Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski Dactylorhiza sp. ORCHIDACEAE Rainer W. Bussmann, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, and Zaal Kikvidze Synonyms Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski: Dactylorchis umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Wendelbo; Dactylorhiza chuhensis Renx & Taubenheim; Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. turcestanica (Klinge) H. Sund.; Dactylorhiza knorringiana (Kreanzl.) Ikonn.; Dactylorhiza kotschyi (Rchb. f.) P.F. Hunt & Summerh.; Dactylorhiza merovensis (Grossh.) Aver.; Dactylorhiza persica (Schltr.) Soó; Dactylorhiza renzii Aver.; Dactylorhiza sanasunitensis (H. Fleischm.) Soó; Dactylorhiza umbrosa var. chuhensis (Renz & Taubenheim) Kreuz; Dactylorhiza umbrosa var. knorringiana (Kraenzl.) Soó; Dactylorhiza umbrosa var. longibracteata Renz.; Dactylorhiza umbrosa var. ochroleuca (Bornm.) Renz; Orchis hatagirea var. afghanica Soó; Orchis incarnata fo. ochroleuca Bornm.; Orchis incarnata var. knorringiana Kraenzl.; Orchis incarnata var. kotschyi Rchb. f.; Orchis knorringiana (Kraenzl.) Czerniak. ex Nikitin; Orchis kotschyi (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Orchis merovensis Grossh.; Orchis orientalis subsp. turcestanica Klinge; Orchis persica Schltr.; Orchis sanasunitensis H. Fleischm.; Orchis turkestanica (Klinge) Klinge ex B. Fedetsch.; Orchis umbrosa Kar. & Kir. R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: rainer.bussmann@iliauni.edu.ge; rbussmann@gmail.com K. Batsatsashvili Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: ketevan_batt@yahoo.com; ketevan_batsatsashvili@iliauni.edu.ge Z. Kikvidze 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia e-mail: zaal.kikvidze@iliauni.edu.ge © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 K. Batsatsashvili et al. (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Central Asia and Altai, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28947-8_45 247 248 R. W. Bussmann et al. Local Names Russian: Дaктилopизa тeнeвaя, Яpтышниктeнeвoй (Daktiloriza tenevaya, Yartyshnik tenevoy); Uzbek: Saleeb; Kyrgyz: Кoлoкoлуy apaлa (Kolokoluy arala) (Sokolov 1994) Botany and Ecology Perennial; tubers 3–6-parted; stem (10) 30–50 (80) cm long, hollow, erect, stout, at base to 1.5 cm thick; leaves 4–12 (mostly 6 or 7), never spotted, lanceolate to linearlanceolate, acuminate, slightly spreading or more or less recurved; lower leaves (7) 10–30 cm long and 2–5 cm broad, very slightly narrowed toward base; upper leaves narrower, usually reaching the base of spike; spike cylindric or short-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 3–25 cm in diameter; bracts green or violet-tinged, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less spreading; lower bracts commonly equaling or more or less exceeding the flower, 2.5–4 mm long and 3–4.5 mm broad, the upper 1.2–1.8 cm long and 2.5–3 mm broad; flowers violet-purple or lilac -purple; lip at base faintly whitish, with a violet pattern consisting of a continuous line shaped like the Greek letter omega and a fine hachure inside the line, the remaining surface also dark-speckled; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, (8)9–11(13) mm long and 3– 3.5(4) mm broad, inequilateral; median sepal 7–9(10–11) mm long and 2.5–3.5 mm broad, obtuse; petals about the length of the median sepal; lip minutely papillose above, rounded -rhomboid or rounded-obcordate, rarely rounded -cordate or suborbicular, very obscurely 3-lobed at apex or with a small obtuse median tooth, very rarely shortly 3-lobed, (7)8–10(12) mm long and (7)8–12(14) mm broad, narrowed toward base and broadest below the middle (i. e., nearer apex); spur cylindric, more or less curved, obtusish or obtuse, (10)12–15(18) mm long and 1.5–2.25 mm thick, always longer than the lip and mostly the length of ovary. Flowering May–June. Altai, Middle Asia, on wet hills, meadows, along the banks of mountain rivers, streams (Komarov 1935) (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Phytochemistry Carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides (loroglossine), lactones (Sokolov 1994). Local Medicinal Uses In Middle Asia, a tuber decoction is used to treat gastritis and kidney disease. In the Ural, used as a diuretic, as well as to treat fevers and gynecological diseases. The crushed tubers are mixed with lard and used for abscesses, or fresh applied for toothaches, and to stimulate hair growth. In Tajikistan, the decoction of the tubers is Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski. . . 249 Fig. 1 Dactylorhiza euxinia (Orchidaceae), Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) used treat convulsions, paralysis, stomach catarrh, kidney stones, and to stimulate blood production. The boiled roots are used to rejuvenate the elderly to treat tuberculosis. An infusion of the tubers is used to treat coughs, inflammation of the respiratory tract, to increase energy, to calm nerves, treat coughs, impotence, and gastrointestinal tract problems (Sokolov 1994). The bulb extract of Dactylorhiza hatagirea is widely used to treat cuts and wounds, especially to stop bleeding (Bhat et al. 2015; Kunwar et al. 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013; Singh et al. 2017). Local Food Uses The tubers are used to produce soft drinks, ice-cream, and sweets (Sokolov 1994). Local Handicraft and Other Uses Fodder for livestock (Sokolov 1994). 250 Fig. 2 Dactylorhiza euxinia (Orchidaceae), Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 3 Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Orchidaceae), Bakuriani, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) R. W. Bussmann et al. Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski. . . Fig. 4 Dactylorhiza urvilleana (Orchidaceae), Borjomi-Kharagauli, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) Fig. 5 Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Orchidaceae), BorjomiKharagauli, Georgia. (Photo R.W. Bussmann & N.Y. Paniagua-Zambrana) 251 252 R. W. Bussmann et al. References Bhat J, Malik ZA, Ballabha R, Bussmann RW, Bhatt AB. Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Western Himalaya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:133– 44. Komarov VL. Flora of the USSR, Volume 4: Liliiflorae, Microspermae. Leningrad: Akademia Nauk; 1935 (English 1968). 586p, 44 b/w plates, 2 maps. Kunwar RM, Nepal BK, Kshetri HB, Rai SK, Bussmann RW. Ethnomedicine in Himalaya: a case study from Dolpa, Humla, Jumla and Mustang districts of Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:27. Kunwar RM, Upreti Y, Burlakoti C, Chowdhary CL, Bussmann RW. Indigenous use and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Far-West Nepal. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2009;7:5–28. Kunwar RM, Shrestha KP, Bussmann RW. Traditional herbal medicine in Far-West Nepal: a pharmacological appraisal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010;6:35. Kunwar RM, Mahat L, Acharya RP, Bussmann RW. Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, markets and management in Far-West Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:24. Singh A, Nautiyal MC, Kunwar RM, Bussmann RW. Ethnomedicinal plants used by local inhabitants of Jakholi Block, Rudraprayag district, Western Himalaya, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017;13:49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0178-3. Sokolov PD, editor. Plant resources of Russia and adjacent states: flowering plants, their chemical composition, use; Volume 8. Families Butomaceae – Typhaceae. Leningrad: Akademia Nauk; 1994. 271 p. (in Russian).