Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

Fereshteh Ghassemzadeh

Heydari Wildlife Refuge (HWR) is located in Binalood mountain range of the Razavi Khorassan Province in Northeastern Iran. The area belongs to the central part of Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province, which is a transitional zone between different phytogeographical units in the Irano-Turanian region. We investigated the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and the phytogeography of the area during 2014–2017 by collecting vascular plants and establishing 443 random-quadrats in representative stands of different vegetation types. A total of 588 vascular plant taxa (species and subspecies) belonging to 304 genera and 65 families are recorded as native and naturalized in the study area. The richest plant families are Asteraceae (40 genera/87 species), Fabaceae (15/72), Poaceae (33/60), Brassicaceae (33/49), Lamiaceae (19/32), and Apiaceae (18/27). The genera Astragalus (44 species), Cousinia (17), and Allium (10) are the richest ones. However, the dominant canopy cover belongs t...

Phytotaxa 340 (2): 101–127 http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) Article PHYTOTAXA ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.340.2.1 Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants ZOHREH ATASHGAHI1, HAMID EJTEHADI1,*, MANSOOR MESDAGHI2 & FERESHTEH GHASSEMZADEH1 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948974, Mashhad, Iran *Corresponding author:hejtehadi@um.ac.ir 2 Abstract Heydari Wildlife Refuge (HWR) is located in Binalood mountain range of the Razavi Khorassan Province in Northeastern Iran. The area belongs to the central part of Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province, which is a transitional zone between different phytogeographical units in the Irano-Turanian region. We investigated the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and the phytogeography of the area during 2014–2017 by collecting vascular plants and establishing 443 random-quadrats in representative stands of different vegetation types. A total of 588 vascular plant taxa (species and subspecies) belonging to 304 genera and 65 families are recorded as native and naturalized in the study area. The richest plant families are Asteraceae (40 genera/87 species), Fabaceae (15/72), Poaceae (33/60), Brassicaceae (33/49), Lamiaceae (19/32), and Apiaceae (18/27). The genera Astragalus (44 species), Cousinia (17), and Allium (10) are the richest ones. However, the dominant canopy cover belongs to Acantholimon, Astragalus, Artemisia, and Acanthophyllum species. Raunkiaer’s plant life-form spectrum in the area is dominated by hemicryptophytes (41.50%) and therophytes (28.06%). The core flora of HWR has the Irano-Turanian origin; the widespread elements are also well represented in the study area. Based on the Sørensen dissimilarity index, the HWR has about 50% dissimilarity to the adjacent areas. The study area is inhabited by several Iranian and/or KhorassanKopet Dagh endemic (19%), threatened (16%), and narrow-range plant species. The results indicate the importance of the HWR in the plant diversity of NE Iran. Keywords: Binalood, biogeography, conservation, endemism, flora, Khorassan Introduction Iran, with about 7300 vascular plant species (Akhani 2006, Govaerts 2001) in a 1.65 million square kilometers surface area, is the second richest country after Turkey in SW Asia (Davis et al. 1994). Iran is predominantly covered by mountain ranges and deserts. The geographic and habitat diversity result in diverse bioclimatic regions and consequently a rich flora and vegetation diversity in the country. The flora of Iran is influenced by three main floristic regions of the Old World, i.e. Irano-Turanian (IT), Euro-Siberian (ES), and Saharo-Sindian (SS) (Zohary 1973, Léonard 1988, 1993). The mountainous terrain of the NE Iran belongs to an independent floristic province of the IT region, named “Khorassan-Kopet Dagh” (Memariani et al. 2016a). This area is primarily influenced by Central Irano-Turanian desert elements of the south and southwest and by many local and regional endemic taxa exclusively originated in KhorassanKopet Dagh (KK) foothills and mountains. Furthermore, there are many widespread species; the flora of surrounding Central Asian, Afghanistan, the Aralo-Caspian and ES regions enrich the plant diversity of KK (Fet 1994, Memariani et al. 2016b). Restoring biodiversity will probably increase ecosystem resistance to climate extremes, which were predicted to become increasingly frequent as the global climate continues to change (Isbell 2015). Investigating the flora of a region is a strategy to know its diversity, and thus the base for management programs and conservation of natural resources (Encina-Domínguez et al. 2016). The awareness of the importance of exploring and preserving the floristic diversity of protected areas has dramatically increased in the latest years (Akhani 1998, Jafari & Akhani 2008, Memariani et al. 2016a). There is still a major lack of basic knowledge of the plants themselves. The Heydari Wildlife Refuge (HWR) is located in Razavi Khorassan province. It was designated a Wildlife Refuge in 2002. According to the bioclimatic maps of Iran (Djamali et al. 2012) the area has an “Irano-Turanian bioclimate”. Accepted by Alexander Sennikov: 29 Jan. 2018; published: 23 Feb. 2018 101 Despite its vast area and crucial position in the central part of KK floristic province, little is known about the floristic composition of the HWR. More recently, there have been local floristic collections made by Joharchi in 2003, resulting in the description of a new species, Cousinia amicorum Tscherneva, Joharchi & Ghahremaninejad (in Tscherneva et al. 2005). There are several occasional plant collections at the HWR recorded in “Flora Iranica” (Rechinger 1963–2015). Nikan et al. (2012) studied the floristic composition of the semi-steppe habitats in Baharkish, a small area located in the north of HWR and recorded 156 species from three sites under different grazing intensities. The objectives of this study are: 1) to provide an annotated checklist of the plants and their life-forms, chorotypes and plant endemism in HWR, 2) to compare species composition between HWR and the other areas previously studied in northeastern Iran and 3) to encourage honouring the nature and protecting vegetation along with conserving the wildlife in the area. Material and Methods Floristic survey Field surveys were conducted over a four-year period (2014–2017), during which approximately 3,000 vascular plant specimens were collected. Collected plants plus those coming from random-quadrats, were dried and labeled precisely for herbarium specimens. Plant specimens were identified using relevant Floras, mainly “Flora Iranica” (Rechinger 1963–2015), “Flora of Iran” (Assadi et al. 1988–2013) and complementary literatures (Tzvelev 1976, Maassoumi 2005, 2013, Ranjbar et al. 2008, Memariani et al. 2007, 2012, Mozaffarian 2012, Fritsch & Abbasi 2013, Tavakkoli et al. 2014, Arjmandi et al. 2016). The floristic list was presented alphabetically following the APG IV (2016) for the classification of angiosperms, PPG I (2016) for ferns, and Christenhusz et al. (2011) for gymnosperms. The chorotype of each taxon was determined according to the distribution data extracted from the above-mentioned Floras and papers. The terminology and delimitation of the main phytogeographical units (IT, Mediterranean, ES, and SS) were based on classical works, particularly Zohary (1973). Following Akhani (1998), we considered the concept of Léonard (1988) for phytogeographical subdivisions and provinces and the distributional groups were easily characterized either by the geographical directions (i.e. ITE, C, W) or by the known geographical provinces (i.e. Khorassan-Kopet Dagh: ITKK). Life-forms of the plants were determined according to Raunkiaer (1934). Threat categories were evaluated by the “Red Data Book of Iran” (Jalili & Jamzad 1999) and Memariani et al. (2016b). Voucher specimens were mainly deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (abbreviated here as FUM), and some duplicates were transferred to the Herbarium of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUMH) and Herbarium of Noshahr Botanical Garden (abbreviated here as HNBG). Along with the floristic study, species canopy cover (percentage) of vascular plants was measured in the random variable plots. The Sørensen index of similarity was measured to evaluate the floristic similarity among the study area and three other studied territories in Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province, including Ghorkhod Protected Area (Memariani et al. 2016c), Fereizi (Memariani et al. 2009), and Baghshangach (Ghahreman et al. 2006). Study Area Geography Heydari Wildlife Refuge, with an area of 46350 ha, is situated in the latitudes of 36° 31´ to 36° 49´ N and longitudes of 58° 29´ 7″ to 58° 45′ 55″ E, and is the largest wildlife refuge in Razavi Khorassan province, NE Iran. The elevation ranges from 1400 to 2900 meters above sea level. There are 18 villages in the HWR, mostly in the surroundings, and an uninhabited area (Figure 1). The HWR is a “no-hunting” area for the protection of animal populations, especially urials (Ovis orientalis Gmelini), and has been designated and protected since 2002. A wildlife Refuge in Iran is an area administered for the conservation of wildlife. Climate According to the nearest synoptic station of Quchan, HWR has a mean annual temperature of 12.7°C and a mean annual precipitation of 315 mm, indicating a cold and arid climate. There is no synoptic station inside the HWR, thus ombrothermic graphs are prepared using 20-year (1994–2014) data from three synoptic stations close to the area (Figure 2). Among those, Quchan is the nearest one and according to our 4-year field surveying, its climate is more similar to the one at the HWR. Precipitation period is autumn–winter–spring; in average, there are 6.5 dry months (P < 2T). Due to the high elevations of the HWR (at least 1400 m), more precipitation and lower temperatures are experienced in the study area. There are 23 springs and 6 permanent and seasonal rivers inside the area. 102 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ATASHGAHI Et Al. FIGURE 1. A. Map of Iran in the Middle East (prepared in R 2016), the inset shows the position of HWR, B. Protected areas in NE Iran according to Iranian environmental protection categories. HWR is indicated by green color and number 27 (modified from Bali & Bahmanpoor 2012), C. Topographic map of HWR, showing villages surrounding the area (prepared by M. Javidi). FIGURE 2. Climatic diagrams of three stations close to the HWR. Up-left: Neyshabour, Up-right: Golmakan-Chenaran, and Downleft: Quchan. Climatological data are obtained from the website of the meteorological organization of Iran (IRIMO 2016). Down-right: geographical positions of three synoptic stations and HWR. PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 103 Results Floristic composition The total number of 588 species and infraspecific taxa of vascular plants belonging to 304 genera and 65 families has been collected and identified from the study area (Appendix I). Angiosperms include Dicots with 472 species, 243 genera, and 47 families followed by Monocots with 111 species, 57 genera, and 14 families. Gymnosperms include three species, two genera and two families, and Ferns are represented by two species, two genera and two families. The richest families are Asteraceae (40 genera/87 species), Fabaceae (15/72), Poaceae (33/60), Brassicaceae (33/49), Lamiaceae (19/32), and Apiaceae (18/27) (Table 1). TABLE 1. List of the most species-rich vascular plant families (with ≥ 10 species) in HWR. Families Asteraceae Fabaceae Poaceae Brassicaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae Caryophyllaceae Boraginaceae Ranunculaceae Rubiaceae Rosaceae Plantaginaceae Polygonaceae Caprifoliaceae Amaryllidaceae Genera 40 15 33 33 19 18 13 12 10 5 7 3 4 6 1 Species/infraspecific taxa 87 72 60 49 32 27 24 19 16 15 14 14 11 10 10 Number of genera with ≥ 4 species 6 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The genera Astragalus Linnaeus (1753: 755) (44 species), Cousinia Cassini (1827: 503) (17 species), and Allium Linnaeus (1753: 294) (10 species) are the richest ones; however, the species of Acantholimon Boissier (1846b: 69), Astragalus, Artemisia Linnaeus (1753: 845), and Acanthophyllum Meyer (1831: 210) make the dominant canopy cover in the area. Table 2 shows 32 genera presented by four or more species in the HWR. Figures 3 and 4 show the characteristic landscapes and selected rare and threatened plants in the HWR. Based on the Sørensen similarity index, the floristic composition of the HWR is 57.65, 47.48 and 47.81% similar to the adjacent areas of Fereizi, Ghorkhod Protected Area, and Baghshangach, respectively. TABLE 2. List of the most species-rich vascular plant genera with more than four species in HWR. Genera Astragalus Cousinia Allium Alyssum Veronica Bromus Galium Scorzonera Stipa Euphorbia Ferula species 44 17 10 10 9 7 7 7 7 6 6 Genera Poa Polygonum taraxacum Cirsium Hymenocrater Valerianella Acantholimon Acanthophyllum Bunium Carex Centaurea species 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 Genera Eremurus Gagea Hedysarum Iris lappula Onobrychis Ranunculus Rochelia Rosa tragopogon Genera (< 4 spp.) species 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 272 Life-form Hemicryptophytes (41.50%) and therophytes (28.06%) are the dominant life-forms in the HWR. Cryptophytes (geophytes) having different regenerating bodies include 15.13% of the species. Finally, 11.39% and 3.91% of the species are chamaephytes and phanerophytes, respectively (Figure 5). 104 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ATASHGAHI Et Al. FIGURE 3. Characteristic landscapes in HWR; a: Juniperus polycarpos woodlands, b: mountain steppes of thorn-cushion formations, c: Eremurus spectabilis in high mountain thorn-cushion steppes, d: Stipa-steppes, e: harvesting Gundelia tournefortii as a winter forage in southern lowlands of HWR, f: grazing pressure near villages (Photos by a: M. Khaleqipoor, b–f: Z. Atashgahi). Phytogeography More than two-thirds of species (69.13%) in the area belong to the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Widespread elements (11.84%), i.e. pluri-regional, sub-cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan species, make up a remarkable proportion of the flora followed by tri-regionals (9.43%) and bi-regionals (9.26%) with a relatively wide distribution range. The EuroSiberian species have an inconsiderable frequency (0.34%) in the phytogeographical spectrum of the area (Figure 6). The main subdivisions of Irano-Turanian elements are widespread IT (26.8%), Central IT (20.34%), IT elements endemic to KK floristic province (16.38%), and Central-Eastern IT (11.16%) (Figure 7). Sixty-four species (10.88%) are endemic to Iran; however, there are 115 sub-endemic or regional endemic taxa (19.56%) in the study area occurring mainly in Iran and in one or both of adjacent countries, i.e. Turkmenistan and Afghanistan (Appendix I). Four-fifths of endemic and sub-endemic plants (76 taxa) have been evaluated as threatened species. In total, 96 plant species (16.33%) are threatened in HWR. Based on the previous data, Cousinia amicorum was the only known local endemic of the HWR (Figure 4b–c), yet a new survey (Mehregan & Assadi 2016) shows the occurrence of the species in the other Iranian parts of KK floristic province. PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 105 FIGURE 4. Selected rare and threatened plants of HWR in their habitats; a: Helictotrichon turcomanicum, an endangered species in Iran, b–c: Cousinia amicorum, an endangered and endemic species in their small habitat in the southern part of HWR, d: Nepeta binaloudensis, an endangered, endemic, and medicinal plant inhabited on wet soils in the central parts of the study area, e: Astragalus esferayanicus, an endangered, rare, and endemic species, f: Iris loczyi, a vulnerable plant on higher elevations, g: Phlomoides binaludensis, an endangered, endemic species in NW foothills of HWR, close to the Chahab valley, h: Delphinium turkmenum Lipsky, endemic to Khorassan-Kopet Dagh, and i: Acanthophyllum adenophorum, an endemic cushion plant, found in low foothills of the study area (Photos by: Z. Atashgahi). Vegetation and physiognomy Approximately 40 percent of the study area is covered by vegetation. The mountainous subalpine vegetation of the area is dominated by thorn-cushion plants mainly as different combinations of Astragalus spp., Acantholimon spp., Acanthophyllum spp., and Onobrychis cornuta (Linnaeus 1763: 1060) Desvaux (1814: 81) (Figure 3 a–b). Acantholimon erinaceum (Jaubert & Spach 1844: 163) Linczevski (in Komarov 1952: 370), Astragalus verus Olivier (1807: 342), Acantholimon raddeanum Czerniakowska (1930: 276), and Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boissier (1867: 565) are the most frequent thorn-cushion species. In the lower elevations, the cushion plants are replaced by the steppe flora of Artemisia and Artemisia-Astragalus. Meadow steppes are mainly described as Festuca valesiaca Schleicher ex Gaudin (1811:242) and Elymus Linnaeus (1753: 83)-Stipa Linnaeus (1753: 78) steppes, or mosaic stands of leymus Hochstetter (1848: 118) steppes in some west-facing slopes. leymus steppes are described as semi-dense patches of up to 60% canopy cover. In the lower belt of the mountains, especially on the well-developed soils, there are mixtures of Acantholimon erinaceum and Acanthophyllum adenophorum Freyn (1902–1903: 867) as cushion forms, as well as Stipa caucasica Schmalhausen (1892: 293), S. hohenackeriana Trinius & Ruprecht (1842: 80), S. holosericea Trinius (1831: 81) as perennial grasses (Figure 3 d). The woodlands of Juniperus polycarpos Koch (1849: 303) var. turcomanica (Fedtschenko 1932: 14) Adams (Adams et al. 2008) occur as small patches in the uplands of the HWR. The vast stands of these juniper woodlands in the southwest of the area extend from the highest elevation (about 2900 m) to the lowest parts (about 1700 m) of the Heydari River (Figure 3 a). The natural regeneration of juniper trees is observed in this stand; however, in the other areas, the juniper woodlands are distributed as isolated stands or as single old-growth individual trees with no observable seedlings. Open to semi-dense shrublands are formed in mesic valleys composed mainly of Cotoneaster spp., lonicera nummulariifolia Jaubert & Spach (1843: 133), Ephedra major Host (1831: 671), and Berberis integerrima Bunge (1844: 145). 106 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ATASHGAHI Et Al. FIGURE 5. The life-form spectrum of the flora of HWR. Ch: chamaephyte, G.b: bulbous geophyte, G.c: cormous geophyte, G.t: tuberous geophyte, G.r: rhizomatous geophyte, G.p: parasitic geophyte, He: hemicryptophyte, Ph: phanerophyte, and Th: therophyte. FIGURE 6. The proportion of the phytogeographical groups in the flora of HWR. Tri-regional (include: IT-ES-M, IT-ES-SS, and IT-MSS), Bi-regional (include: IT-ES, IT-M, IT-SS, and ES-M), IT: Irano-Turanian, ES: Euro-Siberian, M: Mediterranean, SS: Sahara-Sindian, COS: Cosmopolitan, SCO: Sub-cosmopolitan, and PL: Pluri-regional. Marl foothills are mainly covered by halophytic species viz. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (Linnaeus 1753: 979) Gueldenstaedt (1772: 555), Salsola arbusculiformis Drobow (1916: 142), and Reaumuria alternifolia Britten (1916:110). The lands close to the summer villages, nomads’ pastures and areas along the side of roads are covered by ruderal and invasive communities. Discussion The total number of 588 species and infraspecific taxa, 304 genera, and 65 families of vascular plants reported here reveal the significance of the plant biodiversity of the area. Angiosperms include Dicots (472 spp., 243 genera and 47 families) followed by Monocots (111, 57 and 14), show the dominance of dicots (dicots to monocots ratio of four to one) in the study area, typical to Iranian and Middle Asian floras (Kamakhina 1994). Gymnosperms and Ferns have PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 107 a minor contribution to the floristic composition of the HWR. The richest plant families are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, and Apiaceae. The majority of the species belong to small numbers of families. These characteristics have also been reported for the floristic composition of the several areas in Iran (Ghahreman et al. 2006, Memariani et al. 2016a,c), of total flora of Iran (Ghahremaninejad & Nejad Falatoury 2016), and Turkmenistan (Kamakhina 1994). Diverse terrains such as marl foothills, sliding slopes, rocks, streams, rivers, upland- villages and available aquifers as well as meadows, and invasive plant communities make the HWR harboring a diverse flora. The genera Astragalus, Cousinia, and Allium are the richest; however, the dominant vegetation cover belongs to the Acantholimon, Astragalus, Artemisia and Acanthophyllum species. Characteristic mega-genera for the IT region include Astragalus, Acanthophyllum, Acantholimon, Cousinia, Eremurus Marschall von Bieberstein (1810: 61), and Eremostachys Bunge (1830: 414) (Manafzadeh et al. 2016). Astragalus is a characteristic IT element (Manafzadeh et al. 2016) and according to Maassoumi (2005), the total number of taxa of this genus in Iran is 804 so this country is one of the main center of speciation for this genus. Cousinia as one of the largest genera of Asteraceae and one of the 50 largest genera of flowering plants (Frodin 2004; López-Vinyallonga et al. 2009), has the highest species diversity in the IT region and the mountains of Central Asia (López-Vinyallonga et al. 2009). It has been reported that 22 (Jalili & Jamzad 1999) to 24% (Akhani 2006) of the plant taxa are endemic to Iran. The average number of endemics per million hectares of the whole country is 10.46 species (Jalili & Jamzad 1999). The occurrence of two sub-endemic genera viz. Diaphanoptera Rechinger (1940: 41) (Caryophyllaceae) and Sclerorhachis (Rechinger 1944: 4) Rechinger (1968: 242) (Asteraceae), and 64 Iranian endemic species in the HWR demonstrates a high rate of plant endemism in such a small area. The total 66 plant taxa (11.22% of the flora of HWR) are endemic to the KK floristic province, i.e. NE Iran and S Turkmenistan. The rate of the endemism in the KK is about 14% of the total flora (Memariani et al. 2016a,b). Except for Ranunculus cicutarius Schlechtendal (1819: 25) as a Euro-Siberian/Hyrcanian (ESHy) regionally endemic species, all other endemics in the HWR belong to the IT region. The families over-represented in terms of endemics include Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae. The genera Astragalus and Cousinia have the highest number of endemic species in the HWR. According to the “Red Data Book of Iran” (Jalili & Jamzad 1999), there is a similar picture for families and genera of the total flora of Iran. Most of the endemics in the study area represent hemicryptophyte or chamaephyte life-forms. Hemicryptophytes are the dominant life-form (41.50%) in the HWR followed by therophytes (28.06%). Cryptophytes (Geophytes), with different regenerating bodies, present 15.13% of species. Finally, 11.39% and 3.91% of the species are chamaephytes or phanerophytes, respectively. The cold and semi-arid climate of the HWR provide suitable conditions for the occurance of hemicryptophytes. Approximately 20% of the flora of Iran (Jalili & Jamzad 1999) and 13% of the World’s flora (Raunkiaer 1934) are annuals. Therefore, by comparison, the flora of HWR is rich in annuals. The number of therophytes often decreases with increasing elevation as they become quite rare in the higher elevations. Nevertheless, annual species of Polygonum Linnaeus (1753: 359) and Veronica Linnaeus (1753: 9) are well-represented in the subalpine flora of HWR. Although chamaephytes have a relatively low contribution to the life-form spectrum (11.39%), they play a major role in the vegetation of the HWR as suffruticose and thorny cushion formations. According to the classification of floristic regions (Zohary 1973, Takhtajan 1986, Léonard 1988, 1993), the study area is located in the Irano-Turanian (IT) region. IT elements comprise more than 69% of the flora of the HWR. Widespread elements (11.84%), i.e. pluri-regional, sub-cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan species, make up a remarkable proportion of the flora. The IT region is differentiated from neighboring areas by the degree of continentality, seasonality of precipitation, and winter temperature. Continentality is the most important bioclimatic factor responsible for floristic differences between sub-regions of the IT region. The vast range of the IT region appears to be homogeneous in physiognomy, but different vegetation types are extremely rich in taxonomic, genetic, and beta-diversity (Djamali et al. 2012). Main subdivisions of IT elements in HWR are widespread IT (26.8%), Central IT (20.34%), IT elements endemic to KK floristic province (16.38%), and Central-Eastern IT (11.16%). The IT region has long been regarded as the source of many taxa, especially xerophytes, found in adjacent regions (Manafzadeh et al. 2013). The “donor” character of the IT region, by which new species disperse into neighboring regions, renders it particularly important to a conservation standpoint. Juniperus polycarpos is considered a resistant pioneer tree species in the harsh climatic conditions of stony slopes at elevations ranging from 1000 to 3500 m in Iran (Pirani et al. 2011). This plant is easily resistant to dry summers and harsh winters. It forms open woodlands mixed with Amygdalus scoparia Spach (1843: 109) and Pistacia atlantica Desfontaines (1799: 364) in the central and western parts of Iran (Zohary 1973), and also with Acer monspessulanum Linnaeus (1753: 1056) in the northeast of Iran (Akhani 1998, Memariani 2016a, 2016c); however, J. polycarpos associates with Cotoneaster Medikus (1789: 154), lonicera Linnaeus (1753: 173), and Ephedra Linnaeus (1753: 1040) species in the HWR. Indigenous people use J. polycarpos for the backbone of buildings, firewood, etc. In the 108 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ATASHGAHI Et Al. past decades, removal of the canopy through clear-cutting was responsible for the changes of juniper woodlands to the steppes in the NE Iran. Many water resources in the area, such as temporary and permanent rivers, streams and springs, caused a unique habitat for hydrophyte plants. Although most of such wet habitats do not have a major role in the whole vegetation of the area, but they are important ecosystems with regard to biodiversity. The riparian vegetation in the HWR consists of communities dominated mainly by Salix Linnaeus (1753: 1015) spp., Berberis integerrima, tamarix ramosissima Ledebour (1829: 424), Rosa beggeriana Schrenk (1841: 73), and Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller 1797: 11) Koeler (1802: 106). The “Alatman River” and the Alatman earth-dam in the north of the HWR, surrounded densely by Phragmites australis (Cavanilles 1799: 100) Trinius ex Steudel (1841: 324), have made a suitable habitat for Zannichellia palustris Linnaeus (1753: 969) which is the only hydrophyte plant in the HWR. Based on the Sørensen similarity Index, the floristic composition of HWR revealed the greatest similarity (57.64%), to the flora of Fereizi (Memariani et al. 2009). The Fereizi area is closest in distance to the HWR comparing with the two others; Ghorkhod Protected Area (Memariani et al. 2016c) and Baghshangach (Ghahreman et al. 2006) have less than 50% similarity of the floristic composition to HWR. The Fereizi and Baghshangach are located in the central Khorassan-Kopet Dagh in the Binalood mountain range, while the Ghorkhod P. A. is located in the western Khorassan-Kopet Dagh. More studies on the floristic composition of different habitats in Binalood and Kopet Dagh ranges may reveal the distinctiveness of the flora. Anthropogenic and environmental changes decrease the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate events and drive biodiversity loss, which probably causes ecosystem instability (Isbell 2015). The HWR has traditionally been used for grazing, harvesting for firewood, winter forage, and medical purposes. The most important medicinal plants include: Nepeta binaloudensis Jamzad (1991: 25) (Figure 4 d), Hymenocrater Fischer & Meyer (1835: 39) spp., Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (1790: 42), Ziziphora clinopodioides Lamarck (1791: 63), Ferula Linnaeus (1753: 246) spp., Elwendia Linnaeus (1753: 243) spp., Astragalus spp., etc. Forage species as winter silages include Medicago Linnaeus (1753: 778) spp., Onobrychis Miller (1754: 970) spp., trifolium Linnaeus (1753: 764) spp., grasses, and even thorny species like Gundelia tournefortii Linnaeus (1753: 814) (Figure 3 e). The additional other ecosystem services in the HWR contain clean water, hunting, climbing, tourism, etc. In recent years, the disturbing effect by the humans has arisen due to the return of aboriginal inhabitants to rural areas with new housing, introduction of invasive species, and increasing pressure of grazing (Figure 3 f). These disturbances have led to a more urgent necessity to organize conservation activities and recording the floristic richness. Furthermore, the HWR is housing many endemic, rare, vulnerable or endangered species. For example, Helictotrichon turcomanicum Czopanov (1970: 23), a rare species, is reported as a second record in Iran after Memariani et al. (2016c). The type locality for Cousinia amicorum is located in the study area. Carex serotina subsp. philocrena Kukkonen (1984: 387) and linum album Kotschy ex Boissier (1846a: 27), mainly distributed in central and western parts of Iran, are recorded as new to the flora of Khorassan. At least ten plant species such as Nepeta binaloudensis (Figure 4 d) and Astragalus assadii Maassoumi & Podlech (in Podlech & Maassoumi 1987: 98) are endangered taxa. Many species viz. Astragalus catacamptus Bunge (1870: 191), A. controversus Maassoumi & Podlech (in Podlech & Maassoumi 1987: 98), etc. are vulnerable and facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future (Figure 4, Appendix I). The HWR is the habitat of 114 species that are endemic to Iran or to the NE of Iran and neighbouring countries (Turkmenistan and Afghanistan). The HWR is known as the “Heaven of Mouflons” for supporting many herds of urials. Protection of the plant diversity of the HWR should be given urgent priority by government and the people of this region. Conclusion The occurrence of 588 species and infraspecific taxa of vascular plants in a semi-arid, continental climate condition, reveals the significance of the plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge (HWR) in NE Iran. Diverse physiography and habitats such as springs, rivers, shallow aquifers as well as meadows, reflect the HWR harboring a diverse flora. The HWR with its high rate of plant endemism (19.56%) is home to two regionally endemic genera and 114 endemic and sub-endemic plant species. Considering the conservation status and the life-form of the plants, most of the endemics in the HWR are endangered or vulnerable which include hemicryptophytes or chamaephytes. Well-adapted to cold and drought, hemicryptophytes are dominant life-forms followed by therophytes, in the HWR. Chamaephytes as suffruticose or thorny cushions also play a major role in the vegetation, but minor in the life-form spectrum of the HWR. The HWR is located in the center of Khorassan-Kopet Dagh (KK) province of Irano-Turanian (IT) floristic PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 109 region. Approximately 69% of the HWR’s flora encompasses IT elements. The “donor” character of the IT region to the neighboring areas, is extensible to the HWR because it has approximately 50% floristic similarities to the adjacent areas based on the Sørensen index, besides accommodating diverse elements of IT subdivisions. Judging from an annotated list of floristic composition and diverse plant formations (cushion steppes, grasslands, sparse woodlands, hydrophytes, etc.) resulted from this study, the HWR needs an urgent priority to the government and the aboriginals for conserving and maintaining the title “Heaven of Mouflons” by supporting the urial herds’ habitat. FIGURE 7. The numbers of Irano-Turanian elements in the flora of HWR. Delimitation and abbreviation of chorological subdivisions are based on Akhani (1998) and Memariani et al. (2016a). IT (or ITOmni): Species distributed widely in the whole Irano-Turanian region or with a wide range that cannot be categorized within the subdivisions defined in this work; ITKK: Mountainous areas in NE Iran and Kopet Dagh range in southern Turkmenistan; ITKK-Afgh.: Mountainous areas in the NE Iran and Kopet Dagh range in the S Turkmenistan and also N and NW Afghanistan; ITW: Preliminarily defined as the Anatolian and western Iranian montane and sub-montane flora; ITC: Species whose distribution is confined to the montane and sub-montane areas and the steppes in Central Iran (southern slopes of the Alborz Range, eastern slopes of the Zagros Range), mountains in NE Iran and S Turkmenistan (ITKK) and most of the west and central parts of Afghanistan; ITE: Species occuring mainly in the Middle and Central Asia but with disjunct occurrences in one or a few localities in eastern KhorassanKopet Dagh; ITAlborz: Species exclusively distributed in the montane steppes along the Alborz Range. Acknowledgements We wish to thank the office of the Vice President for Research and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad for financial support (grant number: 33474). Special thanks go to the staff of “Department of Environment” of Razavi Khorassan Province for giving permission to collect the botanical specimens, and to the HWR’s guard officers, especially Mr. Barakshahi, Hatami and Javanbakht for their invaluable coorporation in the field. We also wish to acknowledge with appreciation V. Jafari, Z. Maleki, H. Atashgahi and S. Tavakoli for the field trips, and Dr. y. Nasseh for identification of Astragalus spp., Dr. F. Memariani for identification of the grasses and confirming the chorotypes, M.R. Joharchi for identification of several critical taxa, and M. Javidi for helping in the preparation of the maps. References Adams, R.P., Morris, J.A. & Schwarzbach, A.E. 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(1790) Symbolae botanicae, sive plantarum, tam earum, quas in itinere, imprimis orientali. Part 1. Imprensis auctoris, excudebant N. Möller et filius, Hauniae, 85 pp. Zohary, M. (1973) Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East. 2 vols. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 765 pp. 114 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ATASHGAHI Et Al. Appendix I. Checklist of vascular plants of the HWR. Life-forms: Ch (chamaephyte), G.b (bulbous geophyte), G.c (cormous geophyte), G.t (tuberous geophyte), G.r (rhizomatous geophyte), G.p (parasitic geophyte), He (hemicryptophyte), Ph (phanerophyte), Th (therophyte). Chorotypes according to Akhani (1998) and Memariani et al. (2009, 2016a,b,c). IT: Irano-Turanian (for chorological subdivisions of IT elements, refer to Fig. 7); ES: EuroSiberian; M: Mediterranean; SS: Sahara-Sindian; COS: Cosmopolitan; SCO: Sub-cosmopolitan; PL: Pluri-regional. Iranian endemics are marked by one and regional endemics by two asterisks. Threat categories are given only for those species evaluated by Jalili & Jamzad (1999) [1] and Memariani et al. (2016b) [2] for plant species of Iran: EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), LR (Lower Risk), DD (Data Deficient), LC (Least Concern), and NT (Near Threatened). All specimens are preserved in the Faculty of Science Herbarium, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). Some duplicates are deposited in the Herbarium of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUMH) and Herbarium of Noshahr Botanical Garden (HNBG). No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Families and species/infraspecific taxa Amaranthaceae Juss. (including Chenopodiaceae Vent.) Ceratocarpus arenarius L. Chenopodium foliosum Asch. Chenopodium glaucum L. Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (=Chenopodium botrys L.) Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. Salsola arbusculiformis Drobow Spinacia turkestanica Iljin Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. Allium ampeloprasum L. Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. Allium cristophii Trautv. Allium ellisii Hook.f. Allium kopetdagense Vved. Allium kuhsorkhense R.M.Fritsch & Joharchi Allium rubellum M.Bieb. Allium scabriscapum Boiss. Allium tenuicaule Regel Allium xiphopetalum Aitch. & Baker Apiaceae Lindl. Bupleurum falcatum L. Chaerophyllum macrospermum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen. Conium maculatum L. Elwendia afghanica (Beauverd) Pimenov & Kljuykov Elwendia cylindrica (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Pimenov & Kljuykov Elwendia intermedia (Korovin) Pimenov & Kljuykov Elwendia persica (Boiss.) Pimenov & Kljuykov Eryngium billardierei F.Delaroche Eryngium bungei Boiss. Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Ferula alliacea Boiss. Ferula diversivittata Regel & Schmalh. Ferula flabelliloba Rech.f. & Aellen Ferula gummosa Boiss. Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss. Ferula szowitziana DC. Galagania tenuisecta (Regel & Schmalh.) M.G.Vassiljeva & Pimenov Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. Johrenia platycarpa Boiss. Pimpinella tragium Vill. Prangos latiloba Korovin PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Life-form Chorotype Threat category [Ref.] Th Th Th Th IT C & E PL PL PL 7200 7201 7202 7203, 8084 Ch Ch Ch Th IT-ES-M IT-ES-M IT KK-E IT C & E 7204, 8082–3 7205, 8081 7206, 8080 7207 G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b G.b IT-ES-M IT IT KK * IT KK * IT KK IT KK * IT Cauc.-Turk. IT W & C IT KK-E IT C & E 7208, 8079 7209 7210, 8079 7211 7212 7213, 7078, 8078 7214, 8077 7215, 7076 7216, 8075 7217, 8074 Ch G.t IT Omni IT Omni He G.t G.t G.t G.t He He He He He He PL IT KK-E IT IT KK-E IT C & E IT C IT C IT-ES-M IT C * IT C & E IT KK * He He He G.t IT C IT C & E IT W & C IT KK-E He He He He IT C IT C* IT-ES-M IT C LC [2] VU [2] LC [2] NT [2] Herbarium No. 7222, 8067, 8068 7223, 8066 7224 7218, 8071–3 7219, 8069–70 7220 7221, 8064 7225 7226, 8065 7227 7228 7229, 8063 VU [1], EN 7230 [2] LR [1] 7231 7232, 8061, 8085 7233 7234 7235 7236, 8060 7237 7238, 8059 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 115 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 40 Pseudotrachydium vesiculosoalatum (Rech.f.) Pimenov & Kljuykov Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. Semenovia tragioides (Boiss.) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom. turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. Zeravschania aucheri (Boiss.) Pimenov Ch IT KK-Afgh. Th He Th He IT-M IT C IT-M IT C* Zosima absinthifolia Link Apocynaceae Juss. Vincetoxicum pumilum Decne. He IT Omni He IT KK 41 42 43 44 45 46 Threat category [Ref.] Herbarium No. 7239, 45496(FUMH) 7240, 8057–8 7241 7242 7243, 8055–6, 8062 7244 LR [1], LC [2] 7245 G.t IT W & C 7246, 8113 48 49 50 Araceae Juss. Arum rupicola Boiss. Asparagaceae Juss. Asparagus breslerianus Schult. & Schult.f. Bellevalia saviczii Woronow Fessia khorassanica (Meikle) Speta Ch G.b G.b IT Omni IT C IT KK * 7247 7248, 8054 7249, 8052–3 51 Hyacinthus litwinovii Czerniak. G.b IT KK 52 53 G.b G.r IT-ES-M IT KK-E 7251 7252, 8050 G.r G.r G.r G.r IT C IT KK-E IT IT C & E* 7779 7780, 7784 7781 7782 G.r IT E 7783 G.r COS 7253 He He PL IT 7254 7255 He He Ch Ch He Th He Ch Th He He He He He PL IT KK-E IT KK-Afgh. PL IT IT-M IT-ES EH IT IT W & C PL PL IT KK IT KK-E IT 7256 8037-8038 7257, 8048–9 7258 7259 7260 7261 7262, 8047 7263, 8046, 8087 7264 7265 7266, 8045 7267 7268 76 77 Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. Polygonatum sewerzowii Regel Asphodelaceae Juss. Eremurus luteus Baker Eremurus olgae Regel Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb. Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker (=Eremurus stenophyllus subsp. stenophyllus) Eremurus stenophyllus subsp. aurantiacus (Baker) Wendelbo Aspleniaceae Newman Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl Achillea arabica Kotschy Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii (K.Koch) Greuter (=Achillea wilhelmsii K.Koch) Arctium lappa L. Arctium umbrosum (Bunge) Kuntze Artemisia kopetdaghensis Krasch., Popov & Lincz. ex Poljakov Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam. Centaurea behen L. Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. (=Cnicus benedictus L.) Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng. Centaurea virgata Lam. Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Cirsium bornmuelleri Sint. ex Bornm. Cirsium pseudolappaceum Kharadze Cirsium sorocephalum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (=Cirsium congestum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC.) Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Cousinia amicorum Tscherneva, Joharchi & Ghahrem.-Nejad He He PL IT KK * 78 79 Cousinia attariae Assadi & Joharchi Cousinia bienertii Bunge He He IT KK * IT KK * 80 81 82 Cousinia concolor Bunge Cousinia congesta Bunge Cousinia deserti Bunge He He He IT KK-Alborz* IT C IT C 47 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 116 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press DD [1], VU [2] LR [1], NT [2] LR [1] VU [2] VU [2] EN [2] DD [1], EN [2] DD [1] 7250, 8051 7269 7270, 45486(FUMH) 7271 7273 7272, 8043 7274, 8044 7275 ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 83 84 85 86 87 88 Cousinia elata Boiss. & Buhse Cousinia eryngioides Boiss. Cousinia euchlora Bornm. & Rech.f. Cousinia freynii Bornm. & Sint. Cousinia lasiandra Bunge Cousinia lasiolepis Boiss. He He He He He He IT KK-Alborz* IT C* IT KK IT KK * IT C* IT C* 89 90 91 92 93 Cousinia microcarpa Boiss. Cousinia multiloba DC. Cousinia smirnowii Trautv. Cousinia stahliana Bornm. & Gauba Cousinia verbascifolia Bunge He He He He He IT KK-Afgh. IT C IT KK * IT KK * IT KK * 94 95 96 Crepis pulchra L. Crepis turcomanica Krasch. Cyanus depressus (M.Bieb.) Soják (=Centaurea depressa M.Bieb.) Cymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray) Wagenitz Echinops leiopolyceroides Mozaff. Echinops orientalis Trautv. Echinops ritrodes Bunge Erigeron acris subsp. pycnotrichus (Vierh.) Grierson Garhadiolus hedypnois Jaub. & Spach (=Garhadiolus angulosus Jaub. & Spach) Gundelia tournefortii L. Helichrysum oocephalum Boiss. Inula peacockiana (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Korovin (=Codonocephalum peacockianum Aitch. & Hemsl.) Inula rhizocephala Schrenk Jurinea radians Boiss. Jurinea sintenisii Bornm. Th G.r Th IT IT KK IT Th He He He He Th IT IT KK * IT W & C IT C PL IT He He He IT IT C IT G.r He Ch IT C & E IT C* IT KK Th Ch G.t He Ch He He He Ch He IT-SS IT IT IT-ES-M IT C IT W & C IT IT-M IT C PL He He G.t G.t G.t G.t G.t G.t G.r IT KK IT-ES-M IT Cauc.-Turk. IT W & C IT C IT W & C* IT Cauc.-Alburz IT C IT C 128 129 130 Koelpinia linearis Pall. lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. (=Scariola orientalis Boiss.) lactuca persica Boiss. lactuca serriola L. launaea acanthodes (Boiss.) Kuntze leontodon asperrimus (Willd.) Endl. Onopordum leptolepis DC. Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo (=Acroptilon repens (L.) DC.) Sclerorhachis platyrachis (Boiss.) Podlech ex Rech.f. Scorzonera laciniata Jacq. Scorzonera leptophylla (DC.) Krasch. & Lipsch. Scorzonera phaeopappa (Boiss.) Boiss. Scorzonera raddeana C.Winkl. Scorzonera stenocephala Boiss. Scorzonera szovitzii DC. Scorzonera tunicata Rech.f. & Köie Senecio paulsenii subsp. khorasanicus (Rech.f. & Aellen) B.Nord. Serratula latifolia Boiss. Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. tanacetum khorassanicum (Krasch.) Parsa He Th He IT C PL IT KK * 131 tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. He PL 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Threat category [Ref.] VU [1,2] EN [2] LR [1] NT [2] LR [1], NT [2] NT [2] LC [2] Herbarium No. 7276 7277, 8042 7278 7279 8124 7280, 8041, 45487–8(FUMH) 7281 7282 7283, 8039, 8040 7284 7285 7286 7287, 8036 7288 7289, 8035 7290 7291 7292, 8034 7293, 8032–3 7294 7295 7296 7297 DD [1] DD [1], LC [2] 7298 7299 7300, 8031 7301, 8030 7302, 8028 7303, 8029 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308 7309 7310 LC [2] LR [1] DD [1], NT [2] 7311 7312 7316, 8146 7313, 8027, 8023 7317, 8026 7314, 8022 7315 8148 7318, 8025 7319 7320 7321, 8156 7322, 8155 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 117 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 132 133 134 taraxacum afghanicum Soest taraxacum microcephaloides Soest taraxacum sonchoides (D.Don) Sch.Bip. (=taraxacum montanum (C.A.Mey.) DC.) taraxacum sp. He He He IT E IT IT 7323 7326 7329 taraxacum syriacum Boiss. thevenotia persica DC. tragopogon collinus DC. tragopogon gaudanicus Boriss. tragopogon montanus S.A.Nikitin tragopogon vaginatus Ownbey & Rech.f. tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Sch.Bip. tussilago farfara L. Varthemia persica DC. Xanthium spinosum L. Xeranthemum longepapposum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Berberidaceae Juss. Berberis integerrima Bunge He Th He He He He Th G.t Ch Th Th IT IT C IT C IT C IT C & E IT W & C IT IT-ES-M IT C COS IT 7324–5, 7327–8, 8147 7330–1 7332 7333, 8021, 8154 7334 7335, 8024 7336 7337, 8086 7338 7339 7340 7341 Ph IT Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach leontice leontopetalum L. Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. Biebersteinia multifida DC. Boraginaceae Juss. Anchusa azurea Mill. Asperugo procumbens L. Buglossoides tenuiflora (L.f.) I.M.Johnst. Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand Echium italicum L. Heterocaryum szovitsianum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) A.DC. lappula barbata (M.Bieb.) Gürke lappula microcarpa (Ledeb.) Gürke lappula sessiliflora Gürke lappula sinaica (A.DC.) Asch. & Schweinf. Myosotis stricta Link ex Roem. & Schult. Nonnea caspica G. Don Onosma dichroantha Boiss. Onosma longiloba Bunge Paracaryum heratense (Rech.f. & Riedl) Kamelin Rochelia cardiosepala Bunge Rochelia disperma (L.f.) K.Koch Rochelia peduncularis Boiss. Rochelia persica Bunge ex Boiss. Brassicaceae Burnett Aethionema carneum (Banks & Sol.) B.Fedtsch. Aethionema trinervium (DC.) Boiss. Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Alyssum dasycarpum Stephan ex Willd. Alyssum desertorum Stapf Alyssum heterotrichum Boiss. Alyssum lanceolatum Baumg. Alyssum linifolium Stephan ex Willd. Alyssum singarense Boiss. & Hausskn. Alyssum stapfii Vierh. Alyssum szovitsianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh. G.t G.t IT IT-M 7342, 8018–20, 8122 7343, 8017 7344, 8016 G.t IT 7345, 8088 He Th Th Th He Th Th Th Th Th Th Th He He He Th Th Th Th IT-ES PL IT-M IT IT-M IT IT-M IT IT IT IT-ES-M IT IT W & C IT KK-Alborz IT KK-Afgh. IT IT C IT IT 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7613 7351, 8015, 8089 7352, 8012–4 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358, 8011, 8090 7359 7360 7361, 8010 7362, 8009 7363, 8008, 8140 Th Ch He Th Th Th Th Ch Th He Th Th Th IT IT IT-ES-M IT-ES-M IT IT-ES-M IT C IT KK-Afgh. IT-M IT W IT IT C IT C & E 7364, 8007 7365, 8006 8127 7366, 8005 7367 7368 7369 7370, 8001–4 7371, 8103 7372, 7998–8000 7373, 7997 7374, 7995–6 7375, 8091 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 118 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press He Threat category [Ref.] Herbarium No. ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 183 184 Arabis nova Vill. Asperuginoides axillaris (Boiss. & Hohen.) Rauschert (=Buchingera axillaris Boiss. & Hohen.) Barbarea plantaginea DC. Brassica elongata Ehrh. Camelina rumelica Velen. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. Clypeola jonthlaspi L. Conringia clavata Boiss. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Crambe cordifolia subsp. kotschyana (Boiss.) Jafri (=Crambe kotschyana Boiss.) Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Diptychocarpus strictus (Fisch. ex M.Bieb.) Trautv. Draba nuda (Bél.) Al-Shehbaz & M.Koch (=Drabopsis verna K.Koch) Erophila verna (L.) DC. Erysimum badghisi (Korsh.) Lipsky ex N.Busch Erysimum ischnostylum Freyn & Sint Euclidium syriacum (L.) R.Br. Fibigia suffruticosa (Vent.) Sweet Goldbachia laevigata (M.Bieb.) DC. Graellsia integrifolia (Rech.f.) Rech.f. Th Th IT-ES-M IT He He Th Th Th Th Th Th He IT IT-ES-M IT-ES-M PL IT Omni IT-M IT IT-ES-M IT 7378, 7994 7379 7380 7381 7382, 8119 7383, 7993 7384, 8118 7385, 7992 7386 Th Th Th PL IT-ES IT-ES-M 7387 7388 7389, 8092 Th He He Th Ch Th He PL IT KK-Afgh. IT KK-Afgh. IT IT C IT IT KK * 7390 7391 7392, 7989–91 7393 7394, 7988 7395 7396 lepidium draba L. (=Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.) lepidium latifolium L. lepidium litwinowii (Lipsky) Al-Shehbaz (=Stroganowia litwinowii Lipsky) litwinowia tenuissima (Pall.) Woronow ex Pavlov (=Euclidium tenuissimum (Pall.) B.Fedtsch.) Malcolmia africana (L.) R.Br. Matthiola afghanica Rech. fil. & Koie Matthiola alyssifolia Bornm. Neotorularia dentata (Freyn & Sint.) Hedge & J. Léonard Pachypterygium brevipes Bunge Peltaria angustifolia DC. Pseudoclausia turkestanica (Lipsky) A.V.Vassil. Sisymbrium loeselii L. Sisymbrium septulatum DC. tauscheria lasiocarpa Fisch. ex DC. thlaspi arvense L. Capparaceae Juss. Capparis spinosa L. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Cephalaria microcephala Boiss. lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet (=Scabiosa olivieri Coult.) lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach He He He IT-ES IT-ES-M IT KK Th IT C & E 7400 Th He He Th Th Th He Th Th Th Th IT-M-SS IT KK-Afgh. IT C & E IT C IT C & E IT C IT KK-E IT-ES IT IT PL 7401 7402, 8101 7403, 7984 7404 8102 7406, 8117 7407, 7982–3 7408 7409 7410 7411 Ph SCO 7412 He Th IT C IT 7460, 7953 7413 Ph IT Pterocephalus afghanicus Boiss. Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl Valerianella cymbocarpa C.A.Mey. Valerianella oxyrhyncha Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Valerianella plagiostephana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Valerianella szovitsiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Valerianella tuberculata Boiss. Caryophyllaceae Juss. He He Th Th Th Th Th IT C IT W & C IT IT IT IT Omni IT 7414, 7980–1, 4887(HNBG) 7461 7415, 7979 7416 7417, 7978 7418 7419, 7976 7420, 7977 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Threat category [Ref.] LR [1] LR [1], NT [2] NT [2] Herbarium No. 7376, 8120 7377 7397, 7987 7398, 7986 7399, 7985 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 119 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Th Th IT KK IT C & E IT KK-Afgh. IT C IT C IT KK-Afgh. IT IT Ch Ch Ch He Th Th IT KK-Afgh. IT KK IT KK * IT-M IT 7428, 7969 7429, 8138 8125–6 7430 7431 7432, 7968 Th IT 7433 Th Th He Th Th He Ch He Th IT C & E IT C IT IT-M IT IT-M IT KK IT W & C IT C & E 7442 7434, 8093 7435, 7966–7 7436 7437, 7965 7438 7439, 7964, 8137 7440, 7963, 8094 7441, 7961–2 He IT C 7443 G.c G.c IT W & C IT C & E 7444, 7920 7445, 7960 He He He Th (holoparasite) Th (holoparasite) SCO IT C & E IT-ES-M PL PL 7446, 8095 7447 7448 7452 7453, 7958 He He IT C IT C & E 7449 7450 Ph IT KK 7451, 7959, 1675(HNBG) G.r G.r He He He G.r IT C & E IT-ES-M IT IT-ES PL PL 7454 7455 8096 7456, 7458 7457, 7956 7459, 7954 Ph IT-M 7462, 7951–2 272 Acanthophyllum adenophorum Freyn Acanthophyllum glandulosum Bunge ex Boiss. Acanthophyllum korshinskyi Schischk. Acanthophyllum pachystegium Rech.f. Bufonia oliveriana Ser. Bufonia sintenisii Freyn Cerastium dichotomum L. Cerastium dichotomum subsp. inflatum Cullen (=Cerastium inflatum Link ex Desf.) Dianthus crinitus subsp. turcomanicus (Schischk.) Rech.f. Dianthus polylepis Bien. ex Boiss. Diaphanoptera khorasanica Rech.f. Gypsophila sp. Herniaria glabra L. Holosteum umbellatum subsp. glutinosum (M.Bieb.) Nyman (=Holosteum glutinosum (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C.A.Mey.) Fenzl ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. lepyrodiclis holosteoides × stellarioides lepyrodiclis stellarioides Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Mesostemma kotschyana (Fenzl ex Boiss.) Vved. Minuartia hamata (Hausskn.) Mattf. Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm. Silene bupleuroides L. Silene indeprensa Schischk. Silene swertiaefolia Boiss. Stellaria alsinoides Boiss. & Buhse Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl Cleome coluteoides Boiss. Colchicaceae DC. Colchicum kotschyi Boiss. Colchicum robustum (Bunge) Stef. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulus dorycnium L. Convolvulus lineatus L. Cuscuta campestris yunck. Cuscuta europaea L. (=Cuscuta brevistyla A.Braun ex A.Rich.) Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil. Pseudosedum multicaule (Boiss. & Buhse) Boriss. Rosularia radicosa (Boiss. & Hohen.) Eggli Cupressaceae Gray Juniperus polycarpos K.Koch var. turcomanica (B.Fedtsch.) R.P.Adams Cyperaceae Juss. Bolboschoenus schmidii (Raymond) Holub Carex diluta M.Bieb. Carex serotina subsp. philocrena (V.I.Krecz.) Kukkonen Carex songorica Kar. & Kir. Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják Elaeagnaceae Juss. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Ephedraceae Dumort. Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. Ph IT C 273 Ephedra major Host Ph IT-ES-M 7463, 9278(HNBG) 7464, 7948–50, 1821(HNBG) 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 120 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press Threat category [Ref.] LC [2] VU [1,2] VU [1,2] NT [2] Herbarium No. 7421, 7975 7422, 7972–4 8158 7423 7424 7425, 7971 7426, 7970 7427 ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype G.r PL 7465, 7947 Th He He Th He Th IT C IT IT W & C IT KK-E IT C IT 7466, 7946 7467, 7944–5 7468, 7942–3 7469 7470, 7939–41 7471 He He IT-M-SS IT KK 281 282 Equisetaceae Michx Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbia aucheri Boiss. Euphorbia boissieriana (Woronow) Prokh. Euphorbia bungei Boiss. Euphorbia franchetii B.Fedtsch. Euphorbia microsciadia Boiss. Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Fabaceae Lindl. Alhagi maurorum Medik. (=Alhagi camelorum DC.) Astragalus (Incani) ackerbergensis Freyn & Sint. 283 284 285 Astragalus (Hololeuce) alyssoides Lam. Astragalus (Erioceras) anacamptus Bunge Astragalus (Caprini) assadii Maassoumi & Podlech He He He IT W & C IT KK-Alborz* IT KK * 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 Astragalus (Astragalus) basineri Trautv. Astragalus (Sesamei) biovulatus Bunge Astragalus (Onobrychioidei) brevidens Freyn & Sint. Astragalus (Incani) caespititius Podlech Astragalus (Annulares) campylorhynchus Fisch. & C. Mey. Astragalus (Erioceras) catacamptus Bunge Astragalus (Rhacophorus) cerasocrenus Bunge He Th He He Th He He IT KK-Afgh. IT W & C IT KK IT C* IT C & E IT W & C* IT KK 293 294 Astragalus (Hymenostegis) chrysostachys Boiss. Astragalus (Erionotus) citrinus Bunge Ch He IT W & C IT C 295 Astragalus citrinus subsp. barrowianus (Aitch. & Baker) Podlech Astragalus (Ankylotus) commixtus Bunge Astragalus (Caprini) controversus Maassoumi & Podlech Astragalus (Erionotus) curvipes Trautv. Astragalus (Dipelta) dipelta Bunge Astragalus (trachycercis) durandianus Aitch. & Baker Astragalus (Caprini) esferayanicus Podlech & Maassoumi He IT KK-Afgh. Th He He Th He He IT IT KK * IT KK IT C IT C* IT KK * He He Ch Th He IT C IT KK * IT KK * IT C IT C* 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 Astragalus (Caprini) gompholobium Bunge Astragalus (Incani) gululsaranii Podlech Astragalus (Ammodendron) hekmat-safaviae Ghahrem. Astragalus (Sesamei) kerkukiensis Bornm. Astragalus (Erioceras) khongensis Maassoumi, Joharchi & Podlech Astragalus (Acanthophace) lycioides Boiss. Astragalus (Cystium) masenderanus Bunge Astragalus (Incani) mercklinii Boiss. & Buhse Astragalus (Caprini) nephtonensis Freyn Astragalus (Oxyglottis) oxyglottis M.Bieb. Astragalus (Cremoceras) pendulinus Popov & B.Fedtsch. Astragalus (Ammodendron) podolobus Boiss. Astragalus (Caprini) pseudoindurascens Sirj. & Rech.f. Ch He He He Th He Ch He IT C* IT C IT C IT KK-Afgh. IT-M IT KK IT IT KK * 315 Astragalus (Caprini) pseudokurrumensis Sirj. & Rech.f. He IT KK * 316 317 318 319 Astragalus (Anthylloidei) raddei Basil. Astragalus (Oxyglottis) schmalhausenii Bunge Astragalus (Astragalus) sieversianus Pall. Astragalus (theiochrus) siliquosus Boiss. He Th He He IT KK IT C & E IT KK-E IT 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Threat category [Ref.] VU [1], LC [2] VU [1] VU [1] EN [1], VU [2] LR [1] LC [2] VU [1] VU [1], LC [2] Herbarium No. 7472 7474, 8098 7475 7476, 7937, 8157 7477 7478, 7936 7479 7480, 7935, 8133 7481 7482 7483, 7934, 8099 7473, 7938 7484, 7932 7485, 7930–1, 8129 7486 VU [1,2] LC [2] LR [1] VU [1], EN [2] DD [2] DD [1] VU [1] LR [1] LC [2] LR [1], VU [2] VU [1], DD [2] DD [2] 7487, 8096 7488 7489 7490, 7929 7491 7494, 8097 7495, 7928 7496 7497 7498 7499 7500, 7927, 7933 7501, 7927 7502, 8128 7503 7504 7505, 7926, 8130 7493 7506, 8131 7507 7508, 7924–5 7509 7510 7511, 7923 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 121 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 Astragalus (ammodendron) sp. Astragalus (Ankylotus) stalinskyi Sirj. Astragalus (Malacothrix) suluklensis Freyn & Sint. Astragalus (Dissitiflori) sumbari Popov Astragalus (Platonychium) verus Olivier Astragalus (Cytisodes) zoshkensis Ghahr.-Nejad Cicer tragacanthoides Jaub. & Spach Colutea buhsei (Boiss.) Shap. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Glycyrrhiza triphylla Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (=Meristotropis xanthioides Vassilcz.) Hedysarum glabrifoliolatum Ranjbar Hedysarum kopetdaghi Boriss. Hedysarum renzii Rech.f. Hedysarum wrightianum Aitch. & Baker lathyrus inconspicuus L. lotus corniculatus L. Medicago lupulina L. Medicago monantha (C.A.Mey.) Trautv. (=trigonella monantha C.A.Mey.) Medicago sativa L. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Onobrychis amoena Popov & Vved. Onobrychis chorassanica Boiss. Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. Onobrychis verae Sirj. Ononis afghanica Sirj. & Rech.f. Oxytropis binaludensis Vassilcz. Oxytropis hypsophila Bunge Ch Th He He Ch Ch He Ph G.r G.r IT C & E IT KK * LC [2] IT KK LC [2] IT C LR [1] IT KK * EN [2] IT C LR [1] IT KK-Alborz-ESHy IT-ES-M LR [1] IT C 7512 7513 7492, 8100, 7922 7514, 7921 7515 7516 7517, 7918 7518, 7917 7519 7520, 7916 He He He He Th He Th Th IT KK * IT KK IT C* IT C IT-M PL PL IT 7521 7522 7523 7524, 7914 7525 7526, 7913 7527 7528 He He Ch He Ch He Ch He He PL IT-ES-M IT C & E IT KK-E IT Omni IT KK-Afgh. IT KK-Afgh. IT KK * IT KK * Oxytropis sp. Oxytropis suavis Boriss. trifolium pratense L. trifolium repens L. trifolium resupinatum L. Vicia subvillosa (Ledeb.) Boiss. Gentianaceae Juss. Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Geraniaceae Juss. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. Geranium collinum Stephan ex Willd. Geranium kotschyi Boiss. Geranium rotundifolium L. Hypericaceae Juss. Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. Hypericum scabrum L. Iridaceae Juss. Crocus michelsonii B. Fedtsch. He He He He Th G.r IT KK * IT-ES-M IT-ES-M IT-ES-M IT C & E G.r IT 7546 Th G.r G.t Th IT-ES-M IT-ES IT C IT-ES-M 7547, 7903 7548 7549, 7901–2 7550 He He IT C IT W & C 7551 7552, 7899, 7900 G.c IT KK Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. Iris fosteriana Aitch. & Baker Iris kopetdagensis (Vved.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo Iris loczyi Kanitz Iris songarica Schrenk Ixioliriaceae Nakai Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Juglans regia L. G.b G.t G.t G.r G.r IT-M IT KK-Afgh. IT KK-Afgh. IT KK-E IT C & E G.b IT 7559 Ph PL 7560 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 122 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press Threat category [Ref.] Herbarium No. NT [2] LR [1] DD [1] DD [1] DD [1,2] DD [1], VU [2] 7537, 7540 7539, 7541, 7912 7542 7543 7544 7545, 7904 NT [2] LR [1], VU [2] VU [1] 7529 7530 7531 7532, 7911 7533, 7910 7534, 7908–9 7535, 7907 7536, 7905–6 7538 7553 7554 7555, 7898, 8135 7556, 7897 7557, 7896 7558 ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype Threat category [Ref.] Herbarium No. He He He SCO SCO PL 7561, 7957 7562, 7895 7563, 7892–4 Th IT-ES-M 7564, 7880, 7878 Ch Ch IT C IT KK-Alborz* 7566, 7891 7567, 7889–90, 7915 7568, 7888 7569 7570, 7886–7, 8143–4 7571, 7885 7572 7573 7574, 7884 7575 7576 7577 7578 7883 7580, 7882 7581 7582, 8142 372 373 Juncaceae Juss. Juncus articulatus L. Juncus gerardii Loisel. Juncus inflexus L. Lamiaceae Martinov Clinopodium graveolens (M.Bieb.) Kuntze (=Acinos graveolens (M.Bieb.) Link) Hymenocrater bituminosus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Hymenocrater calycinus (Boiss.) Benth. 374 375 376 Hymenocrater elegans Bunge Hymenocrater oxyodontus Rech.f. Hymenocrater platystegius Rech.f. Ch Ch Ch IT KK-Alborz IT C* IT KK * 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 lagochilus cabulicus Benth. lallemantia iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. lamium amplexicaule L. leonurus turkestanicus V.I.Krecz. & Kuprian. Marrubium vulgare L. Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Nepeta binaloudensis Jamzad Nepeta pungens (Bunge) Benth. Nepeta ucranica subsp. kopetdaghensis (Pojark.) Rech.f. Phlomis cancellata Bunge Phlomoides binaludensis Salmaki & Joharchi Phlomoides labiosa (Bunge) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. (=Eremostachys labiosa Bunge) Phlomoides labiosiformis (Popov) Adylov, Kamelin & Makhm. (=Eremostachys labiosiformis (Popov) Knorring) Phlomoides molucelloides (Bunge) Salmaki Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma (=Perovskia abrotanoides Kar.) Salvia chloroleuca Rech.f. & Aellen Salvia virgata Jacq. Scutellaria luteo-coerulea Bornm. Sideritis montana L. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl Stachys setifera C.A.Mey. Stachys trinervis Aitch. & Hemsl. teucrium polium L. Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. pseudodasyantha (Rech.f.) Rech.f. Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida (Boiss.) Rech.f. Ziziphora tenuior L. Liliaceae Juss. Fritillaria gibbosa Boiss. Gagea chomutovae (Pascher) Pascher Gagea gageoides (Zucc.) Vved. Gagea kunawurensis (Royle) Greuter (=Gagea stipitata Merckl. ex Bunge, =Gagea ova Stapf) Gagea reticulata (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. tulipa biflora Pall. tulipa micheliana Hoog Linaceae DC. ex Perleb linum album Kotschy ex Boiss. linum austriacum L. Malvaceae Juss. Alcea rhyticarpa (Trautv.) Iljin Ch Th Th He He He He Th He He He He IT C IT-M SCO IT KK-E PL PL IT KK * IT C & E IT KK IT KK-Afgh. IT KK * IT KK-E He IT C 7583 G.t Ch IT W & C IT C & E He He He Th He He Ch Ch Ch IT KK-Alborz IT-M IT KK IT-ES-M IT C IT IT KK-Afgh. IT-M IT-ES 7565 7579, 3222(HNBG) 7584, 7881, 8141 7585 7586 7587 7588, 7879 7589 7590 7591 7592 Ch Th IT-ES IT Omni 7593, 7876 7594, 7877 G.b G.b G.b G.b IT C IT C & E IT W & C IT 7595, 7875 7596 7597, 7874 7598, 8104–5 G.b G.b G.b IT IT C & E IT KK-Alborz 7599, 7873 7600 7601, 7871–2 He Ch IT C* IT-ES-M He IT KK-E 368 369 370 371 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE DD [1] LR [1] EN [1,2] NT [2] EN [2] NT [2] LR [1] 7602 7603 7604 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 123 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 413 Malva neglecta Wallr. Nitrariaceae Lindl. Peganum harmala L. Onagraceae Juss. Epilobium hirsutum L. Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn. Orchidaceae Juss. Anacamptis palustris (Jacq.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase (=Orchis palustris Jacq.) Orobanchaceae Vent. leptorhabdos parviflora (Benth.) Benth. Orobanche kotschyi Reut. Orobanche stocksii Boiss. Pedicularis pycnantha Boiss. Pedicularis rechingeri Wendelbo He PL 7605, 7870 He PL 7606 G.r G.r PL IT 7607 7608, 7869 G.b IT-ES-M 7609 Th G.p G.p He He IT C & E IT IT C IT C IT KK * 7761, 8116 7611, 7867 8123 7765 45558(FUMH) Phelipanche hohenackeri (Reut.) Soják Phelipanche schultzii (Mutel) Pomel Papaveraceae Juss. Corydalis aitchisonii Popov Corydalis chionophila Czerniak. G.p G.p IT IT-M G.t G.t IT KK-Afgh. IT KK Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. Glaucium elegans Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Hypecoum pendulum L. Papaver decaisnei Hochst. & Steud. ex Elkan Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. Roemeria refracta DC. Plantaginaceae Juss. linaria khorasanensis Hamdi & Assadi linaria odora (M.Bieb.) Fisch. linaria simplex DC. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Veronica arguteserrata Regel & Schmalh. Veronica beccabunga L. Veronica biloba schreb. ex L. Veronica campylopoda Boiss. (=Veronica capillipes Nevski) Th Th Th Th Th Th IT-ES-M IT C & E IT-M IT IT-M-SS IT He He Th He He G.r Th He Th Th IT KK * IT-ES IT-M IT-ES-M SCO IT IT PL IT Omni IT Omni Veronica hederifolia L. Veronica intercedens Bornm. Veronica khorassanica Czerniak. Veronica rubrifolia Boiss. Plumbaginaceae Juss. Acantholimon erinaceum (Jaub. & Spach) Lincz. Acantholimon pterostegium Bunge Acantholimon quinquelobum Bunge Acantholimon raddeanum Czerniak. Poaceae Barnhart Aegilops crassa Boiss. Aegilops triuncialis L. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (=Agropyron pectinatum (M.Bieb.) P.Beauv.) Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. Arrhenatherum kotschyi Boiss. Boissiera squarrosa (Sol.) Nevski Th Th He Th IT-ES-M IT C & E IT KK IT Ch Ch Ch Ch IT C & E IT KK * IT C* IT KK-E Th Th He IT W & C IT-M PL 7637 7638 7639 He He He Th IT PL IT IT-M 7640 7641, 8153 7642 7643, 7855 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 124 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press Threat category [Ref.] Herbarium No. LR [1], NT [2] 7610, 7868, 7766 7612 LR [1], NT [2] LR [1] VU [2] NT [2] LR [1] LC [2] 7614, 7868 7615 7616 7617 7618 7619, 7867, 8136 7620 7621, 8137 7762, 7788, 8115 7763, 7789–90 7764 7622, 7866 7623 7624 7625, 7865 7626 7627 7628, 7863–4, 8114 7629 7630 7631, 7862 7632, 7860–1 7633, 7859 7634 7635 7636, 7856–8 ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 458 459 460 Bromus danthoniae Trin. ex C.A.Mey Bromus japonicus Thunb. Bromus kopetdagensis Drobow Th Th He PL PL IT KK-Alborz* 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 Bromus oxyodon Schrenk Bromus pseudodanthoniae Drobow Bromus tectorum L. Bromus tomentellus Boiss. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P.Beauv. Colpodium parviflorum Boiss. & Buhse Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dactylis glomerata L. Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis Elymus longiaristatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev Elymus repens (L.) Gould Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev. Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski Eremopyrum distans (K.Koch) Nevski Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin Glyceria notata Chevall. (=Glyceria plicata (Fr.) Fr.) Helictotrichon turcomanicum Czopanov Th Th Th He He He He He He He He He Th Th Th He He He IT C & E IT PL IT C & E IT-ES-M PL IT PL PL IT-ES-M IT C IT-ES-M IT-M IT IT IT-ES PL IT KK 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 Henrardia persica (Boiss.) C.E.Hubb. Heteranthelium piliferum (Sol.) Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link Hordeum bulbosum L. Hordeum murinum L. leymus tianschanicus (Drobow) Tzvelev loliolum subulatum (Banks & Sol.) Eig Melica ciliata L. Melica persica Kunth Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Piptatherum holciforme (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. Poa annua L. Poa bulbosa L. Poa pratensis L. Poa sinaica Steud. Poa trivialis L. Poa versicolor Besser Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Rhizocephalus orientalis Boiss. Sclerochloa dura (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Stipa arabica Trin. & Rupr. Stipa caragana Trin. Stipa caucasica Schmalh. Stipa hohenackeriana Trin. & Rupr. Stipa holosericea Trin. Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr. Stipa sp. taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. Vulpia persica (Boiss. & Buhse) Krecz. & Bobrov Polygonaceae Juss. Atraphaxis binaludensis S. Tavakkoli, Mozaff. & Kaz. Osaloo Atraphaxis spinosa L. Th Th He He Th He He He He He He Th He He He He He Th Th Th Th Th He He He He He He He Th Th Th IT W & C IT IT IT-M IT-M IT IT IT-ES-M IT SCO IT-M SCO IT-ES-M PL IT-SS PL IT PL PL IT W & C PL PL IT IT Omni IT IT Omni IT Cauc.-Turk. IT-ES IT-ES-M IT-M IT Ch Ch IT KK * IT 511 512 PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Threat category [Ref.] LR [1] DD [1] EN [2] DD [2] Herbarium No. 7644, 7854 7645 7646, 7850–3, 8149, 8107 7647 7648 7649, 7849 7650 7651, 7848 7652 7653 7654 7655, 7848 7656, 7844–7 7657 7658, 8106 7659 7660, 8108 7661 7662, 7843, 7839 7663 7664, 45697(FUMH) 7665, 7842 7666, 7841 7667 7668, 7840 7669 7670, 7838 7671 7672 7673, 7836–7 7674 7675 7676 7677, 8109 7678 7679 7680, 8150 7681, 8151 7682, 8152 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687, 7834 7688, 7833 7689, 7831–2 7690, 7830, 7835 7691, 7829 7692, 7828 7693 7694, 7826–7 7695 7696 7697, 7825 7698, 8145 Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 125 No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 Polygonum afghanicum Meisn. Polygonum arenastrum Boreau Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum molliiforme Boiss. Polygonum rottboellioides Jaub. & Spach Polygonum thymifolium Jaub. & Spach Pteropyrum aucheri Jaub. & Spach Rumex chalepensis Mill. Rumex crispus L. Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl Zannichellia palustris L. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Androsace maxima L. Dionysia tapetodes Bunge Ranunculaceae Juss. Adonis aestivalis L. Anemone biflora var. petiolulosa (Juz.) Ziman (=Anemone petiolulosa Juz.) Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Besser Clematis orientalis L. Ch Th Th Th Th Ch Ch He He IT C SCO COS PL IT C IT C IT C IT SCO 7699, 7824 7700 7701 7702, 7822–3 7703, 7820–1 7704, 7818–9 7705 7706 7707 G.r COS 7708 Th Ch IT-ES-M IT KK-Afgh. 7709, 8110 7710 Th G.t IT-ES-M IT C & E 7711 7712, 7817, 8134 Th Th Ch IT-ES-M IT-ES-M IT Consolida orientalis (J.Gay) Schrödinger Consolida rugulosa (Boiss.) Schrödinger Delphinium turkmenum Lipsky Eranthis longistipitata Regel Nigella integrifolia Regel Ranunculus aucheri Boiss. (=Ranunculus elbursensis var. aucheri (Boiss.) Parsa) Ranunculus buhsei Boiss. Th Th G.r G.t Th G.t IT-M IT C IT KK * IT KK-E IT C & E IT Omni LR [1] 7713, 7816 7714, 7815 7715, 7814, 8413(HNBG) 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 G.r IT Cauc.-Alburz LR [1] 7722 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 Threat category [Ref.] LC [2] Herbarium No. &C G.t G.t ES Hy * IT E-ES Hy 7723 7724 G.r He IT Omni IT C 7725 7726 He IT-ES-M 7727 Ph IT-ES 7728 543 Ranunculus cicutarius Schltdl. Ranunculus sewerzowii Regel (=Ranunculus leptorrhynchus Aitch. & Hemsl.) thalictrum isopyroides C.A.Mey. thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf Resedaceae Martinov Reseda lutea L. Rhamnaceae Juss. Rhamnus pallasii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Rosaceae Juss. Cotoneaster kotschyi (C.K.Schneid.) G.Klotz Ph IT 544 Cotoneaster ovatus Pojark. Ph IT KK-Alborz* 545 Ph IT KK 546 Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark. subsp. turcomanica (Pojark.) K.I.Chr. Crataegus spathulata Michx. (=Crataegus microcarpa Lindl.) 7730, 7809–12, 3145(HNBG) 7731, 7808, 8139, 3175(HNBG) 7732 Ph ES Euxi.-Hy 547 548 549 Geum kokanikum Regel & Schmalh. Potentilla nuda Boiss. Prunus microcarpa C.A.Mey. He He Ph IT C & E IT IT W & C 550 Prunus pseudoprostrata (Pojark.) Rech.f. Ch IT KK-Alborz 551 Prunus spinosissima (Bunge) Franch. (=Amygdalus spinosissima Bunge) Rosa beggeriana Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Ph IT C & E Ph IT C & E 537 538 539 540 541 542 552 126 • Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press VU [2] LR [1] 7733, 3285(HNBG) 7734 7735 7736, 7807, 3287(HNBG) 7737, 7805–6, 3255(HNBG) 7729, 7813 7738, 7804, 3170(HNBG) ATASHGAHI Et Al. No. Families and species/infraspecific taxa Life-form Chorotype 553 554 Rosa canina L. Rosa kokanica (Regel) Regel ex Juz. Ph Ph IT-ES-M IT C & E 555 556 Rosa persica Michx. ex Juss. Sanguisorba minor Scop. Rubiaceae Juss. Asperula glomerata subsp. turcomanica (Pobed.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) DC. Crucianella chlorostachys Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Crucianella gilanica subsp. transcaspica (Ehrend.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. Galium aparine L. Ch He IT C & E IT-ES-M 7739 7740, 45440(FUMH) 7741 7742, 7803 Ch IT 7743, 7801–2 Th Th Th He IT IT-M IT IT 7744, 7799–800 7745, 7798 7746 7747, 7797 Th PL Th He He Th Th Th Ch Ch Ch IT-SS IT-M IT KK * IT-M IT-ES-M IT-ES-SS IT C* IT IT He IT C & E 7757 Ph Ph IT - 7759 7758, 8121 G.r IT W & C 7760 He He He IT IT C IT W & C 7767 7768, 7787 7769, 7786 He (biennial) Th IT-ES-M COS 7770 7771 581 Galium ceratopodum Boiss. Galium humifusum M.Bieb. Galium pojarkovae Pobed. Galium setaceum Lam. Galium spurium L. Galium tricornutum Dandy Rubia florida Boiss. Rubia rigidifolia Pojark. Rubia tinctorum L. Rutaceae Juss. Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G.Don Salicaceae Mirb. Salix excelsa S.G.Gmel. Salix sp. Santalaceae R.Br. thesium kotschyanum Boiss. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Scrophularia striata Boiss. Scrophularia variegata M.Bieb. Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. Solanaceae Juss. Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. Solanum americanum Mill. (=Solanum nigrum L.) Tamaricaceae Link Reaumuria alternifolia (Labill.) Britten 7752, 45674(FUMH) 7748, 8112 7749, 7796, 8111 7750 7751 7794–5 7753 7754, 7792–3 7755, 7791 7756 Ch IT 582 tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Ph PL 7772, 6124(HNBG) 7773, 7785, 2301(HNBG) Th IT 7405 He He IT-ES - 7774 7775 Ph ES-M 7776 He SCO 7777 Th IT Omni 7778 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 583 584 585 586 587 588 Thymelaeaceae Juss. Diarthron vesiculosum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) C.A.Mey. Typhaceae Juss. typha minima Funck typha sp. Ulmaceae Mirb. Ulmus minor Mill. Urticaceae Juss. Urtica dioica L. Violaceae Batsch Viola occulta Lehm. PLANT DIVERSITy OF THE HEyDARI WILDLIFE Threat category [Ref.] DD [1] VU [2] LR [1] LR [1] Herbarium No. Phytotaxa 340 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press • 127

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Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

Plant diversity of the Heydari Wildlife Refuge in northeastern Iran, with a checklist of vascular plants

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