Bathyglycinde pr
ofunda (Hartman & FFauchald)
auchald)
profunda
(Pol
ychaeta, Goniadidae): new combination
(Polychaeta,
Alexandra Elaine Rizzo & Antonia Cecília Zacagnini Amaral
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083-970
Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: aerizzo@hotmail.com; ceamaral@unicamp.br
ABSTRACT. Goniadid polychaetes belonging to the genus Bathyglycinde Fauchald, 1972 were collected during the
REVIZEE Program/South Score/Benthos on the outer shelf and continental slope off the south-southeastern
coast of Brazil. This genus is recorded for the first time from Brazilian waters. A new combination for the species
Glycinde profunda Hartman & Fauchald, 1971 is proposed, and the species is illustrated. This species was originally
assigned to the genus Glycinde Müller, 1858, but the conspicuous proboscideal papillae and the simple capillary
notochaetae without knob are typical of Bathyglycinde. Bathyglycinde profunda comb
comb.. nov
nov.. differs from other congeneric species mainly in having all chaetigers with single pre- and postchaetal lamellae, proboscideal papillae in
Area I and 32-41 uniramous chaetigers. This is the first member of the genus found in less than abyssal depths.
A key to the species of Bathyglycinde is provided.
KEY WORDS. Brazil, Glycinde, new combination, outer continental slope.
RESUMO. Poliquetas goniadídeos pertencentes a Bathyglycinde Fauchald, 1972 foram coletados durante o programa REVIZEE/Score Sul/Bentos “Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável dos Recursos Vivos na Zona Econômica
Exclusiva” na plataforma externa e talude continental sul-sudeste do Brasil. Originalmente esta espécie estava em
Glycinde Müller, 1858, mas as papilas proboscideais e cerdas notopodiais capilares não geniculadas são características de Bathyglycinde. Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman & Fauchald, 1971) comb
comb.. nov
nov.. difere das outras espécies do
gênero por ter uma única lamela pré- e uma pós-setal em todos os setígeros, papilas proboscideais na área I e 3234 setígeros unirremes. Uma chave de identificação para as espécies de Bathyglycinde é fornecida. Este é o primeiro
registro de uma espécie do gênero em águas não abissais.
PALAVRAS CHAVE. Brasil, Glycinde, nova combinação, plataforma externa.
Of the nine genera belonging to the family Goniadidae, only
Bathyglycinde Fauchald, 1972 and Glycinde Müller, 1858 have
the proboscis covered by longitudinal rows of long or short
chitinous papillae. The main difference between these two
genera lies in the presence of simple capillary notochaetae in
Bathyglycinde, opposed to the presence of notochaetae that are
knobbed or falcate hooded hooks in Glycinde (Fauchald, 1977).
The proboscis was divided into Areas I to VI (numbered dorsoventrally) by HARTMAN (1950: 45-47, text-fig. 2), to facilitate
comprehension and establish a standard. Area I, the middorsal, is composed of one or more rows of tiny papillae. Areas IIVI are paired and oriented dorso-ventrally. Area II includes a
large part of the proboscis, and its long papillae are uni- or
bidentate, arranged in rows numbered from II1 to II6. Area III
has 1 to 8 rows of small papillae. Area IV is composed of rows
of papillae that are usually dorso-ventrally flattened and arranged in zigzags. Area V has long or short papillae, whereas
area VI is generally smooth. The proboscideal papillae have a
subapical or apical pore containing anterior ceraceous and
posterior mucous cells (BANTZ & MICHEL 1971, 1972) that are
connected by a channel to the ciliated pore (HARTMAN 1950,
SMITH et al. 1995). The function of the cilia is still unknown,
but probably is related to protection of the channel, preventing its obstruction. Because of their morphological diversity
and different arrangements, the structures of the proboscideal
papillae have great taxonomic value in goniadids. However,
these structures have rarely been described and illustrated.
Herein, the species Glycinde profunda Hartman & Fauchald,
1971 is transferred to the genus Bathyglycinde, emend the diagnosis of the latter genus, and improve the species description.
Additionally, a comparison table and a key for the species of
Bathyglycinde is provided.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens of goniadids were collected during the program REVIZEE/South Score/Benthos sampling cruises of the
R/V “W. BESNARD“, on the outer shelf and continental slope off
Brazil from Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro State (23º43.60’S,
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
938
A. E. Rizzo & A. C. Z. Amaral
42º06.50’W) to Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul State (29º
14.672’S, 47º50.669’W); water depths were 60 to 808 m. The
samples were collected with van Veen and box-corer grabs and
a dredge. The polychaetes were sorted from the sediment,
washed, fixed with 4% formalin, stored in 70% alcohol, and
identified.
Measurements and line drawings were made using Zeiss
optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy. The material examined was deposited in the Museu de História Natural of the
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), in the
Polychaeta Collection (MHN-BPO).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bathyglycinde Fauchald, 1972
Type species: Bathyglycinde mexicana Fauchald, 1972
Diagnosis: Smooth or weakly annulated prostomium.
Proboscideal papillae of many types, long or short, arranged
dorso-ventrally in six areas. One pair of macrognaths and a variable number of micrognaths. Chevron absent. Single or bifid
prechaetal lamellae in anterior and posterior chaetigers, or only
in posterior ones. Capillary notochaetae with serrated distal article; long spiniger neurochaetae with shaft end smooth or fringed.
Remarks: FAUCHALD (1972) described Bathyglycinde to include species with: a) smooth prostomium, b) two or three kinds
of proboscideal organs [papillae], absent from Areas I and VI,
c) two macrognaths, d) micrognaths present in varying number, e) chevrons absent, f) notopodium with slender capillary
chaetae and finely dentate edges, and g) bifid prechaetal lamellae only on posterior chaetigers or also on anterior ones. However, it is necessary to enlarge the genus diagnosis to include
species of Bathyglycinde with the prostomium weakly annulated,
proboscideal papillae present in Area I, single prechaetal lamellae in biramous chaetigers instead of only bifid, and
neurochaetae with shaft ends fringed instead of only smooth.
The main difference between Glycinde and Bathyglycinde is that
the former has sub-distally protuberant and distally slender
notochaetae instead of capillary ones (FAUCHALD 1977).
Bathyglycinde contained four species: the type species
Bathyglycinde mexicana Fauchald, 1972; Bathyglycinde cedroensis
Fauchald, 1972 and Bathyglycinde lindbergi (Uschakov, 1955);
this last species was transferred to Bathyglycinde by FAUCHALD
(1972). All species described in this genus until now are from
the Pacific Ocean: B. mexicana and B. cedroensis from the surroundings of the Gulf of California, and B. lindbergi from the
Sea of Okhotsk. According to PETTIBONE (1970), Glycinde sibogana
Augener & Pettibone, 1970, with 29 uniramous chaetigers, may
be synonymous with B. lindbergi. However, in his brief description of G. lindbergi, USCHAKOV (1955) did not mention the number of uniramous chaetigers. The fourth species, Bathyglycinde
profunda from off the Bermudas and Surinam, has a nonannulated prostomium, 40-41 uniramous chaetigers, notopodia
with capillary chaetae and undivided parapodial lamellae. All
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
of these species were collected from abyssal waters (± 2000 m
depth) and described from a small number of individuals.
Key to species of Bathyglycinde
1. Biramous chaetigers with single neuropodial prechaetal
lamellae; 32-41 uniramous chaetigers ...............................
......................................................... Bathyglycinde profunda
1’. Biramous chaetigers with bifid neuropodial prechaetal lamellae; 21-26 uniramous chaetigers ...................................... 2
2. Uniramous chaetigers with bifid prechaetal lamellae; 21-22
uniramous chaetigers .................... Bathyglycinde mexicana
2’. Uniramous chaetigers with single prechaetal lamellae, more
than 22 chaetigers ............................................................ 3
3. Bifid prechaetal neuropodial lamella with superior end more
elongated than inferior; postchaetal neuropodial lamella
more elongated than prechaetal; 25-26 uniramous
chaetigers ...................................... Bathyglycinde cedroensis
3’. Bifid prechaetal neuropodial lamella with superior and inferior ends almost the same length; postchaetal neuropodial
lamella the same length as the prechaetal lamella; [number of uniramous chaetigers not mentioned in the original
description] ..................................... Bathyglycinde lindbergi
Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman & Fauchald,
comb.. nov
nov..
1971) comb
Figs 1-21, Tab. I
Glycinde profunda Hartman & Fauchald, 1971: 74-76, pl. 4, figs
c-e.
Glycinde sp. Hartman, 1965: 99.
Material examined: 9 specimens: St. 6689, 27º08.90’S,
46º37.70’W, 500 m, 18.I.1998 (MHN-BPO-AR52, 1 spec.); St.
6743, 23º55.40’S, 42º47.60’W, 508 m, 15.II.1998 (MHN-BPOAR560, 1 spec.); St. 6749, 23º44.20’S, 42º29.80’W, 325 m,
16.II.1998 (MHN-BPO-AR283, 1 spec.); St. 6752, 23º43.60’S,
42º06.50’W, 502 m, 16.II.1998 (MHN-BPO-AR599, 1 spec.); St.
6777, 26º51.76’S, 46º18.47’W, 500 m, 13.III.1998 (MHN-BPOAR11, 1 spec.); 13.III.1998 (MHN-BPO-AR09, 1 spec.); St. 6783,
27º09.90’S, 46º52.83’W, 350 m, 14.III.1998 (MHN-BPO-AR339,
2 spec.); St. 6811, 29º14.672’S, 47º50.669’W, 506 m, 22.III.1998
(MHN-BPO-AR331, 1 spec.).
Description: Only one complete specimen with 67
chaetigers, 19.0 mm length and 0.26 mm width (chaetiger 10);
incomplete specimens up to 14 mm in length, and widths of
0.1-0.34 mm. Coloration relatively uniform; yellowish body
with brownish pigment on dorsal and ventral regions and on
parapodia. Dorsum with quadrate to rectangular segmental
patches, separated medially by narrow stripes and segmental
lines, dorsal unpigmented longitudinal bands without pigmentation; ventrum with three rows of similar patches on the dorsum, the median patch broadest. Prostomium unpigmented
or with light pigmentation, antennae and interchaetiger re-
3
II3
II4
II5
2
6
10 µm
25 µm
100 µm
4
10 µm
939
25 µm
Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman & Fauchald): new combination
5
II6
II2
10 µm
II1
7
12
8
9
11
10 µm
13
10 µm
1
10 µm
300 µm
10
14
15
Figures 1-15. Bathyglycinde profunda comb. nov.: (1) anterior region, left latero-dorsal view; (2) antennae, frontal view; (3) macrognath
with two cuspids; (4) H-shaped micrognath; (5) row of proposcideal papillae of Area I; (6) detail of the papilla of Area I, lateral view; (7)
papilla from Area II6; (8) Area II5; (9) Area II4; (10) Area II3; (11) Area II2; (12) Area II1; (13) tricuspid papilla from Area III, dorsal view
(above), lateral view (below); (14) bicuspid papilla from Area IV, dorsal view; (15) flattened papilla from Area V, on proboscideal base.
gion without pigment. Prostomium longer than wide, apparently smooth, with about 10 weakly demarcated rings (Fig. 1);
two dorso-lateral longitudinal ridges may be present. Bi-articulate antennae; basal article twice the size of the distal article
(Fig. 2). Eyes not seen. Small nuchal organ, half-moon-shaped,
located dorso-laterally in the basal ring. Proboscis bears two
macrognaths, each one with two or three cuspids (Fig. 3) and
four H-shaped micrognaths (Fig. 4). Latero-ventrally macrognaths; latero-dorsally to dorsally micrognaths. Proboscideal
papillae of many types: Area I – a row of short papillae, rounded
basally, bidentate and with a subapical pore (Figs 5-6); Area II
– six rows of long papillae with a subapical pore (II1-II6; Figs 712): II1 and II6 – short, rounded basally, bidentate (Figs 7, 12);
II2-II3, II5 – long, unidentate, subapical pore (Figs 8, 10-11);
II3 with prominent anterior-median face (Fig. 10); II4 –
bidentate with pore in superior fang (Fig. 9); Area III – a row of
small, dorso-ventrally flattened papillae, arranged in zigzag and
with a large central pore; tridentate anterior and rounded posterior end (Fig. 13); Area IV – a row of short rectangular papillae, dorso-ventrally flattened, a large central pore; bidentate
anterior and rounded posterior end (Fig. 14); Area V – shorter
papillae, obscure, dorsally flattened and ventrally extended,
with apical pore arranged on proboscidial base (Fig. 15); Area
VI – smooth. Papillae in areas III-V arranged in transverse rows.
Shorter medium and anterior parapodia, about one-third of
its body width; posterior parapodia about same length as body
in this region. A midventral groove extends throughout its body
length. First chaetiger with parapodial lobe, dorsal and ventral cirri and chaetae. Uniramous parapodia with a subtriangular to digitiform prechaetal lamella and a subtriangular
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
940
A. E. Rizzo & A. C. Z. Amaral
dc
post
10 µm
16
pre
vc
dc
10 µm
no
20
ne
10 µm
vc
17
dc
10 µm
no
19
10 µm
18
vc
10 µm
ne
21
Figures 16-21. Bathyglycinde profunda comb. nov.: (16) chaetiger 10, posterior view; (17) chaetiger 33, anterior view; (18) chaetiger
40, posterior view, distal article omitted; (19) outer spiniger neurochaeta; (20) spiniger neurochaeta with distal end fringed, distal
article omitted; (21) capillary notochaeta. (dc) Dorsal cirrus, (no) notopodium, (ne) neuropodium, (post) postchaetal lamella, (pre)
prechaetal lamella, (vc) ventral cirrus.
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
Bathyglycinde profunda (Hartman & Fauchald): new combination
941
Table I. Comparison between species of Bathyglycinde described in the literature and Bathyglycinde profunda comb. nov. (NM) Not
mentioned, (A) area.
Species
B. mexicana
B. cedroensis
B. lindbergi
B. profunda
Distribution
Farallon Basin, Gulf of Cedros Island, Baja California
California
and Cabo Corrientes
Okhotsk Sea
Off Suriname and Rio
de Janeiro to Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil
Prostomium
Smooth
Smooth
NM
Annulated weakly, with
±10 rings
Macrognaths (number of
2 (3-4)
cuspid)
2
2 (2)
2 (2-3)
Micrognaths (number of
cuspid)
6 (2)
+5 (NM)
7 (2-3) (?each micrognath
with 1 or 2 pieces)
4 (2)
AI
Absent
Absent
NM
Fig. 6
AII
Tall and slender
Tall and slender
NM
Figs 7-12
AIII
Small and solid,
slightly recurved
Large and soft
NM
Fig. 13
AIV
Idem AIII
NM
NM
Fig. 14
AV
Idem AIII
Short and recurved
NM
Fig. 15
21-22
25-26
NM
32-41
Proboscideal papillae
Number of uniramous
chaetigers
Neuropodial lamellae (uniramous chaetigers)
Prechaetal
Bifid; pointed superior
Single, pointed
end, rounded inferior
Single, elongated and
pointed
Single, sub-triangular
to digitiform
Postchaetal (single)
Digitiform
Elongated and pointed
Sub-triangular
Elongated and pointed
Neuropodial lamellae (biramous chaetigers)
Prechaetal
Bifid; superior and
inferior pointed
Bifid; elongated and
Bifid; superior more elongated Pointed, superior and
and pointed than inferior
inferior with the same
length
Postchaetal (single)
Digitiform
Blunt and more elongated
than prechaetal
Single, sub-triangular
to digitiform
Almost the same length of
Sub-triangular
the prechaetal
Rounded lobe.
Rounded lobe. Digitiform
Alongated and pointed
Digitiform prechaetal;
prechaetal; postchaetal similar prechaetal; rounded
short and rounded
to the acicular lobe
postchaetal
postchaetal
Digitiform prechaetal;
rounded postchaetal
Dorsal
Recurved with a
distinct knob on the
ventral edge
Foliaceous
Ventral
Thick, with slender tip
(uniramous) and blunt Large and foliaceous
(biramous)
Notopodial lamellae
(birramous chaetigers)
Cirrus
Foliaceous
postchaetal lamella; postchaetal lamella about one-third as long
as prechaetal lamella (Fig. 16). Foliaceous dorsal cirrus about as
long as postchaetal lamella. Conical to foliaceous ventral cirrus, located parallel or ventro-posteriorly to parapodium and
about as long as prechaetal lamella. 32-34 uniramous chaetigers.
Parapodial change abrupt. Chaetiger which precedes the parapodial change has the notopodial lobe fused to the dorsal cirrus;
notopodial chaetae and aciculum present (Fig. 17). Biramous
Triangular
Digitiform with pointed tip Conical to foliaceous
parapodia have digitiform prechaetal lamella; short, rounded
postchaetal lamella one-third length of prechaetal lamella. Neuropodia of uniramous and biramous chaetigers similar, with the
biramous chaetigers slightly more elongated (Fig. 18). Both
notopodia and neuropodia with embedded acicula. 1-5
notopodial chaetae simple, capillary, with the distal end very
fine and the edge serrated (Fig. 21); 7-12 neuropodial chaetae
spiniger, very long, possibly natatory, with distal end fringed
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
942
A. E. Rizzo & A. C. Z. Amaral
(Fig. 19) and distal article finely serrated (Fig. 20). Distal article
of the outer chaetae up to twice the length of the inner chaetae.
Length of spiniger chaetae from chaetiger 60 – outer chaeta:
165 µm, inner chaeta: 315 µm. Posterior end with rudimentary
chaetigers. Oocytes may be enclosed in the parapodial lobe,
beginning with chaetiger 40 (diameter of oocytes 22-65 µm).
Remarks: Both specimen MHN-BPO-AR339 and the type
material of Bathyglycinde profunda were examined by Dr. Markus
Böggemann (pers. com.), who informed us that they are the
same species. Bathyglycinde profunda comb. nov. differs from
other species of the genus in having: a) the pre- and postchaetal
lamella single, in all parapodia; b) proboscideal papillae in Area
I; c) proboscideal papillae, mainly in Areas III and IV, different
from the others; and d) 32-41 uniramous chaetigers (Tab. I).
The specimens of Glycinde profunda examined by HARTMAN &
FAUCHALD (1971) have single pre- and postchaetal lamellae on
the anterior and posterior chaetigers. Moreover, they are similar to the Brazilian specimens in relation to color pattern, body
measurements, reduced number of micrognaths, shape of the
dorsal and ventral cirri, capillary notochaetae and inner
spiniger neurochaetae longer than the outer ones. The main
differences between the two populations consist of the number of uniramous chaetigers, i.e., 32-34 in Brazilian specimens
and about 40 in those from the equatorial region; and the shape
of the prostomium, smooth in equatorial specimens and weakly
ringed in Brazilian ones. The proboscideal papillae were not
described in detail in the original description of G. profunda. It
is known that in G. profunda the papillae of Area II are larger
and conspicuously falcate and some are unidentate distally,
while others are bidentate; those of Areas I and III-VI have
inconspicuous or absent pharyngeal processes.
Bathymetric distribution: The species was first collected
at depths between 2862 and 5023 m (HARTMAN & FAUCHALD 1971).
The specimens here examined occurred at depths between 325
and 508 m.
Geographic distribution: Atlantic Ocean – off Bermuda
and Surinam, and off Brazil (Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro to
Tramandaí, Rio Grande do Sul).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), as part of the BIOTA/FAPESP –
The Biodiversity Virtual Institute Program (www.biotasp.org.br).
Our thanks to the CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Process 141504/98-6) and the
MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e
da Amazônia Legal) for financial support. We appreciate the
facilities and assistance of the Departamento de Zoologia,
Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP. We thank Dr. Markus
Received in 01.I.2004; accepted in 16.XI.2004.
Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21 (4): 937–942, dezembro 2004
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Böggemann for his valuable comments and suggestions and
for examining the Brazilian goniadids; also Giuliana S.
Bachiega, for translating the description of Glycinde lindbergi
from Russian into Portuguese. We are much indebted to João
M.M. Nogueira and to another anonymous referee for their
comments. Janet W. Reid revised the English text.
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