Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology
Vol. XXXVIII, No.1
Institute of Oceanography
ISSN 1730-413X
(121-138)
2009
University of Gdańsk
eISSN 1897-3191
Received:
Accepted:
DOI 10.2478/v10009-009-0001-0
Review paper
February 02, 2008
May 20, 2008
The distribution of green algae species from the Ulva genera
(syn. Enteromorpha; Chlorophyta) in Polish inland waters
Beata Messyasz1, Andrzej Rybak2
Department of Hydrobiology
Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Environmental Biology
ul. Umultowska 89, 61 – 614 Poznań, Poland
Key words: Enteromorpha, Ulva, Chlorophyta, macroalgae, distribution
Abstract
Marine algae in inland waters in Poland have been rarely recorded. The distribution of
5 species and 1 subspecies of the Ulva genus (syn. Enteromorpha, Chlorophyta) observed in
different inland aquatic ecosystems is reported. The algal distribution was established on the basis
of the available literature, unpublished material, and oral reports. Information about the algal
morphology and habitat conditions, from all of the 58 reported locations of ulvas in Poland, were
assimilated and are presented here.
The most widespread species of Ulva in inland waters in Poland was U. intestinalis (syn.
Enteromorpha intestinalis) reported at 34 sites, while the rarest species was U. paradoxa (syn.
Enteromorpha paradoxa), recorded at 2 sites.
Species of Ulva have been reported at a range of inland aquatic ecosystems, but most
commonly in lakes and small water-courses, such as ditches, channels and creeks. Most of the
reported sites of penetration of Ulva (Enteromorpha) inland are concentrated in northwestern and
central Poland.
1
2
messyasz@amu.edu.pl
rybakandrzej@interia.eu
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
www.oandhs.org
122
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
INTRODUCTION
Numerous papers outline the inland distribution of macroalgae such as
stonewort (Dąmbska and Karpacki 1954, Wood and Imahori 1959), resulting
from the fact that there are several stonewort species, which are commonly
occurring and are often characteristic of freshwater habitats. Information on the
inland distribution of other macroalgae such as ulvas (Göppert and Cohn 1850,
Preuschoff 1883, Kozłowski 1890, Raciborski 1910, Marczek 1954, Pliński
1971) or red algae (Raciborski 1888, Krawiecowa 1954, Kadłubowska 1960) is
much less detailed. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to fill the gap in studies
on the distribution of native Polish algae belonging to the genus Ulva
(Enteromorpha) (Blomster et al. 1998, 2000; Hayden at al. 2003).
Species of Ulva are primarily marine taxa found in saline and salty waters
(Pliński et al. 1982, Haroon et al. 1999, Lee 1999, Kirchhoff and Pflugmacher
2002, Romano et al. 2003, bikowski et al. 2005), but they can also proliferate
in freshwater habitats. Most studies concerned with Polish examples of this
group of algae examine sites located on the Baltic seashore, with only a few
reports on their distribution in inland Poland (Kozłowski 1890; Raciborski
1910; Torka 1910; Wysocka 1952; Marczek 1954; Piotrowska 1961; WilkońMichalska 1963; Podbielkowski 1969; Pliński 1971, 1973, 1973a; Kowalski
1975; Sitkowska 1999; Messyasz – in press; Messyasz and Rybak 2008). This is
at least in part as a result of these species having rarely appeared in inland
waters (Starmach 1970), there being few potential sites at which long term
survival of the species is possible. However, in the middle of the 20th century
these species started to proliferate in anthropogenically impacted environments
like marl pits, peat bogs, and ponds, where chloride concentrations are low or
variable. Despite reports of such occurrences, little is known about the ecology
of the genus in the new habitats, or the consequences of their occurrence in
limnic waters (Kowalski 1975, Sitkowska 1999, Valadimirescu 2007, Messyasz
– in press).
The Ulva (Enteromorpha) genus now includes over 130 species, and has
repeatedly caused taxonomic difficulties (Koemann and Holk 1981, 1982;
Bliding 1963). Ulva species are very difficult to identify because morphological
differences between taxa are often slight (Leskinen et al. 2004), and so
comparisons of morphological structures alone are insufficient to identify to
species level. Rather, the colour and the texture of the thalli, the structure and
arrangement of cells in different parts of the thallus, the structure of
chromatophores, the number of pirenoids, and deviations from the reproductive
cycle must all be investigated in order to ascertain identification (Koemann and
Holk 1981, 1982; Bliding 1963, 1968). The ecology of marine green algal
species has been analysed on numerous occasions (Bliding 1963, Poole and
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
The distribution of green algae species
123
Raven 1997, Hayden et al. 2003), yet such analyses are insufficient to establish
the taxonomy of Ulva species (Blomster et al. 1998, 2000; Coat et al. 1998). In
addition to morphological deviations of the thallus from a nomenclature type,
age related cytological changes are often observed, as well as variations in the
phase of the development cycle (gametophyte, sporophyte), and depend on the
time of the year in which the thallus was collected (Koeman and Van Den Hoek
1982, Leskinen et al. 2004). In order to reduce mistakes in the identification of
closely related species, molecular techniques can be employed (Blomster et al.
1998, 2000; Hayden et al. 2003, Leskinen et al 2004). In fact, these methods
have initiated the revision of common assumptions in the taxonomy of ulvas. As
a result, the number of species Enteromorpha (135) and of Ulva (140)
established prior to the late 1990s has been reduced (Index Nominum Algarum
2002), and their systematization put in order (Hayden et al. 2003). The tools of
molecular genetics, particularly SDS PAGE and RFLP - PCR (Coat et al. 1998,
Blomster et al. 1998, 2000; Tann et al. 1999, Rouxel et al. 2001, Hayden et al.
2003, Leskinen et al. 2004, Kagami et al. 2005), have enabled quick methods to
discriminate between Ulva species that are morphologically very similar (Coat
et al. 1998; Blomster et al. 1998, 2000; Hayden et al. 2003; Leskinen et al.
2004), as well as connecting Entermorpha with Ulva, these genera being more
closely related than had previously been suspected (Blomster et al. 1998,
Hayden et al. 2003). Currently more than 20 species that were previously
assigned to Enteromorpha are now included in the Ulva genus (Blomster et al.
1999, Malta et al. 1999, Tan et al. 1999). A further 110 species will be
examined in the near future in order to discriminate relationships between the
taxa (Hayden et al. 2003).
This paper aims to clarify knowledge about the current distribution of
species of Ulva in inland Polish waters. The data indicate the direction and
scope of the gradual expansion of these halophilous organisms in Polish
freshwaters. Further, the results are concerned with present geobotanics and
nature protection issues, in considering the bioindicative function of Ulva, with
particular relevance to the protection of freshwaters. Three maps, which include
physico-chemical data of the sites, show the current and historic distribution of
one subspecies and five species of ulvas observed in Poland from 1849 to 2008.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The basic material on which this paper is founded are reports identifying
species of Enteromorpha in Polish inland ecosystems (Siemińska 1990,
Siemińska and Pająk 1992), comprising more than 20 articles, notes, and other
written accounts and four unpublished reports.
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124
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
The distribution of the algal species is presented on the basis of a
carthogram. Poland was divided into 3646 squares using the ATPOL grid
developed for the Distribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland (Zając and
Zając, 2001), of which the basic unit is a 10 km × 10 km square.
The location of every site of observed ulvas in Poland was supplemented
with tables that include a description of the site. Each table contains information
on basic morphometric data of the particular species of Ulva (length and width
of the thalli and cells, as well as the morphology of the thallus), physicochemical parameters of the site, and the type of ecosystem in which the sample
was found.
Species names and their synonyms are cited after Starmach (1972), while
the revisions of names postulated and employed by Bilding (1963), Blomster et
al. (1998), and Hayden et al. (2003) are accounted for.
Maps show the distribution and characteristics of sites where Ulva species
have been observed. Symbols used are:
1. The location of the site:
○ - sites observed prior to 1930;
● - sites observed between 1950 and 2008;
□ - there are a few reported sites of the species in one square of the ATPOL
grid.
2. General number of sites:
for example: (1, 2);
the first digit – sites mentioned prior to 1930;
the second digit – sites reported between 1950 and 2008.
3. Other:
* - information on the site is an oral account.
RESULTS
Ulva compressa (L.) 1753
syn. Conferva compressa (Linnaeus) Roth 1797, Tubularia compressa
(Linnaeus) Roussel 1806, Scytosiphon compressus (Linnaeus) Lyngbye 1819,
Fistularia compressa (Linnaeus) Greville 1824, Solenia compressa (Linnaeus)
C. Agardh 1824, Ilea compressa (Linnaeus) Gaillon 1828, Fistularia
intestinalis var. compressa (Linnaeus) J.P. Jones & Kingston 1829, Hydrosolen
compressus (Linnaeus) Martius 1833, Enteronia compressa (Linnaeus)
Chevallier 1836, Enteromorpha compressa (Ness) Greville 1840,
Enteromorpha vulgaris var. compressa (Linnaeus) Edmondston 1845, Ulva
enteromorpha var. compressa (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863, Enteromorpha
usneoides J. Agardh 1883, Enteromorpha intestinalis var. compressa (Linnaeus)
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
The distribution of green algae species
125
Rosenvinge 1893, Enteromorpha intestinalis subsp. compressa (Linnaeus)
M.W.R.N. de Silva & E.M. Burrows 1973, Enteromorpha complanata
(Kützing) Silva 1996.
This species has been observed at four positions in the Wielkopolska area
(Fig. 1, Tab. 1).
Fig. 1. Locations of recorded distributions of Ulva compressa, Ulva paradoxa
and Ulva prolifera at Polish inland sites.
Ulva paradoxa C. Agardh 1817
syn. Enteromorpha paradoxa (C. Agardh) Kützing 1845, Enteromorpha erecta
(Lyngbye) J. Agardh 1883, Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. paradoxa
(C. Agardh) Bliding 1963, Enteromorpha plumosa (Kützing) Bliding 1963,
Conferva paradoxa Dillwyn 1809.
Before 1930 this species was not recorded in inland waters. Subsequently it
has been reported at two sites: the peaty hole and lake (Fig. 1, Tab. 2).
www.oandhs.org
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
126
Table 1
Information concerning the site locations, morphometric features and habitats
of Ulva compressa.
Author
Site location
Type of ecosystem and date of
reported appearance
Length and width Length and width of
cells
of thallus
(μm)
(cm)
Branching of
thallus
Physico-chemical parameters
-1
(mg l )
(VII-VIII – 1993-2006)
Wielkopolskie
Province,
surroundings of
Gołańcz
Messyasz
(in press)
10 – 15
5.8 – 14.7
6 – 20
0.03 – 2
Lake Laskownickie
present
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
cond.
0.0 – 9.8
7.47 – 8.68
0.42 – 1.05
0.00 – 0.70
0.00 – 1.01
98 – 133
648 – 1136
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
0.25 – 0.80
7.56 – 9.22
0.23 – 0.74
0.04 – 1.02
0.08 – 0.29
537 – 776
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
0.50 – 4.70
7.71 – 9.69
0.12 – 2.61
0.04- 1.11
0.47 – 0.97
513 – 604
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
3.0 – 5.4
7.20 – 7.89
0.05 – 0.33
0.05 – 0.09
0.003 – 0.050
702 – 740
(VII-X – 2004, 2006- 2007)
Messysz
and Rybak
(2008a)
Wielkopolskie
Province,
Poznań
Stream Dworski Rów
1.2 – 20
0.02 – 2
Stream Michałówka
2 – 180
0.05 – 8
Stream wiątnica
2.3 – 19.5
0.03 – 2
present
9.6 – 16
6.2 – 11
present
present
cond.- conductivity
Table 2
Informations concerning the sites, morphometric features and habitat of Ulva
paradoxa and Ulva prolifera.
Author
Site location
Pliński
1971, 1973
Łódzkie Province, surroundings of
Łęczyca
Kowalski
1975
West Pomeranian Province,
surroundings of Lubczyny
Type of the ecosystem and the
period of appearing
Branching of
thallus
12 – 15
21 – 27
present, little up to
1530 μm
NaCl
700 – 3600
10 – 15
to 0.15
4.8 – 12.5
4.8 – 12.5
present
pH
3PO4
Cl
8.0
0.17
95.80
Ulva paradoxa
(V – VII, 1968 – 1969)
2.1 – 7.8
peaty hole
0.0085 – 0.0154
(IX, 1970)
Lake Dąbskie
Physico-chemical
parameters
-1
(mg l )
Length and
width of cells
(μm)
Length and width of
thallus (cm)
Ulva prolifera
(1925)
Liebetanz
1925
Kuyavia – Pomeranian Province:
- Słoniawy surroundings of Szubin
drainage ditch
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
- Inowrocław
drainage ditch
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
5.8 – 14.5
90 – 160
9 – 11
11 – 13
present, little up to
1600 μm
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(1961)
Piotrowska
1961
West Pomeranian Province,
surroundings of Kołobrzeg
Pliński
1971, 1973
Łódzkie Province, surroundings of
Łęczyca
Dąmbska
1976
Wielkopolskie Province,
surroundings of Konin
water-courses, ponds
(V – VIII, 1968 – 1969)
peaty hole
NaCl
700 – 3600
(1970 – 1971)
Lake Wąsowsko-Mikorzyńskie
n.d.- no data
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
n.d.
The distribution of green algae species
127
Ulva prolifera O. F. Müller 1978
syn. Solenia compressa var. prolifera (O.F. Müller) C. Agardh 1824,
Enteromorpha compressa var. prolifera (C. Agardh) Greville 1840,
Enteromorpha salina Kützing 1845, Enteromorpha compressa f. prolifera (O.F.
Müller) Ahlner 1877, Enteromorpha prolifera (O. F. Müller) J. Agardh 1883,
Enteromorpha intestinalis f. prolifera (O.F. Müller) Hauck 1884, Ulva
enteromorpha f. prolifera (O.F. Müller) Van Heurck 1908, Enteromorpha torta
(Mertens) Reinhold 1893, Burrows 1991.
This species was reported at two locations in drainage ditches in 1925. In
the second half of the 20th century it was reported at three sites, in the regions of
Kołobrzeg, Łęczyca and Konin (Fig. 1, Tab. 2).
Ulva flexuosa Wulfen 1803
syn. Conferva flexuosa Roth 1800, Conferva compressa var. flexuosa (Wulfen)
Roth 1806, Enteromorpha intestinalis var. tubulosa Kützing 1845,
Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh 1883, Enteromorpha tubulosa
(J. Agardh) Lakowitz 1929, Enteromorpha compressa var. flexuosa (Wulfen)
G. Hamel 1931, Enteromorpha prolifera var. flexuosa (Wulfen) M.S. Doty
1947.
This species was reported at ten locations, which had increased chloride
concentrations in the water, mainly in the West Pomeranian Province (Fig. 2,
Tab. 3).
Table 3
Information concerning the site locations, morphometric features and habitats
of Ulva flexuosa.
Author
Site location
Type of ecosystem and date
of reported appearance
Length and
width of thallus
(cm)
Length and width
of cells
(μm)
Branching of
thallus
Marczek
1954
Silesian Province, Biskupice
surroundings of Zabrz
(IX, 1953)
pond
up to 83
up to 0.1
13.3 – 46.2
10 – 23
absent
Pliński
1971, 1973
Łódzkie Province, Błonie
surroundings of Łęczyca
(IV - IX, 1968 -1969)
3 peaty holes
6–9
14 – 45
9 – 14
10 – 14
present, little
24 – 3950 μm
Kowalski
1975
West Pomeranian Province:
- surroundings of Wierzbno
(IX, 1970)
Lake Miedwie
- surroundings of Lubczyny
(IX, 1970)
Lake Dąbskie
- Szczecin, district Nad Odrą
(IX, 1970)
Pond Portowy
- surroundings of A6 road
- surroundings of Czarnocin,
Warołęki, Podgród
- surroundings of Ognica
(VI – X, 1970)
Canal on Międzyodrze
(IX, 1970)
Lagun Szczecin
(IX, 1970)
Canal Piastowski
up to 36
0.009 – 0.013
15.0 – 30
12.1 – 18.0
present, little up to
150 μm
Physico-chemical
parameters
-1
(mg l )
O2
8.49
pH
7.5
3PO4
10.0
48.9
NaCl
NaCl
700 – 3600
pH
NO3
3
PO4
Cl
pH
3PO4
Cl
pH
NO3
3PO4
Cl
7.2
0.25
0.04
38.20
8.0
0.17
95.80
7.3
0.61
0.03
130.50
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d. - no data
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128
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
Fig. 2. Locations of recorded distributions of Ulva flexuosa and Ulva flexuosa
subsp. pilifera at Polish inland sites.
Ulva flexuosa subsp. pilifera (Kützing) Bliding 1963
syn. Enteromorpha flexuosa subsp. prolifera (A. Ag.) Greville
This taxon was reported in small channel and pond ecosystems in the
surroundings of Szczecin and Łód (Fig. 2, Tab. 4).
Ulva intestinalis L. 1753
syn. Conferva intestinalis (Linnaeus) Roth 1797, Tetraspora intestinalis
(Linnaeus) Desvaux 1818, Scytosiphon intestinalis (Linnaeus) Lyngbye 1819,
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees 1820, Fistularia intestinalis
(Linnaeus) Greville 1824, Solenia intestinalis (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1824, Ilea
intestinalis (Linnaeus) Leiblein 1827, Hydrosolen intestinalis (Linnaeus)
Martius 1833, Scytosiphon intestinalis var. nematodes Wallroth 1833, Enteronia
simplex Chevallier 1836, Enteromorpha vulgaris var. lacustris Edmondston
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The distribution of green algae species
129
Table 4
Information concerning the site locations, morphometric features and habitats
of Ulva flexuosa subsp. pilifera.
Author
Kowalski
1975
Site location
West Pomeranian Province, Szczecin,
surroundings of A6 highway
Length and
Type of ecosystem and date
width of thallus
of reported appearance
(cm)
(VI – X, 1970)
15 – 25
Canal on Międzyodrzu
1.5 – 3.0
Length and
width of cells
(μm)
14.8 – 19.7
9.9 – 15.6
Branching of
thallus
Physico-chemical
parameters
-1
(mg l )
present
Łódzkie Province,
Piotrowice surroundings of Łód
(1984 - 1987)
pond
20 – 30
1–2
14.4 – 19.0
12.0 – 14.2
present
Łódzkie Province,
Kuciny surroundings of Łód
(1994 - 1995)
pond
20 – 30
1–2
14.4 – 24
12.0 – 16.8
absent
Sitkowska
1999
n.d.
pH
NO3
NO2
3PO4
NH3
NaCl
pH
NO3
NO2
NH3
NaCl
7.5 – 8
0.39
0.037
0.23
0.5
20
8.5
0.08
0.001
0.5
20
n.d. - no data
1845, Ulva enteromorpha var. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Le Jolis 1863, Ulva
bulbosa var. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Hariot 1889, Enteromorpha compressa var.
intestinalis (Linnaeus) G. Hamel 1931.
Prior to 1930 Ulva intestinalis was reported at 13 locations (Fig. 3). The
first inland site of U. intestinalis was located in 1849 in the Lower Silesia
Province in Miękinia and Duszniki Zdrój (Göppert and Cohn 1850). In the 19th
century U. intestinalis was reported in the Pomeranian Province, where it was
present in ditch surroundings of Nidowa (Preuschoff 1883), and at Kuyavia,
Pomeranian Province, in the surroundings of Ciechocinek (Kozłowski 1890).
Moreover, Kozłowski (1890) reported that thalli of this species were found in
ditches in Stary Ciechocinek, in which the waters contained from 127 to 7680 g
NaCl m-3. In 1895 – 1896 thalli of U. intestinalis were identified in the Warmia
– Masuria Province area in Tolkmick, floating in Lagoon Wi lany (Nitardy
1898). In 1904 it appeared in Elbląg (Nitardy 1904) in the Warmia – Masuria
Province. The next reported sites were lake ecosystems at Słoniawy, in the
surroundings of Szubin and Inowrocław (Torka 1910). In the Kuyavia –
Pomeranian Province (in the surroundings of Ciechocinek) on the 23rd June
1910 U. intestinalis was found in suburban salty waters (Racibórz and Wóycicki
1910). In 1913 it was reported in the old river bed of the Vistula at new sites
around Słońsk, in the surroundings of Ciechocinek (Rouppert 1913). In 1925
thalli appeared in the Kuyavia - Pomeranian Province: at Słoniawy, in the
surroundings of Szubin, and in Inowrocław. Thalli collected from a drainage
ditch at this site achieved lengths of 30 cm and widths up to 0.2 cm (Liebetanz
1925). The last report of U. intestinalis from the 1920s is from the Kuyavia Pomeranian Province area, where thalli appeared in the salty waters of
Ciechocinek (Namysłowski 1927).
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130
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
Fig. 3. Locations of recorded distributions of Ulva intestinalis at Polish inland
sites.
Further reports of sightings of U. intestinalis are listed in chronological
order in Table 5 (see also Fig. 3).
DISCUSSION
Species of the genus Ulva are cosmopolitan (Bäck et al. 2000, Hayden et al.
2003, Leskinen et al. 2004), being present in all types of sea and ocean waters,
except the arctic area (Leskinen et al. 2004). In the Baltic basin they are
concentrated in northwestern parts, where higher levels of salinity positively
impact on their occurrence (Leskinen et al. 2004). Masses of ulvas frequently
accumulate on seashore rocks, where they attach themselves using small hooks
(Fish and Fish 1989). Under circumstances favourable for their development
these macroalgae can become dominant in the littoral zone, covering rocks or
creating free floating Ulva mats up to several square meters in size (Fletcher
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
The distribution of green algae species
131
Table 5
Information concerning the site locations, morphometric features and habitats
of Ulva intestinalis.
Author
Site location
Wysoka
1952
Mazovian Province,
- Nowodwory, surroundings of
Warszawa
Marczek
1954
Lublin Province, Biskupice
- Zabrz
Wysocka
1954
*
Jasielski and
*
Zabawski
1954
Piotrowska
1961
Wilkoń-Michalska
1963
Kuyavia - Pomeranian Province, Kujawy
Mazovian Province,
surroundings of Warszawa
Silesia Province, Gliwice
West Pomeranian Province,
surroundings of Kołobrzeg
Kuyavia - Pomeranian Province:
- Ciechocinek
- Mątwy, surroundings of Inowrocław
Podbielkowski
1969
Pliński
1971, 1973a
Pliński
1973a
Kowalski
1975
Masuria province:
- Baniocha, surroundings of Warszawa
Łódzkie Province, surroundings of
Łęczyca
Pomeranian Province, surroundings of
Lubkowa
Length and
width
of thallus
(cm)
Length and
width
of cells
(μm)
Branching of
thallus
River Wisła
(1952)
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(IX, 1953-1954)
pond
up to 40
up to1.25
6.5 – 23.2
3.3 – 13.3
absent
(1953)
lake
(1953)
Lake Czerniakowskie
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(1954)
swimming pool
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(1961)
water-courses and ponds
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
salted waters
(1962)
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(1962)
(1967)
clay pit
(IV - IX, 1968 -1969)
5 peaty holes
(VII - X, 1967-70)
Lake arnowieckie
(IX, 1970)
River Płonia
- surroundings of Lubczyny
(IX, 1970)
Lake Dąbskie
- Szczecin, Nad Odrą district
(IX, 1970)
Pond Portowy
Wielkopolskie Province:
- surroundings of Gołańcz
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
5 – 23
0.2 – 1.2
8 – 30
0.05 – 0.5
7 – 18
9 – 18
12 – 18
5 – 10
18 – 42
0.4 – 1.4
7.3 – 27.2
6.5 – 18.1
present, little up to 140
NaCl
μm
present, little up to 150
Cl
μm
pH
NO3
3PO4
Cl
pH
NO3
3PO4
Cl
pH
3present, little up
PO4
to 900 μm
Cl
pH
NO3
3PO4
Cl
(IX, 1970)
Lagoon Szczecin
(IX, 1970)
Canal Piastowski
River Dymer
(VII, 2005)
8.49
7.5
10.0
48.9
700 – 3600
40
7.2
0.25
0.04
38.20
7.1
0.43
0.05
39.70
8.0
0.17
95.80
7.3
0.61
0.03
130.50
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
(V - VII, 1993 - 2006)
Lake Laskownickie
13 – 23
5–7
12 – 16
13 – 15
present
(V - VII, 1993 - 2006)
River Nielba
15 - 17
5-6
12 - 13
14 - 15
present
Messyasz
(in press)
- Wągrowiec
O2
pH
3PO4
NaCl
n.d.
- surroundings of Szczecin
Warmia-Masuria Province,
Nowe Marcinkowo surroundings of
Olsztyn
n.d.
n.d.
(VI - IX, 1970)
Lake Miedwie
- surroundings of Karsibor
Physico-chemical
parameters
-1
(mg l )
n.d.
West Pomeranian Province:
- surroundings of Wierzbno
- surroundings of Czarnocin,
Warołęki and Podgrodzie
Endler
2006
Type of ecosystem and
date
of reported appearance
n.d.
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
cond.
O2
pH
NH3
NO3
3PO4
NaCl
cond.
0.0 – 9.8
7.47 – 8.68
0.42 – 1.05
0.00 – 0.70
0.00 – 1.01
98 – 133
648 – 1136
4.5 – 9.7
6.44 – 8.71
0.49 – 1.59
0.12 – 0.810
0.05 – 1.40
80 – 127
648 – 1136
cond. – conductivity;
* - information on the site is an oral account;
n.d. – no data
www.oandhs.org
132
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
1996, Callow et al. 1997, Blomster et al. 2002). Ulvas are generally tolerant to
periodic decreases in water salinity, and as a result can proliferate in estuaries
(Bäck et al. 2000, McAvoy and Klug 2005). However, some species, for
example U. intestinalis, do not settle in Baltic waters where the salinity is lower
than 2 ppt, and U. compressa was not recorded in the Baltic Sea in areas where
the salinity did not exceed 15 ppt (Leskinen et al. 2004). This implies that the
distribution of particular species of Ulva in the Baltic basin is more restricted
than was previously assumed, and that it depends to a large degree on water
salinity (Nielsen et al. 1995, Tolstoy and Willén 1997).
Species of Ulva have also been reported in inland salt habitats globally, e.g.
in reservoirs located at salt mines or at ore mines in North America (Lois et al.
1975). In addition, they have been observed in big European rivers (Kirchhoff
and Pflugmacher 2002) and salty swamps (Fish and Fish 1989).
Nine species of Ulva (Table 6) have been identified in Poland (Pankow
1971, Starmach 1972), most of them appearing at the Baltic seashore, primarily
near Gdańsk (Lucks 1907, Korna and Medwecka-Korna 1949, Biernacka
1961, Pliński et al. 1982, Haroon et al. 1999), Puck Bay (Starmach 1972,
Fronczak and Pliński 1982, Wojtusiak et al. 1984, Boszke et al. 2003, Skwarzec
et al. 2003, bikowski et al. 2005) and near Władysławowo (Biernacka 1968).
Table 6
Species of Ulva (Enteromorpha) appearing in salt and freshwaters in Poland
(see Starmach 1972).
Species
Enteromorpha torta (Mertes) Reinhold 1893
Enteromorpha prolifera J. Ag. 1882-1883
Enteromorpha ramulosa (Engl. Bot.) Hooker 1833
Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf. ex Roth) J. Ag. 1883
Enteromorpha compressa Ness 1820
Enteromorpha linza (L.) J. Ag. 1883
Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link 1820
Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville 1830
Enteromorpha ahlneriana Blinding 1933
sea ecosystem
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
inland ecosystem
+
+
+
+
+
-
Only five Ulva species have been recorded in inland freshwater and salty
reservoirs (Göppert and Cohn 1850; Preuschoff 1883; Kozłowski 1890;
Raciborski 1910; Torka 1910; Wysocka 1952; Marczek 1954; Piotrowska 1961;
Wilkoń-Michalska 1963; Podbielkowski 1969; Pliński 1971, 1973, 1973a;
Kowalski 1975; Sitkowska 1999; Messyasz and Rybak 2008; and others).
Ulva species are highly mutable, the same species developing into separate
forms depending on even slight differences in environmental conditions (higher
water temperature, concentrations of nitrate, phosphorus or chlorides, and other
physico-chemical parameters) (Starmach 1972, Endler et al. 2006, Sitkowska
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
The distribution of green algae species
133
1999, Messyasz – in press, Messyasz and Rybak 2008a). This mutability
commonly results in identification mistakes, and of establishing new species in
the genus. Multiple subspecies and forms previously observed in Poland
(Marczek 1954, Piotrowska 1961, Pliński 1971, Starmach 1972, Kowalski
1975) are now assumed to be one species. Synonymous naming of species,
subspecies and forms in the Ulva genus is employed in this paper (Blomster et
al. 1998, Index Nominum Algarum 2002, Hayden et al. 2003).
The distribution of ulvas in Polish waters can be examined with respect to
the level of pollution of these waters, as some Ulva species have proved to be
very useful bioindicators. Their presence can indicate pollution by heavy
metals, increased concentrations of chlorides and nitrate, and increases in the
trophy of particular water bodies (Sfriso et al. 1987; Fletcher 1992, 1996;
Kautsky 1982; Castilla 1996; Bonsdorff et al. 1997; Valiela et al. 1997;
Blomster 1998, 2000; Bäck et al. 2000; Farina et al. 2003; Reed and Russel
1978, 1979; Reed and Moffat 2003; Worm and Lotze 2006). The occurrence of
free floating Ulva mats dominated by U. compressa and U. intestinalis can
indicate Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn or Mn contamination (Reed and Moffat 2003,
bikowski et al. 2005). Such thick Ulva mats, comprised of a couple of species
(e.g. mainly U. compressa and U. intestinalis), can cause local disorders in
ecosystem functioning in the littoral zone (Fletcher 1996). It can be argued that
similar processes are taking place in inland lake and river ecosystems, in which
floating mats of ulvas are observed (Messyasz – in press, Messyasz and Rybak
– 2008a).
FINAL CONCLUSIONS
•
•
•
•
Five species and one subspecies of the genus Ulva (Entermorpha) were
recorded at 58 inland sites in Poland (Fig. 1 - 3).
The location of one site of U. intestinalis, reported by Wysocka (1952)
was not discovered. The author stated that Ulva was found in one of the
lakes in the region of Kujawy, but as a result of insufficient site details,
it was not marked on the distribution map of U. intestinalis reported
here.
The most widespread Ulva species in inland Polish waters was
U. intestinalis, the thalli of which were observed at 34 sites (Fig. 3, Tab.
5). The next most widespread were: U. flexuosa, observed at 10 sites
(Fig. 2, Tab. 3), U. prolifera, observed at 5 sites (Fig. 1, Tab.2), and
U. compressa, observed at 4 sites (Fig 1, Tab. 1).
Of the Ulva species reported in inland Poland the rarest species are
U. flexuosa subsp. pilifera, found at 3 sites (Fig. 2, Tab. 4), and
U. paradoxa, which appeared at 2 sites (Fig. 1, Tab. 2).
www.oandhs.org
B. Messyasz, A. Rybak
134
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The inland locations of species of Ulva are concentrated in
northwestern and central Poland, but single sites were also found in the
North and East of Poland.
The inland Ulva species were mostly recorded in lake ecosystems (13
reports) or small water-courses and ditches (12 reports). Less numerous
habitats (3-7 reports) were brine rivers, canals, and peat bogs. Single
reports were observed in freshwater bays, a swimming pool, and mar
pits (Tab. 1-5).
U. intestinalis was reported at all types of inland water ecosystems,
ranging from natural water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and salt water
bodies, to streams and ditches, as well as anthropogenic sites such as
fish ponds and mar pits. U. intestinalis was found in 8 Polish lakes and
other water bodies, implying that this species can endure a wide
ecological range. This assumption is confirmed by the physicochemical parameters of the sites at which the species has been reported
(Tab. 5).
U. flexuosa, similar to U. intestinalis, has been seen to proliferate in
numerous ecosystems of different origin as well as water quality. This
species was recorded in lakes, ponds, bog pits, and estuaries (Tab. 3).
U. flexuosa subsp. pilifera was found in fish ponds, which were
characterised by very low salinities, and in the canal, which has inflows
of freshwater (Tab. 4). It is very uncommon for the thalli of species of
Ulva to be collected from sites with low chloride concentrations.
U. paradoxa and U. prolifera were reported in freshwater ecosystems,
such as lakes and ponds, but also in peat bogs, although at each site
where these two species were reported chloride concentrations were at
least moderately high (Tab. 2).
U. compressa was recorded in one lake and three creeks (Tab. 1). This
species is tolerant of a wide range of chloride concentrations, which
often are of anthropogenic origin, and proliferates in running waters,
where water levels frequently fluctuate. In lakes U. intestinalis has been
found where rivers flow into the water body, which may be as a result
of the constant flow of water stimulating the development of the thalli.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Professor Lubomira Burchardt for her helpful
suggestions and critical comments on the manuscript.
Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
The distribution of green algae species
135
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