Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
ISSN: (Print) 2314-808X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teba20
Efficacy of silver nanoparticles mediated by Jania
rubens and Sargassum dentifolium macroalgae;
Characterization and biomedical applications
Hani Saber, Eman A. Alwaleed, K.A. Ebnalwaled, Asmaa Sayed & Wesam
Salem
To cite this article: Hani Saber, Eman A. Alwaleed, K.A. Ebnalwaled, Asmaa Sayed & Wesam
Salem (2017) Efficacy of silver nanoparticles mediated by Jania�rubens and Sargassum�dentifolium
macroalgae; Characterization and biomedical applications, Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 4:4, 249-255, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.10.006
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.10.006
© 2017 Mansoura University
Published online: 08 Mar 2019.
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Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejbas
Full Length Article
Efficacy of silver nanoparticles mediated by Jania rubens and Sargassum
dentifolium macroalgae; Characterization and biomedical applications
Hani Saber a, Eman A. Alwaleed a, K.A. Ebnalwaled b,c, Asmaa Sayed a, Wesam Salem a,⇑
a
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
Electronics & Nano Devices Laboratory, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
c
Egypt Nanotechnology Center (EGNC), Cairo University Sheikh Zayed Campus, 12588 Giza, Egypt
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 August 2017
Received in revised form 7 October 2017
Accepted 17 October 2017
Available online 31 October 2017
Keywords:
Antibiofilm
Jania rubens
Pathogenic bacteria
Sargassum dentifolium
Silver nanoparticles
a b s t r a c t
Jania rubens and Sargassum dentifolium aqueous extracts were used as a reducing agent for the synthesis
of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The prepared Ag-NPs have two plasmon absorption bands at 440 nm and
420 nm, with a direct band gap 2.25 eV and 2.38 eV for Ag-NPs/J. rubens and Ag-NPs/S. dentifolium respectively. From the FTIR results, the reduction has mostly been carried out by C@N, hydroxyl or sulfated
polysaccharides groups present in J. rubens and S. dentifolium, respectively. TEM images shown that most
particles are spherical in shape with no aggregations or debris were detected. The concentration of S. dentifolium/NPs showed approximately 2-fold than J. Rubens/NPs (470 and 240 103 NPs/ml) and an average
particle size of 113 and 155 nm, respectively. A high repulsive and attractive forces between each
nanoparticle were confirmed with an average zeta potential 24.7 and 28.2 mV for J. rubens/NPs and
S. dentifolium/NPs, respectively. On the other hand, Ag-NPs concentrations of 104–105/ml were sufficient
for killing Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and
the Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Generally, both NPs showed reproducible,
effective antibacterial activity with no significant differences between values of MIC and/or MBC for the
two NPs against the tested pathogens. The results on biofilm formation implicate significant inhibition at
the beginning of the adherence stage at various concentrations of Ag-NPs tested. Consequently, silver
nanoparticles could be an effective antimicrobial agent without cause microbial resistance even after
long-term usage.
Ó 2017 Mansoura University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Nano-biotechnology is an evolving field that has made its contribution to all domains of human life [1–5]. Several physicochemical approaches have been illustrated for the synthesis of
metal nanoparticles [6–12]. A variety of green methods for synthesis of nanoparticles were needed because most of these means are
inexpensive, non-toxic, eco-friendly and have easy production
technology. The synthesis of new approaches for green nanoparticles from natural sources like plants [13,14] and algae [15–17]. For
their easy availability, natural occurring, non-toxicity, the macroalgae have several potentials in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles such as eco-friendly, easy production technology and low costs
[18]. El-Rafie et al. [1] demonstrated a fast, unexpensive, green
easily amenable approach for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
by reducing silver nitrate solution using marine macroalgae
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wesam.salem@svu.edu.eg (W. Salem).
extract. Several macroalgae have been used for biosynthesis of
Ag-NPs, particularly different Sargassum spp. [19,20] and Jania
rubens [1]. It appears to be exceptionally sensible to trust silver
nanoparticles biosynthesis as environmentally and ecologically
safe as well as to enhance their antibacterial properties [14]. For
metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have great efficacy as ideal antimicrobial agents [21]. Because of their antiseptic
properties, the silver nanoparticles are widely used in the healthcare sector and industrial applications [22–25]. On the other hand,
Microbial activity in the environment is the main source of drinking water and foods spoilage, it is often responsible for severe diseases including the food-born one. Among these pathogenic
bacteria, the Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus are
biofilm forming organisms with a high multi-drug resistance
against traditional antibiotics [26–30]. Antimicrobial agent against
bacterial biofilm has been subjected to a considerable amount of
work using green silver nanoparticles [13]. Although, a lot of work
has been done on detecting the determinants of biofilm formation
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.10.006
2314-808X/Ó 2017 Mansoura University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
250
H. Saber et al. / Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
in vitro and, to some degree, the consequences of biofilms for persistence and pathogenicity in vivo [31].The biosynthesized nanosized silver particles have a strong antibacterial activity for both
Gram negative and positive bacteria. This makes silver metal an
ideal alternative for different aims in the medical and biotechnological fields and may lead to important results for facing pathogenic microorganism and reduce the prevalence of illnesses
caused by these bacterial strains [13]. The killing mechanism of
Ag-NPs is due to the formation of free radicals that facilitate the
induction of membrane damaging molecules [32]. Antimicrobial
activity of Ag-NPs largely has been studied with human pathogenic
bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [33],
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Vibrio cholerae [13].
Hence, the present study was carried out to understand the antibiofilm activity against some human pathogenic bacteria by (fullcharacterized) biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using
the aqueous extracts of two macro-algae, Jania rubens and Sargassum dentifolium which are the most common types of red and
brown marine algae, respectively, present at the Red sea coast of
Egypt.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Macroalgae selection, collection and extract preparation
Jania rubens and Sargassum dentifolium macro-algae were collected by hand picking from the red sea in Hurghada, Egypt during
May 2015. Healthy algal samples were cleaned from epiphytes,
extraneous matter and necrotic were removed. Samples were
washed thoroughly with sea water then sterile distilled water, air
dried, cut into small pieces and then ground in a tissue grinder (IKA
A 10, Germany) until reaching fine powder shape. Dried seaweed
powder (1 g) was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and heated
to 100 °C, then filtered through RotilaboÒ Tyb 601P filter paper.
2.2. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)
Ag-NPs were essentially synthesized as previously described
[19]. A volume of 50 ml of 1 mM AgNO3 solution was reacted with
50 ml of the aqueous extract of both algal extracts under continuous stirring at 45 °C. The solution changed color (brownish yellow
to light purple) within 1 h, indicating the formation of Ag-NPs. For
complete reaction, the obtained solution was left under stirring for
a further 4 h. The Ag-NPs/J. rubens and/or S. dentifolium formed
were separated from the residual seaweed by collecting the pellets
after centrifugation at 6000 rpm/min for 10 min. The pellets were
again suspended in double-distilled water and adjusted by adding
0.1 ml of phosphate buffer to the whole volume of physiological
pH.
2.3. Characterization of nanoscale silver nanoparticles
The phyto-reduction of silver ions was monitored by recording
the UV–Vis spectrum with a computerized double beam UV-2300
spectrophotometer with 5 nm steps. Measurements were performed at room temperature, in quartz cells, using silver nitrate
(1 mM) as a blank, at normal incidence in the wavelength range
200–1100 nm. The reproducibility of the data was checked by
measuring several specimens. The size and shape of silver
nanoparticles were observed at 70 kV using ‘‘JEOL-2010, Japan”
transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with digital
‘‘Kodak MegaplusÒ 1.6i camera” with image analysis and processing software (AMT, USA). Samples were prepared by placing a drop
of each solution on carbon-coated copper grid and drying at room
temperature as previously described by Salem et al. [14]. The infra-
red spectra of the macroalgae powder and of the green synthesized
Ag-NPs were recorded on a Magna-FTIR 560 (USA) instrument at a
resolution of 2 cm1 range from 4000 to 400 cm1 in KBr pellet
using diffuse reflectance mode operated by Nicolet Omnic software
as instructed by the manufacturers. The hydrodynamic diameters
and Zeta potential of the biosynthesized Ag-NPs were measured
using a Zetasizer Nano series compact scattering spectrometer
(Malvern Instruments Ltd.; Malvern 6.32, UK).
2.4. Bacterial strains, culture conditions, and supplements
Human-pathogenic bacteria including the Gram-negative
Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028), Enterobacter aerogenes
(ATCC13048), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC278223), Escherichia
coli (ATCC 25922) and the Gram-positive methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC43300). Bacterial strains were
maintained on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) slants and incubated at 37
°C for 24–48 h [34]. Three replicates of each microorganism were
set up. The inocula were spread over TSA plates (107 CFU).
2.5. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
Overnight (ON) cultures of the respective strains were grown in
Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) to an optical density at 595 nm (OD595) of
1. Subcultures 1:1000 in (TSB). Samples of 100 ll bacterial cultures
were placed into 96-well plates (F bottom, Sterilin) and 10 ll of
appropriate serial dilutions of Ag-NPs (NPs/ml) was added. After
24 h incubation in a humid chamber at 37 °C, the optical density
(OD595) was measured using the ‘‘SPECTRONICÒ GENESYSTM 2PC”
Spectrophotometer, Spectronic Instruments, USA. To confirm bacterial growth inhibition and determine lack of metabolic activity,
40 mL of p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT, 0.2 mg/ml, Sigma–
Aldrich) was added to microplate wells and re-incubated for 30
min at 37 °C [35]. The MIC in the INT assay was defined as the lowest concentration of NPs that prevented color change as described
earlier [36]. Growth was defined by an at least 2-fold increase of
the OD595 compared to the negative control (TSA only). Next,
MBC testing was performed, the bactericidal effect was defined
as a 99.9% decrease in CFU (3 logs) in the starting inoculum during
a 24 h incubation. The MBC was determined by transferring 50 ml
from each well of an overnight MIC plates to sterile (TSA) fresh
plates. Viable colonies were counted after 24 h at 37 °C. The limit
of detection for this assay was 101 CFU/mL.
2.6. Static biofilm assay
Static biofilms were performed in microtiter plates by crystal
violet staining essentially as previously published by Seper et al.
[37], with some modifications. Briefly, the respective strains were
grown overnight on (TSA) plates, suspended in (TSB), adjusted to
an OD595 of 0.02. 130 ll of this dilution were placed in a 96 well
microtiter plate (U bottom, Sterilin) for 24 h at 37 °C. After 24 h,
10 ll of Ag-NPs colloidal solutions with concentrations of 105
NPs/ml was added. The addition of 10 ll of the both macroalgae
aqueous extracts served as control. Biofilm was stained with 0.1%
crystal violet, solubilized in 96% ethanol and the OD595 was measured using InfiniteÒ F50 Robotic (Ostrich) Microplate Reader to
quantify the amount of biofilm.
2.7. Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test or a
Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons. Differences were considered significant at P values of .05.
For all statistical analyses, GraphPad Prism version 5 was used.
H. Saber et al. / Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of the nanoparticles
3.1.1. UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized according to
established protocols [19] using dried seaweed powder from Jania
rubens and Sargassum dentifolium macroalgae. Resulting in the two
different sources of nanoparticles Ag-NPs/J. rubens and/or S. dentifolium. Throughout the study, NPs have been prepared several
times without dramatic changes in yield or quality, suggesting a
reproducible production of the NPs. The reaction was completed
within 60 min which indicated by color changes of the silver
nitrate solution after addition of aqueous extracts of both algae.
In contrast, no change of color for the silver nitrate solution (control) without extracts. The intensity of colors steadily increased
along the incubation period. Finally, Ag-NPs/J. rubens and/or S. dentifolium solutions exhibited a brownish yellow to light purple color
respectively. The reduction of silver nitrate and excitation of surface plasmon resonance could be responsible for color reaction
change [38]. UV–Vis spectrometer is spectral techniques are
widely used to confirm the formation and structural characterization of nanoparticles in colloidal solution [39,40]. The UV–Vis spectroscopy was used for the confirmation of silver ions reduction by
aqueous extracts to form Ag-NPs (Fig. 1A). A wavelength scan in
the UV–Vis spectra revealed an absorption peak at approximately
k = 440 for Ag-NPs/J. rubens (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, Ag-NPs/S. dentifolium exhibited characteristics absorption peaks at approximately k = 420 nm as previously published [19,41]. Optical
absorption spectra of Ag-NPs are clearly dominated by surface
plasmon within a shift to the red and/or blue end depends on particle size, morphology, the state of aggregation and the coating
dielectric medium [42]. Interestingly, the prepared Ag-NPs have
two plasmon absorption band, one at 295 nm for the both extracts,
and the second at 440 nm and 420 nm for Ag-NPs prepared from J.
Rubens and S. dentifolium extracts respectively. The plasmon
absorption bands are the characteristics bands for Ag nanoparticles
[42,43], which confirm that we obtain Ag nanoparticles. A surface
plasmon absorption band appeared at 420 nm and 440 nm for AgNPs extracts indicating the presence of spherical or roughly spherical Silver nanoparticles [44]. As described in Fig. 1B, the transmittance for Ag-NPs decreases with the increase of the wavelength till
440 nm after this wavelength the transmittance increases, these
results indicates transparent Ag-NPs. The value and nature of the
optical band gap could be detected from the absorption, which corresponds to electron excitation from the valence to conduction
bands. The relation between the absorption coefficients (a) and
the incident photon energy (hm) can be written as (ahm)1/n = A (h
251
m Eg) [45] where A is a constant and Eg is the band gap of the
material and exponent n depends on the type of transition. For
direct allowed n = 1/2, indirect allowed transition, n = 2, and for
direct forbidden, n = 3/2. Fig. 1C depicts the relations between
(ahm)2 and photon energy to determine the direct allowed band
gap. These results clearly indicate that the direct band gap is
2.25 eV and 2.38 eV for Ag-NPs/J. rubens and Ag-NPs/S. dentifolium
respectively.
3.1.2. FTIR studies
The FTIR spectra were used to identify the possible functional
biomolecules responsible for the reduction of the Ag+ ions and capping of the macroalgae formed Ag-NPs. Fig. 2 shows the FTIR spectra of J. rubens (Fig. 2A) and/or S. dentifolium (Fig. 2B) aqueous
extracts and its bio-synthesized Ag-NPs. In the FTIR spectrum of
J. Rubens extract, the signal at 1635 cm1 corresponded to asymmetric stretching vibration of a C@N and band at 2834 and/or
2920 cm1 attributed to symmetric CH- aliphatic vibration associated with aliphatic groups [46] or the CAOH, which disappeared
after synthesis of Ag-NPs. This specified the involvement of C@N
or hydroxyl groups in the reduction process of Ag-NPs. In addition,
the peaks at 3420 cm1 (OH stretching) was also detected. After
reduction of AgNO3, the decreases in intensity at 3397 cm1 imply
the involvement of the OH group in the reduction process. This is
further confirmed with a reduction in PH of solution during the
reaction. The sulfated polysaccharides peaks pointed out the
involvement of sulfate groups in the biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticles [19]. In agreement with that, Mahdavi et al. [47]
and Venkatpurwar and Pokharkar’s [48] stated that the sulfated
polysaccharides in marine algae S. muticum and Porphyra vietnamensis had strong ability to synthesis of NPs. For FTIR spectra of
S. dentifolium (Fig. 2B), the peaks at 1426 cm1 indicate the C@C
Fig. 2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Spectrum of biosynthesized
silver nanoparticles. (A) Ag-NPs/Jania rubens (black line) and its algal extract (red
line) (B) Ag-NPs/Sargassum dentifolium (black line) and its algal extract (red line)
showing bioactive functional groups.
Fig. 1. Spectra analysis for biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Shown are the UV–Vis absorption spectra from 200 to 800 nm of (A) Ag-NPs/Jania rubens (green line)
and Ag-NPs/Sargassum dentifolium (brown line); (B) the dependence of transmittance on the wave length. (C) The relations between (ahm)2 and photon energy to determine
the directly allowed band gap for both synthesized Ag-NPs.
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H. Saber et al. / Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
groups derived from aromatic rings that are present in the S. dentifolium aqueous extract. Another peak at 1634 cm1 is attributed
to the stretching vibration of (NH) C@O group that is characteristic
of proteins was shifted and became shorter after synthesis of AgNPs, approved that a member of (NH) C@O group is contributed
in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. Hence, the FTIR results elucidated that the Ag-NPs were successfully synthesized and coated
with bio-compounds present in both algal extracts by using a
green approachs.
3.1.3. TEM and particles size distribution analysis
TEM measurements of the synthesized nanoparticles give a
clear idea of the shape and size of the Ag-NPs produced extracellularly by J. Rubens and S. dentifolium extracts. As seen in Fig. 3 most
the particles are spherical in shape. Few ellipsoidal and irregular
silver nanoparticles can also be noticed. The exact size distribution
and concentration of NPs in the preparations used in the assays
throughout the study was determined by Zetasizer Nano series
compact scattering spectrometer (Fig. 3). In general, S. dentifolium/NPs preparations showed approximately 2-fold concentrations than J. Rubens/NPs. (470 and 240 103 NPs/ml
respectively), and average particle size of 113–155 nm. No aggregations or debris were detected by visualization of the nanoparticles within the TEM images (Fig. 3), which indicates the purity
and uniformity of the colloidal solution of nanoparticles. Control
of the size and structure of the resultant nanoparticles could be
related to the interactions between bio-compounds such as
polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols and phenolic compounds
and metal atoms [49].
3.1.4. Zeta potential (ZP)
Fig. 3 shows the ZP of the bio-synthesized Ag-NPs. The average
ZP was 24.7 and 28.2 mV for Ag-NPs/J. rubens (Fig. 3A) and AgNPs/S. dentifolium (Fig. 3B) respectively. From the average ZP values, it is suggested that the bio-synthesized Ag-NPs were stable
and wrapped with anionic compounds and responsible for electro-
static stabilization. This might be achieved by the help of high
repulsive and attractive forces between nanoparticles [50]. Negative charge on surface of nanoparticles results in repulsion among
the nanoparticles leading to stability of nanoparticles in cell culture media [51].
3.2. Efficacy of Ag-NPs against some human pathogenic bacteria
The antibacterial activities of the two synthesized Ag-NPs mediated by J. rubens and S. dentifolium extracts were studied against
the most dominant bacterial causative agents for a human. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and/or minimal bactericidal
concentration (MBC) assays were statistically analyzed for that target (Fig. 4). For MIC, a colorimetric INT-formazan assay, which
allows detection of viable bacteria by their respiratory activity
was assessed [52,53]. Interestingly, no significant differences
between values of MIC and/or MBC for the two NPs against the
tested pathogens (Fig. 4). In detail, Ag-NPs concentrations of 104–
105/ml were sufficient for the killing of all the tested Gramnegative and positive bacteria (Fig. 4A and B). Silver nanoparticles
can cause growth inhibition or cell lysis via various mechanisms
[32,54]. The lethal effect of silver for bacteria can also be elucidated
by thiol group reactions that inactivate enzymes [55,56]. Also,
Steuber et al. [57] proposed a mechanism for Ag+ action in Vibrio
alginolyticus involving the direct displacement of FAD from the
holoenzyme Na+-NQR, which results in loss of enzyme activity. In
addition, silver treatments inhibits DNA replication, ribosomal
molecules and expression of extracellular proteins, moreover, it
could be interferes with the respiratory chain of microorganisms
[56,58,59].
3.2.1. Macroalgae extracts and Ag-NPs have inverse effects on biofilm
formation
Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria has been the area of a
severity amount of experimental work. Since biofilms are generally
known to promote resistance to several antimicrobial agents, we
Fig. 3. TEM images with the corresponding size distribution and zeta potential for biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. (A) Ag-NPs/Jania rubens and (B) Ag-NPs/Sargassum
dentifolium.
H. Saber et al. / Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
Fig. 4. Efficacy of Ag-NPs expressed as MIC and MBC assay reduction. MIC90
determination of Ag-NPs against some pathogenic bacteria (A) Ag-NPs/Jania rubens
(B) Ag-NPs/Sargassum dentifolium were determined by measuring OD600 nm for MIC
by tetrazolium reduction assay (gray) and were confirmed as MBC by colony count
(white). Shown are the medians from at least eight independent measurements.
The error bars indicate the interquartile range.
analyzed the impact of Ag-NPs on human-pathogenic bacteria such
as S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and the Grampositive methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Therefore, we allowed the
five tested pathogens to from static biofilms for 24 h before AgNPs were added. The addition of J. Rubens and S. dentifolium
extracts served as a positive control, respectively. Finally, after an
additional incubation period of 24 h the biofilm amount was quantified by crystal violet staining (Fig. 5). Among the five tested bacterial strains, the addition of Ag-NPs significantly reduced the
biofilm amount compared to control, the exception is S. aureus in
the case of Ag-NPs/S. dentifolium. Interestingly, the two Ag-NPs
showed a highly significant difference compared to the original
253
macroalgal extracts, except for P. aeruginosa (Fig. 5). Notably, the
two macroalgal extracts showed no change in the biofilm formation for all five tested pathogens compared to control (original biofilm), the exception is E. coli with both extracts, and S. typhimurium
with J. Rubens extract. Although both NPs exhibited robust antibacterial activity in the MIC by INT assays and MBC; the Ag-NPs/J.
rubens generally showed a slightly higher efficacy against all
pathogens compared to Ag-NPs/S. dentifolium that affected only
Gram-negative bacteria. At 24 h of incubation, the Ag-NPs depicted
the weak adherence and disintegrated biofilm of the test bacterial
strains, in control, the strong adhering ability of bacterial biofilm
led to the development of dense biofilm formation on the 96microplate was observed. Thus Ag-NPs were active positively in
clearing the establishment of the bacterial biofilm [60]. Also, the
protein biosynthesis of stabilized Ag-NPs coated with polycaprolactam (polymer) proved to be a good anti-biofilm agent against
pathogenic bacteria. [61]. The same technique was adopted earlier
to measure the biofilm inhibition and adherences against Streptococcus pyogenes [62], Staphylococcus aureus [63,64], and E. coli
[65] using different bacterial extracts. The coated nanoparticles
on the surfaces, surfactants, and enzymes inhibited the bacterial
biofilm formation [66] Same results were recorded earlier as
against Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli using
Ag-NPs synthesized from Calotropis procera [13]. Noteworthy, bacterial biofilms cause chronic infections because they show
increased resistance against antibiotics, chemicals and phagocytosis [67]. Thus, the failer of antibiotic penetration within the bacterial biofilm matrix resulted to the bacterial biofilms resistence
against these antibiotics [68]. The above-mentioned attributes of
bacterial biofilms place them along with the most dangerous problems, which medicine is currently challenged. The results implicate
that the biofilm formation was possibly inhibited at the beginning
of the adherence stage at various concentrations of Ag-NPs tested.
Consistent with our results, Ag-NPs have been recently shown to
inhibit and reduce biofilm formations of several bacterial species
[69].
4. Conclusion
Ag-NPs offer an inexpensive alternative approach to reducing
the infectious dose of the most common food-born pathogens.
The quick and ready synthesis of nanoparticles does not require
specially trained staff or expensive tools and is likely to be
Fig. 5. Alterations of static biofilm formation treated with Ag-NPs. The biofilm formation capacity of some pathogenic bacteria was quantified after 24 h post inoculations
with Ag-NPs/Jania rubens (JNPs) and Ag-NPs/Sargassum dentifolium (SNPs) compared to macro-algae extracts; J. rubens (J) or S. dentifolium (S) under static conditions by crystal
violet staining and subsequent determination of the OD595. Shown are the medians from at least eight independent measurements. The error bars indicate the interquartile
range.
254
H. Saber et al. / Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4 (2017) 249–255
performed in epidemic areas. Interestingly, long time-exposure of
bacteria to Ag-NPs act against developing of resistant bacteria so
far.
[23]
[24]
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