Part 28
Benthic, Shelled Gastropods
Leonora Rodríguez-Sevilla, Rita Vargas, and Jorge Cortés
Cyphoma gibbosum on a seafan in the coral reef of Parque Nacional Cahuita, Caribbean of
Costa Rica (Photo: Jorge Cortés)
I.S. Wehrtmann, J. Cortés (eds.) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America,
© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
333
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L. Rodríguez-Sevilla et al.
Abstract Here we present a compilation of 1,198 benthic, shelled gastropod (prosobranch and pulmonate) species records from Costa Rica published in the scientific
literature. Of these, 389 species are from the Caribbean and 818 from the Pacific;
9 species are common to both coasts. In terms of families, the Caribbean has 63, while
the Pacific has 75. Including a list of 84 unpublished species (identified by specialists),
the total of benthic, shelled gastropods for Costa Rica is 1,282, and the number of species from the Pacific coast increases to 902. Compared to a study of Colombia’s
Caribbean coast, our list includes 60% of the species reported there, but only 31% of
the 2,682 species reported for the Panamic province. The difference in species number
between the Caribbean and Pacific of Costa Rica may be due to several facts, including
the length of the coast (the Caribbean coast is five times shorter), number of expeditions
(many more on the Pacific), and difference in coastal morphology (the Caribbean less
complex). Compared to other areas, Costa Rica has lower species numbers, which may
be due to patchy sampling (mostly in shallow waters with few samples from deeper than
100 m), and to the study of only macromolluscs. All of this indicates that more sampling
is needed on both sides of Costa Rica and in the other Central American countries.
Introduction
Molluscs are the second most specious group of invertebrates in the world, and
three fourths of them are gastropods (Morton 1960; Ruppert & Barnes 1994).
Mollusc collecting has been popular for centuries, and amateurs have contributed
significantly to the advancement of mollusc studies. There are inmense collections
both in museums and in private hands. Molluscs are also important as food source,
for the curio trade and in some traditional practices (use of dyes or the shells themselves, e.g., as musical instruments).
The Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica measure approximately 212 and
1,254 km in length, respectively, totaling 1,466 km. The Caribbean coast of Costa
Rica is relatively straight, with strong surf, sandy beaches on the north section, and
only two small mangrove areas, one in the central section and one in the south; tide
range is less than 50 cm. The southern section, from Limón to the border with
L. Rodríguez- Sevilla
Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San Pedro,
San José, Costa Rica.
e-mail: leonorars@racsa.co.cr
R. Vargas
Apdo. 3144-1000, San José, Costa Rica.
e-mail: ritav@cariari.ucr.ac.cr
J. Cortés
Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Escuela de Biología,
Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José Costa Rica.
e-mail: jorge.cortes@ucr.ac.cr
28 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods
335
Panama, is formed by rocky headlands of coralline origin, alternating with sandy
beaches. In that section, coral reefs with lagoons and seagrass beds predominate
(Vargas & Cortés 1999a; Coll et al. 2001; Cortés & Jiménez 2003a). The Pacific
coast is longer and more irregular. It has different types of environments such as
estuaries, mangroves, muddy bottoms, rocky areas, sandy beaches, and coral reefs,
and the tides reach up to 4 m (Vargas & Cortés 1999b; Cortés & Jiménez 2003b).
Malacological Studies in Costa Rica
The first marine invertebrate species described for Costa Rica belongs to the phylum
Mollusca; it was the polyplacophora Chaetopleura scabricula Sowerby, 1832. The first
species described from Costa Rica came from Puerto Potrero (now known as Bahía
Potrero), Guanacaste, and from the Golfo de Nicoya and Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas
(Cortés 1998). Other mollusc species were described, thanks to the collections done by
Hugh Cuming between 1827 and 1830, along the west coast of the Americas.
The majority of the molluscs collected in Costa Rica are the product of expeditions organized by foreigners, especially from the USA, from the late 19th century
to the mid-20th century. The main objective of these expeditions was to explore the
coasts of the Americas. One of the most visited sites by these expeditions was Isla
del Coco, since it is en route to the Galapagos Islands, and the focus of attention of
many naturalists (Hertlein 1963; Cortés & Jiménez 2003b).
The Caribbean coast was not studied until the 1960s. Bakus (1968a) did a comparative study of the littoral zonation of gastropods collected in 1962 at three sites
on the Caribbean: Portete, Puerto Limón, and Isla Uvita; he reported 29 species of
gastropods. Houbrick (1968a) studied the marine molluscs in 1966 at two localities
(Portete and Barra del Colorado), in shallow waters and in the littoral zone; he collected 250 species of molluscs of which 181 were gastropods. Wellington (1974)
studied the fauna of Cahuita in 1972 and reported 70 species of gastropods.
Robinson & Montoya (1987) collected materials between 1982 and 1986 from the
intertidal to 5 m depth in ten locations distributed along the coast: Barra del
Colorado, Río Matina, Moín, Portete, Puerto Limón, mouth of Río Banano, Río
Estrella, Cahuita National Park, Puerto Viejo, and Manzanillo. They collected 395
species of which 288 were gastropods. Espinosa & Ortea (2001) collected from
Cahuita to Gandoca between 1999 and 2001, and listed 484 molluscs of which 340
were gastropods. Finally, Rodríguez-Sevilla et al. (2003) published a compedium
of the marine gastropods of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica; they reported 384
species, plus 106 additional in two appendixes, for a total of 490 species.
Many papers have been published on molluscs of the Pacific of Costa Rica,
including Isla del Coco. We can divide the publications into three periods. The first
publications are descriptions of species based on specimens collected by ship captains or by people who collected for museums during the early part of the 19th
century (e.g., Sowerby 1832a, b). The second period, from the late 19th to the mid20th century, produced a large series of papers based on scientific expeditions to
the eastern Pacific, e.g., Dall (1900) with the US Fish Commission Expedition of
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L. Rodríguez-Sevilla et al.
1888 on board the steamer Albatross. Some of the most productive expeditions
were organized by the New York Zoological Society, described by Beebe (1938).
An example of one of many papers on molluscs is by Hertlein & Strong (1943).
Another productive series of expeditions were the Allan Hancock Expeditions to
the eastern Pacific, presented by Fraser (1943). For an example of a paper, among
many, on molluscs see Hanna & Hertlein (1938). The third period is from the 1950s
to the present date when individuals have done collections, e.g., Jung (1989) studied Strombina and published on them. Others collected as part of expeditions; e.g.,
Høisæter (1998) participated in the Costa Rican–German Expedition and published
on the gastropods of the Golfo Dulce. Many papers have been published on the
molluscs of Isla del Coco as a result of expeditions between 1983 and 1987 (e.g.,
Montoya & Shasky 1987; D’Attilio et al. 1987; Montoya 1988; Montoya & Kaiser
1988; Kaiser 1998, 2001a, 2002; Kaiser & Hertz 2001).
During the review of this part, Carol Skoglund sent us a list of 84 species in 59
genera and 20 families of gastropods (Table 28.1) collected during three dredging
Table 28.1 List of species collected during three dredging trips (depth: 10–37 m) to Playa del
Coco, Guanacaste, by Carol Skoglund and her late husband Paul. These are now, with a few exceptions, in the Skoglund collection, Phoenix, Arizona. This collection will go to the Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History. The species from the late Robert Koch’s collection are now at the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The Philadelphia Academy of Sciences (ANSP) has
duplicate specimens of all turrids listed, plus the six species shown as ANSP which are not in the
Skoglund collection. The list and information was provided by Carol Skoglund (C. Skoglund,
personal communication 2005)
Family FISSURELLIDAE
Lucapinella eleanorae McLean, 1967
Leurolepas roseola McLean, 1970
Family TROCHOIDAE
Calliostoma leanum (C.B. Adams, 1852)
Calliostoma rema Strong & Hertlein, 1933
Family TURBINIDAE
Arene balboai (Strong & Hertlein, 1939)
– SBMNH
Family RISSOIDAE
Rissoina axeliana Hertlein & Strong, 1951
– SBMNH
Family CALYPTRAEIDAE
Crucibulum castellum Berry, 1963
Family NATICIDAE
Natica othello Dall, 1908
Polinices caprae (Philippi, 1852)
Sinum debile (Gould, 1853)
Family TRIVIIDAE
Hespererato columbella (Menke, 1847)
– SBMNH
Family MURICIDAE
Pterynotus pinniger (Broderip, 1833)
Folinia ericana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)
Folinia insignis (de Folin, 1867)
Dermomurex indentata (Carpenter, 1857)
Favartia perita (Hinds, 1844)
Trachypollia lugubris (C.B. Adams, 1852)
Coralliophila orcuttiana Dall, 1919
Family CAECIDAE
Caecum parvum C.B. Adams, 1852 – SBMNH
Caecum lohri (Strong & Hertlein, 1939)
– SBMNH
Family BUCCINIDAE
Caducifer nigricostatus (Reeve, 1846)
(continued)
28 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods
337
Table 28.1 (continued)
Family TURRITELLIDAE
Turritella mariana Dall, 1908
Family VERMETIDAE
Serpulorbis oryzata (Mörch, 1862)
Family EPITONIIDAE
Epitonium minuticostatum (Deboury, 1912)
Epitonium togatum Hertlein & Strong, 1951
Epitonium hindsii (Carpenter, 1856)
Opalia spongiosa Carpenter, 1864
Family EULIMIDAE
Scalenostoma rangii (de Folin, 1867)
Sincola dorsata (Sowerby, 1832) – SBMNH
Family NASSARIIDAE
Nassarius corpulentus (C.B. Adams, 1852)
Nassarius pagodus (Reeve, 1844)
Nassarius nucleolus (Philippi, 1846)
Family OLIVIDAE
Oliva kaleontina Duclos, 1835
Monostiolum crebristriatum (Carpenter, 1856)
Phos veraguensis Hinds, 1843
Phos dejanira (Dall, 1919)
Phos cumingii Reeve, 1846
Family COLUMBELLIDAE
Columbella haemastoma Sowerby, 1832
Mitrella harfordi Strong & Hertlein, 1937
Nassarina helenae Keen, 1971 – SBMNH
Nassarina perita Keen, 1971
Steironepion tincta (Carpenter, 1864)
Strombina carmencita Lowe, 1935
Strombina elegans (Sowerby, 1832)
Strombina maculosa (Sowerby, 1832)
Strombina recurva (Sowerby, 1832)
Sincola gibberula (Sowerby, 1832)
Cochlespira cedonulli (Reeve, 1843)
Pyrgospira obeliscus (Reeve, 1843)
Crassispira cortezi Shasky and Campbell,
1964
Crassispira brujae Hertlein & Strong, 1951
Crassispira epicasta Dall, 1919
Crassispira adana (Bartsch, 1950) – ANSP
Crassispira nigerrima (Sowerby, 1834)
– ANSP
Crassispira tepocana Dall, 1919
Hindsiclava militaris (Reeve, 1843 ex Hinds,
MS) – SBMNH and ANSP
Olivella gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
Family CANCELLARIIDAE
Aphera tessellata (Sowerby, 1832)
Narona exopleura (Dall, 1908) – SBMNH
Tritonoharpa siphonata (Reeve, 1844)
Family TEREBRIDAE
Terebra puncturosa Berry, 1961
Terebra argosyia Olsson, 1971
Family TURRIDAE
Calliclava albolaqueata (Carpenter, 1865)
Imaclava unimaculata (Sowerby, 1834)
Agladrillia pudica (Hinds, 1843)
Drillia acapulcana (Lowe, 1935)
Cerodrillia cybele (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)
– SBMNH
Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958
Miraclathurella bicanalifera (Sowerby, 1834)
Carinodrillia dichroa Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932
Carinodrillia halis (Dall, 1919) – ANSP
Strictispira ericana (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)
Compsodrillia alcestis (Dall, 1919)
Compsodrillia duplicata (Sowerby, 1834)
Compsodrillia haliplexa (Dall, 1919)
Compsodrillia jaculum (Pilsbry & Lowe,
1932)
Compsodrillia olssoni McLean & Poorman,
1971 – ANSP
Nannodiella fraternalis (Dall, 1919)
Glyphostoma candida (Hinds, 1843)
Kurtziella cyrene (Dall, 1919) – ANSP
Tenaturris verdensis (Dall, 1919)
Daphnella bartschi Dall, 1919 – SBMNH
Philbertia doris Dall, 1919 – SBMNH
Microdaphne trichodes (Dall, 1919)
– SBMNH
338
L. Rodríguez-Sevilla et al.
Fig. 28.1 Prunum holandae from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Paul V. Scott)
Fig. 28.2 Jenneria pustulata from Pacific Costa Rica (Photo: Yolanda Camacho)
trips to Playa del Coco (depth: 10–37 m) by herself and her late husband Paul,
which were not included in her publication (Skoglund 1990a).
Herein we report 1,198 benthic, shelled gastropod (prosobranch and pulmonate) species present in both coasts, 389 from the Caribbean (Fig. 28.1) and 818
from the Pacific (Fig. 28.2), with nine species in common. In terms of families,
the Caribbean has 63, while the Pacific has 75. Including the species in Table
28.1, the total of benthic, shelled gastropods for Costa Rica is 1,282, and the
number of species from the Pacific coast increases to 902. The systematics used
in the present part are based on Abbott (1974), Skoglund (1992, 2002), and
Beesley et al. (1998).
28 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods
339
Comparative Species Richness
A recent report by Díaz Merlano and Puyana Hegedus (1994) on the Caribbean and
western Atlantic of Colombia revealed 653 species of benthic, shelled gastropods.
The number of species reported herein for the Caribbean constitutes 60% of the
above-mentioned number from Colombia. Keen (1971) and Skoglund (2002)
reported 2,682 for the Panamic province; our number for the Pacific coast comprised 31% of the Panamic species.
The difference in number of species between both Costa Rican coasts and between
Costa Rica and the other regions sampled could be explained by several reasons:
1. The Caribbean coast is about five times shorter than the Pacific coast.
2. The collecting efforts have been greater in the Pacific.
3. The morphological differences between both coasts make the Pacific a more
heterogeneous region with more diversity in habitats and, hence, more
biodiversity.
4. The majority of the sites sampled in the Caribbean coast are located in the central and southern sections of the coast; the northern part has been poorly sampled. However, diversity must be higher in the southern and central areas of the
coast, due not only to more intense sampling, but also to the larger variety of
habitats in the south.
5. The majority of the collections were made on the shore or by diving in shallow
waters; thus, the deep water fauna remains unknown.
6. Most species reported in the literature are macromolluscs. Micromolluscs have
received little attention due to the difficulties associated with their identification.
In other areas, however, the study of the micromolluscs has received more interest lately, revealing a large number of new species and families.
7. Sampling of the Pacific coast has been patchy and mostly in shallow waters,
there are few samples of waters deeper than 100 m.
For all these reasons it is concluded that more sampling is needed on both sides of
Costa Rica. Therefore, the number of species presented in this part is probably an
underestimation of what really exists. Species Lists 28.1 and 28.2, included on the
CD-Rom, are based on the literature and museum collections in Costa Rica. In the
collection of the Museo de Zoología of the Universidad de Costa Rica, there is a
number of specimens that have not been identified, and some might be new species;
these have not been included in the lists.
Specialists
Henry Chaney: Director of Collection and Research, Santa Barbara Museum of
Natural History, Santa Barbara, California, USA – Eastern Pacific. hchaney@
sbnature2.org
Kirstie L. Kaiser: Museum Associate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History, Los Angeles, California, 90007, USA – Eastern Pacific. 76511.3463@
compuserve.com
340
L. Rodríguez-Sevilla et al.
José Espinosa: Instituto de Oceanología de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba – Caribbean.
espinosa@oceano.inf.cu
Michel Montoya: San José, Costa Rica – Eastern Pacific. michelmontoya@correo.co.cr
Carol Skoglund: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California,
USA – Eastern Pacific. carolskoglund@msn.com
Collections
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Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica: http://
museo.biologia.ucr.ac.cr/
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: http://www.acnatsci.org/
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco: http://www.calacademy.org/
Instituto de Oceanología, Cuba: http://www.cuba.cu/ciencia/citma/AMA/p_a.html
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, California: http://www.nhm.
org/
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC:
http://www.mnh.si.edu/
Natural History Museum, London: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/
Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland: http://www.nmb.bs.ch/
San Diego Natural History Museum, California: http://www.sdnhm.org/
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, California: http://www.sbnature.
org/
Acknowledgments We are grateful to José H. Leal for his help during the preparation of this part.
José H. Leal and David G. Robinson identified and revised specimens. J. Michel Montoya (Costa
Rica), Kay Hale and Helen D. Albertson (previously at the RSMAS Library, University of Miami),
Marien Faber (Museum of Zoology in Amsterdam), and Emilio Rolán (Sociedad Española de
Malacología) provided many papers that contained information on Costa Rican gastropods. Useful
comments by anonymous reviewers and by Carol Skoglund are greatly appreciated.
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