PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 24 (1): 75 – 85, Sofia, 2018 75 Influence of the African paleotropical floristic categories on the flora of high-altitude mountains in Yemen: case study of Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb, Sana’a (capital of Yemen) Hassan M. Ibrahim1, Hana A. Al-Quhbi2, Amal A. Murshed3 & Abdul Nasser A. Al-Gifri2 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, P.O. Box 12231, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen; e-mail: ibrahimflora@gmail.com (corresponding author) 2 Biology Department, University of Aden, P.O. Box 6312, Khor Makssar, Aden, Republic of Yemen; e-mail: dr_hana_saleh@yahoo.com; ngifri@gmail.com 3 Vocational Agri. Institute, Ministry of Technical Education & Vocational Training, Sana'a, Republic of Yemen; e-mail: amal5murshed@gmail.com. Received: June 05, 2017 ▷ Accepted: March 12, 2018 Abstract. About 205 plant species (eight Ferns, 167 Dicots & 30 Monocots) from a total of 288 species, recorded in 2013 from Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb (the highest point in Yemen and Arabia), show a distribution relationship with three African paleotropical floristic regions and 10 African paleotropical floristic elements. The distribution relationship among the African paleotropical floristic elements was subjected to numerical analysis: the African paleotropical floristic region with the highest number of species is Sudano-Zambezian with 184 (63.9 %) species; while the African paleotropical floristic element with the highest number of species is the Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism, with 175 (60.8 %) species. Key words: african, floristic elements, numerical analysis, paleotropical, Yemen Introduction White (1965) proposed a chorological sketch map of the Northern and Central Africa, in which he distinguished between six or eventually seven regions, although in 1983 he replaced the earlier traditional hierarchy (Floral Empires or Kingdoms, Regions, Provinces, Domains, Sectors, Districts, etc.) by a new system attempting to establish phytochoria based on the richness of their endemic flora at the species level. Thus, African mainland was divided into 18 phytochoria, comprising nine regional centers of endemism separated by six regional transition zones and three regional mosaics. White’s system was extended by Léonard (19881989) so as to cover Southwest Asia and was based on the distribution of 509 species collected from the de- serts of Iran. In 1991, White and Léonard adopted a map of the African phytochoria and those extending to SW Asia, with slight modification of some phytochoria. Zohary (1973) had placed Yemen within two phytogeographical categories: Eritero-Arabian Province, which is part of the Sudanian region and Saharo-Arabian region, while Léonard (1988-1989) and White & Léonard (1991) had shown that Yemen is a meeting point of three phytogeographical categories: Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of endemism, Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism and Arabian Region Subzone. Furthermore, Al-Khulaidi (2013) mentioned that the flora of Yemen is a mixture of the Tropical African Sudanian Plant Region and the Saharo-Arabian Plant Region. There, the Sudanian element dominates in the western mountains and parts of the highland plains 76 Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen of Yemen, whereas the Saharo-Arabian element dominates in the coastal plains, eastern mountains and eastern and northern desert plains. He also pointed out that a high percentage of Yemen plants belong to the tropical African plants of the Sudanian Region. On the other hand, Ibrahim (2013) recorded 288 plant species from Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb (the highest mountain in Yemen and Arabia, located 30 km westwards of Sana’a, the capital of Yemen, with coordinates 043°56' – 044°00' E & 15°13' – 15° 9' N) and also mentioned that the Tropical African Sudanian Plant Region is strongly presented in the flora not only of the Saharo-Arabian Plant Region. Material and methods The paleotropical kingdom in Africa can be divided according to Zohary (1973), Takhtajan (1986) and a recent map presented by White and Léonard (1991) into three main floristic regions and ten phytogeographical elements: Saharo-Sindian Region, including Sahara Regional Subzone (SS1); Sudano-Zambezian Region (Sudanian Region), including Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism (S), Sahel Regional Transition Zone (Sa), Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism (SM), Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism (Af), Zambezi Regional Centre of Endemism (Z) & Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic (ZI); Guinean Region divided further into Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism (GC) Guinea-Congolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone (GCS), and finally, Guinea-Congolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone (GCZ). In this work, the phytogeographical distribution relationship of 205 plant species (Table 1) from a total of 288 species, recorded by Ibrahim (2013) from Jabal AnNabi Shuáyb, were examined among the African paleotropical floristic regions and elements by using the following literature: Broun & al. (1929), Schwartz (1939), Andrews (1950,1952 & 1956), Wickens (1976), Gallego & al. (1980), Johns (1991), Friis & Gibert (1993), Gilbert (1993), Jeffrey& Thulin (1993), Jonsell (1993), Thulin (1993a-m & 1995a-c), Thulin & Moggi (1993a,b), Townsend (1993), Cope (1995, 2005 & 2007), Lye (1995), Boulos (1996, 1999, 2000a-k, 2002a,b & 2005a,b), Chamberlain (1996a,b), Miller (1996a-e), Wood (1997) Abedin & al. (1999), Chaudhary (1999a-f, 2000a-c & 2001a,b)¸ El-Hadidy & Boulos (2000), Abedin & al. (2001), Alfarhan & Thomas (2001), Chaudhary & Abdul Rub (2001), Chaudhary & Hedge (2001), Boulos & Hind (2002), Boulos & Snogerup (2002), Hepper (2002), Snogerup & Boulos (2002), Burrows & Willis (2005), Kukkonen & Simpson (2005), Snogerup & Snogerup (2005), Ibrahim & al. (2009) and Al-Khulaidi (2013). On the other hand, the distribution relationship of the plant species with 10 African paleotropical floristic elements are shown as a dendrogram, by using the Group Average Method as a sorting strategy, also known as UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Average Linkage) method (Primer-E, 2001). As a result of cluster analysis, the dendrogram represents a hierarchical classification at numerically defined levels, conveniently represented on the ordinate by similarity coefficient scale multiplied by 100 to give percentage values. Results and discussion In the period 2009-2011, 288 plant species were collected and identified from Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb (Ibrahim, 2013), including 205 species (eight Ferns, 197 Angiosperms: 167 Dicotyledons and 30 Monocotyledons) showing a distribution relationship with the African paleotropical floristic categories. Three paleotropical floristic regions can be identified as follows: SudanoZambezian Region presented by 184 (63.9 %) species; Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism (Af) represented by 175 (60.8 %) species; where Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism (SM), Sahel Regional Transition Zone (Sa), Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism (S), Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism (Z), and Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic (ZI) are represented by 149 (51.7 %), 117 (40.6 %), 114 (39.6 %), 102 (35.4 %) & 90 species (31.3 %), respectively, followed by 114 (39.6 %) species in the Sahara Regional Subzone (SS1), although about 64 (22.2 %) species show a relationship between the Guinean Region and the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb (Tables 1-2 & Fig. 1) (Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism (GC) is represented by 63(21.9 %) species, whereas Guinea-Congolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone (GCS) & GuineaCongolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone (GCZ) are represented by 59 (20.5 %) & 55 (19.1 %) plant species, respectively). According to the chorological analysis, about 87 (30.2 %) of all recorded species in the flora of Jabal AnNabi Shuáyb are monoregional, of which 66 (22.9 %) species are native to the Sudano-Zambezian Region, Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018 followed by the Saharo-Arabian Region with 21 (7.3 %) species. Although biregional categories are represented by 79 (27. 4 %) species of all recorded species in the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shuáyb, of these the categories of the Saharo-Arabian Region and Sudano-Zambezi Region are represented by 54 (18.8 %) species, while the categories of the Sudano-Zambezi Region and Guinean Region are represented by 25 (8.7 %) species. On the other hand, the triregional categories are represented by 39 (13.5 %) species (Table 2). The dendogran resulting from the UPGMA method divides the 10 African paleotropical floristic elements on the basis of their species composition into two main groups at a relative similarity level of 51.9 %. Group I includes the Saharo-Sindian Region element (Saharan Regional Subzone), Group II includes the Sudano-Zambezian Region elements (Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism, Sahel Regional Transition Zone, Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism, Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism, Zambezi Regional Centre of Endemism & Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic) and the Guinean Region elements (Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism, Guinea-Congolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone, and finally, Guinea-Congolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone). Furthermore, Group II is divided into two subgroups at a relative similarity level of 63.8 %. Subgroup A (Sudano-Zambezian Region Elements) includes two main clusters at a relative similarity level of 77 %. Cluster 1 includes two elements (Somalia-Masai Regional Centre of Endemism and Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism) at a relative similarity level of 87.7 %. Cluster 2 includes two sub-clusters at a relative similarity level of 85.6 %: Sub-cluster A includes the Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism and Sahel Regional Transition Zone at a relative similarity level of 96.1 %; Cluster B includes the Zambezian Regional Centre of Fig. 1. Distribution of species among the 10 African paleotropical elements. For abbreviations see Table 1. 77 Endemism & Zanzibar-Inhambane Regional Mosaic at a relative similarity level of 93.7 %. Furthermore, Subgroup B (Guinean Region Elements) includes two main clusters at a relative similarity level of 93.1 %: Cluster 1 includes two elements (Guineo-Congolian Centre of Endemism, GuineaCongolian / Sudania Regional Transition Zone) at a relative similarity level of 96.7 %, while Cluster 2 includes one element (Guinea-Congolian / Zambezia Regional Transition Zone) (Fig. 2) Conclusion According to the earlier phytogegraphical analysis, 184 (63.9 %) species from the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb show more distribution relationships with the SudanoZambezian Region than the other two African paleotropical floristic regions, although about 175 (60.8 %) plant species show more distribution relationships with the Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism than the other nine African paleotropical floristic elements. This corresponds to the findings of White and Leonard (1991), which placed the southwestern mountains of the Arabian Peninsula (including Jabal An-Nabi Shu’ayb) within the Afro-Montane Archipelago-Like Regional Centre of Endemism. The relative similarly level of the Saharo-Sindian Region (Saharan Regional Subzone) and the other African paleotropical floristic regions (Sudano-Zambezian Region Elements and Guinean Region) is low – 51.9 %, followed by the relative similarly level of the GuineaCongolian Regional Centre of Endemism and GuineoCongolian/Sudania Regional Transition Zone at a relative similarity level of 96.7 %, the relative similarly level of the Sudanian Regional Centre of Endemism and Sahel Regional Transition Zone of 96.1 %. Fig. 2. Cluster analysis of the 10 African paleotropical floristic elements based on the similarity of their species composition by the UPGMA method. For abbreviations see Table 1. Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen 78 Table 1. Distribution of species among the 10 African paleotropical elements. Dicotyledon Ferns Plant species Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm. f.) Bech. Ceterach officinarum Willd. Cheilanthes coriacea Decne. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun ex Schub. Pteris dentata Forssk. SS1 + – – + + – + – Sa + + + + + + – + S + + + + + + – + Acanthus arboreus Forssk. Acacia origena Asfaw Achyranthes aspera L. Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. Agrocharis melanantha Hochst. Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. Amaranthus hybridus L. Anagallis arvensis L. Anagallis foemina Mill. Anarrhinum forsskaolii (J. F. Gmel.) Cufod. Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb. Andrachne aspera Spreng. Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. Arabis alpina L. Argyrolobium rupestre (E. Mey.) Walp. Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. Astragalus atropilosulus (Hochst.) Bunge Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm. Berberis holstii Engl. Bidens bipinnata L. Buddleja polystachya Fresen. Calendula arvensis M. Bieb. Campanula edulis Forssk. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Caylusea hexagyna (Forssk.) M. L. Green Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodium schraderianum Schult. Cineraria abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Clematis simensis Fresen. Commicarpus pedunculosus (A.Rich.) Cufod. Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulus sagittatus Thunb. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Conyza hochstetteri Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. Conyza incana (Vahl) Willd. Conyza stricta Willd. Crassula alata (Viv.) A. Berger Crepis rueppellii Sch. Bip. Cuscuta planiflora Ten. Datura stramonium L. – – + + – + + + + – – + + – – – – + – + – + – + + + + – – – – – + – + – – + – – + + + – + + – – + – – + + + – – – – – + + – – – – + + – + + – – + + – + – – – + + – – + + – + + – – + – – + + + – – – – – + + – – – – + + – + + – – + + – + – – – + + – – + Phytogeographical elements SM Af Z ZI GC + + + + + + + + + – + + + + – + + – – – + + + + + + + + + – + + – – – + + + + + + + + + – – + + – + + + – – + – – + + – + – – + + + + + – – + + + + – – – + + – – – + + + + + – + + – + + + + + + + – + + – + – + + + – + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + – + + + + – – + – – + – + – – – – + + + – – – – – + – + + – – + – – + – + – + + – + – + + + + – – + – – + – + – – – – – + + – – – – – + – + + – – + – – + – – – + + – – – + – + + + – + – – – – + – – – – – + – – + – – – – – + + – – + – – + – – – + + – – – GCS GCZ + + – – – – – – + + – – – – + + + – + + + – + – – – – + – – – – – + – – – – – – – – + + – – + – – + – – – + + – – – + – + – – – + – – – – + – – – – – + – – – – – – – – + + – – + – – + – – – + – – + – Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018 79 Table 1. Continuation. Dicotyledon Plant species Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia (Blume) DC. Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Echinops spinosissimus Turra Epilobium hirsutum L. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Hér. Erucastrum arabicum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele Euryops arabicus Steud. ex Jaub. & Spach Fagonia bruguieri DC. Fagonia indica Burm. f. Farsetia longisiliqua Decne. Felicia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. Felicia dentata (A. Rich.) Dandy Ficus carica L. Ficus palmata Forssk. Forsskaolea tenacissima L. Fumaria abyssinica Hammar Fumaria parviflora Lam. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galium aparinoides Forssk. Geranium arabicum Forssk. Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro Geranium mascatense Boiss. Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss. Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Cass. Helichrysum forskahlii (J. F. Gmel.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Helichrysum glumaceum DC. Helichrysum pumilum Hook.f. Heliotropium longiflorum (A.DC.) Jaub. & Spach Hypericum revolutum Vahl Hypoestes forskaolii (Vahl) R. Br. Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach Jasminum grandiflorum L. Kleinia odora (Forssk.) DC. Kleinia semperviva DC. Lactuca inermis Forssk. Launaea fragilis (Asso) Pau Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f. Lavandula dentata L. Lepidium armoracia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Leucas glabrata (Vahl) Sm. Linum usitatissimum L. Lotononis platycarpa (Viv.) Pic. Serm. Lotus arabicus L. Lotus corniculatus L. SS1 – + + – + + + + + + + – – + + + – + + + + – + + – + + – + + – – + – – – – + + – – – + + – – + + + + – Sa – + + – – – – + – + – + – + + + – + + + + + – – – + + + – + – + + – + + + + + – – + – – – – + – + + – S – + – – – – – + – + – + – + + + – + + + + + – – + + + + – + – + + – + + + + + – – + – – – – + – + + – Phytogeographical elements SM Af Z ZI GC – + – – – + + + + + + + + + – – + – – – – – – – – – + – – – + – – – – + + + + + – – – – – + + + + – – – – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + – + + – – – + + – – – + + + – – – + – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + – + + + + – – + – – – + – – – – – + – – + + + + + + + + – – – + + + + – – – – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + + + + + + + + – – – – + + + + – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – – + + + – – – + + – – – + + + + + – – – – – + – – – – – + – – – – + + – – + + + + + – – – – – + + + + – + + + + + – + – – – GCS GCZ – – + – – – – – – – – – – – + + – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – – – + – + + – – – – – – + + – – + + + + – – – – + + + + + + – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – + + – – – – + + – – Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen 80 Table 1. Continuation. Dicotyledon Plant species Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Macowania ericifolia (Forssk.)B. L. Burtt & Grau. Malva parviflora L. Malva verticillata L. Marrubium vulgare L. Medicago lupulina L. Medicago polymorpha L. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.)Schweinf. ex Mattf. Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Nicotiana glauca Graham Orobanche cernua Loefl. Orobanche ramosa L. Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig Oxalis corniculata L. Phagnalon stenolepis Chiov. Plantago albicans L. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago major L. Pollichia campestris Aiton Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen. Polygala steudneri Chodat Polygonum aviculare L. Potentilla dentata Forssk. Primula verticillata Forssk. Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke Pulicaria inuloides (Poir.) DC. Pulicaria jaubertii E. Gamal-Eldin Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. Mey. Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex A. Rich. Ricinus communis L. Rosa abyssinica R. Br. ex Lindl. Rumex nervosus Vahl Rumex steudelii Hochst. ex A. Rich. Rumex vesicarius L. Ruta chalepensis L. Salsola kali L. Salvia aegyptiaca L. Salvia merjamie Forssk. Salvia schimperi Benth. Scabiosa columbaria L. Scutellaria arabica Jaub. & Spach Senecio lyratus Forssk. Senecio schimperi Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. Senecio vulgaris L. SS1 + – + – + + + + + – – + + + + + + – + + + – – – + – – – + + + + – + – + – – – + + + + – – – – – – + Sa + – + – + + – – + + + – + – + + – + – + – + + – + – – – + – + + + + + + + + + + + – + – – + + – + + S + – + – + + – – + + – – – – + + – + – + – + + – + – – – + – + + + + + + + + + – + – + + – + + – + + Phytogeographical elements SM Af Z ZI GC + + + + + – + – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + + + + + + – + + – – – + + – – – + + + + + + + + + – + + – – – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – + + + – + + + + + – + – + – – – + – – – + + – – – + + + + + – – – – – + + + + + + + + + – + + – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + – – – + + + – – – + – – – + + – – – + + – – – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – + + – – – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + – + + + + + + + – – – + + + + + – – – – – – + – – – + + + – – – + – – – + + + + + – + – – – – + – – – + + + + + + + + + + GCS GCZ + + – – + + – – + + – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + – – + + – – – – + + – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + – – – – + + – – – – + + – – + + – – – – – – – – + + – – – – + + + + Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018 81 Table 1. Continuation. Dicotyledon Silene burchellii Otth ex DC. Silene macrosolen Steud. ex A. Rich. Sisymbrium irio L. Solanum incanum L. Solanum villosum Mill. Sonchus oleraceus L. Tagetes minuta L. Thesium radicans Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tribulus terrestris L. Trifolium fragiferum L. Trifolium semipilosum Fresen. Tylophoropsis heterophylla (A. Rich.) N.E. Br. Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt Urtica urens L. Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert Verbena officinalis L. Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) J.B. Gillett Vernonia leopoldi (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) Vatke Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Veronica polita Fr. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Xanthium spinosum L. Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond. Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. SS1 + – + + + + + – + – – – + + + + – – + + + + – + Sa – + – + + + – + – – – – – + – + + – – – + – + + S + + – + + + – + – – – – – + – + + – – – + – + + Monocotyledon Plant species Albuca abyssinica Jacq. Androcymbium schimperianum (Hochst.) K.Perss Andropogon distachyos L. Arundo donax L. Asparagus africanus Lam. Asphodelus fistulosus L. Avena fatua L. Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. Bromus leptoclados Nees Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Carex distans L. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Cyperus niveus Retz. Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf Eleusine floccifolia (Forssk.) Spreng. Eragrostis braunii Schweinf. Eragrostis papposa (Roem. & Schult.) Steud. Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf Juncus fontanesii J. Gay ex Laharpe Juncus punctorius L. f. Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Oryzopsis holciformis (M.Bieb.) Hack. Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. Pennisetum thunbergii Kunth Pennisetum villosum R. Br. ex Fresen. – – – + + + + – – + + + – – + – – – + + + – + – – + – + – + – – – – + + + + + – + + + + + – – + + – + – + – + – – – – + + + + + – + – – + + – – + + – Phytogeographical elements SM Af Z ZI GC + + – – – + + + + – + + – – – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – + + + + – + – – – – – + – – – + + – – – – + – – – – – – – – + + + + + – – – – – + + + + – + + – – – – + – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + – – – – – + + + + + + + + – – + + + + + + – – + + + + + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – + – + – – – – + + + + + – + + – + – – – + + – + – + – + – – – – + + + + + – + – – + – – – – + – + – + – + – – – – – – – + + – – – – + – – – – – – GCS GCZ – – – – – – + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + – – – – – – – – – – – – + + – – + + – – + – + – – – – – – – – – + + – – – – + – – – – – – – + – + – – – – – – – – + + – – – – + – – – – – – Ibrahim, H. & al. • African paleotropical floristic categories and high-altitude mountains in Yemen 82 Table 1. Continuation. Monocotyledon Plant species Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees Snowdenia polystachya (Fresen.) Pilg. Themeda triandra Forssk. Tragus racemosus (L.) All. SS1 + – – + + Sa + + + + + S + + + + + Phytogeographical elements SM Af Z ZI GC + + + + – + + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + + + + GCS GCZ – – + + – – + + + + Legеnd: SS1: Saharan regional sub zone, Sa: Sahel regional transition zone, S: Sudanian regional central of endemism, SM: SomaliaMasai regional centre of endemism, Af: Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism, Z: Zambezian regional central of endemism, ZI: Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic, GC: Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism, GCS: Guinea-Congolian/ Soudania regional transition zone & GCZ: Guinea-Congolian/ Zambezia regional transition zone. Table 2. Mono, bi & tri-regional species. Phytogeographical regions / phytogeographical categories Percentage (%) No. of the total No. of species of recorded from J. An-Nabi species Shu’ayb flora Monoregional: Saharo-Arabian region 21 SS1 Total 21 7.3% Sudano-Zambezian region: SM. 1 Af. 18 Z. 1 SM+ Af. 14 Af + Z. 2 Sa + S + Af. 2 Sa+ SM+ Af. 2 SM + Af + Z. 2 Sa + S + SM + Af. 5 S+ SM+ Af+ Z. 1 SM + Af + Z + ZI 1 Sa + SM + Af + Z 1 Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI 16 Total 66 22.9% Total number of monoregional 87 30.2% species Biregional: Saharo-Arabian region + Sudano-Zambezian region SS1+ SM. 5 SS1+ Af. 5 SS1+ Sa+ S. 1 SS1+ SM + Af. 11 SS1+ SM+ Z. 1 SS1 + Sa + S +Af. 3 SS1+ S+ SM+ Af. 1 SS1 + Sa + SM + Af. 2 SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af. 8 SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z. 2 SS1 + Sa + SM + Af + Z + ZI. 1 SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI 14 Total 54 18.8% Percentage (%) No. of the total No. of species of recorded from J. An-Nabi species Shu’ayb flora Sudano-Zambezian region + Guinean region: SM + Af + GC. 1 Af + GC + GCS. 1 S + Af + GC + GCS. 1 Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC 1 + GCS. Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC + 21 GCS + GCZ Total 25 8.7% Total number of biregional species 79 27.4% Tri-regional: Saharo-Arabian region + Sudano-Zambezian Region + Guinean Region SS1 + Af + Z + GCZ 1 SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + GC 1 SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ GC. 1 SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ ZI+ GC. 1 SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + 2 GC + GCS. SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI 33 +GC + GCS + GCZ. Total 39 13.5% Total number of triregional species 39 13.5% The total number of 205 species shows distribution relationships with the African phytogeographical regions Sudano-Zambezian region + Guinean region: SM + Af + GC. 1 Af + GC + GCS. 1 S + Af + GC + GCS. 1 Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC 1 + GCS. Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC + 21 GCS + GCZ Total 25 8.7% Total number of biregional species 79 27.4% Phytogeographical regions / phytogeographical categories Phytol. Balcan. 24(1) • Sofia • 2018 83 Table 2. Continuation. Phytogeographical regions / phytogeographical categories Tri-regional: Saharo-Arabian region + Sudano-Zambezian Region + Guinean Region SS1 + Af + Z + GCZ SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + GC SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ GC. SS1+ Sa+ S+ SM+ Af+ Z+ ZI+ GC. SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI + GC + GCS. SS1 + Sa + S + SM + Af + Z + ZI +GC + GCS + GCZ. Total Total number of triregional species The total number of species shows distribution relationships with the African phytogeographical regions Percentage (%) No. of the total No. of species of recorded from J. An-Nabi species Shu’ayb flora Boulos, L. 1999. Flora of Egypt. Vol. 1. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo, Egypt. Boulos, L. 2000a. Convolvulaceae Juss. – In: Boulos, L. (ed.), Fl. of Egypt. Vol. 2, pp. 242-268. 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