Trends
in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
Original Article
The effect of cognitive behavioral counseling on sexual
knowledge, motivation to avoid risky sexual relationships,
and sexual depression in female university students
Fatemeh Hosseini,1 Katayoun Alidousti Shahraki,2 Mansooreh Azizzadeh Forouzi,2
Atefeh Ahmadi,1 Tania Dehesh3
Abstract
Introduction: Misunderstanding of different aspects of sex makes individuals vulnerable to sexual
dysfunction, sexually transmitted diseases, mental disorders, and illegal relationships. This study aimed
to determine the effect of cognitive behavioral counseling on the sexual self-concept of female students
at Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This study is an intervention conducted with female students living in dormitories at Kerman
and Rafsanjan Universities of Medical Sciences. The sample size was estimated at 63 students from
different fields of study; 31 students from Kerman University of Medical Sciences comprised the
experimental group and 32 students from Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences comprised the control
group. Cognitive behavioral group counseling sessions were held every 3 days. The instrument used for
collecting pre-test and post-test data was Snell’s Multidimensional Sexual Self-concept Questionnaire.
Data analysis was conducted using measures of central tendency, t tests and chi-square tests.
Results: The two groups were homogenous in terms of demographic factors. Analysis of the results of
the intervention revealed significant differences in sexual self-consciousness and motivation to avoid high
risk sexual relationships, but there was no significant difference in terms of sexual depression.
Discussion: Cognitive behavioral group counseling can improve sexual self-concept. Therefore, this
type of counseling is recommended from younger ages or at enrollment at university, to help correct
development of this important part of identity.
Keywords: Concept, sexual, cognitive behavioral counseling.
Introduction
Social changes over recent years in Iran have
gradually taken different dimensions. Change is not
restricted to values, but the behavior of individuals is
also subject to change. A similar shift has taken place
in premarital sex also. Recent studies in Iran have
shown that about 20-30% of young people have sexual
relations before marriage.1-3 One of the most important
issues that causes marital conflicts and even divorce
in Iranian families is sexual differences and discord
between couples, which also destroys the warmth of
the family.4
Sexual self-concept is defined as an individual’s
feelings, and beliefs about sex. Self-assessment can be
an important predictor of future sexual behaviors and
1
Midwifery Department, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2 Nursing Research Center, Midwifery
Department, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School
of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Submitted Sep 04 2018, accepted for publication Aug 02 2019.
Suggested citation: Hosseini F, Alidousti Shahraki K, Azizzadeh Forouzi M, Ahmadi A, Dehesh T. The effect of cognitive behavioral counseling on sexual knowledge,
motivation to avoid risky sexual relationships, and sexual depression in female university students. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2):122-128. http://
dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0052
APRS | CC-BY
Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2) – 122-128
Effect of counseling on sexual self-concept - Hosseini et al.
so encouraging it can help people enhance their sexual
and psychological well-being.5,6
The first stage of sexual self-concept begins in early
adolescence and it continues to develop over the course of
a person’s lifetime. Snell et al.,5 have defined 20
subcategories for sexual self-concept, including sexual
anxiety, sexual self-efficacy, sexual awareness, motivation
to avoid risky relationships, accidental control of sexual
desires, sexual desire, sexual courage, sexual optimism,
self-blaming in sexual problems, sexual monitoring,
sexual excitability, sexual issue management, reliability
and sexual value, sexual satisfaction, sexual control by
influential people, individual sexual patterns, fear of
sexual relations, prevention of sexual problems, sexual
depression, and internal control of sexual issues.5
Sexual self-concept helps a person achieve
knowledge, identity, and self-assessment in sexual life.
It organizes and provides the structure and motivation
to build relationships, behavior, self-esteem, and sexual
anxiety in the present and in the future. Snell et al.5
believe that sexual self-concept is a predictor of sexual
health, sexual risk awarness, and sexual self-efficacy.
In other words, low self-esteem and negative sexual
self-concept are predictors of risky sexual behavior.5,6
A proportion of sexual dysfunctions are associated with
poor sexual self-concept.7,8
Studies have shown that factors such as age, sex,
siblings, school, mass media, sexual education, sexually
transmitted diseases, and social and cognitive changes
impact sexual self-concept.9-13 The pattern of sexual
relations has many variations in the world and in Iran
the values and beliefs of young people are undergoing
extensive changes. Premarital sex and home-sharing
among young people are on the rise.14 Haghdoost et
al.,15 have claimed that the pattern of HIV transmission
has changed from IV drug users to the general
population, which is due to unsafe sexual contact.15
In 2014, a study was conducted with 363 newlywed
women in Sari, Iran, finding that 21.2% of the women
had sexual dysfunction.16 The sexual presentation of a
person in the community is related to his/her sexual
self-concept.17 Lack of sex education and counseling for
young people in schools, universities, and families has
led to the creation of sexual myths and poor sexual selfconcept among individuals.18
Since the World Health Organization has declared
that sexual health is a correlation between physical,
emotional, rational, and social aspects in beings with
sexual instinct, and states that “sexual health increases
the richness of personality, relationships and love”,
people of all ages and backgrounds are prone to sexual
dangers, and need to be aware of and have access to
services in the field of sexual health.19
Considering the importance of sexual self-concept,
which can place people at different risks, this study
aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral
counseling on sexual self-concept in female university
students.
Methods
This clinical trial was designed to investigate the
effect of counseling on sexual self-concept in female
university students.
Participants and procedures
The study population consisted of all female students
at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The sample
size was calculated as 27 in each group, based on
similar previous studies20 and taking into account 80%
(β) test power and 5% (α) error probability. The 27
students in the intervention group were selected from
Kerman University and 27 students were selected from
Rafsanjan University for a control group. To account for
expected missing data, 32 participants were selected
for the control group and 31 students were selected for
the intervention group.
Inclusion criteria were being single, being able to
speak and understand Persian, being from Iran (due
to differences in culture, customs, and lifestyle), not
having a history of known psychiatric illnesses, and not
taking psychiatric medications (self-declaration).
Using other relevant counseling services and not
attending one of the counseling sessions were defined
as exclusion criteria.
After selecting the samples and obtaining informed
consent from all participants, the pretest was
administered. The intervention group was then divided
into three subgroups (maximum 10 participants in each
group). These subgroups underwent 6 consecutive
cognitive-behavioral counseling sessions once every 3
nights (educational materials are presented in Table 1).
Table 1 - Sessions and Meeting Titles
Sessions
Meeting titles
First session
Understanding needs of sex
Second session
How does excitement form?
Third session
Identifying negative schemas
Fourth session
Identifying damaging thoughts
Fifth session
Identifying intellectual patterns or
intellectual errors
Sixth session
Elaborating on thinking patterns for
dealing with problems
Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2) – 123
Effect of counseling on sexual self-concept - Hosseini et al.
The duration of each session was one hour and
thirty minutes. At the end of the last counseling
session, participants who had attended all sessions
were asked to complete a post-test. At the same time,
the questionnaire was also completed by control group
members. In order to uphold the principles of ethical
conduct, a summary of the counseling sessions was
presented in 2 sessions to control group members after
they had completed the post-test.
Instruments
Demographic and health characteristics were
assessed using a questionnaire designed by the
researchers. Sexual self-concept was measured using
Snell’s multi-dimensional questionnaire.
The demographic information analyzed included
age, sex, marital status, religion, number of siblings,
household income, and parents’ educational levels.
Additional questions covered present psychological
problems and use of sedatives, anti-depressants,
and anxiolytics. Snell’s multifaceted self-concept
questionnaire is an objective self-report tool that is
designed to measure 20 psychological dimensions in
the sexual sphere.6 The questionnaire comprises 100
items with responses scored on a 5-point Likert scale
from 0 (“this is by no means true about me”) to 4 (“this
is absolutely true about me”). Each dimension consists
of 5 items, and the total score is evaluated separately
for each dimension.
The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were
estimated by Ziaei et al.,21 using a content validity index
(at 0.70 and 0.88, respectively).21 Bearing in mind the
socio-cultural aspects of conducting such a study in an
Iranian community, three areas of sexual self-concept
were selected for investigation (sexual awareness,
motivation to avoid high-risk relationships, and sexual
depression). The study was conducted after approval was
granted by the Deputy of Research at Kerman University
of Medical Sciences (2016. 272kmu. Rec.) and a clinical
trial code was obtained (IRCT2017071624866N3).
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed using the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22
(SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), running independent t
tests, paired t tests, and chi-square tests. To ensure
that demographic variables did not affect the results,
intervention and control groups were matched in this
regard before initiating the study. Nevertheless, the
relationship between the two groups and each of the
demographic variables were investigated using the chi-
124 – Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2)
square test. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov tests were
used to determine the normality of the data and the
level of significance was set at p<0.05.
Results
Demographic characteristics
Although most of the participants in the control
group were aged between 17 and 21 and those in
the intervention group were aged between 21 and 25
years, this difference was not statistically significant
(p=0.09). In terms of father’s educational level, it
was found that most of intervention group’s fathers
had a diploma, but most of control group’s fathers
were undergraduates. Nevertheless, the two groups
did not differ significantly in this regard (p=0.38).
In the intervention group, 32.3% of mothers had
undergraduate education and 31.3% of control
group mothers had postgraduate education. In the
intervention group, 16 participants (51.6%) had one
sister, and in the control group, 12 of the participants
(37.5%) had no sisters. About 38.5% and 46.9%
of the intervention group and the control group
respectively had one brother (Table 2).
Sexual self-concept
The differences between mean scores before and
after counseling were not statistically significant for
any of the three sexual self-concept dimensions in the
control group (p<0.05).
In contrast, the analysis revealed significant
statistical differences between the pre-test and posttest scores in the intervention group for all aspects of
sexual self-concept (p≤0.05).
Comparison of mean scores of sexual self-concept
dimensions before counseling showed a significant
difference between the two groups in terms of the
avoidance of high-risk sexual relationships dimension
only, and so the two groups did not match in this respect
at study outset (p=0.001) (Table 3).
The difference between mean scores for highrisk sexual relationship avoidance before and after
counseling was greater in the intervention group than
in the control group and the mean score significantly
increased in the intervention group (p<0/05).
There was no significant difference between
intervention and control groups regarding mean pre-test
and post-test scores for sexual depression (p>0.05).
Intervention increased the mean score for the sexual
awareness dimension (p<0.05) (Table 4).
Effect of counseling on sexual self-concept - Hosseini et al.
Table 2 - Frequency distributions and percentages for demographic characteristics (intervention and control group)
Group
Intervention
Control
Result
17-21 years old
13 (41.9%)
20 (62.5%)
21-25 years old
15 (48.4%)
12 (37.5%)
25-29 years old
3 (9.7%)
0 (0)
χ2=4.80
df=2
p=0.09
1 (3.2%)
2 (6.3%)
6 (18.8%)
Age
Father’s education
None
High school
10 (32.3%)
Diploma
11 (35.5%)
9 (28.1%)
Bachelor
7 (22.6%)
14 (43.8%)
2 (6.5%)
1 (3.1%)
2 (6.5%)
3 (9.4%)
10 (32.3%)
10 (31.3%)
Masters and higher
χ2=4.185
df=4
p=0.38
Mother’s education
None
High school
Diploma
9 (29%)
7 (21.9%)
Bachelor
7 (22.6%)
10 (31.3%)
3 (9.7%)
2 (6.3%)
0
6 (19.4%)
12 (37.5%)
1
16 (51.6%)
5 (15.6%)
Masters and higher
χ2=1.164
df=4
p=0.88
Sisters
2
5 (16.1%)
7 (21.9%)
3
2 (6.5%)
6 (18.8%)
4-7
2 (6.4%)
2 (6.2%)
t=-0.05
df=61
p=0.96
Brothers
0
11 (35.5%)
8 (25%)
1
12 (38.5%)
15 (46.9%)
2
0 (0)
8 (25%)
3
3 (9.7%)
1 (3.1%)
t=0.87
df=61
p=0.39
Table 3 - Comparison of mean scores of sexual self-concept dimensions before and after counseling between two groups
Dimension/time
Intervention
Control
Result
10.48
12.78
t=-2.82
df=61
p=0.09
Sexual awareness
Before intervention
After intervention
13.48
12.06
t=6.22
df=31
p=0.00
t=-1.53
df=31
p=0.14
16.48
18.78
Avoiding high-risk sexual relationships
Before intervention
After intervention
18.32
18.38
t=32.76
df=31
p=0.00
t=-1.26
df=31
p=0.22
14.48
14.84
t=-2.843
df=61
p=0.001
Sexual depression
Before intervention
After intervention
16.11
15.38
t=3.066
df=31
p=0.01
t=0.90
df=31
p=0.37
t=-0.56
df=60
p=0.40
Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2) – 125
Effect of counseling on sexual self-concept - Hosseini et al.
Table 4 - Comparison of the relative changes in the sexual self-concept scores in the intervention and control groups
Group
Intervention
Control
T-test
Sexual awareness
0.3521
-0.0404
t: 5.223
df=48.122
p=0.027
Avoiding high-risk sexual relationships
0.1433
-0.0179
t:30.049
df=38.254
p=0.005
Sexual depression
0.1590
0.641
T: 1.331
df=61
p=0.803
Discussion
The findings demonstrated that cognitive behavioral
counseling led to an increase in female students’ sexual
knowledge. Snell et al. defined sexual knowledge as
the tendency to think and react to sexual nature.5
Sexual knowledge is understanding of one’s sexual
characteristics such as sexual shame, feeling nervous
or uncomfortable during intercourse, and sexual
self-esteem. One’s awareness of the above issues
and their elimination can be a factor in achieving
sexual satisfaction. Understanding sexual aspects
and recognizing sexual thoughts, attitudes, actions,
and feelings leads to greater sexual satisfaction. On
the other hand, a positive framework of sexual selfawareness can lead to a positive sexual identity.22
Given that in some countries talking about sex
issues is taboo and that girls and boys nowadays reach
puberty at a younger age all over the world, marry later,
and engage in sexual acts before they get married,
familiarity with sexual issues before marriage can
reduce abnormal behaviors, as long as this information
is free from false beliefs.23-26
Some studies have shown that cognitive behavioral
training had effects on women’s sexual knowledge,
attitude, and self-confidence.19,27,28 In the present
study, female university students’ sexual habits,
thoughts, beliefs, myths, central beliefs, and selfawareness were studied, and it was revealed how these
matters triggered individuals’ emotions, behaviors, and
reactions in different situations.
We also found that cognitive behavioral counseling
affected the motivation to avoid high-risk relationships
dimension, which is consistent with previous
findings.20,29,30
The experience of having sex during adolescence
and youth, without adequate awareness, can lead to
the maintenance of high-risk relationships and can have
consequences such as sexually transmitted diseases,
unwanted pregnancy, or many other problems of
126 – Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2020;42(2)
this nature. Preventive measures regarding high-risk
relationships are among the most important interventions
that can be employed to save a person from premarital
sexual relationships. The fact that young people often
have no experience in this field and only think about one
aspect of it, is enough to demonstrate the need for such
interventions.31 In 2010, the United States’ Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention reported that 46% of
high school students had sexual experience, and 34%
of them had experienced sex during the previous three
months. It was also found that among sexually active
individuals, 39% had not used condoms during their
last sexual contact and 14% of them had had sex with 4
or more people during their lifetimes.32 Research about
sexual behavior conducted in the United States is cited
because there is a lack of this kind of study in Iran.
Rahmani et al.,33 concluded that inability to
terminate a relationship, to make the right decision,
and to reject sex are factors that affect young girls’
involvement in sexual relationships. They emphasized
the need for prevention through counseling and training
in this regard. They also mentioned that sexually active
young people who did not use any method or means of
contraception had a 90% chance of pregnancy during
a one-year sexual relationship. More than 50 percent
of new HIV infections occur in young people in the 2530-year age range. In other words, young people are
more likely to be exposed to this virus than any other
age group.33
Merghati Khoei34 states that in many girls, sexual
intercourse is based on the awareness of virginity, and
sexual intercourse in girls is the product of interactions
with the opposite sex and creation of interest and
dependency. It seems that dependence is caused by
temporary emotions. In order to satisfy emotional
needs and maintain the relationship with the opposite
sex, girls resort to unconditional acceptance of sexual
propositions, further exposing themselves to early and
perilous sexual activities. The reason for agreeing to
sexual intercourse by girls is to keep in touch with the
Effect of counseling on sexual self-concept - Hosseini et al.
opposite sex and achieve marriage. Girls are more
concerned about social dignity than boys; and do not
have sufficient health information about complications
of sexual relations, such as sexually transmitted
diseases.33,34
Maladaptive thoughts act automatically and
unknowingly in certain situations and can cause
negative emotions. These thoughts also interfere
with emotional and behavioral responses to sexual
situations.35 Cognitive behavioral counseling focuses on
rebuilding irrational attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in
this regard.
When a person experiences feelings such as shame,
embarrassment, and humiliation, he/she may confront
sexual depression.6
In the present study, it was found that behavioral
counseling did not have any significant effect on the
sexual depression aspect of sexual self-concept, which
is in line with findings of a study by Jaafarpour et al.,35
but in contrast to those reported by Rahmani et al.24 and
Ghorbanshiroudi.36 This discrepancy in findings may be
due to the fact that in the study by Ghorbanshiroudi,
sexual education was administered to married people,
since people speak more comfortably about sexual
problems after their marriage. Depression is a key
factor in reducing self-esteem and sexual dignity.
Counseling was not able to exert a significant effect
on sexual depression among our participants. This
finding can be attributed to the fact that the issue of
depression is highly specialized and sexual depression
cannot be treated in a few group counseling sessions.
It seems that overcoming sexual depression requires
individual counseling or even medication in more
severe cases. Depression reduces sexual desire,
sexual arousal, frequency of sexual intercourse and
achievement of orgasm, self-confidence, self-esteem,
sexual performance, and sexual dysfunctions.5,37,38
Many studies of sexual activity among patients suffering
from depression have shown that depression and antidepression drugs have numerous side-effects on the
sexual activity of these patients and can endanger their
sexual health. One reason for lack of counseling effect on
sexual depression may be the brevity of the intervention.
It seems that overcoming sexual depression requires a
different type of counseling method or a longer duration
intervention, which may be a limitation of this study.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by Kerman University of
Medical Sciences. We are thankful to all participants
who kindly cooperated with us to perform this study.
Disclosure
No conflicts of interest declared concerning publication
of this article.
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Correspondence:
Katayoun Alidousti Shahraki
Tel.: +0989132421749, Fax: +0983431325218
E-mail: alidoosti@kmu.ac.ir