel on caudal peduncle ................................................... 23 28b. Dorsal fin inserted in anterior half of body; length of soft dorsal base not much shorter than soft portion of anal fin; eyes moderate .................................................................. 29 23a. Body ribbon-like; single dorsal fin, very long and extending almost entire length of body; no finlets behind dorsal and anal fins; body silvery .............................. TRICHIURIDAE 29a. Body very deep, maximum depth more than half of total length; single dorsal fin, spines clearly distinguishable ............................. 30 23b. Body elongate and compressed or somewhat 29b. Body oblong or fairly deep, depth less than half of total length; when deep-bodied and 332 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 with single dorsal fin, spines absent or the spiny rays hard to distinguish from soft rays .................................................................. 34 short of eye and even before nostrils; maxilla covered by preorbital spine; dorsal fin with 10 to 13 spines ................ SILLAGINIDAE 30a. No precumbent spine in dorsal fin ......... 31 37b. Mouth moderate in size or large; upper jaw (maxilla) reaching nostrils, but often anterior margin of eye; maxilla not covered by preorbital spine; dorsal fin with 7 to 10 spines .................................................................. 38 30b. Precumbent spine in dorsal fin present ..... . .................................................................. 32 31a. No spine at angle of preopercle; pelvic axillary process well developed ................. . ................................. CHAETODONTIDAE 31b. Preopercular spine present; pelvic axillary process not developed ................................ . ................................... POMACANTHIDAE 32a. Anal fin with 4 spines; gill membranes narrowly united to isthmus ........................ . .................................... SCATOPHAGIDAE 32b. Anal fin with 3 spines; gill membranes broadly united to isthmus ........................ 33 33a. Mouth protracile; pectoral fins falcate, longer than head length; maxillae distally exposed ............................................ DREPANIDAE 33b. Mouth not protractile or scarcely so; pectoral fins short, rounded, shorter than head length; maxillae distally hidden ........ EPHIPPIDAE 34a. Two dorsal fins well separated but if close together then not joined by membrane .. 35 34b. Single dorsal fin, sometimes deeply notched between spinous and soft parts of fin but in such cases, the membrane joining the parts intact ......................................................... 40 35a. Anal fin base considerably longer than second dorsal fin bases; mouth large, oblique, with small canine teeth at front ................. . ........................................... LACTARIIDAE 35b. Anal fin base as long as or shorter than second dorsal fin base ............................. 36 36a. Preoperculum with a membrane flap over suboperculum present .... POMATOMIDAE 38a. Caudal fin rounded .................... LATIDAE 38b. Caudal fin forked ..................................... 39 39a. Preopercle with a double edge (edge or ridge); anal fin with 3 spines and 9 to 16 rays ..................................... AMBASSIDAE 39a. Preopercle with a single edge (no ridge); anal fin with 3 spines and 7 rays or 2 spines and 9 or 10 rays .............. ACROPOMATIDAE 40a. Pelvic fins usually with an axillary scale .. .................................................................. 41 40b. Pelvic fins without an axillary scale ...... 51 41a. Anal fin with 2 spines; lateral line prominent and extends up to hind margin of caudal fin .............................................. SCIAENIDAE 41b. Anal fin with 3 spines; lateral line not so prominent and not extends up to hind margin of caudal fin ............................................. 42 42a. Dorsal and anal fins rounded and symmetrical so that with the tail they appear as a single three lobed fin ....................... LOBOTIDAE 42b. Dorsal and anal fins not as above ......... .43 43a. Mouth strongly protractile ...................... .44 43b. Mouth moderately protractile ................. .45 44a. Head usually naked (but small scales on cheek in few species), upper surface with bony ridges with a nuchal spine on nape; gill membrane united with isthmus .................. . ..................................... LEIOGNATHIDAE 36b. Preoperculum with a membrane flap over suboperculum absent ............................... 37 44b. Head entirely covered with clearly visible scales, upper surface smooth; gill membranes free from isthmus ................. GERREIDAE 37a. Mouth small, upper jaw (maxilla) ending far 45a. Distal end of premaxillae overlapping BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish maxillae externally; molar-like teeth in some species present at sides of jaws; no tooth on roof of mouth ........................... SPARIDAE 45b. Maxillae not overlapping by hind tip of premaxillae; no molar-like teeth on jaws ... .................................................................. 46 46a. Outer row of teeth in jaws of a peculiar hockey-stick shape, with their bases set horizontally, resembling a radially striated bony plate inside mouth .... KYPHOSIDAE 46b. Typical scalpiform teeth absent .............. 47 47a. Suborbital process well developed, sometimes forming a spine posteriorly ..... . .................................................................. 48 47b. Suborbital process either absent or weakly developed ................................................. 50 48a. No teeth on roof of mouth; dorsal and anal fins spines weak ............ NEMIPTERIDAE 48b. Teeth usually on vomer and palatines; dorsal and anal fin spines moderately strong .. .49 49a. Caudal fin deeply forked ........................... . ........................................... CAESIONIDAE 49b. Caudal fin slightly forked, often truncate or lunate ................................... LUTJANIDAE 50a. Dorsal fin with 12 to 16 soft rays; lips not soft and fleshy .................. HAEMULIDAE 50b. Dorsal fin with 9 to 10 soft rays; lips soft and fleshy .......................... LETHRINIDAE 333 7 to 12 spines; operculum with 1 to 3 spines ............................................ SERRANIDAE 53b. Mouth small or moderate, the upper jaw not reaching beyond eye center; dorsal fin with 11 to 14 spines; operculum with 1 to 2 strong spines ............................... TERAPONIDAE Family 64 AMBASSIDAE (Glassfishes) Body more or less translucent and compressed. Mouth large, with fine teeth in jaws and roof of mouth; the upper outer row sometimes enlarge and canine-like. Opercle with an ill-developed spine. Preoperculum with double margin having an edge and ridge. Dorsal fin of two continuous parts defined by a notch. First dorsal fin with 7 spines and a precumbent spine. Second dorsal fin with one spine and 9 to 17 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 9 to 16 rays. Caudal fin forked. Lateral line complete, interrupted or very prominently broken. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Ambassis ambassis (Lacepede) (Commerson's glassy fish) 2. Ambassis dussumieri Cuvier (Malabar glassy perchlet) 3. Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepede) (Bald glassy fish) 4. Chanda nama Hamilton (Elongate glassperchlet) 51a. Inner ray(s) of pelvic fins attached to abdomen by membrane .............................. . ........................................ PRIACANTHIDE 5. Parambassis ranga (Hamilton) (Indian glassy fish) 51b. Inner ray(s) of pelvic fins not confluent to abdomen by membrane ........................... 52 6. Parambassis thomassi (Day) (Western ghat glassy perchlet) 52a. Dorsal and anal fins each with well developed basal scaly sheath; dorsal fin with 10 spines ................................................. KUHLIDAE Key to the species 52b. Dorsal and anal fins each without or low basal scaly sheath .................................... 53 53a. Mouth large, the upper jaw usually extended to below hind margin of eye; dorsal fin with la. Scales smaller, 35 to 107 in longitudinal series; tongue edentate; cheek with 4 to 7 transverse scale rows .................................. 2 lb. Scales larger, 22 to 30 in longitudinal series; teeth present on tongue; cheek with 1 to 2 transverse scale rows ................................. .4 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 334 2a. Canine teeth on lower jaw; scales minute, 100 to 107 in longitudinal series; mouth with very prominent lower jaw ............. C. nama 2b. No canine teeth on lower jaw; scales moderate, 35 to 63 in longitudinal series; mouth with lower jaw almost equal to upper jaw ............................................................... 3 3a. Lateral line with 35 to 43 scales; cheek with 4 transverse scale row ................ P. thomasi 3b. Lateral line with 47 to 63 scales; cheek with 7 transverse scale row ................... P. ranga 4a. Lateral line complete, with 16 to 21 scales ................................................... A. ambassis 4b. Lateral line interrupted, with 12 to 16 scales ..................................................................... 5 5a. Hind margin of preoperclum finely denticulate; head length about 2.7 times in head length; predorsal scales 15 or 16 ...... . ................................................ A. dussumieri 5b. Hind margin of preoperclum entire; head length about 2.8 times in head length; predorsal scales 12 or 15 ............................ . ......................................... A. gymnocephalus Fisheries information : These small fishes are of little commercial value. These are marketed fresh or dried and usually used as bait. A. ambassis and A. gymnocephalus are fairly common in marine catches. Remarks : A. ambassis was reported as A. commersoni Cuvier, a junior synonym of the former. The name Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepede) is considered as nomen dubium (Anderson and Heemstra, 2003). C. nama and P. ranga are primarily freshwater fishes, but also found in brackish waters. Family 65 LATIDAE (Lates perches) Body elongate and slightly compressed. Mouth large, lower jaw extending to hind border of eye. Preopercle with serrated posterior margin and an enlarged spine at its angle. Opercle with a well defined spine. Dorsal fin deeply notched or separated into two parts, first part with 7 or 8 strong spines and second part with one spine and 10 to 15 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 to 13 rays. Caudal fin generally rounded. Lateral line complete. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lates calcarifer (Bloch) (Barramundi) Fisheries information: This is one of the very important commercial fish of our country. Its flesh is considered to be most delicious. Its air bladder is used in making isinglass. Juveniles usually feed and grow in eastuaries. Remarks : Mooi and Gill (1995) and Otero (2004) gave family status to former subfamily Latinae, separating from Centropomidae. Family 66 ACROPOMATIDAE (Lantern bellies) Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Opercle with 2 or 3 spines. Gill membrane separate, free from isthmus. Gill rakers well developed. Dorsal fins two, divided to base or completely separate; the first with 7 to 10 spines and the second with or without a spine and 8 to 10 soft rays. Anal fin with with 2 to 3 spines and 7 to 9 soft rays. Vent situated near the base of pelvic fin. Usually have a light organ along belly. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Acropoma japonicum Gunther (Glowbelly) Fisheries information : This is a small fish to be of any commercial value, but can be used as food fish. Family 67 SERRANIDAE (Groupers, Seabassess) Body robust or almost compressed, oblongoval to elongate. Mouth large, maxilla exposed, with or without supramaxilla. Border of preopercle serrate, opercle with 2 or 3 flat spines. Dorsal fin with 7 to 12 spines and 10 to 19 rays. Anal fin 335 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish with 3 spines and 7 to 10 rays. Caudal fin usually rounded or truncate, with 15 branched rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 rays. Pectoral fins broadly rounded, with the base scaly. Body with variable colour patterns of light or dark stripes, spots, vertical or diagonal bars or almost plain. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Cephalopholis boenak hind) 18. ?Epinephelus stoliczkae Day (Epaulet grouper) 19. Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy & Gaimard) (Wavy-lined grouper) Key to the species (Bloch) (Chocolate 2. Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw & Nodder) (Bluelined hind) 3. Epinephelus aero latus (Forsskal) (Areolate grouper) 4. Epinephelus bleekeri (Vaillant) (Dusky tail grouper) 5. Epinephelus chabaudi (Moustache grouper) 17. Epinephelus polylepis Randall & Heemstra (Smallscaled grouper) (Castlenau) 6. ?Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes) (Brownspotted grouper) 7. Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton) (Orangespotted grouper) la. Dorsal fin with 9 spines ............................. 2 1b. Dorsal fin with 10 or 11 spines ................ 3 2a. Pectoral fins short, 1.5 to 1.8 times in head length; body brown or yellowish brown, with dark blue lines on head, body and fins ..... . .................................................... c. formosa 2b. Pectoral fins longer, 1.3 to 1.6 times in head length; body brown, usually with 7 or 8 dark bars; no blue lines on head or body .......... . ...................................................... C. boenak 3a. Caudal fin emarginate to truncate ............ .4 3b. Caudal fin rounded ..................................... 8 8. Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes) (Spinycheek grouper) 4a. Dorsal fin membrane not incised; colour purplish to brownish grey, yellowish brown dots on head and longitudinal brown lines on body ......................................... E. undulosus 9. Epinephelus epistictus (Temminck & Schlegel) (Dotted grouper) 4b. Dorsal fin membrane incised; colour not as above ........................................................... 5 10. Epinephelus erythrurus (Valenciennes) (Cloudy grouper) Sa. Lateral-line scales 48 to 53 ........................ 6 11. Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskal) (Blacktip grouper) 6a. Dorsal fin rays 15 to 17; lower gill rakers 14 to 16; anal fin of adults rounded to slightly angular; pyloric caeca 11 to 17; dark spots on body of adults almost of equal to size of pupil .......................................... E. areolatus 12. Epinephelusfaveatus (Valenciennes) (Barredchest grouper) 13. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskal) (Brownmarbled grouper) 14. Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch) (Giant grouper) 15. Epinephelus latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel) (Striped grouper) 16. Epinephelus malabaricus Schneider) (Malabar grouper) (Bloch & 5b. Lateral-line scales 61 to 72 ........................ 7 6b. Dorsal fin rays 16 to 18; lower gill rakers 15 to 18; anal fin of adults angular or pointed; pyloric caeca 26 to 52; largest dark spots on body of adults distinctly smaller than size of pupil ..................................... E. chlorostigma 7a. Dorsal fin rays 13 or 14; total gill rakers on first arch 22 to 25; 1 to 4 small spines often present on ventral edge of preopercle near Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 336 corner juveniles greyish brown, with 3 faint dark bars dorsally and a dark brown saddle spot on peduncle; large adults grey-brown. ................................................... E. chabaudi 7b. Dorsal fin rays 16 or 17; total gill rakers on first arch 25 to 28; no spines on lower edge of preopercle; head, body and fins with numerous close-set small dark brown spots; rear margin of caudal fin with white edge. ................................................... E. polylepis 8a. Dorsal fin rays 12 or 13; young with 2 broad, longitudinal, black-edged whitish bands that disappear in adults, the dark edges breaking into dashes and spots in adults ................... . .............................................. E. latifasciatus 8b. Dorsal fin rays 14 to 18; bands as above absent ........................................................... 9 9a. Lateral line scales with branched tubules; eye diameter more than 8 times in head length; juveniles yellow, with 3 broad black bars on body and irregular broad black bands on head ............................................... E. lanceolatus 9b. Lateral line scales usually with a single tubule, except anterior scales; eye diameter less than 8 times in head length; colour of juveniles not as above .............................................. 10 13a. Total gill rakers 29 to 31 on first arch; head and body pale yellowish brown, with irregular dark brown blotches and numerous small close-set dark brown spots; black saddle spot on caudal peduncle ................ .. ........................................... E. fuscoguttatus 13b. Total gill rakers 23 to 27 on first arch; colour not as above ............................................. 14 14a. Irregular white or pale spots or blotches usually present on head and body; head and body with numerous small well-separated black spots, largest spots about twice the size of rear nostrils; pectoral fin rays modally 19 . ............................................ E. malabaricus 14b. No white or pale spots on head and body; head, body and usually median fins with numerous orange to reddish-brown spots, largest spots about 4 to 5 times the size of rear nostrils; pectoral fins modally 20 ....... ................................................... E. coioides 15a. Spinous dorsal fin membrane usually not incised or slightly incised; head and body dark brown or greenish brown, marbled with irregular pale spots and blotches; 1 or 2 faint dark streaks running posteriorly from eye; no dark spots on head, body or fins .......... ................................................ E. erythrurus lOa. Numerous distinct dark spots over most of head and body (spots brownish red to black in life and distinct in preservative) ........ 11 15b. Spinous dorsal fin membrane deeply incised; colour not as above ................................. 16 lOb. No distinct dark spots over most of head and body (spots yellow or orange in life, but indistinct in preservative) ........................ 15 16a. Body without dark vertical bars; faint brownish black dots on dorso-lateral part of body; juveniles with dark streaks from eye to operculum ............................ E. epistictus lla. Lateral-line scales 48 to 53 ..................... 12 lIb. Lateral-line scales 54 to 65 ..................... 13 12a. Midlateral-body scales smooth; lower gill rakers 14 to 16; lateral scale series 83 to 98; pectoral fin with dark spots ..... E. faveatus 12b. Midlateral-body scales rough; lower gill rakers 16 to 18; lateral scale series 99 to 104; pectoral fin without dark spots ......... . .................................................... E. bleekeri 16b. Body usually with vertical or slightly oblique broad dark bars ........................................ 17 17a. Margin of spinous dorsal fin membranes black; edge of orbit narrowly black, surrounded by a pale blue line; body usually with 5 faint dark bars often containing irregular pale spots .................. E. fasciatus 17b. Margin of spinous dorsal fin membrane not black; rim of orbit not black .................. 18 337 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 18a. Total gill rakers 20 to 23 on first arch; pored lateral line scales 48 to 53; lateral scale series 93 to 106; spots present on head and body ................................................. E. stoliczkae 18b. Total gill rakers 23 to 27 on first arch; pored lateral line scales 52 to 60; lateral scale series 103 to 121; no spots on head and body .... ............................................... E. diacanthus Fisheries information : These groupers are of highly commercial value and marketed fresh and dried-salted. E. lanceolatus is the largest known grouper, but rare in occurrence and is banned under law since it is categorized as Endangered. Remarks: Several species, viz., Ceplalopholis argus (Schneider), C. aurantia (Schneider), C. miniata (Forsskal), C. nigripinnis (Valenciennes), C. sexmaculata (Ruppell), Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes), Epinephelus caeruleopinnatus (Bloch), E. flavocaeruleus (Lacepede), E. hexagonatus (Schneider), E. longispinnis (Kner), E. merra Bloch, E. ongus (Bloch), E. quoyanus (Valenciennes), E. rivulatus (Valenciennes), E. tauvina (Forsskal), E. tukula Morgans, E. undulatus (Quoy and Gaimard), Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch) and Variola louti (Forsskal), described as known from west coast of India in Heemstra and Randall (1984) are probably unsubstantiated. All these species are mostly known from reef areas of oceanic islands and not positively recorded from Indian subcontinental coastal waters (Heemstra and Randall, 1993). Hence, these species are not included in the present account considering that those are unlikely to occur along Karnataka coast. E. coioides is often misidentified as E. tauvina. Inclusion of Epinephelus chlorostigma and E. stoliczkae is based on report of Rajagopal et al (1978), but possibly are misidentifications and need to be verified. Mouth large, with lower jaw projecting. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 10 to 15 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 9 to 16 rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 rays, inserted anterior to pectoral fins and broadly united with body by a membrane. Caudal fin slightly emarginate to rounded. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede) (Glasseye) 2. Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal) (Duskyfinned bulleye) 3. Priacanthus tayenus Richardson (Purple spotted bigeye) Key to the species la. Dorsal fin with 14 to 15 soft rays; fins dusky to blackish, being darker near borders, a black basal spot on the dorsal surface of pelvic fin bases ............................................. P. hamrur lb. Dorsal fin with 12 to 13 soft rays; fins not dusky or blackish ........................................ 2 2a. Pelvic fins and membranes with purplish black spots; other fins plain; length of pelvic fins almost equal to head length, 1.0 to 1.3 times in head length ................... P. tayenus 2b. Pelvic fins and membranes without black spots; length of pelvic fins relatively short, 1.5 or slightly more times in head length ... ................................................ H. cruentatus Fisheries information : The Bulleyes are important commercial fishes and marketed fresh. Family 69 APOGONIDAE (Cardinal fishes) (Bigeyes, Bulleyes) Body elongate, oblong and slightly compressed with ctenoid scales. Mouth usually large with teeth generally in villiform bands in jaws, on vomer. Posterior margin of preopercle serrated. Dorsal fin two, the first with 6 to 8 spines and the second Body oblong, relatively deep and compressed. Eyes very large, in the upper profile of head. with one spine and 8 to 14 branched rays. Anal fin with 2 spines and 8 to 18 branched rays. Pelvic Family 68 PRIACANTHIDAE 338 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 fins with one spine and 5 branched rays. Lateral line complete. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Apogon endekataenia Bleeker (Candystripe cardinalfish) 2. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus (Cuvier) (Five-lined cardinalfish) Key to the species 1a. Dorsal fin with 6 spines; pectoral fin with 12 or 13 rays; canine teeth and supramaxilla present; body with 5 black longitudinal stripes .......... ........... ......... .......... C. quinquelineatus 1b. Dorsal fin with 7 spines; pectoral fin with 14 or 15 rays; canine teeth and supramaxilla absent; body with 6 brown longitudinal stripes ............................................ A. endekataenia Fisheries information : These small fishes are of no fishery importance. Family 70 SILLAGINIDAE (Whitings) Body elongate and tapering. Operculum with a small, sharp spine. Mouth small, terminal, maxillary end slides below preorbital bone. Dorsal fin two, first dorsal fin with 10 to 13 spines, the second dorsal fin with one spine and 16 to 27 soft rays. Anal fin with 2 spines and 14 to 26 soft rays. Caudal fin emarginate. extensions into the tail region .................... .. ............................................... S. chondropus lb. No club-shaped outer pelvic fin ray; swimbladder with 1 or 2 postcoelomic extensions .................................................... 2 2a. Swimbladder with 2 posterior extensions ... ..................................................................... 3 2b. Swimbladder with a single posterior extension ..................................................................... 4 3a. Body with a longitudinal row of dark spots below the lateral line and a series of dartk saddle-like blotches on back ...................... .. ............................................... S. intermedius 3b. Body uniform in colouration ....... S. sihama 4a. Swimbladder with a small bulbous anterior projection and without anterolateral extensions projecting anteriorly; second dorsal fin with at least 5 rows of dusky black or black-brown spots ............................................. S. vincenti 4b. Swimbladder with a short median projection and short anterolateral extensions projecting anteriorly; second dorsal fin without dark spots, but may have the membranes tipped with a dusting of very fine black dots ........ .......................................................... S. lutea Species known to occur in Karnataka Fisheries information : S. sihama is a very common species occurring in both the coasts of India. The whitings are of high commercial and food value. 1. Sillago chondropus Bleeker (Clubfoot sillago) Family 71 LACTARIIDAE 2. Sillago intermedius Wongratana (Intermediate sillago) (False trevallies, Whitefish) 3. Sillago lutea McKay (Mud sill ago) 4. Sillago sihama (Forsskal) (Silver sillago) 5. Sillago vincenti McKay (Vincent's sillago) Key to the species 1a. Pelvic fin spine very small and situated at the base of a thickened club-shaped outer pelvic fin ray; swimbladder without postcoelomic Body oblong and greatly compressed. Mouth large and oblique. Dorsal fin two, the first with 7 or 8 spines and the second with 1 spine and 20 to 22 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 25 to 28 soft rays. Pelvic fins inserted just below pectoral fins. Caudal fin forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lactarius lactarius (Schneider) (False trevally) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Fisheries information: The false trevalllies are of very important commercial fishes. It is marketed fresh or dried salted. L. lactarius is a common species occurring in both the coasts of our country. Family 72 POMATOMIDAE (Bluefishes) Body elongate. Mouth large with prominent teeth on jaws. Two separated dorsal fins, the first with 7 to 8 short spines and the second with one spine and 23 to 28 soft rays. Anal fin with 2 to 3 spines and 23 to 27 soft rays. Soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales at base. Scales small, cycloid. A black blotch at base of pectoral fin. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) (Bluefish) Fisheries information : It is an excellent fish to eat. It is known as the best angling fish as it take almost any moving lure and most flesh. Caught mainly with gillnets, longlines and purse seines. Marketed mostly fresh. Family 73 CORYPHAENIDAE (Dolphinfishes) Body very elongate and compressed with cycloid scales. Mouth large with fine teeth in bands. Adult males have bony crest on front of head. Dorsal and anal fins very long, extending from nape to almost caudal fin, with 52 to 66 rays. Anal fin inserted in thoracic region, fitting into a groove on body. Caudal fin deeply forked, with keels on fin or caudal peduncle. Lateral line curved upward above pectoral fins. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus (Dolphin fish) 2. Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus (Common dolphin fish) Key to species 1a. Dorsal fin rays 48 to 55; a broad and square tooth patch on tongue; greatest depth of body more than 25% of standard length .............. . .................................................... C. equiselis 339 lb. Dorsal fin rays 55 to 65; an oval tooth patch on tongue; greatest body depth less than 25% of standard length ...................... C. hippurus Fisheries information: The dolphin fishes are of highly flavoured food fish. These fishes are of important commercial value. Family 74 RACHYCENTRIDAE (Cobias) Body elongate, subcylindrical with broad and depressed head. Scales embedded in thick skin. Lateral line slightly wavy in anterior half. Mouth large, terminal; lower jaw projecting. Dorsal fin two, the first with 7 to 9 (generally 8) isolated spines, not connected by membrane; the second with one to 3 spines and 26 to 33 soft rays, anterior rays somewhat elevated in adult specimens. Anal fin long, with 2 weak spines and 22 to 28 soft rays. Pectoral fins pointed, becoming more falcate with the maturity of the fish. Caudal fin lunate in adult specimens, upper lobe longer than lower. Juveniles with caudal fin rounded, the central rays much enlarged. Body with 2 sharply defined narrow light bands. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Rachycentron canadus (Linnaeus) (Cobia) Fisheries information : The cobies are very delicate fishes of commercial importance. These fishes are marketed generally fresh or dried salted. Family 75 ECHENEIDAE (Sharksuckers, Remoras) Body elongate with a transverse laminated, oval-shaped cephalic disc. Head wide, depressed to support disc. Dorsal fin with 18 to 45 rays. Anal fin with 18 to 41 rays. Pectoral fins inserted high on body with 18 to 32 rays. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays, far forward, close together and narrowly or broadly united to underside of body. Caudal fin slightly forked, emarginated or slightly rounded. Body with cycloid scales, generally hidden in skin . 340 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Echeneis naucrates sharkshucker) Linnaeus (Live Fisheries information: This is of minor fishery importance; regularly found in fish markets. Family 76 CARANGIDAE (Jacks, trevallies, scads, queenfishes, pampanos) Body greatly variable, from elongate and fusiform to deep and highly compressed. Gillrakers moderate in length and number to long and numerous, their number decreasing with the maturity in some species. Dorsal fins two, the first with 4 to 8 spines (the spines obsolete or embedded in adult specimens of some species), the second dorsal fin with one spine and 18 to 44 rays. Anal fin with 2 anterior spines (one spine in Elagatis and Seriolina) separated from rest of the fin by a gap (becoming embedded in adult specimens in some species) followed by one spine and 15 to 39 rays. Pectoral fins with one spine and 14 to 24 rays, either long and falcate or short and pointed or rounded. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays (pelvic fins absent in Parastromateus). Caudal fin forked, with lobes generally equal. Caudal peduncle in some species with a moderate lateral keel, bilateral paired keels or dorsal and ventral grooves. Scutes in lateral line present and prominent, or reduced in some species and absent ill some genera. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch) (African pompano) 2. Alectis indicus (Ruppell) (Indian threadfish) 3. Alepes djedaba (Forsskal) (Shrimp scad) 4. Alepes kleinii (Bloch) (Razorbelly scad) 5. Alepes melanoptera Swainson (Blackfin scad) 6. Alepes vari (Cuvier) (Herring scad) 7. Atropus atropos (Bloch) (Cleftbelly trevally) 10. Carangoides chrysophrys (Cuvier) (Longnose trevally) 11. Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Ruppell) (Coastal trevally) 12. Carangoides ferdau (Forsskal) (Blue trevally) 13. Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Yellowspotted trevally) (Forsskal) 14. Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch) (Malabar trevally) 15. Carangoides praeustus (Bennett) (Brownback trevally) 16. Carangoides talamparoides Bleeker (Imposter trevally) 17. Caranx heberi (Bennett) (Blacktip trevally) 18. Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal) (Giant trevally) 19. Caranx melampygus Cuvier (Bluefin trevally) 20. Caranx sexfasciatus QUoy & Gaimard (Bigeye trevally) 21. Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker (Shortfin scad) 22. Decapterus russelli (Ruppell) (Indian scad) 23. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) (Torpedo scad) 24. Parastromateus niger (Bloch) (Black pomfret) 25. Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepede (Talang queenfish) 26. Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal) (Doublespotted queenfish) 27. Scomberoides queenfish) tala (Cuvier) (Barred 28. Scomberoides tol (Cuvier) (Needle scaled queenfish) 29. Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (Bigeye scad) 8. Atule mate (Cuvier) (Yellowtail scad) 30. Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier) (Yellowstripe scad) 9. Carangoides armatus (Ruppell) (Longfin trevally) 31. Seriolina nigrofasciata (Blackbanded trevally) (Ruppell) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 32. Trachinotus baillonii (Smallspotted dart) (Lacepede) 33. Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede) (Snubnose pompano) 34. Trachinotus botla (Shaw) (Largespotted dart) 35. Trachinotus mookalee Cuvier (Indian pompano) 36. Uraspis helvola (Forster) (Whitemouth jack) Key to the species 1a. Pelvic fin absent in adult; body very deep, about 2/3 of fork length; dorsal spines embedded ill skin, not visible (Parastromateus) ............................. P. niger lb. Pelvic fin present; body slender to moderate, less than Y2 of FL; dorsal fin spines visible ..................................................................... 2 2a. Lateral line without scutes ......................... 3 2b. Lateral line with hardened scutes on posterior part ............................................................. 11 3a. Dorsal fin spines connected by membranes; gill rakers reduced to 5 small knobs on lower arm of first arch (Seriolina) ........................ . ............................................. S. nigrofasciata 3b. Dorsal fin spines low and not connected by membranes; gill rakers on first arch well developed .................................................... 4 4a. Body low, depth less than lJi of fork length; soft dorsal and anal fins short (Scomberoides) ..................................................................... 5 4b. Body high, depth more than 1/3 of fork length; soft dorsal and anal fins high and sickleshaped (Trachinotus) .................................. 8 5a. Total gill rakers on first arch 8 to 15; dorsal fin lobe uniformly pigmented .................... 6 5b. Total gill rakers on first arch 21 to 27; distal half of dorsal fin lobe heavily pigmented with a white basal band ...................................... 7 6a. Upper jaw extends well beyond posterior margin of eye, especially in adults; teeth of 341 mner and outer rows in lower jaw almost equal in size; sides with large oval blotches above or touching lateral line ..................... . ....................................... S. commersonianus 6b. Upper jaw extends slightly beyond posterior margin of eye; teeth of inner row in lower jaw distinctly larger than those of outer row; sides with vertically elongate blotches intersecting lateral line ...................... S. tala 7a. A double series of 6 to 8 dusky, round blotches above and below lateral line; scales on midbody below lateral line lanceolate ... ...................................................... .... S. lysan 7b. Oval or vertically oblong dark blotches along sides of body, first 4 or 5 intersecting lateral line; scales on midbody below lateral line needle-like ............................................ S. tol 8a. Dorsal fin rays 21 to 25; anal fin rays 19 to 24; lower gill rakers 11 to 19; one to six spots along lateral line ............................... 9 8b. Dorsal fin rays 18 to 20; anal fin rays 16 to 18; lower gill rakers 8 to 10; no spots on sides of body ............................................. 10 9a. Anterior two spots on sides of body larger than eye diameter; vomer with a small, ovalshaped tooth patch ........................... T. botla 9b. All spots on sides of body smaller than eye diameter; vomer with a chevron-shaped tooth patch ........................................... T. baillonii lOa. A narrow band of teeth on tongue; dorsal fin height 24 to 34% of fork length (at 10 to 40 cm fork length size); anal fin lobe yellow without a brownish anterior margin; first predorsal bone inverted 'L' -shaped ........... . ................................................. T. mookalee lOb. No teeth on tongue; dorsal fin height 35 to 60% of fork length (at 10 to 40 cm fork length size); anal fin lobe usually orangeyellow with a brownish anterior margin; first predorsal bone oval or inverted tear-drop shaped ........................................... T. blochii 342 lla. Dorsal fin spines longer than soft dorsal fin .................................................................. 12 11 b. Dorsal fin spines shorter than soft dorsal fin .................................................................. 21 12a. Dorsal and anal fins followed by finlet(s) . .................................................................. 13 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 17b. Eyes small, its diameter about 1;4 of head length; scutes developed on lateral line; no yellow bands on lateral line (Alepes) ..... 18 18a. Ventral profile of body more convex than dorsal profile; a large black blotch on upper margin of opercle and adjacent areas of shoulder ......................................... A. kleinii 12b. Dorsal and anal fins without finlet ........ 16 13a. Dorsal and anal fins with 8 or 9 finlets; straight part of lateral line with 53 to 58 large scutes (Megalaspis) ......... M. cordyla 18b. Dorsal and ventral profile of body evenly convex; blotch covering upper margin of opercle and adjacent areas of shoulder absent .................................................................. 19 13b. Dorsal and anal fins with single finlet; straight part of lateral line with 24 to 50 small to moderate scutes ........................................ 14 19a. Spinous dorsal fin membrane distinctly jetblack; total gill rakers 24 to 30 on first arch ............................................ A. melanoptera 14a. Last ray of dorsal and anal fin finlet-like, attached to fins by membrane; body high and thin, depth about 1/3 of fork length; adipose tissue around eye opened in a narrow slit; shoulder girdle margin smooth (Atule) ...... . ...................................................... ... A. mate 19b. Spinous dorsal fin not black; total gill rakers 32 to 47 on first arch .............................. 20 14b. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins detached from fins forming true finlets; body round, depth less than 1;4 of fork length; adipose covering around eye opened in a rather wide slit; shoulder girdle margin with 2 papillae (Decapterus) ............................................. 15 15a. Pectoral fin tip reaching a vertical line from second dorsal fin origin; straight part of lateral line with 0 to 4 scales and 30 to 40 scutes .......................................... D. russelli 15b. Pectoral fin tip well short of a vertical line from second dorsal fin origin; straight part of lateral line with 14 to 29 scales and 24 to 40 scutes .............................. D. macrosoma 16a. Shoulder girdle margin with a furrow ventrally and a large papilla immediately above it (Selar) ........ S. crumenophthalmus 16b. Shoulder girdle margin smooth, furrow and papilla absent ........................................... 17 17a. Eyes moderate, about 1/3 of head length; scutes on lateral line less developed; a bright yellow band on lateral line (Selaroides) .... .................................................. S. leptolepis 20a. Total gill rakers on first arch 38 to 47; lateral line scutes 39 to 50; last ray of dorsal and anal fin longer than penultimate ray; a distinct black blotch on upper margin of opercle with a white spot above it ................. A. djedaba 20b. Total gill rakers on first arch 32 to 38; lateral line scutes 48 to 69; last ray of dorsal and anal fin about equal in size of penultimate ray; a diffuse dusky blotch on upper margin of opercle, but no white spot .......... A. vari 21a. Body high, its depth more than V2 of standard length; some rays of dorsal and anal fin filamentous ............................................... 22 21b. Body slender, its depth less than V2 of standard length; none of dorsal and anal fin rays filamentous ....................................... 24 22a. Dorsal fin spines small but distinct; scutes rather strong; pelvic fins black and folded in a ventral groove (Atropus) ........ A. atropos 22b. Dorsal fin spines vestigial, embedded in the skin and not visible; weak; pelvic fins not black; no ventral groove developed (Alec tis ) .................................................................. 23 23a. Developed gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 12 to 17; depth of suborbital 1.7 to 3.0 times in upper jaw length .......... A. ciliaris BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 343 23b. Developed gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 21 to 26; depth of suborbital 0.8 to 1.0 times in upper jaw length .......... A. indicus opercle usually with a small black spot; second dorsal fin uniformly greish without white tip ................................... C. ignobilis 24a. Straight portion of lateral line about equal to the arched portion; tongue, roof and floor of mouth white, rest of mouth dark (Uraspis) .................................................... U. helvola 29a. Anterior part of second dorsal fin with a conspicuous black blotch; vomerine tooth patch with a posterior extension ................ . ................................................. C. praeustus 24b. Straight portion of lateral line not equal to that of arched portion; tongue, roof and floor of mouth not pigmented as above .......... 25 29b. Second dorsal fin without black spot; vomerine tooth patch without a posterior extension ................................................... 30 25a. Length of straight portion of lateral line longer than arched portion; adipose tissue covers posterior part of eye opening; scutes strong; teeth arranged in a band but outer ones enlarged on both jaws (Caranx) .... 26 30a. Dorsal fin rays 25 to 34; anal fin rays 21 to 26 .............................................................. 31 25b. Length of straight portion of lateral line shorter than arched portion; adipose tissue not covering eye opening; scutes weak, teeth arranged in a band on both jaws (Carangoides) ........................................... 29 26a. Distal half of upper lobe of caudal fin noticeably black ........................... C. heberi 26b. Distal half of upper lobe of caudal fin not black ......................................................... 27 27a. Total gill rakers 25 to 29; total soft rays in dorsal and anal fins 39 to 44; maxilla extends utmost to front margin of pupil; scattered small blue-black spots on head and body in specimens above 16 cm fork length .......... . ............................................ C. melampygus 27b. Total gill rakers 20 to 25; total soft rays in dorsal and anal fins 33 to 39; maxilla extends to below posterior margin of eye; scattered blue-black spots on head and body absent .................................................................. 28 28a. Breast naked ventrally, often with a small patch of scales in front of pelvic fins; upper margin of opercle without a small black spot; second dorsal fin blackish with white tip .. ............................................. C. sexfasciatus 28b. Breast completely scaled; upper margin of 30b. Dorsal fin rays 18 to 23; anal fin rays 14 to 20 .............................................................. 32 31a. Naked area of breast extends posteroventrally well beyond origin of pelvic fins; no dusky band on sides of body ............... . ............................................ C. fulvoguttatus 31b. Naked area of breast not extending posteroventrally beyond origin of pelvic fins; 5 or 6 dusky bands on sides of body in adults ..... ...................................................... C. ferdau 32a. Naked area of breast separated from naked base of pectoral fin by a broad band of scales ..................................... C. caeruleopinnatus 32b. Naked area of breast uninterrupted to naked base of pectoral fins ................................ 33 33a. A small naked area anteriorly just above pectoral fin base ....................................... 34 33b. Area anteriorly just above pectoral fin base completely scaled ..................................... 35 34a. Total gill rakers including rudiments on first arch 32 to 38, with 8 to 12 on upper and 21 to 27 on lower arm............ C. malabaricus 34b. Total gill rakers including rudiments on first arch 27 to 31, with 6 to 9 on upper and 19 to 22 on lower arm ......... C. talamparoides 35a. Total gill rakers including rudiments on first arch 31 to 37; lateral line with 11 to 24 scutes; second dorsal fin lobe elongate, longer than Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 344 head length; some of dorsal fin rays filamentous ................................ C. armatus 35b. Total gill rakers including rudiments on first arch 22 to 26; lateral line with 20 to 37 scutes; second dorsal fin lobe falcate, but usually shorter than head length; dorsal fin rays not filamentous .......................... C. chrysophrys Fisheries information: The carangids are very important commercial fishes. These are marketed fresh and are most common food fishes. Remarks: Record of Caranx gallus (Gunther) is referable to Alectis ciliaris (Bloch); Selar kalla (Cuvier) is to Alepes djedaba (Forsskal); Caranx nigrescens (Bloch) is to Carangoides chrysophrys (Cuvier); Caranx kurra (Cuvier & Valenciennes) is to Decapterus russelli (Ruppell); Caranx rottleri (Ruppell) is to Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus); Chorinemus tolooparah (Ruppell) is to Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal) and Caranx sem Cuvier is to Caranx heberi Bennett. Report of Caranx carangus Bloch [=Caranx hippos (Linnaeus)] is considered here as misidentification of Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal) (see Discussion part). Family 77 MENIDAE (Moonfishes) Body greatly compressed and discoid shaped and dorsal profile almost horizontal. Mouth protrudes and having villiform teeth in jaws. Dorsal fin very long and low, anterior rays slightly elevated, with 43 to 46 rays, the first 3 to 19 not branched, spine-like in juveniles. Anal fin also very long and low, with 30 to 33 rays. Pelvic fins with first 2 rays fused and greatly elongated. Pectoral fins with 15 rays, shorter than head. Caudal fin forked. Lateral line extending up to end of dorsal fin base. Body with numerous small round spots on dorsal part. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Mene maculata (Bloch) (Moonfish) Fisheries information: The moonfishes are of minor commercial importance. These fishes are marketed fresh or dried. Family 78 LEIOGNATHIDAE (Ponyfishes, Slip mouths) Body round or oblong, somewhat compressed. Dorsal surface of head with bony ridges and well developed nuchal crest or spine. Mouth small and extremely protrusibble which form a tube when extended. Single dorsal fin, with 8 (rarely 7 or 9) spines and 16 to 17 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 13 to 15 rays. Body with minute scales but head without scales. Caudal fin deeply forked or emarginate. Body silvery often wih various markings on body. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Equulites leuciscus (Gunther) (Whipfin ponyfish) 2. Eubleekeria splendens (Cuvier) (Splendid ponyfish) 3. Gazza achlamys Jordan (Smalltoothed ponyfish) & Starks 4. Gazza minuta (Bloch) (Toothed pony) 5. Leiognathus berbis (Valenciennes) (Berber ponyfish) 6. Leiognathus daura (Cuvier) (Goldstripe ponyfish) 7. Leio gnathus dussumieri (Valenciennes) (Dussumier's ponyfish) 8. Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal) (Common ponyfish) 9. Leiognathus fasciatus (Lacepede) (Striped ponyfish) 10. Leio gnathus lineolatus (Ornate ponyfish) (Valenciennes) 11. Nuchequula blochii (Twoblotch ponyfish) (Valenciennes) 12. Nuchequula gereoides (Bleeker) (Decorated ponyfish) 13. Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes) (Orangefin ponyfish) 14. Secutor insidiator (Bloch) (Pugnose ponyfish) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 15. Secutor ruconius (Hamilton) (Deep pugnose ponyfish) Key to the species la. Caniniform teeth present; mouth pomtmg forward when protracted (Gazza) .............. 2 1b. Caniniform teeth absent.. ............................ 3 345 8a. Lower margin of orbit above horizontal line through the gape when mouth closed; body depth less than 2 times in standard length (Eubleekeria); dorsal and anal spines stronger; a dark blotch on top of spinous dorsal fin ................................. E. splendens 2a. Body depth 2.27 to 3.14 times in standard length; scales on body absent only from breast ahead a line from pectoral fin base to anal fin origin ............................................ G. minuta 8b. Lower margin of orbit tangent to or below horizontal line through the gape when mouth closed; no black blotch on spinous dorsal fin, if blotch present than body depth more than 2 times in standard length ................ 9 2b. Body depth 1.98 to 2.20 times in standard length; scales on body absent anterior to a line from origin of soft dorsal fin to behind pectoral fin base ...................... G. achlamys 9a. Lateral line incomplete; breast entirely scaled (Equulites); body depth less than 3 times in standard length; second dorsal spine elongate .................................................. E. leuciscus 3a. Mouth oblique, pointing upward when protracted (Secutor) .................................. 4 9b. Lateral line complete; breast scaled or naked (Leiognathus) ........................................... 10 3b. Mouth horizontal, pointing forward or downward when protracted ........................ 5 lOa. A black blotch on dorsal fin; a broad, yellow band along lateral line; back with out marking; breast scaleless .............. L. daura 4a. Lateral line extends to below middle of soft part of dorsal fin; cheek with minute scales ................................................... S. ruconius 4b. Lateral line reaches to below end of dorsal fin; cheek scaleless .................. S. insidiator 5a. Mouth pointing forward when protracted; ventral profile of body equally convex as dorsal profile; orange blotch on spinous dorsal fin ...................................... P. bindus 5b. Mouth pointing downward when protracted; dorsal profile distinctly more convex than ventral profile; no orange blotch on spinous dorsal fin .................................................... 6 6a. A dark blotch on nape; upper jaw teeth strongly recurved (Nuchequula) ................ 7 6b. No dark blotch on nape; upper jaw teeth not strongly recurved ....................................... 8 7a. Breast scaled; spinous dorsal fin with a black blotch ........................................... N. blochii 7b. Breast naked; spinous dorsal fin without a blotch ..................................... N. gerreoides lOb. Black blotch on dorsal fin and yellow band along lateral line absent; vermiculate markings or bars on back ....................... 11 lIa. Body deeper, depth less than 2 times in standard length; breast scaleless ............. 12 lIb. Body slender, depth more than 2 times in standard length; breast scaled ................. 13 12a. Second dorsal spine distinctly elongate; a series of oval yellow spots below lateral line; about 11 widely spaced dark vertical lines on back ...................................... L. fasciatus 12b. Second dorsal spine normal, not elongate; series of yellow blotches below lateral line absent; closely set faint narrow vertical bars on back ....................................... L. equulus 13a. Body depth 2.02 to 2.28 times in standard length; grey wavy vertical bars on back to little below lateral line ......... L. dussumieri 13b. Body depth 2.32 to 2.98 times in standard length; back with vermiculated markings to little below lateral line ............................ 14 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 346 14a. Dorsal profile of nape evenly curved, without a notch; vermiculate markings on back fewer, very few curved lines below lateral line .... ................................................. L. lineolatus 14b. Dorsal profile of nape with a distinct notch; vermiculate markings on back crowded, more vertical lines below lateral line .... L. berbis 7. Lipocheilus carnolabrum (Chan) (Tang's snapper) 8. Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) (Mangrove red snapper) 9. Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch) (Bengal snapper) 10. Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal) (Two-spot red snapper) Fisheries information : The ponyfishes are of minor commercial importance since they provide a small amount of low cost protein. These are mostly captured at small size and reduced to fishmeal. 11. Lutjanus ehrenbergii (Peters) (Blackspot snapper) Remarks: The generic allocations are in current parllence of nomenclature (Froese and Pauly, 2009). Records of L. brevirostris (Valenciennes) are referable to Nuchequula gereoides (Bleeker) (see Discussion part). 13. Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskal) (Dory snapper) Family 79 LUTJANIDAE (Snappers) Body more or less oblong to deep, with ctenoid scales. Cheek and preopercle with scales, but scales absent between mouth and eye. Mouth terminal, moderate to large. Maxilla slips below preorbital when mouth closed. Preopercle generally serrate, often finely. Dorsal fin continuous or with a shallow notch, with 10 to 12 spines and 10 to 17 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 7 to 11 rays. Caudal fin of various shapes ranging from lunate, emarginate, truncate to slightly forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Aphareus furcatus (Lacepede) (Small toothed jobfish) 12. Lutjanus erythopterus Bloch (Crimson snapper) 14. Lutjanus fulvus (Schneider) (Blacktail snapper) 15. Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskal) (Humpback red snapper) 16. Lutjanus johnii (Bloch) (John's snapper) 17. Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal) (Common bluestripe snapper) 18. Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes) (Yellowstreaked snapper) 19. Lutjanus lunulatus (Park) (Lunartail snapper) 20. Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch (Bigeye snapper) 21. Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes) (Indian snapper) 22. Lutjanus malabaricus Schneider (Malabar blood snapper) 2. Aphareus rutilans Cuvier (Rusty jobfish) 23. Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier) (Onespot snapper) 3. Aprion virescens Valenciennes (Green jobfish) 24. Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch) (Five-lined snapper) 4. ?Aspilus fuscus Valenciennes (African forktail snapper) 25. Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier) (Blubberlip snapper) 5. Etelis carbunculus Cuvier (Ruby snapper) 26. Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker) (Russell's snapper) 6. Etelis coruscans Valenciennes (Flame snapper) 27. Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier) (Humphead snapper) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 28. Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier) (Emperor red snapper) 29. Lutjanus vitta (Quoy (Brownstripe red snapper) & 347 4b. Pectoral fin long, much longer than snout length; no groove before eye .................... 5 Gaimard) 5a. Vomer and palatines without teeth; teeth in jaws minute, no canines ............................ 6 30. Macolor niger (Forsskal) (Black and white snapper) 5b. Vomer and palatines with villiform teeth; teeth in jaws larger, usually with enlarged canines at front .......................................... 7 31. Paracaesio xanthura (Bleeker) (Yellowtail blue snapper) 32. Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker) (Pinjalo) 6a. Lower gill rakers 16 to 18 on first arch .... .......... ........... ......... ......... ............ A. furcatus 33. Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes) (Crimson jobfish) 6b. Lower gill rakers 30 to 34 on first arch .... .................................................... A. rutilans 34. Pristipomoides multidens (Day) (Goldbanded jobfish) 7a. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins distinctly longer than penultimate ray ...................... 8 35. Pristipomoides sieboldii (Bleeker) (Lavender jobfish) 7b. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins not longer than penultimate ray ................................ 12 36. ?Pristipomoides typus Bleeker (Sharptooth jobfish) 8a. Lower gill rakers 19 to 22; lateral line scales 70 to 74; vomerine tooth patch roughly diamond shaped or triangular with a posterior extension .................................... P. sieboldii 37. Pristipomoides zonatus (Valenciennes) (Oblique-banded snapper) Key to the species la. Dorsal and anal fin bases scaleless; caudal fin deeply forked ............................................. 2 8b. Lower gill rakers 11 to 16; lateral line scales 48 to 65; vomerine tooth patch mostly triangular, without posterior extension or Vshaped ......................................................... 9 1b. Dorsal and anal fin bases scaled on its soft part; caudal fin slightly forked, lunate truncate, or emarginate ............................ 13 9a. Lateral line scales 48 to 52; top of head with yellowish bars and spots ......................... 10 2a. 9b. Lateral line scales 58 to 66; top of head without yellow bars or spots ................... 11 Dorsal fin deeply notched dividing spinous and soft parts; maxilla scaled ................... 3 2b. Dorsal fin not deeply notched; maxilla usually scaleless ...................................................... 4 3a. Total gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 11 to 14, including rudiments; upper lobe of caudal fin 26 to 30 percent of standard length ............................................. E. carbunculus 3b. Total gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 15 to 18, including rudiments; upper lobe of caudal fin 33 to 60 percent of standard length ................................................ E. coruscans 4a. Pectoral fins short, its length about equal to length of snout; a deep groove in front of eye present ............................... A. virescens lOa. Two orange stripes on sides of snout; markings on top of head as transverse bars and some irregular chevron shaped ........... . ................................................. P. multidens lOb. No stripes on sides of snout; markings on top of head as longitudinal vermiculated lines and spots ........................................ P. typus lIa. Body depth 3.3 to 3.6 times in standard length; body colour uniform, without yellow or orange bars on sides ..... P. filamentosus lIb. Body depth 2.6 to 2.8 times in standard length; 4 oblique yellow or orange bars on sides of body .............................. P. zonatus 348 12a. Upper lip with a median fleshy protuberance; dorsal spines thick and robust; upper jaw extends to middle of eye or beyond ......... . ............................................ L. carnolabrum 12b. Upper lip without a fleshy protuberance; dorsal spines relatively feeble to moderate; upper jaw extends utmost to anterior margin of pupil ..................................................... 13 13a. Lateral line scales 62 to 68; lower gill rakers 20 to 23 on first arch; back and sides dark brown ............................................ .A. fuscus 13b. Lateral line scales 70 to 72; lower gill rakers 18 to 20 on first arch; back with a broad yellow area from nape to caudal peduncle .................................................. P. xanthura 14a. Gill rakers more than 50 on lower arm of first arch ........................................ M. niger 14b. Gill rakers less than 20 on lower arm of first arch ........................................................... 15 15a. Scale rows below lateral line obliquely sloping upward and backward; upper and lower profiles of head equally rounded; lower edge of eye below line from snout tip to middle of caudal fin base .......... P. pinjalo 15b. Scale rows below lateral line usually horizontal; upper and lower profiles of head unequal with flattened lower profile; lower edge of eye generally above line from snout tip to middle of caudal fin base ............. 16 16a. Longitudinal scale rows above lateral line horizontal (parallel to lateral line) or rising in posterior portion .................................. 17 16b. Longitudinal scale rows above lateral line rising obliquely ........................................ 19 17a. Ground colour usually reddish-brown or dusky; black blotch below soft dorsal fin absent ........................... L. argentimaculatus Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 18b. Preorbital space wide, 4.8 to 6.0 times in head length; vomerine tooth patch without posterior extension ......................... L. johnii 19a. Body slender, depth usually 2.9 to 3.3 times in standard length; preorbital space very narrow, 9.2 to 16.3 times in head length ... .................................................... L. lutjanus 19b. Body deeper, depth usually less than 3.0 times in standard length; preorbital space wider, 3.3 to 8.9 times in head length .... 20 20a. Body pale in colour with 4 to 6 longitudinal stripes on sides ........................................ 21 20b. Body colour not as above ....................... 23 21a. Dorsal fin spines 11 or 12; lower gill rakers 17 to 19 ................................ L. bengalensis 21b. Dorsal fin spines 10; lower gill rakers 13 to 15 .............................................................. 22 22a. Five or six scale rows on cheek; four stripes on sides ...................................... L. kasmira 22b. Ten or eleven scale rows on cheek; five stripes on sides ............. L. quinquelineatus 23a. Vomerine tooth patch with a short or long posterior extension ................................... 24 23b. Vomerine tooth patch crescentic or triangular without posterior extension ..................... 27 24a. A black blotch present below soft dorsal fin .................................................................. 25 24b. No black blotch below soft dorsal fin ... 26 25a. Black spot below dorsal fin placed mainly above lateral line; wide gape between temporal scale bands on each side; young with 4 to 7 blackish to orange or yellowbrown stripes on sides, upper ones rising obliquely ...................................... L. russelli 17b. Ground colour pale; a black blotch below soft dorsal fin present.. ............................ 18 25b. Black spot below dorsal fin bisected by lateral line; little or no gape between temporal scale bands on each side; young without stripes ................................... L. fulviflamma 18a. Preorbital space narrow, 8.5 to 10.3 times in head length; vomerine tooth patch with a short posterior extension ..... L. ehrenbergii 26a. Lower gill rakers 9 to 12; preorbital width about equal to eye diameter; midlateral stripe broader and darker ........................... L. vitta BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 26b. Lower gill rakers 12 to 15; preorbital width about 2/3 of eye diameter; midlateral stripe not broader and darker ............... L. madras 27a. Scale rows below lateral line rising obliquely as the lines above it; total gill rakers 25 to 30 on first arch ............................ L. gibbus 27b. Scale rows below lateral line almost horizontal; total gill rakers 14 to 23 on first arch ........................................................... 28 28a. Dorsal fin soft rays 15 or 16; depth 2.0 to 2.4 in standard length .............................. 29 28b. Dorsal fin soft rays 13 or 14; depth 2.3 to 3.0 in standard length .............................. 30 29a. Dorsal fin with 10 spines; anal fin rays 8; brown with reddish tinge in adult, head with numerous undulating blue-lines; juveniles with a series of 3 to 8 brown bars on sides and a chalky-white spot ........... L. rivulatus 29b. Dorsal fin with 11 spines; anal fin rays 10; red or pink in adults, no blue lines on head; juveniles and smaller adults pink with a dark red band ......................................... L. sebae 30a. Preopercular notch well developed; caudal fin and distal third of dorsal fin blackish or dusky brown with a narrow white border.. ....................................................... L. fulvus 30b. Preopercular notch poorly developed; caudal fin yellow or grey basally and yellow distally without narrow white border; distal third of dorsal fin not noticeably darker than remainder of fin ....................................... 31 31a. Gill rakers on first arch 22 or 23; nostrils in a groove before eyes in larger adults; smaller specimens with two white spots on back, one below spinous dorsal fin and second below posterior part of soft dorsal fin ... L. bohar 31b. Gill rakers on first arch 15 to 21; nostrils not placed in a groove; white spots on back absent ........................................................ 32 32a. Caudal fin with a characteristic crescentic black marking .......................... L. lunulatus 349 32b. Caudal fin with a without crescentic black marking ..................................................... 33 33a. A black spot on lateral line below soft dorsal fin ........................................ L. mono stigma 33b. Black spot on lateral line absent ............ 34 34a. Tongue with a patch of fine, granular teeth; total gill rakers 15 to 18 on first arch; no black saddle on upper caudal peduncle in juveniles ............................... L. lemniscatus 34b. Tongue smooth, without teeth; total gill rakers 18 to 21 on first arch; juveniles with a black saddle on upper caudal peduncle .. .................................................................. 35 35a. A prominent hump on forehead and a series of shallow, horizontal grooves behind eye in large adults; nostrils widely separated, the distance between them much greater than length of posterior nostril opening ............ . ............................................... L. sanguineus 35b. Hump on forehead and grooves behind eye absent; nostrils close-set, the distance between them about equal or less than length of posterior nostril opening ..................... 36 36a. Maxilla length much less than distance between bases of last dorsal and anal rays; a large black spot (not touching ventral profile) at base of caudal fin with a pearly-white anterior border on upper half in juveniles. ........................................... L. erythropterus 36b. Maxilla length about equal to distance between bases of last dorsal and anal rays; a prominent black band (touching both dorsal and ventral profile) across caudal peduncle with a pearly-white anterior border in juveniles .............................. L. malabaricus Fisheries information : Snappers are very important commercial fishes. L. johnii is the most common species in estuaries and coastal waters. Remarks: Allen (1985) stated that 'records of Aspilus fuscus Valenciennes from the Indian Ocean probably based on misidentification'. 350 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Inclusion of A. fuscus here is based on Allen (1984) and that needs material confirmation. Etelis marshi (Jenkins) is relegated to the synonymy of Etelis carbunculus Cuvier (Allen, 1985). Although Pristipomoides typus Bleeker has been reported (Allen, 1984) from west coast ofIndia, it needs to be confirmed (Allen, 1985). Lutjanus coeruleolineatus is restricted to north-west Arabian Sea (Allen, 1985). Report of Lutianus sillaoo (Russell) is referable to Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal). Family 80 CAESIONIDAE (Fusiliar fishes) Body oblong to fusiform and almost compressed, with ctenoid scales. Mouth small, oblique and highly protrusible; ascending premaxillary process a separate ossification from premaxilla. Dorsal fin with 10 to 15 slender weak spines and 8 to 22 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 9 to 13 rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 rays. Pectoral fins with 16 to 24 rays. Caudal fin deeply forked. Lateral line with 45 to 88 scales. Body with or without longitudinal stripes. Caudal fin with a blackish blotch on tips of lobes or with a longitudinal blackish streak in middle of each lobe or without any markings. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Caesio caerulaurea Lacepede (Blue and gold fusiliar) 2. Gymnocaesio gymnoptera (Bleeker) (Slender fusiliar) 3. Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier) (Gold band fusiliar) 4. Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker) (Banana fusiliar) 5. Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier) (Dark banded fusiliar) Key to the species la. A single postmaxillary process, posterior end of maxilla blunt; its greatest depth posterior to end of premaxilla ............ C. caerulaurea 1b. Two postmaxillary processes, posterior end of maxilla tapered; its greatest depth anterior ..................................................................... 2 2b. Dorsal and anal fins without scales; premaxilla without teeth ......................... G. gymnoptera 2b. Dorsal and anal fins scaled; premaxilla with small conical teeth, sometimes restricted to front of jaw ................................................. 3 3a. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12 (rarely1O) spines and 19 to 22 soft rays; a blackish streak in each caudal lobe ................................. P. tile 3b. Dorsal fin with 10 to 11 (usually 10) spines and 14 to 16 soft rays; tips of caudal lobes with a blackish blotch ............................... .4 4a. Body without stripes on side, its colour reddish or greenish blue ............... P. pisang 4b. Body with 1 or 2 yellow stripes on side in life .......................................... P. chrysozona Fisheries information : The caesionids are of minor commercial importance. These fishes are generally used as tuna baitfish. Family 81 LOBOTIDAE (Trippletail fishes) Body deep, oblong. more or less compressed with ctenoid scales. Body depth much greater than head length. Upper jaw slightly protrusible. Preopercle coarsely serrated and opercle with 1 to 2 flat spines. Dorsal fin very long and broadly rounded, with 11 to 13 spines and 13 to 16 rays. Anal fin very long and broadly rounded, with 3 spines and 9 to 12 rays. Caudal fin rounded. Round soft dorsal and anal fins reaching past caudal fin base, resembling the fish with three tails. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch) (Trippletail fish) Fisheries information : It is a valuable commercial fish for its quality flesh. It is marketed fresh. 351 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Family 82 GERREIDAE (Mojarras, Silver-biddis) Body compressed and dorsal profile more or less elevated, with shiny scales. Mouth greatly protrusible, extending downwards when protracted. Dorsal fin with 9 to 10 spines and 9 to 15 rays. Anal fin with 3 to 5 spines and 7 to 13 rays. Dorsal and anal fin bases with an elevated scaly sheath. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 rays, a scaly flap present at the base of spine. Pectoral fins long and pointed. Caudal fin forked. Lateral line complete, with 33 to 48 scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Gerres erythrourus (Bloch)(Deepbodied mojarrah) 3b. Second dorsal fin spine not greatly elongated and filamentous structure, usually much less than head length ........................................ .4 4a. Body elongate, its depth at least 3 times in standard length ............................................ 5 4b. Body relatively deep, its depth less than 3 times (1.9 to 2.8) in standard length ......... 6 5a. Scales between lateral line and base of 5 th dorsal spine 3.5 rows; lateral line with 35 to 39 scales ......................................... G. oyena 5b. Scales between lateral line and base of 5 th dorsal spine 4.5 to 5.5 rows; lateral line with 44 to 48 scales ......................... G. oblongus 6a. Pectoral fin short, not extending up to origin of anal fin ................................. G. limbatus 2. Gerres filamentosus Cuvier (Whipfin silverbiddy) 6b. Pectoral fin relatively longer, extending up to origin of anal fin ........................................ 7 3. Gerres limbatus Cuvier (Saddleback silverbiddy) 7a. Body deep, its depth 2.0 to 2.3 times in standard lengh, forming sharp angles at dorsal fin origin; lateral line scales 38 to 41 ........ . .............................................. G. erythrourus 4. Gerres oblongus Cuvier (Slender silver-biddy) 5. Gerres oyena (Forsskal) (Common silver biddy) 6. Gerres phaiya Iwatsuki & Heemstra (Strong spined silver-biddy) 7. Gerres setifer (Hamilton) (Small Bengal silver-biddy) 8. Pentaprion longimanus (Cantor) (Longfin mojarra) Key to the species 1a. Anal fin long, with 5 spines and 12 to 14 soft rays ........................................ P. longimanus 1b. Anal fin short with 3 spines and 7 soft rays ..................................................................... 2 2a. Dorsal fin with 10 spines ............. G. setifer 7b. Body oblong, its depth 2.2 to 2.8 times in standard length; lateral line scales 34 to 38 ...................................................... G. phaiya Fisheries information: The fishes of this family are of important commercial value. Remarks : Gerres abbbreviatus Bleeker is relegated to synonymy of Gerres erythrourus (Bloch) (lwatsuki et ai, 1998) and Gerres lucidus Cuvier, to Gerres limbatus Cuvier (lwatsuki et ai, 2001a). Since Gerres poeti Cuvier, 1829 was found to be a junior synonym of Gerres longirostris (Lacepede) (lwatsuki et ai, 2001b) and for our specimens reffered to as Gerres poeti Cuvier, 1830, being it a preoccupied name, a replacement name Gerres phayia is considered (lwatsuki and Heemstra, 2001). 2b. Dorsal fin with 9 spines ............................. 3 3a. Second spine of dorsal fin greatly elongated forming a long filament, longer than head length ..................................... G. filamentous Family 83 HAEMULIDAE (Grunts, Sweetlips, Hotlips) Body oblong and compressed with ctenoid Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 352 scales. Mouth with thick lips, tips of upper jaw hidden when mouth closed. Chin with 2 pores and a pit or 6 pores and no pit (in the genus Plectorhinchus). Preopercle with a slightly concave and serrated margin, opercle with one indistinct spine. Dorsal fin with 9 to 15 spines and 12 to 26 rays. Pectoral fins long, its first ray sometimes forming a short filament. Pelvic fins inserted below pectoral fin base, with 1 spine and 5 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines, the second often very strong and 7 to 9 rays. Caudal fin truncate or emarginated (rounded in juveniles). Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Diagramma pictum (Thunberg) (Pointed sweetlips) Key to the species la. Chin with 2 pores followed by a pit containing a pore on each side; fin spines strong; second anal fin spine often enlarged .................................................................... 2 1b. Chin with 6 pores and no median pit; fin spines often weak; second anal fin spine not enlarged ...................................................... 9 2a. N ape and back with a series of incomplete broad cross-bars; spinous part of dorsal fin with a large black blotch ..... P. maculatum 2b. Nape and back without broad bands; no large black blotch on dorsal fin ......................... 3 3a. Body uniform, without spots or stripes ... .4 2. Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepede) (Harry hotlips) 3. Plectorhinchus griseus (Cuvier) (Grey sweetlips) 4. Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch) (Orientalis sweetlips) 5. Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese) (Trout sweetlips) 6. Plectorhinchus poly taenia (Bleeker) (Ribbon sweetlips) 7. Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskal) (Minstrel sweetlips) 8. Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskal) (Silver grunt) 9. Pomadasys argyreus (Bluecheek silver grunt) (Valenciennes) 10. Pomadasys commersonnii (Lacepede) (Small spotted grunt) 11. Pomadasys furcatus (Schneider) (Banded grunt) 12. Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier) (Javelin grunter 13. Pomadasys maculatum (Bloch) (Saddle grunt) 3b. Body usually spotted or with stripes ........ 5 4a. Anal fin with 11 or 12 rays; operculum edge with a large blotch bordered by yellow anteriorly ................................ P. olivaceum 4b. Anal fin with 7 or 8 rays; operculum with a blue-black blotch in juveniles, indistinct in adults ........................................ P. argyreus Sa. A row of fine interradial scales behind dorsal and anal fin rays, above the basal sheath; about 6 dark stripes on back and flanks .... ................................................... P. furcatus 5b. No fine interradial scales behind dorsal and anal fin rays; dark stripes on back and flanks absent, but body spotted ............................ 6 6a. Lateral line scales 50 to 54; body with scattered round spots ................................. 7 6b. Lateral line scales 44 to 48; body uniform silvery in adults ......................................... 8 7a. Spots only on body, absent on head and snout; a black blotch on operculum; anal fin rays 8 to 10 ........................ P. commersonii 14. Pomadasys multimaculatum (Playfair) (Cock grunter) 7b. Spots also present on head and snout; no black blotch on operculum; anal fin with 7 rays ................................ P. multimaculatum 15. Pomadasys olivaceum (Day) (Olive grunt) . 8a. Body with pairs of spots or dull blotches 353 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish arranged into vertical interrupted bars, that disappear with age; dorsal fin with two rows of black spots; scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin origin 7 ........ P. kaakan 8b. Body with rounded spots, scattered on body in adult or forming thin, longitudinal irregular wavy lines or rows of spots on back in juveniles; scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin origin 5 ................... P. argenteus 9a. Dorsal fin with 9 or 10 spines and 21 to 26 soft rays; 20 to 25 scales between lateral line and dorsal fin origin ........... D. pictum 9b. Dorsal fin with 11 to 14 spines and 14 to 23 soft rays; 10 to 17 scales between lateral line and dorsal fin origin ........................ 10 lOa. Body uniform grey, grayish-brown to brown .................................................................. 11 lOb. Body colour variable with bands and/or spots .................................................................. 13 lIa. Dorsal fin with 14 spines and 15 or 16 rays; colour grey to brown or blackish, juveniles with yellowish tail ................... P. gibbosus lIb. Dorsal fin with 12 spines and 18 to 23 rays .................................................................. 12 12a. Dorsal fin rays 21 to 23; lateral line scales about 70; colour grayish-brown, reddish on head ............................................. P. griseus 12b. Dorsal fin rays 18 to 20; lateral line scales about 55; posterior margin of opercle and preopercle with a red line; lips scarlet ...... . ..................................................... P. schotaf 13a. Dorsal fin soft rays 15 or 16; gill rakers on first arch 22; round black spots on back and flanks; young with 3 longitudinal brownish bands, many dark spots between upper two bands, bands disintegrate into blotches with age ................................................. P. pictus 13b. Dorsal fin soft rays 17 to 22; gill rakers on first arch 25 to 35; colour not as above, with bands and blotches .................................. 14 14a. Dorsal fin rays 20 to 22; lateral line scales about 55; brown, with 9 grey, yellow or white longitudinal bands on head and sides ....... . ................................................ P. poly taenia 14b. Dorsal fin rays 17 to 20; lateral line scales about 65; colour variable, juveniles with connected black blotches that gradually break up in adults into horizontal bands which unite at tip of snout ......................... P. orientalis Fisheries information : These fishes are of minor fishery interest as they are not considered as good food fish although P. kaakan and P. maculatum are very common in occurrence. Remarks: Pomadasys hasta (Bloch, 1790) has been considered as a junior synonym of Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskal) (McKay, 2001; Eschmeyer, 2009). Along Indian coast (Talwar and Kacker, 1984), the former name is misapplied to Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830). Pomadasys nigrus (Cuvier, 1830) has been considered as a junior synonym of Pomadasys gibbosus Lacepede (McKay, 1984; Smith & McKay, 1986; McKay, 2001). Froese and Pauly (2009) treated it as a valid species, but not distinguishable from the other one. Hence, both are considered con specific here. Although McKay (1984) has treated Plectorhinchus griseus (Cuvier) as a distinct species, Roux (1986) has considered it as a junior synonym of Plectorhinchus schotaf (Forsskal). Family 84 NEMIPTERIDAE (Thread fin breams, Monocle breams) Body elongate to almost deep and compressed. Mouth terminal, small to moderate; premaxillaries more or less protrusible. Dorsal fin continuous with 10 spines and 9 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 7 rays. Pectoral fins with 2 unbranched and 12 to 17 branched rays. Pelvic fins inserted in thoracic region, with 1 spine and 5 rays. Caudal fin emaginate, forked, lunate or falcate; the upper and/ or lower tips of the fin with or without elongated or filamentous extensions. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. N emipterus bipunctatus (Valenciennes) (Delagoa threadfin bream) 354 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 2. Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) (Japanese threadfin bream) 3. Nemipterus randalli Russell (Randall's threadfin bream) 4. Nemipterus zysron (Bleeker) (Slender threadfin bream) 5. Parascolopsis aspinosa (Rao & Rao) (Smooth dwarf monocle bream) 6. Parascolopsis townsendi Boulenger (Scaly dwarf monocle bream) 7. Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch) (Whitecheek monocle bream) Key to the species la. Second spine of anal fin stronger and longer; 4 to 7 rows of scales on preopercle; no canine teeth on jaws ............................................... 2 1b. Second spine of anal fin weak; 3 rows of scales on preopercle; 3 or 4 pairs of canine teeth present at least in upper jaw ........... .4 2a. A backward pointing distinct suborbital spine with a small antrorse spine below eye; body depth 2.0 to 2.5 in standard length; posterior margin of preopercle coarsely serrate; a broad white vertical bar across opercle ................ . ..................................................... S. vosmeri 2b. Suborbital spine weak or rudimentary; no antrorse spine below eye; body depth 2.5 to 3.0 in standard length; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate; no white bar across opercle ......................................................... 3 3a. Suborbital scaly; maxilla scaly or naked; lateral line scales 37 to 40; no black blotch at base of dorsal fin .................... P. townsendi 3b. Suborbital and maxilla naked; lateral line scales 35 or 36; a black blotch at base of last three spines of dorsal fin ......... P. aspinosa 4a. Upper lobe of caudal fin pointed, not produced into filament; scales below lateral line in ascending rows anteriorly ................ . ............................................... N. bipunctatus 4b. Upper lobe of caudal fin produced into a narrow filament; scales below lateral line more or less in horizontal rows ................. 5 5a. Pectoral fins short, not reaching to level of anal fin origin; caudal filaments short; three broad yellow bands on head ........ N. zysron 5b. Pectoral fins long, reaching to or beyond level of anal fin origin; caudal filaments long; no broad yellow band on head ........................ 6 6a. Pelvic fins short, not reaching to level of anal fin origin .................................. N. japonicus 6b. Pelvic fins long, reaching to or beyond level of anal fin origin ........................ N. randalli Fisheries information : The threadfin breams are of considerable commercial importance. Occurrence of N. japonicus and S. vosmeri are very common along our coast. S. vosmeri is a hardy species and can be maintained in aquarium. Family 85 LETHRINIDAE (Emperor fishes) Body generally oblong and compressed. Mouth terminal, lips usually soft and fleshy; upper jaw protrusible. Hind margin of preopercle smooth. Cheek without scales. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 9 to 10 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 6 to 10 soft rays. Caudal fin emarginate or forked, with 7 to 9 procurrent caudal rays. Lateral line complete. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacepede) (Striped large eye bream) 2. Gymnocranius elongatus Setna (Forked tail large eye bream) 3. Gymnocranius grandoculis (Valenciennes) (Blue-lined large eye bream) 4. Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede) (Pink ear emperor) 5. Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal) (Spangled emperor) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Key to the species 1a. Cheek with 4 to 6 vertical rows of scales; dorsal fin with 10 soft rays; anal fin usually witrh 9 to 10 soft rays ............................... 2 355 2. Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (ForsskiH) (Twobar seabream) 3. Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn) (Yellowfin seabream) lb. Cheek naked; dorsal fin with 9 soft rays; anal fin with 8 soft rays .................................... .4 4. Argyrops spinifer (Forsskal) (Longs pine seabream) 2a. Anal fin usually with 9 soft rays ............... . ............................................. G. aurolineatus 5. Cheimerius nufar (Valenciennes) (Santer seabream) 2b. Anal fin with usually 10 soft rays ............ 3 6. Crenidens crenidens (ForsskiH) (Karenteen seabream) 3a. Caudal fin strongly forked, the median rays shorter than eye diameter; lower margin of eye intersected by line from snout tip to middle of caudal fin ................ G. elongatus 3b. Caudal fin somewhat forked, the median rays almost equal to or longer than eye diameter; lower margin of eye above line from snout tip to middle of caudal fin .. G. grandoculis 4a. Inner surface of pectoral fin base without scales or with few scales covering less than Y2 the inner bases of the fin ........ L. lentjan 4b. Most of the inner surface of pectoral fin base covered with scales .................. L. nebulosus Fisheries information : The large eye breams and emperor fishes are of important commercial value and these fishes are usually marketed fresh. Remarks: Report of Lethrinus cinereus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) is referable to Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede) (Carpenter and Allen, 1989). Family 86 SPARIDAE (Seabreams) Body oblong, almost deep and compressed with cycloid or ctenoid scales. Head usually with a steep dorsal profile. Snout without scales but cheeks with scales. Opercle with or without scales. Mouth subhorizontal and slightly protrusible. Maxilla not extending beyond the middle of the orbit. Posterior tip of premaxilla overlapping maxilla. Dorsal fin with 10 to 13 spines. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal) (Picnic seabream) 7. Rhabdosargus sarba (ForsskiH) (Goldlined seabream) 8. Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes) (Sobaity seabream) Key to the species 1a. Jaw teeth usually incisiform or caniniform molarlike teeth absent ................................. 2 lb. Posterior jaw teeth usually molar-like or granular ........................................................ 4 2a. Outer teeth incisiform, compressed, with crenelated cutting edge ............ C. crenidens 2b. Outer teeth caniniform, some enlarged in front of jaws ......................................................... 3 3a. First two dorsal spines short, 3 rd to 7th elongated, filamentous .................... C. nufar 3b. Dorsal spines normally graduated, not filamentous ...................................... S. hasta 4a. Interorbital space scally, head scaled from above anterior margin of eye; first two dorsal spines very short, following spines elongate ..................................................... A. spinifer 4b. Interorbital space naked, head scaled from behind posterior margin of eye; dorsal spines normally graduated, not prolonged ............ 5 5a. More than 5 scales between lateral line and 4th dorsal spine; usually dorsal spines slender, not alternately broad and narrow; a single enlarged molar posteriorly on each side ..... ........................................................ R. sarba Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 356 5b. Less than 5 scales between lateral line and 4th dorsal spine; dorsal spines strong, appearing alternately broad and narrow on each side; no enlarged molar posteriorly on each side ...................................................... 6 6a. Head with two black bars across head, the first through eye and second from nape to opercle to its inferior edge .... A. bifasciatus 6b. Head without black cross bars, or at most with a dark band between eyes ................. 7 7a. Six series of preopercular scales; lateral line scales 43 to 45; no silvery margin to scales; no dark spot at origin of lateral line; soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins blackish ......... . ........................................................ A. berda 7b. Four or 5 series of preopercular scales; lateral line scales 48 to 50; scales with dark bases and silvery margins (especially above lateral line); a dark spot at the origin of lateral line; soft dorsal fin grayish hyaline, anal fin whitish and caudal fin yellow ...................... A. latus Fisheries information : The sea breams are of much commercial importance. These fishes are marketed fresh and are of excellent and highly esteemed. Family 87 POL YNEMIDAE (Thread fins ) Body almost elongate and compressed. Mouth subterminal. Dorsal fins two, well separated from each other, the first with 7 to 8 flexible spines. Anal fin with 2 or 3 spines. Pectoral fins divided into two parts, the upper part normal with branched or unbranched rays, lower part with 3 to 15 free filamentous rays. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 branched rays, subabdominal in position. Caudal fin deeply forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) (Fourfinger threadfin) 2. Filimanus similis Feltes (Indian sevenfinger threadfin) 3. Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes) (Yellowthread threadfin) 4. Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw) (Indian threadfin) 5. Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet) (Striped threadfin) 6. Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider) (Blackspot threadfin) 7. Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus (Paradise threadfin) Key to the species 1a. Pectoral fin inserted high, near midline of body; eyes small, eye diameter 1.3 or more in snout length; free pectoral filaments 7 ... ................................................ P. paradiseus lb. Pectoral fin inserted low, well below midline, mostly on lower third of body; eyes larger, eye diameter 1.3 or less in snout length; free pectoral filaments 4 to 7 ............................ 2 2a. Lip on lower jaw absent except at corner of mouth; small teeth extending onto lateral surface of jaws on anterior part; free pectoral filaments 4; gill rakers 6 to 18 on first arch ........................................... E. tetradactylum 2b. Lip on anterior part of lower jaw more or less developed; almost no teeth on exterior part of lower jaw; free pectoral filaments 5 to 7; gill rakers 18 to 55 on first arch .......... 3 3a. Eyes small, about 7 times in head length; tip of caudal fin lobes prolonged; air bladder with several appendages; gill rakers 18 to 21 ..... ..................................................... L. indicum 3b. Eyes larger, about 4 to 6 times in head length; tip of caudal fin lobes not prolonged; air bladder simple, without appendages; gill rakers 24 to 49 ........................................... 4 4a. Premaxillary teeth bands narrow, separated by a wide space of 2 or more times width of each band at symphysis; gill rakers 36 to 49 on first arch ................................................. 5 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 357 4b. Premaxillary teeth bands broad, separated by a narrow space of less than 2 times width of each band at symphysis; gill rakers 24 to 35 on first arch ................................................. 6 Leptomelanosoma, proposed by Motomura and Iwatsuki (2001), is in use for the fish earlier known as Polydactylus indicus (Shaw). 5a. Free pectoral filaments 7; gill rakers 40 to 49 (mode 43) ...................................... F. similis (Croakers) 5b. Free pectoral filaments usually 6 (rarely 5), or asymmetrically 5 and 6, or 6 or 7; gill rakers 36 to 46 (mode 41) .......................... . .............................................. F. xanthonema 6a. Lateral line with 60 to 68 scales; no black shoulder spot at beginning of lateral line; teeth on vomer present; free pectoral filaments 5; upper pectoral fin rays all unbranched ....... . .................................................... P. plebe ius 6b. Lateral line with 45 to 51 scales; a black shoulder spot at beginning of lateral line; teeth on vomer absent; free pectoral filaments 6; upper pectoral fin rays all branched except for 1 or 2 .................................. P. sextarius Fisheries information : These fishes are of important commercial value and well esteemed as food fish. The Indian threadfin fish, L. indicum (Shaw), constitute an important fishery. Remarks : In literature, two different species having 7 free pectoral filaments were referred as Polydactylus heptadactyla (Cuvier) from west coast of India, whereas this species does not occur along Indian coast (Barman and Mishra, 2010). The specimens without black shoulder spot and 40 to 47 gill rakers are considered as F. similis Feltes. Although there is no material confirmation, those P. heptadactylus of Karnataka coast may include another species with a black shoulder spot and 31 to 35 gill rakers, to be referred as Polydactylus mullani (Rora), which closely resemble P. sextarius but differs in gill raker count and a robust base to second spine of first dorsal fin (Motomura, 2004). Several records pertaining to Polydactylus sexfilis are also found to be erroneous and those are referable to Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes) (Barman and Mishra, 2010). Recently a new genenc name, Family 88 SCIAENIDAE Body elongate, moderately compressed with cycloid scales on head and often with ctenoid scales on body. Sensory pores usually conspicuous on tip of snout (rostral pores), on lower margin of snout (marginal pores) and on chin (mental pores). Some species with 1 or 2 mental barbels. Dorsal fin usually long, continuous, with a deep notch between anterior spinous and posterior soft ray parts. The anterior spinous part with 8 to 10 spines (usually 10) and posterior part with 1 spine and 21 to 34 rays. Anal fin with 2 spines, the second spine may be greatly enlarged and strong. Caudal fin emarginated to pointed, but never forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Daysciaena albida (Cuvier) (Bengal corvine) 2. Dendrophysa russelli (Cuvier) (Goatee croaker) 3. lohnieops bomeensis (Bleeker) (Sharpnose hammer croaker) 4. lohnieops dussumieri (Cuvier) (Sin croaker) 5. lohnieops croaker) macrorhinus Mohan (Big-snout 6. lohnieops osseus (Day) (Greyfin croaker) 7. lohnius belangerii (Cuvier) (Belanger's croaker) 8. lohnius carouna Bloch (Caroun croaker) 9. lohnius carutta Bloch (Karut croaker) 10. lohnius dussumieri (Valenciennes) (Bearded croaker) 11. lohnius elongatus Mohan (Spindle croaker) 12. lohnius glaucus (Day) (Pale spotfin croaker) 13. lohnius macropterus (Bleeker) (Largefin croaker) 358 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 14. Kathala axillaris (Cuvier) (Kathala croaker) 15. Nibea coibor (Hamilton) (Coibor croaker) 16. Nibea maculata (Bloch & Schneider) (Blotched croaker) 17. Nibea soldado (Lacepede) (Soldier croaker) 18. Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas (Lesser tigertooth croaker) 19. Otolithes rubber (Schneider) (Tiger-toothed croaker) 20. Panna microdon (Bleeker) (Panna croaker) 21. Paranibea semiluctuosa (Cuvier) (Halfmourning croaker) 22. Pennahia anea (Bloch) (Bigeye croaker) 23. Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede) (Spotted croaker) Key to the species la. Gas bladder with one or two pairs of simple or branched appendages ............................. 2 1b. Gas bladder with more than two pairs of appendages, almost all arborescent.. .......... 3 2a. Gas bladder appendages wholly directed forward from anterior end of bladder; a prominent round black spot above pectoral fin axil ........................................ K. axillaris 2b. Gas bladder appendages arising from anterior end of bladder, immediately dividing on each side into a cephalic branch, branching in front of transverse septum of skull, and an abdominal branch, lying parallel to bladder; no prominent black spot at pectoral fin axil .................................................. P. microdon 3a. Gas bladder carrot-shaped ......................... .4 3b. Gas bladder hammer-shaped .................... 13 4a. Anterior pair of arborescent appendages of gas bladder branching on posterior surface of transverse septum, but not entering head ..... 5 4b. Anterior pair of arborescent appendages of gas bladder extending into head and branching under skull ................................................... 8 Sa. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw enlarged and spaced, but no outstanding canines present; dorsal fin with 21 to 26 soft rays ............. 6 5b. One or two pairs of outstanding canine teeth on both jaws; dorsal fin with 27 to 32 soft rays .............................................................. 7 6a. Pores on chin of 'false five' pattern, first pair close together behind tip of jaw and joined by a groove; scattered small black spots on head, upper part of body and dorsal and caudal fins .............................. P. diacanthus 6b. First pair of pores small, on front of chin, one on each side of tip of jaw, not joined by a groove; no scattered black spots ............ .. .......................................................... P. anea 7a. Gill rakers 8 to lIon lower arm of first arch; distance between sphenotic ridge and angle of lower jaw less than length of lower jaw; gas bladder with 30 to 38 pairs of arborescent appendages ................................... 0. rubber 7b. Gill rakers 12 to 17 on lower arm of first arch; distance between sphenotic ridge and angle of lower jaw as long as or longer than length of lower jaw; gas bladder with 25 to 28 pairs of arborescent appendages ............ . ...................................................... O. cuvieri 8a. Chin with one or two mental barbel (minute, when two) ................................................... 9 8b. No barbels on chin ................................... 10 9a. Chin with two minute barbels; lower jaw teeth well differentiated ......................... D. albida 9b. Chin with a single barbel; lower jaw teeth uniform ........................................ D. russelli lOa. Lower jaw teeth uniformly small .............. . ............................................ P. semiluctuosa lOb. Lower jaw teeth well differentiated in size, lower inner row enlarged ........................ 11 lla. A distinct broad oblique blotch on nape followed by 4 broken blotches below dorsal fin and a blotch on caudal fin often present .................................................. N. maculata BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish lIb. No distinct colour pattern or blotches .... 12 12a. Soft dorsal fin rays 24; deep yellow ventrally in life ............................................ N. coibor 12b. Soft dorsal fin rays 28 to 31; silvery in life .................................................... N. soldado 13a. Outer row of teeth on upper jaw enlarged and widely spaced; lower jaw teeth differentiated in size, the inner lateral row enlarged, conical and spaced; mouth usually subterminal (fohnieops) ........................... 14 13b. Outer row of teeth on upper jaw enlarged but not spaced; teeth on lower jaw uniform; mouth inferior (fohnius) .......................... 17 14a. Inner row of lower jaw teeth well developed and spaced; mouth almost terminal; gill rakers 9 to 12 on first arch ... f. borneensis 14b. Inner row of lower jaw teeth moderately to slightly enlarged; mouth subterminal to inferior ...................................................... 15 15a. Lower gill rakers 5 to 8 .... f. macrorhynus 15b. Lower gill rakers 10 to 15 ...................... 16 16a. Teeth well differentiated in size in both jaws; gill rakers long and slender .. f. dussumieri 16b. Teeth slightly differentiated in size in both jaws; gill rakers short and spinulose ......... . ...................................................... . f. osseus 17 a. Chin with a mental barbel ...................... 18 17b. No mental barbel present ........................ 19 18a. Scales on body cycloid; dorsal fin with 22 to 26 soft rays ............................ f. dussumieri 18b. Scales on body ctenoid; dorsal fin with 30 to 33 soft rays ......................... f. macropterus 19a. Lateral line with a distinct silvery or yellow streak; interorbital width 8.9 to 9.3 percent of standard length; second anal spine 1;4 of head length ................................... f. carutta 19b. Lateral line without a distinct silvery streak; interorbital width narrower, less than 8.5 percent of standard length; second anal spine 1/3 to V2 of head length ........................... 20 359 20a. Lower gill rakers 6 or 7; mental pores surrounded by thickened skin, produced into two short, barbel-like tags ....... f. elongatus 20b. Lower gill rakers 8 to 13; no thickened skin produced into barbel-like tags around mental pores ......................................................... 21 21a. Second spine of anal fin 26 to 36 percent of head length .................................. f. glaucus 21b. Second spine of anal fin 38 to 58 percent of head length ............................................... 22 22a. Spinous dorsal fin black; pelvic, anal and caudal fins blackish ................ f. belangerii 22b. Spinous dorsal fin light grey; pectoral pelvic, anal and lower part of caudal fin with yellowish tinge ........ ......... ........ f. carouna Fisheries information : These are very important commercial fishes and most common in trawl catches. Large croakers are usually esteemed as good food fishes. The air bladder of croakers is used in preparation of isinglass, a product used in gelatin in confectionaries and for preparation of certain cements. Remarks: In absence of material confirmation, fohnieops dorsalis (Peters) is not included here, but possibilities are more for occurrence of this species along Karnataka coast. Determination of Indian species is mostly based on Mohan (1984), wherein f. dorsalis is given as f. dussumieri. Hence, the specimens identified as f. dussumieri may possibly be f. dorsalis which differ from the former in having inflated snout and short, stout, curved and coarsely toothed gill rakers. fohnieops sina (Cuvier) is considered as a junior synonym of fohnieops dussumieri (Cuvier) (Heemstra, 1986; Sasaki, 1996). fohnius dussumieri (Valenciennes) is usually recorded as fohnius amblycephalus (Bleeker) as a replacement name when the generic status of fohnieops Mohan is not recognized and all fohnieops species are placed under genus fohnius Bloch. fohnieops osseus (Day) is considered here, following De Bruin et al (1995), for the species described from Indian coast as fohnieops aneus, which is not a 360 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Pennahia specIes, although authors consider 1. osseus as a junior synonym of lohnieops dussumieri (Cuvier). lohnius aneus (Bloch) and Pennahia macrophthalmus (Bleeker) has been relegated to synonymy of Pennahia anea (Bloch) (Sasaki, 1994). Sasaki (2001) consider lohnieops vogleri (Bleeker) as a junior synonym of lohnieops boeneensis (Bleeker). 12. Upeneus sundaicus (Bleeker) (Ochre-banded Family 89 MULLIDAE 1a. Vomer and palatines toothed; both dorsal fin with stripes; oblique bands on caudal fin lobes often present ................................................ 2 (Goat fishes) Body elongate and almost compressed, with ctenoid scales. Chin with 2 long barbels. Mouth inferior, gape slightly diagonal. Eyes situated near dorsal profile on head. Dorsal fin two, well separated, the first with 7 to 8 (generally) slender spines (first spine often very small) and the second with 9 rays (first unbranched). Anal fin with 1 spine and 6 rays. Caudal fin deeply forked, with 13 branched rays. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepede) (Yellowstripe goatfish) 2. Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes) (Yellowfin goatfish) 3. Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede) (Dashand-dot goatfish) 4. Parupeneus cyclostomus (Golds addle goatfish) (Lacepede) S. Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepede) (Cinnabar goatfish) 6. Parupeneus indicus (Shaw) (Indian goatfish) goatfish) 13. Upeneus tragula Richardson (Freckled goatfish) 14. Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal) (Yellow striped goatfish) Key to the species lb. Vomer and palatines edentulous; stripes sometime present on second dorsal fin only; caudal fin lobes without oblique black bands ..................................................................... 7 2a. First dorsal fin with 7 spines, the first spine longest ........................................ U. guttatus 2b. First dorsal fin with 8 spines, the first spine very small .................................................... 3 3a. Preorbital scales present; 4Y2 scale rows in space between dorsal fins ......................... .4 3b. Preorbital scales absent; SY2 scale rows in space between dorsal fins .......................... S 4a. Caudal fin lobes with 2 to 7 dusky cross bars; a reddish-brown to blackish stripe from snout to middle of caudal fin base; gill rakers 21 to 2S on first arch........................... U. tragula 4b. Caudal fin lobes without cross bars; a yellowish-brown stripe from eye to middle of caudal fin base; gill rakers 18 to 22 on first arch .................................. U. sundaicus 7. Parupeneus macronemus (Longbarbel goatfish) (Lacepede) Sa. Oblique cross bars on caudal fin lobes absent ................................................ U. sulphureus 8. Parupeneus trifasciatus (Doublebar goatfish) (Lacepede) Sb. Oblique cross bars on caudal fin lobes present ..................................................................... 6 9. Upeneus guttatus Day (Silverstripe goatfish) 10. Upeneus molluccensis (Bleeker) (Goldband goatfish) 11. Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier (Sulphur goatfish) 6a. Upper lobe of caudal fin with 3 or 4 orange or red bars; no cross bars on lower lobe of caudal fin .............................. U. moluccensis 6b. Upper lobe of caudal fin with 4 or S dark bands; lower lobe of caudal fin with 3 or 4 361 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish dark bands, the distal one darkest and broadest ..................................................... U. vittatus below each dorsal fin and a faint third bar on caudal peduncle ............... P. trifasciatus 7a. Teeth in jaws small, in villiform band anteriorly; 5 scale rows between dorsal fins; 11 or 12 scale rows along upper part of caudal peduncle; lateral line scales 33 to 38 ........ 8 11 b. Gill rakers 18 to 24 on lower limb of first arch; no vertical bars below dorsal fin, at most one on caudal peduncle ................. 12 7b. Teeth in jaws moderately large, in a single row; 2 or 3 scale rows between dorsal fins; 8 or 9 scale rows along upper part of caudal peduncle; lateral line scales 26 to 31 ........ 9 12a. Length of barbels less than 1.2 times in head length, reaching to base of pelvic fins; lower gill rakers 21 to 24; a large oblong, golden saddle on upper part of caudal peduncle ... ............................................. P. cyclostomus 8a. Gill rakers 25 to 30 on first arch; body depth 3.6 to 4.7 in standard length; barbels slightly less than snout plus eye diameter; a black spot often present above pectoral fin in lateral yellow stripe on body ........ M. flavolineatus 12b. Length of barbels more than 1.2 times in head length, reaching to slightly beyond rear edge of preopercle; lower gill rakers 19 to 21; no golden saddle on caudal peduncle .. .................................................................. 13 8b. Gill rakers 32 to 36 on first arch; body depth 3.3 to 3.6 in standard length; barbels longer than snout plus eye diameter; no black spot above pectoral fin in lateral yellow stripe on body ..................................... M. vanicolensis 13a. A large oval dark blotch of about twice eye diameter on sides of caudal peduncle; a yellow or whitish oblong blotch from below posterior part of first dorsal to anterior part of second dorsal fin .................... P. indicus 9a. A dark longitudinal band from snout or eye to below second dorsal fin present; a dark round blotch of not more than 2Y2 scale diameter on caudal peduncle centered on lateral line ................................................. 10 13b. Dark blotch on caudal peduncle and pale oblong blotch below interdorsal space absent; a small dark rectangular blotch below and behind first dorsal fin often present .......... . ........................................... P. heptacanthus 9b. No dark longitudinal band as above; dark blotch on caudal peduncle absent, or if present, more than half of the blotch above lateral line and extending over 3 or more scales ......................................................... 11 Fisheries information : The goat fishes are of high commercial value as they are esteemed as good food fishes and so, are of moderate fisheries importance. U. sulphureus is the most common species found on estuaries and coastal waters. 1Oa. Last ray of second dorsal fin distinctly longer than penultimate ray; barbels much longer than snout and eye combined; a dark blotch present at middle of caudal peduncle ........ . ............................................ P. macronemus Remarks : Earlier records of Parupeneus cinnabaricus (Cuvier) and Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepede) are relegated to synonymy of Parupeneus heptacanthus (Lacepede) and Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacepede) respectively (Randall, 2004). Reports of Upeneus bensasi (Temminck & Schlegel) along Indian coast are referable to Upeneus guttatus Day (Barman and Mishra, 2007). 1Ob. Last ray of second dorsal fin not longer than penultimate ray; barbels shorter than snout and eye combined; a dark blotch present close to upper edge of caudal peduncle ..... ............................................... P. barberinus lla. Gill rakers 27 to 30 on lower limb of first arch; black vertical saddle-like vertical bars Family 90 MONODACTYLIDAE (Silverbat fish, Moon fish) Body deep and oval, strongly compressed. 362 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Mouth small, jaws with feeble teeth; vomer and palate with granulated teeth, maxilla exposed. Upper jaw slightly protrusible. Dorsal fin with 7 to 8 spines and 25 to 31 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 25 to 30 rays. Pelvic fins rudimentary or absent. Scales fine, cycloid or ctenoid, deciduous; extending on to median fin and head. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus) (Silverbat fish) 26 to 30; scales below lateral line 8 or 9 rows ................................................... T. jaculator lb. Dorsal fin with 5 spines; five to 7 black blotch on upper side of body; lateral line scales 30 to 34; scales below lateral line 10 or 11 rows .................................................. T. chatareus Fisheries information : These are of minor commercial importance. Family 92 KYPHOSIDAE (Rudderfishes, Sea chubs) 2. Monodactylus falciformes Richardson (Moonfish) Key to species la. Body depth 1.5 to 2.0 times in standard length; gillrakers 22 to 24 on lower limb of first arch .............................................. M. falciformis 1b. Body depth 1.2 to 1.5 times in standard length; gillrakers 16 to 21 on lower limb of first arch .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ... M. argenteus Fisheries information: The silverbat fishes are usually found in the costal waters on the west coast of our country. M. argenteus is a very good aquarium fish since it thrives well in captivity. Family 91 TOXOTIDAE Body deep and compressed. Mouth large, terminal and highly protrusible. Eyes large. Head flat dorsally and pointed. Dorsal fin placed far back on body, with 4 or 5 spines and 12 to 14 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 15 to 17 rays. Soft dorsal fin base considerably shorter than soft anal fin base. Dorsal and anal fins scaly. Lateral line complete, with 25 to 45 scales. Body oblong to ovate and compressed, with ctenoid scales. Mouth small, horizontal with an almost exposed maxilla; upper jaw slightly protrusible. Dorsal fin with 6 to 12 spines and 11 to 22 rays, depressible in a sheath. Anal fin with 3 spines and 11 to 26 rays. Pectoral fins short. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays and with a scally axillary process. Caudal fin forked or emarginated . Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskal) (Blue sea chub) Fisheries information : It is not considered as a good food fish and so, fetches a low price. It is a common fish in coastal waters and near estuaries. Family 93 DREPANIDAE (Sicklefishes) 2. Toxotes jaculator (Pallas) (Banded archerfish) Body highly deep and greatly compressed, with finely ctenoid scales. Head with a parabolic dorsal profile. Mouth terminal and protrusible, forming a downward projecting tube when protracted. Dorsal fin with 8 to 10 spines (the first small, procumbent, visible only in juveniles), the spinous part separated from soft part of dorsal fin by a deep notch and expressible in a high basal scaly sheath. Anal fin with 3 spines. Pectoral fins long and falcate, extending to base of caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded. Lateral line highly arched. Key to the species Species known to occur in Karnataka Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Toxotes chatereus (Hamilton) (Spotted archerfish) la. Dorsal fin with 4 spines; four or five black bars on upper side of body; lateral line scales 1. Drepane punctata (Linnaeus) (Spotted drepane) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Fisheries information: It is fairly common in trawl catches. Its flesh is considered as of excellent quality and marketed fresh. It contributes to fishery seasonally only. Family 94 CHAETODONTIDAE (Butterflyfishes) 363 with ctenoid scales. Mouth small, terminal, protrusible; maxilla not extending to anterior border of orbit. Preopercle with a strong spine. Dorsal fin with 9 to 15 spines and 15 to 33 rays and highly extending into filaments. Anal fin with 3 spines and 14 to 25 soft rays. Species known to occur in Karnataka Body oval to orbicular or subrhomboid and highly compressed. Mouth small, terminal and protractile; maxilla not extending beyond anterior border of eye. Snout slightly produced to highly elongate. Dorsal fin with 6 to 16 spines and 15 to 31 rays, sometimes with a slight notch between spinous and soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines (rarely 4) and 14 to 27 rays. Lateral line extending either up to base of soft part of dorsal fin or caudal fin base. An axillary scally process at base of pelvic fin spine. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chaetodon collarae (Bloch) (Redtail Butterfly fish) 2. Heniocus acuminatus (Linnaeus) (Pennant coral fish) Key to the species la. Lateral line complete, extending up to caudal fin base; fourth dorsal spine elongate to filamentous, often longer than body depth; two broad black bands, first excluding eye from dorsal fin origin to pelvic fin ............ . ............................................... H. acuminatus 1b. Lateral line incomplete, extending up to near last rays of dorsal fin; fourth dorsal spine normal, not extended or filamentous; a black ocular band present with a white band behind it .................................................. C. collarae Fisheries information: The butterfly fishes are of the most colourful among the coral reef fishes. These fishes are used in the aquarium trade. Family 95 POMACANTHIDAE (Angelfishes) Body oval to orbicular and highly compressed 1. Apolemichthys xanthurus (Yellowtail angelfish) (Bennett) 2. Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch) (Ringed anglefish) Key to species 1a. Dorsal and anal fins not prolonged in to a filamentous extension; longest dorsal and anal rays about equal to or shorter than middle caudal fin rays; juveniles similar to adults in colour; soft dorsal rays usually 18 or less ... ................................................... A. xanthurus lb. Dorsal and/or anal fin frequently prolonged into filamentous extensions; longest dorsal (and usually anal) ray longer than middle caudal fin rays; juveniles of different colour than adults, generally black with series of blue or white narrow vertical bands on sides; soft dorsal rays usually 19 or more .................... . ................................................... P. annularis Fisheries information : The juveniles of the Angelfishes are popular aquarium fishes. These fishes are of little commercial importance. Family 96 TERAPONIDAE (Terapon-perches, terapons) Body oblong or oblong-ovate, almost compressed. Opercle with one or two spines, preopercle serrate. Dorsal fin with 11 to 14 spines and 8 to 14 rays, almost separated by a deep notch in some species. Anal fin with 3 spines and 7 to 12 rays. Caudal fin rounded, truncate or emarginated. Body usually with longitudinal dark stripes on sides and caudal fin with dark stripes. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch) (Fourlined terapon) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 364 2. Terapon jarbua (Forsskal) (Jerbua terapon) Species known to occur in Karnataka 3. Terapon theraps (Cuvier) (Large scaled terapon) 1. Kuhlia mugil (Schneider) (Barred flagtail) 4. Terapon puta (Cuvier) (Smallscaled terapon) Key to species 1a. Post-temporal covered with skin and scales, not extended posteriorly, not with a serrate edge; gill membranes united with isthmus .. .......................................... P. quadrilineatus lb. Post-temporal extended and serrate posteriorly, exposed posteriorly, skin and scale covering reduced; gill membranes free from isthmus ............................................... 2 2a. Lateral line with 46 to 56 scales; 6 to 8 scales above lateral line ......................... T. the raps 2b. Lateral line with 70 or more scales; 10 to 17 scales above lateral line ............................. 3 3a. Three or 4 straight longitudinal stripes present on lateral side of body; gillrakers 18 to 24 on lower arm of first gill arch .............. T. puta 3b. Three or 4 curved stripes present on lateral side of body; gill rakers 12 to 15 on lower arm of first arch ........................... T. jarbua Fisheries information : The terapons are important commercial food fishes. T. jarbua is a very common species and a hardy aquarium fish found in both the coasts of our country. Remarks : P. quadrilineatus is a common species known for its croaking noise it invariably makes when taken out of water. T. jarbua is very common in all coastal waters of the country. 2. K. rupestris (Lacepede) (Rock flagtail) Key to species 1a. Caudal fin with 5 prominent dark bands; lateral line scales 48 to 53; gillrakers 10 to 12 on upper limb and 23 to 26 on lower limb of first arch .................................... K. mugil 1b. Caudal fin without dark bands, but juveniles with a blackish blotch on each lobe forming a broad submarginal black band in adults; lateral line scales 38 to 43; gillrakers 6 to 7 on upper limb and 16 to 18 on lower limb of first arch .................................... K. rupestris Fisheries information : The flagtail fishes are important food fishes. These fishes are generally used as bait for large fishes. Family 98 CICHLIDAE (Cichlids) Body deep and compressed. Single nostril on each side of snout. Jaws toothed; palatine and vomer edentulous. Dorsal fin with 12 to 22 spines and 8 to 23 soft rays; anal fin with 3 to 16 spines and 6 to 24 soft rays. Scales weakly ctenoid. Lateral line interrupted, usually with 30 to 40 scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) (Tilapia) 2. Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) (Banded Pearlspot) Family 97 KUHLIIDAE 3. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch) (Spotted chromide) (Flagtail) 4. Etroplus canarensis Day (Canara pearlspot) Body oblong and compressed with ctenoid scales. Upper jaw slightly protrusible, maxilla mostly exposed and without supramaxilla. Opercle with 2 exposed flat spines. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 9 to 16 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 10 to 16 rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 rays. Caudal fin emarginated or forked. Key to the species 1a. Anal fin with 3 or 4 spines; scales cycloid, rarely indistinctly ctenoid ............................ . ............................................ O. mossambicus lb. Anal fin with 12 to 15 spines; scales slightly ctenoid ......................................................... 2 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 2a. Body with 1 to 3 dark circular blotches along sides; dorsal fin with 8 to 10 soft rays and anal fin with 8 or 9 soft rays ..................... . ................................................. E. maculatus 2b. Body with vertical bands on sides with small white pearly spots ....................................... 3 3a. Dorsal fin with 18 to 19 spines and 14 or 15 soft rays; anal fin with 11 or 12 soft rays. ................................................. E. suratensis 3b. Dorsal fin with 21 to 22 spines and 8 soft rays; anal fin with 6 to 7 soft rays ............ . ................................................ E. canarensis 365 and 9 rays. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays. Caudal fin rounded in juvenile specimens but lobes usually extended in adults. Lateral line interrupted below posterior margin of dorsal fin, with 22 to 24 cycloid scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Scarus ghobban Forsskal (Blue-barred parrotfish) 2. Scarus russellii Valenciennes (Eclipse parrotfish) Key to the species Fisheries information : The cichlids are very common in brackish waters and attain a length of 40 cm. These fishes are excellent delicious fishes and are also used in aquaculture and in aquaria. la. Median predorsal scales usually 5 or 6 (often 6); cheek scales in 3 rows ........ S. ghobban Family 99 LABRIDAE Fisheries information : The parrot fishes are of little commercial importance. These fishes form one of the prominent groups of coral reef fishes associated with artisanal fisheries. (Tuskfishes, Hogfishes) Body almost compressed and oblong. Mouth terminal, generally with conspicuous lips. Jaws slightly to extremely protrusible. Dorsal fin with generally 8 to 21 spines and 7 to 14 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 7 to 18 rays. Lateral line smoothly curved, complete or interrupted. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Halichoeres marginatus Ruppell (Dusky wrasse) Fisheries information: Labrids are usually too small to have any commercial value, but larger ones are good as food fish. Dusky wrasse is known to grow maximum 18 cm total length. Remarks : This fish has been reported as Platyglossus notopsis (Valenciennes). Family 100 SCARIDAE (Parrotfishes) Body oblong, almost compressed. Head usually bluntly rounded anteriorly. Mouth small, with jaws fused into a beak-like dental plates. Some species with posterior canine teeth. Dorsal fin with 9 spines and 10 to 11 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines lb. Median predorsal scales usually 4; cheek scales in 2 or 3 rows ................... S. russelii Family 101 PINGUIPEDIDAE (Sandmelts, Sand perches) Body elongate, subcylindrical and posteriorly compressed. Mouth large. Opercle with one stout spine. Dorsal fin with 4 to 5 spines and 19 to 24 rays, the last spine attched by a membrane to the first soft ray. Anal fin with one weak spine and 16 to 19 branched soft rays. Pelvic fins with one short spine concealed in the skin and 5 rays. Caudal fin rounded or truncate to emarginated. Body with ctenoid scales but opercle and cheek with cycloid scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Parapercis hexophthalma (Cuvier) (Spotted sandmelt) Fisheries information : The sandperches are of little commercial importance. These fishes are sometimes found in the bottom trawls. Remarks : This family was earlier known as Mugiloididae. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 366 Family 102 CALLIONYMIDAE (Dragonnets) Body elongate and more or less compressed. Jaws with villiform teeth and upper jaw very protrusible. Preopercle armed with stout spine. Gill openings restricted to a small dorsal or sub lateral pores. Eyes generally directed upwards. Dorsal fin two, the first with 4 flexible spines and the second with 7 to 11 rays. Anal fin with 6 to 12 rays. Pelvic fins with one spine and 5 rays, jugular in position, well separated from each other. Body without scales. Lateral line consisting of pores. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. ? Callionymus japonicus Houttuyn Fisheries information : Dragonets are not considered as of any commercial value. Remarks : Occurrence of this particular fish along Indian coast needs further confirmation as authors feel that Indian Ocean records are outside normal distributional range. More possibly, it is some other species with long pointed caudal fin. Family 103 ELEOTRIDAE (Sleepers) Body elongate with ctenoid or cycloid scales, sometimes partially or completely naked. Dorsal fin two, the first with 6 flexible spines and the second with 1 spine and 8 to 19 rays. Anal fin with one spine and 6 to 19 rays. Pelvic fins separated with sucking disc, bases close together or united, with one spine and 5 rays. Caudal fin with 15 or 17 rays. Lateral line absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Butis butis (Hamilton) (Duckbill sleeper) 2. Bunaka gyrinoides (Bleeker) (Greenback gauvina) 3. Eleotris fusca (Schneider) (Dusky sleeper) 4. Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes) (Northern mud gudgeon) Key to the species la. Scales moderate, lateral series scales 28 to 40; predorsal scales about 40 or more ...... 2 1b. Scales small, lateral series scales 55 to 70; predorsal scales less than 30 ...................... 3 2a. Bony ridge present above eye; scales on lateral series about 30 ..................... B. butis 2b. No bony ridge above eye; scales on lateral series about 38 to 40 .......... 0. porocephala 3a. Angle of preopercle with a single ventrally dirested spine; predorsal scales about 20; longitudinal mucous canals in two rows over cheek, crossed by canals radiating under eye ......................................................... E. fusca 3b. Angle of preopercle without spines; predorsal scales 24 to 26; only two longitudinal rows of mucous canals over cheek, not crossed by radiating canals under eye ...... B. gyrinoides Fisheries information: These are of no fishery importance. Family 104 GOBIIDAE (Gobias) Body elongate or oval and compressed, with ctenoid or cycloid scales. Head with or without pores, but typically having sensory pore canals. Dorsal fin usually two, spinous dorsal fin when present, separated from soft dorsal fin and with 2 to 17 spines. The second or soft rayed dorsal fin and the anal fins are similar in shape and size. Pelvic fins united, sometimes entirely or posteriorly incised, usually forming an adhesive or sucking disc. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) (Tank goby) 2. Oxyurichthys microlepis (Bleeker) (Maned goby) 3. Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes) (Tentacled goby) 4. Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes) (Sleepy goby) 5. Sicyopterus griseus (Day) 6. Stenogobius gymnopomus (Bleeker) BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 7. Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider) (Burrowing goby) 8. Yongeichthys criniger (Valenciennes) Key to the species 1a. Body eel-like; a pauch-like cavity behind operculum ...................................... T. vagina 1b. Body elongate to oblong; no cavity behind operculum .................................................... 2 2a. Lower jaw with single row of teeth; lateral series with about 80 scales ......... S. griseus 367 7b. Branchiostegal membranes attached to sides of isthmus; iris without a lappet dorsally; body pale, without longitudinal lines or saddles on back ................................................ G. giuris Fisheries information : These fishes are of no fishery significance. But G. giuris is marketed fresh. Remarks: Stenogobius malabaricus (Day) is relegated to synonymy of Stenogobius gymnopomus (Bleeker) (Talwar and Jhingran, 1991). 2b. Lower jaw with several rows of teeth; lateral series with less than 70 scales ................... 3 Family 105 EPHIPPIDAE 3a. Inner edge of shoulder girdle with some fleshy flsps ..................................... S. gymnopomus Body greatly deep to more or less orbicular and highly compressed with scales. Head short, its profile either steep or considerably convex. Mouth small, horizontal; tip of maxilla concealed. Dorsal fin with 9 spines, interspinous membranes deeply incised, sometimes filamentous; spinous part separated from soft part by a deep notch. Anal fin with 3 spines. Pectoral fins short and rounded. Pelvic fins thoracic, pointed, with an axillary process. Caudal fin distally almost sigmoid shaped, with an obtuse median angular process. Body with 4 or 5 vertical black bands which fade with the maturity of the fish. 3b. Inner edge of shoulder girdle smooth or with minute bumps only .................................... .4 4a. Teeth on upper jaw in one row; a membranous crest on nape ............................................... 5 4b. Teeth on upper jaw in several rows; no dermal crest on nape ............................................... 6 5a. Distinct elongate tentacle over eye; first dorsal fin with 3 rows of reddish-violet spots; 2nd dorsal fin 5 or 6 rows of oblong reddishviolet spots ........................... 0. tentacularis 5b. No tentacle, but often a bump over eye; first dorsal fin with two blue lines; 2 nd dorsal fin with blue spots ....................... 0. microlepis 6a. Gill opening restricted to pectoral fin base or slightly below; predorsal scales 2 or 3; three larger blackish spots along sides ................ . ..................................................... Y. criniger 6b. Gill opening extending below rear margin of preopercle or beyond; predorsal scales 12 to 20; no larger spots along sides .................. 7 7a. Branchiostegal membranes form a free fold across isthmus; iris with a lappet dorsally covering part of pupil; body dark with many longitudinal lines and saddles on back ...... . ................................................ P. biocellatus (Spadefishes) Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Ephippus orbis (Bloch) (Orbfish) 2. Platax orbicularis (Forsskal) (Orbicular batfish) 3. Platax teira (Forsskal) (Tier a batfish) Key to the species 1a. Spinous dorsal fin separated from soft rayed portion by a deep notch, spines in dorsal not increasing in length posteriorly ...... E. orbis lb. Spinous dorsal fin united with soft rayed portion, without notch, spines in dorsal increasing in length posteriorly .................. 2 2a. Dorsal finrays 28 to 34; soft dorsal and anal fins greately elongated; mouth profile 368 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 rounded; scales small, 40 to 45 from lateral line origin to 1st dorsal spine .......... P. teira 2b. Dorsal finrays 35 to 37; soft dorsal and anal fins not much elongated; mouth profile pointed; scales larger, 25 to 30 from lateral line origin to 1st dorsal spine ...................... . ............ ............. ........... ............ P. orbicularis Fisheries information : The batfishes are of not much commercial importance. These fishes are edible and palatable but not much esteemed as food on account of their foul feeding habits. Remarks : Several records of Indian coast are referred to Platax pinnatus (Linnaeus), a species not likely to occur in this region. This species usually differs from P. orbicularis in having only 3 or 4 mandibular pores on each side (vs 5 pores) and snout concave before eyes (vs convex in orbicularis) (Smith, 1986). Family 106 SCATOPHAGIDAE (Scats) Body quadrangular and greatly compressed. Head profile steep. Mouth small, horizontal with brush-like teeth. Dorsal fin with 11 to 12 strong spines and 16 to 18 rays, the first spine procumbent; middle of dorsal fin with a deep notch. Anal fin with 4 strong spines and 13 to 16 rays. Pectoral fins, relatively small, with 16 to 17 rays. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate. Lateral line arched and complete. Body silvery or greenish with numerous dark spots. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Scatophagus argus (Bloch) (Spotted scat) Fisheries information: The scats are of not much commercial importance. These fishes are popular aquarium fishes due to their attractiveness for their colour pattern of dark spots or bars on their body and orange-red colour on the dorsal profile. jaws with a single row of fine, close-set teeth. Dorsal fin with 13 strong spines and 10 rays. Anal fin with 7 spines and 9 rays. Pelvic fins with two spines and 3 rays. Dorsal fin preceeded by a forward projectinf spine. Caudal fin usually emarginate. Scales small, cycloid. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Siganus canaliculatus (Park) (Whitespotted spinefoot) 2. Siganus javus (Park) (Streaked spinefoot) 3. Siganus vermiculatus (Vermiculated spinefoot) (Valenciennes) Key to the species la. Body depth 2.4 to 2.8 times in standard length ............................................. S. canaliculatus lb. Body depth 1.8 to 2.3 times in standard length ..................................................................... 2 2a. Scale rows between mid-dorsal fin base and lateral line 30 to 35 ......................... S. javus 2b. Scale rows between mid-drosal fin base and lateral line 17 to 28 ............ S. vermiculatus Fisheries information : The rabbitfishes are generally found in the reef areas and among inshore commercial fishes of our country. Remarks: Siganus canaliculatus (Park) has been reported as Siganus oramin (Bloch & Schneider). The siganids are commonly known as rabbitfishes owing to their similarity with the mouth of rabbits. Spines of rabbit fishes with grooves on sides are known to contain venom glands. These fishes should be carefully handled otherwise a slightest contact with one of these spine tips may produce a very painful puncture wound. Family 108 ACANTHURIDAE (Surgeon fishes) Family 107 SIGANIDAE (Parrotfishes) Body oblong or oval, almost compressed. Head usually bluntly rounded anteriorly. Mouth small, Body almost elongate or deep, compressed with a single folding lancet-like spine or one or two body plates generally bearing sharp keels on sides of caudal peduncle. Mouth small, teeth in a single BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish row,variable in shape with genus, but never caniniform or molariform. Dorsal fin with 4 to 9 spines and 19 to 31 soft rays. Anal fin with 2 to 3 spines and 19 to 36 soft rays. Pelvic fins with one spine and 3 to 5 soft rays. Caudal fin lunate or truncate. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Acanthurus surgeonfish) mata Cuvier (Elongate Fisheries information : Surgeon fishes are of little commercial importance. Remarks : This fish has been reported as Acanthurus bleekeri Gunther. Family 109 SPHYRAENIDAE (Barracudas) Body elongate with long pointed snout. Mouth large with lower jaw projecting beyond upper, with large fang-like teeth. Dorsal fin two, considerably separated, the first with 5 spines and second with one spine and 9 rays. Pectoral fins inserted low on body. Caudal fin forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Sphyraena acutipinnis Day (Sharp-fin barracuda) 2. Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards) (Great barracuda) 3. Sphyraenaforsteri Cuvier (Bigeye barracuda) 4. Sphyraena jello Cuvier (Picklhandle barracuda) 5. Sphyraena barracuda) obtusata Cuvier (Obtuse 369 2a. Gillrakers present on first arch .................. 3 2b. Gillrakers absent on first arch .................. .4 3a. Single gillraker at angle of first arch ......... . ............................................. S. acccutipinnis 3b. Two (rarely 3) gillrakers at angle of first arch .................................................... S. obtusata 4a. Lateral line pores less than 100 (usually 80 to 90); sides with several inky blotches beneath lateral line .................. S. barracuda 4b. Lateral line pores more than 100; no black blotches on lower sides of body ...... S. jello Fisheries information : The barracudas are of minor commercial importance. These fishes are marketed fresh, frozen dried, salted or smoked. Family 110 GEMPYLIDAE (Snake mackerel) Body elongate and compressed or semifusiform. Mouth large with strong teeth in jaws, those at front of upper jaw generally fanglike. Two nostrils on each side of snout. Dorsal fin two, base of second dorsal fin (excluding finlets) shorter than the first. Pelvic fins usually small, often reduced to a single spine with only a few or without soft rays, or entirely absent in adults. Anal fin like second dorsal fin, with 1 to 2 free or comprised spines. Caudal fin forked, the rays attached only to distal border of hypurals. Lateral line single or double. Caudal peduncle without keels. Scales variously modified or absent. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Gempylus serpens Cuvier (Snake mackerel) Key to the species 1a. First gill arch with platelets, each bearing several small spines; no gillrakers on first arch; a well defined dusky blotch underneath base of pectoral fins .................... S. forsteri 1b. First gill arch without spine-covered platelets as above; either 1 or 2 (rarely 3) gill rakers or none on first arch .................................. 2 2. Nealotus tripes Johnson (Black snake mackerel) 3. Neopinnula orientalis (Gillchrist & von Bonde) (Sackfish) 4. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier) (Roudi escolar) 5. Rexea bengalensis (Alcock) (Bengal escolar) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 370 6. ?Rexea prometheoides (Bleeker) (Royal escolar) Key to the species 1a. Pelvic fins well developed ...... N. orientalis lb. Pelvic fins undeveloped ............................. 2 2a. Lateral line single ....................................... 3 2b. Lateral line double ..................................... .4 3a. Two free anal spines posterior to vent, first of them large, dagger-shaped; lateral line fairly straight: dorsal fin spines 20 to 21 ... ........................................................ N. tripes 3b. No free anal fin spines posterior to vent; lateral line curved abruptly downward anterilrly; dorsal spines 17 to 18 ................ . ·.............................................. P. prometheus 4a. Both lateral line originates at one point at upper edge of opercle; five to seven finlets behind dorsal and anal fins ........ G. serpens 4b. Lower lateral line originates below fourth to sixth dorsal spine; two to three finlets behind dorsal and anal fins .................................... 5 Sa. Pectoral fin length 2.2 to 2.4 times in head length; a lancet-shaped stripe of scales extending forward from caudal peduncle to below first dorsal fin base .......................... . ·......................................... R. prometheoides 5b. Pectoral fin length 1.6 to 2.0 times in head length; entire body scaleless ....................... . ·.............................................. R. bengalensis Fisheries information : These fishes are of minor commercial value. Remarks : Although N akamuara and Parin (1993) does not consider possibility of occurrence of Rexea prometheoides along Indian coast, it is included here for Nakamura (1984) indicated its availability along west coast of India which need further confirmation. Family 111 TRICHIURIDAE (Ribbonfishes) Body very elongate, compressed, ribbon-like with a small forked or hair-like caudal fin. Mouth large, with strong teeth in jaws; those at front of upper jaw fang-like. A single dorsal fin, extending almost the entire length of body, the spinous part either short and continuous with a very short soft part, or the spinous part somewhat long and separated from soft part by a notch. Anal fin preceded by 2 free spines posterior to anus (first inconspicuous and second variously enlarged as leaf-like or keeled scutes, or as a stout spine), without or reduced soft rays. Pelvic fins absent, or reduced to one scale-like spine and 0 to 2 rudimentary soft rays. Pectoral fins rather small . Lateral line single. Body without scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Eupleurogrammus glossodon (Bleeker) (Longtooth hairtail) 2. Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray) (Smallhead hairtail) 3. Lepturacanthus savala Cuvier (Savalani hairtail) 4. Trichiurus auriga Klunzinger (Pearly hairtail) 5. Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus (Largehead hairtail) Key to the species 1a. Pelvic fins scale-like; free marglll of subopercle convex ...................................... 2 lb. Pelvic fins absent; free margin of subopercle concave ........................................................ 3 2a. A pair of fangs on tips of lower jaw; dorsal fin membrane slightly tinged with black along spines; dorsal side of posterior part of body slightly black; a black spot just behind dermal process of lower jaw; pelvic fins inserted below 11 th to 14th dorsal fin rays .............. . ................................................. E. glossodon 2b. No fangs on tip of lower jaw; dorsal fin membrane pale; both dorsal and ventral sides of posterior part of body black; no black spot behind dermal process of ventral side of lower jaw; pelvic fins inserted below 15 th to 18 th dorsal fin rays ............................. E. muticus 371 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 3a. First anal fin spine large, its length half of eye diameter; soft anal fin rays pungent spinules breaking through vertical skin; two small canine teeth on upper jaw project forward; a small slit on ventral side of lower jaw for receiving anteriormost fang of upper jaw ................................................. L. savala 6. Katswonus pelamis (Linnaeus) (Skipjack tuna) 7. Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier) (Indian mackerel) 8. Sarda orientalis (Striped bonito) (Temminck & Schlegel) 9. Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede) (Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel) 3b. First anal fin spine small, its length less than pupil of eye; soft anal fin rays slightly breaking through ventral skin in smaller specimens; no canine teeth on upper jaw project forward; no slit on ventral side of lower jaw ..................................................... 4 11. Scomberomorus koreanus (Kishinouye) (Korean seerfish) 4a. Fangs on jaws with barbs; dorsal fin elements more than 130 ............................. T. lepturus 12. Scomberomorus lineatus (Cuvier) (Streaked seerfish) 4b. Fangs on jaws without barbs; dorsal fin elements less than 120 ................. T. auriga 13. Thunnus albacore (Bonnaterre) (Yellow fin tuna) Fisheries information: The ribbonfishes form one of the commercial fisheries particularly in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These fishes are of poor quality food fishes and are sold dried-salted in some parts of the country. 14. Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker) (Longtail tuna) Family 112 SCOMBRIDAE (Mackerels and Tunas) Body torpedo-like strongly built with generally metallic blue or blue green back. Dorsal fin two (depressible into groove) with finlets posterior to seond dorsal fin and anal fin in some species. Lateral line simple or branched. Caudal fin rays deeply divided covering completely the hypural plate. Caudal peduncle slender with a pair of oblique keels close to the end of caudal fin. Body uniformly covered with small cycloid scales or restricted to a corselet around anterior part of body. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier) (Wahoo) 2. Auxis rochei (Risso) (Bullet tuna) 3. Auxis thazard (Lacepede) (Frigate tuna) 4. Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) (Kawakawa) 5. Gymnosarda unicolor (Rtippell) (Dogtooth tuna) 10. Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider) (Indo-Pacific king mackerel) Key to the species la. Teeth in jaws strong, compressed, triangular or knife-like ................................................ 2 1b. Teeth in jaws, slender, conical, or very small .................................................................... 6 2a. Dorsal fin with 23 to 27 spines; gill rakers absent; snout as long as rest of the head (Acanthocybium) ........................ A. solandri 2b. Dorsal fin with 14 to 22 spines; at least 3 gill rakers present; snout shorter than rest of the head (Scomberomorus) ............................... 3 3a. Lateral line abruptly curving downwards below second dorsal fin; numerous wavy vertical bars on sides below ....................... . ............................................... S. commerson 3b. Lateral line straight or gradually descending posteriorly; no vertical bars on sides, but with spots or lines .............................................. 4 4a. Lateral line without fine branches anteriorly; sides of body with narrow horizontal lines, sometimes breaking into spots ventrally ..... .......... ........... ......... ........... ........ S. lineolatus 4b. Lateral line with many fine branches 372 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 anteriorly; sides of body with round spots. .................................................................... 5 longitudinal stripes on upper part of body (Sarda) ...................................... S. orientalis 5a. Body depth before second dorsal fin equal to or less than head length; intestine with 2 folds; first dorsal fin black up to 8th spine, white posteriorly ................................... S. guttatus lOb. First dorsal fin with 13 to 15 spines; tongue with two patches of teeth; no stripes or lines on upper part of body (Gymnosarda) ......... ................................................... G. unicolor 5b. Body depth before second dorsal fin greater than head length; intestine with 4 folds; first dorsal fin uniformly black ....... S. koreanus 11a. Body covered with very small scales behind corselet; pectoral fin with 30 to 36 rays; no black stripes or spots on body (Thunnus) .. .................................................................. 12 6a. First and second dorsal fin widely separated by a space almost equal to first dorsal fin base ............................................................. 7 6b. First and second dorsal fin almost contiguous or at most separated by a space about eye diameter only .............................................. 9 7a. Two small keels on either side of caudal peduncle; 5 finlets to dorsal and anal fin each; two horizontal rows of spots below dorsal fin and often with narrow dark longitudinal lines on upper part of body ... R. kanagurta 7b. Two small keels and a midlateral keel on sides of caudal peduncle; 7 to 8 finlets to anal and dorsal fin; colour pattern not as above (Auxis) .............................................. 7 8a. Posterior part of corselet narrower, not more than 5 scales wide under second dorsal fin origin; pectoral fins reaching vertical from scaleless area above corselet; dark stripes on back narrow, oblique to nearly horizontal and wavy ............................................ A. thazard 8b. Posterior part of corselet wider, 6 to 20 scales wide under the second dorsal in origin; pectoral fins not reaching vertical from scaleless area above corselet; dark stripes on back broad and nearly vertical .... A. rochei 9a. Upper surface of tongue without longitudinal cartilaginous ridge .................................... 10 9b. Upper surface of tongue with two longitudinal cartilaginous ridges .................................. 11 lOa. First dorsal fin with 17 to 19 spines; tongue without tooth patches; 5 to 10 narrow, dark, 11 b. Body without scales except for corselet and lateral line; pectoral fin with 26 or 27 rays; dark stripes or bands present on body .... 13 12a. Gill rakers 26 to 34 on first arch; airbladder present; belly with pale markings arranged in vertical rows ........................ T. albacares 12b. Gill rakers 19 to 26 on first arch; airbladder absent; belly with pale oval spots arranged in longitudinal rows .................... T. tonggol 13a. First dorsal fin with 14 to 16 spines; gill rakers 53 to 63 on first arch; 4 to 6 distinct dark longitudinal stripes on body below lateral line; no spots between pelvic and pectoral fins (Katsuwonus) ........ K. pelamis 13b. First dorsal fin with 11 to 14 spines; gill rakers 29 to 34 on first arch; oblique stripes above lateral line, but no longitudinal stripes below it; characteristic dark spots between pelvic and pectoral fins (Euthynnus) .......... ...................................................... . E. affinis Fisheries information : These are important components of commercial pelagic fishery. Flesh of these fishes is mostly oily, rich and tasty. Kerala coast and Lakshadweep islands are most prominent areas for tuna catch and Karnataka being an adjacent state contributes considerably. K. pelamis is the most common tuna occurring in this region. Remarks : Occurrence of the Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre), along Karnataka coast is doubtful since it is an open water Oceanic fish. BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Family 113 XIPHIID AE (Swordfishes) Body elongate and cylindrical without scales in adults but scales with spines present in specimens of almost one meter total length. Upper jaw enlarged into a long bill (both jaws enlarged into long bills in juveniles). Dorsal fin two, well separated in adults (but united in juveniles), first with 34 to 49 and second with 4 to 6 rays. Anal fin two, separated in adults (but united in juveniles), first anal fin with 13 to 14 and second anal fin with 3 to 4 rays. Pectoral fins falcate with 16 to 18 rays. Pelvic fins and pelvic girdles absent. Caudal fin large and lunate. Caudal peduncle with a single median keel on each side and a deep notch on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus (Swordfish) Fisheries information : The liver oil of the Swordfish contains vitamin A. Its flesh is greatly esteemed. Remarks : This has been reported from Karnataka coast as Histiophorus gladius (Broussonet). Family 114 ISTIOPHORIDAE (Sailfishes, Marlins) Body elongate and cylindrical with ossified and elongate scales, each with one to several points. Premaxillaries prolonged forming a long bill. Dorsal fin two, close together, the first much larger than second. Anal fin two, separated, the first longer than the second. The dorsal fin and anal fins can be folded into groove. Pectoral fins falcate, inserted low on lateral sides of body. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 2 rays fused together, depressible into a groove. Caudal fin large and forked. Caudal peduncle with a pair of keels on each side and a shallow notch on the both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & Nodder) (lndo-Pacific sailfish) 373 2. Makaria indica (Cuvier) (Black marlin) 3. ?Tetrapterus angustirostris Tanaka (Shortbill spearfish) 4. Tetrapterus audax (Philippi) (Striped marlin) Key to the species 1a. First dorsal fin sail-like and considerably higher than body depth at the level of middle of body; pelvic fins very long, almost reaching to origin of anal fin, with conspicuous membrane ................................ I. platypterus lb. First dorsal fin slightly higher or lower than body depth at level of middle of body and not sail-like; pelvic fin rays short, considerably separated from origin of anal fin with moderately developed membrane .. ..................................................................... 2 2a. Height of anterior lobe of first dorsal fin lower than body depth; nape greatly elevated; body not compressed laterally ............... M. indica 2b. Height of anterior lobe of first dorsal fin slightly higher than or almost equal to body depth; nape slightly elevated or not elevated; body considerably compressed ................... 3 3a. Upper jaw long, less than 1.5 in head length; first dorsal fin low posteriorly; anus close to origin of first anal fin; pectoral fins long, larger than pelvic fins ................................. . ........................................................ T audax 3b. Upper jaw short, about 1.6 in head length; first dorsal fin rather high throughout; anus apart from origin of first anal fin; pectoral fin shorter than pelvic fin ................................. . ............................................ T. angustirostris Fisheries information: Indo-Pacific sailfish is the most common species along the coasts of our country. The liver oil of these fishes is probably the richest of all containing vitamin A. Remarks: Makaria indica (Cuvier) has been reported as Tetrapturus brevirostris (Playfair). Family 115 CENTROLOPHIDAE Body somewhat compressed, slender to deep. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 374 Preopercular margin moderately denticulate. Opercle thin, with 2 flat, weak spines. Branchiostagal rays 7. Mouth large, maxilla extends to below eye. Teeth in jaws small, conical and in single series. Vomer and palatines toothless. Pharyngeal sacs with irregularly shaped papillae in 10 or 20 longitudinal bands. Dorsal fin single, continuous, with 0 to 5 weak spines or 5 to 9 short, stout spines. Anal fin with 3 spines and 15 to 41 rays. Scales usually cycloid and easily detached. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Psenopsis cyanea (Alcock) (Indian ruff) Fisheries information : It is of minor fishery importance. Usually taken with bottom trawl in deep water and marketed fresh. The soft flesh of this fish, although tasts good, spoils quickly. Abundant during November to April. Family 116 ARIOMMATIDAE (Driftfishes) Body oval and almost deep, compressed with cycloid and easily detachable scales. Mouth small with minute teeth in jaws. Dorsal fin two, first with 10 to 13 spines and second with one spine and 14 to 18 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 13 to 16 rays. Pectoral fins with 20 to 24 rays. Pelvic fins thoracic, attached to the abdomen with a membrane and folding into a long pronounced groove. Caudal fin stiff and deeply forked. Caudal peduncle with 2 low fleshy keels on each side. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Ariomma indica (Day) (Indian arioma) Fisheries information : The driftfishes are of limited commercial importance. These fishes are captured off Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. These fishes contain high quality flesh. Family 117 STROMATEIDAE (Pomfrets) Body very deep and compressed. Mouth small with immovable maxilla. Eyes with adipose eyelid. Single dorsal fin and anal fins, long-based and slightly to deeply falcate, preceded by none or 5 to 10 flat, blade-like spines (mostly in juveniles). Pectoral fins long and wing-like. Pelvic fins absent. Caudal fin generally forked. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) (Silver pomfret) 2. P. chinensis (Euphrasen) (Chinese pomfret) Key to species 1a. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, proceeded by 5 to 10 flat, blade-like spines; caudal fin deeply forked ....................................... P. argenteus 1b. Dorsal and anal fins not falcate but fin rays gradually diminish in length posteriorly, no spines preceding the median fins; caudal fin emarginate ................................... P. chinesis Fisheries information : Silver pomfret is one of the very important commercial fishes. It has a great demand and marketed fresh. Order XXIX PLEURONECTIFORMES Body highly compressed and typically not bilaterally symmetrical; characteristically one eye migrate to the other side of the cranium. Eyes usually protrude above body surface. Eyes lie either on right side (sinistral) or on left side (dextral). Dorsal and anal fins with long bases. Branchiostegal rays 6 to 8. Body cavity small. Scales cycloid, ctenoid, or tuberculate. Eyed side usually coloured, blind side normally white and flat. These are usually benthic and carnivorous. Key to the families la. Dorsal fin with spinous rays, its onglll considerably posterior to eyes .................... .. ........................................... PSETTODIDAE lb. Dorsal fin with soft rays only, its origin above or anterior to lower eyes ............................ 2 2a. Preopercular margin not free, concealed under the skin or scales ........................................ 3 2b. Preopercular margin free and visible, not concealed by skin or scales ...................... .4 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 3a. Eyes on right side of head ....... SOLEIDAE 3b. Eyes on left side of head ............................. . ..................................... CYNOGLOSSIDAE 4a. Pelvic fin on eyed side generally much longer than that of blind side ............. BOTHIDAE 375 3. Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock (Pelican flounder) 4. Engyprosopon grandisquama (Temm. & Schlegel) (Large scale flounder) Key to the species 4b. Pelvic fin bases short, that of blind side almost as long as eyed side .................................... . ................................. PARALICHTHYIDAE 1a. Maxilla contained less than 2 times in head length; lower jaw very prominent .............. . .................................................... C. lugubris Family 118 PSETTODIDAE 1b. Maxilla contained more than 2 times in head length; lower jaw not prominent ............... 2 (Indian Halibuts) Body oval, flat and highly thick with eyes on either left or right side. The upper eye very close to dorsal margin of body. Mouth large, maxilla extends considerably beyond posterior border of lower eye. Single dorsal fin, long; its origin well behind eyes; anterior fin rays spinous. Lateral line almost straight, with 70 to 75 scales. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Psettodes erumei (Bloch) (Indian Halibut) Fisheries information : The Indian halibut constitute an important fishery in the Chennai and Mumbai coasts. It is found in both coasts of our country. Family 119 BOTHIDAE (Lefteye flounders) Body flat with eyes on left side. Mouth asymmetrical with teeth in jaws. Preopercie exposed, its hind margin free and visible. Pectoral and pelvic fins present; fin rays not branched. Pelvic fin base on blind side shorter than eyed side. Dorsal fin long, inserted above or anterior to eyes continued up to base of caudal fin. Anal fin also long, originating below pectoral fins and continued up to caudal fin base. Caudal fin separate, free from dorsal and anal fins. Fins without spines. Lateral line single. 2a. Lateral line without a forked branch behind upper eye .......................... E. grandisquama 2b. Lateral line with a forked branch behind upper eye ............................................................... 3 3a. Scales mostly cycloid on ocular side, ctenoid at edges of body ...................... B. myriaster 3b. Scales all ctenoid on ocular side ................ . .............................................. B. pantherinus Fisheries information: The left-eye flounders are of little commercial importance. These fishes are caught as bycatch in the commercial catches. Family 120 PARALICHTHYIDAE (Large-tooth flounders) Body flat with eyes on left side. Mouth asymmetrical; jaws with teeth, well developed on blind side. Preopercle exposed, its hind margin free and visible. Pectoral and pelvic fin rays branched. Pelvic fin bases short and nearly symetrical. Dorsal fin long, inserted above or anterior to eyes. Anal fin long, originating below pectoral fins. Caudal fin free from dorsal and anal fins. Fins without spines. Lateral line single. Species known to occur in Karnataka Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Pseudo rhombus arsius (Hamilton) (Large toothed flounder) 1. Bothus myriaster (Temminck & Schlegel) (Oval flounder) 2. Pseudo rhombus elevatus Ogilby (Deep flounder) 2. Bothus pantherinus (Ruppell) (Leopard flounder) 3. Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker) (Javan flounder) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 376 4. Pseudo rhombus malayan us Bleeker (Malayan flounder) 5. Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Bloch) (Three spotted flounder) Key to the species 1a. Anterior rays of dorsal fin longer than that follow; 23 to 25 gill rakers on lower arm of first arch ................................ P. triocellatus absent in adults. Pelvic fins sometimes asymmetrical, either free or joined to anal fin. Lateral line single and straight on body, sometimes branched on head. Scales moderately large, cycloid or ctenoid; sometimes modified into skin flaps fringed with sensory filament. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Aesopia cornuta Kaup (Horned sole) 2. Brachirus orientalis (Bloch) (Oriental sole) 1b. Anterior rays of dorsal fin not prolonged; 8 to 15 gill rakers on lower arm of first arch ..................................................................... 2 4. Synaptura albomaculata Kaup (Kaup's sole) 2a. Scales on blind side of body ctenoid ......... . ................................................ P. malayanus 5. Synaptura commersonii (Commerson's sole) 2b. Scales on blind side of body cycloid ........ 3 6. Zebrias quagga (Kaup) (Quagga sole) 3a. Teeth strong, widely set, canines large, 6 to 13 teeth on blind side of lower jaw ........... . ...................................................... .. P. arsius 7. Zebrias synapturoides (Jenkins) (Jenkins's sole) 3b. Teeth smaller, more close set, not enlarged anteriorly, more than 24 teeth on blind side ..................................................................... 4 4a. Scales ctenoid on ocular side; upper profile on head notched ......................... P. elevatus 4b. Scales on ocular side more or less ctenoid anteiorly, mostly cycloid posteriorly; upper profile of head scarcely notched, usually evenly curved ........................... P. javanicus Fisheries information : The large-tooth flounders are of minor commercial value. These fishes are captured as bycatch in the commercial catches. Family 121 SOLEIDAE (Soles) Body oval or almost elongate and highly compressed flat fish with eyes dextral (on right side of body). Mouth small and asymmetrical, terminal or slightly inferior. Snout sometimes hook-shaped. Preopercle without a free border, embedded in skin. Dorsal fin extends on head to above eye or forward; dorsal and anal fins free or confluent with caudal fin. Pectoral fins generally 3. Solea elongata Day (Elongate sole) (Lacepede) Key to the species 1a. Gill openings on ocular side ending opposite lower edge or lower part of pectoral fin base; pectoral fins on both sides generally well developed, rounded or obtusely pointed ... 2 1b. Gill openings on ocular side ending opposite upper part of pectoral fin base; pectoral fins small, especially on blind side ................... 3 2a. Posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins more or less elongate and confluent to caudal fin; urinogenital papilla situated between the pelvic fin and close to anus .... B. orientalis 2b. Posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins short and not confluent with caudal fin; urinogenital papilla situated on right side of the body at some distance from the anus .... S. elongata 3a. Opercular membrane not joined to pectoral fins ............................................................... 4 3b. Opercular membranes of both sides of body joined to upper rays of pectoral fins ......... 5 4a. Scales on head and nape of ocular (eyed) side larger than those on body; body without spots; no tentales between nostrils ............ .. ............................................. S. commersonii 377 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish 4b. Scales on head and body similar in size; 2 or 3 rows of white spots on ocular side of body; a tentale present between nostrils ............... . ............................................ S. albomaculata Sa. First rays of dorsal fin enlarged and free ... ..................................................... A. cornuta Sb. First ray of dorsal fin not enlarged and free ..................................................................... 6 6a. Posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins partly confluent with caudal fin, joined only to basal half of caudal fin, leaving the latter distinct, outline of fins not continuous around caudal fin; eyes without tentacles ........................... . ................ ................. .......... Z. synapturoides 6b. Posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins completely confluent to caudal fin, outline of fins continuous around caudal fin .............. . ...................................................... Z. quagga Fisheries information : The soles of of minor commercial value in general. These fishes are marketed fresh and dried salted. Family 122 CYNOGLOSSIDAE 6. Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker) (Rough scale tongue sole) 7. Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton (Long tongue sole) 8. Cynoglossus macrostomus Norman (Malabar tongue sole) 9. Cynoglossus punticeps (Speckled tongue sole) (Richardson) 10. Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch) (Doublelined tongue sole) Key to the species 1a. Lips with rows of fringed tentacles ............ . ·.................................................. P. bilineata 1b. Lips small, not fringed ............................... 2 2a. Caudal fin with 12 rays ............................. 3 2b. Caudal fin with 8 to 10 rays .................... .4 3a. One lateral line on blind side ...... C. dubius 3b. Two lateral lines on blind side ................... . ·................................................. C. bilineatus (Tongue soles) 4a. Two lateral lines on blind side .... C. dispar Tongue-shaped flat fishes with eyes sinistral (left side of head). Mouth asymmetrical, lips fringed in some, rostral hook present below mouth. Preopercle margin not free, covered with skin and scales. Dorsal fin inserted on head, both dorsal and anal fins united with caudal fin. Pectoral fins absent. Only left pelvic fins present. Dorsal and pelvic fins without spiny rays. Lateral line variable, o to 3 on ocular side and 0 to 2 on blind side. 4b. No lateral line on blind side ...................... S Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Cynoglossus arel (Schneider)(Largescale tongue sole) 2. Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepede) (Four lined tongue sole) 3. Cynoglossus carpenteri Alcock (Hooked tongue sole) 4. Cynoglossus dispar Day (Round head tongue sole) S. Cynoglossus dubius Day (Carrot tongue sole) Sa. Scales cycloid on blind side of the body .. 6 Sb. Scales ctenoid on blind side ...................... 8 6a. Three lateral line on ocular side ................. . ·................................................ C. carpenteri 6b. Two lateral lines on ocular side of the body ..................................................................... 7 7a. Scales 11 or 12 between lateral lines on ocular side of the body ............................ C. lingua 7b. Scales 7 to 9 between lateral lines on ocular side of the body ................................ C. arel 8a. Angle of mouth distinctly nearer to gill opening than tip of snout ................. C. lida 8b. Angle of mouth nearer to tip of snout than to gill opening ................................................. 9 9a. Cleft of mouth extending far back to posterior margin of fixed eye ........... C. macrostomus Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 378 9b. Cleft of mouth extending to only middle or about posterior border of fixed eye ............ . ................................................ C. puncticeps thickened scale plates, generally hexagonal in shape; spinous dorsal fin absent ............ . ............................................ OSTRACIIDAE Fisheries information : The tongue soles are of minor commercial value. Many species are important in commercial fisheries and are valued as good food source. Malabar tongue sole constitutes an important fishery in the south-west of our conrty. 3b. Body not encased in a bony shell or carapace; spinous dorsal fin present ......................... .4 Remarks : Cynoglossus macrolepidosus (Bleeker) and Cynoglossus quinqelineatus Day are referable to Cynoglossus arel (Schneider) and Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepede) respectively (Menon, 1977). Order XXX TETRAODONTIFORMES Body usually covered with modified scales. Scales usually modified as spines, shields, or plates. Lateral line present or absent, sometimes multiple. Maxilla usually firmly united or fused with premaxilla. No paretals, nasals, or infraorbitals, and no lower ribs. Hyomandibular and palatine firmly attached to skull. Gill opening restricted. Swim bladder often present. Many fishes are capable of becoming inflate. Key to families 1a. Teeth fused forming a parrot-like beak; pelvic fins and dorsal fins without spines ............ 2 lb. Teeth not fused to form a parrot-like beak as in 1a ............................................................. 3 2a. Body covered with spines, capable of great inflation; teeth fused into a single beak-like structure in each jaw, without a median suture dividing upper and lower jaw into right and left halves .......................... DIODONTIDAE 4a. Pelvic fins represented by a pair of strong spines; dorsal fin with 6 spines (generally only 5 visible, the 6 th being very small) ..... ...................................... TRIACANTHIDAE 4b. Pelvic fins and spines very small or absent; dorsal fin with 2 or 3 spines ..................... 5 5a. Dorsal fin with 2 spines, only first spine large and prominent; body covered by smooth to rough shagreen like skin consisting of small scales armed with spinules .......................... . ................................... MONACANTHIDAE 5b. Dorsal fin with 3 visible spines; body covered with very thick, tough skin with large rectilinear scale plates easily discernible as individual units ...................... BALISTIDAE Family 123 TRIACANTHIDAE (Tripod fishes ) Body compressed and deep with numerous scales not normally visible individually. Each scale with upright spinules. Mouth small and generally terminal. Dorsal fin with 6 spines (generally 5 visible only, 6th beingvery small) and 20 to 26 rays. Anal finrays 13 to 22. Pelvic fins represented by a large spine which is movably articulated with anterior end of pelvis and capable of being locked erect of the pelvis. Caudal fin deeply forked. Caudal peduncle distinctly tapered. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch) (Short nosed tipodfish) 2b. Body naked or with only small scattered prickles; teeth fused to form a beak-like structure, but separated by a median suture forming 'four toothed' appearance ............. . .................................. TETRAODONTIDAE 2. Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer (Cantor)(Long spines tripodfish) 3a. Body almost completely encased in a bony shell or carapace formed of enlarged, 1a. Tips of dorsal and ventral spines naked; second dorsal spine more than half the length Key to the species 379 BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish of first; spinous dorsal with high scaly sheath ................................................... P. strigilifer 1b. Tips of dorsal and ventral spines covered with integument; second dorsal spine not more than half of first; spinous dorsal without scaly sheath ..................................... T. biaculeatus Fisheries information: The tripodfishes are of no commercial importance. These fishes are sometimes found in the commercial fish catches. Remarks: Records of Triacanthus brevirostris Schlegel are referable to T. biaculeatus (Bloch). Family 124 BALISTIDAE (Trigerfishes) Body usually deep and compressed, covered with thick, tough skin with large rectilinear scale plates. Scales above pectoral fin base usually enlarged and slightly separated, forming a flexible tympanum. Mouth small and terminal. Dorsal fin two, the first with 3 spines and second spine more than one half the length of the first; the spine capable of being locked in an upright position of erction by the second. Most dorsal, anal and pectoral rays branched. Pelvic fins and spines very small or absent, represented by a series of 4 pairs of enlarged scales encasing the end of pelvis. Fisheries information: The umcorn leather jacket is no commercial value. This species IS caught as bycatch in the commercial catches. Family 126 OSTRACIIDAE (Boxfish, Cowfish) Body elongate, almost completely covered in a bony shell or carapace formed of enlarged, thickened scale/ plates, usually hexagonal in shape and firmly sutured to one another. The carapace has opening for mouth, eyes, gill slits, pectoral, dorsal and anal fins and for the flexible caudal peduncle. Scale plates sometimes have surface granulations and in some species these are enlarged into conspicuous carapace spine above eye or long ventrolateral or dorsal angles of body. Mouth small, terminal with fleshy lips. Spinous dorsal and pelvic fins absent. Caudal fin long. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus) (Longhorn cowfish) 2. Ostracion meleagris Shaw (Whites potted boxfish) 3. Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus) (Hunchback boxfish) Species known to occur in Karnataka Key to the species 1. Abalistes stellatus (Lacepede) (Starry triggerfish) 1a. Body triangular in cross secion, carapace 5 angled (two dorsolateral ridges low and indistinct) .................................... T. gibbosus Fisheries information : It is of minor fishery significance. It is highly valued as food fish. It is usually caught incidentally in trawl catches. Family 125 MONACANTHIDAE (Leatherjackets) Body fusiform, deep and compressed covered by smooth to rough shagreen like skin consisting of minute to small scales armed with 1 to many fine spinules. Mouth small, terminal with pointed teeth not fused together. Gill openings small. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus) (Unicorn leather jacket) 1b. Body not triangular in cross secion, carapace with 4 or 5 angle ........................................ 2 2a. Carapace 4 angled, no ridge along middle of back, no spines on carapace ... 0. meliagris 2b. Carapace 5 angled a central ridge along back; a prominent horn like spine projecting forward from eye; another spine projecting posteriorly from ventrolateral ridge .............. L. comuta Fisheries information : The boxfishes and cowfishes are of no commercial value. These fishes are captured in the commercial catches as bycatch. 380 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Remarks: Ostracion meleagris Shaw has been reorded as Ostracion lentiginosa (Bloch). Family 127 TETRAODONTIDAE (Pufferfishes) Body naked or with only short prickles. Body heavy and blunt capable of rapid inflation by intake of water (or air). Jaws modified to form a beak of heavy, powerful teeth, 2 above and 2 below. Gill openings simple slits anterior to pectoral fins. Pelvic fins absent. Dorsal and anal fins inserted far posteriorly, without spines, but each with 7 to 15 rays. Caudal fin truncate, rounded or emarginate to almost lunate. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Lagocephalus inermis (Temminck & Schneider) (Smooth blaasop) 2. Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider) (Green rough-backed puffer) 3. Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson) (Halfsmooth golden pufferfish) Key to the species 1a. No spinules on dorsal surface of head and body .............................................. L. inermis 1b. Spinules present on dorsal surface of body and head ...................................................... 2 2a. Spinules on dorsal surface of body extend to or beyond dorsal fin origin ......... L. lunaris 2b. Spinules on dorsal surface of body extend only about halfway to dorsal fin ................ . .................................................. L. spadiceus Fisheries information : These fishes are of no fishery importance. Some are considered to be toxic. Family 128 DIODONTIDAE (Porcupinefish) Body fusiform and capable of inflation, covered with well developed sharp spines. Long spines are generally erctile and two rooted, while short spines are fixed in an erect position by three rooted bases. Head broad and blunt. Mouth terminal with two fused teeth in jaws to form a beak-like structure without a median suture dividing upper and lower jaws into right and left halves. Dorsal and anal fins without spines, inserted far back on body. Pelvic fins absent. Caudal fin rounded. Species known to occur in Karnataka 1. Chilomycterus orbicularis (Bloch) (Birdbeak burrfish) 2. Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus (Ballon fish) 3. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus (Porcupinefish) Key to the species 1a. All spines three or four rooted and fixed except possibly one or two immediately behind the pectoral fin base or near the corner of the mouth .......................... C. orbicularis 1b. All spines two rooted, long and erectile, except for a few around gill openings, dorsal fin base and on caudal peduncle ............... 2 2a. None of the spines wholly on caudal peduncle; body with several large dark blotches; no small dark spots on fins.... D. holocanthus 2b. One or more small spines wholly on the dorsal surface of caudal peduncle; body without large dark blotches; all fins heavily spotted ...................................................... D. hystrix Fisheries information : The porcupine or ballonfishes are of no commercial importance. These fishes are captured along with the commercial fishes as bycatch. Remarks : Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus has been recorded as Diodon maculifer Kaup. DISCUSSION The present account included 570 species belonging to 128 families and 30 orders from marine and estuarine waters of the maritime state Karnataka, west coast of India. Apart from giving remarks related to synonymy under most of the families, there were few more taxonomic confusions prevailed that require detailed discussion. BARMAN et al. : Marine and Estuarine Fish Report of Glyphis gangeticus (Muller & Henle) from Karnataka coast is questionable. This shark is known from the Gangetic estuary only. Records of this species from other parts may possibly misidentification of superficially similar species, such as Carcharhinus leu cas (Valenciennes). There is a report of Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes) from Karnataka coast. S. tudes is known from southeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Pacific. Its occurrence along Indian coast is doubtful. All reports of S. tudes from India are based on Zygaena tudes of Day (1889) which is considered by Talwar and Kacker (1984) as referable to S. lewini (Griffith & Smith). Reports of Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider) from Indian coast following Day (1878) are erroneous and all are referable to Gymnura poecilura (Shaw). The former species is having a shorter tail and 6 dark rings on tail while the figure in Day (1878) and Day (1889) is clearly with a longer tail and 9 dark rings indicating it being the later species. Mobula diabolus (Shaw) IS relegated to synonymy of Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre) (Compagno, 1999). Hence, records of M. diabolus from Indian coast (Misra, 1969; Talwar and Kacker, 1984) are referable to Mobula eregoodootenkee (Bleeker). Record of Engraulis telera (Day) from Karnataka coast is questionable. E. telera is referable to Setipinna brevifilis (Valenciennes), known from the Ganges River; Setipinna wheeleri Wongratana, known from Myanmar; or Setipinna phasa (Hamilton), known from the Ganges, Orissa and West Bengal coast (Whitehead et ai, 1988). Only Setipinna taty (Valenciennes) is a wide ranging fish of the genus, but not usually occur along west coast of India. Hence, record of E. telera by Rajagopal et al (1978) from Karnataka coast needs to be verified. A species of the genus Caranx with a combination of characters, 'breast scaleless except for a patch in front of ventral fin; 20 to 22 dorsal soft rays and 15 to 18 anal fin rays; lateral line 381 scutes 33 to 37; and no opercular spot' has been determined as C. carangus by Day (1875) and the same was followed by subsequent authors including Talwar and Kacker (1984). These characters are entirely go with Caranx ignobilis as given in Smith-Vaniz (1984) and so, it has been observed that Indian Ocean records of C. carangus are probably misidentifications of C. ignobilis (Forsskal) (Froese and Pauly, 2009). Further, it is to be noted that Day (1875) has not included C. ignobilis in his account. Smith-Vaniz et al (1990) has considered C. carangus as a junior synonym of Caranx hippos (Linnaeus), a species restricted to Atlantic Ocean. Day (1875) also described a species with 'completely scaled breast and small opercular spot' as Caranx hippos, which is referable to Caranx sexfasciatus QUoy and Gaimard (Talwar and Kacker, 1984). Hence, none of these two species of Day (1875) can be regarded as valid to consider occurrence of C. hippos along Indian coast. Moreover, distinction of C. carangus and C. ignobilis in Talwar & Kacker (1984) as well as Talwar & Jhingran (1991), where a lower count of lateral line scutes for C. ignobilis has been recorded, is erroneous. Type specimen of Leiognathus brevirostris (Valenciennes) (MNHN A-6763) is found to be a deep bodied one with equally convex dorsal and ventral profiles and hence regarded as Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes) (Jones, 1985; Chakrabarty and Sparks, 2007). But Indian specimens determined as L. brevirostris or L. decorus (De Vis) having a dark nuchal blotch are relegated to synonymy of N. gerreoides (Bleeker) (Kimura et ai, 2008). Talwar (1995) has omitted Bola coibor of Hamilton (1822) completely. Eschmeyer (2006) recognizes Nibea coibor (Hamilton) as a valid species. As per the description provided by Hamilton (1822) this is a very rare species with 24 rays in dorsal fin and sides with bright golden shine and deep yellow ventrally. Jayaprakash (1975) reported Nibea chui Trewavas from Bombay and the same collection was studied by Talwar (1995). The low soft ray count (24 rays) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 382 of dorsal fin led J ayaprakash (1975) to determine it as N. chui following Fischer and Whitehead (1974). Talwar (1995) gave a description of the preserved specimen of Jayaprakash (1975) and stated to have dorsal fin elements IX + I, 24 and gill rakers 6+ 1+ 11. But N. chui is supposed to have X + I, 24-25 dorsal fin elements and 9 or 10 lower gill rakers (Fischer and Whitehead, 1974). Moreover, N. chui is known from Japan and Taiwan region in western Pacific. Although, type material for Nibea coibor is not available for necessary comparison, it is supposed that N. chui is misapplied to N. coibor in Indian region. The silvery grey colour of Bombay specimens may be attributed to environmental varation. SUMMARY The maritime state Karnataka is situated on the west coast of India with the Arabian Sea on its west side. The icthyofaunal diversity of the marine and estuarine water bodies of all three coastal districts of Karnataka have been studied. The present study reveals that the faunal diversity of Karnataka coast comprises 570 species of fishes belonging to 301 genera, 128 families and 30 orders. A brief description of all the families along with the key to systematic categories is included in this present work. English common names of the enlisted species have been provided given within parentheses. Where ever it necessitated taxonomic remarks also furnished. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for giving oppertunity and providing facilities to carry out this study. They also extend their thankfulness to Sri A.K. Singh, Joint Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for encouragements and valuable suggestions. Thanks are also due to Director of Fisheries, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangaluru and his colleagues for their cooperation during the survey programme along Karnataka coast. REFERENCES Allen, G.R., 1984. Lutjanidae. In: W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). FAO, Rome. Vol. 3 : pag. var. Allen, G.R., 1985. FAO Species catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. Annotated and illustrated catalogue of the Lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)6 : 208 p. Anderson, M.E. and Heemstra, P.e., 2003. Review of the glass fishes (Perciformes : Ambassidae) of the western Indian Ocean. 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Clupeid fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sparts, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) 7(1) : 1-303. Whitehead, P.J.P., Nelson, J. and Wongratana, T., 1988. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sparts, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2. Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) 7(2) : 305-579. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 389-434, 2013 AMPHIBIA DINESH, K.P., c. RADHAKRISHNAN, SUKUMAR RAY!, P.G.S.SETHYl AND G.K. BHATTA2 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut - 673 006, Kerala, India. INTRODUCTION Bio-geographically, the Karnataka State ofIndia is divisible into three regions, the Coastal Karnataka, Western Ghats and Deccan Plateau (Eastern Plains). The State is endowed with great diversity of climate, topography and soil types. Temperature ranges from a minimum of3° C in the hills in winter to 48° C in the plains in summer. Rainfall varies from 400 mm in the plains to over 7,500 mm in the Agumbe region of the Western Ghats. Altitude varies from sea level elevation in the West Coast to 1930 m at Mullayanagiri Peak (Chikkamagaluru district), which is the highest mountain peak in Karnataka. The State hosts 320 km long portion of the Western Ghats. The State is having a forest coverof38,284.30 Sq. kms, (Ministry of Agriculture Land Use Statistics, 2005). The varying environmental regimes and edaphic factors in the State are reflected in its floral and faunal composition. of Amphibia known from Karnataka, till June 2010. The collections studied by scientists other than those in ZSI and included in the present study are marked in asterisks (*). The classification followed here is primarily after Frost (2010). A total of 88 species, arranged under 24 genera and 10 families are known to occur in the State. For additional information on taxonomy, species account and distributional details, Dutta (1997), Chanda (2002), Frost (2010), Dinesh et al., (2009) and Biju et al., 2010 may be referred to. SYSTEMATIC LIST Class AMPHIBIA Gray Order ANURA Fischer von Waldheim Family BUFONIDAE Gray Genus Duttaphrynus, Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Hddad, Desa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green and Wheeler Karnataka has a rich diversity of amphibian fauna (Rao, 1920, 1922 and 1937; Pillai, 1977; Daniels, 1991; Dutta and Ray, 2000; Das, 2000; Biju, 2001; Krishnamurthy et al., 2001; Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003; Das and Kunte, 2005; Ravichandran and Krishnan, 2006; Dinesh and Radhakrishnan, 2007; Bhatta et al., 2007; Gururaja et aI., 2007; Kuramoto et aI., 2007; Dinesh et al., 2007; Biju and Bossuyt, 2009; Joshy et al., 2009). 4. Duttaphrynus micro tympanum (Boulenger, 1882) The present account deals with all the valid taxa 5. Duttaphrynus parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) 1. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937) 2. Duttaphrynus hololius (Gunther, 1876) 3. Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) lZoological Survey of India, FPS Building, 27 JL Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016 Department of Biology, BASE Educational Service Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560 004, India. 2 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 390 6. Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799) 26. Sphaerotheca dobsonii (Boulenger, 1882) 7. Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lutken, 1864) 27. Sphaerotheca leucorhynchus (Rao, 1937) Genus Ghatophryne Biju, Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader and Bossuyt 8. Ghatophryne ornata (Gunther, 1876) Genus Pedostibes Gunther 9. Pedostibes tuberculosus Gunther, 1875 Family DICROGLOSSIDAE Anderson Sub-Family DICROGLOSSINAE Anderson Genus Euphlyctis Fitzinger 10. Euphlyctis aloysii Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, 2009 11. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) 12. Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834) 13. Euphlyctis mudigere Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, 2009 Genus Fejervarya Bolkay Family MICRIXALIDAE Dubois, Ohler and Biju Genus Micrixalus Boulenger 28. Micrixalus elegans (Rao, 1937) 29. Micrixalusfuscus (Boulenger, 1882) 30. Micrixalus kottigeharensis (Rao, 1937) 31. Micrixalus narainensis (Rao, 1937) 32. Micrixalus phyllophilus (Jerdon, 1853) 33. Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon, 1853) 34. Micrixalus swamianus (Rao, 1937) Family MICROHYLIDAE Gunther Sub-Family MICROHYLINAE Gunther Genus Kaloula Gray 35. Kaloula taprobanica Parker, 1934 Genus Microhyla Tschudi 14. Fejervarya caperata Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 36. Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) 15. Fejervarya granosa Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 37. Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854) 16. F ejervarya keralensis (Dubois, 1980) 17. Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 18. Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 19. Fejervarya mysorensis (Rao, 1922) 20. Fejervarya rufescens (Jerdon, 1853) 21. Fejervarya sauriceps (Rao, 1937) 38. Microhyla sholigari Dutta and Ray, 2000 Genus Ramanella Rao and Ramanna 39. Ramanella minor Rao, 1937 40. Ramanella montana (Jerdon, 1854) 41. Ramanella mormorata Rao, 1937 42. Ramanella triangularis (Gunther, 1876) 43. Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka, 1872) Genus Uperodon Dumeril and Bibron 44. Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1864) Genus Hoplobatrachus Peters 45. Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) 22. Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1854) 23. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) Family NYCTIBATRACHIDAE Blommers-Schlosser Genus Minervarya Dubois, Ohler and Biju 24. Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler and Biju, 2001 Genus Sphaerotheca Gunther 25. Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) Genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger 46. Nyctibatrachus aliciae Inger, Shaffer, Koshy and Bakde, 1984 47. Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis Dinesh, Radhakrishnan and Bhatta, 2008 391 DINESH et al. : Amphibia 48. Nyctibatrachus humayuni Bhaduri and Kripalani, 1955 49. Nyctibatrachus kamatakaensis Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Reddy and Gururaja, 2007 50. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis (Rao, 1937) 51. Nyctibatrachus major Boulenger, 1882 52. Nyctibatrachus petraeus Das and Kunte, 2005 53. Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Rao, 1920 54. Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus Rao, 1937 Family RANIDAE Rafinesque Genus Clinotarsus Mivart 70. Raorchestes charius (Rao, 1937) 71. Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) 72. Raorchestesflaviventris (Boulenger, 1882) 73. Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1854) 74. Raorchestes luteolus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) 75. Raorchestes neelanethrus (Gururaja, Aravind, Ali, Ramachandra, Velavan, Krishnakumar and Aggarwal, 2007) 76. Raorchestes tuberohumerus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) 55. Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon, 1853) Genus Hylarana Tschudi 56. Hylarana aurantiaca (Boulenger, 1904) 57. Hylarana malabarica (Tschudi, 1838) 58. Hylarana temporalis (Gunther, 1864) Genus Rhacophorus Kuhl and Van Hasselt 77. Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 78. Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870 Order GYMNOPHIONA Muller Family RANIXALIDAE Dubois Family CAECILIIDAE Rafinesque Genus Indirana Laurent Genus Gegeneophis Peters 59. Indirana beddomii (Gunther, 1875) 79. Gegeneophis camosus (Beddome, 1870) 60. Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986) 80. Gegeneophis goaensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007 61. Indirana leithii (Boulenger, 1888) 62. Indirana leptodactyla (Boulenger, 1882) 63. Indirana longicrus (Rao, 1937) 64. Indirana tenuilingua (Rao, 1937) Family RHACOPHORIDAE Hoffman Sub-Family RHACOPHORINAE Hoffman Genus Polypedates Tschudi 65. Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1833) 66. Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta, 2006 67. Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, 1998 Genus Pseudophilautus Laurent 68. Pseudophilautus ambo Ii (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) Genus Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt 69. Raorchestes bombayensis (Annandale, 1919) 81. Gegeneophis krishni Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005 82. Gegeneophis madhavai Bhatta and Srinivasa, 2004 83. Gegeneophis mhadeiensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007 84. Gegeneophis nadkamii Bhatta and Prashanth, 2004 Family ICHTHYOPHIIDAE Taylor Genus Ichthyophis Fitzinger 85. Ichthyophis beddomei Peters 1879 86. Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960 87. Ichthyophis kodaguensis Wilkinson, Gower, Govindappa and Venkatachalaiah, 2007 Genus Uraeotyphlus Peters 88. Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar, 1939 392 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Class AMPHIBIA Gray Order ANURA Fischer von Waldheim Family BUFONIDAE Gray Genus Duttaphrynus, Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Hddad, Desa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green and Wheeler 1. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937)* Kempholey Toad 1937. Bufo brevirostris Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 403. 2009. Duttaphrynus brevirostris - Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. BioI., 9 (el31): 4. Diagnosis: Dorsum pale brown with a network of dark lines; sides lighter with similar marbling. Venter dirty white with dark blotches under surface of thighs; dorsal skin covered with small and uniformly distributed tubercles. A small row of larger warts present on the median line on the back; the first pair being the largest. A number of spine granules are present on the throat and abdomen and these are more prominent on the limbs. A dark temporal line on the sides. Head rounded, not projecting beyond the mouth, Nostril closer to the snout than to eye; inter-narial distance about two thirds the distance of the inter-orbital width. Tympanum small, prominent and two thirds of the diameter of the eye. Fore limbs very short. Parotoid glands are moderately prominent elongate and as long as the forelimb. Hind limb short, tibiotarsal articulation not reaching the shoulder. Toes very short, the tips obtusely pointed and entirely free. Sub-articular tubercles of the toes are not prominent. Both inner and outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Dinesh et al., 2009). 2. Duttaphrynus hololius (Gunther, 1876)* Malabar Toad 1876. Bufo hololius Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 569. 2009. Duttaphrynus hololius - Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. BioI., 9 (el31): 4. Diagnosis: Dorsum olive brown, more or less smooth, parotoids flat. Venter dull-whitish, granular. Head broader than long; without bony ridges; snout short, depressed, projecting beyond the mouth; nostril nearer the tip of the snout than the eye. Interorbital width broader than that of upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, as long as the diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first longer than second; tips of the fingers and toes blunt. Toes minutely webbed; two small metatarsal tubercle present. Tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Distribution: AndhraPradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997 and Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: This species is presumed to be endemic to Andhra Pradesh (for details on the distributional record of this species, refer Radhakrishnan and Ravichandran (1999). 3. Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Common Indian Toad 1799. Bufo melanostictus Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 216. 1802. Bufo chlorogaster Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 49. 1802. Rana dubia Shaw, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 157. 1802. Bufo scaber Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 94. 1802. Bufo bengalensis Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 96. 1802. Bufo jlaviventris Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 74, pI. 74, 1802. Rana melanosticta Shaw, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 174. 1833. Bufo carinatus Gray, Ill. Indian Zool.: pI. 83. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Western Ghats, distribution in Kerala doubtful. 1833. Bufo dubia - Gray, Ill. Indian Zool.: viii, 83. 1834. Bufo isos Lesson, In Belanger (ed.), Voy. IndesOrientales N. Eur. Caucase Georgie Perse, Zool.: 333. 1858. Bufo gymnauchen Bleeker, N atuurkd. Tijdschr. N ederl. Indie, 16: 46. DINESH et al. : Amphibia 186l. Docidophryne isos - Fitzinger, "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 415. 186l. Docidophryne spinipes Fitzinger, "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 415. 1862. Phrynoidis melanostictus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358. 1867. Bufo spinipes Steindachner, Reise Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool.: 42. 1903. Bufo longecristatus Werner, Zool. Anz., 26: 252. 1937. Bufo tienhoensis Bourret, Annexe Bull. Gen. Instr. Publique, Hanoi, 1937: 6, 1l. 1942. Docidophryne melanostictus Bourret, Batr. Indochine: 173. 1980. Bufo camortensis Mansukhani and Sarkar, Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 3: 97. 1990. Ansonia kamblei Ravichandran and Pillai, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 86: 506. 200l. Bufo melanostictus melanostictus Khan, Pakistan 1. Zool., 33: 297. 2006. Duttaphrynus melanostictus - Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10825), near forest naka, Mysore, Dist.- Mysore, 1O-xi-1962; 3 exs, (ZSIA 10912 & 10914), Hassan, Dist.-Hassan, 2.xi.1969; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10839), Dwarasamudra, 32 Km. from Hassan, Dist.-Hassan, 3.xi.1969; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10915, 10960 & 10854), Sakleshpur, Dist.Hassan, 5-6.xi.1969; 1 ex., (ZSIA 9085), Luckunda Estate Virajpet Dist., Srimangala Nadu, Coorg, 22.viii.1998; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10603), Manun, 25 Km. from Haveri camp, Dist- Haveri, 28.viii.2005; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10 197), Ballae halli reserve forest, Agumbe, Dist.-Shimoga, 28.viii.2005; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10206), around PWD IE, Agumbe, Dist.- Shimoga, 30.ix.2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10061), forest edge, Gundia, Dist., 18.ix.2004; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10160 & ZSIA 10165,ZSIA 10166), Kottigehra, 26.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10899), Hatraegate pump house, 8 Km from FRH Medikeri, Dist.-Kodagu, l1.xi.2003; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10909), Perambady, 43 km. from FRH. Medikeri, Dist.-Kodagu, 13xi.2003; 1 ex., (ZSIA 393 10897), Mannagunddy, 15 Km. to Gungia FRH, Dist.-Dakshin Kannada, 21.11.2003; 1 ex., WGRCI V/AI149, Nagur, Coorg, l1.i.1985; 3 exs., WGRCI V/A/726 , Bygoor, Chikkamagaluru, 22.v.2005; 1 eX.,WGRC/v/A1739,Hiplacamp,Chikkamagaluru, 12.xi.2006; 1 eX.,WGRC/V/A1750, Kavalapura BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 20.xi.2007; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A1706, Shirgola, Chickmagalur, 17.xi.2007. Diagnosis: Dorsally yellow brown, ventrally yellowish. Skinrough with spiny warts and tubercles. Tympanum very prominent, large, more than ? diameter of eye. Parotoid glands large and prominent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches eyes when the leg is held along the body. Fingers free; toes half webbed. A moderately large inner and a small outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: All over India (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Throughout southern Asia (Frost, 2010). 4. Duttaphrynus microtympanum (Boulenger, 1882) Small-eared Toad 1882. Bufo microtympanum Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 307. 2006. Duttaphrynus microtympanum- Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365. Material examined: 3 exs., WGRC/v/A/725 , Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 6.xi.2006; 3 exs., WGRC/v/A1730, Halagekerae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 15.xi.2007; 4 exs., WGRC/v/AI 733, Kadubailu, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 13.xi.2006; 10 exs., WGRC/V/A1741 , Saave, BWLS,Chikkamagaluru,5.xi.2006;5 exs.,WGRCI V/A1759, Sukhalhatti, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 4.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Medium sized toad, total SVL reaching up to 75 mm in length, this species is more similar to D. melanostictus but can be distinguished in having a very small tympanum which is half or less than the diameter of the eye. 394 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: Kerala, Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997) and Karnataka (in press). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 5. Duttaphrynus parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) Ridged Toad 1882. Bufo parietalis Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 312. 2009. Duttaphrynus parietalis - Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. BioI., 9 (el31): 4. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIAI0I00), Subramanya, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10883), Bemanholai hill, 6 km. from Subramanya, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 27.xi.2003. Diagnosis: Medium sized toad. Dorsal surface uniform light brown and the ventral surface marbled with brown. A dark line extends from the orbitotympanic crest along the lateral edge of the parotoid glands, which is also present in the juvenile forms. The skin on the upper side with numerous warts of irregular size, of which those on the middle of the back are comparatively larger in size. Parotoid glands are moderately large, elongate and elliptical in shape. The snout is short and blunt and the head is broad and triangular in shape. Tympanum is distinct and about two-thirds diameter of the eye. First finger longer than the second, Tibiotarsal articulation reaching between the eye and the tip of snout. Toes half-webbed. Two moderately developed metatarsal tubercle present Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to peninsular India. 6. Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799) Ferguson's Toad 1799. Bufo scaber Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 222. 1892. Bufo fergusonii Boulenger, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 7: 317. 2009. Duttaphrynus scaber - Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. BioI., 9 (el31): 4. Material examined: 2 ex., (ZSIA 10913), Chitradurga, Dist-Chitradurga, 26. viii.2005. Diagnosis: Dorsum olive brown; ventral dull whitish; dorsum skin rough with less spiny wart; ventral granular. Head broader than long, with weak, less cornified bony ridges; snout rounded, nearly equal the diameter of the eye; nostril a little nearer to the tip of snout than to the eye. Inter -orbital width broader than that of upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, more than the half diameter of the eye. Fingers free; first equals the second, tips of fingers and toes swollen. Toes half webbed, more than three phalanges of fourth toe tree; two oval (inner and outer) metatarsal tubercles present. Tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Distribution : Orissa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Dutta, 1997). Note: Endemic to India and Sri Lanka. 7. Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lutken, 1864) Assam Toad 1864. BufostomaticusLutken, "1863", Vidensk.Medd.Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 4: 305. 1883. Bufo andersonii Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5,12: 163. 1884. Bufo Andersonii Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind: 40l. 1920. Bufo stomaticus stomaticus Rao, 1. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 27: 126. 1920. Bufo stomaticus peninsularis Rao, 1. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 27: 126. 2009. Duttaphrynus stomaticus - Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. BioI., 9 (el31): 4. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSI A10855), Sakleshpur, Dist.-Hassan, 6.xi.1969; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10945), Kempholey, Sakleshpur, Dist: Hassan, 16.ix.2004. Diagnosis: Dorsum brownish, venter dull whitish; dorsum rough with several non-spiny warts. Head broader than long; without bony ridges; snout rounded, nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye. Inter-orbital width broader than that DINESH et al. : Amphibia of upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly once the diameter of the eye. Fingers free, first a little longer than second, tips of fingers and toes swollen. Toes more than half-webbed two phalanges of fourth toe free; two oval (inner and outer) metatarsal tubercles present. Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches in between tympanum and eye; Parotoids large, flat not kidney-shaped. Distribution: Western and Eastern Himalayas, Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, (Dutta, 1997 and Chanda, 2002). Elsewhere : Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal (Frost, 2010). Genus Ghatophryne Biju, Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader and Bossuyt 8. Ghatophryne ornata (Gunther, 1876)* Malabar Torrent Toad 1882. Bufo pulcher Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 288. 1876. Ansonia ornata Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 568. 2009. Ghatophryne ornata - Biju, Bocx1aer, Giri, Loader and Bossuyt, BMC Research Notes, 2:24l. Diagnosis: Dorsum black with greenish spots on the head. Ventral side black with bright yellowish spot. Skin finely tuberculated at the anterior half of the body, while the rest of the body is smooth. Head without bony ridges. Snout short, slightly broader than the upper eyelids. Tympanum distinct, half the diameter of the eye. Parotoid glands absent. Forelimbs moderate; fingers rather slender, first finger much shorter than second. Tips of the finger and toes are slightly swollen. Toes short, almost fully webbed. Sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes are moderately prominent. Hindlimbs moderately long. Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Dinesh et al., 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 395 Genus Pedostibes Gunther 9. Pedostibes tuberculosus Gunther, 1875 Malabar Tree Toad 1876. Pedostibes tuberculosus Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 576. 1882. Nectophryne tuberculosa Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 280. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/578, Bhagavathi Forest KNP, Chickmagalur, 24.x.2005. Diagnosis: A slender tree toad with the tips of fingers and toes dilated into truncated disks. Tympanum distinct, ? diameter of eye. Parotoids present. Fingers webbed at base; first finger half the length of the second. Toes almost fully webbed. Skin of back tubercular with the largest tubercles in two rows on the sides of back. Colour brownish grey above with darker sides. A white band from below the eye to the shoulder and another on the flank. Below whitish spotted with black. Distribution: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra (Dinesh et al., 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : In Karnataka this species is found to be common in Kudremukh National Park, Agumbe and Sharavathi Wildlife Sanctuary. Endemic to Western Ghats. Family DICROGLOSSIDAE Anderson Sub-Family DICROGLOSSINAE Anderson Genus Euphlyctis Fitzinger 10. Euphlyctis aloysii Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, 2009 Aloysii pond frog 2009. Euphlyctis aloysii Joshy, A1am, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, Alytes, 26 (1-4), 97-116. Material examined: 2 exs., WGRC/v/A1743 , Keasruhalla, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 8.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Small species of frog SVL ranging up to 45.2 mm, dorsum with four large elliptical dark markings; relative to SVL head smaller, hind Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 396 limbs shorter and eye lids wider. Head wider than long, snout slightly pointed; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye; loreal region concave, canthus rostralis blunt, tympanum large about 75% of the eye diameter. Supratympanic fold thin. Fingers free, first finger longer the second; subarticular tubercle moderate. Toe tip slightly pointed sub articular tubercle moderate, web nearly reaching toe tip and sharply incised. In life, dorsum light brown with thin greenish mid-dorsal stripe and green patches over upper jaw and from eyelid to shoulder; two pairs of rather conspicuous large elliptical markings on the dorsum. Distribution : Known from Mangalore of Karnataka. Elsewhere: nil. Note: According to Joshi et al., (2009) this is a cryptic species, sharing more of the morphological characters with E. cyanophlyctis. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 11. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) Skittering Frog 1799. Rana cyanophlyetis Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 137. 1801. Bufo cyanophlyctis - Latreille In Sonnini deManoncourt and Latreille, (An. X), Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 132. 1802. Rana cyanophlyetis - Shaw, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 11l. 1802. Bufo cyanoplyetis - Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 103. 1803. Bufo cyanophlyetis - Daudin, (An. XI), Hist. Nat. Gen. Part. Rept., 8: 209. 1833. Rana bengalensis Gray, Ill. Indian Zool. 184l. Rana leschenaultii Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 342. 1853. Rana benghalensis - Kelaart, Prodr. Faunae Zeylan., 1, 1: 192. 1860. Dicroglossus adolfiGunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 158. 186l. Euphlyctis leschenaultii - Fitzinger, "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414. 1882. Rana cyanophlictis - Mason, Burma, Ed. 3: 290. 1899. Rana cyanophlyctis var. seistanica Nikolskii, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 4: 406. 1920. Rana (Rana) cyanophlyctis - Boulenger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 6. 1938. Dicroglossus cyanophlyctis - Deckert, Sitzungsber. Ges. Natuiforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 138. 1941. Rana cyanophlyctis cyanophlyctis - Parker, Exped. SW Arabia 1937-1938, 1, 1: 5. 1950. Rana(Rana)cyanophlictis-Guibe, "1948", Cat. Types Amph. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.: 37. 1958. Rana cyanophlictis variety fulvus - De Silva, Spolia Zeylan., 28: 158. 1958. Rana cyanophlictis variety jlavens - De Silva, Spolia Zeylan., 28: 158. 1974. Rana (Dicroglossus) cyanophlyctis cyanophlytis Dubois, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 376. 1981. Rana (Euphlyctis) cyanophlyctis - Dubois, Manit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240. 1985. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis - Poynton and Broadley, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124. 1987. Occidozyga (Euphlyctis) cyanophlyctis - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 59. 1992. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 315. 1997. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis cyanophlyctis - Khan, Pakistan 1. Zool., 29: 108. 1997. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis microspinulata Khan, Pakistan 1. Zool., 29: 108. 1997. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis seistanica - Dutta, Amph. India Sri Lanka: 115. Material examined: 8 exs., (ZSIA 10848), Kotigehara, Dist.- Chikmagalur, 27.xii.1960; 11 exs., (ZSIA 10822) Sagar, Dist.- Shimoga; 1O.iii. 1965; 25 exs., (ZSIA 10821), Agumbe, Dist.Shimoga, 16.iii.1965; 11 exs., (ZSIA 10833 & ZSIA 10841), Mercara, Sudarshan Guest House compound,Dist.-Kodagu, 1-4.iii.1966; gexs., (ZSIA 10849), Hassan, Dist.-Hassan, 3.xi.1969; 24 exs., (ZSIA 10847), Sakleshpur, Dist.-Hassan, 3-6. xii.1969; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10819), Tunga River, about 3 km. from T.B., Dist.- Chikmagalur, 14.xi.1969; 7 exs., (ZSIA 10846) Sringeri, Anagunda, Dist.Chikmagahr, 15.xi.1969; 6 exs., (ZSIA 10845),2 Km. east ofT.B., Dist.- Chikmagahar, 16.xi.1969; 5 exs., (ZSIA 10818 & 10844), Sagar, about 8 Km. south west ofT.B., Dist.- Shimoga, 20-21.xi.1969; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10840) Channapatna, Dist.- Hassan, DINESH et al. : Amphibia 30.x.1969; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10820) Hatrae gate pump house, 8 Km. from FRH, Mudigere, Dist.- Kodagu, l1.xi.2003; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10690), in and around F.R.HMudigere, Dist.- Kodagu, 12-xi-2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA10077 & 10078), Stream, Gundia, Dist.DakshinKannada, 20-ix-2004; 2exs., (ZSIA 10201 & 10202), Malandur, Agumbae, Dist.-Shimoga, 30-ix-2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10910), FRH Belgaum, Dist.- Belgaum, 21-viii-2005; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/ 744, Keasruhalla, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 8.xi.2006; 2 exs., WGRC/v/A1745, Halagekerae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 15.xi.2007; 1 ex, WGRC/ V/A1746, Thegadagudda, BWLS,m Chikkamagaluru, 19.xi.2007; 2 exs., WGRC/v/A/ 747, Bhadra damsite, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 7.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/AI118, Hosahuthikera, Coorg, ll.i.1995; 1 ex., WGRC/V/AI131, Lakshmanathirtha, Coorg, 23 .i.1985; 2 exs., WGRC/ V/ A/581, Bagavathiforest, Chickmagalur, 26.x.05; 3 exs., WGRC/V/A/591, Keraekattae, Chickmagalur, 18.x.2005;2exs., WGRC/v/A/659, Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 06.xi.2006; 2 exs., WGRC/V/A1731, MadIa, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 15.xi.2007. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. Snout rounded. First and second fingers more or less equal in length. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches up to either between the tympanum and eye or eye and nostril when the leg is held along the side of the body. Toe tips swollen and rounded, but without disks. A single line of porous warts on flanks, from behind the shoulder to the groin. Inner metatarsal tubercle fingerlike. Skin on dorsum warty. A strong fold from behind the eye to the shoulder. AU-shaped line of warts above the anus. Ventrally smooth. Dorsum grey olive, brown with darker spots or marblings. Back of the thighs with a dark-edged white band. Ventrally white, often spotted, vermiculated or marbled with black. The black colouration on the belly is commoner and more widespread in the larger females. Distribution: Throughout India (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Vietnam (Frost, 2010). 397 12. Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834) Indian Pond Frog 1834. Rana hexadactyla Lesson, In Belanger (ed.), Voy. Indes-Orientales N. Eur. Caucase GeorgiePerse, Zool.: 33l. 184l. Dactylethra bengalensis Dumeri1 and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 339. 184l. Rana cutipora Dumeri1 and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 338. 184l. Rana saparoua Dumeri1 and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 338. 1855. Rana robusta Blyth, "1854", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 23: 298. 186l. Phrynoderma cutiporum - Fitzinger, "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414. 1920. Rana (Rana) hexadactyla - Bou1enger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 5. 1974. Rana (Dicroglossus) hexadactyla - Dubois, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 341-41l. 1981. Rana (Euphlyctis) hexadactyla - Dubois, Manit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 240. 1985. Euphlyctis hexadactyla - Poynton and Broadley, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124. 1987. Occidozyga(Euphlyctis) hexadactyla- Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 59. 1992. Euphlyctis hexadactylus - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 315. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10803), Suratkal, 24 Km. away from Municipal Travelers Bunglow, Pandeshwar, Dakshin Kannada, 7 .i. 197 6; 1 ex., (ZSIA 9084), Luckunda Estate, Virajpet, Dist.- Srimangalanadu, Coorge, 11- viii-1998. Diagnosis: Dorsum leaf-green or darker with porous warts, venter dull whitish; ventral surface more or less granulated with throat, under surface of thighs and sides of belly; head as long as broad; or a little broader than long, snout rounded or slightly pointed, hardly projecting beyond mouth, longer than diameter of eye; nostril nearer tip of snout than eye. Fingers free, first longer than second, tips pointed, sub-articular tubercles of fingers or toes feeble; toes fully webbed, tips pointed, digit like metatarsal tubercle present; outer meta tarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching between posterior of tympanum and anterior corner of eye. 398 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution :Throughout India (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). 13. Euphlyctis mudigere Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, 2009 Mudigere pond frog 2009. Euphlyctis mudigere Joshy, A1am, Kurabayashi, Sumida and Kuramoto, Alytes, 26 (1-4), 97-116. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10077), stream, Gundia, Dist: Dakshin Kannada, 20.ix.2004. Diagnosis: Dorsum dark brown with indistinct small patches. Irregular markings on the upper side of hindlimb; a conspicuous white band on posterior side of thigh, accompanied with a thin black stripe on ventro-posterior side, underside immaculate, vocal sacs light gray. Vomerine teeth round, situated near anterior end of upper jaw; tongue tip bifurcated. Head small wider than long; snout slightly pointed, nostril nearer to the eye than to tip of the snout. Loreal region concave, canthus rostralis blunt; internarial distance larger than inter orbital. Tympanum large, about 85% diameter of the eye. Fingers free, gradually tapering to pointed tip, first finger larger than second; toes fully webbed, inner metatarsal tubercle indistinct; sub-articular tubercle small; tibiotarsal articulation slightly apart when legs folded at right angle to the body. Distribution: Known from Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru of Karnataka. Elsewhere: nil. Note: According to Joshi et al., (2009) this is a cryptic species, sharing more of the morphological characters with E. hexadactylus. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Genus Fejervarya Bolkay 14. Fejervarya caperata Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 Mudigere pond frog 2007. Fejervarya cape rata Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, Current Herpetology 26(2): 81-105. Material examined: 4 exs., WGRC/v/A1737 , Hipla camp, Chikkamagaluru, 12.xi.2006; 3 exs., WGRC/V/A1742, Talabidri, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 16.xi.2007; 3 exs., WGRC/v/AI 749, Shirgola, Chikkamagaluru, 17.xi.2007; 2 exs., WGRC/V/A1751 , Kavalapura, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 20.xi.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/v/AI 752, Mullayanagiri, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 15.viii.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1754, Tadabehalla, BWLS,Chikkamagaluru, II.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRCI V I A1756, Virupakshikhan, Chikkamagaluru, 5 .iii.2009. Diagnosis: A small species of frog, head slightly wider than long, snout slightly pointed, lorealregion heavily concave, canthus rostralis rounded, nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye, tympanum about 60% of eye in diameter. Fingers free, tip rounded, subarticular and palmar tubercles distinct. Hindlimbs relatively short, tibia longer than femur, toe tip rounded, sub articular tubercle moderate. Snout and upper eyelid smooth; dorsum with many longitudinal ridges roughly forming four longitudinal series, mid-dorsal stripe present. Distribution : Mangalore and Madikeri (Karnataka). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: According to Kuramoto et al., (2007) this species belongs to earlier assemblage ofFejervarya limnocharis - cryptic taxa; F. cape rata, F. granosa, F. kudremukhensis and F. mudduraja are regarded as cryptic species that are difficult to identify by morphological traits alone (Kuramoto et aI., 2007). Endemic to Western Ghats parts of Karnataka. 15. Fejervarya granosa Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007 Granular fejervarya 2007. Fejervarya granosa Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, Current Herpetology 26(2): 81-105. Material examined: 2 exs., WGRC/v/A/729 , Halagekerae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 15.xi.2007; 2 exs., WGRC/V/A1732, Halasinakhan, Chikkamagaluru, 14.xi.2006,; 4 exs., WGRC/v IAI 734, Kadubailu, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 13.xi.2006; 7 exs., WGRC/v/A1736, Keasruhalla, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 8.xi.2006; 2 exs., WGRCI VI A1738, Hiplacamp, Chikkamagaluru, 12.xi.2006; DINESH et al. : Amphibia 2 exs., WGRCNI Al748 , Shirgola, Chikkamagaluru, 17.xi.2007; 2 exs., WGRCNIA1753, Kavalapura, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 20.xi.2007; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A1755 , Tadabehalla, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, I1.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A1757, Virupakshikhan, Chikkamagaluru, 5.iii.2009; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A1758, Sukhalhatti, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 4.xi.2006; 9 exs., WGRCNIAI 760, Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 6.xi.2006. Diagnosis: A small species of frog, head wider than long, snout, moderately pointed, loreal region concave , canthus rostralis blunt, nostril slightly nearer to tip of snout than to eye, tympanum distinct, about 55% of eye in diameter. Finger tip rounded, sub articular tubercle well developed. Hindlimbs moderately long, tibia longer than femur. Dorsum with large rounded or elliptical ridges interrupted inverse V -shaped ridge on the middle of dorsum at the level of forelimb. Distribution: Chickmagalur and Madikeri (Karnataka). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: According to Kuramoto et al., (2007) this species belongs to earlier assemblage of F ejervarya limnocharis - cryptic taxa; F. cape rata, F. granosa, F. kudremukhensis and F. mudduraja are regarded as cryptic species that are difficult to identify by morphological traits alone (Kuramoto et aI., 2007). Endemic to Western Ghats parts of Karnataka. 16. Fejervarya keralensis (Dubois, 1980) Kerala Warty Frog 1876. Rana verrucosa Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 567. 1920. Rana (Rana) verrucosa - Bou1enger, Rec.1ndian Mus., 20: 6. 1938. Dicroglossus verrucosus - Deckert, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 138. 1981. Rana (Euphlyctis) keralensis Dubois, "1980", Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4(A), 2: 928. 1984. Rana (Fejervarya) keralensis - Dubois, Alytes, 3: 148. 1985. Euphlyctis keralensis - Poynton and Broadley, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124. 399 1987. Limnonectes(Fejervarya) keralensis- Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 6l. 1998. Fejervarya keralensis- Iskandar, Amph. lava Bali: 7l. Material examined: 4 exs., (ZSIA 10834), Mercana, Sudershan Guest House compound, Dist.Kodagu, l.iii.I966; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10827), Cherambane, 30 Km. away from ER.H Talekaveri, Dist.- Kodagu, I5.xi.2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10887 & 10888) Hatrae gate pump house, 8 Km. from FRH Medikeri, Dist.-Kodagu, I1.xi.2003; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10942) Chitradurga, Dist.- Chitradurga, 26-viii2005; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10943) Bemanholai hill, 6 Km. from Subramanya, Dist.-Dakshina Kannada, 24.xi.2003; 2 exs., WGRCNI A/593, Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, I9.x.2005. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. Snout obtuse, tympanum distinct, nearly the size of the eye. First finger longer than the second. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches nostril or tip of snout; heels strongly overlap when folded at right angle to the body. Toes fully webbed except the fourth which has two phalanges free. A dermal fringe to the fifth toe. Outer metatarsals separated nearly to the base. Two metatarsal tubercles, the inner larger. A short tarsal fold. The skin of the back is extremely warty. A fold from eye to shoulder. Ventrally smooth. Dark grey or brown above with dark markings. A light vertebral streak if present, interrupted by the markings on the back. Limbs and lips barred. Sides of the thigh patterned in black and yellow. Ventrally white. Distribution: Gujarat (doubtful), Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Biju, 2001) and Orissa. Elsewhere: Nepal (doubtful) (Frost, 2010). 17. Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007* Kudremukh fejervarya 2007. Fejervarya kudremukhensis Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, Current Herpetology, 26(2): 81-105. Diagnosis: A large fejerveryan frog with few and small dermal ridges on the dorsum. Head wider 400 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 than long; snout moderately pointed; loreal region concave; canthus rostralis blunt; nostrils equidistant from tip of snout and from eye; tympanum about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers free with rounded tip; sub articular and palmar tubercle well developed. Hindlimb relatively long; tibia longer than femur; toe tip rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle relatively large; outer metatarsal tubercle small; webbing half. Distribution: Chickmagalur and Madikeri (Karnataka). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: According to Kuramoto et al., (2007) this species belongs to earlier assemblage of F ejervarya limnocharis - cryptic taxa; F. cape rata, F. granosa, F. kudremukhensis and F. mudduraja are regarded as cryptic species that are difficult to identify by morphological traits alone (Kuramoto et aI., 2007). Endemic to Western Ghats parts of Karnataka. 18. Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, 2007* Muddu Raja fejervarya 2007. Fejervarya mudduraja Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi and Sumida, Current Herpetology, 26(2): 81-105. Diagnosis: A large sized fejervarya with relatively long longitudinal ridges thattend to arrange in to four rows on the dorsum. Head wider than long, snout more or less pointed from above; loreal region strongly concave; canthus rostralis not sharp, nostril nearer to snout than to eye. Fingers free; finger tip rounded; sub articular and palmar tubercle well developed. Tibia longer than femur; toe tip rounded; sub articular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle long and laterally compressed; outer metatarsal tubercle small; webbing half. Distribution: Chickmagalur and Madikeri (Karnataka). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: According to Kuramoto et al., (2007) this species belongs to earlier assemblage of F ejervarya limnocharis - cryptic taxa; F. cape rata, F. granosa, F. kudremukhensis and F. mudduraja are regarded as cryptic species that are difficult to identify by morphological traits alone (Kuramoto et aI., 2007). Endemic to Western Ghats parts of Karnataka. 19. Fejervarya mysorensis (Rao, 1922)* Mysore frog 1922. Rana (Rana) limnocharis mysorensis Rao, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 28: 439-447. 1985. Euphlyctis limnocharis mysorensis - Poynton and Broadley, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124. 1996. Limnonectes mysorensis - Dutta and Singh, Zoo's Print, 11: 15. 1998. Fejervarya mysorensis - Iskandar, Amph. Java Bali: 7l. Diagnosis: Olive brown or a green above with a distinct narrow or broad yellow vertebral band; the upper surface is blotched; a V shaped dark band between the eyes; abdomen is yellow. Throat and chest beautifully marbled or powdered black. Upper part of skin with longitudinal cutaneous folds from behind the head, sides with warty tubercles, sometimes tipped with cornified minute spines. Head as long as broad, moderately depressed; snout pointed, slightly projecting beyond the mouth, longer than the diameter of the eye. Nostril nearer to the tip of the snout. Tympanum distinct, Y2 to 3/8 the diameter of the eye and nearly twice its distance from the latter. Fingers blunt, long and slender. First longer than second, third as long as or a little longer than snout. Hindlimbs long, Tibiotarsal articulation reaching nearly the tip of the snout, heels very broadly overlap when the limbs are folded at right angle to the body. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 20. Fejervarya rufescens (Jerdon, 1853)* Reddish Burrowing Frog 1854. Pyxicephalus rufescens Jerdon, "1853", J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. 1882. Rana rufescens - Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 29. 401 DINESH et al. : Amphibia 1920. Rana (Tomopterna) rufescens- Bou1enger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 102. 1984. Rana (Fejervarya) rufescens - Dubois, Alytes, 3: 149. 1987. Limnonectes(Fejervarya) rufescens- Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 61. 1998. Tomopterna rufescens - Das and Dutta, Hamadryad, 23: 66. 1998. Fejervarya rufescens- Iskandar, Amph. Java Bali: 71. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. Head broader than long with rounded snout. Tympanum distinct, about half or slightly over half the diameter of the eye. First finger much longer than second, third equal to or slightly longer than the first. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or posterior border of the eye. Heels overlap when legs are folded at right angles to the body. Toes feebly webbed. One phalange of 1st and 2 nd toes free; 2 phalanges of 3rd and 5 th toes and 3 phalanges of 4th toe free. Sub articular tubercles of fingers and toes prominent. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, nearly one third the length of the inner toe and is compressed and crescentic in shape. Outer metatarsal tubercle small. Skin with numerous warts above and two glandular ridges forming an inverted open V between the shoulders. A glandular fold from the eye to shoulder, present. V entrall y smooth except on the back of the thighs where it is granular. Brown above with darker spots andmarblings. Occasionally a crossbar between eyes. Lips and limbs barred. Most specimens with patches of varying shades of red and some with whole dorsal surface brick red. Distribution: Maharashtra, Kamataka and Kerala (Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 21. Fejervarya sauriceps (Rao, 1937)* Mysore Wart Frog 1937. Rana (Hylorana) sauriceps Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 396. 1984. Rana (Fejervarya) sauriceps - Dubois, Alytes, 3: 155. 1987. Limnonectes (Fejervarya) sauriceps- Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 61. 1998. Fejervarya sauriceps - Iskandar, Amph. Java Bali: 71. Diagnosis: Dorsum chocolate red, sides darker. Throat and chest yellowish; abdomen brown and underside of the thighs orange. Limbs faintly barred. Dorsal skin slightly granulate with short interrupted longitudinal folds. Ventral skin almost smooth. Head longer than broad; snout pointed and projecting beyond the mouth. Tympanum distinct and slightly smaller than eye. Forelimbs moderate in size, fingers moderately long, obtusely pointed and without discs. Hindlimbs rather long and slender. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching nostril. Toes pointed and partly webbed. Subarticular tubercles small and inconspicuous. Both inner and outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Genus Hoplobatrachus Peters 22. Hoplobatrachus crass us (Jerdon, 1854) Jerdon's Bull Frog 1854. Rana crassa Jerdon, "1853", J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 531. 1863. Hoplobatrachus ceylanicus Peters, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 445-470. 1872. Rana (Hoplobatrachus) ceylanicus - Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, 9: 85. 1892. Rana tigrina var. ceylanica - Boettger, Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturkd., 1892: 94. 1918. Rana tigrina var. crassa - Bou1enger, Rec. Indian Mus., 15: 51-58. 1918. Rana crassa - Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 15: 61. 1942. Rana tigrina crassa - Bourret, Batr. Indochine: 241. 1974. Rana (Dicroglossus) crassa - Dubois, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 378-380. 1987. Limnonectes (Hoplobatrachus) crassus - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 60. 1992. Hoplobatrachus crassus - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 315. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10895), Shiggam, 40 Km. from Haveri, Dist: Haveri, 29.VIII.2005. 402 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Diagnosis: Head a little broader than long; snout generally pointed, projecting beyond the mouth; longer than the diameter of the eye. Nostril generally equidistant from the tip of the snout and the eye. Inter-orbital width much smaller than that of upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, nearly equal to the diameter of the eye. Fingers free; first longer than second; sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes freely distinct. Toes entirely webbed, penultimate phalange of fourth toe free, tips not pointed; a highly developed, shovel shaped inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tympanum of the eye. The heels do not overlap, when the limbs are folded at right angle to the body. Dorsum light grayish with interrupted long warts. Venter dull whitish with darker spots on throat and smooth. Distribution: West Bengal, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). 23. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802) Indian Bull Frog 1758. Rana typhonia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, 1: 21l. 1875. Oxyrhynchus typhonius - Jimenez de la Espada, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Veri! 1862-1865: 178. 1882. Leptodactylus typhonius - Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 246. 1912. Rana tigerina - Barbour, Mem. Mus. Camp. Zool., 44: 63. 1915. Rana (Fejervarya) tigrina - Bolkay, Anat. Anz., 48: 175. 1920. Rana (Rana) tigrina - Boulenger, Rec. 1ndian Mus., 20: 6. 1933. Bufo typhon ius typhonius - Leavitt, Copeia, 1933: 8. 1938. Dicroglossus tigrinus - Deckert, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 138. 1940. Rana tigrina tigrina - Smith, Rec. 1ndian Mus., 42: 465-486. 1953. Bufo (Otylophus) typhon ius - Cei, Arch. Zool. 1tal. Torino, 38: 51l. 1969. Rana tigerina tigerina - Mertens, Stuttgart. Beit. Naturkd., 197: 17. 1974. Rana (Dicroglossus) tigerina tigerina - Dubois, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 3, Zool., 213: 34141l. 1981. Rana (Euphlyctis) tigerina - Dubois, Manit. Zool. 1tal., N.S., Suppl., 15: 239. 1985. Euphlyctis tigerina - Poynton and Broadley, Ann. Natal Mus., 27: 124. 1799. Bufo typhonius - Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 207. 1987. Limnonectes (Hoplobatrachus) tigerinus - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 59. 1802. Rana tigerina Daudin, (An. Xl), Hist. Nat. Rain. Gren. Crap., Quarto: 62. 1991. Tigrina tigrina - Fei, Ye, and Huang, "1990", Key to Chinese Amph: 144. 1820. Rana tigrina - Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 174. 1992. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. 1829. Rana picta Gravenhorst, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 39. 1838. Osilophus typhonius - Tschudi, Classi! Batr.: 52: 89. 184l. Cystignathus typhonius - Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 402. 1843. Leptodactylus typhonius - Fitzinger, Syst. Rept.: 3l. 1853. Rana malabarica Kelaart, Prodr. Faunae Zeylan., 1, 1: 19l. 1870. Rana gracilis var. pulla Stoliczka, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 39: 139. 1871. Otilophus typhonius- Peters,Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1871: 403. 1875. Oxyrhynchus typhonius - Jimenez de la Espada, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Veri! 1862-1865: 178. Linn. Lyon, 61: 315. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10838), Penambur Sea beach, Mangalore, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 19.xii.1966; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10826), Condapur, Dist.- Udipi, 31. xii. 1966; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10016, 10022 & 10023), Hemavathi river, Shakelshpur Dist.,15-ix-2004 & 16-xi-2004; 2exs., (ZSIA 10198 & 10199), Malandur, Ajumbe, Dist.Shimoga, 30-ix-2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10193), Ballae halli Reserve forest Agumbe, Dist: Shimoga; 30.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10604), Shiggan, 40 Km. from, Haveri camp. Dist- Haveri, 29.viii.2005; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10892), Chitradurga, 2005; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A/580, Keraekattae, Chickmagalur, 20.10.05; 1 403 DINESH et al. : Amphibia ex., WGRC/V/A/586, Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, 19.10.05; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/656, Sukhalhatti, BWLS, Chickmagalur,04.xi.2006. Dakshin Kannada, 22.ix.2004; 4exs., (ZSIA 10882), Gundia river, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 23.xi.2003; 7 exs.,WGRCNIA/609,Hiplacamp,Chickmagalur, 12.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Large sized frogs, males smaller compared to females. Snout projecting beyond mouth. Tympanum distinct, equal to or slightly smaller than the diameter of the eye. First finger longer than second. Toes fully webbed but the web not reaching the tip of the fourth toe. Fifth toe with an outer fringe of web. Outer metatarsals separated by web nearly to the base. An obtuse inner metatarsal tubercle. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye or between the eye and the nostril. Heels overlap when folded at right angles to the body. Skin smooth or granulate above with distinct longitudinal glandular folds. A fold from behind the eye to the shoulder. Ventral skin smooth. Dorsum olive green or brown with darker markings. A light colored vertebral streak from snout to vent often present. Diagnosis: A small frog with fejerveryan lines on both sides of the belly in life; possessing a rictal gland at the mouth commissure, prominent in life; distinct canthus rostralis; nostrils near to snout tip than to eye; a white horizontal band along the upper lip in life; vomerine teeth present; median lingual process absent; digital extremities rounded, not dilated; webbing rudimentary; inner metatarsal tubercle short, conical; outer metatarsal tubercle present, minute; tarsal ridge present; heels strongly overlapping when folded at right angles to each other; tibiotarsal articulationreaching up to posterior corner of eye. Dorsal skin with longitudinal folds; pupil horizontal and oval, iris golden yellow; sides of head brownish, darker in tympanic region; mid dorsum brown to brick red; upper arm brick red; upper lip white colored; venter yellowish white. Distribution: Throughout India (Dutta, 1997). Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala. Elsewhere: Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Genus Minervarya Dubois, Ohler and Biju 24. Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler and Biju, 2001 Minervarya frog 2001. Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju,Alytes, 19: 58. 2007. Fejervarya sahyadris - Matsui, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida, Curro Herpetol., 26: 98-99. 2009. Minervarya sahyadris - Ohler, Deuti, Grosjean, Paul, Ayyaswamy, Ahmed and Dutta, Zootaxa, 2209: 43- Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Genus Sphaerotheca Gunther 25. Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799) Indian Burrowing frog 1799. Rana breviceps Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 140. 1829. Rana variegata Gravenhorst, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 33. 1838. Systoma breviceps - Tschudi, Classif Batr.: 86. 1854. Pyxicephalus fodiens Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. 56. Material examined: 6 exs., (ZSIA 10050,10051, 10052, 10062, 10066, & ZSIA10068), Stream, Gundia, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 18.ix.2004 & 20.ix.2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10903) Mannagunddy, 15 Km. south to Gundia FRH, Dist: Dakshin Kannada, 21.ix.2003; 6 exs., (ZSIA 10098, 10099, 10110, 10111, 10112 & ZSIA 10113), springs, Giriguddhai, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 22.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10135), Plantation, Giriguddhai, Dist.- 1854. Pyxicephalus pluvialis Jerdon, "1853",1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. 1859. Sphaerotheca strigata GUnther, "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus.: 20. 1860. Pyxicephalus (Tomopterna) fodiens - Peters, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860: 186. 1860. Tomopterna strigata - Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860: 165. 1864. Pyxicephalus breviceps - Gunther, Rept. Brit. India: 41l. 404 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1920. Rana (Tomopterna) breviceps- Boulenger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 102. 1938. Tomopterna breviceps - Deckert, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 142. 1956. Rana swani Myers and Levi ton In Leviton, Mye rs, and Swan, Occas. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Stanford Univ., 1: 7. 1976. Tomopterna swani - Dubois, Cah. Nepal., Doc., 6: 12. 1981. Rana (Tomopterna) swani - Dubois, Manit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 233. 1983. Rana (Tomopterna) breviceps breviceps - Dubois, Alytes, 2: 166. 1987. Tomopterna (Sphaerotheca) breviceps - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 57. 1987. Tomopterna (Sphaerotheca) swani - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 57. 1998. Tomopterna maskeyi Schleich and Anders, In Schleich andKiistle, Contr. Herpetol. S. Asia Nepal India, 4: 57. 1999. Sphaerotheca breviceps - Dubois, 1. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 8. 2000. Sphaerotheca pluvialis - Marmayou, Dubois, Ohler, Pasquet, and Tillier, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. 3, Paris, 323: 293. 2000. Sphaerotheca swani - Vences, Glaw, Kosuch, Das, and Veith, Lourenco and Goodman (eds.), Diversite et Endeemisme a Madagascar: 232. 2000. Sphaerotheca maskeyi - Vences, Glaw, Kosuch, Das, and Veith, Lourenco and Goodman (eds.), Diversite et Endeemisme a Madagascar: 232. Material examined: 5 exs., (ZSIA 10894), Manur, 35 Km. from Haveri, Dist-Haveri, 28.viii.2005; 4 exs., (ZSIA 10606), Ranibenner. 35 km. from Haveri, Dist.- Haveri, 30.viii.2005; Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1762, Kadubailu, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 13.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Medium sized frog, snout less than the diameter of the eye in length, rounded, tympanum distinct. First finger considerably longer than second. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the shoulder. Heels do not meet when the legs are folded at right angles to the boy. Sub-articulate tubercles prominent, inner metatarsal tubercle large compressed, crescentic and more than the inner toe in length. Distribution : Punjab, Orissa, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra and Karnataka (Dutta, 1997 and Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). 26. Sphaerotheca dobsonii (Boulenger, 1882)* Dobson's Burrowing Frog 1882. Rana dobsoni Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 32. 1920. Rana (Tomopterna) dobsonii - Boulenger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 101-102. 1938. Tomopterna dobsonii - Deckert, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1938: 139. 2000. Sphaerotheca dobsonii - Dubois and Ohler, Alytes, 18: 35. Diagnosis: Dorsum gray, indistinctly marbled with brown; Dorsal smooth, granulate on the belly. Ventrum yellowish. A fold from eye to shoulder. Head large, snout short, rounded, inter-orbital width broader than that of upper eyelids. Tympanum very distinct and three-fourths diameter of the eye. Thighs black above marbled with white; beneath yellowish; throat brown spotted. First finger much longer than second as long as third. Toes moderately long and webbed at the base, sub-articular tubercles moderately prominent. A shovel shaped inner metatarsal tubercle absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching the shoulder or the tympanum. Distribution : Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 27. Sphaerotheca leucorhynchus (Rao, 1937) Rao's Burrowing Frog 1937. Rana (Tomopterna) leucorhynchus Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 392. 1981. Rana (Tomopterna) leucorhynchus - Dubois, Manit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 233. 1987. Tomopterna (Sphaerotheca) leucorhynchus - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 57. 2000. Sphaerothecaleuchorhynchus- Vences, Glaw, Kosuch, Das, and Veith, Lourenl;o and Goodman (eds.), Diversite et Endeemisme a Madagascar: 232. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10058), stream, Gundia, dist: Dakshin Kannada, 19. ix. 2004; 1 ex., DINESH et al. : Amphibia (ZSIA 10 118), plantation, Giriguddhai, Dist: DakshinKannada, 22.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10121), Gucha, Gundia, Dist, Dakshin Kannada, 23.ix.2004. Diagnosis: Dorsum pale brown, dorsal skin smooth, upper surface of the snout and the anterior third of the eyelid having a distinct broad white band. A dark 'W' shaped band present between the eyes. A 'U' shaped mark present on the sides of the body and hip. Both the lines having prominent cross bars. Throat and abdomen white. Thighs yellowish, ventrally. A dark broad band extending from the eye to snout. Foot chocolate brown in colour. Head longer than broad, Snout obtusely pointed, projecting beyond the mouth. Nostril slightly nearer to the tip of the snout than eye. Tympanum absent. Forelimb and hindlimb short. Fingers long and pointed, first finger longer than second. Subarticular tubercles of fingers large and conical in shape. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching to the eye. Toes short, half webbed. Sub articular tubercles of toes small and inconspicuous. A large shovel shaped strongly compressed inner metatarsal tubercle present. Outer metatarsal tubercle is small and is present at the base of fourth toe. Distribution: M ysore, Karnataka (type locality) (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Family MICRIXALIDAE Dubois, Ohler and Biju Genus Micrixalus Boulenger 28. Micrixalus elegans (Rao, 1937)* Elegant Torrent Frog 1937. Philautus elegans Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 407. 200l. Micrixalus elegans - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 48. Diagnosis: Dorsum crimson, ventrum yellowish. Dorsal skin smooth, sometimes with minute tubercles. Ventrum smooth. Head moderately large, 405 flat, longer than broad. Tympanum reddish, distinct and close to the eyes. Lateral region up to the posterior border of the eyes black. Upper jaw whitish, lower jaw with a number of black spots. A number of black bands present on the posterior region of the limbs. Throat and chest mottled with brown, thighs pinkish. Forelimbs moderately long, fingers free with prominent well-developed discs and grooves. Hindlimbs moderately long, tibiotarsal articulation reaching the eyes. Toes short, less than half webbed, tips of the toes dilated into well-developed discs. Sub-articular tubercles feebly developed. A small outer metatarsal tubercle present. Inner metatarsal tubercle absent. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 29. Micrixalusfuscus (Boulenger, 1882) Dusky Torrent Frog 1882. Ixalus fuscus Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 96. 1888. Micrixalusfuscus - Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888: 205. 1942. Micrixalus herreiMyers, Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 55: 7l. 1946. Staurois fuscus - Forcart, Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel, 57: 130. Material examined: 3 exs., WGRC/v/A/595 , Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, 19.x.2005; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/598, Muduba, Chickmagalur, 21.x.2005; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A/602, Bhagavathi Forest, KNP, Chickmagalur, 24.x.2005. Diagnosis: Snout pointed, prominent, generally longer than the orbital diameter; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region flat, vertical; nostril halfway between the eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eye lid; tympanum small, indistinct. Toes nearly entirely webbed; disks moderate; sub articular tubercles small; a small inner metatarsal tubercle present. The tibiotarsal 406 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of snout when the leg is held along the body. Skin smooth above and beneath; a narrow glandular lateral fold and a fold from the eye to the shoulder present. Brown or pinkish above; sides of head and body generally darker; limbs with dark cross bands; hinder side of thighs dark brown, with a more or les accentuated light median stripe; whitish beneath, marbled with brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs, the opening of which are very small. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Distribution in Karnataka doubtful. 30. Micrixalus kottigeharensis (Rao, 1937)* Kottigehar Torrent Frog 1937. Philautus kottigeharensis Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 408. 200l. Micrixalus kottigeharensis - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 49. Diagnosis: Dorsum deep bronze, ventrum smooth. Sides of head body and limbs banded by deeper strips. Undersurface of the thighs red. Sides of the body yellowish to white. Dorsal surface minutely tuberculated. Prominent supra-temporal and dorso-Iateral folds present. Head depressed, snout actually pointed at the tip and projecting beyond the mouth. Nostril equi distant from the eyes and tip of the snout. Tympanum fairly distinct and nearly half the diameter of the eyes. Fingers free. Tips of the finger and toes dilated in to large discs. First finger slightly larger than the second and third slightly longer than snout. Sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes feebly developed. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching tip of snout. Toes fully webbed. Outer metatarsals united at the base or separate. A minute inner metatarsal tubercle present. needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 31. Micrixalus narainensis (Rao, 1937)* Narain's Torrent Frog 1937. Philautus narainensis Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 413. 200l. Micrixalus narainensis - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 50. Diagnosis: Dorsum brownish, ventral side dirty white. Head moderately large and longer than broad. Snout pointed and projecting beyond the mouth. Nostril equidistant from the eyes and tip of snout. Tympanum distinct and nearly half of the diameter of the eyes. Forelimbs moderately long, brownish. A number of faint bands present on the anterior border of thighs as well as on the upper region of tibia. Skin smooth, Fingers rather short. Tips of the fingers dilated in to prominent discs. First finger shorter than second. Only one sub-articular tubercle present at the base of the first finger. Hindlimbs long, tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout. Toes rather small with minute discs and partly webbed. Outer metatarsal tubercle free at base. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 32. Micrixalus phyllophilus (Jerdon, 1853)* Pink-thighed Torrent Frog 1854. Limnodytes? phyllophila Jerdon, "1853",1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 532. 1869. Ixalus opisthorhodus Gunther, "1868", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868: 484. 1888. Micrixalus opithorhodus - Bou1enger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888: 205. 1987. Micrixalus phyllophilus - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 50. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it Diagnosis: Medium sized species (35 mm), Colour on upper side brown, while sides are lighter. The underside is yellow with a series of dark mottled 407 DINESH et al. : Amphibia markings which are dense over the throat, rendering it dark coloured. The lower surface of the hind limbs are rose colour. The anal region black. A very prominent black band is present on either side of the head under each eye and nostril. The skin is smooth above, with a few short, oblique folds. A strong narrow glandular lateral fold and another cutaneous fold extending from the eye to shoulder. The ventral surface smooth. A few white tubercles sometimes present on the sides of the trunk and a few oblique folds and wrinkles on the head, back and hind limbs. Head small blunt. Tympanum small concealed. The interorbital width is wide and slightly broader than upper eyelid. The nostril is almost equidistant from the eye and tip of the snout. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching between eye and tip of the snout. A small inner metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Diagnosis: Tongue with a free pointed papilla in the anterior part of the median line. Snout sub acuminate, as long as the diameter of the orbit; canthus rostralis angular; lorealregion flat, vertical; nostrils midway between eye and the tip of the snout; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum small, hidden. Toes very broadly webbed, the web reaching the disks, disks very large; sub articular tubercles small; inner metatarsal tubercle small. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or somewhat beyond when the leg is held along the body. Skin smooth above, with more or less distinct darker reticulations; limbs with dark cross bands; throat and breast often marbled with brown. Males with internal vocal sacs, the opening of which are very small. Distribution : Karnataka and Kerala (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka and Kerala parts of Western Ghats. 33. Micrixalus saxicola (Jerdon, 1853) Small Torrent Frog 34. Micrixalus swamianus (Rao, 1937)* Ramaswami's Torrent Frog 1854. Polypedates saxicola Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 533. 1937. Philautus swamianus Rao, Proc. 1ndian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 409. 1882. Ixalus saxicola - Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 97. 200l. Micrixalus swamianus - Bossuyt and Dubois, 1888. Micrixalus saxicola - Bou1enger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888: 205. Material examined: 3 exs., WGRC/v/A/597 , Muduba, Chickmagalur, 21.x.2005; 2 exs., WGRCI V/A/601, Bhagavathi Forest, KNP, Chickmagalur, 24.x.2005; 3 exs., WGRC/v/A1707, Haligekerae, Chickmagalur, 15.xi.2007; 11 exs., WGRC/v/AI 655, Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 06.xi.2006; 2 exs., WGRC/vIA/658, Halasinakhan, Chickmagalur, 14.xi.2006;, 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1711, Mullayanagiri, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 15.08.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A1740, Hipla camp, Chikkamagaluru, 12.xi.2006; 3 exs., WGRC/v/AI 220, Nemanckolly, Coorg, 7.iii.1994; 2exs., WGRCI V/A/221 , Ottekolly, Coorg, 8.iii.1994; 12 exs., WGRC/v/A/584, Hanuman gundi, Chickmagalur, 20.x.2005. Zeylanica, 6: 49. Diagnostic Character: Dorsum deep bluish, ventral surface of the thighs pinkish. Skin smooth. A Dorsolateral fold extends from behind the posterior corner of the eyes to groin. Head longer than broad, snout pointed projecting beyond the mouth. Nostril equidistance from the eyes and tip of the snout. First finger shorter than the second. Tips of the finger dilated in to small discs. Sub-articular tubercles absent in the third and fourth fingers. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching the anterior corner of the eyes. Toes fully webbed. Sub articular tubercles of toes indistinct. A small and conical inner metatarsal tubercle present. Outer metatarsal separated at the base. Distribution: Known from type locality only. Elsewhere: Not known. 408 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Family MICROHYLIDAE Gunther Sub-Family MICROHYLINAE Gunther 1843. Siphneus ornatum - Fitzinger, Syst. Rept.: 33. 1854. Engystoma malabaricum Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. 1854. Engystoma carnaticum Jerdon, "1853",1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. Genus Kaloula Gray 1859. Diplopelma ornatum - Gunther, "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus.: 50. 35. Kaloula taprobanica Parker, 1934* Sri Lankan Kaloula 1870. Diplopelma carnaticum - Stoliczka, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 39: 154. 1934. Kaloula pulchra taprobanica Parker, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 86. 1996. Kaloula taprobanica - Dutta and ManamendraArachchi, Amph. Fauna Sri Lanka: 30. 1882. Microhyla (Engystoma) carnatica - Mason, Burma, Ed. 3: 292. 1882. Microhyla ornata - Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 165. 1927. Microhyla (Diplopelma) ornata - Bourret, Fauna Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 9081), Luckunda estate, Virajpet Dist.- Srimangala N adu, Coorg,30-vii-1998. Diagnosis: Dorsum dark and brick red areas forming a more or less symmetrical pattern. The brick red areas are a narrow inter-orbital band and broader dorso-Iateral bands. Ventral side light gray, spotted with brown. Dorsal skin smooth or with scattered tubercles. Ventral smooth, granules usually present round the vent. Head broader than long, tympanum hidden, snout short, rounded as long as or a little longer than the diameter of the eye; nostril nearer to the tip of the snout than to eye. Interorbital width broader than that of upper eyelid. Fingers free with well developed truncate discs, toes one third webbed. Sub articular tubercles moderate. Two compressed metatarsal tubercles, the inner of which is about one and half times as long as outer. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the axilla. Distribution: West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Nepal and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Genus Microhyla Tschudi 36. Microhyla ornata (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog 184l. Engystoma ornatum Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 745. Indochine, Vert., 3: 263. Material examined: 35 exs., (ZSIA 9080), Luckundaestate, VirajpetDist.-, SrimangalaNadu, Coorg, 16-viii-1998; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10946),Honavar, Dist.- Uttar Kannada; 5 exs., (ZSIA 10828), Hatraegate pump house, 8 km. from forest rest House, Medikeri, Dist.- Kodagu, II.xi.2003; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10829), Cherambane 30 Km. away from FRH, Talekaveri, Dist.- Kodagu, 15 .xi.2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10837) 5 Km. from Talekaveri, Dist.Kodagu, Karnataka, 15.xi.2003; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10885),6 Km. north east ofFRH, Talekaveri, Dist.Kodagu, Karnataka, 16.xi.2003; 8 exs., (ZSIA 10879 & 10944), Bemanholaihill, 6 Km. from Subramanya, Dist.- DakshinKannada, 24.xi.2003; 3 exs., WGRCI V/A/652,Rashigudda, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 16.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/673 , Muthodi, Chickmagalur, 20.xi.2007; 2 exs., WGRC/v/AI 735, Kadubailu, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 13.xi.2006. Diagnosis: A small slender microhylid. The colour pattern of the back is distinctive. Interorbital width nearly twice as broad as upper eyelid. Toes with a rudiment of web. Two prominent metatarsal tubercles. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the shoulder or slightly beyond the anterior border of eye when the leg is held along the body. The heels meet when the legs are folded at right angles to the body. Skin smooth or slightly tubercular. The characteristic pattern on the back, which may be 409 DINESH et al. : Amphibia bright pink or brown of varying shades, begins between the eyes where it extends to both eyelids, narrows on the nape, widens above the shoulder, narrows again and finally broadens out sending a stripe to the groin and the thigh. A dark streak from behind the eye to the shoulder, limbs cross barred. White below, throat and chest may be stippled with brown. In males, throat black during breeding season. Distribution: Throughout India (Dutta, 1997), including Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Sarkar, 1990). Elsewhere: Japan, China, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka Malaysia (Frost, 2010). 37. Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854) Red Narrow-mouthed Frog 1854. Engystoma rubrum Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 534. 1864. Copeafulva Steindachner, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 14: 286. 1882. Microhyla rubra - Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. 38. Microhyla sholigari Dutta and Ray, 2000* Sholigari microhylid 2000. Microhyla sholigari Dutta and Ray, Hamadryad, 25: 39. Diagnosis: Head wider than long, finger and toe tips dilated, a median longitudinal groove dorsally on the toe, outer and inner side of the 4th toe webbed between proximal and distal sub-articules; two large metatarsal tubercles, inner elongated, outer rounded; venter white. Nostrils dorso-Iateral with rounded openings; loreal region oblique, eye large, pupil circular; tympanum not visible due to supra tympanic fold. Finger discs absent, a light brown mid dorsal marking starting between eyes widens at mid body, narrow on abdomen. Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Chanda, 2002). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka and Kerala parts of Western Ghats. Genus Ramanella Rao and Ramanna Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 164. 1987. Microhyla (Diplopelma) rubra - Dubois, Alytes, 6: 4. Material examined: 3 exs., (ZSIA 10810), in and around F.R.H Murkal, Dist.- Kodagu, 08-xi2003; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10889), Kempana valley, 35 Km. from ER.H Murkal, Dist.- Kodagu, 9.xi.2003. Diagnosis: Dorsum brownish; venter dull whitish, darker on gular region; dorsum warty, ventrally smooth. Head broader than long; snout rounded a little longer than diameter of eye; nostril nearer to tip of snout than eye. Inter-orbital width broader than that of upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers tree, first finger much shorter than second, tips swollen; two large shovel shaped metatarsal tubercle present. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching eyes. Distribution: Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Note: Endemic to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. 39. Ramanella minor Rao, 1937* Small Ramanella 1937. Ramanella minor Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 417. Diagnosis: Dorsum olive with a dark median band extending posterior to the inter orbital space. A dark spot present in between the eyes. Skin smooth, dorsum with dark olive band. Olive bands also present on the flank. Snout short and broadly truncated. Interorbital distance broad. Fingers moderately long. Tips of fingers dilated in to triangular expansions. Hindlimbs small. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches middle region of the body. Toes free with pointed tips. Sub articular tubercles well developed. A conical and moderately developed inner metatarsal tubercle and a round in conspicuous outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution : Known from type locality (Sakaleshpur, Hassan, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. 410 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 40. Ramanella montana (Jerdon, 1854) Jerdon's Ramanella 1854. Hylaedactylus montanus Jerdon, "1853",1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 533. 1934. Ramanella montana - Parker, Monogr. Frogs Fam. Microhylidae: 9l. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/653 , Rashigudda, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 16.xi.2006. Diagnosis: A small sized frog, post narial ridges well marked and nearly in contact on mid-line; finger discs twice as broad as penultimate joint. Toes webbed, webbing more extensive in the male than the female, two metatarsal tubercles; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to shoulder or between shoulder and eye. Skin smooth, coloration on the dorsum brown with varying shades. Below dark brown, almost blackish with white spots or blotches. Distribution: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 41. Ramanella mormorata Rao, 1937* Marbled Ramanella 1937. Ramanella mormorata Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 419. Diagnosis: Dorsum pale olive with darker bands between eyes and with scattered darker blotches on skin; venter pale yellowish, variegated with dark brown; more or less smooth; head broader than long; snout truncated, as long as diameter of eye, nostril nearer to tip of snout than eye. Interorbital with over two times greater than that of upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers free, first shorter than second, tips bearing well developed truncated disc; sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes indistinct, toes basally webbed three phalanges of fourth toe free; tips obtusely swollen; a large elongated shovel shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and distinct round outer metatarsaltubercle present. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching near axilla; heels do not overlap when hind limbs are set at right angles to body. Distribution: Goa and Karnataka (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Endemic to Western Ghats. 42. Ramanella triangularis (Gunther, 1876)* Malabar Ramanella 1876. Callula triangularis Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 576. 1918. Kaloula triangularis - Rao, Rec. Indian Mus., 15: 44. 1934. Ramanella triangularis - Parker, Monogr. Frogs F am. Microhylidae: 94. 1937. Ramanella triangularis rufeventris Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 418. Diagnosis: Dorsum olive brown with prominent triangular spots or markings covering nearly the entire length of the back. This species can be distinguished from congeners in having a large, triangular blackish spot on the back. Lateral sides blackish brown. A numbers of white dots present on the entire ventral surface of body. Limbs blackish brown with pale olive brown patches. Skin smooth, some times with small tubercles scattered on the back. Snout blunt and rounded in shape. Fingers moderately long and the tips dilated in to small discs. Toes free with no trace of web. Tips of the toes almost pointed. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching shoulder or slightly beyond it. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 43. Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka, 1872)* Variegated Ramanella 1854. Hylaedactylus carnaticus Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 533. 1872. Callula variegata Sto1iczka, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1872: 11l. DINESH et al. : Amphibia 1876. Callula olivacea Gi.inther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 576. 1918. Kaloula variegata - Rao, Rec. indian Mus., 15: 43. 1925. Ramanella symbioitica Rao and Ramanna, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1925: 1445. Diagnosis: Dorsum more or less smooth and brownish. Venter smooth and white with reddish brown at gular region; anal region poorly granular. Head broader than long; snout rounded, as long as diameter of eye, nostril nearer to tip of snout than eye; inter-orbital with much broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden; dermal ridge a little away behind the internal nares. Fingers free, first shorter than second, tips bearing well developed truncated disc; sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes distinct. Toes feebly webbed, tips a little dilated; inner metatarsal tubercles prominent, outer metatarsal tubercle not prominent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching the shoulder. Distribution: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil N adu, Karnataka and Kerala (Dutta, 1997). 411 of finger and toes not distinct; toes with a rudiment of web, both inner and outer shovel shaped metatarsal tubercles present in a large. Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching shoulder. Distribution: West Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Nepal (Frost, 2010). 45. Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799) Marbled Balloon Frog 1799. Rana systoma Schneider, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 144. 1820. Bombinator systoma - Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph.: 178. 1829. Engystoma marmoratum Cuvier, Regne Animal., Ed. 2,2: 112. 1829. Bufo (Engystoma) marmoratus Cuvier, RegneAnimal., Ed. 2, 2: 11l. 1829. Bufo (Breviceps) marmoratus Cuvier, Regne Animal., Ed. 2, 2: 112. 1838. Systoma leschenaultii Tschudi, Classif. Batr.: 49, 86. 1838. Engystoma marmoratum - Gurrin-Meneville, Icon. Regne Animal, 3: 17, pI. 27, fig. 3. 1838. Rana (Breviceps) marmoratum - Guerin-Meneville, Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Note: Restricted to India and Sri Lanka. Icon. Regne Animal, 3: 17. Genus Uperodon Dumeril and Bibron 184l. 44. Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1864)* Indian Balloon Frog Uperodon marmoratum - Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 8: 749. 1854. Hyperodon marmoratum - Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 533. 1864. Cacopus globulosus Gunther, Rept. Brit. India: 416. 1864. Cacopus systoma - Gunther, Rept. Brit. India: 415. 1867. Systoma globulosum - Cope, 1. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 6: 194. 1867. Systoma marmoratum - Steindachner, Reise Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool.: 36. Uperodonglobulosum-Parker,Arch. Zool. Ital. Torino, 16: 1243. 1868. Pachybatrachus Petersii Keferstein, Arch. Naturgesch., 34: 274. 1931. Uperodon systoma - Parker, Arch. Zool. Ital. Torino, 16: 1243. 1931. 1985. Uperodon globulosus - Frost, Amph. Species World: 39l. Diagnosis: Dorsum reddish brown; venter dull white; dorsum smooth or slightly tuberculated, ventrally wrinkled. Head broader than long, snout rounded, about twice as long as diameter of eye, nostril equidistant from tip of snout and eye, inter orbital width about thrice width of upper eye lid, tympanum hidden. Fingers free, first shorter than second; tips not bearing disc; sub-articular tubercles 2002. Uperodon systomus Anders, In Schleich and Kastle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 199. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSI A10832), Bababudin Hills, Babase Kathi area, Dist.Chikmagalur, 11.xi.1962. Diagnosis: Dorsum olive, marbled; venter white; dorsum smooth or slightly tuberculated and spotted, 412 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 darker. Venter smooth and spotless. Head broader than long; snout rounded, as long as the diameter of the eye; nostril equidistant from the tip of the snout and the eye; inter-orbital width about twice the width of the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers free, first shorter than second, tips not bearing discs; sub-articular tubercles of fingers and toes not very distinct; two shovel-shaped metatarsal tubercles present, the inner very large. Tibiotarsal articulation not reaching the shoulder. present. Tympanum completely hidden. Forelimbs stout. Fingers long, slender and free. Tips of fingers dilated in to small rounded disks with a prominent circum marginal groove, separating the dorsal and ventral portions of the disks. Hind limbs robust and short. Toes three-fourth webbed. Tips of toes dilated into prominent disks which are much larger than finger disks. Sub articular tubercles well developed and oval in shape. A long, slender inner and a nearly rounded outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil N adu, Kerala, and Karnataka (Dutta, 1997). Distribution: Kerala, Karnataka (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal (Frost, 2010). Family NYCTIBATRACHIDAE Blommers-Schlosser Genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger 46. Nyctibatrachus aliciae Inger, Shaffer, Koshy and Bakde, 1984* Alicia's Night Frog 1984. Nyctibatrachus aliciae Inger, Shaffer, Koshy, and Bakde, l. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 81: 414. Diagnosis: A small sized frog, dorsal surface of the body generally dark brown with light cream colored blotches. A mid-dorsal diffused band present and is interrupted with dark brown. A light cream spot present between the eyes. A number of light brown and cream bars present on both the limbs. Throat white with dark brown mottling. Body covered with loose skin and with irregular series of short ridges covering the entire back including the limbs. A strong well developed ridge extending from the lip and running over the tip of the snout between the nostrils present. A number of strong tubercles present on the upper eyelid; with numerous tiny, white- tipped tubercles on the upper surface of the calves, tarsus as well as above the vent. Snout rounded in shape. Nostrils closer to the tip of the snout than to eyes. Upper eyelids very small, covering less than one-fourth of the eye ball. A well developed supratympanic fold extending from the posterior region of the eye up to the shoulder Elsewhere: Not known. Note : This species requires neotype designation and its distribution in Karnataka doubtful. Endemic to Western Ghats. 47. Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis Dinesh, Radhakrishnan and Bhatta, 2008 Dattatreya Night Frog 2008. Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis Dinesh, Radhakrishnan and Bhatta, Zootaxa, 1914; 45-56. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/646 , Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 27.xii.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/647 , Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 09.xii.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/648, Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur,09.xii.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/649 , Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 09.xii.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/650, Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 27.xii.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/651, Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 27.xii.2007; 2 exs., WGRC/v/AI 702, DattaPeeta, Chickmagalur, 22.vi.2009; 7 exs., WGRC/V/A1705, Datta Peeta, Chickmagalur, 9.xi.2006. Diagnosis: A medium sized night frog, head wider than long, snout slightly projecting beyond mouth; whole of dorsum corrugated with several transverse folds, the anterior three folds very prominent and with a longitudinal dorsolateral fold on either side; lateral part of the body with two longitudinal folds; a well defined supratympanic fold from posterior corner of eye to shoulder; a small fold from eye to the posterior corner of mouth commissure; fingers and toes with disks, circummarginal grooves restricted to toe discs; 413 DINESH et al. : Amphibia webbing on toes medium (3/4th ); femoral glands and thumb pad very prominent in adult males; body, colored reddish-brown to blackish brown dorsally with two yellowish dorsolateral bands and pale ventrally. Distribution: Inside and surroundings ofBhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India. Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 48. Nyctibatrachus humayuni Bhaduri and Kripalani, 1955* Bombay Night Frog 1955. Nyctibatrachus humayuni Bhaduri and Kripa1ani, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 52: 852. Diagnosis: Dorsum grayish to brownish, black with irregular darker markings; Venter pale yellow. Indistinct cross bar present in the limbs; Dorsally covered with numerous fold; Head broader than long, tympanum hidden, Fingers free, dorsoventrally flattened; Tips of fingers dilated into prominent discs with horizontal circummarginal groove; hindlimb stout; tibiotarsal articulation reaching in front of eye; toes three fourth webbed. Inner metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Distribution: Maharashtra and Karnataka (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats and its distribution in Karnataka doubtful. 49. Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Reddy and Gururaja, 2007 Giant wrinkled frog 2001. Nyctibatrachus hussaini Krishnamurty, Reddy, and Gururaja, Curro Sci., 80: 887. karnatakaensis Dinesh, 2007. Nyctibatrachus Radhakrishnan, Reddy and Gururaja, Curro Sci., 93 (2): 246-250. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/579, Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, 19.x.2005. Diagnosis: A very large and colored species of Nyctibatrachus; body squat and not constricted at waist; head wider than long, snout blunt, canthus rostralis and tympanum indistinct, a distinct supra tympanic fold, a small fold from base of posterior end of eye lid to angle of jaw, a distinct Y shaped fold commencing from anterior corner of the eyes to the tip of snout and a small transverse fold between the inter-orbital space present. Webbing on toes reaching base of disks except on toe IV, where it reaches distal sub articular tubercle; tips of both fingers and toes flattened to form disks with distinct grooves separating dorsum of disks from venter; prominent sub articular tubercles on fingers and toes; toe tips rounded with circummarginal grooves. Sub articular tubercles well developed, oval, numbering one on first and second toes; two on third and fifth toes; and three on fourth toe. Inner metatarsal tubercle thick and elongated; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; toe disks wider than finger disks; a slightly crescentic tarsal fold extending from posterior edge of inner metatarsal tubercle up to just beginning of tarsus present. Dorsum blackish brown mottled with yellow spots, the mottling extending to tip of toes and fingers including upper eye lids; a dotted small white band from posterior end of eye to angle of joining of forearm present; small white band present on both fingers and toes; no dorsolateral fold present; throat granular with fine longitudinal folds; rest of venter glandular, colored light creamish brown and with fine folds; fore and hind limbs brownish with granular folds; hind limbs barred with unclear dotted white bands; tongue unpigmented creamish. Distribution: In and around Kudremukh National Park, Karnataka. Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 50. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis (Rao, 1937)* Kempholey Night Frog 1937. Nannobatrachus kempholeyensis Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 401. 414 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1987. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 68. Diagnosis: Skin smooth or slightly granulate behind the eyes and shoulder; no tarsal fold on the back; a short temporal fold only occasionally present on one side and extending beyond the shoulder. Abdomen and lower surface of the thighs finely granulate. Pupil red; body stout and toad like appearance. Head flat, broader than long, tympanum hidden; upper eyelid equal to the distance between the nostrils or the diameter of the eye; fingers rather small, first slightly smaller than the second; subarticular tubercles distinct on the third and fourth fingers only. Hind limbs short; limbs without cross bar; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the posterior border of eye; the heels do not meet when the limbs are folded; Tips of toes and fingers dilated in to small discs sub-articular tubercles of the toes indistinct, inner metatarsal tubercle very minute and outer at the base of fourth toe more minute; No rudiment of web & lateral fold. Distribution: Known from type locality (Hills of Kempholey Ghats, Hassan) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 51. Nyctibatrachus major Boulenger, 1882 Malabar Night Frog 1882. Nyctibatrachus major Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 114. 1910. Rana travancorica Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 5: 19l. Material examined: 6 exs., WGRC/v/AI198, Nemanckolly, Coorg, 7.iii.1994; 1 ex., WGRC/v/ A/592, Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, 19.x.2005. Diagnosis: Habitus stout. Vomerine teeth in two straight series, oblique in the young, much behind the level of the choanae; snout very short, without canthus rostralis; eyes very prominent, obliquely directed forwards and upwards; upper eyelid very narrow; interorbital space twice as broad as the upper eyelid. Fingers moderate, first much shorter than second; toes moderate, % webbed; tips of fingers and toes with disks, only toes with circum marginal grooves; sub articular tubercles not much developed and rather indistinct; inner metatarsal tubercle small, elongate and scarcely prominent. The tibiotarsal articulation reaching the eye, or somewhat beyond when the leg is held along the body. Dorsum with very thin, closely set vermiculated folds; upper eyelids covered with strong tubercles and with a rather indistinct oblique fold beneath the eye; throat with slight longitudinal folds. Brown above, with rather indistinct darker and lighter markings; brownish beneath, more or less speckled with brown. Male with two internal vocal sacs. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 52. Nyctibatrachus petraeus Das and Kunte, 2005 Castle rock Night frog 2005. Nyctibatrachus petraeus Das and Kunte, 1. Herpetol., 39: 465. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/61O, Kathlae Khan, Uttara Kannada, 9.vi.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1701, Chorla, Belgaum, 06.viii.2009. Diagnosis: Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups just behind the level of the choanae. A free, pointed papilla on the middle of the tongue. Head moderate; snout obtuse, with obtuse canthus rostralis and concave loreal region; nostril nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid, tympanum distinct, two thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first not extending quite as for as second; toes twothirds webbed, the web reaching the disks of the third and fifth toes; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks; sub articular tubercles moderate; a single, small, oval inner metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold. The tibiotarsal articulation reaches halfway between the eye and DINESH et al. : Amphibia the end of the snout. Skin of back with small scattered longitudinal warts; a strong fold from the eye to the shoulder. Brown above, with small dark spots; limbs with dark transverse bands; lower parts white, throat mottled with brown. From snout to vent 1.25 inches. Distribution: Karwar, Karnataka (type locality). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats, this specIes requires lectotype designation. 53. Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris Rao, 1920* Coorg Night Frog 1920. Nyctibatrachus sancti-palustris Rao, 1. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 27: 125. 1920. Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris var. modestus Rao, 1. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 27: 125. 1987. Nyctibatrachus modestus - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 68. Diagnosis: Skin nearly smooth in young by covered by short semicircular folds on the back and the sides in the adult. A median fold on the snout, forking behind the adult, but generally continued between the eyes in the young. A broad dark band between the eyes. Abdomen yellow in the young, the liver showing through the transparent skin in the form of a squarish dark patch. In the young the upper surface of the limbs is lighter, the dark bands extending on the toes. A triangular bright yellow mark on the snout and orange yellow streaks on the shoulder, some time continued to the groin in the young. Length of snout nearly equals to the diameter of eye in the adult, but longer in young. Eyes moderately prominent directed upwards and forwards. Vomerine teeth in two strongly set. No canthus rostralis, which in the young is obtuse. The inter orbital space is slightly wider than the upper eyelid. Nostril equidistance between the eye and tip of snout. Fingers moderate, first shorter than the second, tips swollen, truncate. Toes more than half webbed, tips dilated in to disks. Sub-articular tubercle moderate. An inner metatarsal tubercle. Tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye or slightly beyond. 415 Distribution: Known from type locality (the sacred swamps of the Cauvery (river), Brahmagiri Hills, Coorg, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 54. Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus Rao, 1937* Forest Night Frog 1937. Nyctibatrachus sylvaticus Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 399. Diagnosis: Dorsal surface brown and the ventral parts including the limbs whitish in colour. A number of faint cross bars present on the limbs. Skin with glandular folds and tubercles of various sizes. Ventral surface smooth. Tympanum partly or completely hidden. Supra-tympanic fold well developed. Tibia, tarsus and the fifth toe covered with prominent granules. Arms feebly granular. Forelimbs moderate. First finger shorter than second. Tips of fingers dilated in to small discs. Sub-articular tubercle moderately prominent. Hind limbs long. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching the posterior corner of the eye. Toes more than half webbed and the tips dilated in to small discs. Sub-articular tubercles moderately developed. An elongate and spade like inner metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Known from type locality (Forests of Kempholey, Sakaleshpur, Hassan, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Family RANIDAE Rafinesque Genus Clinotarsus Mivart 55. Clinotarsus curtipes (Jerdon, 1853) Bicoloured Frog 1854. Rana curtipes Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 532. 1868. Pachybatrachus robustus Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868: 557. 1869. Clinotarsus robustus - Mivart, Proc. Zaol. Soc. London, 1869: 280. 416 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1870. Hylorana curtipes - Jerdon, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870: 83. 1882. Rana curtipes - Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 6l. 1920. Rana (Hylorana) curtipes - Boulenger, Rec. 1ndian Mus., 20: 131-133. 1987. Rana (Hylarana) curtipes - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 42. 1992. Rana (Clinotarsus) curtipes - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 328. 2005. Clinotarsus curtipes - Krishna and Krishna, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 2l. Material examined: 2 exs., (ZSIA 9075), Luckunda Estate, Virajpet Dist., Srimangalanadu, Coorg, 23- viii-1998; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10019), stream, Kemphole, Dist.- Hassan, 16-xi-2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10208), Ballae halli Reserve Forest, Agumbae, Dist.- Shimoga, 01-x-2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10217 & ZSIA 10226), Forest near Bypass, Agumbae, 02-x2004; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/677,Halagekerae, BWLS, Chickmagalur,15.xi.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/587, Seethaboomi, Chickmagalur, 25.x. 2005; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/657, Sukhalhatti, BWLS, Chickmagalur,04.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/660, Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 06.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs; head depressed, snout obtusely pointed, canthus rostralis distinct. Loreal region concave. Interorbital width broader than upper eyelid. Tips of fingers and toes swollen or dilated into disks with indistinct circummarginal groove. First finger longer than second. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or eye. Heels meet when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; toes % or entirely webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle small; no tarsal fold. Males with internal vocal sacs. Forelimbs robust. Inner metacarpal tubercle on the inner side of the first finger with a small, grey, velvety, rugous patch. Skin smooth. Dorsolateral glandular fold narrow and moderately prominent. Supratympanic fold present. Coloration distinctive with grey above and with or without black dots; black below. Both colors are sharply separated. Distribution : Karnataka and Kerala (Dutta, 1997 and Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Kerala and Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. Genus Hylarana Tschudi 56. Hylarana aurantiaca (Boulenger, 1904) Golden Frog 1904. Rana aurantiaca Boulenger, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 15: 430. 1920. Rana (Hylorana) aurantiaca - Boulenger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 127-130. 1922. Rana (Hylorana) bhagmandlensis Rao, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 28: 44l. 1987. Rana(Hylarana)aurantiaca-Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 42. 1987. Rana (Hylarana) bhagmandlensis - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 42. 1992. Rana (Sylvirana) aurantiaca - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 326. 1992. Rana (Sylvirana) bhagmandlensis - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 326. 2005. Hylarana aurantiaca - Chen, Murphy, Lathrop, Ngo, Orlov, Ho, and Somorjai, Herpetol. J., 15: 237. 2006. Sylvirana aurantiaca - Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 370. Material examined: 2 exs., (ZSIA 10010 & 10015), Hemavathi river, Shakelshpur, Dist.Hassan, 15.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10120),Plantation, Giriguddhai,Dist.-Hassan; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1708, Virupakshikhan, Chickmagalur, 22.xi.2007; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/588, Gangamoola, Chickmagalur, 27.x.2005; 5 exs., WGRC/v/A/604, Hanuman gundi, Chickmagalur, 20.x.2005. Diagnosis: Small to medium sized slender frogs; snout long and narrow, canthus rostralis distinct; lorealregion vertical. Interorbital width very slightly broader then the upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct; Y2 or ? the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into disks with circummarginal groove. Toes? webbed; sub articular tubercles moderate; the outer metatarsal tubercle small and round whereas the inner elongated. Tibiotarsal articulation DINESH et al. : Amphibia reaches between eye and the nostril when leg is held along the body. Males have a darkly pigmented humeral gland close to the axilla and an internal vocal sac. A nuptial pad is present on the first finger. Skin smooth or coarsely shagreened with an irregular scattering of conical tubercles. A distinct but narrow dorsolateral glandular fold extends from behind the eye to the region of the vent. Below this fold is a broad chocolate brown band which runs from the tip of the snout through the nostril, eye and tympanum fading on the flanks. Throat speckled and the vent is immaculate. Dorsum orange in colour without spots; limbs with out bars; a black band along each side of the head and body; upper lip, canthus rostralis and dorsolateral folds white; terminal disks of toes black, lower parts white. Distribution: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Frost, 2010). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Note: Endemic to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. 57. Hylarana malabarica (Tschudi, 1838)* Fungoid Frog 1838. Rana malabarica Tschudi, Classif Batr.: 40, 80. 1859. Hylarana malabarica - Gunther, "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus.: 131. 1861. Hydrophylax malabaricus - Fitzinger, "1860", Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 414. 1864. Hylorana malabarica - Gunther, Rept. Brit. India: 426. 1882. Rana malabarica - Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 60. 417 easily identified by distinctive coloration. Snout obtuse, projecting slightly beyond the mouth. Tympanum very distinct, slightly less or equal to the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes swollen. First finger longer than second. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the eye when the leg is held along the body. Heels overlap feebly when the legs are folded at right angles to the body. Toes feebly webbed; two or three phalanges of the fourth toe free. Sub articular tubercles on fingers and toes and the inner metatarsal tubercles large and prominent. Skin smooth or granular above with a distinct dorsolateral glandular fold from above the tympanum to the groin. A shorter fold terminating in a large gland below the tympanum or is continued as a line of glands along the flanks, present. Ventrally granulate on belly and the underside of the thighs. Back bright orange red, yellowish red or crimson, from the tip of the snout to vent, distinctly separated from the black coloration on the flanks starting canthus rostralis; upper lip white and the colour may extend along the line of glands on one sides. V entrall y white, uniform or spotted or marbled with black. Throat and chest often wholly brownish black or black barred or marbled with yellowish white. The barring in some of the young specimens resembles stripes. Distribution : Western Ghats, Assam and Meghalaya (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Restricted to India. 1920. Rana (Rana) malabarica - Bou1enger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 9. 58. Hylarana temporalis (Gunther, 1864) Bronze Frog 1992. Rana (Hydrophylax) malabarica - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 325. 1854. Ranaflavescens Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 531. 2006. Hydrophylax malabaricus - Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 368. 1864. Hylorana temporalis Gunther, Rept. Brit. India: 427. 2007. Hylarana malabarica - Che, Pang, Zhao, Wu, Zhao, and Zhang, , Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 43: 1-13, by implication. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. Adults can be 1870. Hyloranaflavescens-Jerdon, Proc.Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870: 83. 1882. Rana temporalis - Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 63. 1920. Rana (Hylorana) temporalis - Bou1enger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 127-130. 1922. Rana (Hylorana) gracilis montanus Rao, 1. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, 28: 439. 418 1937. Rana (Hylorana) intermedius Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 394. 1987. Rana (Hylarana) temporalis - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 42. 1992. Rana (Sylvirana) temporalis - Dubois, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 326. 2005. Hylarana temporalis - Chen, Murphy, Lathrop, Ngo, Orlov, Ho, and Somorjai, Herpetol. J., 15: 237. 2006. Sylvirana temporalis - Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sa, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 370. Material examined: 1 ex., (ZSIA 10835), Mercara, Sudershan Guest House compound, Dist.Kodagu, l-iii-1966; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10688), Kempanahally, 35 Km from ER.H Murkel, DistKodagu, 09-xi-2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10684), Kotrae gate pump house, 8 Km from F.R.H Madikeri, Dist.- Kodagu, ll-xi-2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10686), Somerpet, 55 Km. from F.R.H Madikeri, Dist.Kodagu, 12-xi-2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10687), Hudugaon, 41 Km. from Madikeri, F.R.H, Dist.Kodagu, 12-11-2003; 4 exs., (ZSIA 10689), in and around F.R.H, Medikeri, Dist.- Kodagu, 12- xi2003; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10685), Belichthru Thodu, Kumber Forest Range, Gundia, Dist. - ,22-xi - 2003. 3 exs., (ZSIA 10049, ZSIA 10063 & ZSIA 10952) stream, Gundia, Dist.-, 18-ix- 2004 & 20-ix-2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10194) Ballae halli, Reserve Forest, Agumbe, Dist.- Shimoga, 30-ix-2004; 5 exs., (ZSIA 9077 and ZSIA 9078), Luckunda Estate, Virajpet Dist.- Srimangalanadu, Coorg, 23 viii-1998; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/676, Halagekerae, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 15.xi.2007; 3 exs., WGRCNIAI 727, Bygoor, Chikkamagaluru, 22.v.2005; 2 exs., WGRCNIAI182, Sollekolly, Coorg, 6.iii.1994; 1 ex., WGRCNIAI197, Kalliyala, Coorg, 4.iii.1994; 7 exs., WGRC/V/A/583, Hanuman gundi, Chickmagalur, 20.10.05; 1 ex., WGRCNIA/590, Keraekattae, Chickmagalur, 18.x.2005; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/654, Tadabehalla, BWLS, Chickmagalur, l1.xi.2006; 1 ex., WGRCNIAI191 , Ottekolly, Coorg, 8.iii.1994; 3 exs., WGRCNIAI 196, Chitekanam, Coorg, 4.iii.1994; 3 exs., WGRCI V/A/200, Nemanckolly, Coorg, 7.iii.1994; 1 ex., Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 WGRCNIA/211, Kalliyala, Coorg, 4.iv.1994; 3 exs., WGRC/V/A/594, Manikyadhara Betta, Kudremukh National Park, Chickmagalur, 19.x.2005; 1 ex., WGRC/V/A/599 , Muduba, Chickmagalur, 21.x.2005; 1 ex., WGRCNIA1764, Shirgola, Chikkamagaluru, 17.xi.2007. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. Headdepressed; snout acute, projecting beyond the mouth; canthus rostralis angular; loreal region strongly concave. Interorbital width broader than upper eyelid. Tympanum very distinct, % the diameter of the eye. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into well developed disks with a distinct circummarginal grove. First finger longer than second. Toes nearly entirely webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle small; no tarsal fold. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches nostril or tip of snout or a little beyond. The heels strongly overlap when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body. Males with internal vocals sacs. Fore limb strong with a pad on the inner side of the first finger, covered during the breeding season with grayish brown velvet like horny layer. Skin smooth; a prominent glandular dorsolateral fold from above the tympanum to the hip. Lower parts smooth. Distribution: Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil N adu and Karnataka (Dutta, 1997 and Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). Note: Endemic to Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Family RANIXALIDAE Dubois Genus Indirana Laurent 59. Indirana beddomii (Gunther, 1875) Beddome's Indian Frog 1876. Polypedates beddomii Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 571. 1882. Rana beddomii - Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 55. 1918. Rana (Discodeles) beddomi - Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 1: 238. 1986. Indirana beddomii - Laurent, In Grasse and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 761. 1987. Ranixalus beddomii - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 69. 1987. Indirana beddomii - Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 175176. 419 DINESH et al. : Amphibia 1989. Rana (Discodeles) beddomii - Daniel and Sekar, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 86: 194. Material examined: 2 exs., (ZSIA 10842), Mercara, Sudershan rest house, Dist.-Kodagu, S.iii.1966; 2 exs., (ZSIA 100S7 & 101OS), forest floor, Gundia, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 17.ix.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10106), Riprarian stream, Gundia, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 17.ix.2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10122 & 1012S), Subramanya, Dist.- Dakshin Kannada, 21.ix.2004; 6 exs., (ZSIA 10126, 10163,10178,10181,10182 &10183), Sampse, Dist.- Chikmagalur, 27.ix.2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10209 & 10241), Ballae halli reserve forest, Agumbe, Dist.- Shimoga, 01.x.2004 & 04.x.2004; S exs., (ZSIA 10218,10219,10221 & 10222), forest, near Bypass, Agumbae, Dist.- Shimoga, 02.x.2004; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10227 &10228), Microwave station compound, Agumbae, Dist.- Shimoga, 02.x.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10229), Forest near check post, Agumbae, Dist.- Shimoga, 02.x.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10230), Arecanut plantation, Agumbae, Dist.Shimoga, 02.x.2004; 2 exs.,(ZSIA 10231 & 10232), opposite to K.F.D Herbal plantation, Agumbae, Dist.- Shimoga, 03.x.2004; 1 ex., (ZSIA 102S0) , Jog falls, Dist.- Shimoga, OS .x.2004; 13 exs., (ZSIA 10836), Skm. fromFRH, Talekaveri, Dist.- Kodagu, IS.xi.2003; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10843 & 10880), Bemeanholei hill, east of Subramanya, 6 Km. from Linkeri, 24.xi.2003; 3 exs., (ZSIA 10908), Perambady40 km. from FRH, Medikeri, Dist.Kodagu, 13.xi.2003; 2 exs., (ZSIA 10904), Mannagunddy, ISkm. south toGundiaFRH,Dist.Dakshin Kannada, 21.xi.2003. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs. This species closely resembles Indirana leithii but can be separated from it by the following set of characters: Interorbital space as broad as the upper eye lid; fingers moderate, first at least as long as second; the tibiotarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or a little beyond when the leg is held along the body; heels strongly overlap when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; skin of back with short longitudinal glandular folds; a strong supra tympanic fold from the eye to the shoulder; colour brown above with rather indistinct darker spots, rarely uniform pinkish, sometimes with a light vertebral band; a dark cross band between eyes; a black band along the canthus rostralis and a black temporal spot; limbs more or less distinctly cross barred; lower parts uniform white. Distribution : Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 60. Indirana gundia (Dubois, 1986)* Gundia Indian Frog 1986. Ranixalus gundia Dubois, "1985", Alytes, 4: 114. 1987. Indirana gundia -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 175. Diagnosis: Dorsum varies from brown to yellowish, golden, cream, pinkish, reddish, more or less maroon spotted. Some times with a median dorsal band, which is yellowish, cream, golden or orange. Breast and belly yellowish, some time golden in colour, underside of femur translucent, yellowish or pinkish, Tympanum maroon colored; eyes clear, golden in the upper half, much clear silver white in the inferior part, sometimes with a vertical median line. Pupil horizontally oval, prolong in front and behind by a brown or reddish bar which is found in continuity with the deep bars of canthus rostralis and of the supra-tympanic fold. Distribution: Karnataka (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 61. Indirana leithii (Boulenger, 1888) Matheran Indian Frog 1888. Rana leithiiBou1enger,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 2: 506. 1918. Rana (Discodeles) leithii -Bou1enger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 1: 238. 1986. Indirana leithii -Laurent, In Grasse and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 76l. 1987. Ranixalus leithii -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 69. 1987. Indirana leithii -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 175-176. 1989. Rana(Discodeles)leithii-Danie1andSekar,1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 86: 194. 420 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/585 , Hanuman gundi, Chickmagalur, 20.10.05. Diagnosis: Small sized frogs. Tongue bifid with a distinct papilla. Head moderate; snout obtuse. Interorbital width a little narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum? diameter of the eye. First finger not exceeding quite as far as second; toes? webbed. Tips of fingers and toes dilated into small disks with circum-marginal groove. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching between the eye and the tip of the snout when leg is held along the body; inner metatarsal tubercle oval; no tarsal fold. Heels overlap when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body. Skin of back with small scattered longitudinal warts; supratympanic fold strong. Brown above with small dark spots; limbs with dark transverse bands, lower parts white; throat mottled with brown. Distribution: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 62. Indirana leptodactyla (Boulenger, 1882) Boulenger's Indian Frog 1876. Polypedates brevipalmatus Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 572. 1882. Rana leptodactyla Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 57. 1920. Rana (Discodeles ) leptodactyla -Boulenger, Rec. Indian Mus., 20: 98. 1986. Indirana leptodactyla -Laurent, In Grasse and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 76l. 1987. Ranixalus leptodactylus -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 69. 1987. Indirana leptodactyla -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 175176. 1989. Rana (Discodeles) leptodactyla -Daniel and Sekar, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 86: 194. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1763 , Chowdikattae, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 6.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Small sized frog, tongue with a papilla, head depressed, snout blunt, tympanum ? diameter of the eye. First finger shorter than second. Toes 1,4 webbed. Tips of disc dilated into discs. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the tip of snout or beyond. Heels overlap when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body. Skin of the back with short longitudinal glandular folds. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 63. Indirana longicrus (Rao, 1937)* Kempholey Indian Frog 1937. Philautus longricrus Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 414. 1985. Philautus crnri Dutta, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 82: 219. 1993. Philautus cruri -Duellman, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 21: 290. 200l. Indirana longicrus -Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 50. Diagnosis: A medium sized frog; head as long as broad; snout obtusely pointed, a little longer than the eye; canthus rostralis prominent; loreal region slightly concave and horizontal; nostrils midway between the eye and the tip of the snout; tympanum distinct and about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderately developed subarticulartubercles fairly well developed. Hind limb long, tibiotarsal articulation reaching far beyond the tip of the snout; heels strongly overlap when the limbs are folded at right angles to the body; toes half webbed; a minute elongate inner metatarsal tubercle; sub articular tubercles fairly developed; a faint outer metatarsal tubercle; upper surface of the dorsum with faint small folds, ventral surface smooth. Distribution: Kempholey, Karnataka (type locality) (Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 64. Indirana tenuilingua (Rao, 1937)* Rao's Indian Frog 1937. Rana (Discodeles) tenuilingua Rao, Proc. IndianAcad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 397. DINESH et al. : Amphibia 421 1986. Indirana tenuilingua -Laurent, In Grasse and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 76l. 1912. Rhacophorus maculatus himalayensis Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 8: 14. 1987. Ranixalus tenuilingua -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 69. 1927. 1987. Indirana tenuilingua -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 175- Rhacophorus (Polypedates) maculatus-Bourret, Fauna Indochine, Vert., 3: 264. 1931. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) acanthostomus -Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 120. 176. Diagnosis: Dorsum pale brown and the lateral sides dark in colour, upper surface of the snout is white. A dark band from the tip of the snout to the loreal region, another from tympanum to shoulder. Lower jaw bears dark and white longitudinal bands. Dorsal surface covered with fine cutaneous folds. Ventral surface smooth. Head slightly broader than long. Tympanum distinct and about two thirds the diameter of the eye. Throat pale yellowish and the ventral region of the thighs reddish in colour. A number of dark bars present on the limbs, fingers as well as on the toes. Fingers short with dilated and truncated discs. First and second finger nearly equal in size, third longest. Sub-articular tubercles indistinct. Hind limb long, toes short with truncated discs, toes three fourth webbed. A feebly developed inner-metatarsal tubercle and a very small outer metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Known from type locality (Forests of Kempholey, Sakaleshpur, Hassan, and Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Type of this species is found to be lost and it needs type designation from the type locality. Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 1931. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) maculatus -Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 133. 1931. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) acanthostomus -Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 137. (Rhacophorus) leucomystax 1931. Rhacophorus himalayensis -Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 137. 1936. Rhacophorus leucomystax maculatus -Wolf, Bull. Raffles Mus., 12: 18l. 1987. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) maculatus himalayensis -Dubois, "1986", Alytes, 5: 84-85. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1761 , Saave, BWLS, Chikkamagaluru, 5.xi.2006. Diagnosis: A slender medium sized frog, vomerine teeth present, snout acuminate, canthus rostralis distinct, interorbital width broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum about % the diameter of the eye; first finger as long as second; fingers with rudiment of web; toes % webbed; tips offingers and toes with dilated disks; subarticular tubercle distinct; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent; tibiotarsal articulation reaches the nostrils; heels strongly overlap when folded to at right angles to the body. Brownish yellow or grayish above with darker spots; hinder side of the thighs with round yellow spots on a brownish background (Chanda, 2002). Family RHACOPHORIDAE Hoffman Sub-Family RHACOPHORINAE Hoffman Genus Polypedates Tschudi 65. Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1833) ChunamFrog Distribution: Throughout India (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Frost, 2010). 1833. Hyla maculata Gray, Ill. Indian Zool.: pl. 82. 66. Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta, 2006 Charpa Tree Frog 1838. Biirgeria maculata Tschudi, Classif Batr.: 34, 75. 2006. 1838. Hyla Reynoudi Tschudi, Classif Batr.: 34, 75. 1859. Polypedates maculatus -Gunther, "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus.: 78. 1882. Rhacophorus maculatus -Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 83. 1901. Rhacophorus acanthostomus Werner, Zool. Anz., 24: 98. Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta, 1. Herpetol., 40: 215. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/670, Bygoor, Chickmagalur, 13.viii.2007. Diagnosis: A medium sized tree frog; head relatively long and wide; snout obtusely pointed; nostril closer to tip of snout than to eye; canthus rostralis flattened 422 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 in transverse section; lorealregion slightly concave; interorbital distance greater than width of upper eyelid; distinct supratympanic fold from posterior comer of upper eyelid; tympanum distinct; vomerine teeth present; tongue smooth, lacking median conical lingual papilla. Forelimbs relatively short; tips of fingers dilated into large, flattened, rounded disks with circum-marginal grooves; fingers webbed basally, most extensive webbing between fingers I and II; all fingers with dermal fringes on inner and outer aspects; no dermal fringe on elbow; large unpigmented nuptial pads on dorsal surfaces of fingers I and II. Hind limbs relatively long; tibia long; tips of toes dilated into flattened disks with circummarginal grooves; webbing medium; distinct inner metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Dorsum smooth, lacking tubercles; outer edge of upper eyelids with smooth granules; throat with longitudinal pleated skin; abdominal regions granular, with large rounded tubercles; undersurface of forelimbs and the undersurface of thighs smooth; posterior surface of hind limbs with large, rounded tubercles. Dark brown hourglass shaped marking present on dorsum, commencing in interorbital region, narrowing in occipital region, and widening so as to terminate as a three pronged figure at about mid length of body; rest of dorsum yellow brown, with gray brown blotches; dark brown line from posterior of orbit to the upper level of axilla, fragmenting into two or three blotches on flanks; fore- and hind limbs with dark brown bars; posterior surface of thigh with brownish-yellow and dark brown reticulations; venter cream, except the dark brown mottlings on throat (Das and Dutta, 2006). Distribution : Known from Kerala (Dinesh et al., 2009) and Karnataka (in press). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Material examined: 4 exs., (ZSIA 9082), Luckunda Estate, Virajpet Dist.- Srimangalanadu, Coorg, 23 viii-1998; 1 ex., (ZSIA 10161), Samse Kalasa, Dist-Chikmagalur, 27-ix-2004. Diagnosis: Dorsum yellowish gray, with scattered dark brown spots on snout and fine scattered tubercles. Ventral side unpatterned pale yellow. Postorbital and sacral regions and lateral aspect of torso. A dark brown stripe along supratympanic fold. Limbs with dark gray crossbars. Skin over cranium free; snout obtusely pointed, slightly rounded, nostrils oval, eye diameter slightly less than eye nostril distance. Interorbital distance greater than that of upper eyelid. Tympanum distinct, oval, flat, situated closer to orbit. A distinct supratympanic fold from posterior edge of upper eyelid, to beyond insertion of forelimb. Forelimbs long, tips of fingers dilated into large flattened, rounded disks with circummarginal grooves. First and second finger unwebbed, third and fourth with weak webbing. Outer edge of fingers IV and I with an arrow dermal fringe. Sub-articular tubercles on palms large, rounded, larger than those on foot. Hindlimbs long, tips of the toes dilated in to flattened disks with circummarginal groove and smaller than on fingers. Broad webbing on toe. A small but distinct and elongated inner-metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (Biju, 2001). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Genus Pseudophilautus Laurent 68. Pseudophilautus amboli (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) Amboli bush frog 2009. Philautus akroparallagi Biju and Bossuyt, Zoological Journal a/the Linnean Society, 155, 374-444. 67. Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, 1998 False Hour-glass Tree Frog 2010. Pseudophilautus amboli- Li, Che, Murphy, Zhao, Zhao, Rao, and Zhang, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 53: 1998. Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/694, Chorla, Belgaum, 4th to 6th viii 2009. "1997", Hamadryad, 22: 89. 519. 423 DINESH et al. : Amphibia Diagnosis: Medium-sized frog with a rather robust body; dorsum uniform blackish brown. Head length nearly equal to width; outline of snout in dorsal and ventral views pointed, snout length slightly longer than horizontal diameter of eye; canthus rostralis indistinct, loreal region acute to obtuse; tympanum distinct; supra-tympanic fold distinct, from posterior corner of upper eyelid to near the shoulder; tongue without lingual papilla. Forelimbs and hindlimb with obscure brownish black cross bands; ventral side light grayish with variable size of brownish gray specks, especially on the side of limbs. Throat distinctly lemon yellow with blackish specks, foot and hand grayish, webbing grayish forelimbs and hindlimb with obscure brownish black cross bands; ventral side light grayish with variable size of brownish gray specks, especially on the side of limbs. Distribution Western Ghats parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Genus Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt 69. Raorchestes bombayensis (Annandale, 1919) Maharashtra Bush Frog 1919. Ixalus bombayensis Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 16: 124. 1931. Rhacophorus (Philautus) bombayensis - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 79. 1974. Philautus bombayensis - Gorham, Checklist World Amph.: 166. 2001. Philautus (Philautus) bombayensis - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 41. 2010. Raorchestes bombayensis - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/693 , Chorla, Belgaum, 4th to 6th viii 2009. Diagnosis: Dorsum dark brown; venter greenish -yellow; skin more or less rough with small-scattered warts. Nostril closer to tip of snout than to eye. Inter- orbital width broader than diameter of eye; tympanum hidden; tongue with inconspicuous papillae. Fingers free, toes one-third webbed; subarticular tubercles moderately large. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching anterior corner of eye; inner metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Found in Western Ghats parts of Karnataka and Maharashtra (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 70. Raorchestes charius (Rao, 1937) Seshachar's Bush Frog 1937. Philautus charius Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 405. 2001. Philautus (Philautus) charius - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 48. 2010. Raorchestes charius - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Material examined: 3 ex., WGRC/v/A/728, Kemmanugundi, Chikkamagaluru, 5 .iii.2009. Diagnosis: Medium sized bush frog, head broader than long, snout rounded, canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave, nostrils closer to tip of snout, tympanum rather indistinct, 35 % of eye diameter. Vomerine ridge present, tongue bearing no lingual papilla, supratympanic fold distinct. Forearm shorter than hand; fingers moderately long; tips of fingers with well-developed disks with distinct circummarginal grooves; dermal fringe on inside of all fingers, sub articular tubercles prominent, prepollex distinct, oval; two palmar tubercles; supernumerary tubercles present on all fingers. Hind limbs moderately long, heels barely in touch when limbs are folded at right angles to body; tibia shorter than thigh; tips of all toes with moderate disks with distinct circummarginal grooves; webbing present, sub articular tubercles distinct; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct; supernumerary tubercles present. Skin on the side of head smooth; anterior and posterior part of back with small horny spinules, upper part of flanks shagreened. Dorsal part of forelimb, thigh, tibia and tarsus smooth; throat, Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 424 chest, belly and ventral part of thighs granular. Head with a light brown triangle from tip of snout to between eyes and with an inter-ocular dark brown cross-bar, dorsum with a dark cross mark, flanks grayish, groin grey with large pale yellow spots, loreal region dark brown, tympanic region and tympanum grayish. Forelimb, dorsal part of thigh, tibia and foot grayish with some darker bands, posterior part of thigh grey with some round pale yellow spots. Throat and margin of throat marbled with grey, chest, belly, ventral part of thighs and webbing whitish. Vocal sacs present; a pair of distinct, rounded openings at base of jaw. Secondary sexual character: horny spinules on back (Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001). Distribution: Found in Western Ghats parts of Karnataka (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 71. Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) Confusing green bush frog 2009. Philautus chromasynchysi Biju and Bossuyt, Zoological Journal a/the Linnean Society, 155, 374444. 2010. Raorchestes chromasynchysi - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/690, Kemmanugundi, Chickmagalur, 05 .iii.2009; 3 exs., WGRC/vIA1709, Kemmanugundi, Chickmagalur, 5.iii.2009; 6 exs., WGRC/V/A1712, Kemmanugundi, Chickmagalur, 22.xi.2007. Diagnosis: A small to medium sized frog with a slender body; head length subequal to head width; snout slightly pointed and protruding; tongue with a free pointed papilla; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region vertical, marginally concave; tympanum distinct; supratympanic fold distinct; forelimb shorter that hand; webbing in fingers absent; palmar tubercle and sub articular tubercle distinct; supernumerary tubercles present; nuptial pad absent; tibia length sub-equal to thigh; webbing moderate (I 1-211 1-2 III 1-2IV2-l V); super-numerarytubercles present; skin on the dorsum smooth to sparsely granular but on the ventral side of the belly finely granular (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Distribution: Kerala (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka (in press). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Kerala and Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 72. Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882)* Hassan Bush Frog 1882. Ixalus jlaviventris Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 105. 1931. Rhacophorus (Philautus) jlaviventris - Ahl, Das Tierreich, 55: 78. 1937. Philautus montanus Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 415. 1974. Philautus jlaviventris - Gorham, Checklist World Amph.: 166. 1985. Philautus hassanensis Dutta, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 82: 220. 2001. Philautus (Philautus )jlaviventris - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 30. 2010. Raorchestesjlaviventris - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Diagnosis: A medium sized bush frog, head broader than long; lightly convex above; snout rounded; canthus rostralis rounded, loreal region slightly concave; nostrils oval without flap of skin laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eye; tympanum rather distinct, rounded; vomerine ridge present; tongue with a conical lingual papilla; supratympanic fold distinct, from back of eye to shoulder; tips of all fingers with well-developed disks, with distinct circummarginal grooves; fingers without dermal fringe; webbing at base of fingers rudimentary; hind limbs moderately long, heels in touch when limbs are folded at right angles to body; tips of all toes with moderate disks, smaller than those of fingers, with distinct circummarginal grooves; webbing present, medium; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct. Distribution : Known only from original description (Malabar) (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). DINESH et al. : Amphibia Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 73. Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1854) Beautiful Bush Frog 1854. Ixalis? glandulosa Jerdon, "1853", 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 22: 532. 1870. Ixalus glandulosa - Jerdon, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870: 85. 1876. Ixalus glandulosus- Gunther, "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 573. 1882. Ixalus pulcher Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Sal. Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 469. 1927. Rhacophorus noblei Ah1, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1926: 40. 1927. Rhacophorus pulcherrimus Ah1, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1926: 4l. 1928. Philautus glandulosus - Roux, Rev. Suisse Zool., 38: 465. 1931. Rhacophorus (Philautus) glandulosus - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 7l. 1931. Rhacophorus (Philautus) noblei - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 55, 100. 1931. Rhacophorus (Philautus) pulcherrimus - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 55, 1Ol. 1937. Philautus pulcher - Rao, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 6: 423. 1974. Philautus noblei - Gorham, Checklist World Amph.: 167. 1974. Philautus pulcherrimus - Gorham, Checklist World Amph.: 167. 200l. Philautus (Philautus) glandulosus - Bossuyt and Dubois, Zeylanica, 6: 15. 2010. Raorchestes glandulosus - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/686 , Aldur, Chickmagalur, 18.vii.2009. Diagnosis: A small frog with color varying from green to dark purple with uniform or distinct markings dorsally. Ventral surface immaculate more or less spotted. Dorsal skin generally smooth, sometimes with a number of small indistinct tubercles. Lateral sides of the body generally granular. A cutaneous fold extending from the eye 425 to shoulder. Head moderately large. Snout rounded and as long as the diameter of the eye. Canthus rostralis distinct. Nostrils equidistant from the eye and tip of snout. Interorbital width broader than the diameter of the eye. Tympanum hidden. Forelimbs moderately long. Fingers free. Hind limbs long. Tibiotarsal articulation reaching eye or slightly beyond. Toes webbed at base. Tips of toes dilated into small rounded disks. A small inner metatarsal tubercle present. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Distribution: Found in Western Ghats parts of Karnataka and Kerala (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 74. Raorchestes luteolus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) Coorg Yellow Bush Frog 2003. Philautus luteolus Kuramoto and Joshy, Curro Herpetol., 22: 52. 2010. Raorchestes luteolus - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/687 , Bygoor, Chickmagalur, 23.vi.2009; 9 exs., WGRCI V/A/71 0, Rashigudda, BWLS, Chickmagalur, 16.xi.2006. Diagnosis: Medium sized bush frogs, width of head broader than head length; snout pointed; canthus rostralis rounded; nostrils oval, nearer tip of snout than eye; vomerine ridge absent; pupil rounded with blue ring on the outer margin; tympanum indistinct; tongue bifid without papilla. Forearm less than hand length, fingertips with welldeveloped disks wit circum-marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both edges. Hindlimbs long, heels do not overlap when folded at right angles to the body; tibia shorter than femur and longer than foot; toe disk well developed; webbing distinct and medium; tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior border of eye. Dorsum yellow or yellowish brown, usually with four-six faint brownish discontinuous lines from snout to vent; loreal and tympanic regions golden yellow or yellowish brown (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). 426 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: Found in Western Ghats parts of Karnataka (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Biju andBossuyt (2009) examined the type series of P. neelanethrus and the published sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and could not find any substantial difference with P. luteolus; therefore they consideredP. neelanethrus as a new synonym of P. luteolus. 75. Raorchestes neelanethrus (Gururaja, Aravind, Ali, Ramachandra, Velavan, Krishnakumar and Aggarwal, 2007)* Blue-eyed Yellow Bush Frog 2007 . Philautus neelanethrus Gururaja, Aravind, Ali, Ramachandra, Vela van, Kri shnakumar and Aggarwal, Zoological Science, 24, 525-534. 2010. Raorchestes neelanethrus - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125 . Diagnosis: A small-sized bush frog; head broader than width; snout pointed in total profile, protruded slightly beyond mouth; snout length is equal or subequal to diameter of eye; canthus rost:ralis angular, loreal region slightly concave; nostrils oval, nearer tip of snout than eye; eyes protruding, prominent, pupil rounded, horizontal, with blue ring on the outer margin; tympanum indistinct; tongue bifid, without papilla; supratympanic fold absent; unpigmented single vocal sac present; forearm less than hand length; finger tips with welldeveloped disks with distinct circum-marginal grooves; webbing in hand absent; sub-articular tubercles prominent, rounded and single, pre-pollex tubercle oval, distinct; hindlimb long, heels do not overlap when folded at right angles to the body; tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior border of eye; tibia shorter than femur; webbing distinct and medium; inner metatarsal tubercle present. Distribution: Known from the surroundings of type locality (Arodi, Sharavathi river basin , Shimoga, Karnataka). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats region. Biju and Bossuyt (2009) consider it to be synonym with P. luteolus. Further confirmation needed with considering sequences of both specimens (pers. comm. on consultation with the authors of P. nee lanethrus) 76. Raorchestes tuberohumerus (Kuramoto and Joshy, 2003) Kudremukh Bush Frog 2003 . Philautus tuberohumerus Kuramoto and Joshy, Curro Herpetol. , 22: 55. 2010. Raorchestes tuberohumerus - Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta and Bossuyt, Current Science, 98 (8): 119- 1125. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/688 , Bygoor, Chickmagalur, 23.vi.2009; 1 ex., WGRCI VI A/695, Agumbe, Shimoga, 11. viii.2009. Diagnosis: A small frog with brown to dark dorsal color and conspicuous yellow spots on the anterior surface of the thigh and with large yellow or reddish yellow markings near groin. Snout slightly pointed, canthus rostralis rounded. Loreal region slightly concave or flat; nostril nearer to tip of snout than to eye, and protruding beyond the line between tip of snout and anterior comer of eye when viewed from above. Interorbital width much wider than the upper eyelid. Tympanum small and indistinct, less than the diameter of the eye. Supratympanic fold distinct. No papilla on the tongue. Palm longer than forearm and with a bony projection on the underside of the humerus bone, which is unique to this species. Fingers with large disks with circummarginal groove, no web between fingers. Sub articular and palmar tu bercles well developed. Rudimentary web between toes. Inner metatarsal tubercle moderate; no outer metatarsal tubercle; no tarsal fold . Heels overlap when folded at right angles to the body. Dorsal surface coarsel y granulated but, lower surface finely granulated. Distribution: Found in Western Ghats parts of Karnataka and Kerala (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka and Kerala parts of Western Ghats. Genus Rhacophorus Kuhl and Van Hasselt 77. Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 Small Tree Frog 1883. Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , Ser. 5, 12: 162. 427 DINESH et al. : Amphibia 1931. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) lateralis - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 165. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/667, Bygoor, Chickmagalur, 13.viii.2007; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A/678, Magundi, Chickmagalur, 14.xiii.2007. Diagnosis: Medium sized frog, habitus slender; head short, broader than long; snout short, obtusely pointed, projecting beyond mouth; canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region slightly concave; vomerine teeth in two small oblique series between the choanae; nostrils nearer to the tip of the snout than to the eye; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; eyes large; tympanum half the diameter of the eye; a supratympanic fold distinct; fingers and toes with enlarged disc possessing circummarginal grooves; fingers and toes with dermal fringes and more than half webbed; sub articular tubercles not very prominent; a fold of the skin bordering the forelimb anteriorly; tibiotarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout; dorsum smooth, belly granular; a prominent dorsolateral yellow streak on each side from the nostril to the groin along the outer edge of the upper eyelid. Dorsum green interspersed with fine sky blue spots; a distinct metallic yellow lateral stripe running from eye to the groin (Das, 2000). Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Das, 2000). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Karnataka and Kerala parts of Western Ghats. 78. Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870 Malabar Flying Frog 1870. Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870: 84. 1931. Rhacophorus (Rhacophorus) malabaricus - Ah1, Das Tierreich, 55: 159. Material examined: 4 exs., (ZSIA 9083), Luckunda Estate, Virajpet Dist.- Srimangalanadu, Coorg, 23.viii.-1998. Diagnosis: Medium sized frogs with vomerine teeth in two straight series; snout sub acuminate; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; nostril nearer the end of the snout than eye; inter orbital width broader than upper eyelid; tympanum ? the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes webbed to the disk; disk as large as the tympanum. Sub articular tubercles well developed. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye or nostril. Heels overlap when the legs are folded at right angle to the body. Skin finely granular above, more coarsely beneath; granules under the thigh intermixed with larger ones; outer border of forearm and tarsus with a dermal fold; heel with a triangular dermal process. Green above often speckled all over with black and white. Lower parts whitish. Web between fingers and toes reddish. Distribution: Kerala, Karnataka and Goa (Dutta, 1997). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Order GYMNOPHIONA Muller Family CAECILIIDAE Rafinesque Genus Gegeneophis Peters 79. Gegeneophis carnosus (Beddome, 1870)* Periah Peak Caecilian 1870. Epicrium carnosum Beddome, Madras Month. 1. Med. Sci., 2: 176. 1870. Gegenes carnosus _ Gi.inther, <http:// research.amnh.orglherpeto1ogy/amphibia! names.php?year=1876> "1875", Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875: 577. 1880. Gegeneophis carnosus - Peters, "1879", Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879: 932. 1882. Gegenophis carnosus - Bou1enger, Cat. Batr. Grad. Batr. Apoda Call. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 1Ol. Diagnosis: Body light pink coloured throughout. Head oval and slender. Snout projecting beyond mouth. Eyes invisible, if present buried under the skull bones. Tentacular area somewhat swollen, the foramen not visible from above but small lateral elevations marks its position. Nostrils nearly terminal and not visible directly from above the head. Two collars, the first moderately distinct, delineated by the first and second nuchal grooves. The posterior terminus of the body with an un-segmented 'shield', on the underside of which is the transverse vent. Dental series in four rows. The tongue bears two 428 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 narial plugs. The choanae directed outward and forward. Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Karnataka and Kerala parts of Western Ghats. 80. Gegeneophis goaensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007 Goa Caecilian 2007. Gegeneophis goaensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, Zootaxa, 1409: 51-59. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A1714, Chorla, Belgaum, 05.viii.2009. Diagnosis: A small sized caecilian, body in life sub-cylindrical and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed; body is almost uniform in its width throughout the length; in dorsal view, the head tapers strongly from the level of the occiput to the tentacular apertures, anteriorly, the head tapers and terminates in a bluntly rounded but narrow snout tip; nostrils are slightly closer to the level of the snout tip; nostrils are visible dorsally and laterally but not ventrally; eyes are situated under bone are visible to the naked eye in life but not in the preserved specimen; dentition, 18 premaxillarymaxillary, 19 vomeropalatine, 17 dentary, and 4 splenial teeth; there are 120 primary annuli and more than 75 of which are marked with secondary annular grooves; vent is surrounded by eight denticles; rounded terminus ends in a cap that is completely demarcated by the last primary annular groove. IS Distribution: Known from Goa (Ganv Kond, Keri, Sattari, Goa) and Karnataka (in press). Elsewhere: Not known. Note : Endemic to Goa and Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 81. Gegeneophis krishni Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005* Gurupur Caecilian 1999. Gegeneophis krishni Pillai and Ravichandran, Ree. zool. Surv. India, Oecas. Pap., 172: 87. Diagnosis: It is a thin small, worm like body measuring 195mm in length and 3.5mm. in width. In preservative the colour of dorsal side is brownish with steel blue tint. The dorsal part of the tail darker than the rest of the body. Ventrally brownish with a pale circular patch around the vent. Skin dotted with whitish glands both dorsally and ventrally. Head about as wide as the body, long; snout blunt, projecting beyond the lower jaw. Eyes invisible; nostril lateral, barely visible from above. Tentacle slightly behind and below the nostril. Collars fairly clear, the second collar almost twice wider laterally compressed to the first. First nuchal groove, clearly seen on the throat and sides, just cross the dorsum. Second nuchal groove pronounced ventrally, distinct laterally and meet dorsally. Third nuchal groove is comparatively dim above and on sides, not meeting ventrally, the second collar being fused with the first body segment. Behind collars are 125 primary and 15 secondary folds. Vent transverse, a large circular whitish patch surrounds the vent. Terminal shield bluntly rounded. Scales are present from the anterior folds of the body. Four series of teeth premaxillary-maxillary, 12-12; prevomeropalatine, 11-11; dentary, 6-6 and splenial, 2-2. Tongue oval, does not cover the splenial teeth. Two circular narial plugs against two choanae. Distribution: Known from type locality (Krishna Farms, Gurpur, South Canara, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Karnataka parts of Western Ghats. 82. Gegeneophis madhavai Bhatta and Srinivasa, 2004 Mudur Caecilian 2004. Gegeneophis madhavaiBhattaand Srinivasa,Zootaxa, 644: 2. 2006. Gegeneophis madhavaorum - Das, Herpetol. Rev., 37: 154. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/574, Kundapur, Udupi. Diagnosis: A large sized caecilian, body in life IS sub-cylindrical and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed; body is not uniform in its width 429 DINESH et al. : Amphibia throughout the length; in dorsal view, the head tapers strongly from the level of the occiput to the tentacular apertures; posterior region of the head at jaw angle is slightly narrower than the nuchal region; snout projects beyond the mouth; nostrils are slightly closer to the level of the snout tip than to the anterior most margin of the mouth; nostrils visible dorsally and laterally but not ventrally; tentacular apertures are visible in both dorsal and ventral views and are much closer to the margin of the upper lip than to the top of the head; eyes, which are scarcely visible in life, are not visible in the preserved specimen; dentition, 25 premaxillary-maxillary (13 left, 12 right), 22 vomeropalatine, 19 dentary (9 left, 10 right) and4 splenial teeth (including empty sockets); nuchal region is broader and higher than the adjacent parts of the body; two nuchal collars are marked clearly by three nuchal grooves; annuli are marked by whitish colored grooves, which are more conspicuous posteriorly; primary annuli 97 with more than 25 secondary annuli which are confined to the posterior of the body; vent is surrounded by ten denticles; rounded terminus ends in a cap that is completely demarcated by the last primary annular groove. Distribution : Known from type locality (Doddinaguli, Mudur, Kundapura, Udupi, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 83. Gegeneophis mhadeiensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, 2007 Mhadei Caecilian 2007. strongly from the level of the occiput to the tentacular apertures, anteriorly, the head tapers and terminates in a bluntly rounded but narrow snout tip; posterior part of the head is slightly narrower than the nuchal region; in lateral view, the top of the head is straight and without any strong bulges; margin of the upper lip is slightly arched; in ventral view, the anterior margin of the lower jaw is more broadly rounded than the anterior margin of the snout; nostrils are close to the front of the snout tip, and are visible dorsally and laterally but not ventrally; tentacular apertures are circular, lateral in position, visible in both dorsal and ventral views, and much closer to the margin of the upper lip than to the top of the head; eyes lie beneath the bone and are visible in life; dentition, 21 premaxillary-maxillary, 20 vomeropalatine, 14 dentary and four splenial teeth; nuchal region is broader and higher than the adjacent parts of the body, the two collars are marked clearly by three nuchal grooves, nuchal grooves are complete with the exception of the third, which is incomplete mid-ventrally; primary annuli was ranges from 118 to 125 while secondary annuli were making their appearance in the range of 87th to 98 th primary annuli and total number of secondary annuli were in the range of24 to 32; six secondary grooves in front of the vent are complete; transverse vent is surrounded by ten denticles; rounded terminus ends in a small cap that is completely demarcated by the last secondary annular groove. Distribution: Known from type locality (the surroundings of Rameshwar temple (Chorla Village), Khanapur, Belgaum, Karnataka) only. Elsewhere: Not known. Gegeneophis mhadeiensis Bhatta, Dinesh, Prashanth and Kulkarni, Curro Sci., 93(10): 1442-1445. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/640, Chorla, Belgaum, July 2006; 1 ex., WGRC/v/AI 715, Chorla, Belgaum, 5.viii.2009; 2 exs., WGRCI V/A1716, Maan, Belgaum, 7.viii.2009. Diagnosis: A small sized worm like caecilian, body in life is sub-cylindrical and slightly dorsoventrally compressed, though almost uniform in its width throughout; in dorsal view, the head tapers Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 84. Gegeneophis nadkarnii Bhatta and Prashanth, 2004 Nadkarnii Caecilian 2004. Gegeneophis nadkarnii Bhatta and Prashanth, Curro Sci., 87: 388-392. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/639 , Chorla, Belgaum; 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/696, Chorla, Belgaum,04.viii.2009. 430 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Diagnosis: A large sized caecilian, body shape is sub-cylindrical and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed; mostly of uniform width but slightly narrower anteriorly, posteriorly, the body tapers strongly towards the terminus; in lateral view, the top of the head is straight and the margin of the upper lip slightly arched. The snout projects beyond the mouth; nostrils are visible dorsally and laterally but not ventrally and are closer to the level of the snout tip than to the anterior most margin of the mouth; slightly raised tentacular apertures are visible in both dorsal and ventral views, they are close to the margin of the upper lip than to the top of the head; eyes are scarcely visible under the bones in life, eyes occur at the posterior end of a light pink colored stripe, the latter extends from behind the eye to immediately anterior to the tentacle; dentition 20 premaxillary-maxillary, 18 vomeropalatine, 10 dentary and 5 splenial teeth; nuchal region is broader and higher than the adjacent parts of the body; two nuchal collars that are marked clearly by three white-colored nuchal grooves; there are 114 complete primary annuli, secondary annular grooves appear on the 30th primary annulus; vent is surrounded by five anterior and six posterior denticles; ten secondary annular grooves in front of the vent are complete; rounded terminus ends in a small cap. Distribution: Known from type locality (Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Goa) and surroundings (Bhatta, et. aI., 2007); and is found commonly in the bordering places of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka states (in press). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Family ICHTHYOPHIIDAE Taylor Genus Ichthyophis Fitzinger 85. Ichthyophis beddomei Peters 1879 Beddome's Caecilian 1880. Ichthyophis Beddomei Peters, "1879", Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1879: 932. Material examined: 1 ex., WGRC/v/A/683 , Sringeri, Chickmagalur, 2000 August; 1 ex., WGRCI V/A/603, Keraekattae, Chickmagalur, 18.x.2005. Diagnosis: Dark brown above; a creamy or canary yellow stripe extends from the tip of tail to the snout, which bifurcates at the angle of the mouth. Ventral surface somewhat lighter than the dorsum. Each annulus is darker on its anterior half, lighter posteriorly so that ventral surface and to a lesser extent the dorsum, shows as many rings as there are annuli. A cream spot present at the vent. Teeth in four series. The outer maxillaries are as large or larger than the largest dentaries. Tongue rather narrow anteriorly and does not cover the splenials. Choanae lateral, somewhat elongate and slightly angular. Tail very short and terminates to a point. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil N adu (Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. 86. Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960 Bombay Caecilian 1960. Ichthyophis bombayensis Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 67. 1960. Ichthyophis malabarensis Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 80. 1960. Ichthyophis peninsularis Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 6l. 1960. Ichthyophis subterrestris Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 40: 65. Material examined: 2 exs., WGRC/v/A/681 , Sringeri, Chickmagalur, August, 2000. Diagnosis: A large sized species of Icthyophis. Dorsally dark brown; posterior part of each annulus slightly lighter than the anterior region. Top of the head mottled with darker brown. Ventral surface lighter brown. Creamy spots present at the vent, eye, tentacle and nostril. Lips as well as the angle of mouth cream colored. Head long, depressed, roughly oval and narrower than the body. Eyes distinct, large, placed in a circular socket and surrounded by a whitish ring. Tentacular aperture, situated close to lip and closer to the eye than to nostril. Tail rather strongly compressed. Distribution: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005). Elsewhere: Not known. 431 DINESH et al. : Amphibia Note: Endemic to Western Ghats, refer Gower et al., 2007a for genetic homogeneity in un-striped Ichthyophis along Western Ghats. 87. Ichthyophis kodaguensis Wilkinson, Gower, Govindappa and Venkatachalaiah, 2007* Kodagu Striped Ichthyophis 2007. Ichthyophis kodaguensis husaini Wilkinson, Gower, Govindappa and Venkatachalaiah, Herpetologica, 63(4): 511-518. Diagnosis: A large sized Ichthyophis, with narrow lateral yellow stripe extending from close to eye to level of vent, broken across collars, weakly indicated on lower jaw; body uniformly dark chestnut brown above, paler lilac-grey brown below. Known range in total length of metamorphosed animals 158-274 mm, about 20-25 times mid body width; 276-305 annuli; 25-31 inner mandibular (5 splenial), 33-44 dentary, 41-52 vomeropalatine and 38-49 premaxillary-maxillo-palatine teeth, increasing with total length, inner mandibular row shorter than dentary row, at least ten more dentary than inner mandibular teeth. Tentacle much less than twice as far from naris than from eye. Distribution : Known from borders of Kerala and Karnataka. Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. Genus Uraeotyphlus Peters 88. Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar, 1939* Narayan's Caecilian 1939. Uraeotyphlus narayani Seshachar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 9: 224228. Diagnosis: A medium sized Uraeotyphlus growing up to 237 mm; total folds less than 190 (168-178); head relatively long, narrowing sharply and smoothly truncated in front; tentacular aperture almost ventral below and a little in front of nostril, much closer to nostril than to eye; body steel grey or brownish above, folds are marked by white lines; venter whitish with a median bluish green line. Distribution: Karnataka and Kerala (Pillai and Ravichandran, 2005). Elsewhere: Not known. Note: Endemic to Western Ghats. SUMMARY Out of299 species of amphibians known from India (Dinesh et al., 2009), 88 species are known to occur in Karnataka. Among the 88 species recorded, type localities of 37 species belong to Karnataka and 28 species (Table 1) are endemic to the State. REFERENCES Bhatta, G. K., K.P. Dinesh, P. Prashanth and N. V. Kulkarni. 2007. A new species of the Indian caecilian genus Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from the surroundings of Mahadayi Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats. Current Science, 93(10): 1442-1445. Bhatta, G., K.P. Dinesh, P. Prashanth and N.V. Kulkarni. 2007. On the distribution, morphology and morphometry of Gegeneophis nadkarnii Bhatta and Prashanth 2004 (Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from Goa. Biosystematica, 1 (1): 71-74. Biju, S.D. 2001. A synopsis to the frog fauna of the Western Ghats, India. Occasional Publication of the Indian Society for Conservation Biology (lSCB), Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India. 24p. Biju, S.D. 2001. A synopsis to the frog fauna of the Western Ghats, India. Occasional Publication of the Indian Society for Conservation Biology (lSCB), Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India. 24p. Biju, S.D. and F. Bossuyt. 2009. Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats ofIndia, with descriptions of 12 new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155: 374-444. 432 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Biju, S.D., Y. Shouche, A. Dubois, S. K. Dutta and F. Bossuyt. 2010. A ground-dwelling rhacophorid frog from the highest mountain peak of the Western Ghats of India. Current Science, 98 (8): 119-1125. Chanda, S. K. 2002. Handbook Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. 335pp. Dahanukar, N., A.D. Padhye, G.P. Salelkar and H.V. Ghate. 2004. Aktueller Beleg fur die MalabarBaumkrote, Pedostibes tuberculosus Gunther, 1876, in Indien. Sauria, Berlin, 26(3): 17-20. Daniels, R J. 1991. The Amphibian fauna of Karnataka: what does it suggest? Karnataka State Environment Report, Center for Ecological Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 5: 7985. Das, I and Kunte, K. 2005. New species of Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Castle rock, Karnataka State, southwest India. 1. Herpetology, 39 (3): 465-470. Das, I and R, Whitaker. 1998. Pedostibes tuberculosus (Malabar tree toad) at Cote gao wildlife Sanctuary, Goa. Herpetological Review, 29(3): 173. Das, I. 2000. Nomenclatural history and rediscovery of Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae). Current Herpetology, 19 (1): 35-40. Das, I. 2000. Nomenclatural History and rediscovery of Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger, 1883 (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae). Current Herpetology, 19 (1): 35-40. Dinesh, K.P., and C. Radhakrishnan. 2007. Amphibia, In Fauna ofKudremukhNational Park, Conservation Area Series. Ed, Director, ZSI, Kolkata. 32: 1-205. Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, A.H. Manjunatha Reddy and K.V. Gururaja. 2007. Nyctibatrachus karnatakaensis nom. nov., a replacement name for the Giant Wrinkled Frog from the Western Ghats. Current Science, 93 (2): 246-250. Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, K.V. Gururaja and G. Bhatta. 2009. An annotated checklist of Amphibia of India with some insights into the patterns of species discoveries, distribution and endemism. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 302: 1-152pp. Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, K.V. Gururaja and G.K. Bhatta. 2009. An annotated checklist of Amphibia of India with some insights into the patterns of species discoveries, distribution and endemism. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. (302): 1-153pp. Dutta, S. K. 1997. Amphibians ofIndia and Sri Lanka (checklist and bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar, India. 342 pp. Dutta, S. K. and Ray ,P. 2000. Microhyla sholigari, a new species of microhylid frog (Anura: Microhylidae) from Karnataka, India. Hamadryad, 25 (1): 38-44. Frost, D.R 2010. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.4(8 April, 2010). Electronic Database accessible at http:// research. amnh. org/vz/ herpetology/ amphibia/ American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Gower, D.J., V. Giri and M. Wilkinson. 2007a. Rediscovery of Gegeneophis seshachari Ravichandran, Gower and Wilkinson, 2003 at the type locality. Herpetozoa. 19 (3/4); 121-127. Gururaja, K. V. and T. V. Ramachandra. 2006. Pedostibes tuberculosus, advertisement call and distribution. Herpetological Review, 37(1): 75-76. Gururaja, K.V., N.A. Aravind, S. Ali, T.V. Ramachandra, T.P. Velavan, V. Krishnakumar, and RK. Aggarwal. 2007. A new frog species from the central Western Ghats ofIndia, and its phylogenetic position. Zoological Science, 24, 525-534. DINESH et al. : Amphibia 433 Inger, R.F., H.B. Shaffer, M. Koshy and R, B akde. 1984. A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Ponmudi, Kerala, South India. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 81(2): 406-427. Joshy, S.H., M.S. Alam, A. Kurabayashi, M. Sumida and M. Kuramoto. 2009. Two new species of the genus Euphlyctis (Anura: Ranidae) from southwestern India, revealed by molecular and morphological comparisons. Alytes, 26 (1-4), 97-116. Joshy, S.H., M.S. Alam, A. Kurabayashi, M. Sumida and M. Kuramoto. 2009. Two new species of the genus Euphlyctis (Anura: Ranidae) from southwestern India, revealed by molecular and morphological comparisons. Alytes, 26 (1-4), 97-116. Krishnamurthy, S. V, Reddy, A. H. M and Gururaja, KV. 2001. A new species of frog in the genus Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Western Ghats, India. Current Science, 80 (7): 887-891. Kuramoto, M and Joshi, S. H. 2003. Two new species of the genus Philautus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats, Southwestern India. Current Herpetology, 22: 51-60. Kuramoto, M., S.H. Joshy, A. Kurabayashi and M. Sumida. 2007. The genus F ejervarya (Anura: Ranidae) in Central Western Ghats, India, with descriptions of four new cryptic species. Current Herpetology, 26(2): 81-105. Kuramoto, M., S.H. Joshy, A. Kurabayashi and M. Sumida. 2007. The genus F ejervarya (Anura: Ranidae) in Central Western Ghats, India, with descriptions of four new cryptic species. Current Herpetology, 26(2): 81-105. Ministry of Agriculture Land Use Statistics. 2005. Recorded Forest Area of Karnataka (http:// saipdata.awardspace.comlkarnatakajorescarea.htm), accessed on 21 st January 2010. Pillai, R. S. 1977. A new species of Rana (family: Ranidae) from Western Ghats, South India. Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 2 (1): 39-42. Pillai, R.S. 1986. Amphibian fauna of Silent valley, Kerala, S. India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 84(1-4): 229-242. Pillai, R.S. and M.S. Ravichandran. 2005. Gymnophiona (Amphibia) of India, A taxonomic study. Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occ. paper, No. 172: 1-26. Radhakrishnan, C. and M.S. Ravichandran. 1999. A note on the distributional record of a rare toad, Bufo hololius Gunther (Amphibia: Bufonidae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 97 (Part-3): 203-204. Rao, C. R. N. 1920. Some south Indian Batrachians. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 27:119-127. Rao, C. R. N. 1922. Notes on Batrachians. 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 28 (2): 439-447. Rao, C. R. N. 1937. On some new forms of Batrachia from South India. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 6:387427. Ravichandran, M.S and Krishnan, S. 2006. Amphibia In: Fauna of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka), Conservation Area Series, 27:223 -232. Director, Z.S.I, Kolkata. Sarkar, A.K. 1990. Taxonomic and ecological studies on the amphibians of Andaman and Nicobar islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 86(Part 1): 103-117. 434 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Table 1: Endemism in Amphibians of Karnataka Family Genus Total no. of species in India Status from Karnataka No. of Species recorded No of species described (type localities) No of endemic species Duttaphrynus 13 7 Ghatophryne 2 Pedostibes 2 Euphlyctis 5 4 2 2 Fejervarya 19 8 6 6 Hoplobatrachus 2 2 nil nil Minervarya 2 1 nil nil Sphaerotheca 4 3 2 1 Micrixalidae Micrixalus 11 7 4 4 Microhylidae Kaloula 4 1 nil nil Microhyla 8 nil 6 2 2 Uperodon 2 3 5 2 1 Ramanella nil Nil Nyctibatrachidae Nyctibatrachus 16 9 6 4 Ranidae Clinotarsus 2 1 nil nil Hylarana 11 3 nil nil Ranixalidae Indirana 10 6 3 3 Rhacophoridae Polypedates 7 3 nil nil P seudophilautus 10 1 nil nil Raorchestes 47 8 3 Rhacophorus 13 2 5 nil nil Caeciliidae Gegeneophis 10 6 3 2 Ichthyophiidae Ichthyophis 8 3 1 1 Uraeotyphlus 7 1 nil nil 88 37 28 Bufonidae Dicroglossidae Total -- 1 nil 1 1 nil 1 nil nil Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 435-465, 2013 REPTILES R. AENGALS and M. S. PRADHAN* Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai-600 028 INTRODUCTION Karnataka state encompasses part of the Western Ghats, which is home for rich faunal diversity. The reptile fauna of Karnataka state comprises 126 of 506 species, i.e, 25% of Indian reptile fauna most of them are unique including rare, endemic and Gondwanaland lineages. Several specialists including Smith (1931, 1935, 1943), Murthy (1985, 1990, 1990a), Daniels (2000), Rajeev (2002), Das (2003) Sharma (2003), Whitaker and Captain (2004), Sharma (2007), Ganesh et al. (2007), Kannan and Rajagobalan (2008), Ganesh and Gowri Shankar (2009) have greatly enhanced the knowledge of reptile fauna of Karnataka. Subsequent taxonomic revisions of Indian reptiles necessitated to updating the reptile fauna of this region. The present work attempts to fulfill these lacunae based on the faunal surveys undertaken by the Southern Regional Centre, Chennai and Western Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Pune as well as additional information gathered from published literatures. Key to the abbreviation: [ex.-example; exs.examples; Coll-Collector / Collected by.] Genus Crocodylus Gronovius, 1763 1. Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1834 Order CHELONIA Suborder CRYPTODIRA Family 2. DERMOCHELIDAE Genus Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 2. Dermochelys coriacea Vandellius, 1761 Family 3. CHELONIDAE Genus Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843 3. Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz,1829) Family 4. GEOEMYDIDAE Genus Vijayachelys Praschag et al., 2006 4. Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson, 1912)* Genus Melanochelys Gray, 1869 5. Melanochelys trijuga trijuga (Schwaigger, 1812) 6. Melanochelys trijuga coronata (Anderson, 1879) Family 5. TESTUDINIDAE Genus Geochelone Fitzinger, 1835 7. Geochelone elegans (Schoepff, 1792) Genus Indotestudo Lindholm, 1929 8. Indotestudo travancoricus (Boulenger, 1907)* SYSTEMATIC LIST Family 6. TRIONYCHIDAE Phylum CHORDATA Genus Aspideretes Hay, 1904 Class REPTILIA Order LORICATA Family 1. CROCODYLIDAE *Retired Scientist, Western Regional Centre, Pune 9. Aspideretes leithii (Gray, 1872)* Genus Lissemys Smith, 1931 10. Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 436 Order SQUAMATA Suborder SAURIA 37. Psammophilus blanfordanus (Stoliczka, 1871)* Family 7. GEKKONIDAE Genus Sitana Cuvier, 1829 Genus Geckoella Kulge,1993 38. Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier, 1829 11. Geckoella dekkanensis (Gunther, 1864)* Family 9. CHAMAELEONIDAE 12. Geckoella collegalensis (Beddome, 1870) Genus Chamaeleo Gronovius, 1763 13. Geckoella albofasciatus (Beddome, 1870)* Genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 14. Cnemaspis indica (Gray, 1846)* 39. Chameleo zeylanicus Laurenti, 1768 Family 10. SCINCIDAE Genus Eutropis Fitzinger, 1843 15. Cnemaspis heteropholis Bauer, 2002* 40. Eutropis carinata (Schneider, 1801) 16. Cnemaspis indraneildasii Bauer, 2002* 41. Eutropis beddomii (Jerdon, 1870) 17. Cnemaspis gracilis (Beddome, 1870)* 42. Eutropis macularius (Blyth, 1853) 18. Cnemaspis mysoriensis (Jerdon, 1853)* 43. Eutropis trivittata (Hardwicke & Gray, 1827)* Genus Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 19. Hemidactylus brooki Gray, 1845. 44. Eutropis allapallensis (Schmidt, 1926)* Genus Lygosoma Gray, 1828 20. Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel in : Dum. & Bibr., 1836 45. Lygosoma punctata (Linnaeus, 1766) 21. Hemidactylus giganteus Stoliczka, 1871 * 46. Lygosoma albopunctata (Gray, 1846) 22. Hemidactylus leschenaultii Dum. & Bibr., 1836 47. Lygosoma guentheri (Peters, 1879)* 23. Hemidactylus maculatus Dum. & Bibr., 1836 24. Hemidactylus prashadi Smith, 1935* 25. Hemidactylus reticulatus Beddome, 1870* 26. Hemidactylus triedrus (Daudin, 1802) 27. Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppel,1835 Genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker,1860 48. Lygosoma lineata (Gray, 1836)* Genus Kaestlea Eremchenko & Das, 2004 49. Kaestlea beddomii (Boulenger, 1887)* Genus Ristella Gray, 1839 50. Ristella beddomii Boulenger, 1887* Family 11. LACERTIDAE Genus Ophisops Menetries, 1832 28. Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus (Beddome, 1870)* 51. Ophisops beddomei (Jerdon, 1870)* Family 8. AGAMIDAE 52. Ophisops jerdoni (Beddome, 1870) Genus Calotes Rafinesque, 1815 29. Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802) 30. Calotes calotes (Linnaeus, 1758) 31. Calotes rouxi Dum. & Bibr.,1837* 32. Calotes ellioti Gunther, 1864* 33. Calotes nemoricola Jerdon, 1853* 34. Calotes grandisquamis Gunther, 1875* Genus Draco Linnaeus, 1758 35. Draco dussumieri Dum. & Bibr., 1837* Genus Psammophilus Fitzinger, 1843 36. Psammophilus dorsalis (Gray in : Griffith & Pidgeon, 1831)* 53. Ophisops leschenaultii (Milne-Edwards, 1829) Family 12. VARANIDAE Genus Varanus Merrem, 1820 54. Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802) Suborder SERPENTES Family 13. TYPHLOPIDAE Genus Rhamphotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 55. Rhamphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803) Genus Typhlops Oppel, 1811 56. Typholops beddomei Boulenger, 1890* 57. Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka, 1871 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Genus Grypotyphlops Peters, 1881 58. Grypotyphlops acutus (Dum. & Bibr., 1844)* Family 14. UROPELTIDAE Genus Plecturus Dumeril, 1851 437 Genus Atretium Cope, 1861 79. Atretium schistosum (Daudin, 1803) Genus Rhabdops Boulenger, 1893 80. Rhabdops olivaceus (Beddome, 1863)* Genus Boiga Fitzinger, 1826 59. Plectrurus canaricus (Beddome, 1870)* 81. Boiga trigonata (Schneider, 1802) 60. Plectrurus perroteti Dum. & Bibr., 1854* 82. Boiga forsteni (Dum. & Bibr., 1854) Genus Uropeltis Cuvier, 1829 83. Boiga ceylonensis (Gunther, 1858) 61. Uropeltis ellioti (Gray, 1845)* 84. Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909) 62. Uropeltis ceylanicus Cuvier, 1829* 85. Boiga nuchalis (Gunther, 1875) 63. Uropeltis ocellatus (Beddome, 1863)* 64. Uropeltis phipsoni (Mason, 1888)* Genus Melanophidium Gunther, 1864 Genus Cerberus Cuvier, 1829 86. Cerbrus rhynchops Schneider, 1799 Genus Gerardia Gray, 1849 65. Melanophidium wynaudense (Beddome, 1863)* 87. Gerardia prevostiana (Eydoux & Gervais, 1832-1837 ) 66. Melanophidium punctatum Beddome, 1871 * Genus Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 Genus Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 67. Rhinophis sanguineus (Beddome, 1863)* Family 15. BOIDAE Genus Gongylophis Wagler, 1830 68. Gongylophis conicus (Schneider, 1801) Genus Eryx Daudin, 1803 69. Eryx johnii (Russell, 1801) 70. Eryx whitakeri Das, 1991* Genus Python Daudin, 1803 71. Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family 16. ACROCHORDIDAE Genus Acrochordus Hornstedt, 1787 72. Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799) Family 17. COLUBRIDAE Genus Ahaetulla Link, 1807 88. Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin, 1803) 89. Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) sensu Whitaker & Captain, 2004 90. Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger, 1890)* Genus Chrysopelea Boie, 1826 91. Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw, 1802) Genus Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843 92. Coelognathus helena (Daudin, 1803) 93. Coelognathus helena monticollaris Schulz, 1992* Genus Liopetis Fitzinger, 1843 94. Liopetis calamaria (Gunther, 1858) Genus Lycodon Boie, 1826 95. Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus, 1754) 73. Ahaetulla nasutus (Lacepede, 1789) 96. Lycodon striatus (Shaw, 1802) 74. Ahaetulla pulverulentus (Dum.& Bibr., 1854) 97. Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome, 1870)* Genus Amphiesma Dum. & Bibr., 1854 98. Macropisthodon plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839) 75. Amphiesma beddomei (Gunther, 1864)* 76. Amphiesma monticola (Jerdon, 1853)* 77. Amphiesma stolata (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Argyrogena Werner, 1924 78. Argyrogena fasciolatus (Shaw, 1802) Genus Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893 Genus Oligodon Boie, 1827 99. Oligodon arnensis (Shaw, 1802) 100. Oligodon affinis (Gunther, 1862)* 111. Oligodon brevicaudus (Gunthe,r 1862)* 102. Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon, 1853) Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 438 103. Oligodon venustus (Jerdon, 1853)* Genus Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843 104. Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Sibnyophis Fitzinger, 1843 105. Sibnyophis subpunctatus (Dum. & Bibr., 1854) Genus Xenochrophis Gunther, 1864 Genus Hypnale Fitzinger,1843 124. Hypnale hypnale (Merrem, 1802) Genus Triemeresurus Lacepede, 1804 125. Trimeresurus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)* 126. Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw, 1802)* [* Endemic species and their status were given in the Remarks] 106. Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider, 1799) Family 18. ELAPIDAE Genus Calliophis Gray, 1834 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Family 1. CROCODYLIDAE 107. Calliophis melanurus (Shaw, 1802) 1. Crocodylus palustris Lesson 108. Calliophis beddomei Smith, 1943* Marsh crocodile 109. Calliophis nigrescens Gunther, 1862* 110. Calliophis bibroni (Jan, 1858)* Genus Bungarus Daudin, 1803 111. Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider, 1801) Genus Naja Laurenti, 1768 112. Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Ophiophagus Gunther, 1864 113. Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) Family 19. HYDROPHIIDAE Genus Kerilia Gray, 1849 114. Kerilia jerdoni Gray, 1849 Genus Enhydrina Boulenger, 1890 115. Enhydrina schistosus (Daudin, 1803) Genus Hydrophis Latreille, 1802 116. Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803 117. Hydrophis spiralis Shaw, 1802 118. Hydrophis ornatus ornatus (Gray, 1842 ) 119. Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) Genus Lapemis Gray, 1835 120. Lapemis curtus (Shaw, 1802) Genus Pelamis Daudin, 1803 121. Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus ,1766 ) Family 20. VIPERIDAE Genus Dabioa Gray, 1842 122. Dabioa russelii (Shaw & Nodder, 1797) Genus Echis Merrem, 1820 123. Echis carinatus (Schneider, 1801) 1834. Crocodylus palustris Lesson, in Belang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 305. Diagnosis: Snout in adult is 11/3 to 1Y2 times as long as broad at the base, usually without ridges in front of the eye, if it is present they extends only for a short distance. Body strongly armoured and four large nuchals forming a square with a smaller one on each side of the nape. Dorsal scute is about 17 transverse rows and 6 longitudinal series. The adults are olive brownish above and whitish below with prominent dark spots. Distribution: Throughout the peninsular India. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Family 2. DERMOCHELIDAE 2. Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellius) Leatherback sea tuttle 176l. Testudo coriacea Vandelli, Epistola de Holoturio et Testudine coriacea ad Caleberrimum Carolum Linnaeum, Padua:2 (Maris Tyrrheni Oram in agro Laurentiano) 1931. Dermochelys coriacea Smith, Fauna Brit. Ind., 1 : 59. Diagnosis : Head skin clad. Upper jaw bicuspid. Absence of scutes on the carapace which is covered with smooth leathery skin. 7 longitudinal ridges on carapace. 5 on plastron. Clawless flippers. This is the largest living turtle, attaining a length of 75 in (1905 mm). Colour dark brown to black above, spotted with white, paler below. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Distribution : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere : Africa, America, Asia, Australia and Europe. Family 3. CHELONIDAE 3. Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz) Olive Ridley sea turtle 1829. Chelonia olivacea Eschscho1tz, Zool. Atlas,p. 3,pl.3 ( type lac. Manila Bay). 1998. Lepidochelys olivacea, Fauna of India-Reptilia (Testudines & Crocodilia) Vol. l. p. 57. Diagnosis : A large head with upper jaws hooked. Usually more than 5 pairs of pleurals. Prominent pores on the sides of the plastron. First pleural touches the nuchal. 4 prefrontal shields on head. One claw on each flipper. Presence of 3 distinct keels on carapace of young. Length 27.5 in. Olive green above and pale yellow below. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal and Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar islands. Elsewhere : Africa, America, Asia and Australia. Family 4. GEOEMYDIDAE 4. Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson) Cochin forest cane turtle 1912. Geomyda sylvatica Henderson, Rec. Ind. Mus. 7 : 217 (type. lac. near Kavalai, Cochin State Forest S. India; Ind. Mus.) 2009. Vijayachelys silvatica Nikhi1 Whitaker and J. Vijaya Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 8(2) : 109-115. Diagnosis: Very small, seretive fresh water turtle not reaching 12 cm.in length. Head is comparatively large, snout tube like truncated anteriorly and is as long as orbit, upper jaw hokked. Carapace is darkbrown or bronzy. Plastron is yellow with two distinct deep yellow spots on the bridge. Upper portion of the forehead and jaws are bright yellow, hinder part of head and neck are brown, limbs and tail are black.Top of snout is provided with red spot. Distribution : India : Kerala 439 Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 5. Melanochelys trijuga trijuga Schweigger Indian snail-eating turtle 1814. Emys trijuga Schweigger, Prodr. Monog. Chel. P. 41 (type lac. Java.) 1998. Melanochelys trijuga trijuga Sharma, Fauna of India, Reptilia (Testudines & Crocodilia) Vol. l. p. 82. Meterial examined: lex., Nagerhole river Puchekal Nagerhole. N. B. R. 21. xii. 89 S.V. Muley, Coll. Diagnosis: Carapace moderately depressed and with three keels. Enlarged scales on the front part of forelimb and the hind part of hind limb. Digits well webbed. Length 9 in. Light brown in the young, dark brown to almost black in the adult. Head grey or olive, with yellow or pink reticulation, especially on the sides. Undersurface, dark with a yellow margin, more prominent in the young. Distribution : India : Tamil N adu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala , Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa excluding the west coast. 6. Melanochelys trijuga coranata (Anderson) Cochin black turtle 1879. Emys trijuga Var. coronata, Anderson, Zool. Res. w. Yunnan, 729 (type lac. Travancore). 1998. Melanochelys trijuga coranata Sharma, Fauna of India-Reptilia (Testudines & Crocodilia) Vol. 1. p. 85. Diagnosis : Small turtle in which the length never exceeds 18 cm. Dorsum and ventrum is dark brown or almost black without markings or spots. Top of the head and front of the snout black, temporal region is yellow and the rest of the head is olivaceous. Distribution: India: Kerala (Cochin, Calicut) and the West coast and associated hills of Peninsular India). Family 5. TESTUDINIDAE 7. Geochelone elegans (Schoepff) Indian star tortoise 1792. Testudo e1egans Schoepff, Hist. Test. p.iii. pI. xxv (type lac. india.) 440 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1998. Geochelone elegans Sharma, Fauna of India-Reptilia (Testudines &Crocodilia) Vol. l. p. 111. Diagnosis : Carapace is elongated, highly domed, the vertebral and costal shields form well marked conical humps in the adults, the apex of each hump correspond with the areola; lateral aspects of carapace are almost vertical; anterior and posterior margins reverted, the posterior one is strongly serrated. Nuchal shield is not present. Head and limbs are yellow more or less spotted with dark brown or black. Distribution : India : Peninsular India. Elsewhere : Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 8. Indotestudo travancoricus (Boulenger) Travancore tortoise 1907. Testudo travancorica, Boulenger, 1. Bam. nat. Hist. Soc., 17 : 560, 2 pIs (type loc.Travancore Hills Brit. Mus.) 2003. Indotestudo travancoricus, Das, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2 &3) Aug-Dec. p. 458. Diagnosis: Carapace, depressed. Upper jaw slightly hooked. Nuchal absent and carapace less elongate than in the elongated tortoise. Tail ends in a claw-like tubercle. Yellow or olive with black blotches above and below. During the breeding season, the area around the nostrils and eyes become reddish in colour. Distribution : Karnataka and Kerala. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. Family 6. TRIONYCHIDAE 9. Aspideretes leithi Gray Leith's softshell turtle 1872. Trionyx leithi Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) x, p. 334 (type loco Poona : Brit. Mus.) 2003. Aspideretes leithi, Das, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 459. Diagnosis : Carapace low and oval; a large head, with a snout longer than in the Indian softshell turtle. Length 20 in. Colour of young, Olive or greenish above with 4-6 eye-like markings, which disappear with age. Head greenish, with the forehead mottled with orange and yellow, often with broken black streaks between eye and nape. Distribution :Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Remarks : Endemic to Peninsular India. 10. Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre) Indian flapshell turtle 1788. La Tortue changrinee Lacepede, Hist. Quad. Ovip. i.p 171, pI. xi. 1997. Lissemys punctata, Bonnaterre, Das, Hamadryad Vol. 22. p. 33. Meterial examined : 1 ex., Athikupa halli, 17.ix.2003, G. Thirumalai, Coll. Diagnosis : The presence of skin flaps on the plastron for hiding the hind limbs and the tail. Carapace more or less oval and covered with smooth skin which have plaited appearance in the young. The front and the back margins of the shell can be bend down to completely hide the retracted head and limbs. Digits fully webbed and the tail is short. Plastron with seven callosities. Distribution : Indian sub continent. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Family 7. GEKKONIDAE 11. Geckoella dekkanensis (Gunther) Deccan rock gecko 1864. Gymnodactylus dekkanensis Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. ll5. 2003. Geckoella dekkanensis, Das, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 459. Material examined : lex., Mathesurae kare, 14. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, ColI.; lex., Ebola, Antharagangavallae, 14. ix. 2003, Thirumalai, Coll. Diagnosis : Head covered with moderately small rounded scales, which become larger and conical in shape upon the nape. Reddish brown above with white, brown edged transverse bars upon the back and tail. A curved mark upon the nape extending to the eyes. Ventral side of the body is whitish. Distribution: INDIA: Western Ghats part of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Remarks: Endemic to North Western Ghats. 441 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 12. Geckoella collegalensis (Beddome) Collegal rock-gecko 1870. Gymnodactylus collegalensis Beddome, Madras Month. 1. Med. Sc. ii. P. 173. 2003. Geckoella collegalensis, Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 459. Diagnosis : A conspicuously and handsomely colored gecko. Light brown or grayish above, with large rounded or oval black edged paired spots upon the back and tail and much smaller spots irregularly arranged. Dorsal pholidosis composed of small granular scales intermixed with larger keeled scales. Distribution: INDIA: Hills of southern India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 13. Geckoella albofasciatus Boulenger White barred rock gecko 1885. Gymnodactylus albofasciatus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. I : p. 37, pI. 4, fig. 3 (type lac. S. Kanera). 2003. Geckoella albofasciatus, Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 459. Diagnosis : Moderately large gecko with brilliant colouration, with alternate black and yellow transverse bars all over the dorsum; a curved black streak emerges from the nape and reaches up to eyes, belly is white. Males are devoid of preanal or femoral pores. Distribution : INDIA : Karnataka (Karwar, South Kannara and Castle Rock), Goa (Mollem). Remarks : Endemic to India. 14. Cnemaspis indica (Gray) Nilgiri dwarf gecko the lateral side of the body. A light vertebral line is present. Distribution : India : Tamil N adu Karnataka : Coorg. Nilgiris, Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 15. Cnemaspis heteropholis Bauer 2002. Cnemaspis heteropholis Bauer, Mitt. hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst., 99 : 155-167. Diagnosis : Dorsum a mottled light brown; flanks darker with faint, darkspots. Dorsum of head and vertebral region pale with a longitutional series of irregular spots. Tubercles whitish, contrasting with base colour, especially on fanks. Limbs mottled, digits with alternating light and dark bands.Tail mid brown alternating with cream bands and white at joints. Distribution: Uttara Kannada Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats 16. Cnemasps indraneildasii Bauer 2002. Cnemasps indraneildasii Bauer, Mitt. hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst., 99 : 155-167. Diagnosis : Colouration (in preservative). Ground colour of dorsum light brown with an amorphous buff vertebral stripe, Dorsal and especially lateral surfaces mottled with darker brown. A dark brown nuchal spot and weakly defined nuchal ring present. Vague dark reticulations on the top of head. A series of irregular paired dark dorsolateral markings along back, nearly meeting to form three cross bands between axilla and groin. Tail weakly banded. Distribution: Uttara Kannada. 1846. Goniodactylus indicus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. His., 18 : 429. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 1985. Cnemaspis indica Murthy, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Pap., 72 : 19. 17. Cnemaspis gracilis (Beddome) Indian forest gecko Material examined Thammanayakanahalli, 10. Prabakaran, colI. Xl1. lex., 2005, S. Diagnosis : Body IS greenish brown with a row of orange yellowish spots traversed from the head to tail and also a similar spots traversing in 1870. Gymnodactylus gracilis Beddome, Madras Month. 1. Med. Sci. i, p. 32. (type lac. Palaghat hills, Madras presidency) 1935. Cnemaspis gracilis, Smith, Fauna of British India, 2: p. 74. Material examined 2 exs., Mudan Kero, Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 442 Medikare, 111. xii. 07, R. Aengals, Coll.; 3 exs., Pojakal nullah, Nagarhole, 9. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 5 exs., Minehole, Nalur, Thirthahalli, 20. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 6 exs., Mashihole, 16.xii.07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis : Grey brown above with lighter and darker spots. Nape often with two or three jet block vertebral spots and usually a series of light vertebral spots down the back. Tail with dark bands. Distribution: India: Hills of South-West India. 18. Cnemaspis mysoriensis (Jerdon) Mysore dwarf gecko 1853. Gymnodactylus mysoriensis Jerdon, 1. Asiatic. Soc. Beng. 22: p.469 (type lac. Bangalore; type lost). 1935. Cnemaspis mysoriensis, Smith, Fauna. Brit. Ind: p.72. Material examined: lex., Hanuman temple Malur Kolar,S. iii. 78, M.B. Rao, ColI. lex., Kulai tank, Chintamani Kolar, 13. iii. 78, M.B. Rao, Coll. lex., Nandi hill Kolar, 21. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 2 exs., Woodhouse, Bangalore, 8. xii. 07, R. Aengals, Coll. 1 ex., Lakshmana theartham, Kallahalla range, 10. xii. 07, R. Aengals, Coll. 1 ex., Peacock Kere, Kallahalla range, 9. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis: Brown above and brownish white below. Back with a midstripe and prominent dark brown spots. Throat suffused with brown. Digits with dark bars. Tail much longer than the head and body. Distribution Tamilnadu. India: Karnataka, Kerala and Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 19. Hemidactylus brooki Gray Spotted Indian house gecko 1845. Hemidactylus brooki Gray, Cat, Liz Brit., Mus. p. 153. 1935. Hemidactylus brooki, Smith, Fauna of British India, 2: p. 89. Material examined : lex., Chickmangalur, Mysore, 22. i. 64. B.K. Tikader, Coll.; 3exs., Cashew nut Research centre, Ullal, Mangalore. 3. i. 76. G.M. Yazdani, Coll.; lex., Kali River Ganeshgudi Sup a dam North Kannara, 15. ix. 91, R.M.Sharma, Coll.1ex., Ebdla Antharagangvallae, 14. ix. 2003. G. Thirumalai, Coll. 4 exs., Kagglahalli, Harohalli range 11. xii. 2005 S.Prabakaran, Coll. 4 exs., Kagglahalli, Harohalli range 11. xii. 2005 S. Prabakaran, Coll. 1 ex., N agerhole, 11. xii. 07. R. Aengals, ColI.; 1 ex., Thirthahalli, 20. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 1 ex., Bonegar, Medikare, 11. xii. 07, R. Aengals, Coll.; 1 ex., Nagarhole, 9. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 2 ex., Iyappan temple, 13. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 4 exs., Sudar tank, Siringere range, 18. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis : It is found to be light grey above, with dark brown spots more or less regularly arranged somewhat like broken transverse bands on the back. The dark streak along the side of the head and dirty whitish below. Distribution : The whole of India. Elsewhere : Ceylon and known from Borneo and South China through most of tropical Asia and North Africa. 20. Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel in. (Dum. & Bibr.) Southern house gecko 1836. Hemidactylus frenatus Schlegel, in Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. 3,. 366 Material examined: 2 exs., Swarnamuki beat, 12. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, Coll. 2 exs., Thirthahalli, 20. xii. 07, R. Aengals, ColI.; Lex., Wood house Bangalore, 9. xii. 07, R. Aengals, Coll; 2 exs., Devarkatte, 10. xii. 07. R. Aengals, ColI.; 1 ex., Konaje village, 14. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll.; 1 ex., Sudartank, Siringer range 18. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis : Dark brownish dorsally with distinct darker marking often arranged as longitudinal stripes on the back and whitish below. Head marked with dark and light lines. Tail coral red. Distribution : India : Peninsular India,West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere : Bangaladesh. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 443 21. Hemidactylus giganteus Stoliczka Giant tree gecko 24. Hemitdactylus prashadi Smith Prasad brown gecko 1871. Hemidactylus giganteus Stoliczka, P. Asiatic. Soc. Bengal p.193. 1935. Hemitdactylus prashadi Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 92. 1872. Hemidactylus giganteus P. Asiatic. Soc. Bengal 41 (2) : p 99. pI. 2., fig. 2 (type loc near Bhadrachalam, Godavary Valley ) Diagnosis: Body covered with small granular scales intermixed with much larger subtrihedral tubercles. Upper labials 11-12; lower labials 911. Fourth toe with ten subdigital lamellae. Male with 17-20 preano-femoral pores separated by three scales. Brownish grey above with three faint crossbars on the back. Material examined: lex., Ramonguli Karwar, Mysore, 17. ii. 71. B.S. Lamba, Coll. Diagnosis: Size large. Back with more or less uniform small granules; no enlarged tubercles; belly with smooth, rounded, imbricate scales; 1315 lamellae under the fourth tee. Male with 40 preanal-femoral pores. Greyish dorsally and whitish on the undersides. Back with prominent and large W -shaped cross-bars. Distribution: Southern India. Distribution: Jog, North Kannada District of Karnataka. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 25. Hemidactylus reticulatus Beddome Reticulate gecko Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. 1870. Hemidactylus reticulatus Beddome, Madras Month. 1. Med. Sci., 1 : p. 33 (type loco Kollegal, Kamataka). 22. Hemidactylus leschenaultii Dum. & Bibr. Bark gecko Diagnosis: Back with erect; keeled granules and enlarged, pointed and keeled tubercles; lamellae on the fourth toe 8 to 10. Male with 6 to 12 preanal pores. Brown above with a characteristic pattern of darker lines arranged in a network on the back. Belly whitish and throat mottled with brown. Most of the dorsal tubercles whitish. 1836. Hemidactylus leschenaulti Dum.& Bibr., Exp. Gen. iii, p. 364 2003. Hemidactylus leschenaultii Das, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-501. Diagnosis : Grey above and whitish below; dorsum with conspicuous wavy cross-bars; a dark streak from the eye extending on to the sides of the body. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 23. Hemidactylus maculatus (Dum. & Bibr.) Giant spotted gecko 1836. Hemidactylus maculatus Dum and Bibr, Erp. Gen. iii, p. 358 (type loco India (Bombay): paris). Diagnosis: Dorsally brown with darker spots, which unite sometimes to form undulating crossbars and dirty whitish below; head with two dark stripes on each side. Young with five distinct dorsal cross-bars. Tail of the young and adult banded alternately. Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra. Distribution: Hills of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. 26. Hemidactylus triedrus (Daudin) Termite hill gecko 1802. Gecko triedrus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4. p. 155 1935. Hemidactylus triedrus, Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 88. Material examined: lex., Urugunthoddai, BNP, 19. iii. 2004, K. Remadevi, Coll. Diagnosis : Head rather large and the snout obtusely pointed. Body heavily tuberculated and it can be easily recognized by three white edged olive green cross bars and pinkish white below. Tail marked with regular black and light rings. 444 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka and West Pakistan. 27. Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rtippell, 1835 Yellow-bellied house gecko 1833. Hemidactylus flaviviridis Riippell, New wirb. Faun. Abyss: p. 18, pI, 6, fig. 2 (type lac. Massauna Is. Eritrea). Diagnosis : Large and robust gecko, olive brown by day with wavy cross-bars and pale grey by night without any trace of the markings. Ventral surfaces remain lemon yellowish always. Distribution: India: Northern India Bombay and Pune, Maharastra, Gujarat and West Bengal. Elsewhere : Coasts of Arabian and Iran. 28. Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus Beddome Southern forest ground gecko 1870. Hemidactylus aurantiacus Beddome Madras Month. 1. Med. Sci., 1 : p.33 (type lac. Shevaroy Hills, South India). 2003. Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. Diagnosis : Body covered above with numerous, minute granular scales and belly with rows of small, rounded scales; tail without spines. Brown above with black streaks on the neck and anterior region of the body and flecked with black on the middle of the back and posteriorly; whitish beneath, Tail orange in colour with black blotches. Distribution : India Pradesh and Karnataka. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Family 8. AGAMIDAE 29. Calotes versicolor (Daudin) Indian garden lizard 1802. Agama versicolar Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. 3 : 395, pI. 45 1935. Calotes versicolor, Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p.189. Material examined: 1 ex., Medikere, Halakote village Mysore, 26. i. 64. B.K. Tikadar, ColI. 1 ex., Sagar, Shimoga Mysore 7. iii. 65, B.K. Tikadar, ColI. 1 ex., Sunkeri Karwar, 26. xii. 75. G.M. Yazdani, Coll. 2exs., Kilkotta, Kolar. 3. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Fatli, Kolar. 4. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, ColI. lex., Mashid Basalaguntha pond, Mulbagal Dt., Kolar. 8. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll.1 ex., Kulai tank, Chintamani, Kolar, 13. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 2exs., Kanepalli tank, Chintamani Kolar 13. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Anuyu, Chintamani Kolar, 15. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, ColI. 1 ex., Gourimbidanur Kolar, 20. iii. 78 M.B.Rao, ColI. 2 exs., Manchanahalli, Kolar. 20. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, ColI. 1 ex., Nandi Hills Kolar, 21. iii. 78 M.B.Rao, Coll. 2 exs., Srinivasa Sagar tank, Manchanhalli Kolar. 23. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Sulkeri river, Kerkala, Belthangady road, South Kanara. 17. ii. 92. P.P. Kulkarni, Coll. lex., Athikupae halli, 17. ix. 2003 G. Thirumalai, Coll. lex., Malenallasndara, 10. xii, 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI. 2exs., Gabbadikere, 11. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI. Diagnosis : Body compressed, dorsal scales strongly keeled and more or less larger than ventral; two well - separated spines on each side of the back of the head above the ear. Body is grayish brown above with dark transverse bars. Tail is marked with light and dark bands. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere: Sumatra to South-China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan. 30. Calotes calotes (Linnaeus) Green calotes 1758. Lacerta calotes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. lOth ed. : p. 207 (type lac. Sri Lanka). 1935. Calotes calotes Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 20l. Diagnosis : Bright green above with four or five bluish white or green cross-bars; head light yellowish to dark bluish green and throat red; ventrally pale greenish. Young brown above with six dark cross bands between two whitish dorsolateral stripes. Distribution : India : Shevaroy Hills, Malabar coast and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 445 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 31. Calotes rouxi Dum. & Bibr. Forest blood sucker 1871. Calotes rouxi Dum & Bibr., Exp. Gen. 4 : p. 407. (type lac. India). Diagnosis : Two small serrated spines on the back of the head; from 50 to 60 scales round the midbody; a long, oblique curved fold in front of the shoulder extending nearly across the throat. Dorsally olive-brown with a dark band along the side of the head. Ventral surfaces light brownish, upper part of the head, nape, and gular pouch brick red. Distribution : India : Western coastal areas from Bombay to Kerala. (Matheran, Khandala, Kanara, Jog, Goa and Malabar). Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 32. Calotes ellioti Gunther South Indian hill calotes 1864. Calotes elliotti Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind.: p. 142 (type lac. Malabar). 2003. Calotes ellioti Das, I. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc 100 (2 & 3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-501. Diagnosis Dorsum is olive-brown characterized by more or less distinct dark-brown angular cross-bars. A white spot below the eye is the essential characteristic of this species. Distribution : India : Western Ghats and Malabar coast Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 33. Calotes nemoricola Jerdon Nilgiri green calotes 1853. Calotes nemoricola Jerdon, 1.A.S, Bengal, xxii, p. 471. (type lac. Coonoor Ghat, Nilgiri Hills Calcutta). Diagnosis: Dorsal scales unusually large, about three time as wide as ventral's; midbody scale rows from vary from 36 to 43. A cluster of 3 or 4 compressed spines above the tympanum. Greenish above with darker markings. A black streak from the eye to above the tympanum, dirty whitish on the undersides. Throat with black streaks. Distribution: India: Nilgris, Western Ghats. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 34. Calotes grandisquamis Gunther Large scaled green lizard 1875. Calotes grandisquamis Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 266 pI. xxx (type lac. foot of Coonoor Ghat, near Manantoddy, Bramagherry Hills: London). Diagnosis : Head a little longer, its breadth about one and three-quarter times its length. Dorsal and ventral scales larger. Green above and uniform with broad black transverse bars. An orange spot may be present in the centre of each black scale. Lower parts pale green. Distribution : India : Anaimalai and Bramagherry Hills; Ponmudi (Travancore). Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 35. Draco dussumieri Dum. & Bibr. South Indian flying lizard 1837. Draco dussumieri Dum. & Bibr., Erp.GenA :p 456. (type lac. Malabar). 1943. Draco dussumieri Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 143. Diagnosis: Greish-brown dorsally with darker markings and a series of dark circles; petagia purplish black whitish with rounded yellowish spots. Colour pattern of the petagia, which may be different in the two sexes, is a valuable aid in identification. Undersides grayish with a series of large black marginal spots. Throat dary blue suffused with black spots. Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 36. Psammophilus dorsalis (Gray) South Indian rock lizard 1831. Agama dorsalis Gray, in Griffith's Anim. King. 9, Syn. : p. 56 (type lac. India). 1935. Psammophilus dorsalis, Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 209. Material examined: 2 exs., Kilkotta, Kolar 3. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Hanuman temple, Malur Kolar, 5. iii. 78 M. B.Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Basonatta village Kolar, 10. iii. 78 M. B. Rao, 446 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Coll. 1 ex., Kulai tank, Chintamani Kolar, 13. iii. 78 M. B. Rao, Coll. 3 exs., Manchanapani tank Chikkaballyur, Kolar, 18. iii. 78 M. B. Rao, Coll.; 2 exs., Gudibunde tank, Kolar, 22. iii. 78 M. B.Rao, Coll. lex., Udugubandu, 11. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, ColI.; 2 exs., Uruganthottai, Thattekere 19. iii. 2004, K. Rema Devi, Coll. lex., Udugubandu 9. xii. 2005 S. Prabakaran, colI. lex., Malenallasndara, 10. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran colI. Diagnosis : Body depressed, dorsal crest is absent; ventral scales as large as the dorsals, male brownish on the top of the head and back,lips yellowish. Young and females or olive brown with a distinct serious of white elongated spots on the back, under side is yellow. Tail is long and slender. Distribution: Hilly terrains of South India Remarks : Endemic to Peninsular India. 37. Psammophilus blanJordanus(Stoliczka) Dwarf rock lizard 1870. Charasia blanfordana (not of Gray) Stoliczka, P. Asiat. Soc. Beng. P. 194. (type lac. Central India). 1935. Psammophilus blanfordanaus : Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 210 Diagnosis : This species in smaller than the preceding species and differs in having slightly Enlarged dorsal scales on the body, male brownish on the top of the head and young are olive-brown above, spotted or marble with brown. It has usually a serious of large lozenge, shaped dark-brown spots on the back and the tail. The marking persist more or less in the female, but disappear in the male. Distribution : India : Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats & Western Ghats and Deccan. South Kannara 3. viii. 91, S. S. Kamble, ColI.; 3 exs., Jog falls, North Kannara 26. ix. 91, R. M. Sharma, ColI.; lex., Swarnamuki beat,12. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, Coll. lex., Uruganthoddai, 19. iii. 2004, K. Rema Devi, Coll. Diagnosis : Body compressed light brown above with series of dark brown, black-edged rhomboidal spots along the middle of the back. A distinct light line along each side of the spots and the ventral side is whitish; Tail round and slender and covered with equal keeled scales. Distribution : India : Whole of India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Family 9. CHAMAELEONIDAE 39. Chamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti Indian Chamaeleon 1768. Chamaeleo zeylanicus Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 46 (based on Seba, i, pI. 82, fig. 3). 1935. Chamaeleon zeylanicus Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 25l. Diagnosis: Indian Chameleon is usually green in colour, varying in shade from pale yellowish to black but it is rarely yellow. The lower parts are yellowish to greenish white.Full grown individuals measures 380 mm in length including tail. Distribution : South Gangetic plains and Southern India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Family 10. SCINCIDAE 40. Eutropis carinata (Schneider) Common keeled skink 180l. Scincus carinatus Schneider, Hist. Amph. 2 : 183. 2002. Eutropis carinata Mausfeld, et al., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 : 281-293. 1829. Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier, Regne. Anim. 2 nd ex. 2 : p 43 (type lac. Pondicherry; Paris). Material examined: 2 exs., Kilkotta, Kolar, 3. iii. 78, M. B. Rao, Coll.; 1 ex., Fatli, Kolar, 4. iii. 78, M. B. Rao, ColI.; 1 ex., Anuya, Chintamani, Kolar 15. iii. 78, M. B. Rao, Coll.; lex., Gabbadikeri; Harohalli range, 11. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI. Material examined: 2 exs., Avulakuppam Kolar, 14. iii. 78, M. B. Rao, Coll.; 1 ex., Illinga, Diagnosis: Dorsal and lateral scales subequal, head with enlarged scales arranged 38. Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier Fan throated lizard 447 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles symmentrically. Body robust covered with cycloid imbricate scales, lower eye-lid scaly. Dorsum bronzy, sides darker. Body characterised by two prominent dorso-lateral stripes, one starting from above the eye and extending to the tail and a second starting from the upper lip and extending to the groin. Underside yellow. Distribution : India : Peninsular India, Assam and Bengal Elsewhere : Sri Lanka and Nepal. 41. Eutropis beddomii (Jerdon) Beddome's skink 1870. Euprepes beddomii Jerdon, A.S, Beng. P. 73 (type lac. Mysore). 2002. Eutropis beddomii Mausfe1d, et al. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 : 281-293. Diagnosis : Young brown above with 4 dark brown longitudinal stripes and whitish below. Adults have the same ground colouration but lack the prominent longitudinal stripes which if present are indicated as traces upon the neck and anterior region of the adult. Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 42. Eutropis macularius (Blyth) Bronze grass skink 1853. Euprepes macularius Blyth, l.A.S, Bengal, 22 : p.652 (type lac. Rangpur, Bengal). 2002. Eutropis macularius Mausfe1d, et ai., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 : 281-293. Diagnosis: Dark bronze above, with or without small black spots longitudinally arranged. A light dorso-lateral stripe more or less distinct. Sides of neck and flank dark brown, usually with white spots. A light line starting from the upper lip extends backward or to the anterior part of the flank. Tail not twice the length of the head and body. Distribution : India : Peninsular India. Elsewhere: Burma, Pakistan, Thailand, North and South Vietnam, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. 43. Eutropis trivittata Hardwicke & Gray Five-lined skink 1827. Tiliqua trivittata Hardwicke & Gray, Zool. lourn., 3 : p. 227 (type lac Dum-Dum, Bengal). 2002. Eutropis trivittata Mausfeld, et al., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 : 281-293. Diagnosis: Dorsal and lateral scales subequal, with 5, sometimes in the adult 7, strong keels. Digits moderately long, with smooth lamellae, 1314 beneath the fourth toe. Grayish-brown, with 3 broad, black-edged, white longitudinal stripes extending the whole length of the body and on the base of the tail. Lower parts white. Distribution : India : Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Bengal, Bihar and Maharashtra. Remarks: Endemic to Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and Deccan. 44. Eutropis allapallensis Schmidt Allapalli forest skink 1926. Mabuya allapallensis Schmidt, Pub. Field. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool)., 12 : p. 170 (type lac. Allapalli forest near Maharashtra Chanda, Central Provinces Chicago). 2002. Eutropis allapallensis Mausfeld, et ai., Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241 : 281-293. Diagnosis : Dorsum of this skink is very dark brown with black spots (in some individuals arranged in a vertebral series) between neck and base of tail, flanks brownish black with black spots. A white line from the upper lip to the shoulders. Belly is greenish white. Distribution : India : Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Goa. Remarks: Endemic to central, eastern, western and Southern India. 45. Lygosoma punctata (Gmelin) Dotted garden skink 1799. Scincus punctatus Gmelin, Hist. Amphib. : p. 197. 2003. Lygosoma punctata, Das, l. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. Material examined: 1 ex., Fatli, Kolar, 4. iii. 78. M. B. Rao, Coll. 448 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Diagnosis: Larger and robust in habitus; earopening round; round; 72 scales along midline from nape to above vent; tail round, thick at base. Mid region of the body brassy white with four rows of black dots; three rows of small black dots from axilla to groin and on to tail; belly whitish. Distribution : India : Whole of India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka 46. Lygosoma albopunctata (Gray) White-spotted garden skink 2003. Lygosoma lineata Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. Diagnosis : Body more elongate and small; from 104-110 scales down the middle of the back. Limbs weaker, each one with four digits only. Golden brown above with a series of black spots which usually coverage into longitudinal lines. Distribution : India : Karnataka, Maharashtra and Pune. Remarks: Endemic to North Western Ghats. 1943. Riopa albopunctata Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 18 : p. 430 (type lac. Madras). 49. Kaestlea beddomii Boulenger 2003. Lygosoma albopunctata Das, 1. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. 1887. Lygosoma beddomii Boulenger, Cat, Liz Brit., Mus. iii, p. 26l. pI. xviii, fig. 3 (type lac. Travancore Hills; London). Diagnosis : Dorsum is generally reddish and each dorsal scale is with a prominent black or dark brown spot, it forming longitudinallines.sides of neck and anterior portion of body are dark brown or black, densely spotted with white. Belly is yellowish white and more elongated body. Distribution : India : Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. 47. Lygosoma guentheri (Peters) Gunther's garden skink 1879. Eumeces guentheri Peters, Sitz. Ges. nat. Berlin Fr. : p. 36 (type lac. Ostindien; Berlin). 2004. Kaestlea beddomii Eremchenko, V.K. & Das, 1.. Hamadryad. 28, 1-2, 43-50. Diagnosis : Dorsum brown with two dark dorso-lateral stripes extending from post nasal region to the base of tail; lateral sides of tail were bluish; ventral, labial, gular, humeral and femoral scales grayish with a dark crescentic band. Paravertebrals were lighter than lateral scales.Head depressed, body slender, neck slightly distinct, limbs moderately developed and relatively short. Tail relatively long. Distribution : Travancore Hills (Coonoor). Nilgiris 2003. Lygosoma guentheri Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. Diagnosis: Body more elongate Dorsum with a dark spot for each scale which in the young coverage into longitudinal lines. Young with a light brown dorso-lateral streak, starting from the canthus rostralis is more prominent in juveniles and semiadults. Distribution : India : Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa and Kerala. Remarks: Endemic to North Western Ghats. 48. Lygosoma lineata Gray Lined garden skink 1839. Chiamela lineata Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 2 : p. 333 (type loc.India). 50. Ristella beddomii Boulenger Beddome's snake skink 1887. Ristella beddomii Boulenger, Cat, Liz Brit., Mus. p. 359, pI. 29, fig. 4 (type lac. S.w. India) 1935. Ristella beddomii Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : p. 332. Diagnosis : Dorsum is reddish brown but the dark lines on flanks are less and yellow spots are more distinct; most of the individuals are having large black blotch above the fore-limb. In most of the individuals light brown dorsal stripes remain distinct. Distribution : India : Kerala and Karnataka. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 449 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Family 11. LACERTIDAE 51. Ophisops beddomei (Jerdon) Beddome's lacertid 1870. Pseudophiops beddomei Jerdon, P. Asiat. Soc. Beng. : p. 72 (type loco Bramagherry Hills, Wynaad). 1935. Ophisops beddomei Smith, Fauna of British India, 2 : 378. Diagnosis: Normal head shields, united eyelids and pointed imbricate. Body scales strongly keeled. Tail cylindrical and femoral pores present. Olive-brown above and yellowish white below. A lateral streak running down the back to the tail and the space in between spotted with black. Distribution : India : Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala. Remarks Ghats. Endemic to Deccan and Western 52. Ophisops jerdoni Blyth Snake-eyed lacertid 1853. Ophisops jerdoni Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 22 : p 653. (type loco Mhow, Indore Madhya Pradesh). Material examined: 1 ex., Kondurajan Ralli, Kolar, 11. iii. 78. M. B. Rao, Coll. 1 ex., Udugubandu, 9. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI. Diagnosis : A fold in front of the shoulder, dark olive above and whitish below. Two lemon coloured stripes on the flanks which enclose dark transverse in the middle zone of the back. Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kutch, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Elsewhere : Pakistan. 53. Ophisops leschenaultii (Milne-Edwards) Peninsular golden lacertid 1829. Lacerta leschenaulti Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. nat. Paris, xvi, pp. 80, 86, pI. fig. 9 (Type loco Coromandel Coast; Paris). 2003. Ophisops leschenaultii Das, 1. Bombay nat.Hist.Soc 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. Diagnosis : Brwnish or golden above, a light stripe edged above with black commences behind the supraciliary edge and passes along the side of the bodyand tail. A second borders the upper lip and passes along the flank ,the interval between the two light stripes being black or green spotted with black. Lower parts greenish white, tail and hind limbs often reddishin colour. Distribution: India: From Chota Nagpur, Bihar to the plains of North India and the hills of South India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Family 12. VARANIDAE 54. Varanus bengalensis (Linnaeus) Indian monitor 1758. Lacerta monitor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 : p. 201 (type loco India). 1966. Varanus bengalensis Minton, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., 134 : p.1l2. Diagnosis : Young dark olive above with numerous light spots or ocelli alternating with dark bars and whitish on the undersides with narrow dark transverse bars sometimes broken up into spots. Adult brownish or olive above with blackish dots on the back. Lower parts yellowish mottled with black. Distribution : Whole of India. Elsewhere: Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Family 13. TYPRLOPIDAE 55. Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin) Common blind snake 1803. Eryx braminus Daudin, Hist. nat. Rept. 7 : p. 279. 1990. Ramphotyphlops braminus, Murthy, Rec. zaol. Surv. India. Occ. Pap. 114 : 5. Material examined: 1 ex., Near Ramasamy pond, 13. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, Coll.; 1 ex., Mathesware kare, 14. ix. 2003, G. Thirumalai, Coll.; 1 ex., Thammanyakanahalli 10. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI.; lex., Balekola Mysore, 16. xii. 05, S. Prabakaran, Coll.lex., Chamrajnagar 21. xii. 05, S. Prabakaran, Coll.lex., Pecock Kere Nagerhole range, 9. xii. 07 R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis : Snout is rounded and strongly projecting. Chestnut brown, above and paler 450 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 below, snout, chin and anal region creamy. The tail is short and ending with a spine. Distribution : Throughout India, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep. Elsewhere : South Asia. 56. Typhlops beddomei Boulenger Beddome's worm snake 1890. Typhlops beddomei Boulenger F.B.I.3.237, (Hills of S. India, London). Diagnosis : Preocular separated from the anterior nasal; eye fairly distinguishable. 18 scales round the body; transverse rows of scales 180200. Brown above sometimes with a dark vertebral line and pale below. Snout and anal region whitish. Tail ending in a point. Distribution : India : Anaimalais; Hills of Tirunelveli and South Kerala. Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats &Western Ghats. 57. Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka Slender Blind snake 187l. Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka, l.A.S, Bengal xl, 9. 426, pI. xxv, figs.I-4 (Bengal; type lost). Material examined: lex., Kagglahalli; Harohalli range, 11. xii. 2005, S. Prabakaran, colI. Diagnosis : Snout is rounded and strongly projecting nostrils lateral; scales round the body are 18; 400-440 transverse rows of scales overall body length. Blackish brown above and paler below, the snout is rounded strongly projecting and the chin and anal region is white in colour. Distribution : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Burma and Pakistan. 58. Grypotyphlops acutus (Dum. & Bibr.) Beaked blind snake 1844. Onychocephalus acutus Dum. & Bibr, Erp. Gen. vi, p. 333 (type lac. Unknown; Paris). 2003. Grypotyphlops acutus Das, l. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. Diagnosis: Snout pointed and hooked; nostrils inferior; rostral very large. Scales round the body 28-34. Transverse rows of scales 450-500, tail ending in a small spine. Brownish or blackish above, with pale yellow centres on dorsal and lateral scales. Underside paler. Distribution : Anaimalais and Palghat Hills in the Western Ghats part of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Also reported from Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, Remarks : Endemic to Peninsular India. Family 14. UROPELTIDAE 59. Plectrurus canaricus (Beddome) 1870. Silybura canarica Beddome, Madras Month. l. Med. Sci., p. 170 (Kudra Mukh, nr. Mangalore; London). 1935. Plectrurus canaricus Smith, Fauna of British India, 2: p. 72. Diagnosis : Brownish-violet with yellow blotches anteriorly and with or without small yellow spots on the back. Lips yellow lower surface of tail yellow, with or without a black central streak. Distribution of Karnataka. India South Kannada district Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 60. Plectrurus perroteti Dum.&Bibr. Perrotet's shield tail 1854. Plectrurus perroteti Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. p. 167, pI. ix, fig. 4 (Nilgiris : Paris). Material examined: 2 exs., Kotegetor, Mysore. 7. xi. 74, N. Krishnamurthy, Coll. Diagnosis: Snout obtusely pointed; frontal as long as the parietals. Eye about half the length of the ocular shield. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 152 - 180, caudals 6-12. Tail cmpressed; caudal scute compressed, with superposed bifid or trifid points. Dark-purplish brown above, paler below, each dorsal scale with a reddish or yellowish centre; a yellow line on the upper surface of the tail in the young. Distribution: South India Anaimalais and Nilgiris. Western Ghats: Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 451 61. Uropeltis ellioti (Gray) Elliot's shield tail snake Material examined: 3 exs., Kotegetor, Mysore. 7. xi. 74, N. Krishnamurthy, Coll. 1845. Siluboura ceylonicus (not of Cuvier) Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. p. 142 (Madras: London) Diagnosis: Yellowish or brown above, almost uniform or with transverse series of small, yellow, black edged ocelli arranged in rings. Brown below with large yellow spots or crossbars. 1943. Uropeltis ellioti Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 75. Diagnosis: Dark brown with or without small yellow spots and larger ones below; a yellow line on each side of the neck; tail with a yellow stripe on each side united together with a crossbar in the anal region. Distribution : India : Western Ghats (Tirunelveli Hills; Munnar); Eastern Ghats (Shevaroys, Javadi Hills and Ganjam Hills). Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats & Western Ghats. 62. Uropeltis ceylanicus (Gunther) South Kerala shieldtail snake 1829. 1943. Uropeltis ceylanicus (not of Gray) Cuvier, Reg. Anim. 2nd ed., ii, p. 76 ("Ceylan"; Paris) Uropeltis ceylanicus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 80 Material examined: 6 exs., Kotegetor, Mysore. 7. xi. 74, N. Krishnamurthy, Coll. Diagnosis: Its snout is pointed. Dorsal colour is uniformly brownish or blackish, in some snakes transversely arranged spots are available, a yellow lateral stripe is also present in few individuals. Belly may be yellowish with or without dark brown or black spots. Ventral tail surface is brown and yellow on the lateral aspects. Distribution : From Castle Rock to the hills of South Kerala, Western Ghats, Shevaroys, Eastern Ghats. Common in the hills of South Kerala. Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats & Western Ghats. 63. Uropeltis ocellatus (Beddome) Ocellate shield tail snake 1863. Silybura ocellata Beddome, P. Z. S. p. 225 (Wala Ghat, Nilgiris ; London). 1943. Uropeltis ocellatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 76. Distribution: India: Western Ghats south of the Goa gap; common in the Nilgiris and Anaimalais. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 64. Uropeltis phipsoni (Mason) Phipson's shieldtail 1888. Silybura phipsonii Beddome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) I, p. 184 (Bombay Ghats ; London). 1943. Uropeltis phipsoni Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p.82. Diagnosis: Small Uropeltis, maximum length 280 mm, diameter of body 9 mm. Its snout is obtusely pointed; dorsum is brown, purple-brown mayor may not be having yellow mottling or dots. A prominent yellow stripe on lateral aspects of neck and fore part of the body, lateral aspects of tail with yellow stripes which meet with a transverse bar across the anal region. Distribution: India: Western Ghats from the Bombay Hills to the Anaimalai Hills Tamilnadu. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 65. Melanophidium wynaudense (Beddome) Wynaud Melanophidium 1863. Plectrurus wynandense Beddome, P. Z. S. p. 228 (ur. Manantoddy : London). 1943. Melanophidium wynaudense Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 67. Diagnosis : A smaller eye; ventrals 170-185, caudals 10-18. Terminal scute with two superposed lateral ridges which meet on a transverse ridge at the tip. Iridescent black, with large white or yellow spots on the belly. Distribution : Coorg, Mannanthoddy, Kerala. Karnataka and Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 452 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 66. Melanophidium punctatum Beddome Pied-bellied shieldtail Elsewhere: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangaladesh and Sri Lanka. 1871. Melanophidium punctatum Beddome. Madras Month. 1. Med. Sci. p. 401. (Travancore : London). 69. Eryx johnii (Russell) Red sand boa Diagnosis: A mental groove. No supraocular or temporal scutes. Snout obtuse; nostril short and broad. Eye one-third the length of the ocular scute. Ventrals 180- 198, caudals 11-18. Tail feebly compressed; caudal scute with two parallel ridges above that converges into two or four points at the tip. Iridescent black above; ventrals and lateral scales with black centres. Distribution : Hills of South Kerala; Anaimalais; Telewady, Karnataka. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 67. Rhinophis sanguine us Beddome Red bellied shieldtail 1801. Boa johnii Russell, Ind. Serp.ii, pp. 18 & 20, pIs. xvi & xvii (Tranquebar). 2003. Eryxjohnii Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-501. Diagnosis : Sandy grey or yellowish above, the scales edged with dark brown, or entirely brown above. Uniform or more or less distinct dark transverse bands; these bands usually distincton the tail. Lower parts whitish, spotted with dark brown. Distribution : India : Throughout drier zones of the peninsular and the Northwest. Elsewhere : Pakistan and Nepal. 1863. Rhinophis sanguineus Beddome P. Z. S. p. 227 (Cherambody, Malabar: London). 70. Eryx whitakeri Das Whitaker's boa Diagnosis : Black above with a bluish tinge and small light spots. Lower parts and sides bright red, thickly spotted with black. Tail black above and red below. 1991. Eryx whitakeri Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 88(1) : 92-97.1 pI. Distribution : India: Western Ghats Part of Tamilnadu Kerala and Karnataka. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. Family 15. BOIDAE 68. Gongylophis conicus (Schneider) Common sand boa 1801. Boa conica Schneider, Hist. Amphib. ii, p. 268. 2004. Gongylophis conicus Whitaker & Captain; Snakes of India-The Field Guide. Diagnosis : Yellow, brown or grey above with a dorsal series of large, irregular dark brown to sooty blotches which fuse with one another to form a zigzag stripe and another lateral series of scattered spots of the same colour. Belly whitish sometimes mottled with brown on the outer scalerows. Males with well developed anal spurs and tail ending in a point. Distribution : Throughout India. Diagnosis: Small eye has vertical pupil. Brown blotched with darker brown. Having smooth or weakly keeled scales on top of its head and a blunt, rounded. Smooth scaled tail. Distribution : India : Western Ghats part of Karnataka, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 71. Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Indian python 1758. Coluber molurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. p. 225 (India). 1943. Python molurus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 106. Diagnosis: Light brown or grayish or yellow above with dorsal and lateral series of elongate large, rhomboidal darker blotches; head with a distinct spearhead-shaped dark mark, distinct only posterior on the crown and another streak of the same colour on either side of the head. Belly dirty whitish to yellow with black spots on the ventral. Underside of tail with orange and black. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Distribution : India Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Nepal. 453 74. Ahaetulla pulverulenatus (Dum. & Bib.) Brown whip snake 1854. Family 16 ACROCHORDIDAE Dryinus pulverulentus Dum. & Bib., Erp. Gen. vii, p. 812 72. Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider, 1799) Elephant trunk snake 2003. Ahaetulla pulverulentus Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI, Kolkata. 1799. Hydrus granulatus Schneider, Hist. Amphi. i.p, 243 Diagnosis: Dorsally grey or brown, heavily flecked with brown, and with black spots. Head with a dark brown rhomboidal spot and brownish stripes on the sides, both of which are characteristic of the species. (India). 1943. Acrochordus granulatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 134. Diagnosis: Head is not distinct from neck and IS covered with small granular scales eyes are lateral in position. Dorsum is dark grey or somewhat blackish with whitish annulations all over the body. This annulations is more prominent on the dorsal aspect, bands are broaden comparatively than the bands present in the ventrum Dorsal aspect of head is dark grey lighter spots and posterior portion of body and tail are strongly compressed. Distribution : India India. The coastal waters of Elsewhere: Indo-Australian Archipelago to the north coast of Australia and the Solomon Islands. Family 17. COLUBRIDAE 73. Ah3ebJlla msutus ＨｾＩ＠ Common green whip snake 1789. Coluber nasutus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Serp., I, p. 100. 2003. Ahaetulla nasutus Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI, Kolkata. Material examined : 1 ex., Jog falls, North Kannara. 21. iv. 92, P. D. Rane, Coll.; lex., Karigrudana Koppalu Hassan. 27. xii. OS, S. Prabakaran, Coll. Diagnosis: Dorsaly parrot-green and pale green on the lower parts. Flanks with a white or yellow line; interstitial skin with an oblique series of black and white lines that are most evident anteriorly; lips yellowish. Throat whitish or sometimes pale bluish. Distribution : India : Peninsular India except Ganges Valley west of Patna and Bengal. Elsewhere : Burma and Sri Lanka. Distribution : India : Gujarat Junagarh and Dangs districts;Western Ghats (Karwar, North Kannada, and Castle Rock, Nilgiris and Nellampatty hills Travancore). Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 75. Amphiesma beddomei (Gunther) Beddom's olive-brown keelback 1864. Tropidonotus beddomei Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind., P. 269, pI. xxii, fig. E (nom.nov.for vittatus preoc). 2003. Amphiesma beddomei Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI Kolkata. Diagnosis: Dorsally olive brown and whitish below mottled with brown with brown on the sides. The dorsal pattern consists of a series of yellow spots, each one enclosed by two black spots or short transverse bars, along each side of the back. Belly whitish and closely dotted with brown on the sides. Distrib.1tirn : Western Ghats. J'v1:llmastr:a to ¥er:ala) . (Fran Rrnmks : Etrlrrd.c to W EStern GBts. 76. Amphiesma monticola (Jerdon) Western green keel back 1871. Tropidonotus monticolus Jerdon, 1.A.S, Bengal, xxii, p. 530 (Wynad :type lost). 9 : 426. 2003. Amphiesma monticola Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI, Kolkata. Diagnosis: Green above and white below. The dorsal pattern consists of wide-black crossbars or quadrangular black spots. Intercepted by two series of light dorsum lateral spots or lines. Head with a white or yellow cross-bar and a white dot on 454 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 each side of the frontal; pre and postoculars and labials surrounding the eye white. Throat and sides of neck yellow in life. Distribution : India : Western Ghats from Talewadi, Goa frontier to Travancore, Kerala). Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 1758. Coluber stolatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Distribution : India : Whole of India except Himalayas. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 77. Amphiesma stolata (Linn.) Buff-Striped Keel back 10th Diagnosis: Dorsally olive green and uniform yellow below, the flanks being tinged with a light pink. Upper lip yellow and specimens from South India often with a reddish streak down the body. Ed. p. 219. 80. Rhabdops olivaceus (Beddome) Olive forest snake 2003. Amphiesma stolata Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI, Kolkata. 1863. Ablabes olivaceus Beddome, Madras Quart. 1. Med. Sci. vi, p.2 (Manantoddy, Malabar District; London). Diagnosis : Olive-greenish or brown above with dark brown spots or cross-bars on the back and two lateral buffs or yellowish stripes best marked on the hinder part. Head olive, sides of the head, lips and area surrounding the chin white or yellow and neck with a black 'V'. Belly whitish, speckled with brown on the side of each ventral scale. 1943. Rhabdops olivaceus Smith, Fauna oj British India, 3 : p. 328. Distribution : India : Whole of India. Elsewhere : Thailand, South China, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. 78. Argyrogena fasciolatus (Shaw) Banded racer 1802. Coluber Jasciolatus Shaw, Gen Zool. iii, p. 528. 2003. Argyrogena Jasciolatus Snakes, ZSI Kolkatta. Sharma, Handbook-Indian Material examined: lex., Balekola Mysore. 16. xii. 05. S. Prabakaran, Coll. Diagnosis : Light or dark brown above and white or yellowish below. Young with blackish cross bars and white striations in the anterior half of the body. Head with two white spots above. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. 79. Atretium schistosum (Daudin) Olivaceous keelback Diagnosis: Dorsal coloration is olivaceous or yellowish brown, ventral aspect of the snake is also of the same colour pattern. Two dorsolateral and two lateral longitudinal series of smallblack spots are present.Ventral shields are indistinctly edged with dark brown. Distribution: India: Western Ghats, south up to Palghat. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 81. Boiga trigonata (Schneider) Common cat snake 1802. Coluber trigonatus Schneider, in Bechst. Transl. Lacep. iv, p. 256, pl.xl, fig. 1 (Vizagapatanam). 1943. Boiga trigonata Smith, Fauna oj British India, 3 : p. 349. Diagnosis : Light brown above and white below, with brown spots on the sides. Dorsal pattern consists of a vertebral series of 40-50 irregular, transverse white bars edged with black, more prominent anteriorly and fading towards tail. Head with a distinct 'Y' mark above. A dark stripe from behind eye to gape of mouth. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka and Pakistan. 1803. Coluber schistosus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. vii, p. 132. 82. Boiga forsteni (Dum. & Bibr.) Forsten's cat snake 1943. Atretium schistosum Smith, Fauna oj British India, 3 : p. 319. 1854. Triglyphodon Jorsteni Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gen. vii, p. 1077. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 1943. Boiga forsteni Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 358. Diagnosis : Brown or reddish above with a series of large angular black spots or crossbars which are most distinct anteriorly and whitish or heavily speckled with brown on the underside. Head with a black bar.Nape with two stripes of the same hue, a broad black stripe from the eye to gape. Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Gahnges Valley and Eastern Himalayas. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 83. Boiga ceylonensis (Gunther) Ceylon cat snake 1858. Dipsadomorphus ceylonensis Gunther, Cat. Col. Sn. Brit. Mus. P. 176 (Ceylon; London). 1943. Boiga ceylonensis Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 35l. Diagnosis : Greyish-brown above and yellow white on the underside, with dark brown spots on the sides. The dorsal pattern comprises of a series of chocolate-brown spots which sometimes continue as transverse bars on the body. A dark blotch or transverse bar on the nape and a dark stripe from eye to gape are present. Distribution : India : Western Ghats, Orissa, Assam and Andaman Islands. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka up to Australia. 455 ElserJrere : Sci I.at.a. 85. Boiga nuchalis (Gunther) 1875. Dipsas nuchalis Gunther, P. Z. S. p. 233 (West coast of India; London) Rec. Ind. Mus iii, p. 152 1943. Boiga nuchalis Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 35l. Diagnosis: Greyish-brown above with a series of dark brown to blackish blotches; belly white, speckled with dark brown or black and with black lines on the outer edges of some ventrals. Usually a stripe on each side of the head, commencmg from behind the eye to the mouth. Distribution: India: Western Ghats. Elsewhere: Nepal. 86. Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider) Dog faced water snake 1799. Hydrus rhynchops Schneider, Hist. Amph. i, p.246 (based on Russell, pI. xvii). 1943. Cerberus rhynchops Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 393. Diagnosis : Head is distinct from neck; snout is long but broadly rounded. Dorsal is grayish or brownish or olivacious, with dark spots or cross bars. Lateral aspect of head is with black streaks, which passthrough the eye and on the neck. Ventral blackish or dark gray. Distribution: Coasts and tidal rivers of India. Elsewhere : Nepal and Sri Lanka. 84. Boiga beddomei (Wall) Beddome's Cat Snake 1909. Dipsadomorphus beddomei Wall, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 152 (Ceylon, Kandy, Matheran). 1943. Boiga beddomei Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 35l. Diagnosis : Dorsally greyish or yellowishbrown with a series of dark brown to blackish blotches; belly white, speckled with dark brown or black and with black lines on the outer edges of some ventrals. There is usually a stripe on each side of the head, commencing from behind the eye to the mouth. Dist:I::ib Jtj m : JIDia: W EStern GBts. 87. Gerardia prevostiana (Eydoux & Gervais) Glossy marsh snake 1832-1837. Coluber (Homalopsis) prevostianus, Eydoux & Gervais in Guer. Mag. Zool. Cl. iii, p. 5, coI.pI. 15 ("Manila"). 1943. Gerardia prevostiana Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 394. Diagnosis : Light or dark grey or brown above, uniform upper lip. Chin and three outer rows of scales white. Ventrals whitish with dark edges or entirely grey. Distribution: India: Coasts and tidal rivers of India. 456 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Burma and West coast of the Malay Peninsula. 88. Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin) Common Indian bronze-back 1803. Clouber tristis Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept.vi, p. 430. (based on Russell's pI. 31). 2003. Dendrelaphis tristis Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes p. 113. Material examined: lex., Chamrajnagar. 21. xii. 05. S. Prabakaran, Coll.;lex., Devrayandurga Tumkur. 22. ix. 07. S. Prabakaran, Coll. Diagnosis: Dorsally bronze-brown of purplishbrown with a buff lateral stripe edged with black extending from the head to the vent. Scales on the neck and fore body yellow; upper lip yellow. Head with a dark temporal band extending onto the neck, where it may break up into vertical bars. Belly grey, light green or whitish. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 89. Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin) sensu Whitaker & Captain, 2004 Painted bronze-back 1789. Coluber pictus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, p. 1116. 2003. Dendrelaphis pictus Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes p.108. Diagnosis: Dorsum is broze-brown ventrum is creamy white yellowish or bluish. A yellow or cream coloured, black bordered stripe on the flank along scale rows 1 and 2. Head is with a black stripe running along the temple on to the neck, where it breaks up into oblique bars. Upper lip and lower jaw yellow. Distribution : Southern India (in the sense of Whitaker & Captain, 2004). Elsewhere : Southeast Asia. 90. Dendrelaphis grandoculis (Boulenger) Large-eyed bronze back tree snake 1890. Dendrophis grandoculis (Boulenger) F. B. 1. p. 337 (Tinnevelly Hills & Coonoor Ghat, S. India: London). 2003. Dendrelaphis grandoculis Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes, ZSI, Kolkata p.112. Diagnosis : Olive brown above with small black blotches, no lateral body stripes. Head without dark temporal stripe; belly olive, darker behind than in front, dotted with fine black spots on the sides. Tail with 3 black lines two lateral and one below. I2i.st:r::ib.ti : 8:::ut::lw:ster GB.ts. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 91. Chrysopelea ornata Shaw Golden tree snake 1802. Coluber ornatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. Iii, p .477 (based on Seba, I, t.7, and ii,t.7,f.1 and t,61,f, 2 : East India Islands). 1943. Chrysopelea ornata Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 25l. Diagnosis : Young black above with pale greenish yellow crossbars which mayor may not dilate vertebral and on the sides; scales with or without a median streak. Adult jet black with conspicuous yellow or white crossbars and a single series of large reddish vertebral rosettes; belly greenish, lateral shields with a black spot or edged with black. Head black with yellow crossbars or spots. Distribution : India : Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Western Ghats. Elsewhere : Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. 92. Coelognathus helena (Daudin) Trinket snake 1803. Coluber helena Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. vi, p. 277. 2003. Coelognathus helena Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec.pp 446-50l. Diagnosis: Dark brown above and pearly white or yellowish bellow. The distinctive dorsal pattern consists of black cross-bars that enclose three or more white islets resembling trinkets. This pattern is most conspicuous anteriorly and on the sides but disappears on the hinder part, which is flanked by thick dark stripe on each side. Nape with two dark streaks above which may join to form an inverted 'V'; eye with two black streaks-one below it and another oblique one behind. Distribution : Throughout India. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Elsewhere: Sri Lanka; West Pakistan. 93. Coelognathus helena monticollaris Schultz Montane trinket snake 2004. Coelognathus helena monticollris Schultz Whitaker, R.& Captain. A. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu xiv+479, pIs. text. figs. Diagnosis : Slender-bodied. Scales of hind body and tail sometimes keeled. Tan or olive, and chocolate brown with a banded forebody. The bands consist of several rows of large pale yellow oval or round spots encircled with black. Hind body has lateral stripes. Belly white, with a serious of black (often bracket-shaped)markings on each side. Distribution : India : Western Ghats part of Karnataka, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 94. Liopeltis calamaria (Gunther) Lesser stripe-necked snake 1858. Cyclophis calamaria Gunther, Cat. Col. Sn. Brit. Mus. P. 250 (Ceylon: London). 2003. Liopeltis calamaria Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. pp. 446-50l. Materials examined: 1 ex., Chintamani Road, Kolar. 24. iii. 78, M.B. Rao, Coll. Diagnosis: Light brown to olive dorsally with a series of longitudinal stripes, two of which are most evident in the vertebral region. Head with a lateral series of dark spots on each side; lower parts yellow. Distribution : India: Western Ghats part of Tamilnadu and Karnataka and few districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 95. Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus) Common wolf snake 1754. Coluber aulicus Linnaeus Mus. Adolph. Frider. i, p. 29 pI, xii, fig. 2(America (in error) : type in Stockholm). 1943. Lycodon aulicus, Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p.263. 457 Material examined : 1 ex., Chintamani road, Kolar, 24. iii. 78. M. B. Rao, Coll.; lex., Chamrajnagar, Karnataka. 21. xii. 05. S. Prabakaran, Coll. Diagnosis : Dark brown or purple above and yellowish on the underside; upper lip white or brown spotted. The dorsal pattern consists of 1219 white or yellowish crossbars that expand laterally or bifurcate; this pattern may persist over the entire body, most evident anteriorly or it is sometimes reduced to vertebral spots. A triangular white blotch on each side of the occipital, which may tend to fuse with one another. Distribution: India: Indian subcontinent. Elsewhere: Maldive Islands, Myanmar through Indochina, South China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. %. Ly::r:rl:n striahls (Shaw) BaIrEri v.olf Emke 1802. Coluber striatus Shaw, Gen. Zool.iii, p. 527 (based on Russell's pI. xvi). 1943. Lycodon striatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 26l. Diagnosis: Dark brown or blackish above with 11-18 white or yellowish crossbars which expand laterally and sometimes also dorsally; the expanded crossbars on the sides of the body enclose triangular spots; upper lip and lower parts white. Distribution : Peninsular India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. 97. Lycodon travancoricus (Beddome) Travancore wolf snake 1870. Cercaspis travancoricus Beddome Madras Month.J. Med. Sci., ii, p.169 (Travancore Hills: London). 1943. Lycodon travancoricus, Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 259. Material examined : 2exs., Palahalli Srirengapattinam, 14. xii. 05. S. Prabakaran, ColI.; 2exs., Balekola Mysore, 16. xii. 05. S.Prabakaran, Coll.; lex., Kavaladurga tank Thirthahalli range Shimoga. 19. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. 458 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Diagnosis : Dark purplish-brown or blackish above and white below. The dorsal pattern consists of a series of pale yellow cross-bars that commence at the nepe. The bars on the anterior part of the body are separted by wider interspaces than those on the posterior; upper lip brow, speckled with white. Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Maharastra and Madhya Pradesh. Remarks : Endemic to Eastern Ghats & Western Ghats and Deccan. 98. Macropisthodon plumbicolor (Cantor) Green keelback 1839. Tropidonotus plumbicolor Cantor, P. Z. S. p. 54 (type lac. Malwa (saugor), C-I. : drawing in Bodleian Lib., Oxford). 1943. Macropisthodon plumbicolor Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 314. Diagnosis : Dorsally grass-green with regular transverse dark spots which may form cross-bars on the back and tail. A black streak from the eye to the angle of mouth; belly whitish or olive-brown with or without dark spots. The well-defined dark crossbars on the back, they have a large. A shaped mark on the nape with its apex directed forwards and a second much smaller one behind, the intervening area being bright yellow or orange. Distribution : India : Throughout India except the Ganges Valley and the extreme north-west. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 99. Oligodon arnensis (Shaw) Common kukri snake 1802. Coluber arnensis Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii, p. 526 (based on Russell's fig. 38). 1943. Oligodon arnensis Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 225. Material examined : lex., Poodhipadugai, Chamrajnagar. 20. xii. 05, S. Prabakaran, Coll. Diagnosis : Pale brown or orange above and uniform yellowish below or with indistinct brown spots. The dorsal pattern consists of well defined black cross-bands-18.30 on the body and 4-16 on the tail; these bands however vary in number and width and may be edged with white. Head with 3 chevron-shaped marks. Distribution: India: Peninsular India. Elsewhere : Pakistan and Sri Lanka 100. Oligodon affinis Gunther Western kukri snake 1862. Oligodon affinis Gunther Ann. Mag. nat. His., (3) ix, P. 58. (Anaimallayas: London). Diagnosis : Brown above with an indistinct reticulatioin of darker markings and about 30-41 dark brown crossbars and whitish below with square black spots. Head with dark symmetrical transverse markings, which are connected by median longitudinal stripes. Distribution: India: Western Ghats south of Goa. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 101. Oligodon brevicaudus Gunther Striped kukri snake 1862. Oligodon brevicauda Gunther, Ann. Mag. nat. His., (3) ix, P.58. (Anaimallayas : London). 2003. Oligodon brevicaudus Das, l. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. Diagnosis: Brown above with a light vertebral stripes which is bordered on each side by a dark brown or black strips; these stripes mayor may not be marked with paired series of spots or short bars on the anterior part of the body; brownish or whitish below (red in life) with large quadrangular or transverse black spots. Head with a crescentic band in front and a temporal stripe; a large dark nuchal spot. Distribution: India: Nilgiris, Anaimalais and Hills of South Kerala, Western Ghats. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 102. Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerdon) Russull's kukri snake 1853. Coronella taeniolata Jerdon, l.A.S. Bengal. p. 528. 1943. Oligodon taeniolatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 223. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Material examined: 1 ex., Hosangadi, South Kannara. 2. ix. 91 S. Kamble, Coll. Diagnosis: Dorsally buff or pale brown, with a series of large rhomboidal dark spots, or transverse bands of paired spots with or without a vertebral stripe interrupting them. Head with dark markings, typical of a kukri snake. 459 Upper and lower labials, scales on the side of throat and underside of tail margined with black. Distribution : India: Throughout India. Elsewhere Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Java and Sumatra. 105. Sibynophis subpunctatus (Dumeril & Bibron) Dumeril's black-headed snake Dist::r::ib.tic : Jirlia : 'Ihra.:gh:ut Irili.a. Elsewhere : Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 103. Oligodon venustus (Jerdon) Black-spotted kukri snake 1853. Xenodon venustum Jerdon, 1.A.S. Bengal, xxii, p. 523 (North Canara dist). 1943. Oligodon venustus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 222. Diagnosis : Greyish-brown above and yellowish or whitish on the underside with large irregular blackish spots on the back and smaller blackish spots on the sides. Head markings consist of a crescentic anterior cross-band, an oblique bar on each side and a broad angular band on the nape. Distribution : India : Western Ghats south of the Goa Gap. A common snake in the Wynaad district of Kerala. Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 104. Ptyas mucosus (Linnaeus) Rat snake 1758. Coluber mucosus, Linnaeus, Mus. Ad. Frid. i, p. 37. pI. 23 and syst. Nat. Ed. 10, p. 226 (India: stock holm) 1943. Ptyas mucosus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 159. Material examined: 1 ex., Niliker forest, South Kannara. 10. ix. 91. S.S. Kamble, Coll. Diagnosis : Usually greenish or yellowishbrown above with black irregular cross-bars that often tend to fuse and form a reticulate pattern, at least on the posterior half of the body including the tail. Yellowish or whitish below, the yellowish tinge being more pronounced near the throat. Baluchistan, 1854. Oligodon subpunctatus Dumeril & Bibron, Erp. Gen. vii, p. 58 (Madras: Paris). 1943. Sibynophis subpunctatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 279. Diagnosis : Head and nape black above; lips yellow and spotted; a yellow transverse bar between the eyes and two broad bars bordering the band on nape; dorsum light known with a vertebral series of black spots; lower parts yellow with black spots on outer border of each ventral scale. Distribution : India : Western Ghats, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. 106. Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider) Checkered keel back 1799. Hydrus piscator Schneider, Hist. Amph. I, p. 247 (East Indies: Based on Russell's "Neeli Koea"). 2003. Xenochrophis piscator Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes p.108. Material examined: 1 ex., Srinivasapur, Kolar. 12. iii. 78 M.B. Rao, Coll.; 1 ex., Kollur range, 17. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis: Usually olive, yellow or brown above, with a distinct pattern of numerous black and white spots arranged like a chessboard which is the source of the snake's common name; belly white or yellow. Head olive brown, with two black lines behind the eye on each side; a dark stripe on the nape. Distribution : India : Throughout India. Elsewhere : Nepal, Bangaladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 460 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Family 17. ELAPIDAE 107. Calliophis melanurs (Shaw) Slender coral snake 1802. Coluber melanurus Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii, p. 552 (based on Russell's plate). 1943. Callophis melanurus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 420. Diagnosis : Light brown above with the centre of each dorsal scale speckled with brown, which unite to form a series of longitudinal lines down the entire length. Head and neck black above with yellow spots. Tail with two black rings, one at the base and the other at the tip. Belly red. a white stripe emerges from behind the eye and reaches up to the angle of the mouth. Ventrum is coral red. Distribution: India: Gujarat Dangs district of (Saputara) Western Ghats (Nilgiri, Anaimalai and other hilly areas), Panchgani. Remarks : Endemic to India. 110. Calliophis bibroni (Jan) Bibron's coral snake 1858. Elaps bibroni Jan, Rev. & Mag. Zool. x, p. 526. 2003. Calliophis bibroni Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. 108. Calliophis beddomei Smith Beddome's coral snake Diagnosis: Ground colour varies from cherryred to dark purplish-brown. Back marked with black crossbars. Head black in front and red behind. Belly red with large black spots, which may unite with the bars on the back to form rings that encircle the body. 1890. Hemibungarus nigrescens, Boulenger, F.B.I. p. 384. (part). Distribution: India: Western Ghats and Coorg, Karnataka. Distribution : India: Throughout India except the Northwest. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 2003. Calliophis beddomei Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. Diagnosis : Light purplish-brown above and whitish below. Dorsal pattern consists of two more or less regular vertebral series of black, whiteedged spots, which are either separated or united. Sides with two or more smaller series of black spots. Distribution : India : Eastern Ghats, Tamil N adu and Koppa, Karnataka. Remarks : Endemic to Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. leB. Qilliq:hls nigr:e:o:ns GmtreI:' Strip:rl mr:al Emke 1862. Callophis nigrescens Gunther, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) ix, p.13l. 2003. Calliophis nigrescens, Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100(2&3) Aug-Dec. Diagnosis : Most elongate species of all the Indian coral snakes reaches to a length of about 900 mm.,with circumference of about 25 mm ; dorsal colouration is blakish , with a white oblique bar on the nape. Dorsum is with 5 black stripes ; Remarks: Endemic to Western Ghats. 111. Bungarus caeruleus (Schneider) Common Indian krait 180l. Pseudoboa caerulea Schneider, Hist. Amphib. ii, p. 284 (based on Russell). 1943. Bungarus caeruleus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 413. Diagnosis : Black or bluish-black above with about 40 thin, white crossbars that may, sometimes be indistinct or absent anteriorly. However, the pattern is complete and well defined in the young, which have crossbars on the fore body. In old individuals, the white lines may be found as a series of connected spots with a prominent spot on the vertebral region. A white preocular spot present. Elsewhere : Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 112. Naja naja (Linnaeus) Indian cobra 1758. Coluber naja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10 th ed. P.221, based on Seba, Thes.i,1734 ,p1.44, figs.i &ii. 461 AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 2003. Naja naja Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. 2003. Keriliajerdonii Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. Material examined: 1 ex., Moyar river bank, Masinagudi, Bandipur N.P. 22. IX. 89 G.M.Yazdani, Coll. 1 ex., Kapinaka bridge, Dharmasala Karkala, South Kannara 12. ii. 92. P.P. Kulkarni, Coll. Diagnosis : Olive above, yellowish or white beneath, with black dorsal spots or rhombs which extent round the body to form complete bands. Intermediate dorsal spots or bars are usually present. Diagnosis : Light to dark brown above with pale reticulations and white or yellowish below. Apart from the well-defined "spectacle" mark on the expanded hood. Cobra can be distinguished from other land snakes by the presence of a dark spot on either side of the lower surface of the hood and two or more broad black cross bands further below. Distribution Peninsula. Distribution: Throughout Indian Subcontinent. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 113. Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) King cobra or Hamadryad 1836. Hamadryas hannah Cantor, Asiat. Research, xix, p. 187, pls.lO-ll (Sundarbans, near Calcutta). 2003. Ophiophagus hannah Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes p. 199. Diagnosis: Coloration varies from olive green to yellowish but the tail is sometimes jet black. Dorsal pattern consists of 30-40 lighter bands on the body and 10-12 on the tail; but these bands are prominent in the juveniles and fade out or become obscure in the adults. Throat is light yellow or creamy. Venter is a paler shade of the dorsum. Young are jet black with chevron-shaped yellow transverse bands on the head, body and tail. Distribution : Peninsular India to the Western Himalayas. Elsewhere : Burma, Philippines, Hong Kong, Southern parts of China, Thailand. Family 18. HYDROPHIIDAE 114. Kerilia jerdonii Gray 1849 Jerdon's sea snake . dam. G ray, Cat. Sn. B· 1849 . K en·Z·za Jer nt. M us. p. 57 (Madras; London). The east coast of the Indian Elsewhere : East coast of Cochin China and South Annam and Borneo. 115. Enhydrina schistosa Daudin Hook-nosed sea snake 1801. Enhydrina schistosus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. vii, p. 386 (based on Russel, ii, pI. x : Tranquebar). 1943. Enhydrina schistosa Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 449. Diagnosis : Dorsal colouration is gray or grayish with a bluish tinge, with dark gray or black annulation, which are broadest on the dorsum and ventrum is whitish. Colour pattern is most conspecious in juveniles and as the age increase all the markings vanish or become faint and the complete snake becomes uniform gray. Distribution :India : Coastal waters of Gujarat, Goa, Orissa, West Bengal Tamilnadu and Karnataka. Elsewhere : Gulf of Oman, Seychelles, South Vietnam, North coast of Australia, Rockhampton coast, Coast of Burma and Sunday Bay in Thailand. 116. Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin Annulated sea snake 1803. Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Rept. vii, p. 383. Diagnosis: Head is black or dark olive, often with a light horoeshoe-shaped mark above. As age advances the ventral stripe and ventral portion of the annulus become less distinct, and in the adult may be entirely lost; the head with age becomes olivaceous or yellowish; the horseshoeshaped mark does not persist. 462 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution: West coast of Indian Peninsula, east coast of India. Elsewhere : Person Gulf of to the Idzu Sea of Japan; Sri Lankan coast; islands ofIndonesia; Gulf of Siam; the Burmise coast and coastal areas of Pakistan. 117. Hydrophis spiralis Shaw Yellow sea snake 1802. Hydrus spiralis Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii, p. 564, pI. (Indian Ocean : London). 1943. Hydrophis spiralis Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 453. Diagnosis: Yellowish or yellowish-green, the dorsal scales with black margins and with more or less complete narrow black annuli much narrower than their interspaces and feebly dilated vertebrally. Dorsal spots often present between the bands. Head in the young blackish, with a yellow horseshoe-shaped mark above. In the adult usually entirely yellow. 1943. Hydrophis caerulescens Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 463. Diagnosis: Bluish grey above, yellowish white below with fourty to sixty broad bands, about twice as broad as their interspaces on the fore part of the body, tapering towards the belly, where they may be incomplete on the thicker part of the body.With age these marking usually become indistinct and in some old individuals are scarcely recognizable, the back being almost uniform grey. Head black in the young, sometimes with a light curved mark: dark grey in the adult, with or without a light streak behind the eye. I2i..S:r::ibJt: : Jirlia : Eetween Murrtlai and K3I:w:rr rn tie w::st. cr::ast of Irili.a am f:r:an Ch:nrni n:::rthrm:ds to tie m:uth of of tie G3r:g:s m tie East cr:ast. Elsewhere : Pakistan, EanjJ.crl:osh, C1rirE., Myanmar, rv:aJ.aysia arrl 'Jhri1arl. 120. Lapemis curtus (Shaw 1802) Short sea snake I2i..S:r::ibJt: : All cr:asts cf JIrlia. Elsewhere : From the Persian Gulf to the Malay Peninsula an Archipelago. 118. Hydrophis ornatus ornatus (Gray 1842) Pale-greyish sea snake 1842. Aturia ornata Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (Indian Ocean : London). 1943. Hydrophis ornatus ornatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 460. Diagnosis : Dorsal colour is pale greyish or olivaceous some times almost white, above with broad dark bars or rhomboidal spots separated by narrow interspaces. Below yellowish or whitish. Head is olivaceous. Distribution : India : Coasts of India Elsewhere : From the Persian Gulf to the China and the coast of New Guinea. 1802. Hydrus curtus Gray Gen. Zool. iii. p.562 (type-lac. Unknown; London). 1943. Lapemis curtus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 470. Diagnosis : Head large, body short and stout. The diameter of the neck being half or more than half the greatest diameter of the body. Dorsal colour is light dark olive or greyish above whitish below with 45 to 55 narrow dark bands tapering to a point on the flanks and often confluent along the vertebral line. Head blakish in the young and grayish in the adult. I2i..S:r::ibJt: : India: west cr:ast C£ P:IllrnJJar Jirlia. Elsewhere : ctastal v..ater:s of Sri lanka, B.mra, A1:abia arrl IIan. 121. Felaill.s platu:r:us (Linrn.eJs 1766) Fela:Jic s:B. srnke 119. Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) Many toothed sea snake 1766. Anguis platurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 391 (no type locality). 1802. Hydrus caerulescens Shaw Gen. Zool. iii. p. 561 (Indian Ocean). 1943. Pelamis platurus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p.476. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles Diagnosis : Head narrow and snout IS elongated. Dorsal colour black or lemon yellow with black dorsal stripe. Ventrum, top and side of the head are of the same colorations. Chin is pigmented with dark. Tail is with black and white bars or vermiculate. Distribution : India : Complete coastal line of India. Elsewhere : Indo- Australian seas and its extends north to southern Siberia and south to Tasmania. Family 20. VIPERIDAE 122. Daboia russelii (Shaw) Russell's viper 1797. Coluber russelli Shaw, Nat. Misc. viii, pI. 291 (based on Russell's figure). 2003. Daboia russelii Das, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 100 (2&3) Aug-Dec. p. 447-50l. Diagnosis : Light brown above with a bold and distinct pattern consisting of three series of large, dark oval spots.Head with two large black spots at base and a light V -shaped mark with its apex on top of snout. Lower parts yellowish white or marbled with brown. Distribution : Throughout the Indian Subcontinent. Elsewhere : Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, Formoss, Indo-Austrialian and Sri Lanka. 123. Echis carinatus (Schneider) Saw-scaled viper 180l. Pseudoboa carinata Schneider, Hist. Amphibiorum. ii. p. 285 (based on Russell). 1943. Echis carinatus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 487. Diagnosis : Usually brown, buff, sandy or greenish above, with a series of pale black - edged middorsal spots and two to three rows of blotches laterally; a pale sinuous white line running down the back on either side. A white cross - like mark on top of the head. Underside white and speckled with brown or black. 463 Distribution : The whole of India except the Gangetic plains and northeastern India. Elsewhere : Africa, Middle East and Southwestern Asia. 124. Hypnale hypnale (Merrem) Hump-nosed pit viper 1820. Cophias hypnale Merrem, Syst. Amphi. p.155. 2003. Hypnale hypnale Sharma, Handbook-Indian Snakes ZSI, Kolkata. Material examined : 1 ex., Jog falls, North Kannara. 21. iv. 92, P. D. Rane, Coll. Diagnosis : Ground colour grey or brown, heavily powdered and mottled with brown. Dorsal pattern consists of a series of large ovate spots along each side of the mid-body and a lateral series of similar spots. Head dark brown, with dark stripes; nape with two longitudinal dark stripes. Tip of tail yellowish or reddish and belly grey, yellowish or brownish spotted with black. Distribution: Western Ghats. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. 125. Trimeresurus malabaricus (Jerdon) Malabar pit viper 187l. Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus J erdon, J. A. S, Bengal xxii, p. 523(Westem Ghats). 1943. Trimeresurus malabaricus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 513. Material examined: lex., Pettikere, Medikere, 23. xii. OS, S. Prabakaran, Coll.; lex., Kavalakadi River, Kollur range. 17. xii. 07. R. Aengals, Coll. Diagnosis: Dorsum greenish or olive brown with a series of brown or black spots which often tend to joint to form a zigzag-like stripe; an uneven series of yellow spots along the sides. Head with a black temporal streak. Tail black and yellow and lower surfaces pale green to yellow. R.EnBrks wEStern GEts. Eh:i:mic to Eastenl Chl.ts arrl 464 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 126. Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw) SUMMARY Green pit-viper 1802. Coluber gramineus Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii, p. 420, based on Russell's "Badroo Pam," Ind. Serp. i, pI. ix, p. 13. 1943. Trimeresurus gramineus Smith, Fauna of British India, 3 : p. 515. Diagnosis: Usually bright green above, with scattered dark - brown spots; the green colour of the back and the pale colour of the ventrals tend to fuse and form a broken and uneven streak along the flanks; upper lip and chin and throat greenish; belly yellowish; tail reddish or yellowsh; mottled with dark. Distribution: India: West Bengal, Gujarat and Peninsular India, Rare in the Western Ghats, South of Goa. Common at Castle Rock, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka. Rsmrks : Etrlrrd.c to IrDia. The present study records 126 species of reptiles under 65 genera belonging to 20 families. Each species has been provided with the diagnosis, distribution and endemic status and Remarks. Endemic reptiles in Karnataka state is represented by 2 species of turtles, 13 species of lizards and 17 species of snakes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are indebted to the Director, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for providing facilities to carry out this work. The Officer-inCharge of Southern Regional Centre, Chennai and Western Regional Centre, Pune for facilities and identification of reptile specimens. Mr. S. R Ganesh, Research Scholar, Chennai Snake Park is acknowledged for photographs. REFERENCES Daniels, R J. R 2000. Reptiles and amphibians of Karnataka, Cobra, vol. 42. pp. 1-11. Ganesh, S. R Chandra Mouli and S. L. Edward 2007: A study on Herpetofaunal Assemblages in the Rain forests of Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. 1. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov. 1(2) : 95-103. Ganesh, S. Rand P. Gowri Shankar. 2009. Range extension of Kaestlea beddomeii (Boulenger, 1887) (in part) (Reptilia: Sauria : Scincidae). The Herpetological Bulletin, 107 : 12-15. Kannan, P. and M. Rajagopalan. 2008. Distribution of sea snakes in the Indian Coastalwaters. 1. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov., 1(4) : 218-223. Murthy, T. S. N. 1985. A field guide to the Lizards of Western Ghats. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 72 : 1-51. Murthy, T. S. N. 1990a. Illustrated guide to the Snakes of the Western Ghats, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 114 : 1-76 .. Murthy, T. S. N. 1990b. Illustrated guide to the Lizards of the Western Ghats, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 115 : 1-116. Rajeev, 2002. Management plan for Bannerghatta National Park (2002-2003 to 2007-2008. Report submitted to the GOI by the DCF, Karnataka Forest Department. Sharma, R C. 1998. The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Reptilia vol-I (Testudines and Crocodilia) Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Sharma, RC. 2003. Handbook-Indian Snakes. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Sharma, R C. 2007. The fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Reptilia vol-Ill (Serpentes) Published by the Director, Zoo I. Surv. India, Kolkata. AENGALS and PRADHAN : Reptiles 465 Smith, M. A. 1933. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma: Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol 1. Loricata, Testudines Taylor and Francis, London. (Reprinted 1974, 1995 by Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi). Smith, M. A. 1935. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma: Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol II. Sauria. Taylor and Francis, London. (Reprinted 1974, 1995 by Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi). Smith, M. A. 1943. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma: Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London. (Reprinted 1974, 1995 by Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi). Whitaker, R. and Captain, A. 2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, xiv+479, pIs, text-figs. Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 467-493, 2013 AVES G. THIRUMALAI, R. AENGALS, S. KRISHNAN & D. PRABAKAR Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai - 600 028. INTRODUCTION The Avian constituents of Karnataka are distributed in 75 families accommodated in 536 species. As of 2012 the Indian avian inventory indicates the presence of 1301 species of which Karnatakahas41 %. Out of the 57 vulnerable species of birds occurring in India 12 has been reported to occur in this state. In addition out of the 42 endemics 16 species are endemic to Karnataka. According to the forest regulations 40 species are in Schedule I, 1 species in Schedule V and the rest in schedule IV. In this work we present a list of A vifaunal elements with indications on the endemic status, threat status and legal status. For identification we have followed www.birdsinternational.net<http:// www.birdsinternational.net>.This list is the culmination point of several survey observations of tour parties for nearly a decade. Habitat loss and anthropogenic threats appear to have a telling effect on the distribution of birds in Karnataka. Involvementoflocal population in bird conservation appears to have gained momentum in Karnataka taking cue from Kokrebellur village folks. SUMMARY An inventory of the Avifauna of Karnataka consistingof75 families accommodating 536 species presented in this work. The list is progressive and non conclusive. Status may vary from time to time. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The scientific team thanks the Director, Zoological Survey ofIndia and Officer in Charge of SRC, Chennai for continuous encouragement and financial support. But for the active involvement of several survey parties and technical back up by Southern Regional Station fraternity, this work would not have been possible. As the first author has passed away during the final stage of documenting, this work is more of a tribute to him. REFERENCES Ali, S. and Ripley, S.D.1987. Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan (Second Edition). Oxford University Press, Delhi Ali, S. and whistler, H. 1942-1943. The birds of Mysore. 1. Bombay nat. Hist.Soc., 43: 130-147,318-341, 573-595,44: 9-26; 206-220. Grimmet, R. and Inskipp, T. 2005. Birds of Southern India. Helm Field Guides, Christopher Helm, A & C Black, Publishers Ltd., London: 1-240pp. Grimmet, R. Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1999. Pocket guide to the Birds ofthe Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University. Press. New Delhi: 1 - 384 pp. 468 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Islam, M.Z. and Rahmani, A. R. 2004. Important Birds Area in India: Priority sites for conservation. Indian Bird Conservation Network: Bombay natural History Society and Bird Life International (UK): xviii+ 1133 Kannan, V. 2004. Survey of BA sites in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil nadu to collect baseline information on data deficient sites. Final report, Bombay Natural History Society, PP.45. Manakadan, R. and Pittie, A. 2002. Standardized Common and Scientific names of the birds of the Indian Subcontinent Buceros ENVIS Newsletter: Asian ecology and Indian wetland s 6(1): Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. Ramussen, P.e. and Anderton, J.e. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Editions, Washington D.e. and Barcelona. Whistler, H. and Kinnear, N. B. 1931-37. The Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats (ornithological Section). 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 505-524, 737-760; 36: 67-93, 334-352, 561-590, 832-844 ; 37: 96-105, 281-297, 515-528, 751-763; 38 : 26-40, 232-240 , 418-4378, 672-698; 39: 246-263,447-463. >-3 :t ...... :;c List of birds of Karnataka S1. Family No. Common Name 1 Podicipedidae • 2 Hydrobatidae Little Grebe Scientific N arne C ｾ＠ Conser vation Ende mic Status Status Threat Status Legal Status .... '" ｾ＠ • Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas,1764) cr LC S-IV Wilson's Storm- Petrel ｾ＠ Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl,1820) v LC S-IV 3 Hydrobatidae Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel ｾ＠ Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe,1867) nr NT S-IV 4 Phaethon tidae Yellow-billed Tropicbird ｾ＠ Phaethon lepturus (Daudin, 1802) v LC S-IV 5 Fregatidae Great Fregate Bird ｾ＠ Fregata minor (GmelinI789) v LC 6 Fregatidae Lesser Frigate Bird ｾ＠ Fregata ariel Gray,1845 v LC 7 Pelecanidae Great White Pelican ｾ＠ Pelecanus onocrotalus (Linnaeus,1758) v LC 8 Pelecanidae Spot-billed Pelican # Pelecanus philippensis (Genelin,1789) nr VU 9 Procellaridae Wedge-tailed Shearwater ｾ＠ v LCS 10 Phalacrocoracidae Indian Shag • Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephen,1826 cr LC S-IV 11 Phalacrocoracidae Great Cormorant # Phalacrocorax carbo Linneus,1758 nr LC S-IV 12 Phalacrocoracidae Little Cormorant • Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot,1817) cr LC S-IV 13 Anhingidae Indian darter # Anhinga melanogaster ( Pennant,1769) nr NT S-IV 14 Sulidae Masked Booby ｾ＠ Sula dactylatra (Lesson,1831) v LC 15 Sulidae Brown Booby ｾ＠ Sula leucogaster (Boddaert,1783) v LC 16 Ardeidae Grey Heron nw LC S-IV 17 Ardeidae Purple Heron o Ardea cinerea (Linneus,1758) o Ardea purpurea (Linneus,1766) nw LC S-IV 18 Ardeidae Little Green Heron # Butorides striatus (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 19 Ardeidae Indian Pond Heron • Ardeola grayii (Sykes,1832) cr LC S-IV 20 Ardeidae Cattle Egret • Bubulcus ibis(Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 21 Ardeidae Large Egret # Ardea alba (Linnaeus, 1758) nr LC S-IV Puffinus pacificus Gmelin,1789 ::» ::» ...... l' ::» <: (1) rJO S-IV .j:>. 0\ '-0 "'-.l" Table contd. Sl.Family No. 0 Common Name Scientific Name 22 Ardeidae Median Egret • Mesophoyx intermedia (Wagler,1827) 23 Ardeidae Little Egret 24 Ardeidae Western Reef Heron Threat Status Legal Status cr LC S-IV • Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus,1766) cr LC S-IV ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 25 Ardeidae Black-crowned Night Heron • Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 26 Ardeidae Malayan Night- Heron # Gorsachius melanolophus Raffles, 1822 nr LC S-IV 27 Ardeidae Chestnut Bittern # Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Gmelin,1789 nr LC S-IV 28 Ardeidae Yellow Bittern o Ixobrychus sinensis (Gmelin,1789) nw LC S-IV 29 Ardeidae Black Bittern # Dupetor flavicollis Latham,1790 nr LC S-IV 30 Ardeidae Great Bittern o Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-IV 31 Ciconiidae Painted Stork # Mycteria leucocephala (Pennant,1769) nr NT S-IV 32 Ciconiidae Asian Openbill Stork # Anastomus oscitans Boddaert,1783 nr LC S-IV 33 Ciconiidae White-necked Stork # Ciconia episcopus Boddaert,1783 nr LC S-IV 34 Ciconiidae European White Stork nw LC S-IV 35 Ciconiidae Black Stork o Ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1758) o Ciconia nigra (Linnaeus, 1758) nw LC S-IV 36 Ciconiidae Black-necked Stork # Ephippiorhynchus asiatic us Latham,1790 nr NT S-IV 37 Ciconiidae Lesser Adjutant Stork # Leptoptilos javanicus Horsfield, 1821 nr VU S-IV 38 Ciconiidae Greater Adjutant-Stork [R] Leptoptilos dubius Gmelin,1789 np EN S-IV 39 Threskiornithidae Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Linnaeus,1766 xrlnw LC S-IV 40 Threskiornithidae Black headed Ibis # Threskiornis melanocephalus ( Latham,1790) nr NT S-IV 41 Threskiornithidae Red naped Ibis # Pseudibis papillosa Temminck,1824 nr LC S-IV 42 Threskiornithidae Eurasian Spoonbill # Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus,1758 nr LC S-I 43 Phoenicopteridae American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus,1758 xrlnw LC S-IV Egretta gularis (Bose,1792) Conser vation Status Ende mic Status ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. 44 Phoenicopteridae Common Name Lesser Flamingo Scientific Name [R] Conser vation Status Phoenicopterus minor Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status NT S-1V 45 Anatidae Lesser Whistling-Duck • Dendrocygna javanica Horsfield, 1821 cr LC S-1V 46 Anatidae Fulvus Whistling-Duck ｾ＠ v LC S-1 47 Anatidae Bar-headed Goose nw LC S-1V 48 Anatidae Ruddy Shelduck o Anser indicus Latham,1790 o Tadorna ferruginea(Pallas, 1764) LC S-1V 49 Anatidae Comb Duck # Sarkidiornis melanotos(Penmnant,1763) nr LC S-1V 50 Anatidae Northern Pintail I2l cw LC S-1V 51 Anatidae Eurasian Teal o Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 nw LC S-1V 52 Anatidae Spot-billed Duck • Anas poecilorhyncha Forster,1781 cr LC S-1V 53 Anatidae Mallard LC S-1V 54 Anatidae Gadwall nw LC S-1V 55 Anatidae Eurasian Wigeon o Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus,1758 o Anas strepera Linnaeus,1758 o Anas Penelope Linnaeus,1758 nw LC S-1V 56 Anatidae Garganey I2l l'rns querque:lula cw LC S-1V 57 Anatidae Northern Shoveller I2l kEs clJ{ffita cw LC S-1V 58 Anatidae Red-Crested Pochard Netta rufina (Pallas,1773) nw LC S-1V 59 Anatidae Ferruginous duck nw NT S-1V 60 Anatidae Common Pochard nw VU S-1V 61 Anatidae Tufted Pochard (Duck) o Aythya nyroca (Giildenstadt,1770) o Aythya ferina Linnaeus,1758 o Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-1V 62 Anatidae Cotton Teal # Nettapus coromandelianus Gmelin,1789 nr LC S-1V 63 Anatidae Common shelduck o Tatorna tadorna (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC 64 Accipitridae Black- winged Kite • Elanus caeruleus Desfontaines,1789 cr LC kEs aruta Linnaeus,1758 Linnaeus,1758 Linnaeus,1758 ::» ::» ...... l' Geaffroysainthilaire,1798 Dendrocygna bicolor Vieillot,1816 C ｾ＠ S-1 .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO .j:>. -.l "'-.ltv" Table contd. Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 65 Accipitridae Jerdon's Baza o Avicedajerdoni (Blyth,1842) nw LC S-1 66 Acci pi tridae Black Baza ｾ＠ v LC S-1 67 Accipitridae Crested Honey-Buzzard • Pernis ptilorhynchus Temminck,1821 lcr LC S-1 68 Accipitridae Black Kite • Milvus migrans (Boddaert,1783) cr LC S-1 69 Accipitridae Brahminy Kite • Haliastur Indus Boddaert,1783 lcr LC S-1 70 Accipitridae White-bellied Sea-Eagle # Haliaeetus leucogaster Gmelin,1789 nr LC S-1 71 Accipitridae White-tailed Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus,1758) Not available NT S-IV 72 Acci pi tridae Shikra • Accipiter badius Gmelin,1788 cr LC S-1 73 Accipitridae Crested Goshawk # Accipiter trivirgatus (Temminck,1824) nr LC S-1 74 Accipitridae Eurasian Sparrow-hawk o Accipiter nisus (Temminck,1824) nw LC S-1 75 Accipitridae Besra Sparrow-hawk # Accipiter virgatus Temminck,1822 nr LC S-1 76 Accipitridae Long-legged Buzzard ｾ＠ v LC S-1 77 Accipitridae Common Buzzard o nw LC S-1 78 Accipitridae White-eyed Buzzard # Butastur teesa (Franklin,1831) nr LC S-1 79 Accipitridae Mountain Hawk-Eagle # Nisaetus nipalense (Hodgson,1836) nr LC S-1 80 Acci pi tridae Changeable Hawk-Eagle # Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin,1788) nr LC S-1 81 Accipitridae Bonelli's Eagle # Aquila fasciata (Vieillot,1816) nr LC S-1 82 Accipitridae Booted Eagle o Aquila pennata (Gmelin,1788) nw LC S-1 83 Accipitridae Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriochis kienerii (G,de Sparre,1835) nr LC S-1 84 Accipitridae Greater Spotted Eagle o Aquila clanga nw VU S-1 .: ;::l 85 Accipitridae Tawny Eagle # Aquila rapax Temminck,1824 nr LC S-1 v, 86 Accipitridae Steppe Eagle ｾ＠ LC S-1 (;:. ,yo 87 Accipitridae Black Eagle # Ictinaetus malayensis (Temminck,1822) LC S-1 tv Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont,1820) Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar,1829) Buteo buteo (Linnaeus,1758) Pallas,1811 Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ Aquila nipalensis (Hodgson,1833) nr ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ '...," >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. 88 Accipitridae Common Name Greater Grey-headed Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... l' # Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus (Horsfield, 1821) nr NT S-I .... '" ::» <: Fish Eagle 89 Accipitridae Red-headed Vulture # Sarcogyps calvus (Scopoli,1786) nr NT S-IV 90 Accipitridae Indian Vulture # Gyps indicus (Scopoli,1786) nr CR S-IV 91 Accipitridae White- rumped Vulture # Gyps bengalensis (Gmelin,1788) nr CR S-IV 92 Accipitridae Griffon vulture ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 93 Acci pi tridae Egyptian Vulture • Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus,1758) cr EN S-IV 94 Accipitridae Pallid Harrier nw NT S-I 95 Accipitridae Montagu's Harrier nw LC S-I 96 Accipitridae Pied Harrier nw LC S-I 97 Accipitridae Western Marsh Harrier o Circus macrourus Gmelin,1770 o Circus pygargus (Linnaeus,1758) o Circus melanoleucos (Pennant,1769) o Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-I 98 Accipitridae Short-toed Snake Eagle # Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin,1788) nr LC S-I 99 Accipitridae Crested Serpent Eagle # Spilornis cheela Latham,1790 nr LC S-I 100 Accipitridae Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus (Linnaeus,1766) 101 Acci pi tridae Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus,1758) 102 Accipitridae Pallas Fish Eagle ｾ＠ Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas,1771) v VU 103 Acci pi tridae Indian Spotted Eagle ｾ＠ Aquila hast ate (Lesson,1834) v VU 104 Acci pi tridae Hen Harrier o Circus cyaneus nw LC 105 Acci pi tridae Oriental Hobby ｾ＠ v LC 106 Pandionidae Osprey o Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-I 107 Falconidae Peregrine Falcon # Falco peregrines Tunstall,1771 nr LC S-I 108 Falconidae Red-neaced Falcon # Falco chicquera Daudin,1800 nr LC S-I Gyps fulvus (Hablizl,1783) (Linnaeus,1766) Falco severus Horsfield,1821 ｾ＠ (1) rJO NT .j:>. -.l 109 Falconidae Common Kestrel I2l Falco tirrurrulus Linnaeus,1758 cw LC S-IV w "'-.l" "'" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name 110 Falconidae Lesser Kestrel [R] Falco naumanni Fleischer,1818 111 Falconidae Amur Falcon [R] 112 Falconidae Eurasian Hobby o 113 Falconidae Laggar falcon 114 Phasianidae Threat Status Legal Status np VU S-IV Falco amurensis Radde,1863 np LC S-IV Falco subbuteo Linnaeus,1758 nw LC S-IV # Faleojugger Gray,1834 nr NT S-IV Common Quail o Coturnix eoturnix (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-IV 115 Phasianidae Rain Quail [R] Coturnix eoromandeliea (Gmelin,1789) np LC S-IV 116 Phasianidae Blue-breasted Quail # Coturnix ehinensis Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 117 Phasianidae Painted Francolin • Franeolinus pietus Jardine &Selby,1828 cr LC 118 Phasianidae Grey Francolin • Franeolinus pondieerianus (Gmelin,1789) er LC S-IV 119 Phasianidae Jungle Bush-Quail # Perdieula asaitiea Latham,1790 nr LC S-IV 120 Phasianidae Rock Bush-Quail # Perdieula argoondah Sykes,1832 nr LC S-IV 121 Phasianidae Painted Bush-Quail # Perdieula erythrorhyneha Sykes,1832 nr LC S-IV 122 Phasianidae Red Spurfowl • Galloperdix spadieea (Gmelin,1789) ler LC S-IV 123 Phasianidae Painted Spurfowl # Galloperdix lunulata ( Valenciennes,1813) nr LC S-IV 124 Phasianidae Grey Junglefowl • Gallus sonneratii (Temminck,1824) ler LC S-IV 125 Phasianidae Indian Peafowl • Pavo eristatus (Linnaeus,1758) ler LC S-IV 126 Turnicidae Yellow-legged Buttonquail # Turnix tanki (Blyth,1843) nr LC S-IV 127 Turnicidae Small Buttonquail # Turnix sylvatieus (Desfontaines,1789) nr LC S-IV 128 Turnicidae Common Bustard #T urnix suscitator (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 129 Gruidae Demoiselle Crane o nw LC S-IV Anthropoides virgo (Linnaeus,1758) Conser vation Status Ende mic Status ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, 130 Rallidae Slaty-breasted Rail # Gallirallus striatus (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 131 Rallidae Slaty-legged Crake # Rallina eurizonoides Lafresnaye,1845 nr LC S-IV '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 132 Rallidae Ruddy-breasted Crake # Porzana fusca Linnaeus,1766 133 Rallidae Water Rail ｾ＠ 134 Rallidae Brown Crake # Amaurornis akool (Sykes,1732) 135 Rallidae White-breasted Waterhen 136 Rallidae nr Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status S-IV LC S-IV nr LC S-IV • Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, 1769 cr LC S-IV Watercock # Gallicrex cinerea (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 137 Rallidae Common Moorhen • Gallinula chloropus Linnaeus,1758 cr LC S-IV 138 Rallidae Purple Moorhen • Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 139 Rallidae Eurasian Coot • Fulica atra Linnaeus,1758 cr LC S-IV 140 Rallidae Baillon's Crake o Porzana pusilla nw LC 141 Rallidae Spotted Crake ｾ＠ v LC 142 Rallidae Little Crake Porzana parva 143 Otidae Lesser Floricon # Sypheotides indicus (Miller,1782) nr EN 144 Otididae Great Indian Bustard # Ardeotis nigriceps (Vigors,1831) nr CR S-IV 145 Jacanidae Pheasant-tailed Jacana • Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli,1786) lcr LC S-IV 146 Jacanidae Bronze-winged J acana # Metopidius indicus (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV 147 Rostratulidae Greater Painted-Snipe # Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 148 Haematopodidae Eurasian Oystercatcher nw LC S-IV 149 Charadriidae Pacific Golden-Plover nw LC S-IV 150 Charadriidae Grey Plover nw LC S-IV 151 Charadriidae Greater Sand Plover nw LC S-IV 152 Charadriidae Common Ringed Plover o Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus,1758 o Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin,1758) o Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus,1758) o Charadrius leschenaultia (Lesson,1826) o Charadrius hiaticula (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-IV 153 Charadriidae Little Ringed Plover # Charadrius dub ius (Scopoli,1786) nr LC S-IV (Pallas,1776) Porzana porzana Linnaeus,1766 (Scopoli,1769) ::» ::» ...... l' LC Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus,1758 C ｾ＠ .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO LC .j:>. -.l Ul "'" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. -.l 0'\ Common Name Scientific Name 154 Charadriidae Kentish Plover 155 Charadriidae Lesser Sand Plover o Charadrius alexandrines Linnaeus,1758 o Charadrius mongol us Pallas,1776 156 Charadriidae Red-wattled Lapwing 157 Charadriidae Threat Status Legal Status nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV • Vanellus indieus (Boddaert,1783) er LC S-IV Yellow-wattled Lapwing • Vanellus malabarieus (Boddaert,1783) er LC S-IV 158 Charadriidae Grey-headed Lawpwing Vanellus einereus Blyth,1842 159 Charadriidae White-tailed Lapwing ｾ＠ 160 Scolopacidae Whimbrel 161 Scolopacidae Eurasian Curlew 162 Scolopacidae Black-tailed Godwit 163 Scolopacidae Bar-tailed Godwit 164 Scolopacidae Spotted Redshank 165 Scolopacidae Common Redshank o Numenius phaeopus (Linnaeus,1758) o Numenius arquata (Linnaeus,1758) o Limosa limosa (Linnaeus,1758) o Limosa lapponiea (Linnaeus,1758) o Tringa erythropus (Pallas,1764) o Tringa tetanus (Linnaeus,1758) 166 Scolopacidae Marsh Sandpiper * 167 Scolopacidae Spotted Greenshank #Tringaguttifer (Nordmann,1835) 168 Scolopacidae Common Greenshank I2l 169 Scolopacidae Green Sandpiper I2l 170 Scolopacidae Wood Sandpiper I2l 171 Scolopacidae Terek Sandpiper o 172 Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper l2ll'ctitis lwil-a= 173 Scolopacidae Ruddy Turnstone 174 Scolopacidae Asian Dowitcher o Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus,1758) o Limnodromus semipalmatus (Blyth,1848) Great Snipe Gallinago media (Latham,1787) 175 Scolopacidae Vanellus leueurus (Lichtenstein,1823) Conser vation Status Ende mic Status LC v LC nw NT S-IV nw NT S-IV nw LC S-IV LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV lew LC S-IV EN S-IV ew LC S-IV Tt:irgl. cx:im::pJs Linnaeus,1758 cw LC S-IV Linnaeus,1758 cw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV cw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV NT S-IV Tr:irgl. stcgEtilis Tt:irgl. rID.ilaria Tr:irgl. g1are:ila (Beehstein,1803) (Gunnerus,1769) Xenus cinereus (Giildenstadt,1775) (Linnaeus,1758) ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ NT ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Threat Status Legal Status C ｾ＠ cw LC S-IV .... '" v LC S-IV cw LC S-IV nw VU S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV LC S-IV v VU S-IV Conser vation Status GllJ..imp stEnrra (Bonaparte,1831) Ende mic Status 176 Scolopacidae Pint ailed Snipe I2l 177 Scolopacidae Swinhoe's Snipe ｾ＠ 178 Scolopacidae Common Snipe I2l 179 Scolopacidae Wood Snipe 180 Scolopacidae Jack Snipe 181 Scolopacidae Eurasian Woodcock 182 Scolopacidae Red Knot o Gallinago nemoricola Hodgson, 1836 o Lymnocryptes minimus (Brunnich,1764) o Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus,1758 o Calidris canutus (Linnaeus,1758) 183 Scolopacidae Great Knot ｾ＠ 184 Scolopacidae Sanderling o Calidris alba Pallas,1776 nw LC S-IV 185 Scolopacidae Little Stint I2l Gilidris miruta Leisler,1812 cw LC S-IV 186 Scolopacidae Temminck's Stint nw LC S-IV 187 Scolopacidae Long-toed Stint LC S-IV 188 Scolopacidae Dunlin nw LC S-IV 189 Scolopacidae Curlew Sandpiper nw LC S-IV 190 Scolopacidae Spoonbilled Sandpiper CR S-IV 191 Scolopacidae Red-necked Stint LC S-IV 192 Scolopacidae Broad-billed Sandpiper nw LC S-IV 193 Scolopacidae Ruff o Calidris temminckii Leisler,1812 o Calidris subminuta Midderdorff,1853 o Calidris alpine (Linnaeus,1758) o Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan,1763) o Euryno rhynchus (Linnaeus,1758) o Calidris ruficollis (Pallas,1776) o Limicola falcinellus (Pontoppidan,1763) o Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-IV 194 Scolopacidae Red-necked Phalarope ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 195 Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt # Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 196 Recurvirostridae Pied Avocet ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 197 Dromadidae Crab-Plover o Dromas ardeola nw LC S-IV Gallinago megala (Swinhoe,1861) GllJ..imp gill..irBp (Linnaeus,1758) Calidris tenuirostris(Horsfield,1821 Phalaropus lobatus ( Linnaeus,1758) Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus,1758 Paykull,1805 ::» ::» ...... l' ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO .j:>. -.l -.l "'-.l" Table contd. Sl.Family No. 00 Common Name Scientific Name 198 Burhinidae Eurasian Stone-Curlew # Burhinus oedicnemus (Linnaeus,1758) 199 Burhinidae Great Stone-Plover 200 Glareolidae Threat Status Legal Status nr LC S-IV # Esacus recurvirostris (Cuvier,1829) nr LC S-IV Indian Courser # Cursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 201 Glareolidae Oriental Pratincole o Glareola maldivarum Forster,1795 LC S-IV 202 Glareolidae Small Pratincole # Glareola lactea Temminck,1820 LC S-IV 203 Stercorariidae Brown skua Stercorarius antarctic us Brooke,1978 LC S-IV 204 Stercorariidae South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki (Saunders,1893) LC 205 Stercorariidae Parasitic Jaeger [R] 206 Laridae Heuglin's Gull 207 Laridae Caspian Gull 208 Laridae Pallas's Gull 209 Laridae Brown-headed Gull 210 Laridae Black-headed Gull 211 Laridae Slender-billed Gull 212 Sternidae Whiskered Tern o Larus heuglini Bree,1876 o Larus cachinnans(Pallas,1811 o Ichthyactus ichthyaetus (Pallas,1773) o Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus (Jerdon,1840) o Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus,1766) o Chroicocephalus genei (Breme,1839) o Chlidonias hybridus (Pallas,1811) 213 Sternidae White-winged Tern ｾ＠ Chlidonias leucopterus (Temminck,1815) 214 Sternidae Black Tern ｾ＠ 215 Sternidae Brown Noddy ｾ＠ 216 Sternidae Gullbilled Tern 217 Sternidae Caspian Tern o Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin,1789) o Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas,1770) 218 Sternidae Common Tern [R] 219 Sternidae Roseate Tern [R] Conser vation Status nr Ende mic Status np LC nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV v LC S-IV Chlidonias niger (Linnaeus,1758) LC S-IV Anous stolid us (Linnaeus,1758) LC S-IV nw LC S-IV nw LC S-IV np LC S-IV Stercorarius parasitic us (Linnaeus,1758) Sterna hirundo Linnaeus,1758 Sterna dougallii Montagu,1813 np LC S-IV ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... l' .... '" 220 Sternidae Black-bellied Tern # Sterna acuticauda Gray,1832 nr EN S-IV 221 Sternidae Bridled Tern ｾ＠ v LC S-IV ｾ＠ 222 Sternidae Little Tern nw LC S-IV ::» <: 223 Sternidae Greater Crested Tern nw LC S-IV 224 Sternidae Lesser Crested Tern o Sternula albifrons Pallas,1764 o Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein,1823) o Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson,1831) nw LC S-IV 225 Sternidae Sooty Tern ｾ＠ LC S-IV 226 Sternidae Sandwich Tern o Thalasseus sandvicensis (Latham,1787) nw LC S-IV 227 Sternidae River Tern # Sterna aurantia Gray,1831 nr NT S-IV 228 Sternidae Saunders's Tern # Sternula saundersi (Hume,1877) LC S-IV 229 Sternidae White-cheeked Tern ｾ＠ LC S-IV 230 Rynchopidae Indian Skimmer # Rynchops albicollis Swainson,1838 VU S-IV 231 Pteroclididae Black-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis (Linnaeus,1758) 232 Pteroclididae Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse # Pterocles exustus Temminck,1825 nr LC S-IV 233 Pteroclididae Painted Sandgrouse # Pterocles indicus (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 234 Columbidae Pompadour Green-Pigeon # Treron pompadora (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 235 Columbidae Orange-breasted # Treron bicincta (Jerdon,1840) nr LC S-IV Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli,1786) Onychoprion fuscatus (Linnaeus,1766) Sterna repressa Hartert,1916 nr (1) rJO LC Green-Pigeon 236 Columbidae Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon # Treron phoenicoptera (Latham,1740) nr LC S-IV 237 Columbidae Green Imperial-Pigeon # Ducula aenea (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 238 Columbidae Mountain Imperial-Pigeon # Ducula badia (Raffles,1822) nr LC S-IV 239 Columbidae Rock Dove • Columba livia Gmelin,1789 cr LC S-IV 240 Columbidae Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon # Columba elphinstonii (Skyes,1832) nr VU S-IV E .j:>. -.l '-0 "'" Table contd. Sl.Family No. 00 0 Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 241 Columbidae Oriental Turtle-Dove # Streptopelia orientalis (Latham,1790) 242 Columbidae Red Collared-Dove 243 Columbidae Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status nr LC S-IV # Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann,1804) nr LC S-IV Eurasian Collared-Dove • Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky,1838) cr LC S-IV 244 Columbidae Spotted Dove • Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli,1768) cr LC S-IV 245 Columbidae Laughing Dove • Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus,1766) cr LC S-IV 246 Columbidae Common Emerald Dove # Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 247 Psittaculidae Alexandrine Parakeet # Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 248 Psittaculidae Rose-ringed Parakeet • Psittacula krameri (Scopoli,1769) cr LC S-IV 249 Psittaculidae Plum-headed Parakeet # Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 250 Psittaculidae Blue-winged Parakeet # Psittacula columboides (Vigors,1830) nr LC S-IV 251 Psittaculidae Vernal Hanging-Parrot # Loriculus vernalis Sparmann,1787 nr LC S-IV 252 Cuculidae Red-winged Crested Cuckoo Clamator coromandus Linnaeus,1766 np LC S-IV 253 Cuculidae Pied Crested Cuckoo # Clamator jacobinus Boddaert,1783 nr LC S-IV 254 Cuculidae Large Hawk-Cuckoo ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 255 Cuculidae Brainfever Bird # Hierococcyx varius (Vahl,1797) nr LC S-IV E ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ Hierococcyx sparverioides Vigors,1832 256 Cuculidae Indian Cuckoo o Cuculus micropterus 257 Cuculidae Common Cuckoo 258 Cuculidae Gould,1837 nw LC S-IV [R] Cuculus canorus Linnaeus,1758 np LC S-IV Lesser Cuckoo ｾ＠ Cuculus poliocephalus Latham,1790 v LC S-IV 259 Cuculidae Banded Bay Cuckoo # Cacomantis sonneratii Latham,1790 nr LC S-IV 260 Cuculidae Plaintive cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus (Scopoli,1786) 261 Cuculidae Indian Plaintive Cuckoo # Cacomantis passerines Vahl,1797) nr LC S-IV 262 Cuculidae Asian Drongo Cuckoo # Surniculus lugubris (Horsfield,1821) nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l LC ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status Asian Koel • Eudynamys scolopaceus ( Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 264 Cuculidae Blue faced Malkoha # Phaenicophaeus viridirostris (Jerdon,1840) nr LC S-IV 265 Cuculidae Sirkeer Malkoha # Phaenicophaeus leschanaultii (Lesson,1830) nr LC S-IV 266 Cuculidae Greater Coucal • Centropus sinensis (Stephens,1815) cr LC S-IV 267 Cuculidae Lesser Coucal # Centropus bengalensis (Gmelin,1788) nr LC S-IV 268 Tytonidae Barn Owl # Tyto alba (Scopoli,1769) nr LC S-IV 269 Tytonidae African Grass Owl # Tyto capensis (Smith,1834) nr LC S-IV 270 Tytonidae Oriental Bay-Owl # Phodilus badius (Horsfield,1821) nr LC S-IV 271 Strigidae Oriental Scops Owl # Otus sunia Hodgson, 1836 nr LC S-IV 272 Strigidae Indian Scops-Owl # Otus bakkamoena Pennant,1769 nr LC S-IV 273 Strigidae Eurasian Eagle-Owl # Bubo bubo (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 274 Strigidae Forest Eagle-Owl # Bubo nipalensis Hodgson, 1836 nr LC S-IV 275 Strigidae Dusky Eagle-Owl # Bubo coromandus (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV 276 Strigidae Brown Fish-Owl # Bubo zeylonensis (Gmelin,1788) nr LC S-IV 277 Strigidae Jungle Owlet # Glaucidium radiatum (Tickell,1833) nr LC S-IV 278 Strigidae Brown Hawk-Owl # Ninox scutulata Raffles,1822 nr LC S-IV 279 Strigidae Spotted Owlet • Athene brama (Temminck,1821) cr LC S-IV 280 Strigidae Mottled Wood-Owl # Strix ocellata (Lesson,1839) nr LC S-IV 281 Strigidae Brown Wood-Owl # Strix leptogrammica Temminck,1831 nr LC S-IV 282 Strigidae Long-eared Owl ｾ＠ LC S-IV 283 Strigidae Short-eared Owl o Asio flammeus nw LC S-IV 284 Podargidae Srilanka Frogmouth # Batrachostomus moniliger Blyth, 1849 nr LC S-I (Pontoppidan,1763) ::» ::» ...... l' 263 Cuculidae Asio otus (Linnaeus,1758) C ｾ＠ .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO .j:>. 00 "'tv" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. 00 Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 285 Caprimulgidae Great-eared Nightjar # Eurostopodus maerotis (Vigors,1831) 286 Caprimulgidae Indian Jungle Nightjar • Caprimulgus indieus Latham,1790 287 Caprimulgidae Syke's Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis (Sykes,1832) LC 288 Caprimulgidae European Nightjar ｾ＠ LC S-VI 289 Caprimulgidae Jerdon's Nightjar # Caprimulgus atripennis Jerdon,1845 nr LC S-IV 290 Caprimulgidae Common Indian Nightjar # Caprimulgus asiatieuss Latham,1790 nr LC S-VI 291 Caprimulgidae Savanna Nightjar # Caprimulgus affinis (Horsfield,1821) nr LC S-VI 292 Apodidae Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet #Aerodramus unieolor (Jerdon,1840) nr LC S-IV 293 Apodidae Brown-backed # Hirundapus giganteus (Temminck,1825) nr LC S-IV # Zoonavena sylvatiea (Tickell,1846) nr LC S-IV ler Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus,1958) Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status LC S-IV LC S-IV Needletail-Swift 294 Apodidae White-rumped Needletail-Swift 295 Apodidae Alpine Swift # Taehymarptis melba ( Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 296 Apodidae Pacific Swift ｾ＠ v LC S-IV 297 Apodidae Little Swift • Apus affinis (Gray,1830) er LC S-IV Apus paeifieus (Latham,1802) ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l 298 Apodidae Asian Palm-Swift # Cypsiurus balasiensis Gray,1830 nr LC S-IV 299 Hemiprocnidae Crested Tree Swift # Hemiproene eoronata (Tickell,1838) nr LC S-IV 300 Trogonidae Malabar Trogon # Harpaetes faseiatus (Pennant,1769) nr LC S-IV 301 Alcedinidae Lesser Pied Kingfisher • Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus,1758) er LC S-IV 302 Alcedinidae Small Blue Kingfisher • Aleedo atthis (Linnaeus,1758) er LC S-IV .: ;::l 303 Alcedinidae Blue-eared Kingfisher # Aleedo meninting (Horsfield,1821) nr LC S-IV v, 304 Alcedinidae Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher ｾ＠ v LC S-IV (;:. ,yo 305 Halcyonidae Stork-billed Kingfisher nr LC S-IV .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ Ceyx erithaeua (Linnaeus,1758) # Pelargopsis eapensis (Linnaeus,1766) ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ '...," tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status White-breasted Kingfisher • Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 307 Halcyonidae Black-capped Kingfisher # Halcyon pileata (Boddaert,1783) nr LC S-IV 308 Halcyonidae Collard Kingfisher # Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert,1783) nr LC 309 Meropidae Blue-bearded Bee-eater # Nyctyornis athertoni (Jardine &Selbee,1830) nr LC S-IV 310 Meropidae Chestnut-headed Bee-eater • Merops leschenaultia (Vieillot,1817) lcr LC S-IV 311 Meropidae European Bee-eater ｾ＠ Merops apiaster Linnaeus,1758 LC S-IV 312 Meropidae Blue-cheeked Bee-eater ｾ＠ Merops persicus (Pallas,1773 313 Meropidae Blue-tailed Bee-eater o Merops philippinus 314 Meropidae Small Bee-eater 315 Coraciidae LC nw LC S-IV • Merops orientalis Latham,1802 cr LC S-IV Indian Roller • Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 316 Coracidae European Roller ｾ＠ v NT 317 Coraciidae Oriental Dollar bird # Eurystomus orientalis Linnaeus,1766 nr LC S-IV 318 Upupidae Common Hoopoe # Upupa epops Linnaeus,1758 nr LC S-IV 319 Bucerotidae Malabar Grey Hornbill # Ocyceros griseus (Latham,1790) nr LC S-I 320 Bucerotidae Indian Grey Hornbill # Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli,1786) nr LC S-I 321 Bucerotidae Malabar Pied Hornbill # Anthracoceros coronatus (Boddaert,1783) nr S-I 322 Bucerotidae Great Pied Hornbill # Buceros bicornis Linnaeus,1758 nr NT NT 323 Megalaimidae Brown-haeded Barbet • Megalaima zeylanica Gmelin,1788 lcr LC S-IV 324 Megalaimidae White-cheecked Barbet • Megalaima viridis (Boddaert,1783) cr LC S-IV 325 Megalaimidae Crimson-throated Barbet Megalaima rubricapillus Gmelin,1788 lcr LC S-IV 326 Megalaimidae Coppersmith Barbet • Megalaima haemacephala Statius muller,1776 cr LC S-IV 327 Picidae Eurasian Wryneck ｾ＠ v LC S-IV Jynx torquilla Linnaeus,1758 E .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO v Coracius garrulous Linnaeus,1758 ::» ::» ...... l' 306 Halcyonidae Linnaeus,1766) C ｾ＠ S-I .j:>. 00 w "'" "'" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. 00 Common Name Scientific Name 328 Picidae Speckled Piculet # Pieumnus innominatus Burfon, 1836 329 Picidae Rufous Woodpecker # Mieropternus braehyurus Vieillot,1818 330 Picidae 331 Picidae Small Yellow-naped Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status nr LC S-IV nr LC S-IV Streak throated Woodpecker # Pieus xanthopygaeus Gray,1847 nr LC S-IV # Pieus ehlorolophus Vieillot,1818 nr LC S-IV LC S-IV Woodpecker 332 Picidae Himalayan Golden -backed # Dinopium shorii Vigors,1832 Woodpecker 333 Picidae Lesser Golden-backed Dinopium benghalense Linnaeus,1758 ler LC S-IV # Dinopium javanense Ljungh,1797 nr LC S-IV Woodpecker 334 Picidae Common Golden-backed Woodpecker 335 Picidae Great Black Woodpecker # Dryoeopusjavensis Horsfield,1821 nr LC S-IV 336 Picidae Yellow-fronted Pied # Dendroeopos mahrattensis (Latham,1802) nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ Woodpecker 337 Picidae Brown-capped Pygmy # Dendroeopos nanus Vigors, 1832 nr LC S-IV Woodpecker ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ 338 Picidae Heart-spotted Woodpecker # Hemicireus eanente (Lesson,1830) nr LC S-IV 339 Picidae Black-shouldered # Chrysoeolaptes festivus Boddaert,1783 nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ Woodpecker 340 Picidae Greater Golden-backed # Chrysoeolaptes lueidus (Scopoli,1786) nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ Woodpecker v, 341 Pittidae Indian pitta o Pitta braehyuran (Linnaeus,1766) nw LC S-IV 342 Alaudidae Singing Bush-Lark • Mirafra eantillans (Blyth,1844) ler LC S-IV '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table eontd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... l' .... '" 343 Alaudidae Red-winged Bush-Lark # Mirafra erythroptera Blyth,1845 nr LC S-IV 344 Alaudidae Jerdon's Bush-Lark # Mirafra affinis Blyth,1845 nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ 345 Alaudidae Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark # Eremopterix griseus (Scopoli,1786) nr LC S-IV ::» <: 346 Alaudidae Rufous-tailed Finch-Lark # Ammomanes phoenieura (Franklin,1831) nr LC S-IV 347 Alaudidae Greater Short-toed Lark o Calandrella braehydaetyla (Leisler,1814) nw LC S-IV 348 Alaudidae Sykes's Crested Lark # Galerida deva (Sykes,1832) nr LC S-IV 349 Alaudidae Malabar Crested Lark # Galerida malabariea (Scopoli,1786) nr LC S-IV 350 Alaudidae Eastern Skylark • Alauda gulgula Franklin, 1831 er LC S-IV 351 Hirundinidae Sand Martin ｾ＠ Riparia riparia (Linnaeus,1758) v LC S-IV 352 Hirundinidae Plain Martin ｾ＠ Riparia paludieola (Vieillot,1817) v LC 353 Hirundinidae Eurasian Crag Martin o Ptyonopronge nw LC S-IV 354 Hirundinidae Dusky Crag Martin # Ptyonopronge eoneolor (Sykes,1832) nr LC S-IV 355 Hirundinidae Barn Swallow I2l cw LC S-IV 356 Hirundinidae Hill Swallow # Hirundo tahitiea Gmelin,1789 nr LC S-IV 357 Hirundinidae Wire-tailed Swallow • Hirundo smithii Leach,1818 ler LC S-IV 358 Hirundinidae Streak-throated Swallow # Petroehelidon fluvieola Blyth,1855 nr LC S-IV 359 Hirundinidae Red-rumped Swallow • Ceeropis dauriea (Laxmann,1769) er LC S-IV 360 Hirundinidae Northern House-Martin nw LC S-IV 361 Motacillidae Blyth's Pipit nw LC S-IV 362 Motacillidae Eurasian Tree Pipit nw LC S-IV 363 Motacillidae Oriental Tree Pipit nw LC S-IV 364 Motacillidae Richard's Pipit o Deliehon urbieum (Linnaeus,1758) o Anthus godlewskii Taczanowski,1876 o Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus,1758) o Anthus hodgsoni Richmond,1907 o Anthus riehardi Vieillot,1818 nw LC S-IV Hinn:b rustica rupestris (Scopoli,1786) Linnaeus,1758 (1) rJO .j:>. 00 Ul "'" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. 00 0'\ Common Name Scientific Name 365 Motacillidae Paddyfield Pipit - Anthus rufulus Vieilltt, 1818 366 Motacillidae Tawny Pipit o Threat Status Legal Status ler LC S-IV nw LC S-IV 367 Motacillidae Brown Rock Pipit # Anthus similis (Jerdon, 1840) nr LC S-IV 368 Motacillidae Nilgiri Pipit # Anthus nilghiriensis Sharpe, 1885 nr VU S-IV 369 Motacillidae Forest Wagtail o Dendronanthus indieus (Gmelin,1789) nw LC S-IV 370 Motacillidae Yellow Wagtail cw LC S-IV 371 Motacillidae Citrine Wagtail nw LC S-IV 372 Motacillidae Grey Wagtail I2l M:ta:illa cirEJ:Ea cw LC S-IV 373 Motacillidae White Wagtail I2l M:ta:illa aJta ew LC S-IV 374 Motacillidae Large Pied Wagtail • Motaeilla maderaspatensis Gmelin,1789 er LC S-IV 375 Campephagidae Pied Flycatcher-Shrike # Hemipus pieatus (Sykes,1832) nr LC S-IV 376 Prionopidae Large Woodshrike # Tephrodornis gularis (Raffles,1822) nr LC S-IV 377 Tephrodornithidae Common Woodshrike # Tephrodornis pondieerianus (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 378 Campephagidae Large Cuckoo-Shrike # Coraeina maeei Lesson,1830 nr LC S-IV 379 Campephagidae Black-winged Cuckoo-Shrike 0 Coracina melasehistos (Hodgson,1836) nw LC S-IV I2l Anthus eampestris (Linnaeus,1758) M:ta:illa lliwa Linnaeus 1758 o Motaeilla eitreola Pallas,1776 Tunstall,1771 Linnaeus,1758 Conser vation Status Ende mic Status E ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l ler LC S-IV Perieroeotus divarieatus (Raffles,1822) v LC S-IV Perieroeotus erythropygius (Jerdon,1840) v LC S-IV # Perieroeotus flammeus Forster,1781 nr LC S-IV Small Minivet # Perieroeotus einnamomeus Linnaeus,1766 nr LC S-IV 385 Campephagidae Rosy Minivet ｾ＠ v LC v, 386 Pycnonotidae White-eared Bulbul Pyenonotus leueotis (Gould,1836) LC (;:. ,yo 387 Pycnonotidae Grey-headed Bulbul # Pyenonotus prioeephalus (Jerdon,1839) 380 Campephagidae Black-headed Cuckoo-Shrike - Coraeina melanoptera (Riippel,1839) 381 Campephagidae Ashy Minivet ｾ＠ 382 Campephagidae White-bellied Minivet ｾ＠ 383 Campephagidae Scarlet Minivet 384 Campephagidae .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ Perieroeotus rose us (Vieillot,1818) nr E NT ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ '...," S-IV tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status Black-crested Bulbul # Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 389 Pycnonotidae Red-whiskered Bulbul • Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 390 Pycnonotidae Red-vented Bulbul • Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus,1766) cr LC S-IV 391 Pycnonotidae White-browed Bulbul • Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson,1841) lcr LC S-IV 392 Pycnonotidae Yellow-throated Bulbul # Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon,1845) nr VU S-IV 393 Pycnonotidae Yellow-browed Bulbul # Acritillas indica (Jerdon,1839) nr LC S-IV 394 Pycnonotidae Black Bulbul # Hypsipetes leucocephalus Muller,1776 nr LC S-IV 395 Cisticolidae Bright-headed Cisticola # Cisticola exilis Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 nr LC 396 Aegithinidae Common lora • Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus,1758) cr LC S-IV 397 Choloropseidae Golden - fronted Chloropsis # Chloropsis aurifrons Temminck,1829 nr LC S-IV 398 Choloropseidae Blue winged leaf bird # Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin,1789 nr LC S-IV 399 Irenidae Asian Fairy - Bluebird # Irena puella (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV 400 Laniidae Rufous-backed Shrike # Lanius schach Linnaeus,1758 nr LC S-IV 401 Laniidae Southern Grey Shrike • Lanius meridional is Temminck,1820 lcr LC S-IV 402 Laniidae Great Grey Shrike 'M.Lanius excubitor Linnaeus,1758 LC S-IV 403 Laniidae Bay - backed Shrike # Lanius vittatus Valenciennes, 1826 nr LC S-IV 404 Laniidae Brown Shrike I2Lrit;s cristabJs cw LC S-IV 405 Turdidae Tickell's Thrush o Turdus unicolor nw LC 406 Turdidae Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscures Gmelin,1789 407 Muscicapidae White - bellied Shortwing Myiomela major (Jerdon,1844) nr 408 Muscicapidae Indian Blue Robin • Luscinia brunnea (Hodgson,1837) nwp 409 Muscicapidae White-tailed Rubythroat Luscinia pectoralis (Gould,1837) Linnaeus,1758 Tickell,1833 ::» ::» ...... l' 388 Pycnonotidae E C ｾ＠ .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: (1) rJO LC E EN S-IV LC S-IV LC .j:>. 00 -.l "'" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. 00 00 Common Name Scientific Name 410 Muscicapidae Bluethroat * lew LC 411 Muscicapidae Oriental Magpie -Robin • Copsyehus saulans (Linnaeus, 1758) er LC S-IV 412 Muscicapidae White-rumpedShama #Copsyehus malabancus (Scopoli,1788) nr LC S-IV 413 Muscicapidae BlackRedstart o Phoenieurus ochruros (Gmelin,1774) TWJ LC S-IV 414 Muscicapidae Pied Bushchat .Saxicolaeaprata Linnaeus,1766 ler LC S-IV 415 Muscicapidae CommonStonechat OSaxicola torquatus (Linnaeus,1766) TWJ LC S-IV 416 Muscicapidae DesertWheatear ｾ＠ LC S-IV 417 Muscicapidae Indian Robin • Saxicoloides fulicatus (Linnaeus,1766) er LC S-IV 418 Muscicapidae Blue -headed Rock Thrush OMonticolacinclorhynehus (Vigors, 1832) TWJ LC S-IV 419 Muscicapidae Blue Rock-Thrush o Montieola solitaries (Linnaeus,1758) TWJ LC S-IV 420 Turdidae Malabar WhistlingThrush # Myophonus horsfieldii Vigoo,1831 nr LC S-IV 421 Turdidae Pied Thrush r.zJZoothera wardii (Blyth, 1843) np LC S-IV 422 Turdidae Orange -headed Thrush # Zoothera eitrine (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV 423 Turdidae Scaly Thrush #Zootheradauma (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV 424 Turdidae Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Linnaeus,1758 ler LC S-IV Im::inias.e:::iJ::a (Linnaeus,1758) Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Oenanthe deserti (Temminck, 1829) Threat Status Legal Status ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ 425 Timaliidae Spotted Babbler # Pellorneum ruficeps Swainson, 1832 nr LC S-IV 426 Timaliidae Tawny-belliedBabbler #Dumetia hyperythra (Franklin, 1831) nr LC S-IV 427 Timaliidae Dark fronted Babbler #Rhopocichla atneeps (Jerdon, 1839) nr LC S-IV 428 Timaliidae Yellow -eyed Babbler #Chrysommasinense (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 429 Timaliidae Common Babbler • Turdoideseaudata (Dumont, 1823) ler LC S-IV 430 Timaliidae Large Grey Babbler • Turdoides maleolmi (Sykes, 1832) ler LC S-IV 431 Timaliidae Indian Rufous Babbler • Turdoides subrufa (Jerdon, 1839) ler LC S-IV 432 Timaliidae Jungle Babbler • Turdoides striata (Dumont, 1823) ler LC S-IV E ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table contd. :t ...... :;c Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 433 Timaliidae Yellow billed Babbler • Turdoides affinis (Jerdon, 1845) cr 434 Timaliidae WynaadLaughingthrush # Garrulax delesserti (Jerdon, 1839) nr 435 Timaliidae NilgiriLaughingthrush • Trochalopteron cachinnans (Jerdon, 1839) 436 Timaliidae Grey-breastedLaughing # Trochalopteron fairbanki Blanford,1869 nr Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... l' .... '" LC S-IV E LC S-IV ｾ＠ E EN S-IV ::» <: E NI' S-IV (1) rJO thrush 437 Timaliidae Indian Scimitar-Babbler # Pomatorhinus horsfieldii Sykes,1832 nr LC S-IV 438 Timaliidae Brown cheeked fulvetta # Alcippe poioicephala (Jerdon,1844) nr LC S-IV 439 Cisticolidae Streaked Fantail-Warbler • Cisticolajuncidis (Rafinesque,1810) cr LC S-IV 440 Cisticolidae Grey breasted Prinia # Prinia hodgsonii Blyth,1844 nr LC S-IV 441 Cisticolidae Plain Prinia .Prinia inornata Sykes,1832 lcr LC S-IV 442 Cisticolidae Ashy Prinia • Prinia socialis (Sykes,1832) lcr LC S-IV 443 Cisticolidae Jungle Prinia • Prinia sylvatica (Jerdon,1840 lcr LC S-IV 444 Cisticolidae Common Tailor Bird • Orthotomus sutorius Pennant,1769 cr LC S-IV 445 Locustellidae Broad-tailed Grass-Warbler # Shoenicola platyurus Jerdon,1844 nr VU S-IV 446 Locustellidae Pale Grasshopper-Warbler nw LC S-IV 447 Arcocephalidae Thick - billed Warbler o Locustella naevia (Boddaert,1783) o Acrocephalus aedon (Pallas,1766) nw LC S-IV 448 Arcocephalidae Indian Great Reed - Warbler # Acrocephalus stentoreus Hemprich& Ehrenbeg ,1833 LC S-IV 449 Arcocephalidae Blyth's Reed-Warbler I2l cw LC S-IV 450 Arcocephalidae Paddyfield Warbler nw LC S-IV 451 Arcocephalidae Booted Warbler nw LC S-IV 452 Sylviidae Orphean Warbler o Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon,1845) o Hippolais caligata (Lichtenstein,1823) o Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin,1789) nw LC S-IV 453 Sylviidae Common Lesser Whitethroat 0 Sylvia curruca (Linnaeus,1758) nw LC S-IV Acrc:x:EPBlus duretorun Blyth,1849 E nr .j:>. 00 '-0 "'" Table contd. Sl.Family No. '-0 0 Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status 454 Phylloscopidae OlivaceousLeaf-Warbler OPhylloscopusgriseolus Blyth,1847 455 Phylloscopidae Hume's Warbler 456 Phylloscopidae Threat Status Legal Status TWJ LC S-IV o Phylloscopus humei (Brooks, 1878) TWJ LC S-IV Tytler'sLeaf-Warbler ｾ＠ v NI' S-IV 457 Phylloscopidae Tickell'sWarbler o Phylloscopusaffinis (Tickell,1833) TWJ LC S-IV 458 Phylloscopidae Common Chiffchaff OPhylloscopuscollybita Viellot,1817 TWJ LC S-IV 459 Phylloscopidae Large-billedLeaf-Warbler OPhylloscopus magnirostris Blyth, 1843 TWJ LC S-IV 460 Phylloscopidae Greenish Leaf-Warbler 0Elyllarrp;s 1:Ia:hiJaidE (Sundevall,1837) eN LC S-IV 461 Phylloscopidae Western Crowned Warbler OPhylloscopusoccipitalis (Blyth,1845) TWJ LC S-IV 462 Phylloscopidae Blyth's Leaf-Warbler ｾｐｨｹｬｯｳ｣ｰｵ＠ LC S-IV 463 Muscicapidae Asian Brown Flycatcher * lew LC S-IV 464 Muscicapidae Brown-breastedFlycatcher r.zJMuscicapa muttui (Layard,1854) np LC S-IV 465 Muscicapidae Rusty-tailed Flycatcher r.zJMuscicaparuficauda Swainson,1838 np LC S-IV 466 Muscicapidae Red-throatedFlycatcher Ficedulaparva (Bechstein,1792) lew LC S-IV 467 Muscicapidae Kashmir Flycatcher OFicedulasubrubra Hatert & Steinbacher,1934 VU S-IV 468 Muscicapidae Black and Orange Flycatcher # Ficedula nigrorufa (Jerdon, 1839) NI' S-IV 469 Muscicapidae Little Pied Flycatcher ｾｆｩ｣･､ｵｬ｡＠ LC S-IV 470 Muscicapidae White-bellied # Cyornis pallipes (Jerdon,1840) LC S-IV Phylloscopustytleri Brooks, 1872 Ende mic Status reguloides Blyth,1842 MB::icEpl.durrica Pallas,1811 nr ｾ＠ E westermanni (Sharpe, 1888) nr ｾ＠ .: ;::l E Blue-Flycatcher ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ 471 Muscicapidae Blue-throated Flycatcher o Cyornis rubeculoides (Vigros,1831) nw LC S-IV 472 Muscicapidae Tickell's Blue-Flycatcher # Cyornis tickelliae Blyth, 1843 nr LC S-IV 473 Muscicapidae Ultramarine Flycatcher nw LC 474 Muscicapidae Verditer Flycatcher o Ficedula superciliaris (Jerdon,1840) o Eumyias thalassinus Swainson,1838 nw LC S-IV 475 Muscicapidae Nilgiri Flycatcher # Eumyias albicaudatus (Jerdon,1840) nr NT S-IV E ｾ＠ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ v, '...," (;:. ,yo tv >-3 Table eontd. Sl.Family No. :t ...... Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status :;c C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... l' 476 Stenostiridae Grey-headedFlycatcher o Culicicapa eeylonensis (Swainson, 1820) TWJ LC S-IV 477 Monarchidae Black-naped #Hypothymisazurea (Boddaert,1783) nr LC S-IV .... '" ｾ＠ ::» <: Monarch-Flycatcher 478 Monarchidae Asian Paradise-Flycatcher # Terpsiphone paradise (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 479 Rhi pid uridae White-browed # Rhipidura aureola Lesson,1830 nr LC S-IV # Rhipidura albieollis (Vieillot,1818) nr LC S-IV nr LC (1) rJO Fantail-Flycatcher 480 Rhipiduridae White-throated Fantail- Flycatcher 481 Timaliidae Striped Tit Babbler # Maeronous gularis Horsfield,1822 482 Locustellidae Bristled Grass-Warbler # Chaetornis striata (Jerdon,1841) 483 Paridae Great Tit • Parus major Linnaeus,1758 484 Paridae White naped Tit 485 Paridae VU S-IV ler LC S-IV # Parus nuehalis Jerdon,1845 nr VU S-IV Black-Iored Yellow Tit • Parus xanthogenys Vigros,1831 ler LC S-IV 486 Sittidae Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch # Sitta eastaneta Lesson,1830 nr LC S-IV 487 Sitidae Velvet-fronted Nuthatch # Sitta frontalis Swainson,1820 nr LC S-IV 488 Dicaeidae Thick-billed Flowerpecker • Dieaeum agile (Tickell,1833) ler LC S-IV 489 Dicaeidae Tickell's Flowerpecker • Dieaeum erythrorhynehos (Latham,1790) er LC S-IV 490 Dicaeidae Plain Flowerpecker # Dieaeum eoneolor (Jerdon,1840) nr LC S-IV 491 N ectariniidae Purple-rumped Sunbird • Leptoeoma zeyloniea (Linnaeus,1766) er LC S-IV 492 N ectariniidae Small Sun bird • Leptoeoma minima (Sykes,1832) er LC S-IV 493 N ectariniidae Loten's Sunbird # Cinnyris lotenius (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 494 Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird • Cinnyris asiatieus Latham,1790 er LC S-IV 495 N ectariniidae Crimson Sunbird # Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles,1822) nr LC S-IV E .j:>. '-0 "'tv" Table eontd. Sl.Family No. '-0 Common Name Scientific Name 496 Nectariniidae Little Spiderhunter #Arachnotheralongirostra (Latham,1790) 497 Zosteropidae OrientalWhite-eye 498 Emberizidae Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status nr LC S-IV • Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824) er LC S-IV Red-headedBunting o Emberiza brunieeps Brandt,1841 TWJ LC S-IV 499 Emberizidae BlackheadedBunting rYJEmberizamelanoeephala Scopoli,1769 np LC 500 Emberizidae Grey-neckedBunting OEmberizabuehanani Blyth,1844 TWJ LC 501 Fringillidae CommonRosefinch o Carpodaeus erythrinus (Pallas,1770) TWJ LC S-IV 502 Estrildidae RedMunia .Amandavaamandava (Linnaeus,1758) ler LC S-IV 503 Estrildidea GreenAvadavat #AmandavaFormosa (Latham,1790) nr VU 504 Estrildidae White-throatedMunia .Lonehura malabariea (Linnaeus,1758) ler LC S-IV 505 Estrildidae White-rumpedMunia .Lonehurastriata (Linnaeus,1766) ler LC S-IV 506 Estrildidae Black-throatedMunia #Lonehurakelaarti (Jerdon, 1863) nr LC S-IV 507 Estrildidae SpottedMunia • Lonehura punetulata (Linnaeus,1758) er LC S-IV 508 Estrildidae Black-headedMunia LonchuraMalaeea (Linnaeus,1766) nr LC S-IV 509 Passeridae House Sparrow • Passer domestic us (Linnaeus, 1758) er LC S-IV 510 Passeridae Yellow-throated Sparrow # Petroniaxanthoeollis (Burton,1838) nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ .: ;::l ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ ;;l 511 Plomidae BayaWeaver .Ploceusphilippinus (Linnaeus,1766) ler LC S-IV 512 Plomidae StreakedWeaver #Ploeeus manyar (Horsfield, 1821) nr LC S-IV 513 Plomidae Black-breastedweaver # Ploceusbenghalensis (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC 514 Sturnidae Grey-headed Starling #Sturniamalabarica (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV 515 Sturnidae Common Starling o Sturn us vulgaris Linnaeus,1758 TWJ LC S-IV .: ;::l 516 Sturnidae Asian Pied Starling # Sturnus contra (Linnaeus, 1758) LC S-IV v, 517 Sturnidae BrahminyStarling #Sturniapagodarum (Gmelin,1789) nr LC S-IV (;:. ,yo 518 Sturnidae Rosy Starling 1ZlS::urn;sra:a;s (W LC S-IV .... .Ef v, .... ｾ＠ｾ＠ (Linnaeus,1758) ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ '...," tv Sl.Family No. Common Name Scientific Name Conser vation Status Ende mic Status Threat Status Legal Status >-3 :t ...... :;c C ｾ＠ ::» ::» ...... 519 Stumidae Common Myna eAeridotheres tristis (Linnaeus,1766) er LC S-IV l' 520 Stumidae Jungle Myna e Aeridotheres fuseus (Wagler, 1827) er LC S-IV .... '" 521 Stumidae BankMyna #Aeridotheresginginianus (Latham,1790) nr LC S-IV ｾ＠ 522 Stumidae SouthemHillMyna # Gracula indica Linnaeus,1758 nr LC S-IV ::» <: 523 Oriolidae Eurasian Golden Oriole #Oriolusoriolus(Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 524 Oriolidae Black-naped Oriole rYJOriolusehinensis Linnaeus,1766 np LC S-IV 525 Oriolidae Black-headed Oriole # Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus,1758) nr LC S-IV 526 Dicruridae BlackDrongo e Dicrurus maerocereus (Vieillot, 1817) er LC S-IV 527 Dicruridae AshyDrongo 1ZlDimm:s Jru::qhB;s (W LC S-IV 528 Dicruridae White-belliedDrongo .Dieruruseaeruleseens (Linnaeus,1758) ler LC S-IV 529 Dicruridae BronzedDrongo .Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot, 1817 ler LC S-IV 530 Dicruridae SpangledDrongo # Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766) nr LC S-IV 531 Dicruridae Greater Racket-tailed # Dicrurusparadise us Linnaeus,1766 nr LC S-IV Vieillot,1817 (1) rJO Drongu 532 Artamidae Ashy Woodswallow # Artamus fuseus Vieillot,1817 nr LC S-IV 533 Corvidae Indian Treepie • Dendroeitta vagabunda (Latham,1790) ler LC S-IV 534 Corvidae White-bellied Treepie • Dendroeitta leueogastra Gould,1833 ler LC S-IV 535 Corvidae House Crow e Corvus splendens Vieillot,1817 er LC S-V 536 Corvidae Jungle Crow e Corvus maerorhynehos Wagler,1827 er LC S-IV E e-Common resident; rYJ-not common passage migrant; ｾＭｖ｡ｧｲｮｴ［＠ #-not common resident; IZl-Common winter visitor; O-not common winter visitor; .-locally common resident; ¢-locally common winter visitor; +-not common winter visitor or passage migrant; O-not common summer visitor. E- Species endemic to Western Ghats or Eastern Ghats, occurring in Tamilnadu; CR- Critical; EN- endangered; LC-Least Concern; VU- Vulnerable; NT- Near Threatened; S-I - Schedule I; S-IV- Schedule IV, S-V-Schedule - V, wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. .j:>. '-0 W Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 : 495-595, 2013 MAMMALIA M.S. PRADHAN* and S.S. TALMALE Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune-411044 INTRODUCTION State of Karnataka occupying an area of about 1,91,791 sq. km. has been divided into four biogeographic zones, namely Coastal plains, Western Ghats, Southern Plateau and Northern Plateau with diverse forest types which include Mangrove, Wet-evergreen, Semi-evergreen, Moist deciduous, Dry deciduous, Dry evergreen, Thorn scrub and open grasslands. Such habitat diversity in a smaller area has resulted in expression of spectacular faunal diversity. Previous studies have shown that this region is qualitatively rich in the faunal components. Earlier scientists and naturalists have recorded mammal species in their isolated reports based on the intensive surveys carried out in this region by them over a period of time (Wroughton, 1912, 1913; Wroughton and Ryley, 1913; Wroughton and Davidson, 1920; Tiwari et al. 1971, Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007 and many others). Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has conducted number of intensive surveys of the selected districts and conservation areas of Karnataka State resulting in publication of number of documents such as those on Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) including Nagarhole National Park and Bandipur Tiger Reserve (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001); Bilgiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (Aravind, 2006); Kudremukh National Park (Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007) and Bannerghatta * Present Address: National Park (Valarmathi and Krishnan, 2007). However, there is no consolidated systematic account on the mammalian fauna available from this region. Therefore an attempt has been made, here, to present updated information on the mammal species and subspecies from the entire State of Karnataka. Present chapter is based on the collections made by various ZSI survey parties, on the sighting observations and also on the records available from the literature (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951; Ellerman, 1961; Tiwari et al., 1971; Prater, 1980; Karanth, 1986; Agrawal et aI., 1992; Corbet and Hill, 1992; Roberts, 1997; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Wilson and Reeder, 2005; CAMP Reports 1998,2002,2003 and 2005; Alfred et al. 2002, 2006a,b; Pradhan, 2008 and many more, a mention of which has been made in the appropriate places in the species-wise account). The chapter gives a systematic account of 137 mammalian species/subspecies including 11 marine mammal species with the added information on their past and recent records along with the comments on their current conservation status. Attempts have also been made to give keys wherever possible. There are number of changes in the taxonomic placements as indicated in Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008) which have been accepted by most of the workers. Hence, the systematic order reported by these authors has been followed here. Kalpanamati Housing Society, Block-2, Aundhgaon, Pune- 411 007 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 496 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE MAMMAL SPECIES/SUBSPECIES (* indicate species actually collected and/or sighted during project perioQ) Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA Family RHINOPOMATIDAE 13. Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat : Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei (Gray) Class MAMMALIA Family EMBALLONURIDAE Order ERINACEOMORPHA Subfamily TAPHOZOINAE Family ERINACEIDAE Subfamily ERINACEINAE I. Indian Hedgehog : Paraechinus micropus (Blyth) Order SORICOMORPHA Family SORICIDAE Subfamily CROCIDURINAE 2. Horsfield Shrew : Crocidura horsfieldii (Tomes) *3. Ceylon or montane Shrew : Suncus montanus (Kelaart) *4. Common House Shrew : Suncus murinus (Lin.) 5. Savi's Pigmy Shrew: Suncus etruscus (Savi) 6. Anderson's Shrew: Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson) Order SCANDENTIA Family TUPAIIDAE 7. Madras Tree Shrew : Anathana ellioti ellioti (Waterhouse) Order CHIROPTERA Suborder MEGACHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE 14. Pouch-bearing tomb bat : Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck) 15. Long winged tomb bat: Taphozous I. longimanus Hardwicke 16. Black-bearded tomb bat: Taphozous m. melanopogon Temminck 17. Naked-rumped tomb bat: Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis (Dobson) 18. Theobald's tomb bat: Taphozous theobaldi secatus Thomas Family MEGADERMATIDAE *19. Greater False vampire bat : Megaderma (Lyroderma) I. lyra Geoffroy 20. Lesser False vampire bat: Megaderma spasma horsfieldii Blyth Family RHINOLOPHIDAE *2I. Rufous Horse-shoe bat : Rhinolophus rouxii rouxii Temminck 22. Blyth's Horse-shoe bat: Rhinolophus lepidus lepidus (Blyth) 23. Woolly Horse-shoe Bat: Rhinolophus beddomei Andersen Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE 24. Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat: Hipposideros ater ater Templeton *8. Rousettes or Indian fulvus fruit bat: Rousettus l. leschenaulti (Desmarest) 25. Fulvus leaf-nosed bat : Hipposideros fulvus fulvus Gray *9. Indian flying fox : Pteropus giganteus giganteus (Brunnich) 26. Anderson's Leaf-nosed Bat: Hipposideros pomona pomona Andersen *10. Short-nosed fruit bat: Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vah1) 27. Kolar Leaf-nosed bat: Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock and Bhat *II. Lesser Dog-faced fruit bat: Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis (Gray) 28. Cantor's Leaf-nosed Bat: Hipposideros galeritus brachyotus (Dobson) 12. Long -tongued fruit bat : Eonycteris spelaea spelaea (Dobson) 29. Schneider's leaf-nosed bat: Hipposideros speoris speoris (Schneider) 497 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 30. Kelaart's leaf-nosed bat: Hipposideros lankadiva indus (Andersen) *46. Wroughton's free-tailed Bat: Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas) Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Order PRIMATES Subfamily VESPERTILIONINAE Family LORISIDAE Tribe Eptesicini 31. Tickell's Bat: Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth) Tribe Nycticeiini 32. Asiatic greater yellow house bat : Scotophilus heathii heathii (Horsfield) 33. Asiatic lesser yellow house bat: Scotophilus kuhlii kuhlii Leach Tribe Pipistrellini 34. Kelaart's Pipistrelle : Pipistrellus ceylonicus indicus (Dobson) 35. Indian Pipistrelle : Pipistrellus coromandra coromandra (Gray) 36. Indian Pigmy Pipistrelle : Pipistrellus tenuis mimus Wroughton 37. Dormer's Pipistrelle : Scotozous dormeri (Dobson) Tribe Vespertilionini 38. Club-footed Bat: Tylonycteris pachypus (Temminck) Subfamily MYOTINAE 39. Horsfield's Bat: Myotis horsfieldii peshwa (Thomas) 40. Burmese Whiskered Bat: Myotis montivagus peytoni (Wroughton & Ryley) 47. Mysore Slender Loris: Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Cabrera 48. Malabar Slender Loris: Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Wroughton Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE *49. Bonnet Macaque: Macaca radiata (Geoffroy) *50. Lion-tailed Macaque : Macaca silenus (Linnaeus) Subfamily COLOBINAE *51. Western Hanuman Langur : Semnopithecus achates (Pocock) *52. Deccan Hanuman Langur : Semnopithecus anchises Blyth *53. Black-footed Gray Langur : Semnopithecus hypoleucos Blyth *54. Tufted Gray Langur : Semnopithecus priam Blyth *55. Nilgiri Langur : Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer) Order CARNIVORA Suborder FELIFORMIA Subamily MINIOPTERINAE Family FELIDAE 41. Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat: Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosa (Hodgson) Subfamily FELINAE 42. Small Long-fingered Bat: Miniopterus pusillus pusillus Dobson Subfamily KERIVOULINAE *56. Jungle Cat: Felis chaus kelaarti Pocock 57. Leopard Cat: Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr) 43. Painted Bat: Kerivoula picta picta (Pallas) 58. Rusty Spotted Cat: Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus (Geoffroy) 44. Hardwicke's Wooly Bat: Kerivoula hardwickii depressa (Miller) 59. Fishing Cat: Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett) Family MOLOSSIDAE Subfamily MOLOSSINAE 45. Egyptian Free-tailed bat: Tadarida aegyptiaca thomasi Wroughton Subfamily PANTHERINAE *60. Leopard/Panther : Panthera pardus fusca (Meyer) *61. Striped Tiger: Panthera tigris tigris (Linn.) 498 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Family VIVERRIDAE Subfamily PARADOXURINAE *62. Asian Palm Civet : Paradoxurus h. hermaphroditus (Pallas) *63. Jerdon's Palm Civet: Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus Pocock Subfamily VIVERRINAE *64. Small Indian Civet : Viverricula indica indica (Desmarest) *65. Malbar Large-spotted Civet: Viverra civettina Blyth Family HERPESTIDAE Subfamily HERPESTINAE *66. Indian Gray Mongoose edwardsii (Geoffroy) Herpestes 67. Ruddy Mongoose: Herpestes smithii smithii Gray 68. Brown Mongoose: Herpestes fuscus fuscus Waterhouse *69. Stripe-naked Mongoose vitticollis Bennett Herpestes Family HY AENIDAE *70. Striped Hyaena: Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus) Suborder CANIFORMIA Family CANIDAE *71. Indian Jackal: Canis aureus Linn 72. Gray wolf: Canis lupus Linnaeus *73. Indian Wild Dog: Cuon alpinus (Pallas) 74. Bengal Fox: Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) Family URSIDAE Subfamily URSINAE *75. Sloth Bear: Melursus ursinus (Shaw) Family MUSTELIDAE Subfamily LUTRINAE 76. Oriental Small-clawed Otter: Aonyx cinerea Illiger 77. Common Otter: Lutra lutra nair Cuvier 78. Smooth-Coated Indian Otter: Lutragale perspicillata (Geoffroy) Subfamily MUSTELINAE 79. South Indian Yellow-throated Marten: Martes gwatkinsii Horsfield 80. Ratal / Honey Badger : Mellivora capensis (Schreiber) Order CETACEA Suborder MYSTICETI Family BALAENOPTRIDAE 81. Blue Whale : Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus) 82. Fin Whale : Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus) Suborder ODONTOCETI Family DELPHINIDAE 83. Common Dolphin: Delphinus delphis Linnaeus 84. Killer Whale: Orcinus orca (Linnaeus) 85. False Killer Whale: Pseudorca crassidens (Owen) 86. Indopacific Humpback Dolphin : Sousa chinensis (Osbeck) 87. Spinner Dolphin: Stenella longirostris (Gray) 88. Bottle-nosed Dolphin: Tursiops truncatus (Montagu) Family PHOCOENIDAE 89. Back Finless Porpoise: Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier) Family PHYSETERIDAE 90. Sperm Whale : Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE 91. Dugong : Dugong dugon (Mueller) Order PROBOSCIDEA Family ELEPHANTIDAE *92. Indian Elephant : Elephus maximus indicus Cuvier Order ARTIODACTYLA Family SUIDAE *93. Indian Wild Boar: Sus scrofa (Linn.) Family TRAGULIDAE *94. Indian Mouse Deer or Chevrotain : Moschiola meminna (Erxleben) 499 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Subfamily CERVINAE *110. Indian Giant Squirrel: Ratufa indica indica (Erxleben) *95. Indian Spotted Deer or Chital : Axis axis (Erxleben) *111. Indian Giant Squirrel: Ratufa indica maxima (Schreiber) Family CERVIDAE *96. Sambar : Rusa unicolor Kerr *97. Barking Deer: Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmerman) Family BOVIDAE Subfamily ANTILOPINAE 98. Black Buck, Indian Antelope : Antelope cervicapra (Linnaeus) 99. Indian Gazelle, Chinkara : Gazella bennettii (Sykes) Subfamily BOVINAE *100. Indian Gaur : Bos gaurus Smith 101. Blue Bull: Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas) 102. Four Horned Antelope: Tetramerous quadricornis (Blainville) Order PHOLIDOT A Family MANIDAE *103. Indian Pangolin: Manis crassicaudata Gray Order RODENTIA Suborder SCIUROMORPHA Family SCIURIDAE Subfamily CALLOSCIURINAE *104. Indian palm squirrel : Funambulus palmarum palmarum (Linnaeus) Subfamily SCIURINAE Tribe Pteromyini 112. Small Travancore Flying squirrel : Petinomys Juscocapillus (Jerdon) *113. Common Giant Flying Squirrel : Petaurista philippensis (Elliot) Suborder MYOMORPHA Superfamily MUROIDEA Family PLATACANTHOMYIDAE 114. Malabar Spiny Dormice : Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth Family MURIDAE Subfamily GERBILLINAE *115. Indian Gerbil or Antelope Rat: Tatera indica (Hardwicke) Subfamily MURINAE 116. Nilgiri Vandeleuria : Vandeleuria nilagirica Jerdon 117. Indomalayan Vandeleuria: Vandeleuria oleracea (Bennett) 118. Soft-furred Metad: Millardia meltada meltada (Gray) 119. Blanford's Madromys/Blanford Rat: Madromys blanfordi (Thomas) *105. Three striped jungle squirrel: 120. Cutch Rock Rat : Cremnomys cutchicus Wroughton *106. Three striped jungle squirrel: *121. House Rat or Roof Rat : Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Waterhouse) Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton 107. Dusky Palm squirrel : Funambulus sublineatus sublineatus (Waterhouse) 108. Indian Five striped northern palm squirrel : Funambulus pennantii pennantii (Wroughton) Subfamily RATUFINAE 109. Grizzled Indian Giant squirrel : Ratufa macroura dendolena Thomas and Wroughton *122. White Bellied Rat: Rattus rattus wroughtoni (Hinton) 123. Sahyadri Forest Rat: Rattus satarae Hinton 124. Norvey Rat (Berkenhout) Rattus norvegicus 125. Indian Bush Rat: Golunda ellioti Gray *126. House Mouse : Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse 127. Little Indian Field Mouse: Mus booduga booduga (Gray) 500 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 128. Wroughton's Small Spiny Mouse: Mus phillipsi Wroughton 129. Ryley's Spiny Mouse: Mus cookii nagarum Thomas Genus Paraechinus Genus Paraechinus is represented by two species in India, of which only one has been reported from Karnataka State. 130. Brown Spiny Mouse : Mus platythrix Bennet 1. Paraechinus micropus (Blyth) 131. Elliot's Spiny Mouse: Mus saxicola saxicola Elliot 1846. Erinaceus micropus Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 15 : 170. * 132. Lesser Bandicoot Rat : Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) 133. Large Bandicoot Rat : Bandicota indica malabarica (Shaw) *134. Large Bandicoot Rat: Bandicota indica indica (Bechstein) 135. Large Bandicoot Rat: Bandicota maxima Pradhan et al. Suborder HYSTRICOMORPHA Infraorder HYSTRICOGNATHI Family HYSTRICIDAE * 136. Indian Crested Porcupine : Hystrix indica Kerr Order LAGOMORPHA Family LEPORIDAE *137. Indian Black-naped Hare: Lepus nigricollis Cuvier SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order ERINACEOMORPHA Family ERINACEIDAE Head and Body about 100--300 mm. Ear pinnae large. Back and sides covered with spines. Crown of first and second upper molars with a central 5 th cusp. Members of this family commonly known as hedgehogs due to their pig-like snout. Only one subfamily, Erinacinae, has been reported from India. Subfamily ERINACEINAE 1992. Paraechinus micropus : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region : 22. Common Name : Indian Hedgehog. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length 140-230 mm. Ears small and round, length about 25 mm. Legs bearing shorter claws. Tail length 12 mm. Hind foot 25 mm. Tip of spine creamy white. Underpart of face and cheek grayish white. Limbs, belly, muzzle and areas around eyes clothed with reddish brown hairs. Spines on the forehead divided by a longitudinal naked furrow. Locality : Menon (2003) reported hedgehog from Karnataka State. Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Found in rocky areas and grasslands. Distribution : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (Alfred et aI., 2006a). Status: Rare, No authentic collection record from the state. Conservation Status: IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005 : Least concern (National). Source: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (1993), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Remarks: Corbet and Hill (1992), Chakraborty and Agrawal (2000), and Wilson and Reeder (2005) consider micropus under the genus Paraechinus. Dorsal pelage spiny. Tail short about 10% of the head and body length. Third lower premolar absent. Order SORICOMORPHA Only one genus of the subfamily Erinaceinae has been reported from Karnataka. Back and sides of the body covered with soft hairs. The long pointed snout projecting Family SORICIDAE PRADHAN and TALMALE : Mammalia considerably beyond the lower lip. Skull without post-orbital processes. Zygomatic arches absent. Bullae imperfect. Crown of first and second upper molars without central fifth cusp. Members of this family are generally known as shrews. Family Soricidae is represented by two subfamilies viz., Crocidurinae and Soricinae in India. Only Crocidurinae has been reported from Karnataka State. Subfamily CROCIDURINAE Subfamily Crocidurinae includes white-toothed shrews. Tail with a few scattered, long erect hairs and prominent fringes of white hairs on hind feet absent. In India, subfamily Crocidurinae is represented by three genera, of which only two have been reported from Karnataka State. Key to the genera of the subfamily CROCIDURINAE Four upper unicuspid premolars present; Total number of teeth 30 ........................... Suncus Three upper unicuspid premolars present; Total number of teeth 28 ............. Crocidura 501 mm in length. Hind foot approximately 12 mm in length. Dorsal pelage soft and medium brown in colour. Locality 1978). Mysore (Rao and Aswathnaryana, Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Nocturnal and semi-fossorial in habit. Montane forests of Southern India ( Menon, 2003). Distribution: Fragmented distribution in India; Karnataka (Rao and Aswathanarayana (1978); Jammu & Kashmir (Chakraborty, 1983), Maharashtra (Talmale, 2007). Status : Rare. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005 : Vulnerable (National), Least concern (South Asia). Source: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Rao and Aswathnaryana, 1978, Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005), Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Isolated record from Mysore reported only once in 1978 needs further confirmation of its occurrence in this state. Genus Suncus Genus Crocidura Head and Body length in the range of 60-120 mm. Fourth upper unicuspid premolar absent, only three upper unicuspid premolars present. In India, genus Crocidura is represented by nine species, of which only one has been reported from Karnataka State. 2. Crocidura horsfieldii (Tomes) 1856. Sorex horsfieldi Tomes, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 17 : 23. 2008. Crocidura horsfieldii: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 5. Common Name: Horsfield's shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length in the range of 60 - 75 mm. Tail length shorter than head and body length, ranges between 40-45 Head and Body length in the range of 35-150 mm. Tail usually shorter than Head and Body length. 4th upper unicuspid premolar present. Distribution: South Asia, south Europe, Africa (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Five species of the genus Suncus are reported from India, of these, four have been reported from Karnataka State. Key to the species of the genus Suncus 1. Body colour dark, brown or almost black ... ........................................... Suncus montanus Body colour light, gray to grayish brown .... ...................................................................... 2 2. Head and body length 35-55; upper toothrow 5.3-6.4 mm ......................... Suncus etruscus 502 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Head and body length more than 60 mm; Upper toothrow more than 6.5 ................... 3 3. Head and body length 60-80; upper toothrow 8.7-10 mm ..................... Suncus stoliczcanus Head and body length 100-160; upper toothrow 12.4-16 mm .......... Suncus murinus *3. Suncus montanus (Kelaart) 1850. Sorex montanus Ke1aart, 1. Ceylon Br. Asiat. Soc., 2 : 21l. 2002. Suncus montanus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 12-13. Common Name : Ceylon or montane shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length in the range of 80-105 mm. Tail length averages 45 to 65 mm. Fur with long soft hairs. Colour dark brown, almost black in colour. Locality: Karnataka State (Alfred et al., 2006a). Material ExaminediSightings : One specimen collected from Masinagudi, Bandipur Tiger Reserve available in ZSI,WRC collection (M/572). Habitat: Inhabits humid forests of hilly region (Alfred et al., 2006a). house shrews (Head and Body Length in the range of 100-160 mm); Fur short, less than 5 mm in length. Tail thick at the base with sparsely distributed long hairs. Locality : Karnataka State. Material ExaminediSightings : One specimen collected from Periyapatanam range, Nagarhole National Park (ZSI, WRC coll : Ml571). Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007) reported from Kudremukh National Park, Karnataka State. Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial, occasionally seen in all sorts of habitats particularly near human dwellings, crop fields and in forests. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Common. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005: Least concern (National). Source : Lindsay (1929), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil Distribution: Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India ( Pradhan, 2002) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Status : Rare. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005 : Endangered (National and South Asia). Source : Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and (Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a,b). Remarks : Nil. *4. Suncus murinus (Linnaeus) 1766. Sorex murinus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, 12th ed : 74. 2008. Suncus murinus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII(8) : 5. Common Name : House shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Largest of the Indian 5. Suncus etruscus (Savi) 1822. Sorex etruscus Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de Letterati, Pisa 1 : 60. 2002. Suncus etruscus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 12. Common Name: English: Savi's Pygmy Shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length less than 55 mm. Hind feet in the range between 7.0-9.5 mm. Fur very short, vibrissae on tail present, 18 teeth present in upper jaw, zygomatic arches absent, bullae imperfect, dorsum medium to dark brown in colour. Locality : Karnataka State. Material ExaminediSightings : None. Distribution : Throughout India. Habitat: Fossorial in habit preferring to live in multiparous habitats on plains and high altitudes. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Status: Uncommon locally. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005 : Least Concern (National). Source : Lindsay (1929), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Perhaps the smallest of all the terrestrial mammals in size. 6. Suncus stoliczkanus (Anderson) 1877. Crocidura (Pachyura) stoliczkana Anderson, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 46 : 270. 2002. Suncus stoliczkanus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 14. Common Name: Anderson's Shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Medium sized shrew with Head and Body length averages 57.5 mm (Range 45-70 mm). Tail length shorter than Head and Body length with an average of 48 mm (Range 37-50 mm); Vibrissae on tail present; Tail slender and not swollen at the base like that of S. murinus. Hind foot ranges between 7.5-11.5 mm. Snout short and broad. Eyes small. Fur very soft and silky. Dorsum medium grayish brown, under parts pale grey in colour. 503 Remarks : Nil. Order SCANDENTIA Animals with long snout like a shrew without whiskers, long bushy distichous taillike a squirrel and appearance like a small mongoose when running. Functional digits on fore and hind limbs 5/5 in number. 12 = 11 and C 1 = adjacent teeth in Size. The order contains a single family. Family TUP AIIDAE Family Tupaiidae is represented by only one genus Anathana with a single species A. ellioti from Karnataka State. Genus Anathana Out of the three subspecies of A. ellioti, only nominate subspecies occurs in Karnataka State. 7. Anathana ellioti ellioti (Waterhouse) 1850. Tupaia ellioti Waterhouse. Proceedings zool. soc. Lond., : 106-108. 1992. Anathana ellioti ellioti : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region : 38. Common Name: Madras Tree-shrew. Diagnostic Characters: Dorsal colour reddish brown, ventral side light yellow, tail bushy and darker than the back. Locality : Karnataka State. Locality : Karnataka State. Material ExaminediSightings : None. Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Nocturnal and semi-fossorial in habit; Lives in gardens near human dwellings and also in grassy and scrubland habitats near forest fringes (Alfred et al., 2006a). Distribution : Peninsular India from Chennai (Tamil Nadu) north to Punjab and Rajasthan (Alfred et al., 2002). Status: Uncommon. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2005 : Least concern (National). Source : Lindsay (1929), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Habitat: Lives in a scrubby jungle and dry, moist deciduous forests. Terrestrial, arboreal diurnal and omnivorous in habit feeding on both fruits and invertebrates. Distribution : Peninsular India. Status : Endemic to India. Conservation Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report, 2005 : Near Threatened (N ational); CITES : Appendix II (Family Tupaiidae). Source : Prater (1980) and Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b). Remarks : Nil. 504 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Order CHIROPTERA Presence of membranous wings between elongated digits 2-5 of forelimb and hind leg help in sustained flight. This order is represented in Karnataka State by 39 species under 20 genera of eight Chiropteran families. Chiroptera is second largest mammalian order next to Rodentia. It is divided into two suborders (1) Megachiroptera or fruit eating bats and (2) Microchiroptera, the predominantly insect-eating bats. Suborder Megachiroptera is represented by a single family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats) in Karnataka State. Key to the suborders of the order Chiroptera Ear margins uninterrupted forming a complete ring, Tragus and Noseleaf absent, 2 nd digit usually with a claw, Tail short and Molars simple, flat-crowned or with simple cusps, Fruit eating bats ........ MEGACHIROPTERA Ear margins interrupted and does not form a complete ring, Either Tragus or Noseleaf or both present, 2 nd digit without any claw, Tail usually well developed and Molars complex with regular pattern of cusps and ridges forming definite "W" or"N" surface outline, Predominantly insect eating bats ................. . ................................. MICROCHIROPTERA Suborder MEGACHIROPTERA Family PTEROPODIDAE Five species/subspecies under four genera of the family Pteropodidae have been recorded from the Karnataka State. Key to the species/subspecies of the family PTEROPODIDAE 1. Claw on second digit present.. .................... 2 Claw on second digit absent ........................ . ......................................... Eonycteris spelaea 2. Upper part of one colour throughout; medium sized bats (Forearm Length 55.0-90.0 mm.) ...................................................................... 3 Hind neck and shoulders paler than back; large sized bats (Forearm Length 110-209 mm.) ....................... Pteropus giganteus giganteus 3. Four upper and five lower cheek teeth ....... .4 Five upper and six lower cheek teeth ........ .. .............. Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti 4. Forearm length less than 67.0 mm, while Condylobasallength less than 29.5 mm, Ears with poorly developed pale margin ............ .. ............... Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis Forearm length more than 67.0 mm, while Condylobasal length between 29.5-35 mm., Ears with well developed pale margin ......... ............................. Cynopterus sphinx sphinx Genus Rousettus Rousettus is represented by a single species/ subspecies in Karnataka State. *8. Rousettus leschenaulti leschenualti (Desmarest) 1820. Pteropus leschenaulti (Desmarest) Encyl. Meth. Mammal, 11 : 110. 2002. Rousettus leschenaulti leschenaulti : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 28. Common Name : Rousettes or Indian fulvus fruit bat. Diagnostic Characters: A medium sized fruit bat with forearm around 80 mm. It has a long muzzle and large eyes, tail reduced and rod like, dorsal colour light brown with a rufescent tinge, while ventral side is lighter in colour, back of the neck and shoulders sparsely haired. Locality: Reported from Virajpet, Nagarhole, Krishnapur, Belgaum, Gersoppa, Hampi and Muroor in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings one specimen collected from Putter, South Kanara Dist., Karnataka State (ZSI, WRC collection M/550). Habitat : Terrestrial, arboreal, forming gregarious noisy roosts, preferring to live in caves PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia and man-made constructions. Colonies can be recognized from those of insectivorous bats by the large brilliant eyes. Distribution : Peninsular India. 505 trees. Possesses strong memory and flyaway from roosting place for large distances in search of food. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: Many roosting sites have been reported from number of localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP report (2002): Least Concern (National); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (as amended up to 2006) : Schedule V (Vermin). Status : Roosting sites are seen generally in isolated places, IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: Schedule V (Vermin); CITES: Appendix II. Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992) Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. Genus Pteropus Genus Pteropus is represented by a single species/subspecies in Karnataka State. *9. Pteropus giganteus giganteus (Brunnich) Remarks: The species is involved in domestic illegal trade (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Cynopterus Genus Cynopterus is represented by two species/subspecies in Karnataka State. *10. Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl) 1782. Vespertilio gigantea Brunnich, Dyrenes Historie, 1 : 45. 1797. Vespertilio sphinx (Vah1) Skr. Nat. Selsk Copenhagen, 4(1) : 123. 1997. Pteropus giganteus giganteus: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 9-13. 2002. Cynopterus sphinx sphinx : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 24. Common Name : Indian flying fox. Common Name: Short-nosed Fruit Bat. Diagnostic Characters: Largest sized fruit bat in India; rufous-brown around head and neck; a conspicuous orange or honey-coloured band across upper back; lower back blackish brown; ventral parts dark chestnut brown; naked wing with naked skin; uropatagium, ears and muzzle jet black; no external tail. Locality : Reported from A vatgi, Devicop, Hawsbhavi, Honkan, Vijaynagar, Kolar, Seringapatam in Karnataka State (Bates and Harison, 1997); Nagarhole National Park (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Material ExaminediSightings : Sighted at many places in forested as well as in the urban areas on big trees. Habitat: Found in all habitats, leading arboreal life with roosting in hundreds on large fruit bearing DiagnosticCharacters : Medium sized fruit bat with white margined ears, forearm around 70 mm. with metacarpals and phalanges whitish, nostrils divergent with deep inter-narial groove, naked skin of wings and muzzle, tail reduced and rod like, condylobasal length more than 30 mm. Localty : Reported from Bangalore, Mysore, Dharwar, Seringapatam, Belgaum, Hampi, Mangalore in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : Three specimens collected from Putter, South Kanara Dist. and Four specimens from N agarhole National Park (ZSI,WRC collection M/551, 528, 531). Habitat : Terrestrial and arboreal specIes preferring to live in small colonies on fruit bearing trees close to forests. 506 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Distribution : Indian sub-continent; .. Status IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: Schedule V(Vermin). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. *11. Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis (Gray) 1871. Cynopterus marginatus vaL ceylonensis Gray, Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum, London, British Museum: viii : 122. 2002. Cynopterus brachyotis ceylonensis: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 23-24. Common Name: Lesser dog-faced fruit bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized fruit bat with shorter forearm (less than 67 mm) and ears with no white margin, skin of wings and muzzle naked, nostrils divergent, condylobasal length less than 30 mm. Other characters similar to the previous sub-species. Source: Das (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) Pradhan and Kulkarni (1997), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. Genus Eonycteris 12. Eonycteris spelaea spelaea (Dobson) 1871. Macroglossus spelaeus Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. : 105-106. 2002. Eonycteris spelaea spelaea: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 29-30. Common Name: Long-toungued Fruit Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized fruit bat with forearm length ranging between 66-78 mm. Fur short, velvety, dark brown above, underside mottled grey-brown. This species superficially resembles small Rousettus leschenaulti but differs in the absence of a claw on the second digit. Locality: Reported from Nislneer and Muroor in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Locality: Reported from Jog falls and Sirsi of Karnataka State (B ates and Harrison, 1997) Habitat: Inhabits variety of habitats including forest clad hill slopes and cultivated areas; roosts ill caves. Material ExaminediSightings : Collected four specimens from N agarhole National Park, Karnataka State (ZSI,WRC collection M/530). Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, North-East India, West Bengal, Uttaranchal and Andman Island. Habitat : Same as that of Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl), both the species reported to have shared a common roost (Pradhan and Kulkarni 1997). Status : Common. IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: Schedule V (Vermin). Distribution : Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Status : Pradhan and Kulkarni (1997) report extension of distributional range of C. b. ceylonensis up to Khandala in Pune Dist. in Northern Western Ghats. IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (For Cynopterus brachyotis); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: Schedule V (Vermin). Source: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Remarks : Nil Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA Seven families represent Microchiroptera in Karnataka State. sub-order PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Key to the families of the Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA 1. Both noseleaf and tragus present.. ............... . MEGADERMATIDAE Either noseleaf or tragus present, but not both 2 2. A noseleaf, but no tragus present ............... 3 No noseleaf, but tragus present ................. .4 3. Noseleaf with sella and posterior lancet, three lower premolars ................. RHINOLOPHIDAE Noseleaf without sella and posterior lancet, two lower premolars ......... HIPPOSIDERIDAE 4. Tail entirely enclosed in interfemoral membrane ..................... VESPERTILIONIDAE Distal portion of tail free from interfemoral membrane ......................................................... 5 5. Tail emerging from upper surface of interfemoral membrane ..................................... . EMBALLONURIDAE Tail emerging from end of interfemoral membrane ......................................................... 6 6. Tail very long and slender ........................... . RHINOPOMATIDAE Tail comparatively short and stout .............. . MOLOSSIDAE Family RHINOPOMATIDAE Tail long, projecting beyond the edge of interfemoral membrane for more than Y2 of its length, free portion slender, thread like. Ears joined over forehead by membrane, tragus well developed. Second and third digits of each wing have two distinct bony phalanges. Family Rhinopomatidae consists of a single genus Rhinopoma E. Geoffroy. Genus Rhinopoma Genus Rhinopoma is represented by only one species in Karnataka State 13. Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei Gray l83l. Rhinopoma hardwickei Gray, Zool. Misc., 1 : 37. (Type Locality: India) 507 2002. Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 3l. Common Name: Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized bat with forearm length about 58.34 mm. Tail length 63.57 mm in average, longer than forearm. A small but well defined triangular dermal ridge present on the snout. Pelage uniform light grey brown on the back and slightly pale on the belly, Lower back and belly naked. Upper incisor minute. Single upper premolar (pm4) present. Lower incisors tricuspidate. First lower premolar (pm2 ) oval shaped. Locality: Reported from Vijaynagar, Pattadkal, Badami, Gokarna, Gadag in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: The species favours dry and semidesert areas, sub-tropical dry evergreen forests and tropical thorn forests. Diurnal roost includes caves, deserted houses ruins and cracks amongst boulders, temples. Diet includes moths, beetles, neuropterans etc. (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Rare, IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2002: Least Concern (National). Source: Brosset (1962a), Bhat and Sreenivasan (1972), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Family EMBALLONURIDAE Subfamily TAPHOZOINAE Family Emballonuridae is represented by two genera Saccolaimus and Taphozous, in Karnataka State. Key to the genera of the Subfamily Taphozoinae under Emballonuridae Radio-metacarpal pouch absent, lower lip with a deep median groove, anterior upper premolar 508 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 large, tympanic bullae complete and posteroventral face of basisphonoid in contact with tympanic bulla ........................... Saccolaimus Radio-metacarpal pouch present, lower lip not or scarcely grooved, Anterior upper premolar normal, tympanic bullae not complete and posteroventral face of basisphenoid not in contact with tympanic bulla ........ Taphozous Genus Saccolaimus Genus Saccolaimus is represented by only nominate species in Karnataka State. 14. Saccolaimus saccolaimus (Temminck) 1838. Taphozous saccolaimus Temminck, Tijdschrift Natuurl. of Gesch. Physiol., 5 : 14. 2008. Saccolaimus saccolaimus : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 7. Common Name: Naked-rumped Pouched Bat or Pouch-bearing Tomb Bat. Diagnostic Characters : A large brown coloured Saccolaimus sp. with lower lip divided by a deep, narrow groove; legs and feet naked; interfemoral membrane naked except near the point of origin of tail; gular sac present, larger in males; radio metacarpal pouch absent; ear margin smooth; Tympanic bullae complete. Anterior upper premolar large, covering Y2 crown area of posterior premolar. Locality : Reported from Sirsi, Gersoppa, Malgi, Jellopur, Kadakola in Karnataka by Bates and Harrison (1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Though not much information IS available about its habit and habitat, the species is reported to inhabit the caves, ruins of tunnels, mine, temples etc .. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: Though not rare, it is rather difficult to collect, IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report 2002: Least Concern (National, for Taphozous saccolaimus). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Genus Taphozous Genus Taphozous is represented by four species/subspecies in Karnataka State. Key to the species of Genus Taphozous Gular pouch well developed in male, while rudimentary in females. Forearm length in the range between 55.5-65 mm. Ears small below 20 mm .................. Taphozous I. longimanus Gular pouch in male not developed or absent in both sexes. Forearm length in the range between 60-68 mm. Ears smaller below 21 mm .............. Taphozous m. melanopogon Gular pouch absent in both sexes. Forearm length 70-76 mm and Ears larger, above 21 mm .................. Taphozous theobaldi secatus Gular pouch present in both sexes. Forearm length 71 to 80 mm and Ears larger, 18-25 mm .......... Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis 15. Taphozous longimanus longimanus Hardwicke 1825. Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke. Trans Lin. Soc. Land; 14 : 525. 2002. Taphozous longimanus longimanus: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India,Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 33 Common Name: Long-winged tomb bat. Diagnostic Characters : A brown coloured medium sized insect eating bat with broad tragus. Gular sac well developed in males, while it is represented by a rudimentary fold of naked skin in females. Inner margin of ear smooth, lower lip scarcely grooved. Locality: Reported from Dharwar, Sirsi, Sagar, Vijaynagar and Kolar in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : A colonial species inhabiting old ruins, caves, tree holes etc .. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Distribution : Throughout India. Status : General field study reports number of locations in isolated places (CAMP, 1998); IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993); and Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. 16. Taphozous melanopogon melanopogon Temrninck 184l. Taphozous melanopogon Temminck, Monographies de mammalogie tome 2. Leiden & Paris, 392 pp. PI. xxvi-1xx. 2002. Taphozous melanopogon melanopogon: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 33. Common Name : Black Bearded Tomb Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized insect eating brown coloured bat with tail emerging from the upper surface of the inter-femoral membrane. Gular sac rudimentary or absent in males and absent in females. Forearm less than 70 mm, anterior upper margin of zygoma flat and inferior ante-orbital process well developed; Locality: Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997), Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve parts of Karnataka in Western Ghats (Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Material ExaminediSightings : None; Habitat : A colonial species inhabiting the caves, old mines, tunnels, temples etc .. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : General field study reports number of locations in isolated places (CAMP, 2002); IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005); Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. 509 17. Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis Dobson 1872. Taphozous kachhensis Dobson, I. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 41(2) : 22l. 1997. Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 46-48. 2003. Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis: Das, P.K. , Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 217 : 56-57. Common Name: Naked-rumped Tomb Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized bat with an average forearm length 74 mm. It is characterized by its naked rump. Prominent gular sac present in males, additionally deep circular gland in the upper part of the chest present; In females the gular sac less visible and the gland absent. Ears long and rather narrow, blackish brown in colour and semi translucent. Pelage on dorsal surface dark brown, paler brown on the ventral surface. Radio-metacarpal pouch moderately developed. Locality : Reported from Vijaynagar, Sivasamudram, Badami, Pattadkal, Sirsi ill Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Colony generally of a few individuals, prefers arid and semi-arid areas. Distribution: Widespread in throughout India. Status: IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National), (For Taphozous nudiventris). Source : Brosset (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005); Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. 18. Taphozous theobaldi secatus Thomas 1915. Taphozous theobaldi secatus Thomas, I. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 24 : 60. 1997. Taphozous theobaldi secatus : Bates and Harison, Bats of the Indian Subcontinent Harrison Zoological Museum: 45-46. Common Name: Theobald's Tomb Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized insect eating brown coloured bat with tail emerging from 510 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 the upper surface of the inter-femoral membrane. Gular sac rudimentary or absent in males and totally absent in females. Forearm always more than 70 mm. Body hairy, while wings and interfemoral membrane naked. Ears large. Locality : Reported from Krishnapur Karnataka State (B ates and Harrison, 1997). ill Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : A colonial species inhabiting the caves, old mines, tunnels, temples, ruins near forest or dry scrubland etc. Distribution : India. Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Vulnerable (National, For Taphozous theobaldi). Source : Brossett (1962a), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005); Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil with large ears, nose-leaf and tragus, but without externally visible tail; dorsal colour bluish slaty, ventral parts paler; forearm 52-63 cm; posterior termination of nose-leaf rounded. Locality: Reported from Haleri, Honkan, Sirsi, Hulekal, Gersoppa, Talewadi in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : The species is colonial in habit inhabiting old ruins, houses, temples wells etc. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: The distribution of the species is rather patchy and occurrence rare. IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Cobert and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Family MEGADERMATIDAE *20. Megaderma (Lyroderma) lyra lyra Geoffroy Family Megadermatidae is represented by two species under the only Genus Megaderma in Karnataka State. Genus Megaderma Key to the species of the Genus Megaderma 1810. Megaderma lyra E. Geoffroy. Ann. Mag. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15 : 190. 1997. Megaderma lyra lyra: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 51-54. Common Name: Greater false vampire bat. Forearm small (52-63 mm), intermediate noseleaf broad and posterior termination of the nose-leaf rounded .......................................... . ............ ......... Megaderma spasma horsfieldii Diagnostic Characters: Similar to Megaderma spasma but larger in size, forearm 60-70 mm, posterior termination of nose-leaf truncated, dorsal colour slaty grey . Forearm long (60-71 mm), intermediate noseleaf narrow and posterior termination of the nose-leaf truncated ..... Megaderma lyra lyra Locality : Reported from Hangal, Honkan, Devikop, Sirsi, Jog falls, Honawar, Kardibetta forest, Sagar, Vijaynagar, Kolar, Seringapatam, Belgaum, Pattadkal, Kasakola, Puttur, Shimoga in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). 19. Megaderma spasma horsfieldii Blyth 1863. Megaderma horsfieldi Blyth Cat. Mammal. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 23 (India) 2002. Megaderma spasma horsfieldii : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 33 (Publ. : Director, Zool. Surv. India). Material ExaminediSightings : One specimen collected from N agarhole National Park, Karnataka State (ZSI,WRC collection M/527). Habitat: Similar to that of Megaderma spasma. Common Name: Lesser False Vampire bat. Distribution : Throughout India. Diagnostic Characters : A medium sized bat, Status : Fairly distributed and common bat PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia species. IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Family RHINOLOPHIDAE Family Rhinolophidae consists of one modern genus Rhinolophus with approximately 60 species throughout the tropics, sUbtropics and temperate zones of the old world rhinolophid range. These are small to moderate sized bats with forearm ranging in between 30-75 mm and are characterized by a complex nose-leaf. They are insectivorous, catching their prey in flight, and occur in wide variety of habitats from forests to open areas. Some are solitary while others live in moderate groups. Genus Rhinolophus is represented by three species in Karnataka State. Genus Rhinolophus Genus Rhinolophus is represented by three species in Karnataka State. Key to the species of Genus Rhinolophus 1. Base of sella expanded, making trifolium shaped structure, frontal depression very deep, Forearm length in the range between 60-65 mm............................ Rhinolophus beddomei Base of sella not expanded, not making any trifolium shaped structure, frontal depression shallow .......................................................... 2 2. Connecting process triangular and pointed and higher than top of the sella forming deep notch between them, forearm length less than 42 mm ................................ Rhinolophus lepidus Connecting process not triangular and pointed and is at the level with top of sella forming a shallow notch between them, forearm length in the range between 44-54 mm .................. . .............. ............... ............ Rhinilophus rouxii *21. Rhinolophus rouxii rouxii Temminck 1834. Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck, Monogr. Mammal, 2 : 306. 511 2002. Rhinolophus rouxii rouxii : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 42. Common Name : Rufous horse-shoe bat. Diagnostic Characters : Smaller bat with forearm length in the range between 44-54 mm., base of sella straight but not expanded, connecting process is at the level with top of the sella; colour varies from brown to orange-yellow. Locality : Reported from Yellapur, Devikop, Potoli, Dandeli, Barchi, Hulekal, Gersoppa, Sirsi, Seringapatnam, Bangalore, Talewadi and Jog falls (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : Two specimens collected from Karkal, South Kanara Dist., Karnataka State (ZSI,WRC, Collection M/552). Habitat: Large caves, rocky outcrops in semievergreen forests. It can lead a solitary to colonial life. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Near Threatened (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. 22. Rhinolophus lepidus lepidus Blyth 1844. Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 13 : 486. 2002, Rhinolophus lepidus lepidus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 39. Common Name: Blyth's horse-shoe bat. Diagnostic Characters: Smaller horse-shoe bat with forearm less than 42 mm., but with relatively larger ears and nose-leaf, connecting process higher than top of sella forming a deep notch between them . Locality: Reported from Jog Falls, Gersoppa in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. 512 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Habitat : Large caves in forested areas, rocky outcrops, semi-evergreen forests. It can lead a solitary to colonial life. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Field survey studies report number of locations in isolated places (CAMP Report, 1998); IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Remarks : Nil. 23. Rhinolophus beddomei Andersen 1905. Rhinolophus beddomei Andersen, Ann. Mag. N. H., 16 : 253. 1997. Rhinolophus beddomei : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 51-54. Common Name: Woolly horse-shoe bat. Diagnostic Characters : Forearm length ranging between 61.0-65.0 mm. Horshoe broad; Sella trifoliate; Vertical part of the sella making a trifolium shaped structure with the top; Connecting process starting slightly below the tip of the sella, sloping towards the posterior noseleaf and forming a triangular structure in lateral view. The lancet is well developed, sub acutely pointed; Fur very long, dense and wooly and usually black with grey tips. Locality : Reported from Sirsi, Haleri, Halepalya village (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : This species is restricted to the forested areas at 600-800m altitude; hanging isolated in a secluded corner of some dungeon, cave or old building, deserted wells. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Near Threatened (National). Source: Brosset (1962b), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Nil. Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE The family Hipposideridae in Karnataka State is represented by the seven species under only one genus Hipposideros. All hipposiderids possess complex noseleaf with its anterior part does not have a median notch. Some species possess lateral supplementary leaflets. The central portion of the nose-leaf is a cushion-like structure. This family has been treated as a subfamily of Rhinolophidae by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Koopman in Wilson and Reeder (1993) and Alfred et al. (2002). However, Corbet and Hill (1992), Bates and Harrison (1997), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006a) have considered it as a distinct family on the basis of different forms of nose leaf. Same view has been followed here. Genus Hipposideros Genus Hipposideros is represented by a seven species/subspecies in Karnataka State. Key to the species of Genus Hipposideros 1. No supplementary leaflet present on each side of horseshoe ................................................. 2 Supplementary leaflets present on each side of horseshoe ................................................. 4 2. Internarial septum thickened and/or bulbous; anterior half of zygoma slender, Forearm length about 37 mm ........ Hipposideros ater Internarial septum not inflated; anterior half of zygoma massive ...................................... 3 3. Anterior lower premolar much reduced; posterior projecting portion of vomer blade Like. Forearm Length less than 45 mm ....... .. ..................................... Hipposideros fulvus Anterior lower premolar not reduced; posterior projecting portion of vomer thickened. Forearm Length about 39 mm .................... .. .................................... Hipposideros pomona 4. Four supplementary leaflets on each side; forearm length about 90 mm ...................... .. ............ ..................... Hipposideros lankadiva 513 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Supplementary leaflets less than four; forearm length about 50 mm .................................... 5 5. One supplementary leaflets on each side of horseshoe ............. Hipposideros hypophyllus Two supplementary leaflets on each side of horseshoe .................. Hipposideros galeritus Three supplementary leaflets on each side of horseshoe ..................... Hipposideros speoris 24. Hipposideros ater ater Templeton 1848. Hippisideros ater Templeton, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 17(1) : 252. 1997. Hippisideros ater ater: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 81-84. Common Name : Dusky Leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters: Forearm length about 37 mm. Ears small with well-developed antitragus. Noseleaf consists of a horizontal horseshoe with an intermediate leaf and a simple posterior leaf; Posterior leaf comprises four cells and three septa but without vertical process; Anterior leaf of noseleaf without supplementary lateral leaflets; Intermediate leaf simple in form and has a slightly convex upper border. In the wing, 4th metacarpal exceeds the 5 th in length; Third metacarpal short. Fur variable in colour from dull yellow to dark brown to pale grey. Jugal bone of each zygoma with dorsal process. Locality: Reported from Dharwad, Lingasugur, Therhalli, Hanumanhalli in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. 25. Hipposideros fulvus fulvus Gray 1838. Hipposideros fulvus Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot., 2 : 492. 2002. Hippisideros fulvus fulvus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 47. Common Name: Fulvous Leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters : Ears large, rounded, longer than head, upper part of posterior margin slightly flattened, forearms shorter (less than 45 mm), internarial septum narrow and broadened at the base. Locality : Reported from Dharwad, Gadag, Honawar, Vijaynagar, Therhalli and Hanumanhalli in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Colonial in habit living in ruins of caves, temples, buildings in and near forested areas. Distribution : Throughout India excluding Jammu and Kashmir. Status : It has been reported from many localities in India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. 26. Hipposideros pomona pomona Andersen 1918. Hippisideros pomona Andersen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, 2 : 380,38l. Habitat: Found in the deep wells, dark hollows in walls, caves and favours highly humid atmosphere. 1997. Hippisideros pomona pomona: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent, 88-90. Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil N adu and Maharashtra. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Diagnostic Characters: A medium sized leafnosed bat with forearm length about 39 mm. Dorsal pelage mid to dark brown with pale base; Ventral surface pale throughout. Third metacarpal shorter than fifth. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997). Locality : Reported from Haleri in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Common Name: Anderson's Leaf-nosed Bat. 514 Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : The bats were found in the natural, narrow and posterior slanting caves. Distribution : Southern India. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source: Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. 27. Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock and Bhat 1994. Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock and Bhat, Senckenberg. Boil., 73 : 25. 1997. Hipposideros hypophyllus: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 90-9l. Common Name : Leafleted Leaf-nosed bat; Kolar Leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters : Small species with forearm length about 40.0 mm. Noseleaf with presence of a single pair of well developed supplementary leaflets; Anterior leaf without a median emargination; Intermediate leaf narrower than the anterior leaf; Posterior leaf is broader than the anterior leaf. Locality: Reported from Hanumanhalli, Kolar Dist. and Mysore in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Roosts in narrow subterranean caves in granite rocks. Distribution : Endemic to Karnataka, India. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Endangered (National). Source : Bates and Harrison (1997), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Remarks : Nil. 28. Hipposideros galeritus brachyotus (Dobson) 1874. Phyllorhina brachyota Dobson, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 43(2) : 237. 2002. Hippisideros galeritus brachyotus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 47-48. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Common Name: Cantor's Leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters: Medium-small species with forearm length about 48.0 mm. Noseleaf simple, essentially similar to that of H. ater, but broader and differing in the presence of two pairs of well developed supplementary lateral leaflets; Anterior leaf without a median emargination; The internarial septum small, triangular shaped and with a narrow base. Nostrils large and well defined, each has a small lappet on its external border; Intermediate leaf simple with a slightly convex superior border; Posterior leaf has three well developed septa which divide it into four discrete cells. Ears broad at the base, triangular in shape and possess concavity below the narrowly rounded off tips on the posterior border. Pelage colour variable in different shades of brown colour with pale base. Locality: Reported from Badami and Honawar in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Isolated populations or small colonies roost in caves, forts, old temples, crack of walls of houses. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh (Srinivasulu, 2006), Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Near Threatened (National) ( For H. galeritus). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Remarks : Nil. 29. Hipposideros speoris speoris (Schneider) 1800. Vespertilio speoris Schneider, In Schreber, J.C.D. Die sangethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur Frlangen Supplement: pI. 59b. 1997. Hippisideros speoris speoris : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 93-96. Common Name: Schneider's leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters : Three supplementary leaflets on each side of horseshoe. Forearm larger 515 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia (45-57 mm), rostrum flattened, prominent supraorbital ridge present, ears triangular moderately or acutely pointed. Locality : Reported from Gersoppa, Gadag, Belgaum, Vijaynagar, Lingasugur, Mysore, Honawar, Kolar, Seringapatanam, Sivasamudram, Wotekolli, Hampi, Pattadkal, Badami, Bangalore Therhalli and Hanumanhalli in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997 and CAMP Report, 2002). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Same as Hipposideros fulvus. Distribution: Throughout the Peninsular India. Status : The species has been reported from many localities in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Hipposideros speoris pulchelus Andersen reported from Vijaynagar, Bellary, Karnataka State synonymysed under the subspecies Hipposideros speoris speoris (Schneider) by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Material Examine ISightings : None. Habitat : Its favoured diurnal roost includes old buildings, caves and tunnels, dilapidated buildings, temples etc. Distribution Peninsular and NE India. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka (Bates and Harrison, 1997 and CAMP Report, 2002). Status: Bates and Harrison (1997) have listed number of collection localities in India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962b), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Hipposideros lankadiva indus is a high flyer and may be seen in the early evening in the company of Pipistrellus spp. It is also known to share the roost with Taphozous melanopogon and Megaderma lyra (Kbajuria and Ghosal, 1981). Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Vespertilionid bats possess tragus but no noseleaf, the tail is approximately as long as the forearm and is enclosed entirely in the interfemoral membrane. Four subfamilies have been recorded from the Karnataka State. 30. Hipposideros lankadiva indus (Andersen) 1918. Hipposideros indus Andersen, Annals. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2 : 382 1997. Hipposideros lankadiva indus (Andersen), Bates & Harrison, Bats of The Indian Subcontinent: 99-100. Common Name: Kelaart's Leaf-nosed bat. Diagnostic Characters : Large sized Hipposideran bat with an average forearm length about 90 mm. Noseleaf has four supplementary leaflets. Pelage variable, ranges from pale cream to fulvous brown, orange and bright red; Tends to be darker on the forehead, shoulders and on the rump; venter pale. Locality : Reported from Kolar, Gersoppa, Vijaynagar, Muroor and Talewadi in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Key to subfamilies of the family VISPERTILIONIDAE 1. Ears large and funnel shaped ....................... . .......................................... KERIVOULINAE Ears normal and not funnel shaped ............ 2 2. Second phalanx of third finger very much elongated, nearly three times as long as First ........................................ MINIOPTERINAE Second phalanx of third finger normal and not elongated ................................................ 3 3. Cheek-teeth six on each side of upper and lower jaw .................................. MYOTINAE Cheek-teeth less than six on each side of upper and lower jaw .......... VESPERTILIONINAE 516 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily VESPERTILIONINAE Five genera under subfamily Vespertilioninae have been reported from Karnataka State. Key to the genera of the Subfamily VESPERTILIONINAE 1. Greatly enlarged pads on the foot and thumb .................................................... Tylonycteris No greatly enlarged pads on the foot and thumb ............................................................ 2 2. Upper premolars 2-2 .................................... 3 Upper premolars 1-1 ................................... .4 3. Second upper incisor (13) always present.. ... ..................................................... Pipistrellus Second upper incisor (13) absent or when present, minute ............................... Scotozous 4. Upper incisors 1-1 ........................ Scotophilus Upper incisors 2-2 ................. Hesperoptenus Tribe Eptesicini Astoli, Samasgi, Potoli, Sirsi and Hulekal Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). ill Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Essentially a sub-montane specIes which may migrate to the plains in suitable season; live singly or in small parties concealing very well amongst the foliage, a known high flyer bat specIes. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : The species has been reported from many localities in India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Tribe Nycticeiini Genus Scotophilus Genus Hesperoptenus Genus Scotophilus is represented by two species/subspecies in Karnataka State. Genus Hesperoptenus is represented by a single species, Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth) in Karnataka State. Key to the species and subspecies of the Genus Scotophilus 31. Hesperoptenus tickelli (Blyth) 1851a. Nycticejus tickelli Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 20 : 157. 1997. Hesperoptenus tickelli: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 196-198. Common Name: Tickell's Bat. Diagnostic Characters : A rather large-sized (Forearm about 55.0 mm with a range of 50.060.4 mm) vespertilionid bat; colour in the shades varying from light grayish yellow to bright golden brown with rufous tinge, head grayish; ears oval; wing membrane blackish; wings from base of the toes; small pad under thumb; second upper incisor small and located at the base of first; muzzle broad and blunt, swollen on sides; crescent-shaped tragus is about half the length of pinna. Locality: Reported from Dharwar,Yellapur, Size larger, forearm, on average, more than 55.0 mm ............. Scotophilus heathii heathii Size smaller, forearm, on average, less than 55.0 mm ................. Scotophilus kuhlii kuhlii 32. Scotophilus heathii heathii Horsfield 183l. Scotophilus heathii Horesfield, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 113. 2002. Scotophilus heathii heathii: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 73-74. Common Name: Greater Asiatic yellow Bat. Diagnostic Characters: A robust bat with small transversely ridged ears, rounded at tips, tragus semi-lunar, markedly convex on posterior border, larger in size with forearm more than 55.0 mm. Long tail embodied in interfemoral membrane with terminal end of 2-3mm free. Pelage on back dark PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 517 to chestnut brown. Ventral parts lemon-yellow to orange-yellow in colour. Locality: Reported from Belgaum, Dharwar, Hubli, Malgi, Samasgi, Sirsi, Kolar in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Colonial in habit living buildings, ruins and trees. ill localities in India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Remarks : Nil. old Tribe Pipistrellini Distribution: Widely distributed in India. Genus Pipistrelius Status : The species has been reported from many localities in India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). The genus Pipistrellus is represented by three species/subspecies in Karnataka State. Source : Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. 33. Scotophilus kuhlii kuhlii Leach Key to the species and subspecies of the Genus Pipistrelius 1. Size large (forearm 38 mm or more) ......... ...................... Pipistrellus ceylonicus indicus Size smaller (forearm less than 38 mm.) ... 2 2. Condylocanine length between 10.6 to 11.9 mm and M3 - M3 5.0-6.0 mm ...................... . ........... Pipistrellus coromandra coromandra 1822. Scotophilus kuhlii Leach. Trans. Linn. Soc. Land., 13 : 723. 2003. Scotophilus kuhlii kuhlii: Das, P.K., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 217 : 98-99. Common Name : Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Ears small, rounded at tips, tragus semi-lunar, markedly convex on posterior border, Very much similar to the Asiatic greater yellow house bat but smaller in size with forearm less than 55.0 mm. Tip of tail free, fur short and dense, dorsal colour olive-brown, while ventral colour creamy white with tinge of red. Locality : Reported from Belgaum, Astoli, Dharwar, Samasgi, Sirsi, Hulekal, Kolar, Seringapatam, Haleri, Bangalore in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Specimens of this species can lead solitary and or colonial life in the crevices of old buildings and ruins. They also prefer arboreal life. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : It has been reported from many Condylocanine length between 9.3-10.7 mm and M3 - M3 4.5-5.2 mm .............................. . .. ............................ Pipistrellus tenuis mimus 34. Pipistrelius ceylonicus indicus (Dobson) 1878. Vesperugo indicus Dobson. Cat. Chiroptera Br. Mus. : 222. 2002. Pipistrellus ceylonicus indicus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 66. Common Name: Kelaart's Pipsiterelle. Diagnostic Characters : One of the larger pipistrelle with forearm reaching 40.00 mm, ear short and triangular with outer margin straight, tragus with straight inner end, wings from base of toes, post calcariallobe semicircular, extreme tip of the tail free from membrane. The subspecies can be easily distinguished externally by the deep brown colour of the body. Locality : Reported from Mangalore, Gadag, Sirsi, Honawar, Vijayanagar, Bangalore, Seringapatam, Sivasamudram, Mercara, Haleri, Wotekolli, Srimangala, Dharwar, Belary, Jellopur, 518 Astoli 1997). Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 ill Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Colonial in habit living in crevices in wood, building, old ruins, bridges etc. Electic species with colony size ranging from single individual to 200. They do not hang but cling to the surface with the help of feet and wing claws. Most common species. Distribution: Widely distributed in India. Status : It has been reported from many localities in India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National). Source : Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil. 35. Pipistrelius coromandra coromandra (Gray) 1838. Scotophilus coromandra Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 2 : 498. 2002. Pipistrellus coromandra coromandra: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 67. Common Name : Indian Pipistrelle. Diagnostic Characters: Small-sized pipistrelle but with forearm around 31 mm, dorsal fur blackish brown, hair tips slightly rufescent, belly paler brown, tragus curved forward and bluntly rounded, small calcarial lobe present. Locality : Reported from Vijayanagar, Hawsbhavi, Samasgi, Bangalore, Sivasamudram, Dharwar, Hampi, Bellary, Srimangala ill Karnataka State (B ates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None; Habitat : Colonial in habit living in crevices of buildings, ruins and bark of trees. Distribution: Widely distributed in Peninsular India. Status: It has been reported from many Indian localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : Nil 36. Pipistrelius tenuis mimus Wroughton 1899. Pipistrellus mimus Wroughton 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 12 : 722. 1997. Pipistrellus tenuis mimus: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent : 174-177. Common Name : Indian Pygmy Pipistrelle. Diagnostic Characters: Small sized pipistrelle bat with forearm between 25.0 to 32.00 mm; fur dense and short; dorsal coloration bistre brown, ventral parts lighter, ears small and scarcely triangular, tragus short and curved forward, wings from base of toes; Condylocanine length between 9.3-1O.7mm. and M3 - M3 4.7-5.4 mm. Locality : Reported from Dharwar, Bellary, Mysore, Astoli, Gadag, Potoli, Barchi, Honawar, Kardibetta Forest, Vijayanagar, Bangalore, Srimangala and Kutta in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Both, solitary and colonial in habit preferring to live in crevices of buildings and rocks. Distribution India. Widely distributed throughout Status : It has been reported from many localities in India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002): Least Concern (National, for Pipistrellus tenuis). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Remarks : The name P. t. mimus has been retained following remarks of Bates and Harrison (1997) and Sinha (1980, as cited in Bates and Harrison, 1997). PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Genus Scotozous Genus Scotozous is represented by a single species Scotozous dormeri from Karnataka State. 37. Scotozous dormeri Dobson 1875. Scotozous dormeri Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1875 : 373. 1997. Pipistrellus dormeri dormeri : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 185-187. Common Name : Dormer's Pipistrelle. Diagnostic Characters : Medium-sized pipistrelle with forearm around 34 mm (32.7-36.3 mm), tail considerably shorter than head and body. Dorsal fur grayish brown with hair tips almost silvery, belly contrastingly paler brown or lemon yellow in live or freshly killed specimens. Second incisor (13) absent or very small when present not extending beyond cingulum of first incisor (12). Locality: Reported from Bellary, Hawsbhavi, Vijayanagar and Dharwar in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: A gregarious species. Colonial habit with colony size ranging from 2 to 24. It is generally found in the close vicinity or in the midst of human habitations. Roost sites includes holes and crevices of buildings, ruins and bark of large trees. Distribution: Widely distributed in Peninsular India. Status: It has been reported from many Indian localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National, for Pipistrellus dormeri). Source : Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) have accommodated dormeri under the subgenus Scotozous of the genus Pipistrellus. Most of the recent workers follow the same view (Bros set, 1962c, Chakraborty, 1983, Bates and Harrison, 519 1997 and many others). However, Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et al (1992), Wilson & Reeder (2005) thought that dormeri should have its own genus and kept under genus Scotozous. The same view has been followed here. Tribe Vespertilionini Genus Tylonycteris Genus Tylonycteris is represented by a single species and subspecies Tylonycteris pachypus aurex (Thomas) from Karnataka State. 38. Tylonycteris pachypus aurex (Thomas) 1915. Tylonycteris aurex Thomas, Ann. Mag. N.H., 15 : 228. 1997. Tylonycteris pachypus aurex: Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 174-177. Common Name : Lesser Bamboo Bat; Clubfooted bat. Diagnostic Characters : Minute bat with an average forearm length 27.6 mm. Head characteristically flattened with the nostrils projecting forward and slightly downward. The sole of the feet and the base of the thumb have broad fleshy circular pads. Ears triangular with broadly rounded tips. Pelage golden brown. Condylocanine length averages 11.0 mm. Locality : Reported from Belgaum, Astoli, Dharwar, Samasgi, Sirsi, Hulekal, Haleri, Sagar, Kardibetta Forest, Srimangala in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None; Habitat : Species of heavy tropical forest, especially those associated with extensive areas of bamboo (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Distribution: Subspecies restricted to Southern India. Status : It has been reported from many localities in Southern India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Near Threatened (National, For Tylonycteris pachypus). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). 520 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Remarks : Nil. Subfamily MYOTINAE Source: Hill (1976), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Genus Myotis Genus Myotis is represented by two species / subspecies in Karnataka State. Remarks : Nil. 40. Myotis montivagus peytoni (Wroughton & Ryley) Key to the species of the genus Myotis Medium size bat with forearm length about 45 mm; Condylocanine length above 15 mm ............................ Myotis montivagus peytoni Small size bat with forearm length about 39mm; Condylocanine length below 15mm. ................ ............. Myotis horsfieldii peshwa 39. Myotis horsfieldii peshwa (Thomas) 1915. Leuconoe peshwa Thomas 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 23 : 610. 2002. Myotis horsfieldii peshwa : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 59. Common Name: Horsfield's Myotis. Diagnostic Characters : A small sized vespertilionid bat with forearm about 39 mm (Range 36.5-41.5 mm); Ears naked, dark and with rounded tips, anterior border evenly convex, posterior border concave above and convex below with a well defined notch in the middle. Pelage dark brown almost black on dorsum, ventrally deep brown with grayish tinge near the base of tail; Interfemoral and wing membrane deep chocolate brown. Wings attached to the outer metatarsal of each foot. Locality : Reported from Kodai in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: Forested areas near streams, tunnels, dams and irrigation canals. Distribution : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Status : The species has been reported from many localities in Peninsular India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National) (For Myotis horsfieldii). 1913. Myotis peytoni Wroughton and Ryley, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 22 : 13. 2002. Myotis montivagus peytoni: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 60. Common Name : Burmese Whiskered Myotis . Diagnostic Characters : A medium sized vespertilionid bat with forearm about 45 mm (Range 44.7-46.8 mm); Dorsal pelage soft, dark brown with chocolate brown hair tips and blackish roots; Ventrally hair bases dark, tip paler brown to fawn. Ears short and tip bluntly pointed; Anterior surface of the pinna smoothly convex, posterior surface with shallow concavity beneath the tip. Wings attached to the base of the outer phalanx of each foot. Locality : Reported from Gersoppa Falls Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). ill Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : Rocky crevices in forested areas. Distribution : Maharashtra, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Status : The species has been reported from few localities in Peninsular India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Vulnerable (National) (For Myotis montivagus). Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. Subfamily MINIOPTERINAE Subfamily Miniopterinae is represented by a two species and subspecies under the Genus Miniopterus from Karnataka State. 521 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Genus Miniopterus Key to the species and subspecies of the Genus Miniopterus Forearm length above 44.0mm; Condylocanine length above 13.0mm; canine more robust .. .............. Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosa Forearm length below 44.0 mm; Condylocanine length below 13.0 mm; canine more reduced .. Miniopterus pusillus pusillus 41. Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (Hodgson) 1835. Vespertilio fuligenosa Hodgson 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng .• 4 : 700. 2002. Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 79-80. Common Name: Schreiber's Long-fingered bat. Diagnostic Characters : This is a medium sized vespertilionid bat of the subcontinent with average forearm length of 47.0 mm (Range: 44.7 -49.6 mm). Ears are small, tragus is tall, slender and slightly curved forward at the tip. It is half the height of pinna. The tail, interfemoral membrane and hind limbs are considerably longer. Each wing is characterized by a highly developed second phalanx of the third finger. The third finger (Mean: 38.1 mm, Range: 36.0-40.1 mm) is approximately three times the length of first phalanx. Fur is soft, silky and dark. Dorsal surface is in various shades of brown, while ventral side is slightly paler. Cheeks are naked below the eyes. The body is usually infected with numerous ectoparasites, especially Nycteribiids. The skull with condylo-canine length with an average of 14.1 mm. (Range: 13.6-14.8 mm) is marked by the inflation of the braincase anteriorly. The rostrum is low and flattened. The second upper incisor (13) is flattened. Its cingulum forming a minute postero-external cusp. Upper canine is tall and slender exceeding the second upper premolar in height. The palate is slightly concave. Locality: Karnataka State (Alfred et al., 2002, 2006a). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat : The species is known to occur in hilly and forested country. The colonies are large and situated in caves, caverns and crevices in rocks (Brosset, 1962c). Colony includes thousands of individuals. Brosset (1962c) suggested that there are two types of colonies. However, there only few large colonies in India. Distribution : Throughout India (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Status : Bates and Harrison (1997) have reported the species as a common species throughout its extensive range; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National, For Miniopterus schreibersii). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005); Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Remarks : The individuals of this species are strong and fast flyers and leave their roosts soon after sunset. They do not stay near the roosts but fly directly away in different directions. 42. Miniopterus pusillus pusillus Dobson 1876. Miniopterus pusillus Dobson, Monogr. Asiatic Chiroptera, p. 162. 2002. Miniopterus pusillus pusillus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 79. Common Name: Small Long-fingered Bat. Diagnostic Characters : Small vespertilionid bat with forearm length in the range of 39.6- 40.2 mm. The pelage black throughout, sometimes grey on tips. Skull size small as compared to Miniopterus schereibersii, condylocanine length in the range of 12.0 - 12.7; Rostrum short and shallow. Locality: Hubli in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None. Distribution: Nicobar Islands and Tamil N adu in India (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Status : Bates and Harrison (1997) have 522 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 reported the species appears that restricted to a relatively few localities in geographically widespread area; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Vulnerable (National); Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005); Bates and Harrison (1997) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Remarks : Nil. Subfamily KERIVOULINAE Subfamily Kerivoulinae is represented by two species and subspecies under the Genus Kerivoula from Karnataka State. Genus Kerivoula Key to species/subspecies of the genus Kerivoula Dorsal pelage bright orange to tawny-red from tips to roots; Interfemoral and wing membranes orange and black; First incisor large and bicuspid ....... Kerivoula picta picta Dorsal pelage mid-to dark brown; Interfemoral and wing membranes uniform brown and semi-translucent; First incisor broad and unicuspid ..... Kerivoula hardwickii depressa 43. Kerivoula piela piela (Pallas) 1767. Vespertilio pictus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., 3 : 7. 1997. Kerivoula picta picta : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 212-214. Common Name : Painted bat. Diagnostic Characters : A medium sized bat with forearm around 35 mm. possessing characteristic colour patterns. Ears large, bluntly pointed with bright orange in colour, wing membrane orange coloured with prominent black markings between fingers. Tragus long and slender, interfemoral membrane with prominent fringe on the posterior margin. Locality Reported from Dharwar, Sivasamudram and Malabar Coast in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None; Habitat: Though the species leads solitary life, it also sometimes, prefers to stay in small groups, the specimens are generally found among plantations near human habitations. Distribution : Throughout India; Status : The species has been reported from many localities in India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National). Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Nil. 44. Kerivoula hardwiekii depressa (Miller) 1906. Kerivoula depressa Miller, Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 19 : 64. 1997. Kerivoula hardwickii depressa : Bates and Harrison, Bats of Indian Subcontinent: 214-216. Common Name: Hardwicke's Wooly Bat. Diagnostic Characters : A medium sized bat with forearm around 35 mm. Ears large with rounded tip. Wing and interfemoral membrane are brown and nearly transparent. Locality : Reported from Kardibetta Forest, Shimoga Dist. in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Material ExaminediSightings : None; Habitat: In India, reported from forested area with an altitudinal range of 600-6695 feet. Distribution : Jammu and Kashmir, Orissa, West Bengal and north-eastern states (Alfred et al., 2006a). Status : Rare in Karnataka, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National, for Kerivoula hardwickii). Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Remarks: Wroughton and Ryley (1913) described Kerivoula crypta from Karnataka. 523 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951), Alfred et al. (2002) listed it as a valid subspecies of Kerivoula hardwickii. However, Bates and Harrison (1997) synonyrnised crypta under Kerivoula hardwickii depressa based on relatively flattened braincase and also provisionally referred it as a Indian subspecies. Same view has been followed here. dark buffy brown to clove brown, while the ventral parts are paler. The skull with an average condylocanine length of 17.9 mm (17.1-18.8 mm) is marked by the presence of the unfused premaxillae leaving a larger palatal emargination extending posteriorly beyond incisor roots. Two pairs of lower incisors present. Family MOLOSSIDAE Locality : Reported from Dharwad and Kolar in Karnataka State (Bates and Harrison, 1997). Subfamily MOLOSSINAE Two species under two separate genera of family Molossidae have been reported from Karnataka State Key to the genera, species/subspecies of the family MOLOSSIDAE Medium sized bat with forearm length averages 50.0 mm; Ears not joined by a membrane over forehead .............................. . ....................... Tadarida aegyptiaca thomasi Large sized bat with forearm length averages 65.0 mm; Ears joined by a membrane over forehead ....................... Otomops wroughtoni Genus Tadarida Genus Tadarida is represented by a single species/subspecies Tadarida aegyptiaca thomasi Wroughton from Karnataka State. 45. Tadarida aegyptiaca thomasi Wroughton 1919. Tadarida thomasi Wroughton 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 26 : 732. 2002. Tadarida aegyptiaca thomasi: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : Sl. Common name : Egyptian Free-tailed bat. Diagnostic Characters: This is a small-sized molossid bat with average forearm length of 48.2 mm (46.0-52.3 mm). Tail stout projecting conspicuously beyond the narrow interfemoral membrane. Muzzle broad and thick. Upper lip is often wrinkled. Ears large, thick, rounded and separated on the forehead. Tragus is small, while antitragus is usually large and well developed. Tuft of hairs present on the dorsal side of the feet. Fur is soft, dense and short. The dorsal surface is Material ExaminediSightings : None. Habitat: The species has been reported to roost in the crevices/cracks in caves, cliff faces, rocks, boulders, walls and deserted stone buildings etc. A colonial species with size of the colonies varying between single individual to more than thousand individuals (Bates and Harrison (1997). Distribution : Throughout India (Corbet and Hill, 1992) . Status : Bates and Harrison (1997) have reported the distribution of the species as worldwide with number of colonies in India. As per these authors the status of the species is common and widespread ; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Least Concern (National, For Tadarida aegyptiaca). Source: Brosset (1962c), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : The individuals of this species are strong, swift and high flyers. They fly with their ears facing downwards. They emerge out of their roosts about half an hour after the sunset. They hunt far away from the roosting sites at the height of 31 meters to 77 meters (Bates and Harrison (1997). Genus Otomops Genus Otomops is represented by a single species Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas) from Karnataka State. *46. Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas) ISIS. Nyctinomus wroughtoni Thomas, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 22 : S7. 524 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 2002. Otomops wroughtoni : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 199 : 8l. Common name: Wroughton's Free - tailed Bat or Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat. Diagnostic Characters : This is a large-sized molossid bat with forearm length ranges between 63.0 to 67.0 mm. Dorsal fur rich glossy dark, chocolate brown on crown of head, back and rump with thin white border on each flank. Dull brown on ventral surface. Ears margins dotted with a number of small horny points; tragus minute and triangular in shape. Anterior border 0 the pinna with well developed extra lobe. Tail stout projecting conspicuously beyond the narrow interfemoral membrane. A small gular sac present in both the sexes .. Locality: Reported from Barapede Cave near Belgaum in Karnataka State (Ramakrishna et al., 2003). Material ExaminediSightings : Two specimens collected from Barapede cave, Talewadi, Dist. Belgaum, Karnataka State (ZSI,WRC collection MI173 & M/626). Habitat: This species apparently confined to one diurnal biotope (vast natural cave) situated on a large plateau rising above the thick forest patches at an altitude of 800 meters. Distribution: None (Alfred et al., 2006a). Status: Endemic to India. Reported only from type locality (Alfred et al., 2006a, b); IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2002) : Critically Endangered (National and Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: I Part: I . Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997), Ramakrishna et al. (2003) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Remarks : Threats to this species are due to human interference, mllllllg, proposed hydroelectric projects, occasional fire in the surrounding grassland habitat etc. (Ramakrishna et al., 2003). Order PRIMATES Order Primates is represented by eight arboreal species in Karnataka State. It is characterized by presence of rather primitive limbs with plantigrade (Five) digits, reduced nasal region and small facial region with large forward-facing eyes. All digits bear nails except 2 nd and 3rd digits in Family Lorisidae. Hands and feet prehensile. Thumbs of hind feet opposable. Clavicles well developed. Brain large and complex. Two families in Karnataka State represent order Primates. Key to the families of the Order PRIMATES Claws on 2 nd (C2) and/or 3rd (C3) digits of hind feet, otherwise all digits with nails, lower incisors and canine narrow, Tail absent ...... . .................................................. LORISIDAE No claws at all on any digits, all digits with nails, lower incisors and canine normal, Tail present ....................... CERCOPITHECIDAE Family LORISIDAE Single species with two subspecies under one genus Loris represents the primate family Lorisidae in Karnataka State. Genus Loris Key to the subspecies of the species Loris lydekkerianus Populations restricted to Western Ghats of India .......... Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Populations found in the southern plains of Mysore and Tamil Nadu extending into the Eastern Ghats ................................................ . ................ Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus 47. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Cabrera 1908. Loris lydekkerianus Cabrera, Bio. Soc. Esp. H.N. Madrid, 139. 2003. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus : Molur et ai., Status of South Asian Primates: C.A.M.P. Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization CBSGSouth Asia, Coimbatore, India: 65-69. Common Name: Gray Slender Loris; Mysore Slender Loris. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 525 Diagnostic Characters : Slender Loris IS a small and slender bodied primate of the size of kitten. It has an elongated snout, long and slender limbs, large, round ears and closely set eyes encircled with brown rim. It has a well-developed index finger. Claws on second and third digits of the hind feet present. External tail absent. Body well furred dark gray to brownish in colour with silver tinge on the back. Underparts white or buff. is a small and slender bodied primate of the size of kitten. It has an elongated snout, long and slender limbs, large, round ears and closely set eyes encircled with brown rim. It has a welldeveloped index finger. Claws on second and third digits of the hind feet present. External tail absent. Body well furred dark gray to reddish brown in colour with silver tinge on the back. Under parts white or buff. Locality : Reported from Bangalore, Chamarajnagar, Bilgiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Kolar, Tumkur dists. in Karnataka (Molur et al., 2003). Locality : Reported from Havinakadu Estate, Kutta, South Coorg; Virajpet, Dakshina Kannada Someswara Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka (Molur et al., 2003). Material ExaminediSightings : One specimen displayed in ZSI, WRC Museum was collected from Karnataka State. Habitat: Slender Loris lives alone or with mate in the moist deciduous, teak plantations and semievergreen forests. Habitat: Slender Loris lives alone or with mate in the dry deciduous forest and scrub jungle. Distribution : Parts of Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in Western Ghats India. Distribution : Parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in South India. Status : Endemic to India. Conservation Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2003) : Near Threatened, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: I Part: I, CITES: Appendix: II. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et al. (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006, b ) Status : Endemic to India. Conservation Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2003) : Near Threatened, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule: I Part: I, CITES: Appendix: II. Source: Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et al. (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade for Medicinal and experimental purposes. Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade for Medicinal and experimental purposes (Pradhan, 1997). Two subfamilies in Karnataka State represent the primate family Cercopithedae. 48. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Wroughton Key to the subfamilies of Family 1917. Loris malabaricus Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 25 : 45 2003. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus : Molur et ai., Status of South Asian Primates : C.A.M.P. Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization CBSGSouth Asia, Coimbatore, India: 70-75. Common Name: English: Gray Slender Loris; Malabar Slender Loris. Diagnostic Characters: Malabar Slender Loris CERCOPITHECIDAE Cheek-pouches present, tail, in general, smaller than head and body, stomach simple, neonatal coat brown in colour .................................... . ................................... CERCOPITHECINAE Cheek- pouches absent, tail distinctly longer than head and body, stomach complex, neonatal coat clearly black, gray or golden in colour ...................................... COLOBINAE 526 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE Subfamily Cercopithecinae is represented by two species viz. Macaca radiata and Macaca silenus under a single genus, Macaca, in Karnataka State. Genus Macaca Key to the species of the genus Macaca Tail long, about 95-140% of the Head and Body length and not tufted terminally; Mane around the face absent.. ...... Macaca radiata Tail short, less than 50% of the Head and Body length and tufted terminally; Mane around the face present ....... Macaca silenus *49. Macaca radiata (Geoffroy) 1812. Cercocebus radiatus Geoffroy,E. Tableau desdquadrumanes Annales Mus. Hist. nat., Paris: 15 : 157-198. 2008. Macaca radiata: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Common Name : Bonnet macaque. Diagnostic Characters : The macaques with cheek pouches, tail normal and without any tuft at terminal end and comparatively longer (95 to 140% head and body) than other macaque species in north India, scalp hairs radial in direction. Locality : Throughout Karnataka State (Molur et al., 2003). Material ExaminedlSightings : Number of troops were sighted by various ZSI survey parties in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Habitat: The species is semi-arboreal living in forested, urban, semi-urban, rural etc. areas of south India. Distribution : Southern peninsular India upto 21° N. Status : The species has been reported from number of localities in South India, The species is endemic to south India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2003) : Least Concern, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : II Part I, CITES : Appendix II. Source: Prater (1980), Fooden et. al. (1981), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Molur et al. (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade (Pradhan,1997). *50. Macaca silenus (Linnaeus) 1758. Simia silenus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th Ed. 1 : 26 2008. Macaca silenus: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Common Name : Lion-tailed macaque. Diagnostic Characters : A medium sized macaque with head and Body length 508-610 mm in males and 415-581mm in females. Pelage glossy black with brownish grey mane around the face. A short tufted tail present. Locality : Kerekatte area ill Kudremukh National Park (Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007), Dakshin Kannada, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Hassan, Brambagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Thalakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary, Shimoga, Sharavati Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka State (Molur et al., 2003). Material ExaminediSightings : Troops of Liontailed macaque were sighted in Western Ghats part of Karnataka State by ZSI survey parties. Habitat: Dense evergreen or semi-evergreen rainforests in secluded and in frequented areas between 600-1600m. altitudes. Distribution : Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Status: The species is endemic to south India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2003) : Endangered, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006) Schedule : I Part I, CITES : Appendix I. Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Molur et al. (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et. al. (2006b). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. 527 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Subfamily COLOBINE Subfamily Colobinae is represented by two genera in Karnataka State. Key to the genera of the subfamily COLOBINAE Dorsum brown ; Venter white pale brown .. ·............................................... Semnopithecus Dorsum black, frosted on rump ; Venter black ·.............................................. Trachypithecus Genus Semnopithecus Genus Semnopithecus is represeted by four species in Karnataka State. Key to the species of the genus Semnopithecus Tail loop forward ......................................... 1 Tail loop backward ...................................... 2 1 Hands only dark, body colour Golden Grey ·............................... Semnopithecus anchises Hands and feet, both, dark ; body colour Greyish-White .......... Semnopithecus achates 2 Hands only dark, body colour Grey ............ . ·.................................... Semnopithecus priam Arms and Hands dark, body colour Greyish Brown IBlack ..... Semnopithecus hypoleucos *51. Semnopithecus achates (Pocock) 1928. Pithecus entellus achates Pocock, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 32 : 488. 2008. Semnopithecus achates: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Common Name : Western Hanuman langur. Diagnostic Characters : A large black faced, gray bodied langur with long limbs, tail longer than head and body and loop forward, whiskers short partly covering the ears. Crown of head little paler than nape and shoulders. Hands and feet black or brown in colour strongly contrasting with that of arms and legs. Locality : Reported from Devikop, Samasgi, Dharwar, Alnavar, Havasbhavi, Mysore and Kodagu; Uttara Kannada (Molur et al., 2003). Habitat: Arboreal and colonial in habit living in troops, in Tropical dry and moist deciduous, semi-arid, open scrub, woodland, urban, semiurban and rural areas near human habitations. Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, New Delhi, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal in India. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2003) : Least Concern (For Semnopithecus entellus achates (Pocock) ), Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006): Schedule II Part I (For Semnopithecus entellus) ; CITES: Appendix I. Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et. al. (1992), Molur et al., (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and N ameer (2008). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. The species is also known to be worshipped by Hindus. Napier (1985) reviewed the taxonomy of the species under Subfamily Colobinae and separated previously known Presby tis entellus as Semnopithecus entellus on the basis Head and Body and Tail length and colour of Neonatal coat. However, Brandon-Jones et al. (2002) in Molur et al. (2005) named the Karnataka population of above mentioned localities, under the subspecies, Semnopithecus entellus achates (Pocock) which needs further taxonomic confirmation. Recently Wilson and Reeder (2005) synonyrnised achates under the species Semnopithecus dussumieri (Geoffroy). However, Nameer (2008) listed this subspecies as a separate species Semnopithecus achates. *52. Semnopithecus anchises Blyth 1844. Presby tis anchises Blyth 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 13 : 470. 2008. Semnopithecus anchises: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Common Name: Deccan Hanuman langur. Diagnostic Characters : A large black faced, golden grey bodied langur with long limbs, tail longer than head and body and loop forward, 528 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 whiskers short partly covering the ears. Crown of head little paler than nape and shoulders. Hands only black or brown in colour strongly contrasting with that of arms. Locality: Reported from Raichur in Karnataka (Molur et al., 2003). Habitat: Tropical dry deciduous forest, forest fringes, near human settlements. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2003) : Near Threatened (For Semnopithecus entellus anchises Blyth), Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended up to 2006): Schedule II Part I (For Semnopithecus entellus); CITES: Appendix I. Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et aI., (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. The species is also known to be worshipped by Hindus. Wilson and Reeder (2005) synonymised this species under Semnopithecus dussumieri (Geoffroy). However, Nameer (2008), recently, listed this subspecies as a separate species Semnopithecus anchises. *53. Semnopithecus hypoleucos Blyth 184l. Semnopithecus hypoleucos Blyth 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 10 : 839. Wotekolli, Shimoga, Jog falls, Sharavathi valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttara Kannada, Karwar in Karnataka (Molur et al., 2003). Habitat : Tropical rain forest, dry deciduous forest, sacred groves, moist deciduous forest, gardens and riparian forest. Distribution : Goa and Kerala. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2003) : Endangered (For Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos Blyth), Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006): Schedule II Part I (For Semnopithecus entellus) ; CITES: Appendix I; Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et al., (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. The species is also known to be worshipped by Hindus. Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951) and Napier (1985) recognized this population as the subspecies Presby tis entellus hypoleucos. Investigations by Brandon-Jones (2004) reveal that S. e. hypoleucos population is a part of S.e. dussumieri, but because of Law of priority, S.e. hypoleucos is considered as the senior synonym of S.e. dussumieri. Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008) have considered it as an independent specIes, Semnopithecus hypoleucos Blyth. 2008. Semnopithecus hypoleucos : Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. *54. Semnopithecus priam Blyth Common Name: Black/Dark footed Malabar Gray Langur. 1844. Diagnostic Characters : A large black faced, grayish brown/black bodied langur with long limbs, tail with backward loop longer than head and body, whiskers short partly covering the ears. Crown of head little paler than nape and shoulders. Arms and hands black or brown in colour. 2008. Semnopithecus priam: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Locality : Reported from Makut, Coorg, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Kudremukh National Park, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Semnopithecus priam Blyth 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 13 : 470. Common Name : Tufted Gray or Coromandel Langur. Diagnostic Characters : A large black faced, gray bodied langur with long limbs, tail with backward loop longer than head and body, whiskers short partly covering the ears. Crown of head little paler than nape and shoulders. Hands 529 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia only black or brown in colour strongly contrasting with that of arms. grizzled. Females with a white patch on the inner side of thighs. Locality : Reported from Sivasamudram, Bandipur Wildlife Sanctuary, Honnametti Estate, Coorg in Karnataka State (Molur et al., 2003). Locality: Reported from Machchur, Kodagu, Bramhagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Srimangala ill Karnataka State (Molur et al., 2003). Habitat : Tropical rain forest, dry deciduous forest, sacred groves, moist deciduous forest, gardens and riparian forest. Habitat : Tropical moist evergreen and moist deciduous forests between 150-2500 m. Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Kerala , Tamil Nadu. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2003) : Vulnerable, Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2002): Schedule I Part I ; CITES : Appendix II. Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. Status : IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2003) : Vulnerable (For Semnopithecus priam priam Blyth), Indian wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006): Schedule II Part I (For Semnopithecus entellus); CITES : Appendix I; Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et aI., (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. The species is also known to be worshipped by Hindus. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) recognized this species as the subspecies Presby tis entellus priam. Groves (2001) recognized it as a separate species under the genus Semnopithecus. Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008) followed the same. Genus Trachypithecus *55. Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer) 1829. Cercopithecus johnii Fischer, Synopsis Mamm. P. 25. 2008. Trachypithecus johnii: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 2. Common Name : Nilgiri Langur. Diagnostic Characters : Large-sized langur with head and body length in the range of 508700mm in male and 550-600mm in female; Tail long about 680-965 in male and 720-800 in female (Alfred and Chakraborty, 2002). Pelage glossy black but back of head covered with long yellowish brown hairs. Rump and base of tail Distribution : Kerala and Tamil N adu. Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Molur et al., (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008). Remarks: The species is involved in domestic as well as international trade. Order CARNIVORA All hairy animals possessing limbs with sharp and flat claws and six small, equal-sized incisors, a pair of large, conical canines, and last upper premolar and first lower molar having sharp-edged lobes for shearing the flesh belong to the order Carnivora. Seven families of Order CARNIVORA occur in Karnataka State. Key to the families of Order CARNIVORA 1. Ethmo-turbinals very large, covering greater part of nasal chambers, extending anteriorly to the anterior orifice; auditory bulla composed of two bones; Cowper's gland absent ........ 2 Ethmo-trubinals excluded from the anterior orifice of nasal chamber by a large maxilloturbinals, auditory bulla composed of a single bone; Cowper's gland present.. ................... 5 2. Posterior palatal foramina set far back on the maxillo-palatine suture; teeth highly sectorial and reduced in number; dental formula 3, 1, 3 or 2,1/3,1,2,1; inter-ramal tuft of vibrissae absent ............................................. FELIDAE 530 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Posterior palatal foramina located in front of the maxillo-palatine suture; teeth not so specialized or reduced in number; dental formula 3,1,4 or 2,113, 1,40r 3,2 or 1; interramal tuft of vibrissae present .................... 3 3. Four toes in fore and hind feet, dog-like in structure ears lacking any marginal bursa; auditory bulla without oblique groove; massive jaws and teeth, hind quarters week ............. . ................................................ HYAENIDAE Four or five toes in fore and hind feet; not dog-like in structure; ears having bursa on the margin; auditory bulla distinctly grooved; jaws and teeth not powerful and hind quarters normal and proportionate ........................... .4 4. Ears moderate in size, with well-developed bursa and simple supratragus, but devoid of a valvular flap over it; feet compact with short claws; anus not enclosed in a glandular sac; no bony tube to auditory orifice .................. . ............................................... VIVERRIDAE Ears small and rounded with vestigial bursa, valvular supratragus and a valvular flap over it; feet with free digits and fossorial claws; anus enclosed in a glandular pouch; a welldeveloped bony tube to the auditory orifice ............................................. HERPESTIDAE 5. Legs long, slender and digitigrades; fourth digit of forefoot raised above the planter pad; hindfoot with only 4 toes; baculum deeply channeled below .......................... CANIDAE Legs relatively shortened thick, plantigrade or semi-plantigrade; first digit of the forefoot present close to second; and not raised above the plantar pad; baculum not deeply channeled below ............................................................ 6 6. Large-sized animals with a short tail; pads of digits forming a weak curved line; planter pads very wide; three lower molars on each side ...................................................... URSIDAE Small sized animals with a moderately long tail; pads of digits forming a strongly curved line; two lower molars present on each side .............................................. MUSTELIDAE Suborder FELIFORMIA Family FELIDAE Felids (cats) possess short muzzle (l/5 th of total skull length), tooth row of lower jaw with conspicuous gap behind canines, only 3-4 teeth behind the canines in each jaw, no scent glands above anus . Family Felidae IS represented by two subfamilies, FELINAE and PANTHERINAE in Karnataka State. Key to the Subfamilies of Family FELIDAE Small cats with head-body length in the range 40-75 cm; hairs on nape normal and pupil vertical ........................................... FELINAE Large cats with head-body length in the range of 107-200 cm; hairs on nape reversed and pupil Round ........................ PANTHERINAE Subfamily FELINAE Subfamily Felinae is represented by two Genera, Felis and Prionailurus in Karnataka State. Ears without white patch on the backside, hairs on throat normal and post orbital bar usually incomplete .............................................. Felis Ears with white patch on the backside, hairs on throat reversed and post orbital bar complete .................................... Prionailurus Genus Felis Genus Felis is represented by a single subspecies under the species, Felis chaus in Karnataka State. *56. Felis chaus kelaarti Pocock 1939. Felis chaus kelaarti Pocock, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. I : 300. 1992. Felis chaus kelaarti : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region: 221. Common Name : Jungle Cat. Diagnostic Characters: A medium-sized cat 531 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia with long legs and comparatively short tail, head and body length varying between 64-72 cm, belly faintly spotted, tail and legs banded, sometimes winter coat large and luxuriant. Locality: Sighted in Nagarhole National Park, by ZSI survey parties (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Throughout Karnataka State (Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial, nocturnal, inhabiting drier and open parts of the country, keeping more to grassland, scrub, dry deciduous and evergreen forests, reedy banks of rivers and marshes. Distribution: South India (South of the Krishna River) and Sri Lanka (Ellerman and MorrisonScot, 1951). Status : Most Common, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global); CITES: Appendix II, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2006) : Schedule : Schedule II Part II. Source : Agrawal (1972), Corbet and Hill (1992), (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : The population is under threat due to illicit wildlife trade in domestic as well as International markets (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Prionailurus Genus Prionailurus is represented by three species in Karnataka State. Key to the species of Prionailurus 1. Medium sized cat with Head and Body length above 61cm; Skull length above 123 mm with long sagital crest ..... Prionailurus viverrinus Small sized cats with Head and Body length below 61cm; skull length below 123 mm with short or absence of sagital crest ................. 2 2. Pelage spotted all over. Tail spotted only on dorsal side. Back of ears black with a pale or whitish spot in the centre. Upper molar series 4 on each side ....... Prionailurus bengalensis Pelage spotted all over. However tail unspotted. Back of ears brown with a large pale spot in the centre. Upper molar series 3 on each side ......... Prionailurus rubigenosus 57. Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr) 1792. Felis bengalensis Kerr, Anim. Kingd. : 15l. 200S. Prionailurus bengalensis : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (S) : S. Common Name: Leopard Cat. Diagnostic Characters : Leopard cat IS a carnivore with six small, equal-sized incisors and a pair of comparatively short and conical canines with normal post-canine space. Being member of the cat family which contains beasts of preys, leopard cat shows all typical characters of the order Carnivora and family Felidae. Leopard cat is a relatively small cat with long limbs; Head and Body length 61-66 cm; tail more than half of head and body length (Approx. 60%) and pelage with beautifully ornamented leopard like blackish brown spots. In colour and markings the leopard cat looks like a panther in miniature. The colour of the body is yellowish above and white below. Back of the ears black with round whitish spot in centre. Among other markings, there are four more or less distinct black bands running from the crown over the neck and break up into short bars and elongated spots on the shoulders. There is a pair of horizontal cheek stripes, the lower one joining the black bar across the throat. There are two black bars on the inside of the forearm. The spots on the tail form cross bars towards its end. Hairs on nape normal while reversed on throat. Contracted pupil vertical. Teeth sectorial and reduced in number and are specialized in nature suited to the diet of meat. Locality : Found to occur along the forests of the Western Ghats, and also adjacent deciduous forests. Reported from Sharavathi Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Talakavari Wildlife Sanctuary, Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Brarnbagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat: Largely terrestrial, semi-arboreal and 532 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 nocturnal in habit and, hence, seldom seen; Prefers to live chiefly in thick dry/ moist deciduous and evergreen forests, grasslands, scrubs etc. The prey species mostly include small animals and birds. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES: Appendix: I; Red Data Book (National, 1994): Vulnerable. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Chakrborty and Agrawal (2000), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Kumara and Singh (2007) and Nameer (2008). Remarks : Leopard cat is also killed for fur and body parts for local and domestic trade. Some tribal kill them for preparation of trophies. These beautiful cats are also trapped live for commercial trade (Pradhan, 1997). Earlier Prionailurus was synonymies in Genus Felis. However most of the taxonomists have chosen to emphasize their distinctiveness by placing them in monotypic genus. 58. Prionailurus rubiginosus rubiginosus (Geoffroy) 1S3l. Prionailurus rubiginosa Geoffroy, Belanger, Voy. Ind. Orient. Zool. 140. 200S. Prionailurus rubiginosus : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (S) : S. Common Name: Rusty spotted cat. Diagnostic Characters : Small sized cat with Head & Body varying in the range of 40-50 cm in length, Dorsal pelage rufescent grey patterned with brown bars and spots. Ground colour greybrown. Ears with white patch on the backside, hairs on throat reversed. Pair of cheek stripe and four dark lines present over the head. Belly and inner side of legs white with large dark spots. Tail unspotted and uniformly coloured. Locality: Reported from Nagarhole National Park, Bandipur National Park, Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, Tumkur and Bangalore (Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007) in Karnataka State. Habitat : Terrestrial and to some extent arboreal, nocturnal, frequenting grassland, scrub, dry and open forests and tolerant to man-modified habitats like plantations. Distribution : Peninsular India. Status : Though very rare, the species has a very wide range of distribution, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2006) : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix I, Red Data Book (1994) : Insufficiently known. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Chakrborty and Agrawal (2000), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Kumara and Singh (2007) and Nameer (2008). 59. Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett 1S33. Felis viverrinus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 6S. 200S. Prionailurus viverrinus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (S) : S. Common Name: Fishing Cat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized harsh coated cat with Head & Body varying between 60-75 cm in length; Tail short about one-third the length of Head and Body; Dorsal pelage tawny grey to brownish mouse grey in colour; Body markings consisting of a series of elongate spots, arranged in longitudinal rows; 6-8 black lines running from forehead to neck; A pair of cheek strikes also present; Skull length in the range of 123-151mm. with long sagittal crest; Nasals very narrow behind. Locality : Occurrence of this species reported earlier from some coastal districts of Karnataka State (Prater, 1980; Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat: Usually found near water, prefers reed beds and marshy banks of rivers, lakes and back waters; Nocturnal in habit; preys on fishes, tortoises, monitor lizards and small mammals. 533 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Distribution : Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere : BangIa Desh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Status : Rare, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2002) : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix I, Red Data Book (1994) : Insufficiently known. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Kumara and Singh (2007) and Nameer (2008). Subfamily PANTHERINAE Subfamily Pantherinae is represented by a single Genus, Panthera in Karnataka State. Genus Panthera Two species of Genus Panthera are known to occur in Karnataka State. Key to the two species of Panthera Large sized cats with body length including tail over 260 cm. Colour pattern consisting of vertical black stripes on rich reddish yellow to orange rufous coat.. .................................. . ..................................... Panthera tigris tigris Smaller sized cats with body length including tail Less than 215 cm. Colour pattern consisting of black spots irregularly arranged in rosettes. Tail relatively slim .................... . ............ ........... ........... Panthera pardus fusca *60. Panthera pardus fusca (Meyer) 1794. Felis fusca Meyer, Zool. Ann.: 1 : 394. 2002. Panthera pardus fusca, Alfred, Sinha, Chakraborty, Checklist of Mammals of India, Rec. zaol. Surv. Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 104. Common Name : Panther/Leopard. Diagnostic Characters : Leopard/panther is a relatively large cat with long limbs; total length including tail 170-215 cm with height at shoulder 60 cm; tail more than half of head and body length (Approx. 60%) and pelage with beautifully ornamented close-set black spots arranged in rosettes on the short haired coat. The ground colour of the body is yellow above and white below with black rosettes all around. Dorsal ground colour may vary from pale yellow to warm grey, rich tawny to rufous fawn. The tail is covered with spots except at the tip, which is ringed. Hairs on nape and throat reversed. Ears not tufted. Contracted pupils round. Teeth sectorial and reduced in number and are specialized in nature suited to the diet of meat. Claws retractile and especially adapted to strike and hold struggling prey and teeth specially designed to bite into, cut up and tear flesh. Locality : Sighted at Nagarhole, Bandipur National Parks by ZSI survey parties during surveys (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Terrestrial, nocturnal, semi-arboreal, inhabiting forests, scrub jungles, open country etc. They are able to thrive almost anywhere. A resident species not restricted to forests and heavy covers like tiger. Being bold in nature this predator specIes comes more frequently in contact with man than the tiger. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : The species has been reported from number of localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix I, Red Data Book (1994): Vulnerable . Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Largest number of leopard skins in the cat skin trade are involved in the illegal trade. The populations are under threat due to illicit wildlife trade of its fur and body parts in domestic and international markets (Pradhan, 1997). 534 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 *61. Panthera tigris tigris (Linn.) 1758. Felis tigris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: 10th Ed. : 4l. 2002. Panthera tigris tigris, Alfred, Sinha, Chakraborty, Checklist of Mammals of India, Rec. zool. Surv. Dcc. Paper No., 199 : 104-105. Common Name : Royal Bengal TigerfTiger. Diagnostic Characters: Tiger, being member of a cat family, which contains beasts of preys, shows all typical characters of order Carnivora and family Felidae. Tiger is a large cat with graceful built and long limbs; total length including tail 260-290 cm with black ringed tail more than half of head and body length (Approx. 60%); pelage with beautifully ornamented black coloured stripes on the short haired coat. The ground colour of the body varies from reddish yellow to orange rufous above and white below with black prominent stripes all over the body. Hairs on nape and throat reversed. Ears not tufted but are black on the outer side with a prominent white spot in the middle. Contracted pupils round. Teeth sectorial and reduced in number and are specialized in nature suited to the diet of meat. Claws retractile and especially adapted to strike and hold struggling prey and teeth specially designed to bite into, cut up and tear flesh. Locality : Sighting of tiger in N agarhole National Park during surveys reported by ZSI survey parties (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001), Bandipur, Nagarhole, Bhadra, Kudremukh National Parks in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat: Largely terrestrial and nocturnal in habit and, hence, seldom seen; It can live in a variety of habitats like the hills, plains, thick dry/ moist deciduous and evergreen forests, grasslands, scrubs, mangroves swamps etc. Comparatively tiger is a shy animal in behavior. Tiger is a very good swimmer and enormously powerful animal which can easily kill animals larger in size than its own size like bull, cow, bullock etc. In forests it lives on deer, sambar, nilgai, pig, antelope, hare, monkey, peafowl and other small birds. The prey species also include poultry, goat, sheep, dog and even human being on the village border. Tiger hunts between sunset and dawn and covers long distances in the course of night in search of food. Like any large cat it also shows territorial behavior. Distribution: Throughout India except NorthWestern region. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Endangered (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES: Appendix : I; Red Data Book (National, 1994): Vulnerable. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001); Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Large number of tiger skins in the cat skin trade is involved in the illegal trade. Tiger is also killed for fur and body parts trade in domestic as well as international market for various reasons. These beautiful cats are also trapped live for commercial trade (Pradhan, 1997). Family VIVERRIDAE Viverrids, are medium sized carnivores, many of them are arboreal with rather un specialized dentition and omnivorous diet. Most species have a prominent perineal scent gland situated in front of the anus. Family Viverridae IS represented by three genera under two subfamilies, Paradoxurinae and Viverrinae in Karnataka state. Key to the Subfamilies of Family VIVERRIDAE Feet ordinary and digitigrades, carpal pad single, metatarsal pads absent, a definite pattern of dorsal spots present, tail with dark and pale alternate bands ....... VIVERRINAE Feet scansorial and semi-plantigrade, semi arboreal, carpal and metatarsal pads double, a pattern of dorsal stripes and lateral spots PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia present at least in new coat. Tail without any bands and uniformly dark in colour ............ . ..................................... PARADOXURINAE Subfamily PARADOXURINAE Subfamily Paradoxurinae is represented by two species under under Genus Paradoxurus in Karnataka State. Key to the species of the genus Paradoxurus Body colour Black or blackish brown; Hair on neck normal; Palatal foramina short in the range of 4.6-5.6 mm ..................................... . ........................ Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Body colour grizzled brown; Hair on neck reversed in direction; Palatal foramina long in the range of 7.0-9.6 mm .............................. . ...................................... Paradoxurus jerdoni *62. Paradoxurus h. hermaphroditus (Pallas) 1777. Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas, In Schreber, Die Saugethiere, 3: 426. 2002. Paradoxurus h. hermaphroditus, Alfred, Sinha, Chakraborty, Checklist of Mammals of India, Rec. zool. Surv. Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 126. Common Name: Asian Palm Civet, Common Palm civet or Toddy cat. Diagnostic Characters: A Common Palm civet or Toddy cat is a carnivore with six small, equalsized incisors and a pair of comparatively large and conical canines. A civet is long in body and short in limbs. Body length ± 60 cm. It has an elongated head and pointed but short and weak muzzle. A black and blackish-brown civet with long coarse hair. Under wool, when present, whitish or buff or sometimes even yellow hidden in heavy winter coat. The new coat shows a definite pattern of dorsal stripes and lateral spots. Pattern of longitudinal stripes on the back and spots on the flanks, shoulders and thighs is present in the new coat. The limbs are always black or dark brown. Facial markings variable, the most common pattern is white patch or spot below the eye. Sometimes one spot above the eye and one on each side of the nose are also present. Tail uniformly dark in colour and without any alternate 535 dark and pale bands. Cowper's gland absent. Feet compact with short claws unprotected by sheaths of skins. Soles of feet not entirely covered with hairs. Feet scansorial and semiplantigrade with double carpal and metatarsal pads. Four or five toes in fore and hind feet and not dog-like in structure. The first digit on the fore and hind foot, set well above the other toes, is functionless. Teeth not specialized like cats or reduced in number. Anus not enclosed in a glandular sac. Scent gland present in both sexes, in males between scrotum and prepuce, while in females it's behind or encircling vulva. The scent glands open in less specialized pouches. Inter-ramal tuft of vibrissae present. Locality: Sighting reported from Nagarhole National Park by ZSI survey parties (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001) Reports also from BrahmagiriMakut, Sirsi-Honnavara, Chamundi Hill in Mysore, Sharavathi valley, Pushpagiri, Talakaveri wildlife Sanctuaries, Bandipur National Park (Kumara and Singh, 2007; Karanth, 1986). Habitat : Terrestrial, more arboreal and nocturnal. Prefers to live in all types of forests and also close to human dwellings. They live much on trees lying curled up by day among the branches. But many have adapted themselves to a life in human settlements, even in the heart of the crowded cities, selecting a roof, an outhouse, or even drain as a place of hiding. They take shelter in holes, tree holes, under rocks, under bushes or in tall grasses etc. They prefer to hunt in night. Though they are arboreal/semi-arboreal, they prey on the ground, preying on rats, squirrels, small birds, lizards, insects, fruits, roots, and other vegetable matters. Given opportunity, they can prey upon poultry as well. They can readily adapt to the changed conditions. Distribution : Throughout India excluding deserts. Status : Though the distribution is wide and the populations are many, they are fragmented. Further, though they are fairly common in distribution, now its population is declining due to the destruction of its habitat, hunting for 536 medicine and local illegal trade for body parts (Pradhan, 1997); IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Least concern (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II, CITES : Nil. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et al. (1992), Karanth (1986), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) Alfred et al. (2006b) and Kumara and Singh (2007). Remarks : The young ones are born in all seasons and are usually offered shelter in tree holes or under rocks. The civets can easily be tamed. Some are kept under domestication for the regular extraction of the secretion from the scent glands. The species is involved in illegal Wildlife trade due to belief in superstitions (Pradhan, 1997). All the civet species are under threat of illegal trade for this reason. Hence they should be brought under CITES appendices also *63. Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus Pocock 1885. Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus Pocock, 1. Bombay Hist. Soc., 36 : 865. 1992. Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus: Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region: 210. Common Name: Jerdon's Palm Civet or Brown Palm Civet. Diagnostic Characters : A Palm civet with body colour light grayish brown with or without grizzled on lower back. Head and Body length ranges between 450-600 mm. Hair on neck in reversed direction, growing forward from shoulder to the head. Facial vibrissae brown to blackish; Tail proportionately longer and tail tip pale brown in colour; Well-defined grey and black facial pattern or marks present; Greatest length of the skull in the range of 109-115mm; Palatal foramina long, projecting beyond the level of canine. Locality: Sighting reported by ZSI parties from the border of Karnataka and Kerala States in Nagarhole park region (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Also reported from Brahmagiri-Makut, PushpagiriBisale, Sharavathi valley and Pushpagiri, Talakaveri wildlife Sanctuary (Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat : Restricted to the evergreen forests and the adjacent forests of the Western Ghats; Nocturnal in habit, feeds on birds, small mammals, insects and even fruits. Distribution : Kerala and Tamil N adu. Status: Endemic to South India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule II Part II, CITES : Appendix III. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Karanth (1986), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Alfred et al. (2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Kumara and Singh (2007). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred and Chakraborty (2002), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b) recognized two subspecies, Paradoxurus jerdoni jerdoni Blanford and Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus Pocock. The distribution of the nominate subspecies is confined to Tamil Nadu and Kerala while the later is found only in Karnataka. The species is involved in illegal Wildlife trade due to belief in superstitions (Pradhan, 1997). Subfamily VIVERRINAE Subfamily Viverrinae is represented by two Genera Viverricula and Viverra in Karnataka state. Key to the genera of the subfamily VIVERRINAE Dorsum with multiple longitudinal stripes, at least on rump; Mid-dorsal crest absent; black and white pattern on side of face absent ..... ..................................................... Viverricula Absence of dorsal multiple longitudinal stripes; Mid-dorsal crest present; presence of black and white pattern on side of face .... Viverra PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Genus Viverricula A mono typic genus Viverricula is represented by a single subspecies Viverricula indica indica in Karnataka state. *64. Viverricula indica indica (Desmarest) 1817. Viverra indica Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Paris, 7 : 170. 2006b. Viverricula indica indica : Alfred, Ramakrishna, Pradhan, Validation of Threatened Mammals of India. Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 254-257. Common Name : Small Indian civet. Diagnostic Characters: A Small Indian civet is a carnivore with six small, equal-sized incisors and a pair of comparatively large and conical canines. A civet is long in body and short in limbs. Body length ± 90 cm. It has an elongated head and pointed but short and weak muzzle. A tawny grey or grayish brown animal, lined and streaked on back. Body pattern consists of small spots on the fore quarters, larger spots tending to run into longitudinal lines on the flanks and form six to eight stripes down the back. There are usually some transverse white and black bands on the neck and throat region. Tail with alternate dark and pale bands. Cowper's gland absent. Feet compact with short claws unprotected by sheaths of skins. Feet terrestrial and digitigrades with single carpal pad and no metatarsal pads. Four or five toes in fore and hind feet and not dog-like in structure. The first digit on the fore- and hind foot, set well above the other toes, is functionless. Teeth not specialized like cats or reduced in number; Anus not enclosed in a glandular sac. Scent gland present in both sexes, in males between scrotum and prepuce, while in females it is behind or encircling vulva. Scent glands open into highly specialized pouches. Soles of feet not entirely covered with hairs. Locality: Throughout Karnataka in all suitable habitats. Sighting reported from BramhagiriMakut, Belgaum Dist. Nagarhole, Nugu, Turnkur, Bandipur, Kolar and Chikmaglur dists. (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Kumara and Singh, 2007). 537 Habitat : Terrestrial, semi-arboreal and nocturnal. Prefers to live in all types of forests and also close to human dwellings. They take shelter in holes, tree holes, under rocks, under bushes or in tall grasses etc. Some may find refuge in drains and outhouses. They prefer to hunt in night. They prey on the ground, preying on rats, squirrels, small birds, lizards, insects, fruits, roots, and other vegetable matters. Given opportunity, they can prey upon poultry as well. They can readily adapt to the changed conditions. Distribution : Throughout India excluding deserts;Status :Though the distribution is wide and the populations are many, they are fragmented. Once very common in distribution, now its population is declining due to the destruction of its habitat, hunting for medicine and local illegal trade for body parts (Pradhan, 1997); IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (National) Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II, CITES: Appendix: III (India). Source : Karanth. (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Alfred et al. (2006b) and Kumara and Singh (2007) Remarks : The care of the young ones is left entirely to the mother. The civets can easily be tamed. Some are kept under domestication for the regular extraction of the secretion from the scent glands. Genus Viverra Genus Viverra is represented by a single species Viverra civettina in Karnataka state. 65. Viverra civettina Blyth 1862. Viverra civettina Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 31 : 332. 2008. Viverra civettina : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name: Malabar Large-spotted civet. Diagnostic Characters : A large sized civet with Head and Body length in the range of 75-85 cm.; Tail shorter than Head and Body length 538 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 rangmg between 32-40 cm.; A mane of black erectile hairs extending from between the shoulders to the entire length of tail; It possesses naked soles with interdigital webs; Body colour distinctly yellow with large black spots at the hinder part; Presence of black and white pattern on side of face; Tail tip is black; Tail ringed with six broad black complete rings with incomplete yellowish white rings between them. Locality: Coastal districts of Western Ghats in Karnataka. Reported from Kudremukh National Park (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007; Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat : Deciduous forests with streams and sufficient moisture regions. Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil N adu. Status : Extremely Rare; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Critically Endangered; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix: III (India). Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (200S), Alfred et al. (2006b), Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007) and Kumara and Singh (2007). Remarks: In-situ survey, monitoring studies, limiting factor research and population studies are strongly recommended to assess the latest conservation status of Malabar civet (Alfred et al. (2006b). Family HERPESTIDAE Family Herpestidae is represented by a single Subfamily Herpestinae in Karnataka State. Subfamily HERPESTINAE Subfamily Herpestinae is represented by four species under one Genus, Herpestes, in Karnataka State. Genus Herpestes Key to the species of Herpestes 1. Tail long, 90-100% of the head and body length ............................................................ 2 Tail short, SO-70% of the head and body length ...................................................................... 3 2. Dorsal pelage with shorter hairs (length 20-30 mm), grey in colour, Hairs many banded and coarse in nature, colour of legs same as that of dorsum, tail tip normal and never black, bulla normal and not inflated posterierly ..... ...................................... Herpestes edwardsii Dorsal pelage with longer hairs (length 30-40 mm), grayish in colour, legs darker than dorsum, tail tip black, bulla with posterior chambers greatly inflated ............................ .. ........................................... Herpestes smithii 3. Hind feet long, 90-100mm; Dorsal pelage with longer hairs (length SO-60mm); Presence of black stripe from ear to shoulder ................ . ....................................... Herpestes vitticollis Hind feet short, 6S-87mm; Dorsal pelage with shorter hairs (length 2S-3S mm); Absence of black stripe from ear to shoulder ................ . ............................................ Herpestes fuscus *66. Herpestes edwardsii (Geoffroy) 1818. Ichneumon edwardsii Geoffroy, E., Description de l'Egypte description des mammiferes 2, Paris: 139. 2008. Herpestes edwardsii : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name: Indian Grey Mongoose. Diagnostic Characters : The grey coloured Indian mongoose possesses long body with short limbs and a bushy tail. The longer contour hairs almost form a cape along the flanks and over hind quarters. The hairs at the base of the tail are fairly long. The fur is rather stiff and coarse, individual hairs being annulated with creamy white and black bands. Long hairs may have as many as eight to ten alternate bands of colours, under fur is wooly and reddish-buff in colour. Tip of the tail never black in colour. Locality : Indian grey mongoose was sighted in Belgaum Dist., Bandipur, Nagarhole, Kudremukh National parks regions of Karnataka State by the ZSI Survey parties during the project period (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Radhakrishnan, 2007); Tumkur, Nugu, Chikmanglur, Mysore, Bangalore (Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat : Terrestrial, diurnal/nocturnal, fossorial, living in open scrubs, cultivation, rocky patches, forest edges, near human habitations etc. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Fairly common, reported from many localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998): Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II; CITES : Appendix III. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Kumara and Singh (2007) and Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007). Remarks: The mongoose can easily be tamed. Threat to its population due to hunting for medicine, trophies and food and also for local illegal trade for body parts for making articles like brushes etc. cannot be ruled out (Pradhan, 1997). 67. Herpestes smithii smithii Gray 1837. Herpestes smithii Gray J.E., Magazine nat. Hist. 1 : 578. 1992. Herpestes smithii smithii : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: 216. Common Name : Ruddy Mongoose. Diagnostic Characters: Dorsal pelage of ruddy mongoose possesses large hairs, tail tip always black, legs darker than dorsum and bulla with posterior chamber greatly inflated, rest of the characters mostly similar to that of the previous specIes. Locality: Reported from Nagarhole; Bandipur; Hasanur forests, Chamarajanagar dist.; Savandurga forests, Bangalore dist.; Daroji Bear Sanctuary, Bellary dist. in Karnataka state ( Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial diurnal/nocturnal, fossorial 539 preferring to live in dry and moist forests of Central and Southern India. Distribution : Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Status : Though seen less commonly, the species has been reported from number of localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global), CITES : Appendix III, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule II Part II. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Kurup and Singh (2007). Remarks : Threat to the populations of ruddy mongoose due to hunting for medicine, making of trophies and food and also for local illegal trade for body parts for making articles like brushes etc. cannot be ruled out (Pradhan, 1997). 68. Herpestes fuscus fuscus Waterhouse 1838. Herpestesjusca Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London : 55 1992. Herpestes fuscus fuscus : Corbet & Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: 216 Common Name: Brown Mongoose. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length in the range of 330-480mm; Hind feet short about 65-87mm; Dorsal pelage blackish brown in colour with shorter hairs (length 25-35 mm); Tail about two-third of the total body length, considerably bushy and tapering to a conical point; Greatest length of the skull ranges between 77-93 mm. Locality : Earlier reported from N agarhole National Park and Coorg (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001); No recent sighting records from the state (Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat : Inhabits moist forests. Distribution : Kerala and Tamil N adu. Status : Subspecies endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National), Data Deficient (Global), CITES: Appendix III, Indian Wildlife (Protection) 540 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Act (1972) as amended upto 2006) Schedule Schedule II Part II. Source: Prater (1980), Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Kurup and Singh (2007). Remarks: They are relatively rare even in other parts of its distribution in India (Mudappa, 2002 in Kumara and Singh, 2007). *69. Herpestes vitticollis Bennett 1835. Herpestes vitticollis Bennet, Proc. Zool. Soc. London : 67. 2008. Herpestes vitticollis : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Stripe-necked Mongoose. Diagnostic Characters : Largest of all Asiatic mongooses with Head and Body length in the range of 430-530 mm; Hind feet long about 90100 mm; Dorsal pelage grizzled grey, tipped with chestnut red in colour with longer hairs (length 50-60 mm); A distinct black neck-stripe running from ear to shoulder; Tail short and darker towards tip about 50-70% of the head and body length; Greatest length of the skull ranges between 103108 mm. Locality: Sighting reported from Nagarhole, Bandipur and Kudremukh National Park, Bhadra and Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary (Karanth (1986), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Kumara and Singh (2007), Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007). Habitat: Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats and adjacent dry deciduous forests. Distribution : Kerala and Tamil Nadu Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. ill Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global), CITES : Appendix III, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Kumara and Singh (2007). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized subspecies, viz. Herpestes vitticollis vitticolis and Herpestes vitticollis inornatus Pocock. Nominate subspecies occurs in south of Coorg in Western Ghats and Sri Lanka and later one found in North of Coorg (Type from North Kanara). There is gradual increase in reddish tones of dorsal pelage towards the south (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Family Hyaena Medium-sized, dog like carnivore with pointed ears, weak hind quarter, forefeet with four digits and a sac-like scent gland above the anus. Hyaena also possesses very strong jaws. Family Hyaenidae is represented by a single species under Indian Genus Hyaena in Karnataka state. Genus Hyaena *70. Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus) 1758. Canis hyaena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed; 1 : 40. 2008. Hyaena hyaena: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name: Striped Hyaena. Diagnostic Characters : Hyaena possesses vertical dark stripes on the body and transverse bars on the upper portion of the legs with ground colour of body varying between cream and dirty white. A crest of mane extending from the head to root of the tail present. Dog like built with massive head and fore-body but with weak hind quarters. Locality : Sighting reported from Belgaum Dist., Mangalore, Mysore and Coorg districts (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Terrestrial, nocturnal, rare in forested areas but found in open countries, scrub lands and semi urban areas, found also in thorny semi arid regions. Prefer to live in low hilly areas and ravines which offer convenient holes and caves for shelter, mainly scavenger in habit but can also 541 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia hunt preys of its size like sheep, goat, dog etc. Hyaenas are also known to dig open graves in search of food. Distribution : Extending south to Nilgiri hills, north to lowland of Kashmir, east to West Bengal and west to Gujarat. Status : The species has been reported from number of localities in India, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2006) : Schedule : III. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006). Remarks : The population is under threat due to faiths in misbelieves and also due to illegal wildlife trade of its fur in domestic as well as international markets (Pradhan, 1997). Suborder CANIFORMIA Family CANIDAE Family Canidae is represented by four species under three genera in Karnataka State. Key to the genera and species of the family CANIDAE 1. A frontal sinus present; post-orbital process smooth and convex above; tail less than half the length of head and body ....................... 2 - Frontal sinus absent; post-oribital process concave above; tail clearly more than half the length of head and body .............................. . ........................................ Vulpes bengalensis 2. Seven teeth in lower molar series and dorsal colour a mixture of black and white .......... 3 Six teeth in lower molar series and dorsum more reddish in colour ............ Cuon alpinus 3. Smaller in size, Head and body length below 75 cm (60-75 cm); Greatest skull length ranges 145-165 mm ............................. Canis aureus - Larger in size, Head and body length above 75 cm (75-100 cm); Greatest skull length ranges 200-240 mm ................... Canis lupus Genus Canis Genus Canis is represented by two species in Karnataka State *71. Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758. Canis aureus Linnaeus, Systema naturae vol. 1, 10th edition : 40. 2008. Canis aureus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name: Golden Jackal or Indian Jackal. Diagnostic Characters: Smaller than the wolf and lacks the arching brows and elevated forehead. Head and body length in the range of 60-75 cm; Its height at shoulder about 35-43 cm. Greatest skull length ranges between 145-165mm. Upper molars with well defined cingulum; Dorsal colour typically a mixture of black and white, washed with buff about the shoulders, ears and legs, tail straight and not curled like dog. Locality : Sighting reported from Coorg, Kudremukh National Park (Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Palot and Radhakrishnan(2007). Common everywhere in the Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986). Distribution : Throughout India. Status :The species has been reported from number of localities in India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998): Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2002) : Schedule II Part II; CITES : Appendix III (India). Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et al. (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Palot and Radhakrishnan(2007). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized Canis aureus naria Wroughton 542 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 as a valid subspecies (Type loco Virajpet, Southern Coorg) from Southern Peninsular India. The species is known to be hunted for domestic trade of body parts for medicinal and other usages and also in the international trade of body fur (Pradhan, 1997). 72. Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758. Canis lupus Linnaeus, Systema naturae vol. 1, 10th edition: 39. 2008. Canis lupus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Gray wolf. Diagnostic Characters : Largest member of the dog family with head and body length in the range of 75-100 cm; Its height at shoulder about 40-70 cm. Dorsal colour grey inters pre ad with black; Bushy tail with black tip; Ears large and pointed; Long slim legs; Muzzle long and slender; Greatest skull length ranges between 200-240mm. Upper molars without cingulum. Locality: Reported from Melkote, Ranebennur in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986). Distribution: Throughout India except extreme south. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998): Lower risk-Near threatened (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) : Schedule I Part I; CITES : Appendix I. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized Canis lupus pallipes Sykes as a valid subspecies (Type loco Deccan, India) from India. The species is known to be hunted for domestic trade of body parts for medicinal and other usages and also in the international trade of body fur (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Cuon Monotypic genus with a single species Cuon alpinus, is known to occur in Karnataka State. *73. Cuon alpinus (Pallas) 181l. Canis alpinus Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. 1,: 34. 2008. Cuon alpinus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Indian Wild Dog, Dhole. Diagnostic Characters: Wild Dog is a typical carnivore belonging to the family Canidae. A medium sized canid with Head and Body length ± 90 cm and height at shoulder in the range of 43 - 55 cm. Appearance almost like a domestic dog except that wild dog possesses a straight tail and its dorsum is reddish in colour. Short in legs and muzzle. Ears rounded and tail tip bushy. First upper molar with a prominent outer cingulum. Six molar teeth. Body size is definitely smaller than wolf and lacks arching brows and elevated forehead. Locality: Sighting report of pack of wild dogs in Nagarhole, Kudremukh, Sankadkatte, Kalkeri area by ZSI Survey parties during faunal surveys (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Also reported from Bandipur and Dandeli (Karanth, 1986). Habitat : Wild dog is basically a terrestrial animal preferring to live in different types of dense forests interspersed with open land, prey species and water (Johnsingh and Yoganand, 2000). They have also been found at an altitude of around 12000 Ft. However larger populations live in the lowlands. Wild dogs are more social animals and they live and hunt in packs. They prey upon animals like sheep, sambar, wild boar, gaur, buffalo etc. Distribution (Menon, 2003). Practically whole of India Status : CAMP Report (1998) has stated that though number of wild dog populations have been reported from many localities, there is a general decline in its actual population in the country due to threat from declining population of prey species and loss of habitats; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998):Lower risk- near threatened, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 543 as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: II Part: I, CITES: Appendix: II. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et. al. (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (1993) and Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007). Remarks : Nil. Genus Vulpes Only one species of the genus Vulpes occurs in Karnataka State. 74. Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) for illegal domestic trade of body parts for black magic purposes and other usages and also in the international trade of body fur (Pradhan, 1997). Family URSIDAE Animals under this family are larger in size heavily built with short tail, plantigrade feet with planter pads and three lower molars on each side of the jaws. Subfamily URSINAE Family Ursidae is represented by a single species under one genus, Ursus, of Subfamily Ursinae, in Karnataka state. 1800. Canis bengalensis Shaw, Genl. Zool., 1, 2 : 300. 2008. Vulpes bengalensis : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Bengal Fox. Diagnostic Characters : A grey coloured fox, having slender limbs with head and body length in the range of 40-65 cms; back of ears sandy brown and tail tip black in colour. Locality : Reported from Ranebennur Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986). ill Habitat: Terrestrial, sometimes fossorialliving in upper country, open fields etc., adjacent to the human habitations. Distribution: Practically whole of India, south of Himalayan foothills to Kanyakumari except in the northeastern India. Status : The species has been reported from number of localities in India, however the populations are fragmented; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) : Schedule II Part II, CITES: Appendix III (India). Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et al. (1992), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks : The species is known to be hunted *75. Melursus ursinus (Shaw) 179l. Bradypus ursinus Shaw, Nat. Misc., 2 (unpaged), pIs. 58-59. 2008. Melursus ursinus : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Sloth bear. Diagnostic Characters : A large-sized bear, 140-170 cms. in head and body length, having ivory white claws; coat rough and black with or without white crescent on chest. Locality: Sighted in Nagarhole and Kudremukh National Park by ZSI Survey parties and forest officials during faunal surveys (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial and arboreal preferring to live in forests, grasslands etc. Distribution : Throughout India from Himalayan foot hills to southernmost region, except arid region of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Status : The species has been reported from many localities in India, however, the populations are fragmented; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix : I. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal et al. (1992), Pradhan and Kurup 544 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 (2001), Alfred et al (2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007). Remarks: Corbet and Hill (1992) placed this species under the genus Ursus. Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Alfred et al. (2006b) and Nameer (2008) recognized the species under genus Melursus. Only nominate subspecies viz. Melursus ursinus ursinus (Shaw) has been reported from the Indian territory. Illegal wildlife trade of the body parts like gall bladder, claws etc. (Pradhan, 1997) is considered to be a serious threat in addition to the threat due to loss of habitat and fragmentary populations to the survival of the species. Family MUSTELIDAE Small to medium sized carnivores with a moderately long, stout and thick tail. Two lower molars present on each side of the jaws. The family, in general, is diversified in appearance and most of the species have been placed in two subfamilies, Lutrinae and Mustelinae. Both the subfamilies have been reported from Karnataka state. Key to subfamilies of Family MUSTELIDAE - Tail short, thick and muscular; Webbed feet; Fur short; mostly suitable for aquatic habit. .................................................... LUTRINAE - Tail long, not thick and muscular; feet not webbed; Fur long; mostly suitable for terrestrial Habit .................... MUSTELINAE Subfamily LUTRINAE Subfamily Lutrinae (Otters) is represented by three genera and species from Karnataka State Key to genera and species of subfamily LUTRINAE - Feet fully webbed; Claws long, projecting well beyond digits ................................................ 2 - Feet partly webbed; Claws rudimentary, not projecting beyond digits ........ Aonyx cinerea - Dusky brown dorsum with much paler venter; Tail without lateral keels ............ Lutra lutra - Blackish to rufous chocolate brown dorsum with slightly paler Venter; Tail with lateral Keels ......................... Lutrogale perspicillata Genus Aonyx 76. Aonyx cinerea Illiger ISI5. Lutra cinerea Illiger, Abh. Akad. Phys. Klasse Wiss. Berlin, IS04-11 : 90-99. 200S. Aonyx cinerea: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (S) : 9. Common Name: Oriental small-clawed Otter. Diagnostic Characters : A small sized otter with head and body length ranges between 360460mm. Claws are rudimentary and do not project well beyond the digits. The feet are partly webbed. Dorsum dark brown, while venter slightly paler in colour. Edge of upper lip, chin, sides of neck and throat are grey or nearly white. Greatest length of the skull in the range of 85-95 mm. Locality : Higher ranges of Brambagiri and Southern Coorg in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Alfred et aI., 2006b). Habitat : Found in rivers, streams and hill creeks. Distribution : Range of distribution is wide spread but discontinuous, extends from Himalayan foothills near Kullu eastwards to Arunachal hill ranges, plains of Assam and Lower Bengal and higher ranges of Mysore, Nilgiris and Palni hills in southern India. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Not listed; IUCN (2002) : Lower-Risk-Near Threatened; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix : II. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al (2006b). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951), Wilson and Reeder (2005) recognized two subspecies from Indian limit viz. Aonyx cinerea 545 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia concolor Rafinesque (Type loco Garo Hill, Assam) and Aonyx cinerea nirnai Pocock (Type loco Virajpet, Southern Coorg, South India). Genus Lutra 77. Lutra lutra nair Cuvier 1823b. Lutra nair envier, F., Lontre, Lutra. Dictionnaire des sciences natruelle, Strasbourg & Paris. 27 : 237250. 2006. Lutra lutra nair: Alfred, Ramakrishna and Pradhan, Validation of Threatened Mammals of India: 202205. Common Name : Common Otter. Diagnostic Characters : The common otter with head and body length ranges between 540800 mm. Claws projecting well beyond digits. The feet are fully webbed. It has a very dense fur of dark olive brown colour while venter much paler. Tail is very thick, muscular, without keels and flattened dorsoventrally in to a paddle shape at its distal end. The lips and throat show yellow, white and grey spots. Greatest length of the skull in the range of 100-130 mm. Locality : Reported from Kabini, Bhadra reservoirs, Nagarhole in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Common otters live in a wide variety of aquatic habitats including high and low land lakes, rivers, streams, man made water bodies, marshes and coastal areas. Their movements on the ground are clumsy. However they are excellent divers and swimmers. They take shelter on land in the burrows. Their nursery or halt is always near the banks. Sometimes burrow opening is below water level. They may also excavate roots of the tree near banks. They undertake long distance migration during unfavourable seasons. Distribution : Isolated and patchy distribution of the species in India. In southern India they have been reported from higher altitudes. Status : (For Lutra lutra species): IUCN (1998) (Proposed): Not Evaluated; IUCN (2002) (Proposed): Vulnerable based on Version 2.3 (lUCN, 2003); CITES APPENDIX: I; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (As amended upto 2006): Schedule II; Part II. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks : Southern population of common otter has been recognized as Lutra lutra nair Cuvier. The species is involved in local, domestic and international trade. Hunted for use of body parts in traditional medicinal treatments (Alfred et al. 2006b). Genus Lutrogale 78. Lutrogale perspicillata (Geoffroy) 1826. Lutra perspicillata 1. Geoffroy, Diet. class Hist. Nat. 7 : 519. 2008. Lutrogale perspicillata: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 9. Common Name : Smooth coated Indian otter. Diagnostic Characters : Sides of frontal bones behind post-orbital processes more or less parallel upto constriction in front of brain case, fur short and depressed, hind foot short, feet fully webbed, throat creamy in colour. Tail with lateral keels. Locality: Reported to occur in Karnataka state (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat : Aquatic, preferring to live in and near reservoirs, large rivers, tanks at lower altitudes. Distribution : Throughout peninsular India; including Eastern and North-Eastern regions. Status : The species has been reported from number of localities in peninsular, eastern and north eastern India (Agrawal et al. 1992), however populations are fragmented; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Not Evaluated (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II, CITES : Appendix : II. Source: Karanth (1986), Agrawal et al. (1992), 546 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). of India, specially at higher altitudes in southern Western Ghats. Remarks: Not much information on its latest distribution, locations, populations etc. is available. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule II Part II, CITES : Appendix : III (India). Subfamily MUSTELINAE Subfamily Mustelinae (Martens) is represented by two genera and species from Karnataka State. Key to genera and species of subfamily MUSTELINAE Tail long, about 55-80% of the head and body length; Dorsum reddish brown; Premolars 4/ 4 ........................................ Martes gwatkinsii Tail short, about 20-30% of the head and body length; Dorsum grey to pale yellow or whitish; Premolars 3/3 .................. Mellivora capensis Genus Martes 79. Martes gwatkinsi Horsfield 1851. Martes gwatkinsii Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. India Co., p. 90. 2008. Martes gwatkinsii: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: South Indian Yellow-throated Marten or Nilgiri Marten. Diagnostic Characters : Nilgiri marten is similar to yellow throated martin (Martes flavigula) but appears to be larger in size than the later species. Head and body length 55-65cm. Dorsal side dark brown from head to rump and fore-quarters almost reddish. The throat is brightly coloured, ranging from pale yellow to bright orange. Locality : Reported from Bramhagiri, Coorg, Dharwad in Karnataka state (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Alfred et al., 2006b). Habitat : Riverine dense forest dwelling species. Though it can move on the ground, it is more comfortable on the trees. It can travel longer distances on tree canopies, if undisturbed, in dense and evergreen forests (Hussain, 1999). It is mostly diurnal in habit. Distribution: Western Ghats endemic species Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Hussain (1999), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Pradhan (2002), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks : Individuals of this species in some areas raid boxes in farms and feed on Honey. Hence, such animals are treated as pests in these areas (Hussain, 1999). Factual confirmation, verification and remedies are essential in such cases. 80. Mellivora capensis (Schreber) 1776. Viverra capen sis Schreber, Saugeth, pI. 125. 2008. Mellivora capensis: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Ratel or Honey Badger. Diagnostic Characters : Heavy built body with head and body length 64-84 cm.; Legs and tail relatively short; Dorsal parts from the top of the head to the base of the tail varying from grey to pale yellow or whitish, venter and legs black. Locality: Reported from Kolar dist., Sathanur, Bangalur dist. (Karanth, 1986; Kumara and Singh, 2007). Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal preferring to live in desert as well in dry and moist deciduous forests, but avoiding regions of heavy rainfalls. Big claws are used essentially for digging in the ground. Though ratels are omnivorous, they are essentially flesh eaters. Distribution : Almost throughout India except North-east India, Jammu and Kashmir and Western Ghats. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (Nationally), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule I Part I. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Hussain (1999), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Alfred et al (2006b). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) kept Mellivora capensis under the subfamily Mellivorinae. Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008) recognized this species under the subfamily Mustelinae of the family Mustelidae. Weasels, Badgers and Otters differ so much from each other in appearance that it is difficult to believe that there is any relationship between them. However, certain similarities in skull and molar structures show resemblance and common affinity between them. Order CETACEA The species under order CETACEA are highly specialized and wholly adapted to an aquatic existence, with reproduction and feeding taking place in water. The animals of this order have developed smooth, spindle shaped and hairless bodies with fore limbs flattened into paddle shaped flippers. Hind limbs are absent, while tail tip expanded into lateral, horizontal flukes. Teeth absent or when present simple or conical. Order Cetacea is represented by two suborders in Karnataka State. Key to the two suborders of CETACEA Teeth present and horny 'baleen' plates absent .............................................. ODONTOCETI Teeth absent while horny 'baleen' plates present ...................................... MYSTICETI Suborder MYSTICETI Only one family has been reported from Karnataka State. Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Family Balaenopteridae is represented by two species under Genus Balaenoptera in Karnataka State. 547 Key to the two species of Genus Balaenoptera Largest marine mammal along Indian coast, length about 24-28 metres and even more; Body streamlined, larger normal, and without any "V" shaped pointed head with no central ridge on dorsal side, Females larger than males; Body bluish grey in colour, often mottled with yellowish grey. Characteristic white patch on right side of the lower jaw absent giving jaws uniform in appearance ... ................................. Balaenoptera musculus Second large-sized whale species with maximum length recorded up to 24 metres. Head "V" shaped and pointed with a prominent central ridge over it. Body dark grey to blackish above with no mottling, white underneath. There is a large white patch on right side of lower jaw giving a characteristic asymmetrical appearance .............................. . .................................. Balaenoptera physalus 81. Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus) 1758. Balaena musculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed., 1 : 76. 2008. Balaenoptera musculus: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 1l. Common Name : Blue Whale or Lesser Rorqual. Diagnostic Characters: Largest living mammal, length about 24-28 metres; Lower jaw smaller than upper jaw. Body streamlined, larger head, flippers are long and tapering; Females are slightly larger than males; Body bluish grey in colour, often mottled with yellowish grey . Locality: Reported in the past (in 1874) from Mangalore coast in Karnataka State (Sathasivam, 2004). Habitat : Blue whale prefers to live in cold water and open sea. It is involved in seasonal inter continental migration. Lives singly or in pairs, seldom seen in large schools. Feeds mainly on euphausids (Krills), amphipods, copepods and cephalopods. Distribution : Worldwide. From polar to tropical waters. Living in polar waters during 548 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 summer, migrating towards equator in winter. One population has spread and separated from the one in Southern hemisphere and lives in North Indian Ocean waters at all the times of the year. This population has been named as Pygmy Blue Whales. They have been reported from Mangalore, Cochin, Tuticorin, Calicut, Surat, Okha and number of other places along the Indian cost. Records based mostly on carcasses washed towards shore. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Critically Endangered (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (As amended upto 2006): Schedule II; Part I, CITES Appendix: I. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Remarks : Nil. 82. Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus) 1758. Balaena physalus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1 : 75. 2008. Balaenoptera physalus: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 11. Common Name : Fin Whale. Diagnostic Characters : Fin Whale is a second large-sized whale species next to Blue Whale in Indian waters. Fin whale possesses "V" shaped pointed head with a prominent central ridge over it. 56-100 ventral furrows extending upto naval present. Back ridged from dorsal fin to tail fluke. Dorsal fin small but distinct. Baleen plates 230370 in number on each side with size of 42 x 24 cm. Plates are stripped with alternate yellow and blue bands. Body dark grey to blackish above with no mottling, white underneath. There is a large white patch on right side of lower jaw giving a characteristic asymmetrical appearance in coloration. Maximum length recorded upto 24 meters. Locality : Catching of fin whale reported at Ullal, South Kanara and Kodi Kanyana (Kota) in Karnataka (Sathasivam, 2004). Habitat: Oceanic and pelagic inhabitant. Also involved in seasonal long distant migrations. Lives in a group of 3-10 or even 20 individuals. Feeds mainly on krills, squids and copepods. Its main predator is killer whale. Distribution : Circumtropical (Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean). Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972)(as amended upto 2006) Schedule II Part I, CITES : Appendix I. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et. a!. (2006a, b). Remarks: Survival of the species in the region is threatened due to heavy hunting for international commercial trade, pollution, accidental death due to trapping in gill nets, collisions with motor boats, fishing vessels etc. Suborder ODONTOCETI Out of seven known families described under this suborder, only three families have been reported from Karnataka State. Key to the three families of Odontoceti 1. Maximum length in the region 20 metres; Lower jaw shorter than upper one .............. . .......................................... PHYSETERIDAE Maximum length in the region below 20 meters; Lower jaw not shorter than upper one ...................................................................... 2 2. Maximum length in the region 10 metres, dorsal fin usually high and pointed and teeth large or moderate and conical ..................... . ............................................. DELPHINIDAE Maximum length in the region 1.8 metres, dorsal fin totally absent, teeth flat crowned ........................................... PHOCOENIDAE Family DELPHINIDAE Family DELPHINIDAE is represented by six genera in Karnataka State. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Key to the Genera of DELPHINIDAE 1. Large sized delphinids with maximum length above 5.4 meters .......................................... 2 Small sized delphinids with maximum length below 5.4 meters .......................................... 3 549 whitish, while sides with bands of fulvous or ochreous in colour. Locality : Along coastal region of Karnataka State (Alfred et al. (2006b). 2. Length about 8.5-10 m; Notch between forehead and snout present ............. Orcin us Habitat : Dolphins are aquatic in nature and seen in schools in coastal waters, one of the fastest marine animal attaining the speed upto 30 knots. Length about 5.4-6m; Notch absent between forehead and snout ...................... Pseudorca Distribution : Circumtropical, Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 3. Broad hump below dorsal fin present ......... . ...................................................... ........ Sousa Status : Many sightings have been reported from number of localities along Indian coastline, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (National), Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule II, Part I, CITES : Appendix II. Broad hump below dorsal fin absent ........ .4 4. Presence of 20-26 teeth on each side of the jaw ................................................... Tursiops Presence of 35 and above teeth on each side of the jaw ..................................................... 5 5. No stripe between eyes and flippers and eyes and anus; palate with deep groove on each side; 40-50 teeth present on each side of the jaw ................................................ Delphinus A stripe present from eyes to flippers or from eyes to anus; palate devoid of any groove on each side; 35-65 teeth present on each side of the jaw .............................................. Stenella Genus Delphinus Only one species of Genus Delphinus occurs in Karnataka State. 83. Delphinus delphis Linn. 1758. Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae 10th Ed., 1 : 77. 2008. Delphinus delphis: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 1l. Common Name: Common Dolphin or Shortbeaked Saddle back Dolphin. Diagnostic Characters: The snout is prolonged into a long narrow beak separated by a groove from the forehead. Both jaws contain conical teeth exceeding 35 in numbers in each row. Body slender, blowhole single, dorsal and pectoral fins falcate. Dorsum black or dark grey and under parts Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2000, 2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Remarks : Dolphin is known from very ancient times and has figured in myths and legends of early Mediterranean civilization. Now it is being kept in dolphinarium all over the world. Genus Orcin us Only one species of Genus Orcinus has been reported from Karnataka State. 84. Orcin us orca Linn. 1758. Delphinus orca Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae 10th Ed., 1 : 77. 2008. Orcinus orca: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 1l. Common Name: Killer Whale. Diagnostic Characters : Largest member of the Dolphin family with length 8.5-lOm; Body blackish above, light grey behind the dorsal fin and white below forming a trident posteriorly; Snout bluntly rounded, devoid of beak; It possesses high, erect and large dorsal fin and broadly oval pectoral flippers; A white patch behind eyes and an obscure patch behind dorsal fin present. 550 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Locality: Its range of distribution along Indian Coastal line from Gujarat to Tamil Nadu and Andamans and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands (Menon, 2003; Alfred et al., 2006a); Possibly occurs along the Karnataka coast as well. Habitat: Deep, colder waters off east and west coasts. Distribution : Cosmopoliton, occurring in all oceans, from the tropics to the polar regions. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (National), Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule II, Part I,CITES : Appendix II. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Menon (2003), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a). Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Near threatened (National) Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule II, Part I, CITES : Appendix II.Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Remarks : Nil. Genus Sousa Genus Sousa is represented by a single species, Sousa chinensis, in Karnataka State. 86. Sousa chinensis (Osbeck) 1765. Delphinus chinen sis Osbeck, P. Reise nach Ostindien und china. Rostock xxiv : pp. 552, 13 pIs. 2008. Sousa chinensis: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 1l. Remarks : Nil. Genus Pseudorca 85. Pseudorca crassidens (Owen) 1846. Phocaena crassidens Owen, Hist. Brit. Foss. Mamm. Birds, p. 516, fig., 213. 2008. Pseudorca crassidens: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 11. Common Name : False Killer Whale. Diagnostic Characters : Smaller than the Killer Whale with total length about 6 meters; Long slender body, smaller but bulbous head, distinct backwardly curved dorsal fin and tapering flippers; Body uniformly dark in colour, white on the chest. Locality : Recorded from West coast from Kozhikode, Trivandrum and Gulf of Cambay (Kumaran, 2004; Alfred et al., 2006b); Possibly occurring along the Karnataka coast also. Habitat: False killer whale is mainly a deep water oceanic form preferring to feed primarily on cephalopods and large fishes. They play, ride on the waves and leap above the surface. Oceanic deep water forms, but they may approach coast line near deep waters. Distribution : Wodd wide, temperate oceans including Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Recorded from East, West Coast and around Andaman and Nicobar Islands. ill tropical and Common Name : Indo-Pacific hump-back Dolphin. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized dolphin with maximum length reaching upto 3 meters, the beak is slender and sharply defined from forehead, characteristic broad hump below dorsal fin present, teeth in each row less than 35 in number. Locality : Stranding report of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin specimens along coastal areas (Malabar coast) adjacent to Karnataka coast line (Sathasivam, 2004). Habitat : Aquatic, marine, coastal, estuaries, confluence of rivers with seas etc. They have also been reported from the lower reaches upto 250 kms of the Chinese rivers. Distribution : Indo-Pacific region. Status : Many sightings have been reported from number of localities along Indian coastline; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Endangered (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006), Schedule: Schedule: II Part I; CITES : Appendix : I. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 551 Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Roberts (1997), Agrawal & Alfred (1999) and Sathasivam (2004). (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006), Schedule: Schedule: II Part I; CITES: Appendix : II. Remarks : The specIes IS reported to be declining in population, occurrence, area of occupancy and quality of habitat. Survival threat to the population is due to number of accidental death in fishing nets while catching fishes. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Roberts (1997), Agrawal & Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Genus Stenella Genus Stenella is represented by a single species, Stenella longirostris, in Karnataka State. Remarks: Survival threat to the population is due to human interference, trade pollution, number of accidental deaths in fishing nets while catching fishes and excessive tourism in dolphin habitats. Genus Tursiops 88. Tursiops truncatus (Montagu) 87. Stenella longirostris (Gray) 1828. Delphinus longirostris Gray, Specil. Zool. 1, l. 182l. Delphinus truncatus Montagu, Mem. Warnerian Nat. Hist. Soc., 3 : 75, pI. 3. 2008. Stenella longirostris: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 12. 2008. Common Name : Spinner dolphin. Diagnostic Characters: Medium sized streamlined bodied dolphin with maximum length reaching upto 2.5 metres, the beak is slender, long and sharply defined from forehead, teeth in each row in the range of 45-65 in number. Body colour pattern variable. However, it is, in general, grey above white below with paler sides. A grey stripe runs from eye to flipper or from eye to anus. Adults without spots on the back. Subtriangular dorsal fin located in the middle of the back. Tip blunt and backwardly directed. Tail fluke with strongly keeled base and notched in the middle. Locality : Reported from south of Mangalore along the West coast of Karnataka State (Sathasivam, 2004). Habitat Oceanic pelagic form of circumtropical waters. The spinner dolphins are seen in large schools (200 to 1000) in offshore and deep waters. Feeds mainly on fishes and squids. Distribution: Indo-Pacific region. Status : Many sightings have been reported from number of localities along Indian coastline; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk - Near threatened (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife Tursiops truncatus: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 12. Common Name : Bottle-nosed Dolphin. Diagnostic Characters : A stout dolphin with total length about 2.3-3.8m; Snout clearly demarcated by bulbous forehead by sharp groove. Dorsal body colouration varies in the range from grey to black; No stripes or spots on the body. Locality : Recorded specimens along West coast areas (Calicut, Cochin, Trivandrum) adjacent to Karnataka coast line (Sathasivam,2004); Possible occurrence along Coastal area of Karnataka can not be ruled out. Habitat : Oceanic form. Species is known to inhabit offshore and inshore temperate as well as tropical waters. The inshore range extends to river mouths, bays, lagoons, estuaries and 0-5-20m deep shallow marine regions. Bottle-nosed Dolphin lives in a group size of 2-18. However inshore schools of 200 and offshore schools of 500 have also been recorded. Distribution : Worldwide. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower Risk-Near Threatened (N ational) Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule II, Part I, CITES : Appendix II. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and 552 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Family PHOCOENIDAE threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (l972)(as amended upto 2006) Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix I; Red Data Book (National)(1994) Insufficiently known. Family PHOCOENIDAE is represented by a single species under the Genus Neophocaena in Karnataka State. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). 89. Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier) Remarks: Survival of the species in the region IS threatened due to pollution, accidental death due to trapping in gill nets, collisions with motor boats, fishing vessels etc. Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Remarks : Nil. 1827. Delphinus phocaenoides, euvier, G., Regne Anim., Nouv. Ed., 1 : 29l. 2008. Neophocaena phocaenoides : Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 12. Common Name : Black finless porpoise. Diagnostic Characters: Absence of dorsal fin is the characteristic feature, length not more than 2 metres, teeth flat crowned and not more than 15-20 in each row. Little finless porpoise is one of the smallest cetaceans. Head blunt rounded without any beak. Eyes rather well developed. Blowhole crescentric in shape. Flippers small and elliptical. There are small, hard and horny tubercles in the mid region of the back extending upto caudal peduncle. Tail compressed horizontally with a notch in the middle. Body colour dark slaty grey with purplish white patches on throat and lips. Locality : Occurrence of finless porpoise specimens has been reported near the Malpe, South Kanara; Karwar; Ullal near Mangalore coast, Karnataka State (Sathasivam, 2004). Habitat : The finless porpoise IS aquatic preferably marine as well as estuarine, both, in habit. Prefers to live in coastal, river mouth, and estuarine waters. It has been reported to reach lower reaches upto 65 kms. from the mouth of Indus river in Pakistan and over 1000 kms. from the mouth of Yangtze river in China. Distribution : Circumtropical (Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean). Status: Reported to have been occasionally caught in gill nets from number of localities along the Indian coast line, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near Family PHYSETERIDAE Family PHYSETERIDAE is represented by a single species under the Genus Physeter in Karnataka State. 90. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus 1758. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1 : 76. 2006. Physeter macrocephalus: Alfred et al. Validation of Threatened Mammals of India : 393-395 Common Name: Sperm Whale .. Diagnostic Characters : Large sized, with length in the range of 8-18m.; Head enormous, squarish, about one-third size of the body containing a large organ filled with spermaceti; Body colour grey to dark bluish grey; Upper jaw toothless; Lower jaw narrow and under slung studded with 18-27 large thick and conical teeth on each side; No dorsal fin but row of humps present on posterior half of the back up to the tail. Locality : Reported from West coast area (Kerala and Maharashtra) adjacent to Karnataka State (Alfred et al., 2006a,b; Palot, 2007). Habitat: Deep water oceanic forms. Usually not found in areas with less than 180 m depth. They can dive as deep as 2800 meters and be under water for more than an hour. Further they can remain on surface and below nearly 50 times for an hour before next deep dive. Sperm Whale may be found solitary or in groups. Distribution : World wide. Sperm Whale PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia females and young males are confined between 45'N and 45'S latitudes, while mature males travel upto Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Reported from east and west coasts of India (Alfred et al. (2006a,b). Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (N ational) Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972)(as amended upto 2006) Schedule II Part I, CITES : Appendix I. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004), Alfred et. al. (2006a,b), Palot (2007). Remarks : Nil. Order SIRENIA Order Serenia is known by the massive spindleshaped marine animals with no external trace of dorsal fin or hind limbs, tail-tip expanded and horizontally flattened and cheek teeth flat-crowned. Head rounded and truncated. Order SIRENIA is represented by a single family Dugongidae in Karnataka State. 553 hind limbs absent. Incisors in adult males tusk like. Nostrils are situated on top of the head. Locality: Reported from adjacent coastal areas such as Kokan and Malabar coasts (Agrawal and Alfred, 1999). Habitat : Dugong IS restricted to coastal, shallow and marine habitat feeding mainly upon sea-grasses of the families Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Sea cows are totally aquatic herbivores. Distribution : Coastal waters of Asia, Africa and Australia. Status : Many sightings have been reported from number of localities along Indian Coastline, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Critically Endangered (National), Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, Red Data Book (1994) (National): Vulnerable, CITES: Appendix: I. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal and Alfred (1999), Sathasivam (2004) and Alfred et al. (2006ab). Family DUGONGIDAE Genus Dugong Remarks : Sea cow populations along Indian coastline are reported to be under threat due to decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and also due to hunting for its flesh, hide, fat, bones and tusks. 91. Dugong dugon (Mueller) Order PROBOSCIDEA 1776. Trichecus dugan Mueller, Linne's Vollstandiges Natursyst. Suppl., : 2l. Order Proboscidea is represented by the animals with massively built body, possessing long flexible proboscis. Males generally possess large tusks i.e. enlarged incisors. Molars large and transversely ridged. Family Dugongidae is represented by a single species, Dugong dugon under the Genus Dugong in Karnataka State. 2008. Dugong dugan: Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 12. Common Name : Dugong or sea cow. Diagnostic Characters: Body is streamlined with belly more or less flat while the back and sides are rounded. Neck absent, head massive somewhat truncate anteriorly. Fleshy pad-like upper lip, projecting over the lower lip and provided with fine stiff bristles around the muzzle; Nostrils situated on top of the head, eyes small and deeply sunk. Clawed, flipper - like forelimbs, The order Elephantidae. contains a single family Family ELEPHANTIDAE In India Family Elephantidae is represented by a single subspecies, Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier under a species Elephas maximus of Genus Elephas. 554 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 *92. Elephas maxim us indicus Cuvier 1797. Elephas indicus Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. Hist. Nat.: 148 (India). 2006. Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier : Alfred et al. Validation of Threatened Mammals of India: 396399. Common Name : Indian Elephant. Diagnostic Characters : Elephant possesses massively built body with a long flexible proboscis. Proboscis ends in a single lip. Males generally possess large tusks i.e. enlarged incisors. Molars large and transversely ridged. Height at shoulder reaches upto 335 cm. Body blackish grey throughout. Four nails on each hindfoot. Ears large but not enormous like African elephant. Locality : Reported sighting of elephant herds in Bandipur, Nagarhole, Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka State by ZSI survey teams (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat : Terrestrial, preferring to live in tropical dry and moist deciduous forests including savannah grasslands. Can undertake long distance migration in search of food, shelter and water. Possesses excellent sense of smell and memory. Extremely adaptable. Very social and lives in herds of varying sizes. Distribution: Southern Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, parts of Central, northern, eastern and north-eastern India. Status : The species has been reported from number of fragmented localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule I Part I, CITES : Appendix I, Red Data Book (1994): Vulnerable. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Alfred et. al. (2002, 2006b), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Palot and Radhakrishnan (2007). Remarks: Elephants are involved in large scale illegal trade at domestic as well as international level, mostly for ivory and other body parts (Pradhan, 1997). The populations are under threat due to illicit wildlife trade, fragmentation of populations, loss of natural habitat, corridors etc. These result in elephant encroachments in cultivation, house hold properties and elephanthuman conflicts (Agrawal et al., 1992). Order ARTIODACTYLA Even-toed ungulates, axis of the foot between third and fourth toes; toes enclosed in horny hooves of roughly same size giving appearance of single hoof. Four families in Karnataka State represent order Artiodactyla. Key to the families of the Order ARTIODACTYLA 1. Animals devoid of horns and antlers; Snout with naked nasal disc; stomach with two chambers .......................................... SUIDAE Animals with horns or antlers, at least in males; Snout normal and without any nasal disc; stomach with 3-4 chambers ........................ 2 2. Metacarpals of 2 nd and 5 th digits complete; pre-orbital glands absent, 11 not angular and wider than 12 , Cl' modified into tusks, stomach with three chambers ............. TRAGULIDAE Metacarpals of 2 nd and 5 th digits rudimentary; pre-orbital gland mayor may not be present, 11 angular and much wider than 12 ' C 1 mayor may not be modified into tusks, stomach with four chambers .............................................. 3 3. Permanent horns, at least in males, present; C 1 absent; post-oribtal gland mayor may not be present ..................................... BOVIDAE Deciduous antlers present in males; C 1 present in normal shape; post orbital gland present. ................................................... CERVIDAE Family SUIDAE Family Suidae is represented by a single species, Sus scrofa, under a single genus, Sus, in Karnataka State. *93. Sus scrofa Linn. 1758. Sus scrofa Linnaeus, Systema naturae Vol. I, 10th Ed. Holmia : 824. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 2008. Sus scrofa : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name : Wild Boar. Diagnostic Characters : Greatly elongated muzzle terminating in a flattened naked nasal disc adapted for rooting up subterranean parts of plants, upper incisors present, stomach with two chambers only, crest of black bristles present from nape to the back. Locality: Common throughout Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986). Reported from most of the protected areas of Karnataka State such as Bandipur, Nagarhole, Kudremukh, Bannerghatta National Park; Bilgiri Rangaswamy Temple wildlife sanctuary, (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Aravind, 2006; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007; Valarmathi and Krishnan, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial, wild boar lives in grassy or scanty bushy jungle, forest, most commonly seen in high crops also. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: Reported from many localities, humanwild boar conflict occurs due to crop damages, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule III. Source: Corbet and Hill (1992), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). 555 *94. Moschiola meminna (Erxleben) 1777. Moschus meminna Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., Mamm. : 322. 2008. Moschiola meminna : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Indian chevrotain or Mouse Deer. Diagnostic Characters : Same as mentioned for the family, these deers have four well developed toes on each foot. A tiny little deer with high hindquarters. Its coat is olive-brown minutely speckled with yellow. The flanks are marked with characteristic rows of buff or white spots, which elongate and pass into longitudinal bands. Ventral side is always white. Locality: Sightings reported from Nagarhole, Bandipur, Kudremukh National park by ZSI survey parties in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat : Terrestrial, small sized shy creature preferring to live in thick forest. Distribution : Peninsular India. Status : Reported from many localities in Peninsular India, IUCN Criteria as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (N ational), Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) as amended upto 2006), Schedule : Schedule I Part I. Remarks: Wild Boar causes extensive damage to the standing crops. Source: Karanth, 1986; Corbet and Hill (1992); Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003); Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Family TRAGULIDAE Family CERVIDAE The cloven hoofed deers are smallest of the ungulates possessing, like musk deer, enlarged upper canines in males. Mouse deers are included in this family because they do not possess upper incisors, deciduous antlers or horns and preorbital glands. But they do possess three chambered stomach. Family Tragulidae is represented by a single species under the genus Moschiola viz. Subfamily CERVINAE Medium sized deers possessing deciduous antlers in males, post-orbital gland and four chambered stomach. No incisors in upper jaw. Three genera of Subfamily Cervinae of a family Cervidae occurs in Karnataka State. Moschiola meminna Erxleben in Karnataka State. 1. Upper canines tusk-like, in males; antlers short, Key to the genera of the subfamily CERVIDAE 556 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 consisting of a short brow-tine and an unbranched beam .......................... Muntiacus Upper canines when present, not tusk-like; antlers long and branched ........................... 2 2. Body distinctly spotted; brow-tine set at right angles to the beam of antlers ................. Axis Body unspotted; brow-tine forms an acute angle with the beam of antlers ............. Rusa Genus Axis Species Axis axis (Erxleben) represents Genus Axis in Karnataka State. *95. Axis axis (Erxleben) 1777. Crevus axis Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim. : 312. 2008. Axis axis: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name : Chital, Spotted Deer. Diagnostic Characteristic : Coat bright rufousfawn, profusely spotted with white, at all ages and seasons, antlers with three tines, a long browtine set nearly at right angles to the beam; latter divides into two branches. Locality: Sighting reported in from Bandipur, Nagarhole, Dandeli in Karnataka State by ZSI survey parties (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Terrestrial, diurnal, prefers to stay in grassy forest glades and shaded streams, generally seen in herds of 10-30 with one or two stags. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Abundant populations reported from number of localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended upto 2002) : Schedule IV. Source : Agrawal et al. (1992), Corbett and Hill (1992); Pradhan and Kurup (2001); Alfred et al. (2002), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks: Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) have included Genera Axis and Cervus in subfamily Cervinae under family Cervidae on the basis of the revisionary studies carried out by Whitehead (1972) and Groves and Grub (1987). Spotted deers are involved in large scale illegal trade, hunting and poaching at domestic as well as international level, mostly for skin and other body parts and also for antlers for making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Rusa Only One specIes of Genus Rusa occurs Karnataka State. ill *96. Rusa unicolor Kerr 1792. Cervus axis unicolor Kerr, Anim. Kingd. : 300. 2008. Rusa unicolor: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Sambar. Diagnostic Characters : Largest of the Indian deer, height at shoulder about 159 cm., coat coarse and shaggy, mane present in stags, covering neck and throat, each antlers with 3 tines, brow antler forming an acute angle with beam, colour brown dorsally with yellowish or grayish tinge, ventral side paler. Locality : Sighting reported from Bandipur, N agarhole, Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka State by ZSI Survey parties (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial, preferring to live in thickly wooded forest, diurnal in habit. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Many populations have been reported from number of localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower riskleast concern (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: III. Source: Karanth (1986), Agrawal et al. (1992), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001); Alfred et al. (2002), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). 557 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scot (1951), Corbet and Hill (1992) placed this species under the genus Cervus. However, Wilson and Reeder (2005) retained generic name, Rusa. Same view has been followed in the present paper. Sambars are involved in large scale illegal trade, hunting and poaching at domestic as well as international level, mostly for skin and other body parts and also for antlers for making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Muntiacus Genus Muntiacus is represented in Karnataka State by a single species, Muntiacus muntjack. *97. Muntiacus muntjack (Zimmerman) 1780. Cervus muntjack Zimmerman, Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vier! Thiere, 2 : 13l. 2008. Muntiacus muntjack : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Indian muntjak, Barking deer, Rib-faced deer. Diagnostic Characters : Upper canines tusk like in males, antlers short and unspotted coat slightly darker in colour. Dorsum reddish chestnut, while venter whitish in colour. Heavy bodied deer with short dainty legs. Body fur soft and glossy. Male with a pair of short antlers arising from two skin covered bony pedicles which extend down on either side of the face as bony ridges. Locality : Sighting reported from Bandipur, Nagarhole, Brarnhagiris, Kudremukh in Karnataka state by ZSI Survey parties (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat: Terrestrial, any thickly wooded forest including moist mixed deciduous, diurnal in habit. Distribution : Almost throughout the country excluding Jammu and Kashmir. Status : Fragmented populations reported from selected localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-least concern (National), Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended upto 2006) : Schedule III. Source: Prater (1980), Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Wilson and Reeder (1993) have reported number of subfamilies under the Family Cervidae on the basis of the revisionary work carried out by Whitehead (1972) and Groves and Grab (1987), but Genus Muntiacus was included in subfamily Muntiacinae. However, Wilson and Reeder (2005) in the revised edition retained this genus under the subfamily Cervinae. Barking deers are also involved in illegal trade, hunting and poaching at domestic level, mostly for skin and other body parts such as meat and also for antlers for making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Family BOVIDAE The bovid species possess permanent horns; usually in both sexes, consisting of bone cores with sheaths of horn, no incisors or canines in upper jaw, stomach with four chambers. Family Bovidae is represented by two subfamilies, Antilopinae and Bovinae in Karnataka State. Key to the subfamilies of family BOVIDAE Permanent horns with annular rings spirally twisted ................................. ANTILOPINAE Permanent horns may be curved or straight but never twisted ......................... BOVINAE Subfamily ANTILOPINAE Subfamily Antilopinae represented by two genera and species in Karnataka State Key to genera and species of the subfamily ANTILOPINAE Shoulder height of male about 74-83cm.; Horns in males, when fully grown, fairly long. Horns circular, in cross section .................. .. ...................................... Antelope cervicapra Shoulder height of male about 52-65cm.; Horns in males, when fully grown, fairly short; Horns flat in cross section .......................... .. ............................................ Gazella bennettii 558 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Genus Antilope 98. Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus) 1758. Capra cervicapra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I : 69. 2008. Antilope cervicapra: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Blackbuck or Indian Antilope. Diagnostic Characters : Adult males blackish brown dorsally, with white on throat and the ventrum. Males with long spiraled horns; Females yellowish fawn above, white below and hornless; Head and Body length about 120-130 cm; Height at shoulder 74-83 cm. Tail short in the range of 16-18 cm. Locality : Reported from north and south plateau, Naganapura, Ranebennur, in Karnataka state (Karanth, 1986). Habitat : Largely terrestrial, gregarious and social animal preferring to live in open plains covered with scrub or cultivations. They may enter open forests, which contain vast expanses of grass. It is a diurnal and silent animal found in a herd of 20-30 individuals. Distribution : Throughout the drier parts of peninsular India except in North-East India. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998): Lower risk-Least concern (Nationally), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule I Part I, CITES Appendix: III (Nepal). Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks: Blackbuck is hunted for its meat for food, skin and body parts for various purposes including making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, human interference and domestic commercial trade. 99. Gazella bennettii (Sykes) 183l. Antelope bennettii Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830-31: 104. 2008. Gazella bennettii: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name: Indian Gazelle or Chinkara. Diagnostic Characters : Slender bodied antelope with horns in males relatively longer than in females; The horns are sinuous and closely ringed; Head and body length about 100cm; Height at shoulder ranges between 52-65cm; Dorsum sandy brown to light chestnut with white under parts. Tail medium in length and covered with a dorsal crest of black hairs. Locality: Reported from north plateau, Sandur in Karnataka state (Karanth, 1986). Habitat : Inhabits plains and low hills preferring to live in thinly covered dry forested and rocky scrub covered areas. Distribution: North-western and Central India, including the Thar desert in Rajasthan and Gujarat extending southwards to a little south of the Krishna river. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998): Lower risk-Least concern(National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Red Data Book (1994) : Vulnerable; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule I Part I, CITES Appendix: Not listed. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Chinkara is hunted for its meat for food and skin and body parts for various purposes including making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, human interference and domestic commercial trade. Subfamily BOVINAE Only three genera under Subfamily Bovinae have been recorded from the Karnataka state. Key to the genera of Subfamily BOVINAE 1. Two pairs of short horns in males. Small-sized PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia antelope with height at shoulder under 65 cm ...................................................... Tetracerus Only one pair of strong horns in males or in both sexes. Large-sized with height above 100 cm ................................................................. 2 2. Tail with terminal tuft; Females with horns; A prominent muscular dorsal ridge present on the shoulders ........................................... Bos Tail without terminal tuft; Females without horns; A prominent muscular dorsal ridge absent on the shoulders ............. Boselaphus Genus Bos Only one species under genus Bas has been reported from Karnataka State. *100. Bos gaurus Smith 1827. Bas gaurus H. Smith, Griffith's Cuvier Anim. Kingd. 4 : pI. Opposite p. 399. 2008. Bas gaurus : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. Common Name : Indian Gaur. Diagnostic Characters: Gaur is a robust animal with height at shoulders in males in the range of 175-200 cm and possessing a pair of permanent horns in both the sexes. Gaur horn bases are wide apart and cross section of the horn is always round or oval. The horn consists of unbranched bone core with a sheath. Gaur possesses huge head, deep massive body and sturdy limbs. Ears large and broad. A prominent muscular dorsal ridge present on the shoulders, which slopes down to the middle of the back where it ends in an abrupt dip. Being a member of the bovid family upper incisors absent, and diastema between incisors and cheek-teeth long. Tail with terminal tuft of hairs. The general body colour coffee or reddish brown or jet black in old bulls and ashy forehead with yellowish or whitish stockings. Calves always lighter in colour, while adult female blackish brown in colour. Stomach complex and divided into four chambers. In hot weather much of the hair is shed. Locality: ZSI Survey parties reported sightings 559 in Bandipur, Nagarhole, Kudremukh and Dandeli in Western Ghats and southern plateau in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001; Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2007). Habitat : A typical thickly wooded hills are the favorite haunts of Gaur in India. Largely terrestrial preferring to live in all types of forests and jungles. They can go even beyond the altitude of 6000 Ft. They are fairly diurnal in habit. They are seen generally in herds. They keep to more or less thick jungle and come out to graze in open or outskirts of the forest. Gaur is by nature shy and timid animal. Distribution: North-east India, duars of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Peninsular India. Status : Fragmented populations have been reported from isolated localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Vulnerable (National) and Data Deficient (Global), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended unto 2006) Schedule: Schedule I Part I, Red Data Book, National (1994): Vulnerable, CITES Appendix: I. Source: Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2006), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks : Peter Grubb in Wilson and Reeder (1993 and 2005) has included Bas gaurus in Bas frontalis. However, Bas gaurus has been retained here based on the comments given in Corbet and Hill (1992). Alfred et al. (2006a,b) and Nameer (2008) have also followed the same views. Gaur is hunted for its meat for food and body parts for various purposes including making trophies. Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, human interference and domestic as well as international commercial trade (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Boselaphus 101. Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas) 1766. Antilope tragocamelus Pallas, Misc. Zool. : 5. 2008. Boselaphus tragocamelus: Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 10. 560 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Common Name : Blue Bull, Nilgai. Diagnostic Characters : Horse-like in build, higher shoulder sloping downwards to a low rump; Body colour in males iron-grey and in females sandy brown; A distinctive tuft of stiff black hairs present on the throat of males; Height at shoulder 130-150 cm. Locality : Occurrence of this species in the past in south and northern plateau in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986). Habitat: Largely terrestrial animal preferring to live in dry deciduous and thorn forest. However, they avoid dense forests and move around in hills sparsely dotted with trees, or on undulating or level plains covered with grass and patches of scrub. They freely enter in crop fields and are source of damage to the standing crops. Though Blue Bulls are social in habit, they do not regularly congregate in large herds. Nilgai can survive without water for long periods. Distribution : Peninsular India including Karnataka. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-Least concern (National), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule III. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Menon (2003), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Nameer (2008). Remarks : Nilgai is hunted for its meat for food and body parts for various purposes including making trophies. Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, human interference and domestic as well as international commercial trade (Pradhan, 1997). Genus Tetracerus Only one species under genus Tetracerus has been reported from Karnataka State. 102. Tetracerus quadricornis (Blainville) Common Name : Four-horned antelope, Chousingha. Diagnostic Characters : Presence of four horns (second pair on the forehead is comparatively much smaller), absence of rings on the horns, which are keeled in front, and presence of a pair of well-developed glands between the false hooves of the hind legs in both the sexes are the characteristic features of the species. Coat colour dull red-brown dorsally and white ventrally with dark stripe down the front of each leg. Locality: Reported from Bandipur, Nagarhole, Sandur in Western Ghats and southern plateau in Karnataka State (Karanth, 1986; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Terrestrial, well wooded and watered undulating terrain with dry deciduous forests, also found in transition zone between scrub and the forests, diurnal in habit. Distribution : Throughout India excluding northeast region. Status : Fragmented populations reported from isolated localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (1998) : Lower risk-near threatened (National) and Data Deficient (Global); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (as amended upto 2006) : Schedule : Schedule I Part I; Red Data Book (1994) (National) : Vulnerable; Red Data Book (1996) (International) : Vulnerable. Source : Karanth (1986), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : Corbet and Hill (1992) placed this species under the family Bovidae without distinction of any subfamily. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), and Wilson and Reeder (1993 and 2005) recognized the subfamily Bovinae. Same view has been followed in the present paper. Order PHOLIDOTA 1816. Cerophorus (Cervicapra) quadricornis Blainville, Bull. Soc. philom. Paris: 75 & 78. Order Pholidota is represented by the animals 2008. Teracerus quadricornis : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 1l. with upper part of body covered with large, overlapping scales or scutes. undersurface clothed PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia with coarse bristle like hairs. Snout long and narrow with long sticky tongue. The order contains a single family. Family MANIDAE Family Manidae is represented by only one genus Manis with a single species M. crassicaudata Gray within Karnataka state. 561 Order RODENTIA Order Rodentia is characterized by presence of a pair of ever growing chisel-shaped incisors in each jaw and a distinct diastema (Open space) between incisors and cheek teeth (Molars). Order Rodentia is represented by three suborders in Karnataka State. Key to the suborders of RODENTIA 103. Manis crassicaudata Gray 1828. Manis crassicaudata Gray, in Griffith's Cuvier Animal. Kingd., 5 : 282. 2008. Manis crassicaudata : Nameer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 8. Common Name : Indian Pangolin. 1. Fur modified into quills or long stiff hairs .. ................................... HYSTRICOMORPHA - Fur normal and not modified into quills or long stiff hairs .............................................. 2 2. Cheek teeth 3/3 ................... MYOMORPHA Diagnostic Characters: Hump-backed body, tapering tail without glandular naked area at the tip. Muzzle tapering to a narrow, downwardly curving trunk like snout. External pinna like a shallow, crescent-shaped vertical folds. Body covered with 11-13 rows of overlapping light yellowish brown, pointed scales or scutes. - Locality : Mysore and Bangalore districts (Karanth, 1987); Bandipur National Park in Karnataka (Menon, 2003). Family Sciuridae is represented by three subfamilies in Karnataka State. All types of squirrels belong to the Family Sciuridae. Distribution: Peninsular India (Corbet and Hill, 1992 and Chakrborty et al., 2002). Key to the Subfamilies of SCIURIDAE Status : Agrawal et al. (1992) have reported the status of the species as rare in peninsular India. IUCN criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2005) : Vulnerable (National and South Asia), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: I Part: I, CITES: Appendix: II, Red Data Book (National, 1994) : Vulnerable .. Source : Corbet and Hill (1992), Chakrborty et al. (2002), Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Alfred et al. (2006b). Remarks: Recent status survey study of Manis crassicaudata was carried out by Chakrborty et al. (2002). The species is known to be hunted for domestic trade of body parts for medicinal and other usage (Pradhan, 1997). Cheek teeth, except in Genus Ratufa, 5/4 in number ............................ SCIUROMORPHA Suborder SCIUROMORPHA Suborder Sciuromorpha is represented by a single family, Sciuridae in Karnataka State. Family SCIURIDAE 1. Flying membrane present on both side of the body .......................................... SCIURINAE - Flying membrane totally absent .................. 2 2. Small-sized squirrel, head and body length always below 280 mm; dorsal surface of the body with stripes ........ CALLOSCIURINAE - Large-sized squirrel, head and body length over 280mm; dorsum without any stripe on the body ................................... RATUFINAE Subfamily CALLOSCIURINAE Subfamily Callosciurinae is represented by single Genus in Karnataka State. Genus Funambulus Four species of the Genus Funambulus occur in Karnataka State. 562 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Key to the species of Funambulus 1. Dorsal pelage with five longitudinal light stripes ......................... Funambulus pennantii Dorsal pelage with three longitudinal light stripes ............................................................ 2 2. Occipitonasallength usually exceeding 40 mm; length of palate (front of incisors to back of palate) usually exceeding half of the occipitonasal length ...................................... . ·................................. Funambulus tristriatus Nasal and frontals less than 30% of occipitonasal length. Upper incisors narrow, reddish or yellow and plain. Five upper cheek teeth. Upper toothrow in the range of 6.8-7.9 mm. Locality: Reported from Vijaynagar, Bellary; Dharwar, Kolar and Seringapatanam in Karnataka State (Agarwal & Chakraborty, 1979a,b); one specimen was collected from Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karnataka (ZSI, WRC; Ml482). Habitat : Thin forest cover. Occipitonasallength usually less than 40 mm; length of palate usually less than half of occipitonasal length ..................................... 3 Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least Concern (For Funambulus palmarum). 3. Occipitonasallength usually exceeding 36 mm ·................................. Funambulus palmarum Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Alfred et al. (2002), Nameer (2008). Occipitonasallength usually less than 36 mm ·............................... Funambulus sublineatus Species Funambulus palmarum Three striped palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum is represented by only the nominate subspecies in Karnataka state. *104. Funambulus palmarum palmarum (Linnaeus) 1766. Sciurus palma rum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed., 1 : 86. 2002. Funambulus palmarum palmarum: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 175-176. Common Name: Indian Palm Squirrel. Diagnostic Characters: Head and Body length the range of 117 -178mm. Tail length range 113-176 mm. In majority of specimens, it is longer than Head and Body length. Hind foot in the range between 29.0-41.0mm. Dorsal median stripe narrower than the laterals. Longitudinal dorsal stripes creamy white in colour. Forehead brown grizzling prominently. Anterior portion of dorsal saddle generally with blackish brown tinge, which extends up to the root of the tail. Tail black and white, orange rufous line running down the center. Occipitonasallength in the range of 37.3-40.2 mm. ill Remarks : Funambulus palmarum bellaricus Wroughton reported from central and northern part of Western Ghats in Karnataka and Maharashtra states has been synonymised under the nominate subspecies Funambulus palmarum palmarum on the basis of insignificant colour variations (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). However, recently Talmale (2007) also found colour variations within the specimens of F. p. bellaricus from Kolar and Srirangapatanam (Karnataka) and Kolhapur (Maharashtra) regions. Species Funambulus tristriatus Jungle striped squirrel Funambulus tristriatus IS represented by two subspecies in Karnataka State. Key to the subspecies of Funambulus tristriatus Larger size; Hind foot length 40 mm and above; Occipetonasal length averages above 42 mm; Upper Molar toothrow 8 mm and above ....... Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus Smaller size; Hind foot length below 40 mm; Occipetonasallength averages below 42 mm; Upper Molar toothrow below 8 mm ........... . .................. Funambulus tristriatus numarius PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia *105. Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Waterhouse) 1837. Funambulus tristriatus Waterhouse, Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth's), 1 : 499. 2002. Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 177. Common Name: Jungle striped squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Large sized jungle striped squirrel with Head and Body length Head and Body length in the range of 140-210 mm. Tail bushy and shorter than Head and Body length in the range of 136-181mm. Length of Hind foot 40 mm and above. Infraorbital foramen scarcely open for muscle transmission. There are three pale yellow longitudinal strips, middle one being much shorter and narrower than the lateral ones. Saddle rich chestnut; under parts usually white or whitish or buff coloured. The inguinal region, testis and mid-ventral line of the tail is red or from cadmium orange to saturn red in colour. Occipitonasallength averages 42mm and above (Ellerman, 1961); Upper molar toothrow (2 premolars and 3 molars) 8 mm and above. Locality : Reported from Haleri, Wotekolli, Srimangala, Makut, Virajpet in North and South Coorg, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Sighting reported by ZSI Survey Parties) in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1979a,b; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat : Arboreal and diurnal preferring to live in semi-dense forests close to human habitations. Though mostly arboreal, they come quite often on the ground. They are in habit of constructing nests in tree holes. They are basically shy in nature. Distribution: Kerala State in Western Ghats. Status: Species endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Near Threatened (For Funambulus tristriatus). Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Pradhan and Kurup (2001), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Alfred et al. (2002) and Menon (2003). 563 Remarks : Funambulus tristriatus wroughtoni Ryley reported from South Coorg (Karnataka) and Kerala in Western Ghats has been synonymised with nominate subspecies Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). Indian striped squirrel species are hunted for meat for food and skin and body parts for various purposes including making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions and isolation, human interference and domestic commercial trade. *106. Funambulu'ghton 1916. Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. soc., 24 : 646. 1992. Funambulus tristriatus numarius: Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region: 28l. Common Name: Jungle striped squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Small sized jungle striped squirrel with Head and Body length ranges between 140-174 mm. Tail bushy with hairs are black with white tips. It is shorter than Head and Body length in the range of 124-175mm. Three longitudinal pale buff stripes, broader and better marked than the F. t. tristriatus. Face coloured like the back with a yellow suffusion, cheeks buff in colour. Colour of saddle becomes jet black. The inguinal region, testis and mid-ventral line of the tail is a bright cinnamon rufous in colour. Hind foot length below 40mm. Occipitonasal length averages below 42mm (Ellerman, 1961). Locality : Reported from Gersoppa, Hulekal near Sirsi, Kanara, Dharwar, Potoli, Devikop, Shimoga, in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Moore and Tate, 1965; Agrawal and Chakraborty, 1979a,b ). Habitat : Arboreal and diurnal preferring to live in semi-dense forests close to human habitations. Though mostly arboreal, they come quite often on the ground. They are in habit of constructing nests in tree holes. They are basically shy in nature. Distribution : Maharashtra and Goa States in northern part of Western Ghats. Status : Species endemic to India; IUCN 564 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Near Threatened (For Funambulus tristriatus). Distribution: Kerala, Tamil Nadu in Western Ghats. Source : Ellerman (1961), Moore and Tate (1965); Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (2005). Status: Not very uncommon in the region; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Endangered (National), Vulnerable (South Asia). Remarks: Earlier Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Ellerman (1961) kept Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton under nominate subspecies Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Waterhouse) due to overlapping of characters within these races. Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979a) also supported Ellerman's view. Later, Moore and Tate (1965) maintained numarius as a distinct subspecies of F. tristriatus. Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) also followed the same view. Species Funambulus sublineatus Source : Ellerman (1961), Moore and Tate (1965), Corbet and Hill (1992), Alfred et al. (2002), Menon (2003) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks: Nil Species Funambulus pennantii Indian five striped northern palm squirrel Funambulus pennantii is represented an only nominate subspecies in Karnataka state. *108. Funambulus pennantii pennantii Wroughton Dusky striped squirrel Funambulus sublineatus is represented by an only nominate subspecies in Karnataka state. 1905. Funambulus penn anti Wroughton, J. Bombay N. H. Soc., 16 : 41l. 107. Funambulus sublineatus sublineatus (Waterhouse) 2004. Funambulus pennantii pennantii: Srinivasulu, Chakraborty and Pradhan, Zoos' Print Journal, 19 (2) : 1354. 1838. Sciurus sublineatus Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1838 : 19. Common Name: Indian five striped Northern Palm Squirrel. 2002. Funambulus sublineatus sublineatus : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 176. Diagnostic Characters : Indian five striped squirrel possesses Head and Body length never over 200 mm, molars four in number and tail always long and bushy (Range 130-180 mm). The back has five bold light coloured stripes on the dorsal surface with under parts usually white or whitish or buff coloured. There are three median pale stripes and one pale stripe on the flanks on each side. Underside of the tail without red or reddish line running down the centre. Dorsum brownish or grayish. The stripes are long and middorsal stripe light but prominent. Baculum simple and not bifurcated. Two pairs of mammary teats present. Common Name: Dusky Palm Squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Coat speckled with dull greenish grey. Under parts dull brown. Dorsal side possesses three pale stripes alternating with four dark longitudinal stripes. Head and body length in the range of 110-130 mm and tail length 106-135 mm. Occipitonasallength ranges between 33.0-35.4 mm (Ellerman, 1961). Under parts drab dull brownish, often little lighter than the back. Locality : Reported from Kutta, Coorg; Kotagiri, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills, Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Moore and Tate, 1965. Habitat : It prefers country side with light rainfall. It is quite common upto 5000 ft. (Moore and Tate, 1965). Locality: Reported from Dharwad, Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Moore and Tate, 1965). Also sighted within the limits of Belgaum and Dharwad cities by ZSI survey parties during NBR Surveys. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 565 Habitat : Arboreal and diurnal preferring to live close to the human habitations. Five striped squirrel is more commensal species than the three striped species. Five striped squirrel is more common in North India (Its southern limit being Dharwad in Karnataka State). Though arboreal, they come more frequently on the ground. They are in habit of constructing nests in tree holes. Distribution : North, North-East and Central India and also in Western Ghats. Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Funambulus pennantii , National), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : IV. Source: Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et al. (2002) and Talmale (2007). Remarks : Number of subspecies have been described on the basis of pelage colour variations seen in the species by some authors. However, Funambulus pennanti Wroughton has been described as a single species on the basis of Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Agrawal et al. (1992). Wilson and Reeder (2005) maintained only two subspecies F. pennantii pennantii and F. p. argentescens within species range. Indian squirrel is hunted for its meat for food and skin and body parts for various purposes including making small trophies and some other articles like brushes etc (Pradhan, 1997). Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions and isolation, human interference and domestic commercial trade. Subfamily RATUFINAE Genus Ratufa Two specIes of the genus Ratufa occurs Karnataka State. ill Key to the species of genus Ratufa Occipitonasal length reaches upto 70 mm; Hind limbs are pale, like the under parts; Grizzled dorsal pelage ....... Ratufa macroura Occipitonasal length reaches upto 81 mm; Hind limbs are dark like the back; Dorsal pelage normal and not grizzled ................... . ................................................. Ratufa indica Species Ratufa macroura Grizzled Giant squirrel, Ratufa macroura, IS represented in Karnataka State by only one subspecies 109. Ratufa macroura dendolena Thomas and Wroughton 1915. Ratufa macroura dendolena Thomas and Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 24 : 36. 2002. Ratufa macroura dendolena : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 179. Common Name: Grizzled Indian Giant squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Dorsal surface and tail brownish grey, grizzled with white in colour. Under parts, cheeks, patch of neck, arms and legs buffy white. Both its ears and head are dark brown or black. Head and body length 290-400 mm. Tail length 300-400 mm. Occipitonasal length in the range of 62.2-67.2 mm. Locality : Reported from Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary; Kanakapura and Kollegala taluka in southern Karnataka (Kumara and Singh, 2006). Habitat : Restricted to riverine forests, specially wherever the trees were tall and widespread; Distribution: Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Status: IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Endangered (For Ratufa macroura ); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule II Part II, CITES Appendix: II. Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et. al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Kumara and Singh (2006). Species Ratufa indica Indian Giant squirrel, Ratufa indica, is represented in Karnataka State by two subspecies 566 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 with considerable amount of over-lapping in distribution and intergradations. Many a times they share same ecological zone. Even overlapping in coloration pattern can mislead to wrong identification of the subspecies in the field. Key to the Subspecies of Ratufa indica Half of the forelimbs and distal almost half portion of the tail creamish white coloured; Cream colour on the forelimb does not extend upto neck ...................... Ratufa indica indica More than half portion of the forelimbs and only terminal portion of the tail creamish white coloured; Cream colour on the forelimb extends upto neck ..... Ratufa indica maxima *110. Ratufa indica indica (Erxleben) 1777. Sciurus indica Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1 : 420. 2002. Ratufa indica indica: Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 179. Common Name : Indian Giant Squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Indian giant squirrel has body size large over 280 mm in head and body length (Max. 470 mm), molars four in number and tail usually long and bushy (Around 600 mm). Dorsum deep red, while venter light buff or yellowish in colour. Tail dark proximally. However, almost half the distal part of the tail paler in colour. Ears red with small tuft of hairs. Forelegs blackish red in colour. Locality: Reported from Samasgi, South west of Dharwar; Devikop; Yellapur, North Kanara in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Moore and Tate, 1965; Agarwal & Chakraborty, 1979). Habitat :Giant squirrels live only ill thick forests of different types and, hence, is considered as indicator species. It is an arboreal and diurnal species. They keep to the canopies and seldom come on the ground. They move from tree top to tree top taking amazing leaps with limbs outspread, covering as much as twenty feet in a single flight. They are in habit of constructing number of nests on the tree tops. They are shy and wary animals and not so easy to locate. Despite its brilliant colouring they are sooner heard than seen. Distribution: Thick forested areas of northern Western Ghats. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Vulnerable; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule II Part II, CITES Appendix: II, Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993,2005), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b) and Menon (2003). Remarks : Hoffman Robert S., Anderson C. G., Thorington, R.W. and Heaney, L.R. in Wilson and Reeder (1993) have placed Genus Ratufa in the Subfamily Scuirinae. However it has been kept under Ratufinae here following the comments given in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Indian giant squirrel is hunted for its meat for food and skin and body parts for various purposes including making trophies (Pradhan, 1997). Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, habitat isolation restricting to few individuals near sacred springs and riverine forests, human interference and domestic as well as international commercial trade. *111. Ratufa indica maxima (Schreber) 1784. Sciurus maximus Schreber, Saugethiere, 4 : 784, pI. 217B. 2002. Ratufa indica maxima : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 179. Common Name: Indian Giant squirrel. Diagnostic Characters : Continuous black colour across the shoulders, the black rump, light feet and creamish white tail tip. Ears red with small tuft of hairs. Forelegs blackish red in colour. However, more than half of the forelimbs creamish in colour. The paler colour extends up to neck. Locality: Coorg, Kutta, Mysore, Ootacamund, N agarhole National Park (Ellerman, 1961; Moore and Tate, 1965; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001) ill Karnataka State. Habitat :Same as that of previous subspecies. 567 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Distribution : Kerala in Western Ghats. Status : Endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Vulnerable (For RatuJa indica), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule II Part II, CITES Appendix: II. Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993,2005) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b). Remarks : Earlier RatuJa indica bengalensis Blanford was recognized as a separate subspecies by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Ellerman (1961). However Moore and Tate (1965), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) synonymised the same under the subspecies RatuJa indica maxima. Same view has been followed here. Subfamily SCIURINAE Tribe Pteromyini Subfamily Sciurinae (Flying squirrels) is represented by two genera and species in Karnataka State. Key to the genera and species of the tribe Pteromyini Large flying squirrel; Head and body length above 300 mm; Occipitonasal length above 60 mm ...................... Petaurista philippensis Distribution : India : Kerala and Sri Lanka. Stauts : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Vulnerable (India and Sri Lanka), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule : II Part II. Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b), Menon (2003) and Kumara and Singh (2006). *113. Petaurista philippensis (Elliot) 1839. Pteromys philippensis Elliot, Madras 1. Litt. Sci., 10 : 217. 2006. Petaurista philippensis: Alfred, Das and Sanyal, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 179. Common Name: Common Giant Flying Squirrel. Genus Petinomys 112. Petinomys Juscocapillus (Jerdon) 1847. Sciuropterus juscocapillus Jerdon in Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 16, 867. 2006. Petinomys fuscocapillus : Alfred, Das and Sanyal, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 183. Common Name : Small Travancore Flying squirrel. Flying squirrel Locality: Reported from forests of BrahmagiriMakut and Pushpagiri-Bisale in Western slope of Western Ghats in Karnataka State (Kumara and Singh, 2006); Habitat: Inhabits evergreen and deciduous forests. Genus Petaurista Small flying squirrel; Head and body length upto 300 mm; Occipetonasallength below 60 mm .......................... Petinomys Juscocapillus Diagnostic Characters distinctive in possessing gliding membrane on each flank from wrist to ankle. Head and Body length of adult specimen in the range between 190-250 mm. Dorsal colour reddish brown; cheeks and sides of belly white in colour. Tail feather shaped, longer than head and body length, broad and long, bearing a central line of blackish hairs; Occipetonasal length below 60 mm. Toothrow length is less than one-fifth of the occipitonasal length. IS Diagnostic Characters : Flying squirrel is distinctive in possessing gliding membrane on each flank from wrist to ankle. Head and Body length of adult specimen in the range between 350-470 mm, tail always longer than Head & Body (Range 400-530mm) and bushy, Hind feet moderately long (72-82 mm) and molars four in number. Dorsally the giant flying squirrel, as a rule, is dark brownish grey or tending to be more grey but without any 568 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 reddish tinge and with under parts usually whitish grey or buff coloured. Greater part of the tail black. Two pairs of mammary teats present. Locality: Reported from Jog and Gersoppa falls, Kanara; Helleri, Srimangala, Kutta, Virajpet, Coorg in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agarwal & Chakraborty, 1979b). One pelt was observed in the catchment area of Kabini Reservoir in N agarhole National Park by ZSI Survey party during NBR surveys (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat: Totally arboreal and nocturnal in habit preferring to live in tropical and temperate forests on plains to those on high altitudes. Contrary to the common name, the flying squirrel does not fly but glides from treetop to treetop in the air. When the animal leaps into the air the outspread limbs expands the gliding membrane between the limbs to the fullest extent. Supported by the membrane the squirrel glides smoothly and swiftly downwards. Flying squirrel can easily be tamed but they are delicate animals and do not live long in confinements. Suborder MYOMORPHA Superfamily MUROIDEA Superfamily Muroidea is represented by only two families in Karnataka State. Key to the families of superfamily MUROIDEA Cheek-teeth flat crowned, having transverse ridges .................. PLATACANTHOMYDAE Cheek-teeth biserially or triserially cuspidate ..................................................... MURIDAE Family PLATACANTHOMYDAE The family Platycanthomydae was, earlier, kept in an erstwhile subfamily, Platacanthomynae, of the family Muridae. Wilson and Reeder (2005) gave the status of family, which includes the single Indian genus and species Platacanthomys lasiurus (Malabar Spiny Dormouse). Genus Platacanthomys 114. Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth 1859. Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth, 1. Asiat. Soc. Bengal., 28 : 289. Distribution Himalaya. Peninsular India south of Status: Uncommon in the region; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Near Threatened (India) and Endangered (Sri Lanka), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : II Part II .................................................................. . Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et al. (2002, 2006b) and Menon (2003). Remarks : Petaurista philippensis was earlier considered to be a subspecies of Petaurista petaurista. However Petaurista philippensis has been considered as a valid species by Corbet and Hill (1992) and upheld by Hoffman et al in Wilson and Reeder (1993). The flying squirrel is hunted for its meat for food. Threats to the survival of the species are also due to habitat destructions, fragmentation, human interference and domestic trade. 2006. Platacanthomys lasiurus: Alfred, Das and Sanyal, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 184. Common Name: Malabar Spiny Dormouse. Diagnostic Characters: Indian endemic species with dorsum spiny, tail shorter than head and body length and covered with coarse hairs, becoming thick and bushy at its tip. Body colour reddish brown above and whitish on the undersurface. Hallux clawless. Head and body length in the range of 118-138 mm. Tail length 76-104 mm. Skull medium sized with occipitonasal length exceeds condylobasal length. Upper incisors plain, ungrooved, orange and opisthodont. Molars 3/3 in number with flat crowns having transverse ridges. 2 pairs of mammary glands present. Locality : Agrawal (2000) reported from Shimoga, Mysore-Kanara border and South Coorg in Karnataka State. Habitat : Occurs in moist evergreen forest in south-western Peninsular India. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Distribution : Kerala in India. Status : Species endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Vulnerable, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et al. (2002, 2006a). Family MURIDAE Family Muridae is represented by only two subfamilies out of five Indian subfamilies in Karnataka State. All types of rats, bandicoots, mice and gerbils belong to the Family Muridae Key to the Subfamilies of MURIDAE Upper incisors grooved; molar cusps arranged in two longitudinal rows; Bulla inflated; Tail long with terminal hair tuft .......................... . ............................................. GERBILLINAE Upper incisors not grooved; molar cusps arranged in three longitudinal rows; Bulla not inflated; Tail long and normal without any terminal hair tuft ......................... MURIN AE Subfamily GERBILLINAE Subfamily Gerbillinae (Gerbil Rats) is represented by a single species under Genus Tatera in Karnataka State. Genus Tatera *115. Tatera indica (Hardwicke) 1807. Dipus indicus Hardwicke, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 8 : 279. 2008. Tatera indica: Narneer, P.O., Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 4. Common Name : Indian Gerbil/Antelope Rat. Diagnostic Characters: Indian Gerbil Rat has been characterized by possession of clawed hallux, opisthodont yellow and distinctly grooved upper incisors, long anterior palatal foramina, more than 15.0 mm, extending between the tooth row and molars three in number. Tail (157-218 mm) longer than Head and Body length (range between 145- 569 203 mm.) ending in terminal tuft of hairs. Large and soft-furred antelope rat species. Hind foot long and in the range between 40-47 mm. Soles naked upto heel. Nasals unusually long and more than 40% of the occipitonasallength. Upper molar tooth row characteristic with biserially arranged longitudinal cusps. Upper incisors distinctly grooved and usually yellow in colour. Dorsum sandy brown to reddish brown, while under parts white in colour. Tail dark above and below and pale on the sides. Hind feet white in colour. 4 pairs of mammary glands present. Locality : Agrawal (2000) reported from Dharwar, North Kanara, Bellary, Shimoga, Mysore, Coorg from Karnataka State in southern India. Sighting in Dharwar district recorded by ZSI team during NBR survey. Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal rodent species found throughout India. The species is basically a field rat and generally lives in cultivated plains, gardens, orchards pastureland, crop fields, waste lands and forests. Amongst the Indian gerbils, this species appears to be the most adapted ecologically. It makes complex burrows with number of openings covering large areas for the purpose of living, hoarding the food stuff, reproduction and family care. A single burrow system may have separate living chamber, storing chamber, chamber for female and young one etc. Distribution : Throughout lowland India and Nepal, east to the Ganges delta, West through Pakistan and South Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq to Syria and south to Sri Lanka (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Status : common; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Bates (1988), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal (2000), Alfred et al. (2002) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Remarks : On the basis of length of hind foot Agrawal (2000) recognized two subspecies Tatera 570 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 indica indica (Southern limit Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh) and T indica cuvieri (South India and Sri Lanka). Wilson and Reeder (200S) synonymised all the subspecies under species Tatera indica. Same view has been followed here. Tatera indica is considered to be an agricultural pest or, rather, 'enemy' pest of highest order, since it causes damage on large scale not only to the stored food grains in the field but also to the standing crops. The species is a prolific breeder. The species is also known to be a natural vector for number of diseases including the dreaded disease like plague. Subfamily MURINAE Subfamily Murinae is represented by eight Genera in Karnataka State. Key to the Genera of Subfamily MURINAE 1. Hallux opposable; hallux and fifth toe having a flat nail ................................... Vandeleuria Hallux not opposable; hallux and fifth toe possess claws ............................................... 2 2. Upper incisors grooved on front surface .... . ......................................................... Golunda Upper incisors normal and not grooved on front surface ................................................. 3 3. Condylobasallength exceeds or equals to the occipitonasallength; upper incisors proodont; Size large ....................................... Bandicota Condylobasal length always less than occipitonasal length; upper lllClSorS opisthodont or Orthodont; Size small to medium but never large like bandicoot rats ...................................................................... 4 4. First upper molar more than half the length of upper molar row, and its antero-internal cusp distorted inwards to reach the level of second lamina; third molar extremely reduced ....... . ...................................................... .......... Mus First upper molar less than half the length of the cheek tooth row, and its antero-internal cusp not distorted inwards to reach the second lamina; third molar normal and not extremely reduced ...................................................... ... S S. Palate and anterior palatal foramina long, more than one-half and one fifth of Occipitonasal length respectively ......................... Millardia Never combining the characters of long palate and palatal foramina .................................... 6 6. Palate short, less than one-half of the occipitonasal length and anterior palatal foramina long, more than one-fifth of the occipitonsal length ....................................... 7 Palate long more than one-fifth of the occipitonasal length; bullae long, more than lS% of occipitonasal length ............... Rattus 7. Tail bicoloured, wholly dark proximally and white all round distally; Bulla large more than 17% of occipitonasal length ........ Madromys Tail unicoloured or faintly bicoloured, dark above and pale below; Bulla small, less than lS% of occipitonasallength ...... Cremnomys Genus Vandeleuria Two species of the genus Vandeleuria occurs in Karnataka State. Key to the species of the genus Vandeleuria Underpart white in colour ............................ . .................................... Vandeleuria oleracea Under parts white with grey bases .............. . ................................... Vandeleuria nilagirica 116. Vandeleuria nilagirica Jerdon 1867. Mus nilagiricus Jerdon, Mamm. India: 203 . 1992. Vandeleuria nilagirica : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region : 334. 2008. Vandeleuria nilagirica : Nameer, P. O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 4. Common Name: Nilgiri Vandeleuria . Diagnostic Characters : Indian Long-tailed Tree Mouse has been characterized by possession of clawless hallux, Sth finger and toe. A beautiful soft furred field mouse possessing Head and Body 571 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia length in the range of 64-105 mm, molars three in number and the tail, as name suggests, long, poorly haired, unicoloured and dark. Tail length in the range of 115%-175% of Head and Body length. It is always longer than Head and Body length. Hind feet smaller and in the range between 1520.5 mm. Occipitonasal length in the range of 22.4-23.9 mm. Skull with relatively narrow frontals. Upper molar row less than 4 mm. Posterointernal cusp of the first and second upper molar retained throughout the life. Diastema long. Upper incisors narrow, yellow and plain. Fur always soft and smooth. Dorsum in various shades of brown with reddish tinge, while under parts white with grey base. Hind feet whitish or paler. Four pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Coorg, Kutta Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961). ill Habitat: Terrestrial, arboreal and nocturnal in habit. Trees and shrubs in forest are its natural haunt. Females build globular large nests just a few feet above the ground in the tree hollows, bamboo thickets and thatched roofs of village houses, Baya nests or even in the empty junction boxes fixed on the electric poles. The species is a basically an outdoor species. Distribution: SW India, E Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, Ootacamund. Status: Not very common ill the reglOn; Species endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Not Evaluated, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal (2000), Alfred et al. (2002), Wilson and Reeder (2005), and Nameer (2008). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Ellerman (1961) placed Vandeleuria nilagirica (Jerdon) as a subspecies of the species Vandeleuria oleracea. Later, Agrawal (2000) synonymised under the species Vandeleuria oleracea. Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (2005) maintained it as a separate species 117. Vandeleuria oleracea (Bennett) 1832. Mus oleraceus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1832 : 121. 2006. Vandeleuria oleracea : Alfred, Das and Sanya1, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS- Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 194. Common Name : Indomalayan Vandeleuria! Indian Long tailed tree mouse. Diagnostic Characters: Same as Vandeleuria nilagirica. However, differs in under parts being pure white in Vandeleuria oleracea. Slightly smaller than nilagirica with Head and Body length in the range of 60-95 mm. Tail length in the range of 117%-178% of Head and Body. It is always longer than Head and Body length. Hind feet smaller and in the range between 14-20 mm. Occipitonasallength in the range of 19.2-23.5 mm. Skull with relatively narrow frontals. Upper molar row less than 4 mm. Postero-internal cusp of the first and second upper molar retained throughout the life. Diastema long. Upper incisors narrow, yellow and plain. Fur always soft and smooth. Hind feet whitish or paler. Four pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Dharwar, Mysore in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000). Habitat: Terrestrial, arboreal and nocturnal in habit. Trees and shrubs in forest are its natural haunt. Females build globular large nests just a few feet above the ground in the tree hollows, bamboo thickets and thatched roofs of village houses, Baya nests or even in the empty junction boxes fixed on the electric poles. The species is a basically an outdoor species. Distribution: Rest of the India above southern limits of Mysore, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan and South-East Asia. Status: Not very common in the region; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill 572 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 (1992), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et. al. (2002) and Wilson and Reeder (2005). Genus Millardia Only one species and subspecies of the Genus Millardia occurs in Karnataka State. 118. Millardia meltada meltada (Gray) 1837. Golunda meltada Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1 : 586. 2000. Millardia meltada meltada : Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No. 180 : 110-112. Common Name: Soft-furred Metad. Diagnostic Characters : Indian soft furredmetad has been characterized by possession of tail shorter than Head and Body length, ears rounded and shorter than hind feet length. Five planter pads on each foot. A rather small and a beautiful soft furred field mouse possessing Head and Body length in the range of 97-156 mm, molars three in number and the tail poorly haired but clearly bicoloured. Tail length in the range of 92-145 mm. Hind feet in the range between 2129 mm. Occipitonasallength in the range of 30.536.3 mm. Skull with well-developed supraorbital ridges and long palate, more than one-half of occipitonasal length. Anterior palatal foramina quite long (more than one-fifth of or more than 22% of the occipitonasallength). Nasals long and tend to be narrower behind. Upper molar row always more than 4 mm and less than 6.5 mm (5.0-6.2 mm). Dorsum in various shades of brown with reddish tinge, while under parts perfectly white in colour. Hind feet whitish or paler. Four pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Dharwar, Coorg, Bangalore in Karnataka state (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000). Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal habit preferring to live near cultivations. However they may also be found in the heavy shrubs surrounded by forest, or living among rocks and in the tumbled down walls of the deserted houses. They live in pairs or in small colonies. The species is essentially an outdoor species. ill Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu in peninsular India and Sri Lanka (Rana, 1985, Agrawal, 2000). Status: Not uncommon in the region; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Earlier Ellerman (1961) considered Millardia as a subgenus of Rattus. However latter revisionary taxonomic studies confirmed its generic status. Corbet and Hill (1992) and Alfred et al. (2002) accepted same view. The species is a prolific breeder and considered to be an agricultural pest species since it causes damage to the standing crops. Genus Madromys Only one species of the Genus Madromys occurs in Karnataka State. 119. Madromys blanfordi (Thomas) 188l. Mus blanfordi Thomas, Ann.Mag. nat. Hist., (5),7 : 24. 2008. Madromys blanfordi: Nameer, P.O. Zoos' Print, XXIII (8) : 4. Common Name: Blanford's Madromys; Blanford's Rat. Diagnostic Characters: Blanford's rat has been characterized by the possession of bicoloured tail (wholly dark proximally and wholly white distally) longer than Head and Body length. A comparatively large sized species with Head and Body length in the range of 150-195 mm. Tail length in the range of 185-208mm. Hind feet large and in the range between 32-37 mm. Fur always soft and smooth. Dorsum in various shades of brown with reddish tinge, while under parts white in colour. Hind feet whitish or paler. Occipitonasal length in the range of 40.7-43.9 mm. Skull with well-developed supraorbital ridges and long palate, more than one-half of occipitonasal length. 573 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Anterior palatal foramina quite long (more than one-fifth of or more than 22% of the occipitonasal length). Nasals long and tend to be narrower behind. Upper molar row in the range 6-7mm. Postero-internal cusps of the first and second upper molar retained through out the life. Diastema long. Three pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Sirsi, North Kanara; Sivasamudram, Mysore (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000). Habitat: Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal in habit preferring to live in all types of forests including dry deciduous forest, jungle etc. They live among rocks and boulders and even in the burrows made in soft soils. They live in pairs or in small colonies. The species is essentially an outdoor species. Distribution: Throughout peninsular India and Sri Lanka (Agrawal, 2000). Status : Not uncommon in the region; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least Concern (For Cremnomys blanfordi), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks: Madromys blanfordi was originally placed under genus Mus, subsequently in Rattus, Cremnomys and finally in the genus Madromys (Corbet and Hill, 1992, Agrawal, 2000; Wilson and Reeder, 2005). These rats can also live in open scrub jungles and/or on bare hillsides. In forest it can change its habit from fossorial to arboreal. It makes untidy and large nests in a hole, crevices or in trees. Genus Cremnomys 2006. Cremnomys cutchicus: Alfred, Das and Sanya1, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 205. Common Name: Cutch Cremnomys, Cutch Rock Rat. Diagnostic Characters: A medium sized softfurred rat possessing wholly either dark or faintly bicoloured (dark above, paler below) tail longer than Head and Body length. Head and Body length in the range of 104-149 mm. Tail length in the range of 117-174 mm. Hind foot length averages about 26mm. Fifth toe of hind foot longer than hallux. Six planter pads present. Dorsum drab grey to brown and white to white mixed with grey below. Occipitonasallength in the range of 31-36 mm. Skull with short palate, less than half of occipitonasal length, extending posteriorly up to back of third upper molars. Anterior palatal foramina long more than 22% of the occipitonasal length and extending posteriorly between maxillary toothrows. Bulla 14-15% of occipitonasallength. Upper molar row in the range 5.0-6.1 mm. Upper incisors opisthodont, yellow and plain. Three pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Bellary, Kolar and, Mysore districts (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000). Habitat : Prefers rocky habitat, with sparse vegetation. Feeds mainly on plant material and also takes insects. Distribution : Endemic to India; Peninsular India extending north up to Rajasthan and Bihar (Agrawal, 2000). Status : Species endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least Concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Only one species of the Genus Cremnomys occurs in Karnataka State. Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et al. (2002). 120. Cremnomys cutchicus Wroughton Genus Rattus 1912. Cremnomys cutchicus Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 21 : 340. Three speCIes of the genus Rattus occur Karnataka State. ill 574 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Key to the species of the genus Rattus 1. Large size (200-250 mm), occipitonasal on an average between 35-55 mm. in length, tail short about 80-90% of head and body length, tail obscurely bicoloured .............................. . .......................................... Rattus norvegicus Medium size (140-200 mm.), occipitonasal on an average between 37-47 mm in length, tail unicoloured and long more than 120% of head and body length ........................................... 2 2. Tail length more than 150% of the Head and Body length ............................ Rattus satarae Tail length less than 150% of the Head and Body length ............................... Rattus rattus Species Rattus rattus Common roof/house rat, Rattus rattus, is represented in Karnataka State by two subspecies. Key to the Subspecies of Rattus rattus Ventral surface purely white; Out-door subspecies Mostly arboreal in behavior ...... . .......... ........... .......... Rattus rattus wroughtoni Ventral surface in different shades of grey but never white; In-door commensal subspecies; May live on roofs of houses but never on treetops ..................... Rattus rattus rufescens *121. Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) 1837. Mus. rufescens Gray. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, 1 : 35. 1992. Rattus rattus rufescens : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region: 339-340. Common Name : House Rat, Roof Rat. Diagnostic Characters: A medium sized house rat with long tail, dorsum rufous brown and venter slaty grey or in various shades of grey but never white in colour, tail uniformly dark in colour. The subspecies is characterized by possession of clawed hallux and long tail (more than 120% of the Head and Body length). Head and Body length in the range between 140-200 mm. Rattus species also possess elongated anterior palatal foramina (more than 7.0 mm in length) & extending between maxillary tooth row. Upper molar tooth row normal and more than 5.0 mm (5.5-6.6mm), palate long and more than one-half of the occipitonasal. Molars three in number. Hind feet moderate and in the range between 26-36 mm. Occipitonasal length in the range of 36-46.5 mm. Upper incisors narrow, yellow and plain. Dorsum dark and rufous brown, while under parts dull in colour. Fur with some broad and flat spines in the dorsal pelage. Hind feet usually dark in colour. Five pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: The subspecies is known to occur in all the regions of Karnataka State. Habitat : Terrestrial, and a most common commensal form, found in houses, godowns, shops, residential complexes, also in scrubby and secondary forests. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Many populations have been sighted from number of localities, IUCN Category proposed as per CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Rattus rattus), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (As amended upto2006) Schedule: Schedule V (Vermin) . Source : Ellerman (1961), Agrawal (2000), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005). Remarks: A pest species causing extensive damages to the household as well as public properties. The species is also a carrier of vectors for number of diseases. Taxonomically Tiwari et al. (1971), proposed to allot this population a specific status on the basis of morphological studies. *122. Rattus rattus wroughtoni Hinton 1919. Rattus rattus wroughtoni Hinton, 1. Bombay N.H. Soc., 26 : 384. 1992. Rattus rattus wroughtoni : Corbet and Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan region: 337. Common Name: White-bellied House Rat. Diagnostic Characters : White-bellied House Rat with Head and Body length in the range between 144-210 mm. Tail is always longer than Head and Body length (below 130% of the Head 575 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia and Body length). Hind feet moderate and in the range between 30-33 mm. Occipitonasallength in the range of 36.9-41.3 mm. Upper incisors narrow, yellow and plain. Upper molar tooth row normal and more than 5.5 mm (5.6-6.6 mm), Dorsum dark and rufous brown, while under part white in colour sometimes mixed with sulphur yellow colour. Tail unicoloured and dark. Five pairs of mammary glands present. Locality : Two specimens collected from Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka State by ZSI, WRC survey parties during surveys (M/481 and M/507). Habitat: Mostly arboreal. Very rarely comes on the ground. Generally seen in coconut and other plantations. Terrestrial and nocturnal in habit.. Distribution :Coastal areas of Western Ghats in India. Status : Subspecies endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Rattus rattus), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Raman and Sharma (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Molur et al. (2005). Remarks: The subspecies is a prolific breeder. Musser and Carleton in Wilson and Reeder (1993) opine that the subspecies should be attributed to Rattus tanezumi (Temminck) based on chromosomal and certain biochemical parameters. However, it has been observed that even these parameters are unstable. The chromosomal number is also variable in Rattus rattus subspecies (Raman and Sharma, 1977). Hence, status quo has been proposed by Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Similar view has been accepted here. A pest species of higher order causing extensive damages to the coconut plantations in the Western Ghats. 123. Rattus satarae Hinton 1918. Rattus rattus satarae Hinton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 26 (1) : 87. 2005. Rattus satarae : Musser, G. G. & Carleton, M. D. In : Wilson and Reeder, Mammal Species a/the World. Common Name : Sahyadri Forest Rat. Diagnostic Characters : White-bellied forest Rat with Head and Body length in the range between 116-200 mm. Tail unicoloured, dark and always longer than Head and Body length (exceeding 150% of the Head and Body length). Dorsum golden brown with black hairs intermixed, while under parts white in colour, fur moderately thick. Hind feet usually dark in the range between 31-35 mm. 5 pairs of mammae present. Occipitonasallength in the range of 42.4-43 mm. Upper incisors narrow, yellow and plain. Upper molar tooth row normal and more than 6.5 mm (6.5-6.9mm). Five pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Western Ghats in Karnataka State. Habitat : Tropical evergreen rain forest. Altitudinal range, 1500-2150m. Distribution: Northern part of Western Ghats at and near the type. Locality (Satara in Maharashtra State) and Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu State) in the south, which approximates the extent of tropical evergreen rain forest along the SW mountainous margin of SW peninsular India (Musser and Carleton in Wilson and Reeder, 2005). Status : Species endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Not Evaluated, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source : Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005). Remarks: Musser and Carleton in Wilson and Reeder (2005) commented that the distribution of the species is presently reduced to small, isolated patches through conversion of forest land to agriculture land and plantations; The forest islands between Satara region (Maharashtra) and Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu) probably contain R. satarae. 576 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 124. Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) 1769. Mus. norvegicus Berkenhout, Outlines N.H. Gt. Britain and Ireland, 1 : 5. 2000. Rattus norvegicus: Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No. 180 : 8l. Common Name: Norvey Rat, Drain Rat, Brown Rat. Diagnostic Characters : Brown rat is a larger and more robust-looking rat than the black rat or common house rat. It can be recognized by shorter tail, shorter than head and body length, dorsum brown or light brown, while venter slatey grey in colour, tail obscurely bicoloured. Skull large, occipitonasallength 45-55 mm; Supraorbital ridges powerful, extending backwards fairly straight up to occiput. Palate long, more than one-half of occipitonasal length, extending posteriorly far behind third upper molars. Basically R. norvegicus is an introduced species through transportation by human agencies and has initially established itself in the sea port cities of Asia. Locality : Costal areas of Karnataka State. Habitat : Terrestrial and fossorial, an introduced species from temperate lands, has now established itself in number of sea-port cities of Asia. In India it is a commensal rodent species competing with common house rat (R. r. rufescens) and field rat (B. bengalensis) particularly in metropolis. In metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai this rat has been collected from drains and sewers (Hence the name Drain Rat). Distribution : Port cities and towns interior accessible by navigations in India. Status : Many populations have been reported from number of navigable localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2005) : Not Evaluated; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) (as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule V (Vermin). Source : Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Pradhan (1976), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005). Remarks : A pest species of higher order causing extensive damage to the household as well as public properties. The species is also a carrier of vectors for number of diseases. Genus Golunda Genus Golunda is reported to be represented by a single species in Karnataka State. 125. Golunda ellioti Gray 1837. Golunda ellioti Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. nat. Hist., 1 : 586. 2006. Golunda ellioti : Alfred, Das and Sanyal, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS- Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 200. Common Name: Indian Bush Rat. Diagnostic Characters : Medium sized rat (Head and Body length 102-170 mm) with rather hairy tail, upper incisors grooved in front, heavily cuspidated upper molar teeth, tall and discrete cusps retain its original shape even after considerable wear and tear; dorsal coat is yellowish brown, while the ventral side is lighter in colour. Genus Golunda is characterized by possession of highly unusual dentition, bicoloured tail shorter than Head and Body length and outer digit of hind foot and 5 th finger shortened. Molars three in number. Tail length in the range of 86-131 mm. Hind feet medium and in the range between 21-28 mm. Occipitonasal length in the range of 28-35.4 mm. Skull with well-developed supraorbital ridges and long palate, more than onehalf of occipitonasal length. Anterior palatal foramina long but less than one-fifth of or less than 22% of the occipitonasal length. Molars heavily cuspidate. Upper molar row always more than 4 mm but less than 7.0 mm (5.8-6.8 mm). Cusps of upper molars abnormally enlarged (grape shaped), particularly in the middle and inner rows; third upper molar large, lacks the outer row of the cusps and with wear tends to look like the largest tooth in the row. Lower molars (Maxillary teeth) biserially cuspidate. Antero-internal cusps in Ml not distorted inwards. Fur always thick, long and soft, sometimes with growing age tends to become spiny. Dorsum varying in the range between 577 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia grayish brown to blackish, while under parts in the range between white to bluish grey in colour. Hind feet whitish or paler. Four pairs of mammae present. Locality : Reported from Dharwar; Kardibetta Forest, Mysore; Wotekolli, Coorg in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000); Habitat : Terrestrial. It is essentially a rat of jungle and forest, but may venture in adjoining cultivated fields, a favourable habitat for this rat is bush and scrub jungle, many prefer to live in woven nests built in bushes. It builds a densely woven nest of stalks, grass and fibres in bushes. It's a small moving creature. They live in pairs or in small colonies. The species is essentially an outdoor species. Distribution : Throughout India. 2. Fur generally spiny; supraorbital ridges, in skull, well-developed .................................. 3 Fur soft; supraorbital ridges either absent or scarcely developed ....................................... 5 3. Smaller form, occipitonasallength 20-23 mm; maxillary toothrows less than 4 mm in length .................................................. Mus phillipsi Larger form, occipitonasal length 23-30 mm; maxillary toothrows more than 4 mm in length ...................................................................... 4 4. An anterior accessory cusp present on first lamina of first upper molar; chromosome number 2n = 22 or 26 ............. Mus saxicola No anterior accessory cusp present on first lamina of first upper molar; chromosome number 2n = 30 ..................... Mus platythrix Status: Many populations have been recorded from number of localities, IUCN Criteria proposed as per CAMP Report (2005) : Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (l972)(as amended upto 2006) Schedule : Schedule V. 5. Smaller mice, hind feet 14-16 mm; occipitonasal length less than 20 mm ......... . ................................................. Mus booduga Source : Corbet and Hill (1992),Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Agrawal (2000). Species Mus musculus Remarks : The species is a prolific breeder and considered to be an agricultural pest species since it causes damage to the plantations. Earlier it was causing extensive damage to the coffee plantation in Sri Lanka. Genus Mus Genus Mus is represented in Karnataka State by six species. Key to the species of the Genus Mus 1. Tail unicoloured, and longer than head and body length; diastema, in skull, equal or less than one-fourth of occipitonasal length ....... . ................................................ Mus musculus Tail bicoloured, dark above and paler below, equal to or shorter than head and body length; Diastema, in skull, generally more than onefourth of occipitonasal length ..................... 2 Larger mice, hind feet 16-21mm; occipitonasal length greater than 20 mm ......... Mus cookii Common house mouse, Mus musculus, IS represented in Karnataka State by only one subspecies. *126. Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse 1843. Mus castaneus Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 12 : 134. 2000. Mus musculus castaneus : Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No., 180 : 120-122. Common Name: House Mouse. Diagnostic Characters: A small house mouse with Head and Body length in the range of 55-80 mm, molars three in number and tail always long and short haired (Range 68-88 mm). It may be mostly longer than Head and Body. Infraorbital foramen large and open for muscle transmission. Upper molar row less than 4 mm but highly specialized. First upper molar over half the length of the entire molar tooth-row, while third molar extremely reduced. Anterointernal cusp of the first 578 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 molar heavily distorted on the inner side. Palatal foramina long extending posteriorly between the toothrow and more than 20% of the occipitonasal length. Dorsum generally dark brown, while venter always dark grey or ochraceous brown, but never white, and hind foot brown in colour. Tail uniform in colour. Five pairs of mammary glands present. Locality : Reported from Gersoppa, Kanara; Sagar, Mysore; found throughout the state (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000); Sighted in Dharwad, Bangalore, Mysore during NBR surveys. Habitat: Terrestrial, fossorial and found in all habitats since it is a commensal species. A common house mouse causing extensive damage to the properties. The species is considered to be the indoor species and rarely seen outdoor. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: Common in residential premises; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005) : Least concern (For Mus musculus), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins). Source : Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et al. (2002) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks : The species is a prolific breeder and considered to be a pest species of higher order since it causes damage to the food grains stored in godowns. It is also responsible to cause extensive damage to the public as well as private properties and articles of merchandise due to its habit of gnawing by its ever-growing chisel-shaped mClsors. Species Mus booduga Mus booduga, is represented in Karnataka State by only nominate subspecies. *127. Mus booduga booduga (Gray) 1837. Leggada booduga Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1 : 586. 1961. Mus booduga booduga : Ellerman, J.R., Fauna of India including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon, Mammalia, vol. III (Part II) : 744-753. Common Name: Little Indian Field Mouse. Diagnostic Characters : Mus b. booduga is a commonly seen small field mouse possessing Head and Body length in the range of 50-88 mm, molars three in number and tail short haired and bicoloured (Pale below). Tail length in the range of 50-72 mm. It mayor may not be equal to Head and Body length. Hind foot smaller and in the range between 13-17 mm. Upper molar row less than 4 mm but highly specialized. First upper molar bears anterior accessory cusp extending over half the length of molar tooth-row, while third molar extremely reduced. Anterointernal cusp of the first molar heavily distorted on the inner side. Anterior palatal foramina long extending posteriorly between the toothrow and more than 20% of the occipitonasal length. Upper incisors opisthodont. Fur smooth. Dorsum varies from light to dark reddish or rusty brown and under parts perfectly white, whitish, grey or, sometimes even dull grey in colour. But apparently both, white and grey bellied forms, occur together in many localities and it is very difficult to divide this species into subspecies on the basis of the colour of the under parts (Agrawal, 2000). Hind foot whitish or paler. Five pairs of mammary glands present. Locality : Reported from Gadak, Bellary, Dharwar, Shimoga, Bangalore, Mysore, Coorg in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000), Sighted in crop fields in Dharwad, Belgaum districts during NBR surveys. Habitat: Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal in habit and generally found in agricultural crop field areas. Inhabits burrows in the field or on the edges of the cultivations. The species is basically an outdoor species. Distribution : Throughout India. Status: common in the fields; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins); Ellerman (1961), Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Agrawal (2000). 579 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Remarks: Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Agrawal et al. (1992) separated Mus booduga, Mus terricolor and Mus dunni on the basis of variations in the under parts colour and also in the chromosomal studies conducted by Sen & Sharma (1983). However recently Agrawal (2000) has pointed out number of anomalies in the taxonomy of booduga complex. He rightly concluded that till the confusions were removed, Mus dunni, Mus terricolor and Mus booduga should be treated as synonyms of Mus booduga as was done earlier by Ellerman (1961) due to lack of proper demarcation between the populations under study. The species is a prolific breeder and considered to be a pest species since it causes damage to the crops. It is also responsible to cause extensive damage to the public as well as private properties due to its habit of gnawing by its ever-growing chisel-shaped incisors. 128. Mus phillipsi Wroughton 1912. Mus phillipsi Wroughton, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 21 : 772. 2000. Mus phillipsi : Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No. 180 : 127-129. Common Name: Wroughton's Small Spiny Mouse. Diagnostic Characters : A small spiny furred field mouse with Head and Body length in the range of 62.0 - 80.0 mm. Tail bicoloured, dark above and pale below. Tail shorter than Head and Body length, about 80% of Head and Body length. Hind feet, in the range between 14.0 - 18.0 mm and white in colour. Dorsal colour brown to buff and white below. Mammae 5 pairs. Occipitonasal length in the range of 21.2-23.2 mm. Skull with well developed supraorbital ridges. Anterior palatal foramina extending posteriorly between maxillary toothrow. Upper incisors opisthodont, Maxillary toothrow less than 4 mm, averages 3 mm in length. First upper molar without an anterior accessory cusp; Anterointernal cusp (t1) distorted inwards to be in line with second. Locality: Reported from Bellary, Vijaynagar ill Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Agrawal, 2000). Habitat: Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal in habit and generally found in rocky habitat. Distribution : Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil N adu in India and also reported from Nepal (Agrawal, 2000). Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins); Ellerman (1961), Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) and Ellerman (1961) treated this taxa as a subspecies of Mus cervicolor. However, Marshall (1977) restored it to the specific level on the basis of spiny fur, white venter and well developed supraorbital ridges on the skull. Species Mus cookii Mus cookii, is represented in Karnataka State by only one subspecies. 129. Mus cookii nagarum (Thomas) 1921. Leggada nagarum Thomas, 1. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 27 : 597. 2000. Mus cookii nagarum : Agrawal, V.c., Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No. 180 : 13l. Common Name: Ryley's Spiny Mouse. Diagnostic Characters: Medium sized shortfurred spiny mouse, dorsum dark brown with grey undersurface. Head and Body length in the range of 64-86 mm. Tail bicoloured, dark above and pale below and longer than Head and Body length. Hind feet whitish. Occipitonasallength of the skull less than 23.0 mm. Diastema more than one-fourth of occipitonasal length. Anterior palatal foramina long, more than one-fifth but less than 23% of occipitonasal length. Upper incisors opisthodont or orthodont. Maxillary toothrow about 3.5 mm. Locality : Reported from Coorg, Mysore in Karnataka State (Agrawal, 2000). Habitat : Inhabits grassy areas in conifer and 580 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 broad leaf forests, in mountain region; also found near cultivated fields (Corbet and Hill, 1992, Agrawal, 2000). Distribution : Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland West Bengal, Maharashtra (Reported by Marshall, 1977. However species occurrence in this region needs confirmation), Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India (Agrawal, 2000). Status : Subspecies endemic to India; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Mus cookii), Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins); Ellerman (1961), Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks : Ellerman-Morrison-Scott (1951), Ellerman (1961) listed Leggada nagarum Thomas and Leggada palnica Thomas, as subspecies of Mus cervicolor Hodgson. They treated Mus cookii Ryley, 1914 as the subspecies of Mus famulus Bonhote, 1898. Later, Marshall (1977) shifted them under Mus cookii Ryley. However, due to overlapping of key characters Agrawal (2000) recognized only two subspecies namely Mus cookii cookii and Mus cookii nagarum. 130. Mus platythrix Bennett first upper molar. Palate more than one-half of occipitonasal length. Interpterygoid space wider than in Mus saxicola. Upper incisors opisthodont or orthodont with or without a notch, Maxillary toothrow more than 4 mm, in the range between 4.0-4.7 mm; First upper molar without an anterior accessory cusp. Locality: Reported from Karwar and Coorg in Karnataka State (Agrawal, 2000). Habitat : Found mainly in uncultivated hilly country (Corbet and Hill, 1992). Distribution : Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu in India (Agrawal, 2000). Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins). Source : Ellerman (1961), Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks : The species is a prolific breeder and considered to be a pest species since it causes damage to the crops. It is also responsible to cause extensive damage to the public as well as private properties due to its habit of gnawing by its evergrowing chisel-shaped incisors. 1832. Mus platythrix Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., : 12l. Species Mus saxicola 2000. Mus platythrix: Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No. 180 : 132-133. Mus saxicola, is represented in Karnataka State by only nominate subspecies. Common Name: Brown Spiny Mouse. Diagnostic Characters: Medium-sized mouse with Head and Body length averages 95mm in the range of 77-123 mm. Tail bicoloured, dark above and pale below, shorter, about 80% of the Head and Body length. Dorsal body colour dusky to dark brown and white to grayish white venter; Hind feet with or without slaty spot or dark stripe on it. Fur spiny. Mammae 5 pairs. Occipitonasal length of the skull in the range of 23.5-27.6 mm. Supraorbital ridges prominent; Anterior palatal foramina short less than 21 % of occipitonasal length, extending posteriorly upto anterior root of 131. Mus saxicola saxicola Elliot 1839. Mus saxicola Elliot, Madras 1. Litt. Sci. 10 : 215. 2002. Mus saxicola saxicola : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 : 212. Common Name: Elliot's Spiny Mouse. Diagnostic Characters : Dorsum pale brown to golden brown; Fur spiny; Head and Body length ranges between 71-112mm. Tail bicoloured, dark above and pale below and shorter than Head and Body length. Hind foot white, its length ranges between 16-19 mm. Mammae six pairs, sometimes PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 581 five pairs (Agrawal, 2000). Occipitonasal length of the skull in the range of 22.6-28.0mm. Supraorbital ridges prominent. Anterior palatal foramina long, more than 22% of Occipitonasal length, extending posteriorly upto second lamina of first upper molar. Palate more than one-half of occipitonasallength. Interpterygoid space narrower than in Mus platythrix. Upper incisors opisthodont or orthodont and without a notch, Maxillary toothrow more than 4 mm, in the range between 4.0-4.85 mm; An accessory cusp present on the anterior root of first upper molar. 2. Occipitonasal length always less than condylobasal length; occiput region flat and ridges prominent; sculpture pattern of dorsal guard hairs at base mosaic at lower magnification ...................... Bandicota indica Locality: Reported from Dharwar and Mysore in Karnataka State (Agrawal, 2000); 1833. Arvicola bengalensis Gray and Hardwicke, Illustr. Indian Zool., 2 : pI. 2l. Habitat: Lives in sandy, rocky or gravelly habitat (Agrawal, 2000). 2006. Bandicota bengalensis : Alfred, Das and Sanya1, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 199. Distribution : Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu in India (Agrawal, 2000). Status : IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermins). Source : Ellerman (1961), Marshall (1977), Corbet and Hill (1992), Wilson and Reeder (1993, 2005), Alfred et. al. (2002) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks : None. Genus Bandicota Genus Bandicota is recognized by its condylobasal length exceeding or equals to occipitonasal length, upper incisors proodont and tail short and scaly. Genus Bandicota is represented by three species in Karnataka State. Key to the species of Genus Bandicota 1. Occipitonasal length, in Indian species, less than 45 mm; zygomatic width more than 57% and bullae more than 20% of occipitonasal length, nasals less than one third of occipitonasal length ...................................... . ................................... Bandicota bengalensis Occipitonasallength clearly more than 45 mm; zygomatic width less than 57%, bullae leas than 20% and nasals more than one third of occipito-nasals length ................................... 2 Occipitonasal length equal to or more than condylobasal length; occiput region inflated and ridges less prominent; sculpture pattern of dorsal guard hairs at base chevron at lower magnification ................... Bandicota maxima *132. Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) Common Name: Lesser Bandicoot Rat. Diagnostic Characters : The bandicoots are mole rats superficially look like the European brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, in external appearance. It is a medium sized robustly built rat with a semi-naked scaly tail which is slightly shorter than head and body. The body fur is rather coarse and harsh. The head is typically triangular with rounded ears, short and broad muzzle. These rats have a habit of erecting its pile of long hairs and grunting when excited. Head and Body length in the range between 140-220 mm. Tail (99.0202.0 mm) always shorter than Head and Body. Occipitonasal length which is clearly less than condylobasal length never exceeds 48 mm; zygomatic width is always more than 57% of the occipitonasal length. Occipitonasal length in the range between 34-48 mm. Nasals short and less than one third of the occipitonasal length. Palate long and more than 60% of the occipitonasal length. Upper molar tooth row normal and more than 5.0 mm (5.9-8.0mm). Molars with 9 cusps (t7 present). Hind feet moderate and in the range between 26-36 mm. Upper incisors broad and orange to lemon yellow in colour. Dorsum grayish brown to blackish occasionally with reddish tinge, while under parts light to dark grey in colour. Fur with some broad and flat spines mixed with some short and harsh hairs in the dorsal pelage. Tail 582 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 unicoloured and dark. 6 to 9 pairs of mammary glands present (Total number variable). Locality : Reported from Bellary, Dharwar, Kanara, Mysore, Bangalore, Coorg in Karnataka State (Agrawal, 2000). Sighting recorded in the crop fields in Dharwad district during NBR surveys by ZSI team Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal rodent species found throughout India. The species is basically a field rat and generally lives in cultivated plains, gardens, pasture land, crop fields , waste lands, forests. However, sometimes in cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, it enters houses also. Its presence is always made known by a pile of fresh soil resembling mole hill, hence it name 'Mole Rat' It has a habit of erecting pile of hairs and grunting when excited. It makes complex burrows with number of openlllgs covering large areas. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : common but pest species; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : V (Vermins). Source: Ellerman (1961), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pradhan et al. (1993) and Agrawal (2000). Remarks : B. bengalensis is considered to be an agricultural pest No.1, since it causes damage on large scale not only to the food grains stored in godowns but also to the standing crops. Its habit of making complex burrow systems for not only living but also for hoarding the food stuff make it a nuisance for the human life. It is responsible to cause extensive damage to the public as well as private properties and articles of merchandise due to these habits. The species is a prolific breeder. The species is also known to be a vector for number of diseases, including rat bite fever, plague, leptospirosis etc. Species Bandicota indica Bandicota indica is represented by two subspecies in Karnataka State. Key to the subspecies of Bandicota indica Occipitonasallength in adult specimens more than 56 mm, Nasals and diastema exceeds 40% and 33% of occipitonasal length respectively, size medium to large .............. . ........................ Bandicota indica malabarica Occipitonasal length in adult specimens less than 56 mm, Nasals and diastema less than 40% and 33% of occipitonasal length respectively, size small to medium ............ . ................................ Bandicota indica indica 133. Bandicota indica malabarica (Shaw) 180l. Mus malabarica Shaw, Genl. Zool., 2 : 54. 1971. Bandicota indica malabarica : Tiwari, Ghosh and Chakraborty, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 68(2) : 383384. 1993. Bandicota indica malabarica : Pradhan, M.S., MandaI, A.K., Bhagwat, A.M. and Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zool. Surv. India, 93(1-2) : 175-200. 2003. Bandicota indica malabarica : Srinivasu1u, C. and Pradhan, M.S., Zoos' Print Journal, 18 (12) : 1295. Common Name: Large bandicoot rat. Diagnostic Characters: Large sized bandicoot rat with head and body length ranging between 250 mm to 310 mm in adult specimens, hind feet in the range of 53 mm. to 61 mm; Occipitonasal length in the range of 56 to 61 mm; dorsal colour varying in the shades of blackish to slaty grey, fur coarse with bristles on hind quarter; long tail unicoloured and dark. Hind foot dark in colour. 6 pairs of mammae present. Sculpture pattern of dorsal guard hairs at base mosaic at lower magnification. Locality : Reported from Kolar, Sagar, Bangalore, Devikop, Samasagi, Coorg from Karnataka State in Western Ghats (Ellerman, 1961); Habitat: Terrestrial, fossorial, known to invade cultivated fields, gardens, forest fringes, swampy areas etc; However, specimens were collected from areas close to human habitations also. Distribution: Western Ghats; Status : Subspecies endemic to India; IUCN PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Bandicota indica); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V(Vermin). Source: Ellerman (1961), Tiwari et al. (1971), Agrawal (1972, 2000) Pradhan (1979, 1982) and Pradhan et al. (1993, 2005). Remarks : Though Agrawal (1972, 2000), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Alfred et al. (2002) synonymised malabarica population in B. indica indica, in light of detailed morphological and biochemical studies carried out by Pradhan (1979, 1982), Pradhan et al. (1989, 1993 and 2005) B. indica malabarica has been retained here as a separate subspecies. The subspecies is reported to be causing extensive damages to public and private properties. It is also known to be a vector for some diseases. *134. Bandicota indica indica (Bechstein) 1800. Mus indicus Bechstein, In Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber Vierfuss. Thiere, 2 : 497. 2002. Bandicota indica indica : Alfred, Sinha and Chakraborty, Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper No. 199 :199. Common Name : Larger Bandicoot Rat. Diagnostic Characters: Medium to large sized robost bandicoot rat with head and body length ranging between 200 mm and 300 mm and hind feet in the range between 45-57 mm. Tail (245315 mm) may be equal to or more than Head and Body length. Occipitionasal length in the range between 48-56 mm; while zygomatic width in the range between 26-31 mm. Occipitonasal length always less than condylobasal length in the species. It possesses more or less sqarish head, round ear and longish muzzle. Nasals short and less than one third of the occipitonasal length. Palate long but less than 60% of the occipitonasal length. Upper molar tooth row normal and more than 7.0 mm (7.8-11.4 mm). Molars with 9 cusps (t7 present). Upper incisors thick and powerful and usually brown or yellow but rarely white in colour. Dorsum blackish brown to black occasionally intermixed with whitish hairs, while 583 under parts light to dark grey in colour. Some colour variant forms with white patch on thorasic and/or inguinal regions and part of the tail wholly white at the terminal end have been reported from other Indian localities. Fur with some broad, long and flat spines mixed with some short and harsh hairs in the dorsal pelage. Tail unicoloured and dark. Hind foot dark in colour. 6 pairs of mammary glands present. Sculpture pattern of dorsal guard hairs at base mosaic at lower magnification. Locality : Reported from Ootacamund, Coorg, Masinagudi in Karnataka State (Ellerman, 1961; Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). Habitat : Terrestrial and fossorial, known to invade cultivated fields, swampy areas and also forest fringes, godowns, open and closed drainage systems in urban areas. Distribution: Throughout the peninsular India. Status : Pest species. Many populations have been reported from number of localities; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern (For Bandicota indica); Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (l972as amended upto2006) Schedule : Schedule : V (Vermin); IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005) : Least Concern. Source: Ellerman (1961), Agrawal (1972, 2000), Pradhan (1979, 1982), Corbet and Hill (1992) and Pradhan et al. (1993), Pradhan and Kurup (2001). Remarks : The species is considered to be an agricultural pest causing extensive damage to the standing crops, food grain godowns, public, and private properties etc. The species is a prolific breeder and is also known to be a vector for number of diseases. Taxonomic remarks same as previous subspecies 135. Bandicota maxima Pradhan et al. 1993. Bandicota maxima Pradhan, M.S., Monda1, A.K., Bhagwat, A. M. and Agrawal, V.c., Rec. Zool. Sur. India, 93 (1-2) : 175-200. 2005. Bandicota maxima: Pradhan, M.S., Monda1, A.K. and Bhagwat, A.M., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, 104 (12) : 85-90. 584 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 Common Name : Large Bandicoot Rat. Diagnostic Characters : A very large sized bandicoot rat, with triangular head, rounded snout, tail shorter than head and body, body covered with coarse fur, dorsum varies from dark slaty grey to light brown in colour, skull more or less similar to that of B. indica except that B. maxima possess swollen occiput, occipitonasallength equal to or more than condylobasal length. Hair impression pattern of Bandicota maxima exhibits distinct chevron patterns as against irregularly waved mosaic hair sculpture pattern of B. indica under lower magnification. Locality : Reported from adjoining areas of Karnataka State from Maharashtra and Goa (Pradhan et al. (1989, 1993, 2005); Pradhan (2008). Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal living close to human settlements and leading epizootic life. Distribution : Peninsular India; Status : Populations have been recorded from different localities in Western Ghats, Pondicherry, Kolkata, u.P. etc., IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005) :Least Concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972 as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule: V (Vermin),Source : Pradhan et al. (1989, 1993, 2005). Remarks : The species is considered to be a pest species since it causes damages to the food grains and public properties. Suborder HYSTRICOMORPHA Infraorder HYSTRICOGNATHI Suborder Hystricomorpha is represented by a single family in Karnataka State. Family HYSTRICIDAE Family Hystricidae is represented by a single species under Genus Hystrix in Karnataka State. *136. Hystrix indica Kerr 1792. Hystrix cristata var indica Kerr, Anim. Kingd., : 213. 2000. Hystrix indica: Agrawal, V.c., Rec. zaol. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper. No., 180 : 132-133. Common Name: Indian crested porcupine. Diagnostic Characters : Indian crested porcupine is characterized by the fur being modified into true quills or spines, angular process of mandible strongly distorted outwards, infraorbital foramen large and cheek teeth 4/4 in number and flat crowned. All porcupines are grouped under this family. The crested porcupines possess a short tail, less than one-fourth of Head and Body length and hollow quills at its tip. Molars hypsodont and rootless. A prominent crest present on crown and neck. Quills bear more than one brown bands. Head and Body more than 400 mm and in the range between 400-900 mm. Tail length always less than 20% of Head and Body length. Forelimbs and Hind feet broad and bear 5/5 fingers. Hallux clawed and well-developed. Skull large with occipitonasal length in the range of 139-163 mm. Palate long. Anterior half of the body including head dark brown, posterior part more white due to exposure of white tip of the quills. Each quill is ornamented with deep brown or black and white bands. The white quills on tail are large and well open. A narrow band of whitetipped spines form a collar. Undersurface of same colour as back. 3 pairs of mammary glands present. Locality: Reported from Dharwar in Kamataka State (Agrawal, 2000). Sighting of porcupines in Nagarhole recorded by ZSI teams during NBR surveys. Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal rodent species found throughout India. The species is an out door species and generally lives in large pits and lor burrows dug in the cultivated plains, gardens, orchards pasture land, crop fields, waste lands and forests. This species appears to be the most ecologically adapted species. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : common; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern; Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : IV. PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Source: Ellerman (1961), Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal (2000) and Alfred et al. (2002). Remarks : Hystrix indica is considered to be an agricultural pest since it causes damage on large scale to the standing crops. Its gnawing habit to keep the ever-growing incisors in shape makes it a nuisance for the human life. It has a curious habit of gnawing bones, horns and antlers (Agrawal, 2000). The species is a prolific breeder. Agrawal (2000) concludes that there are no subspecies in Hystrix indica. 585 hind legs much longer than fore legs, hind feet more than 60 mm (85-115 mm) and ears elongate and more than 30mm (80-120 mm). Pelage always smooth and soft but never harsh. Ears long, plain and not black-tipped. Head and Body length in the range 330-530 mm. Greatest skull length 80100mm. 'Y' -shaped groove on 11. The blacknaped Hare is distinctive in having a dark grayish black or black patch on the back of its neck from the ears to the shoulder. Tail black above, while white on sides and undersurface. Locality : Sighting of Indian blacknaped hare Bandipur and N agarhole in Karnataka state reported during the survey by ZSI parties (Pradhan and Kurup, 2001). ill Order LAGOMORPHA Order Lagomorpha is characterized by presence of two pairs of upper incisors placed one behind the other in each jaw and a distinct diastema (Open space) between incisors and cheek teeth (Molars) which are adopted for grinding. Three pairs of upper and two pairs of lower premolars. Tail very short. Order Lagomorpha is represented by a single family Leporidae in Karnataka State. Family LEPORIDAE Family Leporidae is represented by a single species under Genus Lepus in Karnataka State. *137. Lepus nigricollis Cuvier 1823b. Lepus nigricollis euvier, F. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelle, Strasbourg & Paris, 26 : 299-316. 2006. Lepus nigricollis: Alfred, Das and Sanyal, Animals of India: Mammals. ENVIS-Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata : 217. Common Name: Indian Black-naped Hare or Indian Hare. Diagnostic Characters : Rabbits, hares and pikas have been included in the mammalian order Lagomorpha. Principal distinguishing features of order Lagomorpha are clawed digits, soft and smooth pelage, very short and bushy tail (0-15% of Head and Body length), long diastema in front of cheek-teeth, canines absent, four incisors in the upper jaw and functional digits on fore/hind limbs 5/4. Genus Lepus is characterized by its Habitat : Terrestrial, fossorial and nocturnal species. The species is an out door species and generally lives in all types of habitats except at very high altitudes. Where the habitat is suitable for living, hares are numerous. This species appears to be the most adapted ecologically. Distribution : Throughout India. Status : Common; IUCN Criteria proposed as per the CAMP Report (2005): Least concern, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972, as amended upto 2006) Schedule: Schedule : IV. Source: Prater (1980), Corbet and Hill (1992), Agrawal (2000), Pradhan and Kurup (2001); Alfred et al. (2002) and Menon (2003). Remarks : Lepus nigricollis is considered to be causing damage to the agricultural fields, orchards etc. The species is a prolific breeder. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Systematic list of mammalian species given above reports occurrence of 137 mammal species/ subspecies in Karnataka State. Out of these, 50 species (36%) were actually collected and/or sighted by ZSI survey parties which visited Karnataka State during Faunistic survey of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Nagarhole and Bandipur) and some districts of the state in the past, while 90 species (64%) were included in the list on the basis of the literature consulted (Fig. 1). 586 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 FIG 1 : MAMMAL SPECIES/ SUBSPECIES COLLECTED, SIGHTED & RECORDED FROM KARNATAKA STATE diversity at all the levels at every stage. It has been expressed very well particularly in orders like Chiroptera, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Rodentia. Even marine mammal order, Cetacea, has shown remarkable representation in this reglOn. Fig. 2 shows order-wise representation of mammalian species. Class Mammalia is represented by thirteen orders with predominance of Chiroptera, Rodentia, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Cetacea (Fig. 2 & 3). It will be seen that more than 75% mammalian species belong to the orders Chiroptera, Carnivora and Rodentia. Incidentally Chiropteran and rodent representation is very well in the region (Total 39 and 33 spp. respectively). If the species/subspecies are sorted out in various categories given in Table 1, it will be seen that 137 species/subspecies of 84 genera belonging to 36 families grouped in thirteen mammalian orders have been reported from this region. The table further shows a broad spectral Some of the most interesting species reported from the state are : Indian Hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus (Blyth);Horsfield Shrew( Crocidura horsfieldii (Tomes); Ceylon or montane Shrew (Suncus montanus (Kelaart); Painted Bat (Kerivoula picta picta (Pallas); Wroughton's free-tailed Bat Table 1. Mammalian Diversity in Karnataka State Sr. No. Orders Suborders Families Subfamilies Genera Species/ Subspecies 1. ERINACEOMORPHA - 1 1 1 1 2. SORICOMORPHA - 1 1 2 5 3. SCANDENTIA - 1 1 1 1 4. CHIROPTERA 2 8 6 21 39 5. PRIMATES - 2 2 4 9 6. CARNIVORA 2 7 8 17 25 7. CETACEA 2 4 - 9 10 8. SIRENIA 1 - 1 1 9. PROBOSCIDEA 1 - 1 1 4 3 10 10 - 10. ARTIODACTYLA 11. PHOLIDATA - 1 - 1 1 12. RODENTIA 3 4 5 15 33 13. LAGOMORPHA - 1 - 1 1 Total Thirteen orders 9 36 27 84 137 587 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia FIG 2 : ORDER-WISE MAMMAL SPECIES/ SUBSPECIES FROM KARNATAKA STATE (TOTAL 137) ARTIODACTYLA 7% CHIROPTERA 28% 39 FIG-3: ORDER-WISE MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY IN KARNATAKA STATE 160 140 120 100 -FAMILIES 80 DGENERA - SP/SPP 60 40 20 o .. I Ai J1 Jl I 588 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 (Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas); Malabar Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Wroughton; Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus (Linnaeus); Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer); Leopard/Panther Panthera pardus fusca (Meyer); Striped Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris (Linn.); Malbar Large-spotted Civet (Viverra civettina Blyth) ; Brown Mongoose (Herpestes Juscus Juscus Waterhouse); Oriental Small-clawed Otter (A onyx cinerea Illiger); South Indian Yellowthroated Marten (Martes gwatkinsii Horsfield); Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis Linnaeus); Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris (Gray); Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus); Dugong (Dugong dugon (Mueller); Indian Elephant (Elephus maximus indicus Cuvier); Indian Mouse Deer or Chevrotain (Moschiola meminna (Erxleben); Indian Gaur (Bos gaurus Smith); Grizzled Indian Giant squirrel (RatuJa macroura dendolena Thomas and Wroughton); Small Travancore Flying squirrel (Petinomys Juscocapillus (Jerdon) ; Malabar Spiny Dormice (Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth) etc. endemicity in this region is, however, poor. Interestingly, however, most of the rodent subspecies are endemic to Western Ghats only. When the endemic status of the mammalian species/subspecies reported from Karnataka State was studied (Fig. 4), it was noticed that there were only 24 endemic species/subspecies (15% of total 137 mammalian species) belonging to orders Scandentia (1), Chiroptera (2), Primates (6), Carnivora (4) and Rodentia (11). Therefore, though mammalian species diversity is rich, the Order RODENTIA FIG4: INDIAN ENDEMICITY IN KARNATAKA STATE MAMMALS INDIAN ENDEMICS 15%{24) Order SCANDENTIA 1. Anathana ellioti ellioti (Waterhouse) Order CHIROPTERA 1. Hipposideros hypophyllus Kock and Bhat 2. Otomops wroughtoni (Thomas) Order PRIMATES 1. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Cabrera 2. Macaca silenus (Linnaeus) 3. Semnopithecus achates (Pocock) 4. Semnopithecus anchises Blyth 5. Semnopithecus hypoleucos Blyth 6. Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer) Order CARNIVORA 1. Paradoxurus jerdoni caniscus Pocock 2. Viverra civettina Blyth 3. Herpestes Juscus Juscus Waterhouse 4. Martes gwatkinsii Horsfield 1. Funambulus (Waterhouse) tristriatus tristriatus 2. Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton 3. RatuJa indica indica (Erxleben) 4. RatuJa indica maxima (Schreber) 5. Platacanthomys lasiurus Blyth 6. Vandeleuria nilagirica Jerdon 7. Cremnomys cutchicus Wroughton 8. Rattus rattus wroughtoni (Hinton) 9. Rattus satarae Hinton 10. Mus cookii nagarum Thomas 11. Mus platythrix Bennet INDIAN NON- _ _ _ _ _ _ ENDEMICS 85% (113) Conservation status of the mammalian species under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (amended upto 2006) was also studied. It was found that 93 out of 137 mammalian species have been included in all the five schedules of the Act (Fig. 5). However, on the other hand, there are about 33 mammalian speCIes, mostly PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia 589 microchiropteran bat species, which have not been listed under any of the wildlife Act schedules. There are four Critically Endangered mammal species reported from Karnataka State viz: Wroughton's free-tailed Bat (Otomops wroughtoni .El§s: KARNATAKASTATE MAMMAL SP'/SPP. UNDER VARIOUS SCHEDULES OF INDIAN WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT (1972 AS AMENDED UP TO 2006) 50 44 45 r-- 40 35 33 - 30 27 - 24 25 ;-- 20 15 10 5 n II 4 n III IV (Thomas), Malbar Large-spotted Civet (Viverra civettina Blyth), Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus) and Dugong (Dugong dugon (Mueller). Out of these, Wroughton's free-tailed Bat is known to live in a single large cave near Barapede Village in Belgaum district since last more than hundred years. Table 2 summarizes order-wise IVCN categories of threats assigned to the mammalian species/subspecies as per CAMP Reports for Mammalia (1998), Chiroptera (2002),Primates (2003) and Small Non-Volant mammals (2005). According to these reports, there are four species under Critically Endangered category, 8 in Endangered and 18 in Vulnerable categories, while there are at least 71 species listed under Least Concern category (Fig 6). These belong mostly to Rodentia and Chiroptera orders. Lastly, there are three Carnivore and three Rodent species listed as Not Evaluated, because of their unstable Table 2. Conservation Status (lVCN categories (National) as per CAMP Reports ( 1998,2002,2003 and 2005) of Mammal Species/Subspecies from Karnataka State. Sl. No. Orders 1 ERINACEOMORPHA 2 SORICOMORPHA 3 Critically EnEndangered dangered Vulnerable * * 1 SCANDENTIA * * * 4 CHIROPTERA 5 Lower Lower Data Risk-Near RiskDeficient / Threatened Least Not /Near Concern / Evaluated Threatened Least Concern 1 Total 1 1 * * 3 * * 1 * 1 1 3 4 30 PRIMATES * 2 2 3 2 * * * * * 6 CARNIVORA 1 1 5 9 6 3 25 7 CETACEA 1 1 8 SIRENIA 1 9 PROBOSCIDEA * * * * 1 * * * * * 1 2 7 1 * * * * * * * 10 8 * * 2 4 3 21 3 33 * * * 1 * 1 8 18 30 71 6 137 10 ARTIODACTYLA 11 PHOLIDATA 12 RODENTIA 13 LAGOMORPHA * * * * * TOTAL 4 5 1 39 9 1 1 10 1 590 Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 taxonomic placement for quite sometime. They are Aonyx cinerea Illiger, Lutra lutra nair Cuvier, Lutragale perspicillata (Geoffroy), Vandeleuria nilagirica Jerdon, Rattus satarae Hinton, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout). Further, 137 species include 56 species (41 %) which are under higher conservation status( Indian Wildlife Act Schedule I and II, CITES Appendix I & II and IUCN Categories from Endangered to Vulnerable) (Fig. 7). FIG 6: Conservation Status (lUCN categories (National) as per CAMP Reports (1998 2002 2003 and 2005) of Mammal Species! Subspecies from Karnataka State 160 137 140 120 100 71 80 60 40 20 30 6 4 0 0 w w CJ Z « 0 z w 0:: 0 w w CJ z « 0 z w 0:: ｾ＠ ....J « u f= 0:: u w ....J aJ ｾ＠ W z ....J ｾ＠ > ｯＺｾ＠ «ow wW z ｺｾｷ＠ :.::wt{ ｾｴｻｷ＠ O::wO:: 0:: 0:: I WIfsf-O:: o....J «w Z ｦＭｾｏ＠ (/)°W «w z wZo:: ....JO::w :.::wu (/)U z 0::6 0 O::UU w fS (/) «w 0 ....J ....J ....J ｾｏ＠ !zw f't: ｾｴｻ＠ 0 f- ｕｾ＠ U::....J ｷｾ＠ ow «ft{o Oz Fig 7: KARNATAKA STATE MAM MAL sp/spp WITH HIGHER CONSERVATION STATUS SP/SPP WITH LOWER CONSERVATION STATUS (81)59%\ SP/SPP WITH HIGHER CONSERVATION STATUS (56) 41% 591 PRADHAN and T ALMALE : Mammalia Finally, following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of above observations: 1. Endemicity of the mammalian fauna (25, 18% of total 137) in Karnataka State is mostly due to closeness to Western Ghats, one of the 25 biodiversity 'Hot Spots,' with its central and southern parts running along the west coast of the State. 2. Some of the most interesting mammalian species other than Panthera tigris tigris and Panthera pardus fusca, which can attract attention, are Otomops wroughtoni, Viverra civettina, Lutragale perspicillata, Aonyx cinerea, Martes gwatkinsii, Bos gaurus, Elephas maximus, Petinomys fuscocapillus, Ratufa indica, Ratufa macroura, etc. There is also record of movement of marine mammal species such as blue whale and sea cow along Karnataka coastline. 3. Fairly large number of mammalian species (56 : 41 %) with higher conservation status of Schedule I and Schedule II of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (2002), CITES Appendix I & II and IUCN categories from Endangered to Vulnerable could be recorded, while about 24% of the total mammal species dominated by microchiropteran bats with no status under Wildlife (Protection) Act have also been reported from this region. 4. Thus, State of Karnataka shows most diversified, rich and varied mammalian elements. 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