The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 2007 23: 29–110 Review of the Dinematichthyini (Teleostei: Bythitidae) of the Indo-west Paciic. Part III. Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Monothrix and eight new genera with description of 20 new species Werner SchWarzhanS1 and Peter raSk Møller2 1 Ahrensburger Weg 103 D, 22359 Hamburg, GeRMANy wwschwarz@aol.com ² Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, DeNMARK pdrmoller@snm.ku.dk abStract An ongoing revision of the dinematichthyine ishes (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae, Brosmophycinae) of the Indo-west Paciic based on ca. 5000 specimens is published in several parts. Part III includes 957 identiied specimens in the genera Beaglichthys Machida, 1993 (with one described and two new species), Brosmolus Machida, 1993 (with one described species), Dactylosurculus (new genus with one new species), Didymothallus (new genus with one described and two new species), eusurculus (new genus with three new species), Lapitaichthys (new genus with one new species), Majungaichthys (new genus with one new species), Mascarenichthys (new genus with two new species), Monothrix Ogilby, 1897 (with one described species), Ungusurculus (new genus with six new species) and Zephyrichthys (new genus with one new species). In addition, a third new species is described of the genus Paradiancistrus Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005, which had been established in part I of the review of the Dinematichthyini of the Indowest Paciic. The genera reviewed here are not necessarily closely related to each other, but are compiled in this volume because they are obviously not related to the three other groups reviewed or under review – Diancistrus and two related genera (see part I, Schwarzhans et al., 2005), the Dermatopsis – Dipulus group (see part II, Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006) and Dinematichthys sensu latu (in preparation). These 11 genera are mainly distinguished by pseudoclasper morphology, meristics, otolith morphology and presence or absence of the upper preopercular pore. The main distinguishing characters of the species contained in these genera are vertebrae and in ray counts, morphometric characters, head squamation and the morphology of otoliths and pseudoclaspers. k eyWordS: viviparous brotulas, coral reef ishes, Indo-west Paciic, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, Andaman Islands, Mascarenes, Madagascar, South Africa, new species, new genera. CONTeNTS INTrODuCTION.....................................................................................................................30 MATerIAl AND MeThODS................................................................................................ 31 COMPArATIve MATerIAl ................................................................................................ 32 SySTeMATICS........................................................................................................................ 32 Tribe Dinematichthyini Cohen and Nielsen, 1978 .............................................................. 32 Key to the genera of the Dinematichthyini and the species reviewed ............................... 32 Beaglichthys Machida, 1993 ...............................................................................................34 Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. .......................................................................................36 Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov. ...................................................................................... 41 Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993 .............................................................44 Brosmolus Machida, 1993 ..................................................................................................46 Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993 ........................................................................ 47 Dactylosurculus gen. nov. ..................................................................................................49 Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. ..................................................................................49 Didymothallus gen. nov. ..................................................................................................... 52 Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. .................................................................................. 53 Didymothallus mizolepis (Günther, 1867) .....................................................................56 Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov. .................................................................................... 61 29 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller eusurculus gen. nov. ...........................................................................................................63 eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov. ...............................................................................63 eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. ........................................................................................66 eusurculus pristinus sp. nov. ........................................................................................70 Lapitaichthys gen. nov. .......................................................................................................72 Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov. ........................................................................................73 Majungaichthys gen. nov. ................................................................................................... 75 Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov. .................................................................................. 75 Mascarenichthys gen. nov. .................................................................................................78 Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. .............................................................................78 Mascarenichthys microphthalmus sp. nov. ................................................................... 81 Mascarenichthys sp. ......................................................................................................83 Monothrix Ogilby, 1897 ......................................................................................................84 Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897 .................................................................................84 Ungusurculus gen. nov. ......................................................................................................86 Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. .....................................................................................86 Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov. .............................................................................89 Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. ...........................................................................90 Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. ...................................................................................93 Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. ................................................................................95 Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. ...................................................................................97 Zephyrichthys gen. nov. ..................................................................................................... 100 Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. ...................................................................................... 100 GeOGrAPhIC DISTrIBuTION ................................................................................ 103 ADDeNDuM to Part I: Paradiancistrus lombokensis sp. nov. ................................... 105 ADDeNDuM to Part II: Dermatopsis greenieldi Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006 ... 108 ACKNOWleDGMeNTS ............................................................................................ .109 reFerenceS.............................................................................................................. 109 were originally interpreted as members of the tribe Brosmophycini: Brosmolus owing to the lack of ossiied parts in the male intromittant organ, Beaglichthys tentatively since it was known from a single female. Machida’s judgement was based on Cohen and Nielsen (1978) who used ossiication of the male copulatory organ (pseudoclaspers) as the main diagnostic character for the bythitid tribe Dinematichthyini. Møller et al. (2004a) discussed the deinition of the tribe at length and followed Sedor’s (1985) proposal to deine the Dinematichthyini by the apomorphic position of the copulatory organ below a covering leshy hood in a cavity of the ventral body wall. In Schwarzhans et al. (2005) both genera were already mentioned as part of a forthcoming part of the ongoing review of the Dinematichthyini. This reassignment was owed to the fact that males of Beaglichthys macrophthalmus have now become available (see later) and that in both instances (Beaglichthys and Brosmolus) the position of the male copulatory organ fulils the diagnostic requirement of the tribe Dinematichthyini. In fact it appears that both genera are related to each other judging from their unusual elongate shape and the high number of vertebrae. A similarly high number of precaudal vertebrae are found in Monothrix and Dactylosurculus gen. nov. INTrODuCTION This review of the dinematichthyine ishes, a tribe within the subfamily Brosmophycinae of the family Bythitidae (viviparous brotulas), is the ifth part since its inception, dealing irst with the American Dinematichthyini (Møller et al. 2004a, 2005) and then with Dinematichthyini from the Indo-west Paciic (Schwarzhans et al. 2005; Møller and Schwarzhans 2006). The ongoing review of the Indowest Paciic Dinematichthyini will result in one more publication before the world-wide review of the group is completed. The fishes described in this volume represent a combination of dinematichthyine genera, many of them new and containing mostly few species, that are not closely related to any of the larger groups of Indo-west Paciic genera that have been revised by us nor the outstanding one within the genus Dinematichthys sensu lato. Three genera dealt with in this review have been described previously, Beaglichthys Machida, 1993, Brosmolus Machida, 1993 and Monothrix Ogilby, 1897, all of them by monospecific designation. Monothrix was described 110 years ago from the Sydney suburb of Maroubra, and has received almost no attention since then. The two genera that Machida described in 1993 30 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Another pair of probably related genera is eusurculus gen. nov. and Ungusurculus gen. nov., which are both characterised by a specialised claw or sucker-disk-like development of the inner pseudoclasper. Didymothallus gen. nov. is characterised by the presence of a single (outer) pseudoclasper with two almost equally long supporters, a character that it shares only with Gunterichthys Dawson, 1966, from American waters. Majungaichthys n. gen. and Mascarenichthys gen. nov., both from the western Indian Ocean, come closest in features of all Indo-west Paciic Dinematichthyini to the most abundant New World genus Ogilbia Jordan and evermann, 1898. The two remaining monospeciic genera, Lapitaichthys gen. nov. and Zephyrichthys gen. nov., are set apart by an unusual combination of characters, but do not possess a single apomorphic character. Dinematichthyine ishes live in shallow tropical to subtropical waters, hidden in holes and crevices of coral reefs, algae beds and rocky shores. The species of the genera reviewed here generally occur in reef environments of the western Indian Ocean or the West Paciic as well as along the tropical shores of the Philippines to Australia, but there are also three genera included that are typical of the subtropical rocky shores of Australia, namely Dactylosurculus gen. nov., Monothrix and Zephyrichthys gen. nov.. Different reef and non-reef environments can be dominated by different groups of the Dinematichthyini. For instance, the species of Mascarenichthys gen. nov. are typically found in back reef lagoonal environments. Also Beaglichthys, Lapitaichthys gen. nov. and Ungusurculus gen. nov. seem to be more typical for inshore environments. More typical reef dwellers are Didymothallus gen. nov. and eusurculus gen. nov. along with the two most common dinematichthyine genera of the Indo-west Pacific, Diancistrus Ogilby, 1899 and Dinematichthys Bleeker, 1855. The geographical distribution of most dinematichthyine species is very restricted. The most extreme forms of the Dinematichthyini reviewed here in terms of geographic restriction are Lapitaichthys frickei gen. nov. sp. nov. from the reef and back reef environment of southern New Caledonia around Nouméa and a few species of the genus Ungusurculus gen. nov. These narrow distribution ranges might be related to the exceptionally low fecundity. In the case of Didymothallus gen. nov., which is also known from rather restricted geographic distribution patterns along Australian and New Caledonian shores, exceptionally low numbers (one to three, usually two) of (large) embryos have been found in gravid females. This genus is also noted for containing a species (Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov.) with gravid females bearing eggs in the ovary rather than embryos. Subject to further veriication through live observations, this species could indeed represent the irst case of oviparity in the Bythitoidei, which has been deined on the basis of viviparity and associated anatomical features by Cohen and Nielsen (1978). The species reviewed here show a moderate degree of variation in their general appearance, morphometric measurements and meristic counts, but do show the usual high degree of variance in pseudoclasper morphology. Also, head pores were found to be useful at the generic level and otolith morphology at generic and specific levels. Many species of the various genera are notable for their moderate body size, which rarely exceeds 50 mm Sl and mature from about 30 to 40 mm Sl. Only species of Beaglichthys and Dactylosurculus gen. nov. regularly exceed 60 mm Sl in size and almost reach 100 mm in the case of Beaglichthys macrophthalmus. Their live colouration, where known, tends to be uniform, the prevailing colours being red, yellow, orange and violet, but in one case the vertical ins are known to be bright, though translucent, dark yellow in colour while the body is violet-red (Beaglichthys macrophthalmus). MATerIAl AND MeThODS examination of ca. 5000 specimens of Indo-west Paciic Dinematichthyini yielded 957 specimens which could be identiied to the genera treated herein. Also included are additional specimens identified in the collections of AMS and uSNM but not borrowed for detailed investigations. These are listed as additional specimens and are not referred to as type specimens for any of the new species. The material described herein belongs to the following institutions: AMS (Australian Museum, Sydney), ANSP (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia), BMNh (Natural history Museum, london), BPBM (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, honolulu), CAS (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco), MNhN (Museum Nationale d’histoire Naturelle, Paris), NhMG (Natural history Museum of Göteborg, Sweden), NMNZ (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington), NMv (National Museum of victoria, Melbourne), NSMT (National Science Museum, Tokyo), NTM (Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin), QM (Queensland Museum, Brisbane), rOM (royal Ontario Museum, Toronto), SAIAB (South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, formerly ruSI (JlB Smith Institute of Ichthyology), Grahamstown), SMNS (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart), uSNM (National Museum of Natural history, Smithsonian Institution, Washington), WAM (Western Australian Museum, Perth), yCM (yokosuka City Museum), and ZMuC (Zoological Museum, university of Copenhagen). The methodology used in analysing dinematichthyine ishes follows Møller et al. (2004a) and Schwarzhans et al. (2005). Morphometric characters are given as percent of standard length (Sl) throughout. In the descriptions holotype values are given irst, followed by the range in paratypes in brackets. Size of eye is measured as horizontal diameter of pigmented eyeball. Meristic counts were made 31 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller from radiographs, except pectoral in rays, gill rakers, teeth and scale rows. Abbreviations used in meristic counts are: D/v = anterior dorsal in ray above vertebra number; D/A = anterior anal in ray below dorsal in ray number; v/A = anterior anal in ray below vertebrae number; DA = number of dorsal in rays minus number of anal in rays; v in D = number of dorsal in rays per ray-bearing vertebra. Otoliths were removed through the gill cavity by making a small cut above the gills on the right side. Size of body scales was measured on holotypes at mid-body above anal in origin. Pseudoclaspers were observed by bending forward the leshy hood covering the copulatory organ and thereafter by bending outwards the pseudoclaspers or spreading them and ixing them with a thin needle. In drawings, the pseudoclaspers and penis are shaded; other parts, such as the leshy hood, isthmus or outline of the copulatory cavity are simple line drawings. The ecology of most of the species is poorly known. From available station data we have gathered some information about habitat and depth range, but we have very little data on behaviour, live colouration and feeding. A number of females were examined for reproductive data, for example, number and size of embryos. The distribution maps were created using the Microsoft encarta 2001 digital world atlas. Key to the genera of the Dinematichthyini and the species reviewed herein 1a. Anterior nostril positioned high (less than 1/3 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye) ........................................... ..............Dinematichthys s.l. (revision outstanding) 1b. Anterior nostril positioned low (1/3.5 to 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye) .......................................... 2 2a. Termination of maxilla low, not expanded ........... 3 2b. Termination of maxilla expanded, angular or with knob ....................................................................... 6 3a. Opercular spine hidden ........................................ 4 3b. Opercular spine exposed ....................................... 5 4a. Single pair of pseudoclaspers with two equally long supporters; upper preopercular pore present .......... .......................................................... Gunterichthys 4b. Single pair of pseudoclaspers with single supporter; upper preopercular pore absent .....Dermatopsoides 5a. Precaudal vertebrae 11–14; dorsal in rays 64–85; penis without hook near tip ............... Dermatopsis 5b. Precaudal vertebrae 13–25; dorsal in rays 86–191; penis with hook near tip ............................. Dipulus 6a. A single pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers ................. 7 6b. Two or three pairs of pseudoclaspers .................. 13 7a. COMPArATIve MATerIAl Two long supporters in pseudoclaspers .................. .....................................(Didymothallus gen. nov.) 8 7b. Single supporter in pseudoclasper ...................... 10 Indo-west Paciic Dinematichthyini: see Schwarzhans et al. (2005) and Møller and Schwarzhans (2006). American Dinematichthyini: see Møller et al. (2004a) and Møller et al. (2005). Brosmophycinae and Bythitinae: see Møller et al. (2004b). 8a. Anterior supporter slightly shorter than posterior supporter; dorsal in rays 78–97; v in D 2.2–2.6; otolith length to sulcus length 1.9–2.1 .................... ......................................... Didymothallus mizolepis 8b. Both supporters about equally long; dorsal in rays 69–77; v in D 1.9–2.1; otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.6 ................................................................... 9 SySTeMATICS 9a. Posterior supporter slender; D/A 23–26; otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4; cirri on occiput ................ ............................ Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. 9b. Posterior supporter with club-like expanded tip; D/A 20–22; otolith length to sulcus length 2.6; no cirri on occiput ..................Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov. Family Bythitidae Gill, 1861 Subfamily Brosmophycinae Gill, 1862 Tribe Dinematichthyini Cohen and Nielsen, 1978 Diagnosis. Male copulatory organ with penis and 1–2 (rarely 3) pairs of pseudoclaspers in cavity of ventral body wall covered by leshy hood. First anal in pterygiophore slightly to strongly elongate. head pore system generally unreduced, 6 mandibular, 2–4 preopercular, 5–7 infraorbital and 3–4 supraorbital pores, including supraorbital pore above opercular spine. Posteriormost supraorbital head-pore tubular. Tables 1 to 2 summarise meristic and selected other morphological key characters used in distinguishing the species of the genera described here. 10a. Precaudal vertebrae 11–12; sulcus of otolith with separate colliculi ..................................................11 10b. Precaudal vertebrae 13–15; sulcus of otolith with undivided colliculi .............................................. 12 11a. Pseudoclasper simple lap with small hook at middle of anterior rim ......................................................... ................... Lapitaichthys frickei gen. nov. sp. nov. 11b. Pseudoclasper long and stick-like ........................... ................................................... Ogilbia mccoskeri [note: this is the only species of genus Ogilbia with single pseudoclasper, see also 36a] 32 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III 12a. upper preopercular pore absent; dorsal in rays 124–129; anal in rays 90–94; total vertebrae 56–59; D/A 37–42 ......................... Brosmolus longicaudus 12b. upper preopercular pore present; dorsal in rays 93–104; anal in rays 64–76; total vertebrae 45–47; D/A 28–35................................Monothrix polylepis 13a. 3 pairs of pseudoclaspers .....................................14 13b. 2 pairs of pseudoclaspers .................................... 15 14a. Inner pseudoclasper separated into an anterior and a posterior pseudoclasper, pseudoclaspers not joined at base; 6–7 branchiostegal rays; 11 precaudal vertebrae; pectoral in rays 16–21; irst and second lower preopercular pore joined in a single opening .............................................................Ogilbichthys 14b. Second inner pseudoclasper inserted between irst inner pseudoclasper and outer pseudoclasper; pseudoclaspers joined at base; 8–9 branchiostegal rays; 13–14 precaudal vertebrae; pectoral in rays 22–26; irst and second preopercular pores with separate openings .................................................... ............. Dactylosurculus gomoni gen. nov. sp. nov. 15a. upper preopercular pore absent ...........................16 15b. upper preopercular pore present ........................ 27 16a. No scales on head; specimens longer than 20 mm Sl without visible eyes, only minute black dots in specimens less than 20 mm Sl ............ Typhliasina 16b. Scales on cheeks; all specimens with visible eyes .. ..............................................................................17 17a. First and second lower preopercular pores with separate openings .................................................18 17b. First and second lower preopercular pore joined in a single opening .................................................. 21 18a. Inner pseudoclasper anteriorly connected to outer pseudoclasper; sulcus of otolith with undivided colliculi........................................ (Beaglichthys) 19 18b. Inner pseudoclasper branched, medially connected to outer pseudoclasper; sulcus of otolith with separate colliculi, cauda short ............................................... .................. Zephyrichthys barryi gen. nov. sp. nov. 19a. Dorsal in rays 111–113; precaudal vertebrae 14; total vertebrae 51–56; D/A 36–37 .................................... ................................ Beaglichthys macrophthalmus 19b. Dorsal in rays 84–98; precaudal vertebrae 12; total vertebrae 44–46; D/A 23–29 ............................... 20 20a. Dorsal in rays 84–86; anal in rays 63–68; v in D 2.2–2.3; inner pseudoclasper anteriorly inclined with lateral appendices, joined to the outer pseudoclasper at base; outer pseudoclasper with distal knob on its inner face ................. Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. 20b. Dorsal in rays 93–98; anal in rays 69–78; v in D 2.4–2.6; inner pseudoclasper broadly attached anteriorly, simple hook shape; outer pseudoclasper without knob on inner face ..................................... ................................ Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov. 21a. Inner pseudoclasper concave, anteriorly connected to outer pseudoclasper; precaudal vertebrae 11 ...... ..........................................Diancistrus manciporus [note: only species of genus Diancistrus without upper preopercular pore, see also 30b] 21b. Inner pseudoclasper claw-like; precaudal vertebrae 12–13 ..........................(Ungusurculus gen. nov.) 22 22a. Dorsal in rays 70–77; D/A 20–23; otolith with spiny postdorsal angle... Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. 22b. Dorsal in rays 76–87; D/A 22–27; otolith without spiny postdorsal angle ......................................... 23 23a. Supporter of outer pseudoclasper without anterior hook; inner pseudoclasper with inwardly directed spines .................................................................. 24 23b. Supporter of outer pseudoclasper with anterior hook; inner pseudoclasper claw-like, bifurcate ............ 25 24a. Inner pseudoclasper large, with strong spines; otolith length to otolith height 2.0–2.1; otolith length to sulcus length 2.0–2.1 ............................................... ......................Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. 24b. In ner pseudoclasper half the size of outer pseudoclasper, with week spines; otolith length to otolith height 1.8–2.0; otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4 ..................Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. 25a. Total vertebrae 41; otolith length to otolith height 1.8 .......................... Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. 25b. Total vertebrae 42–44; otolith length to otolith height 2.3–2.4 (not known for Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov.) ................................................................ 26 26a. Total vertebrae 44; head with cirri; no knob on inner face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of claw-like tip of inner pseudoclasper ....................... ....................... Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov. 26b. Total vertebrae 42–43; head without cirri; knob on inner face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of claw-like tip of inner pseudoclasper ................... .......................... Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. 27a. Single lower preopercular pore .......................... 28 27b. Three lower preopercular pores, but irst and second pore open into single opening ............................. 29 28a. Inner pseudoclasper about as large as outer pseudoclasper and separate ................ Pseudogilbia 28b. In ner pseudoclasper half the size of outer pseudoclasper and anteriorly connected to u-shaped structure ........................................ Paradiancistrus 29a. Inner pseudoclasper anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper ...................................................... 30 29b. Inner and outer pseudoclaspers free ....................31 33 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller 30a. Body slender (head height ≤ 15% Sl, depth at anal ≤ 16% Sl); precaudal vertebrae predominantly 12 (rarely 11); maxilla rounded posterior-ventrally with weak knob in front of rear corner; body scales small, < 1.2% Sl .............................................Brotulinella 30b. Body robust, moderately slender to deep, head height > 15% Sl (except for Diancistrus jeffjohnsoni), body depth at anal > 16% Sl (except for Diancistrus longifilis); precaudal vertebrae 11 (except 12 in Diancistrus jeffjohnsoni); maxilla with angular postero-ventral widening close to its termination; body scales (1.2) 1.3–2.2% Sl ............. Diancistrus Beaglichthys Machida, 1993 (Tables 1–5) Beaglichthys Machida, 1993: 284 (type species Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993, by monotypy); Neilsen and Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999: 117, 125. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, the outer large, twice as large as inner, both joined anteriorly; relatively large (> 50 mm Sl in mature males); precaudal vertebrae 12–14, total vertebrae 44–56, v in D 2.2–2.7; caudal in rays 12–16; branchiostegal rays 6–8; pseudobranchial filaments 0–3; head with scale patch only on cheek, no scales on operculum; no upper preopercular pore; irst and second lower preopercular pore with separate openings; otolith elongate (otolith length to height 2.2–2.3), its sulcus straight, large (otolith length to sulcus length 1.7–2.2), colliculi fused; maxilla expanded postero-ventrally; anterior anal in pterygiophore long. Remarks. Beaglichthys was originally described by Machida (1993) as a monospeciic genus and deined by the following combination of characters: anal in origin at midpoint of body; cheek scaly; eye diameter longer than snout length; opercular spine strong; developed rakers on irst gill arch 3; branchiostegal rays 8; caudal in rays 12; precaudal vertebrae 14. Of these, the anal in origin, scaly cheek, opercular spine and three gill rakers on irst arch are all widespread characters found in the Dinematichthyini and not of particular diagnostic value. The 12 caudal in rays are the lowest number now observed within the genus, which ranges from 12–16 (12–14 within the type species B. macrophthalmus). The large eye diameter is now considered to be diagnostic for the species B. macrophthalmus but not for the genus. The number of branchiostegal rays varies from 6 to 8. The number of precaudal vertebrae is 12 in the two new species and 14 in B. macrophthalmus. This character, along with the dependant number of total vertebrae (44–46 vs 51–56 in B. macrophthalmus) and the predorsal length in % of Sl (28.9–35.2 vs 25.7–26.8 in B. macrophthalmus) could be used to separate the two new species – B. bleekeri sp. nov. and B. larsonae sp. nov. – from the type species B. macrophthalmus in another genus. For the purpose of this review we have refrained from such a solution until the nature and distinction of the two established genera Beaglichthys Machida, 1993 and Brosmolus Machida, 1993 (see below), can be investigated on a broader base of specimens than currently available. Comparison. Beaglichthys appears to be related most closely to Brosmolus Machida, 1993, from which it differs in being less slender with lower numbers of dorsal and anal in rays (84–113 and 63–83 vs 124–129 and 90–94 respectively). The other main difference is the presence of two pairs of pseudoclaspers in Beaglichthys 31a. Inner pseudoclasper hidden in pocket of isthmus when in resting position; penis hooked................... ............................... (Mascarenichthys gen. nov.) 32 31b. Inner pseudoclasper open; penis bent, but not hooked ................................................................. 33 32a. eye size 1.5–2.7 % Sl; pectoral in rays 16–18; outer pseudoclasper longer than inner pseudoclasper...... ....................... Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. 32b. eye size 0.8–1.2 % Sl; pectoral in rays 19; outer pseudoclasper shorter than inner pseudoclasper .... ............. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus sp. nov. 33a. Inner pseudoclasper sucker-disk-like; supporter of outer pseudoclasper distally expanded and usually with anterior hook .......... (eusurculus gen. nov.) 34 33b. Inner pseudoclasper simple lap or diversiied, but not sucker-disk-like; supporter of outer pseudoclasper not expanded and without anterior hook............. 36 34a. Position of anterior nostril at distance of 1/3.5–1/4 to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; precaudal vertebrae 13–14 (rarely 12); inner pseudoclasper stalked with folded sucker-disk tip; otolith length to height 2.2–2.4 ............................... ...................................eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. 34b. Position of anterior nostril at distance of 1/4–1/5 to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; precaudal vertebrae 11–12; inner pseudoclasper stalked with simple or miniature sucker-disk tip; otolith length to height 2.0–2.1 (not known for e. andamanensis) .................................................... 35 35a. Inner pseudoclasper with simple sucker-disk tip .... ......................... eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov. 35b. Inner pseudoclasper with miniature sucker-disk tip with two small hooks .............................................. ...................................eusurculus pristinus sp. nov. 36a. Sulcus of otolith with separated colliculi................ ..................................................................... Ogilbia 36b. Sulcus of otolith with undivided colliculi ............... ............. Majungaichthys simplex gen. nov. sp. nov. 34 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Table 1. Comparison matrices of selected characters used for distinguishing dinematichthyine genera: A, summarises selected morphological and meristic characters; B, summarises pseudoclasper and otolith characters. roman numbers in the second column indicate parts of the review of the Dinematichthyini for America (two parts) and the Indo-west Paciic (four parts, part Iv outstanding). II I Indo-west Paciic II III Iv east Paciic – West Atlantic Gunterichthys Indo-west Paciic cheeks cheeks + above opercul. spine entire few on cheeks Scales on head none 3 2* 1 absent upper lower preoperc. preop. pore opening pore (*1st + 2nd joined) present 15+ 14 13 12 11 low intermediate high shallow Precaudal vertebrae anterior nostril Gunterichthys Ogilbichthys Pseudogilbia Typhliasina Ogilbia Brotulinella Diancistrus Paradiancistrus Dermatopsis Dermatopsoides Dipulus Beaglichthys Brosmolus Dactylosurculus Didymothallus eusurculus Lapitaichthys Majungaichthys Mascarenichthys Monothrix Ungusurculus Zephyrichthys Dinematichthys s.l. B I expanded free east Paciic – West Atlantic I hidden Opercular Maxilla spine termination A Ogilbichthys Pseudogilbia Typhliasina II Ogilbia Brotulinella I Diancistrus Paradiancistrus Dermatopsis II Dermatopsoides Dipulus Beaglichthys Brosmolus Dactylosurculus Didymothallus eusurculus Lapitaichthys III Majungaichthys Mascarenichthys Monothrix Pseudoclaspers 1 2 3 special characters of the special characters of the pair pairs pairs inner pseudoclasper(s) (i.p.) outer pseudoclasper (o.p.) two long supporters separated in anterior and posterior i.p. as large as o.p. very diversiied (atrophied in one species) leshy appendix of o.p. anteriorly connected to o.p. hook, ear-lobe or wing shape anteriorly connected to o.p. one or two supporters 2nd inger-like i.p. inserted all pseudoclaspers joined between 1st i.p. + o.p. at base two long supporters sucker-disk-like tip supporter with anterior hook hidden in pocket of isthmus massive to claw-like tip Zephyrichthys branched + connected to o.p. Iv Dinematichthys s.l. Other characters penis straight blind slender body penis with thorn anteriorly connected to o.p. Ungusurculus Otoliths separate undivided colliculi colliculi elongate body 8 branchiostegal rays penis straight penis hooked supporter often with anterior hook sulcus with short cauda 35 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. (Figs 1–3; Tables 2–3) Material examined. (4 specimens, 49–72 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – SMNS 10671, male, 72 mm Sl, Java (no further detail given), Indonesia; specimen donated by P. Bleeker in Jan. 1860. ParatyPeS – uSNM 374173, female, 62 mm Sl, 12°05’S, 131°06’e, east vernon Island, Northern Territory, Australia, tide pools, coll. B. B. Collette, 31 May 1979; WAM P. 31250-046, female, 66 mm Sl, 15°17’S, 124°10’e, Kimberley, Western Australia, depth 0.5 m, coll. S. M. Morrison, 2 Dec. 1996; WAM P.31832–003, female, 49 mm Sl, 20°37’S, 116°33’e, enderby Island, Dampier Archipelago, Australia, coll. J. B. hutchins, 9 Aug. 2000. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+32-33=44-45, dorsal in rays 84–86, anal in rays 63–68, pectoral in rays 21–22, caudal in rays 14–15, v in D 2.2–2.3; pseudobranchial ilaments 0–1; eyes small (1.8–2.4 % Sl); outer pseudoclasper broadbased with pointed tip and distal knob on inner side; inner pseudoclasper nearly as large as outer pseudoclasper, anteriorly connected to it, forwardly inclined with broad leshy appendices; cheek with 5–6 rows of scales on upper part and 2–3 rows on lower part; otolith with centrally positioned undivided sulcus, otolith length to otolith height = 2.3, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.2. Description (Figs 2, 3).The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 3. Body slender, but with massive head. Mature at about 50 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5 to 6 vertical rows of scales on upper part and 2–3 vertical rows on lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.3 % Sl, in 24 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eye, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, with small knob. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/5 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril moderate in size, about half the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, thin and sharply pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15–18 (18) rakers, 3–4 (3) elongate. In holotype, row of elongate rakers interrupted by one small plate-like raker (not seen in paratypes). Pseudobranchial ilaments single or absent (1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 3A). Supraorbital pores 2 to 3: irst pore in front of second anterior infraorbital pore, second pore indistinct above and behind eye, third pore tubular, at upper termination of gill opening above opercular spine. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): irst anterior pore behind anterior nostril, second and third anterior pores covered by dermal lap of upper lip, three posterior pores on rear part of upper lip, less than 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): irst anterior pore large and tubular, with single cirrus anteriorly, second anterior pore positioned in lateral skin fold, small, third anterior pore at anterior termination of jugular isthmus, three vs one pair in Brosmolus. In the case of Brosmolus, however, only minute pseudoclaspers are known from the single male holotype, which appears to be pre-adult (see below). Without this difference in pseudoclaspers, we would suggest synonymising both genera, in which case Brosmolus would gain priority. Beaglichthys shares the combination of two pairs of pseudoclaspers and the lack of an upper preopercular pore with Ungusurculus gen. nov., Zephyrichthys gen. nov., some species of Dinematichthys Bleeker, 1855, and Diancistrus manciporus Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005, in the Indo-west Paciic and some species of Ogilbichthys Møller, Schwarzhans and Nielsen, 2004 (although with two inner pseudoclaspers) and Typhliasina Whitley, 1951, of the American Dinematichthyini. Ungusurculus gen. nov. differs from Beaglichthys in the claw-like development of the free inner pseudoclaspers, where the inner pseudoclasper is anteriorly positioned and joined to the outer pseudoclasper. A similar anteriorly joined inner pseudoclasper is seen in Zephyrichthys gen. nov. and Diancistrus Ogilby, 1899. Zephyrichthys gen. nov. has a bifurcate branched inner pseudoclasper (vs single unbranched in Beaglichthys) and otoliths with separated colliculi (vs fused in Beaglichthys). Beaglichthys is distinguished from the single Diancistrus species without upper preopercular pore (D. manciporus) by having 12–14 precaudal vertebrae (vs 11). It is distinguished from species of Dinematichthys without an upper preopercular pore by the low position of the anterior nostril (vs high), the anteriorly joined inner pseudoclasper (vs free), the higher number of precaudal vertebrae (12–14 vs 11) and the fused colliculi on the otolith (vs separated). The two New World genera Ogilbichthys and Typhliasina have 11 precaudal vertebrae (vs 12–14 in Beaglichthys) and free inner pseudoclaspers (two inner pseudoclaspers in the case of Ogilbichthys) (vs anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper in Beaglichthys). Beaglichthys, Brosmolus, Dactylosurculus gen. nov. and Zephyrichthys gen. nov. are unique amongst the dinematichthyine genera of this part of the review in exhibiting separate openings of the irst and the second lower preopercular pores, a character otherwise only found in the genera Dermatopsoides Smith, 1947, and Dipulus Waite, 1905, which however differ in many other signiicant characters (see Møller and Schwarzhans 2006). Distribution. Beaglichthys was originally described as a monospeciic genus based on a single female specimen from northern Australia (Beagle Gulf) described by Machida (1993) as B. macrophthalmus. With the two new species described here – B. bleekeri sp. nov. and B. larsonae sp. nov. – the range of the distribution of the genus now extends from Java in Indonesia and along the northern Australian shores to Daru, southern New Guinea, Gulf of Papua (Fig. 1). 36 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 1. Sample sites of Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov., B. larsonae sp. nov., B. macrophthalmus and Brosmolus longicaudus. One symbol may represent several samples. posterior pores on rear part of lower jaw. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pores. [This description of the position of head sensory pores is used as reference for all subsequent descriptions.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with six outer rows of granular teeth and two inner rows of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with four outer rows of small teeth and one inner row of large teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Palatine with three outher rows of small teeth and one inner row of large teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of pupil diameter. Fig. 2. Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. A, fresh dead, WAM P.31832-003, female, 49 mm Sl; B, SMNS 10671, holotype, male, 72 mm Sl. 37 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Colour. Beaglichthys bleekeri is known from a photograph of a freshly caught specimen (WAM P.31832003, Fig. 2A), which shows a milky yellowish, partly translucent ish, with slightly darker dorsum and yellow vertical in bases. The rear of the body is red-orange in a narrow strip above the vertebral column. Preserved colour medium brown. Remarks. The holotype was originally part of the Bleeker collection, who also described the first ever dinematichthyine in 1855 from a single specimen of Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides from Batu Island (now Kepulauan Batu, Sumatera Barat Province), off western Sumatra, Indonesia. Bleeker’s holotype has been lost (see extensive discussion in Cohen and Nielsen (1978)). The re-deinition of the genus Dinematichthys and the species D. iluocoeteoides are therefore still pending and will be included in the next part of this world-wide review of the Dinematichthyini. Cohen and Nielsen (1978) also discuss the nature of a specimen from Bleeker’s original collection (and assigned by Günther (1862)) kept in london (BMNh 1868.2.28.65) but they concluded that it could not be the original type (though it was later referred to as the holotype by eschmeyer (1998) (also Online Catalog of Otolith (Fig. 3 B, C). elongate in shape, length to height 2.3 (50–66 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior and posterior tips moderately pointed. Dorsal rim gently curved, with indistinct pre- and postdorsal angles; ventral rim likewise gently curved. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat to slightly convex, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.2. Sulcus centrally positioned, with fused colliculi, not inclined to otolith. ventral furrow indistinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 4 inclined and 5–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongate, but not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 3 D, e). Two pairs of large pseudoclaspers, outer pair only about 50% larger than inner; outer pseudoclasper with broad base and pointed tip and distinct knob at inner face near tip; inner pseudoclasper strongly forwardly inclined, joined to outer pseudoclasper at base, with single strong supporter in middle and large leshy appendices on either side. Penis curved, shorter than outer pseudoclaspers. Fig. 3. Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.31832-003, female, 49 mm Sl; B, median view of right otolith, WAM P.31250-046, female, 66 mm Sl; C, ventral view of right otolith, WAM P.31250-046, female, 66 mm Sl; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype (note right outer pseudoclasper detached anteriorly through rupture of ligament); E, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype. 38 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Table 2. Comparison of selected meristic and morphometric characters of the species of the genera treated in Part III of the study: A, frequency distribution of dorsal in rays counts; B, frequency distribution of anal in rays counts; C, frequency distributions of caudal in rays counts, precaudal vertebrae and total vertebrae counts; D, Frequency distribution of D/A, v/A and D in v; E, frequency distribution of selected morphometric characters. Frequency distribution of dorsal in rays counts 62-63 64-65 66-67 68-69 70-71 72-73 74-75 76-77 78-79 80-81 82-83 84-85 86-87 88-89 90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 98-99 100-101 102-103 104-105 106-107 108-109 110-111 112-113 114-115 116-117 118-119 120-121 122-123 124-125 126-127 128-129 A Beaglichthys bleekeri B. larsonae B. macrophthalmus Brosmolus longicaudus Dactylosurculus gomoni 2 5 6 Didymothallus criniceps D. mizolepis 2 2 D. pruvosti eusurculus andamanensis e. pistillum e. pristinus Lapitaichthys frickei 1 2 Majungaichthys simplex Mascarenichthys heemstrai 5 15 19 21 7 5 1 1 M. microphthalmus 1 1 M. sp. Monothrix polylepis Ungusurculus collettei U. komodoensis U. philippinensis 5 5 U. riauensis U. sundaensis U. williamsi Zephyrichthys barryi 1 Paradiancistrus lombokensis 3 1 2 2 2 1 9 4 2 - 1 1 1 2 10 6 7 5 2 3 4 20 21 25 27 14 10 8 1 2 2 - 2 1 5 6 11 20 19 6 2 3 - 4 5 8 4 1 1 - 6 11 7 4 1 - 2 1 7 9 5 3 5 1 1 7 4 1 4 15 16 11 4 1 - - - 1 1 4 2 4 2 6 10 15 8 5 1 2 78-79 - 1 6 5 14 10 1 1 3 10 29 31 20 19 10 4 3 1 2 - 1 1 1 3 5 13 18 17 13 1 3 4 11 4 1 1 1 10 6 6 5 2 2 1 1 11 23 23 11 2 1 1 2 2 4 4 11 7 1 1 1 1 4 13 19 9 2 1 5 11 2 2 1 - 1 2 5 4 8 8 11 10 1 39 9 5 1 1 6 2 1 2 2 3 94-95 76-77 - 92-93 74-75 - 90-91 72-73 4 88-89 70-71 1 2 86-87 68-69 1 84-85 66-67 1 82-83 64-65 1 80-81 62-63 58-59 56-57 54-55 52-53 50-51 48-49 46-47 7 60-61 Frequency distribution of anal in rays counts B Beaglichthys bleekeri B. larsonae B. macrophthalmus Brosmolus longicaudus Dactylosurculus gomoni Didymothallus criniceps D. mizolepis D. pruvosti eusurculus andamanensis e. pistillum e. pristinus Lapitaichthys frickei Majungaichthys simplex Mascarenichthys heemstrai M. microphthalmus M. sp. Monothrix polylepis Ungusurculus collettei U. komodoensis U. philippinensis U. riauensis U. sundaensis U. williamsi Zephyrichthys barryi Paradiancistrus lombokensis 1 3 1 1 1 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller C Caudal in rays Precaudal vertebrae Frequency distribution of total vertebrae 12 13 14 15 16 11 12 13 14 15 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Beaglichthys bleekeri B. larsonae B. macrophthalmus Brosmolus longicaudus Dactylosurculus gomoni Didymothallus criniceps D. mizolepis D. pruvosti eusurculus andamanensis e. pistillum e. pristinus Lapitaichthys frickei Majungaichthys simplex Mascarenichthys heemstrai M. microphthalmus M. sp. Monothrix polylepis Ungusurculus collettei U. komodoensis U. philippinensis U. riauensis U. sundaensis U. williamsi Zephyrichthys barryi Paradiancistrus lombokensis 4 7 3 1 2 36 3 (1) 25 132 5 4 5 1 64 2 12 13 32 6 69 2 2 16 15 1 1 45 4 22 2 12 51 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 15 5 4 42 39 24 27 1 2 3 2 4 32 3 4 14 4 9 17 3 3 14 39 20 1 1 1 2 Beaglichthys bleekeri B. larsonae B. macrophthalmus Brosmolus longicaudus Dactylosurculus gomoni Didymothallus criniceps D. mizolepis D. pruvosti eusurculus andamanensis e. pistillum e. pristinus Lapitaichthys frickei Majungaichthys simplex Mascarenichthys heemstrai M. microphthalmus M. sp. Monothrix polylepis Ungusurculus collettei U. komodoensis U. philippinensis U. riauensis U. sundaensis U. williamsi Zephyrichthys barryi Paradiancistrus lombokensis 13 8 11 3 1 1 - 2 2 6 3 7 6 4 - 2 1 8 44 17 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 5 11 15 5 3 2 33 57 11 3 - 1 7 16 9 3 1 2 1 1 - - 1 1 1 - 1 28 2 1 6 7 15 9 1 19 25 7 1 11 10 1 1 7 4 7 20 26 1 1 - - 1 D/A (1st dorsal above 1st anal) 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 - 1 v/A (1st anal below vertebra) 12-13 14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-25 26-27 28-29 30-31 32-33 34-35 36-37 38-39 40-41 42-43 D 3 1 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 11 1 1 7 10 1 4 14 1 1 2 4 10 1 3 1 9 21 4 1 7 9 2 2 1 7 2 2 1 8 11 12 1 1 5 4 24 6 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3 1 - 1 1 2 14 41 11 1 3 4 10 12 4 7 1 25 1 5 12 12 2 1 1 6 30 14 15 7 2 10 1 6 25 13 1 1 1 1 40 D in v (dorsal in rays per rayed vertebra) 3 - 1 1 6 3 1 - 2 21 18 21 5 49 80 6 2 2 2 3 4 61 4 12 6 4 17 6 1 3 2 43 1 2 1 6 21 4 1 1 12 37 1 20 2 6 5 30 12 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 11 8 13 5 4 3 1 1 - 1 1 19 8 9 44 57 20 5 3 2 4 26 25 5 2 4 12 7 9 11 8 3 1 2 2 24 34 11 2 1 1 14 11 6 1 1 24 23 3 1 4 14 3 1 1 2 8 1 7 21 10 3 1 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Body depth at Predorsal length in Base ventral in - anal in head height in eye size in % Sl origin of anal in % Sl origin in % Sl % Sl in % Sl Beaglichthys bleekeri B. larsonae B. macrophthalmus Brosmolus longicaudus Dactylosurculus gomoni Didymothallus criniceps D. mizolepis D. pruvosti eusurculus andamanensis e. pistillum e. pristinus Lapitaichthys frickei Majungaichthys simplex Mascarenichthys heemstrai M. microphthalmus M. sp. Monothrix polylepis Ungusurculus collettei U. komodoensis U. philippinensis U. riauensis U. sundaensis U. williamsi Zephyrichthys barryi Paradiancistrus lombokensis > 1.5 1.5-1.9 2.0-2.4 2.5-2.9 3.0-3.5 > 26.0 26.0-27.9 28.0-29.9 30.0-31.9 32.0-33.9 34.0-36.0 > 12.0 12.0-13.9 14.0-15.9 16.0-17.9 18.0-19.9 23.0-24.9 25.0-26.9 27.0-28.9 29.0-30.9 31.0-32.9 32.0-33.9 34.0-35.9 head length in % Sl > 23.0 23.0-24.4 24.5.-25.9 26.0-27.4 27.5-28.9 > 12.0 12.0-13.4 13.5-14.9 15.0-16.4 16.5-17.5 E x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (x) (x) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (x) x x x x x x x x x (x) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Fishes, version 19 June 2007, http://www.calacademy.org/ research/ichthyology/catalog/ishcatmain.asp)). It is a male specimen and although dried and shrivelled may serve as neotype in our forthcoming review since it resembles Bleeker’s description in all important aspects. Another specimen, assigned as D. iluocoeteoides from Bleeker’s original collection, has been brought to our attention by r. Fricke from the SMNS collection caught off Java (SMNS 10671), representing a male of a different species, selected here as holotype for B. bleekeri. Bleeker mentioned in his description of D. iluocoeteoides that the nostrils were close to the eye and that head scales were present on nape, preopercle and opercle. These characters are shared by the BMNh specimens, but not by SMNS 10671. Comparison. Beaglichthys bleekeri differs from B. larsonae sp. nov. in the lower number of dorsal and anal in rays (84–86 and 63–68 vs 93–98 and 69–78), the lower index v in D (2.2–2.3 vs 2.4–2.6), the anteriorly inclined inner pseudoclasper with lateral appendices and joined to the outer pseudoclasper at its base (vs broadly anteriorly attached inner pseudoclasper with simple hook shape), the triangular shaped outer pseudoclasper with the distal knob at its inner face (vs wing shaped) and the sulcus placed symmetrically on the inner face of the otolith (vs posteriorly expanded). From B. macrophthalmus it differs in the lower vertebrae count (12+32-33 vs 14+37-42), the lower dorsal and anal in ray counts (84–86 and 63–68 vs 111–113 and 83), the morphology of the pseudoclaspers (similar to difference with B. larsonae sp. nov.) and the short sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.2 vs 1.7). Distribution. Off Java (further details unknown) and along the north-western coast of Australia from the Dampier Archipelago to the vernon Islands north-east of Darwin (Fig. 1). Etymology. Named in memory of Pieter Bleeker, the outstanding ichthyologist of the Indo-west Paciic during the early years, who also collected the holotype of this species. Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov. (Figs 1, 4, 5; Tables 2, 4) Material examined. (7 specimens, 56–76 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 327954, male, 60 mm Sl, 12°29’S, 130°53’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, coll. P. C. heemstra, h. K. larson and r. S. Williams, 18–19 Feb. 1988. PArATyPeS – AMS I.24676-050, 1 male, 56 mm Sl, 2 females, 61–76 mm Sl, 12°29’S, 130°53’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, depth 0–1 41 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Table 4. Meristic and morphometric characters of Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov. Table 3. Meristic and morphometric characters of Beaglichthys bleekeri sp. nov. holotype SMnS 10671 Standard length in mm 72 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 84 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 63 Pectoral in rays 21 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 32 Total vertebrae 44 rakers on anterior gill arch 18 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 25 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.4 head width 10.3 head height 12.9 Snout length 4.4 upper jaw length 12.1 Diameter of pigmented eye 1.8 Diameter of pupil 1.1 Interorbital width 6.2 Posterior maxilla height 4.3 Postorbital length 16.9 Preanal length 46.6 Predorsal length 28.9 Body depth at origin of anal in 13.9 Pectoral in length 11.5 Pectoral in base height 5.4 ventral in length 17.8 Base ventral in – anal in origin 29.8 holotype + 3 paratypes holotype uSNM327954 n Mean (range) 61.5 (49-72) 4 85.0 (84-86) 14.7 (14-15) 65.5 (63-68) 21.3 (21-22) 12 32.5 (32-33) 44.5 (44-45) 16.5 (15-18) 0.5 (0-1) 6.5 (6-7) 24.8 (23-27) 15.5 (15-17) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 26.8 (24.4-28.7) 12.3 (10.3-14.1) 15.3 (12.9-16.5) 5.2 (4.4-6.3) 13.0 (12.1-14.1) 2.0 (1.8-2.4) 1.3 (1.1-1.6) 6.3 (5.8-6.8) 4.0 (3.4-4.3) 19.9 (16.9-21.4) 48.8 (46.6-50.3) 32.6 (28.9-35.2) 15.4 (13.9-17.5) 13.4 (11.5-15.0) 5.5 (5.2-5.9) 17.7 (14.4-19.8) 30.7 (29.8-32.0) 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Standard length in mm 60 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 94 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 71 Pectoral in rays 24 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 33 Total vertebrae 45 rakers on anterior gill arch 16 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 28 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.2 head width 11.9 head height 15.1 Snout length 5.5 upper jaw length 12.7 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.2 Diameter of pupil 1.2 Interorbital width 6.1 Posterior maxilla height 4.0 Postorbital length 19.0 Preanal length 47.0 Predorsal length 32.2 Body depth at origin of anal in 15.5 Pectoral in length 14.7 Pectoral in base height 5.1 ventral in length 19.1 Base ventral in – anal in origin 29.5 m, coll. D. hoese and party, 29 August 1984; ruSI 35938, female, 70 mm Sl, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, coll. P. C. heemstra, 18 Feb 1988; uSNM 374172, female, 66 mm Sl, Groote eylandt, Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory, Australia, depth 0–1 m, coll. r. Miller et al., 25 April 1948; ZMuC P771618, 1 female, 69 mm Sl, same data as AMS I.24676-050. holotype + 6 paratypes n Mean (range) 65.3 (56-76) 7 95.0 (93-98) 14.7 (14-16) 71.3 (69-78) 23.0 (22-24) 12 32.7 (32-34) 44.7 (44-46) 15.7 (14-17) 0.7 (0-1) 6.3 (6-7) 27.0 (25-29) 14.9 (14-15) 7 6 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 26.4 (25.6-27.8) 13.6 (11.9-15.0) 16.1 (15.0-17.1) 5.5 (3.9-6.7) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 2.0 (1.8-2.2) 1.3 (1.0-1.5) 6.5 (5.9-7.1) 4.0 (3.7-4.3) 19.4 (18.2-20.7) 49.0 (47.0-51.8) 33.5 (32.1-34.5) 17.5 (15.5-19.3) 14.5 (12.3-15.2) 5.4 (4.9-6.1) 18.1 (15.3-21.6) 31.7 (28.6-34.9) Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+32-34=44-46, dorsal in rays 93–98, anal in rays 69–78, pectoral in rays 22–24, caudal in rays 14–16, v in D 2.4–2.6; pseudobranchial ilaments 0–1; eyes small (1.8–2.2 % Sl); outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with backwardly directed tip; inner pseudoclasper nearly as large as outer pseudoclasper, broadly connected to it anteriorly, similarly wing-shaped; cheeks with 5–7 Fig. 4. Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov., uSNM 327954, holotype, 60 mm Sl. 42 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III rows of scales on upper part and 1–2 rows on lower part; otolith with undivided sulcus, its centre anteriorly of the centre of the otolith, otolith length to otolith height = 2.2, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.1. Description (Figs 4, 5).The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 4. Body and head slender, snout pointed. Mature at about 50 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–7 (7) vertical rows of scales on the upper part and 1–2 vertical rows on the lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.5 % Sl, in 22 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 14–17 (16) rakers, thereof 3–4 (3) elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments single or absent (1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 5A). Supraorbital pores 2 to 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior). Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pores. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with a single row of 12 teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 5e). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2 (79 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip moderately pointed, posterior rim expanded, rounded. Dorsal rim gently curved, convex anteriorly, broadly concave posteriorly; ventral rim gently and regularly curved. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.1. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, with fused Fig. 5. Beaglichthys larsonae sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, AMS I.24676-050, male, 56 mm Sl; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, median view of right otolith, AMS I.24676-050, male, 56 mm Sl. 43 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller colliculi, not inclined to otolith. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 5B–D). Two pairs of large pseudoclaspers and of similar shape, outer pair only about 50% larger than inner; outer pseudoclasper moderately broadened base, wing-shaped, with tip directed backward; inner pseudoclasper similarly wing-shaped with backward directed tip, anteriorly broadly joined to outer pseudoclasper, occasionally with small leshy lap at joined. Penis curved, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour light to medium grey-brown with darker back. Comparison. For correlation of Beaglichthys larsonae with B. bleekeri see above. From B. macrophthalmus it differs in the lower vertebrae count (12+32-34 vs 14+37-42), the lower dorsal and anal in ray counts (93–98 and 69–78 vs 111–113 and 83), the wing-shaped inner pseudoclaspers (vs pad-shaped) and the short sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.1 vs 1.7). Distribution. Beaglichthys larsonae so far is only known from two locations, Darwin harbour and Groote eylandt, Gulf of Carpentaria, both in the Northern Territory of Australia (Fig. 1). Ecology. The two locations, from which the species has exclusively been obtained so far are both inshore environments. Etymology. Named in honour of helen K. larson, Darwin, Australia, and her many contributions to the knowledge of the ish fauna of the Northern Territory of Australia. Table 5. Meristic and morphometric characters of Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993. Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993 (Figs 1, 6, 7; Tables 2, 5) Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993: 285; Nielsen et al. 1999: 117. Material examined. (3 specimens, 70–96+ mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – NTM S.10395-001-1, female, 78 mm Sl, Shoal Bay, Beagle Gulf, Northern Territory, Australia, depth unknown, coll. N. T. Fisheries, 29 June 1973. Additional specimens. WAM P.28155-019, male, 96+ mm Sl (damaged tail), 9°05’S, 143°15’e, off Daru Island, Gulf of Papua, southern Papua New Guinea; WAM P.31096-021, female, 70 mm Sl, 13°45’S, 126°48’e, Stewart Island north of Kalumburu, Kimberleys, Western Australia. Diagnosis. vertebrae 14+37-42=51–56, dorsal in rays 111–113, anal in rays 83, pectoral in rays 20–22, caudal in rays 12–14, v in D 2.3–2.7; pseudobranchial ilaments 2–3; eyes large (2.7–3.3 % Sl); outer pseudoclasper broad wing-shaped with short, backward directed tip; inner pseudoclasper about half the size of outer pseudoclasper, broadly connected anteriorly to outer pseudoclasper with expanded pad-shaped tip; cheeks with 10–11 rows of small scales on upper part and lacking or up to three rows on lower part; otolith with undivided sulcus, its centre anterior to centre of otolith, otolith length to otolith height = 2.2– 2.3, sulcus long, otolith length to sulcus length = 1.7. Description (Figs 6, 7).The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 5. Body and head very slender; available specimens 70 to 95 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 10–11 vertical rows of small scales on upper part and no scales or up to three vertical scale rows on lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 0.8 % Sl, in 23 horizontal rows (in 70 mm Sl female). Maxillary ending well behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/5 distance from upper lip to holotype ntM 10395001-1 80 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 111 Caudal inrays 12 Anal in rays 83 Pectoral in rays 22 Precaudal vertebrae 14 Caudal vertebrae 37 Total vertebrae 51 rakers on anterior gill arch 12 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 37 v/A 17 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 22.5 head width 13.3 head height 12.9 Snout length 4.1 upper jaw length 11.2 Diameter of pigmented eye 3.3 Diameter of pupil 2.0 Interorbital width 5.2 Posterior maxilla height 3.8 Postorbital length 15.7 Preanal length 49.7 Predorsal length 25.7 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.6 Pectoral in length 13.3 Pectoral in base height 5.0 ventral in length 16.8 Base ventral in – anal in origin 31.9 * One non-type with damaged tail. 44 holotype + 2 non-types n Mean (range) 70-96+ 3* 112 (111-113) 13 (12-14) 83 21.3 (20-22) 14 39.5 (37-42) 53.5 (51-56) 15.0 (12-18) 2.3 (2-3) 6 36.3 (36-37) 17 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 22.8 (22.5-23.2) 12.1 (10.9-13.3) 13.2 (12.9-13.5) 4.4 (4.1-4.7) 11.2 3.0 (2.7-3.3) 1.7 (1.5-2.0) 4.9 (4.6-5.2) 3.5 (3.2-3.8) 16.2 (15.7-16.7) 47.5 (45.3-49.7) 26.2 (25.7-26.8) 14.0 (13.4-14.6) 13.4 (13.3-13.5) 4.9 (4.8-5.0) 16.9 (16.8-16.9) 30.1 (28.3-31.9) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 6. Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993. A, fresh dead, B, preserved, WAM P.31096-021, female, 70 mm Sl. aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, strong, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 12–18 (12) rakers, thereof 3–5 (3) elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2–3 (2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 7A). Supraorbital pores 2 to 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior). Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pores. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of a 70 mm Sl female non-type). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/5 diameter of pupil. Palatine teeth in two rows, teeth in inner row very small – in outer row up to 1/5 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 1/2 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 7e). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2–2.3 (70–95 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip moderately pointed, posterior tip slightly expanded. Dorsal rim gently curved to nearly lat, convex anteriorly; ventral rim gently and evenly curved. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat, both smooth. Sulcus large, otolith length to sulcus length 1.7. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, with fused colliculi, not or slightly inclined to otolith axis. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–10 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 14. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 13. First anal in pterygophore elongated, but not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 7B–D). Two pairs of large pseudoclaspers, outer pair only about 50% larger than inner; outer pseudoclasper broad wing-shaped, with short backward-directed tip; inner pseudoclasper pad shaped with expanded tip, anteriorly broadly joined to outer pseudoclasper. Penis straight, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers. Colour. live colour known from a freshly caught specimen (WAM 31096-021, Fig. 6A), which shows a violet body colour, lighter ventrally and darker dorsally. The vertical ins are bright translucent dark yellow. Preserved colour medium brown. Comparison. For comparison of Beaglichthys macrophthalmus with B. bleekeri and B. larsonae see above. From the co-occurring Brosmolus longicaudus it differs in the lower dorsal and anal in ray counts (111–113 and 83 vs 124–129 and 90–94), the presence of two pairs of pseudoclaspers (vs one pair) and the separate opening of the irst and second lower preopercular pores (vs fused). Distribution. Beaglichthys macrophthalmus is known from few specimens from locations along the northern Australian coast and one location from the southern coast of New Guinea (Fig. 1). 45 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 7. Beaglichthys macrophthalmus Machida, 1993. WAM P.28155-019, male, 96+ mm Sl. A, lateral view of head; B, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ; E, median view of right otolith. origin 23.3–24.3 % Sl); precaudal vertebrae 14–15, total vertebrae 56–59, dorsal in rays 124–129, anal in rays 90–94, pectoral in rays 23–24, branchiostegal rays 7, v in D 2.4–2.5; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; no upper preopercular pore; irst and second lower preopercular pore with separate opening; otolith elongate (otolith length to height 2.1), its sulcus straight, short (otolith length to sulcus length 2.1), colliculi fused; maxilla slightly expanded posterio-ventrally; anterior anal in pterygiophore variable in length. Remarks. Brosmolus was originally described by Machida (1993) as a monospeciic genus and deined by Brosmolus Machida, 1993 (Tables 1, 2, 6) Brosmolus Machida, 1993: 281 (ty pe species B. longicaudus Machida, 1993, by monotypy); Nielsen and Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999: 119. Diagnosis. A genus of the Dinematichthyini with the following combination of characters: Anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with single, simple and lap-like, small pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers; probably a large species (> 59 mm Sl, as indicated from a pre-adult male), very slender (body depth at origin of anal in 10.9–11.7 % Sl); base ventral in to anal in 46 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III the following combination of characters: preanal length 42 % Sl; head and body covered with thin, transparent skin; cheek scaly; developed rakers on irst gill arch 4; caudal in rays 16; precaudal vertebrae 15. As with Beaglichthys (see above), these are all widespread characters found in the Dinematichthyini and most of them are not of particular diagnostic value. The preanal length is towards the lower end of variation observed in many dinematichthyine genera. The number of precaudal vertebrae ranges from 14 to 15, resulting in an overlap with Beaglichthys. In fact the respective type species of Brosmolus and Beaglichthys are very similar, but for the purpose of this review we have refrained from synonymising both genera until the nature and distinction of the two established genera can be analyzed from a broader base of specimens than currently available. Comparison. Brosmolus appears to be closely related to Beaglichthys Machida, 1993, from which it differs in being even more elongate with higher associated numbers of dorsal and anal in rays (> 123 and > 89 vs < 114 and <84 respectively). The other main difference is the presence of only one pair of pseudoclaspers vs two pairs in Beaglichthys. In the case of Brosmolus, however, minute pseudoclaspers are known from the single male holotype, which appears to be pre-adult. Without the difference in pseudoclaspers, we would suggest synonymising both genera, in which case Brosmolus would gain priority. Brosmolus, Beaglichthys, Dactylosurculus gen. nov. and Zephyrichthys gen. nov. are unique amongst the dinematichthyine genera of this part of the review in exhibiting separate openings of the irst and the second lower preopercular pores, a character otherwise only found in the genera Dermatopsoides Smith, 1947, and Dipulus Waite, 1905, which however differ in many signiicant other characters (see Møller and Schwarzhans 2006). Distribution. Brosmolus is known from few specimens from northern Australia, from the Kimberleys to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993 (Figs 1, 8, 9; Tables 2, 6) Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993: 282; Nielsen et al. 1999: 120. Material examined. (3 specimens, 37–61 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – NTM S.10623-001, male, 61 mm Sl, 11°50’S, 130°05’e, Camerons Beach, Shoal Bay, Beagle Table 6. Meristic and morphometric characters of Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993. holotype ntM 10623001 61 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 129 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 94 Pectoral in rays 24 Precaudal vertebrae 15 Caudal vertebrae 44 Total vertebrae 59 rakers on anterior gill arch 16 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 40 v/A 18 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 21.5 head width 10.8 head height 11.0 Snout length 4.4 upper jaw length 10.5 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.2 Diameter of pupil 1.5 Interorbital width 4.8 Posterior maxilla height 2.5 Postorbital length 15.3 Preanal length 42.2 Predorsal length 24.4 Body depth at origin of anal in 10.9 Pectoral in length 12.9 Pectoral in base height 4.1 ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin 24.3 holotype + 2 non-types n Mean (range) 47.0 (37-61) 3 126.0 (124-129) 16 92.0 (90-94) 23.7 (23-24) 14.7 (14-15) 43.0 (42-44) 57.3 (56-59) 15.7 (15-16) 2 6 39.7 (37-42) 17.3 (16-18) 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 23.4 (21.5-24.6) 10.3 (9.5-10.8) 12.2 (11.0-13.6) 4.7 (4.4-4.9) 11.2 (10.5-11.9) 2.3 (2.2-2.5) 1.3 (1.2-1.5) 4.6 (4.3-4.8) 2.7 (2.5-2.9) 16.0 (15.3-17.3) 41.9 (41.2-42.3) 25.8 (24.4-27.3) 11.4 (10.9-11.7) 13.0 (12.4-13.9) 4.5 (4.1-4.9) 18.1 23.8 (23.3-24.3) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 Gulf, Northern Territory, Australia, depth unknown, coll. N. T. Fisheries, 13 March 1974. Additional specimens. AMS I.6905, female, 37 mm Sl, 17°S, 139°e, off Sweers Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia; AMS I.33461-034, female, 43 mm Sl, 14°09’S, 126°38’e, north of Kalumburu, Kimberleys, Western Australia. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description (Figs 8, 9).The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 6. Body Fig. 8. Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993. AMS I 33461-034, female, 43 mm Sl. 47 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 9. Brosmolus longicaudus Machida, 1993. holotype, NTM S.10623-001. A, lateral view of head; B, ventral view of head; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, median view of right otolith. and head very slender; single male (holotype) of about 60 mm Sl probably pre-adult. head with scale patch on cheek containing seven vertical rows of scales on the upper part and three on the lower part (absent in 37 mm Sl specimen). horizontal diameter of scales on body about 0.9 % Sl, in 25 horizontal rows (In a 43 mm Sl female). Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end slightly expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15–16 (16) rakers, thereof 4 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 9A, B). Supraorbital pores 2. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior). Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pores. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of a 43 mm Sl non-type). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine teeth in two rows 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 1/2 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 9e). elongate in shape, length to height 2.1 (59 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip moderately rounded, posterior tip broadly expanded. Dorsal rim gently curved anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly concave at its middle part; ventral rim gently and evenly curved. Inner and outer face moderately convex, both smooth. Sulcus short, otolith length to sulcus length 2.1. Sulcus positioned at centre of inner face, with fused colliculi, slightly inclined to otolith axis. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 4 inclined and 5–8 (9) depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 48 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III 7 to 15. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 14. First anal in pterygophore usually not very elongated and not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 9C, D). Single pair of small, triangular, lap-like (outer) pseudoclaspers. Penis curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers. The copulatory organ of the single known male gives the impression of being pre-adult by its small size and fragility. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium greenish brown to brown. Comparison. See comparison between Brosmolus and other genera. Distribution. See to genus Brosmolus (Fig. 1). Dactylosurculus gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 7) Ogilbya (non Jordan and evermann in evermann and Kendall, 1898) Kuiter 2000: 61 (photo). Type species: Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with three pairs of pseudoclaspers, all joined at base in narrow stalked stem, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped, v-shaped lap-like inner pseudoclasper anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper, short, second inner pseudoclasper inserted between the two, intermediate in length, inger-like in shape, with supporter; moderately large species, reaching about 70 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae 13–14, total vertebrae 45–50; pectoral in rays 22–26; 8–9 branchiostegal rays; head with small scale patch on upper cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; additional small pore below eye; otolith elongate (otolith length to height 2.1–2.3), sulcus inclined, colliculi fused; maxilla expanded posterio-ventrally. Comparison. Dactylosurculus is readily recognised by a number of unique characters or characters unique in their combination. First of all there is the peculiar arrangement of the two inner pseudoclaspers, whereby one of them could in fact could be called “middle” pseudoclasper. The only other genus with two inner pseudoclaspers is Ogilbichthys from America, but there, the two inner pseudoclaspers are positioned along the axis, resulting in an anterior and a posterior inner pseudoclasper. Other signiicant characters are the eight branchiostegal rays (also in some species of Beaglichthys) and the small extra pore below the eye, elsewhere observed in a few species of the genus Ogilbia from America. Further distinguishing characters are the combination of the presence of an upper preopercular pore, the high number of precaudal and total vertebrae (13–14 and 45–50), the low degree of head squamation and the sulcus of the otolith with fused colliculi. Species. The genus is monotypic. Etymology. Combined from dactylus (latin, from Greek dactylos = inger) and the surculus (latin = sucker of a grapevine tendril), referring to the functional analogy with the pseudoclaspers, in this case also referring to the speciic shape of the ‘middle’ pseudoclasper. Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. (Figs 10–12; Tables 2, 7) Ogilbya sp. Kuiter 2000: 61 (photo). Material examined. (75 specimens, 22–74 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – WAM P.28290-002, male, 60 mm Sl, 32°16’S, 126°02’e, off Cocklebiddy, Western Australia, Great Australian Bight, depth 2–3 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 9 April 1984. ParatyPeS – AMS I.17614-017, 1 male, 55 mm Sl, 3 females, 55–66 mm Sl, Spencer Gulf, South Australia, depth 2 m, coll. D. hoese et al., 25 Dec. 1973; AMS I.17614-033, 1 male, 52 mm Sl, 1 female, 42 1 juvenile, 26 mm Sl, 33°49’S, 137°40’e, off Tickera, Spencer Gulf, South Australia, depth 2 m, coll. Table 7. Meristic and morphometric characters of Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. holotype WaM 28290002 60 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 100 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 74 Pectoral in rays 25 Precaudal vertebrae 13 Caudal vertebrae 35 Total vertebrae 48 rakers on anterior gill arch 13 Pseudobranchial ilaments 0 D/v 6 d/a 33 v/A 16 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.0 head width 12.2 head height 14.5 Snout length 5.5 upper jaw length 12.4 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.0 Diameter of pupil 1.2 Interorbital width 6.8 Posterior maxilla height 4.2 Postorbital length 16.8 Preanal length 46.9 Predorsal length 28.7 Body depth at origin of anal in 15.3 Pectoral in length 4.2 Pectoral in base height 12.0 ventral in length 6.0 Base ventral in – anal in origin 28.4 49 holotype + 74 paratypes n Mean (range) 22-74 (50.6) 75 101.3 (92-109) 14 (14-15) 74.0 (70-81) 24.1 (22-26) 13.1 (13-14) 34.0 (32-36) 47.0 (45-50) 13.2 (9-16) 1.0 (0-3) 6.2 (6-7) 31.3 (26-35) 15.5 (15-16) 39 11 39 21 43 43 43 34 34 39 39 39 24.5 (22.6-26.4) 12.2 (11.4-14.1) 14.4 (13.4-15.1) 5.8 (4.7-6.6) 12.1 (11.2-12.9) 2.2 (1.6-2.5) 1.4 (1.1-1.7) 6.5 (5.7-6.8) 4.1 (3.6-4.6) 17.2 (16.0-18.2) 47.3 (45.5-49.2) 29.5 (27.0-32.1) 14.4 (13.2-15.3) 12.9 (11.6-13.8) 5.8 (5.0-6.3) 18.2 (15.0-20.6) 29.2 (27.5-30.5) 18 9 9 9 9 18 12 9 9 9 9 16 9 9 9 16 9 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 10. Sample sites of Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov., Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov., Monothrix polylepis and Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. One symbol may represent several samples. hutchins, 30 June 1982; WAM P. 28290-015, 1 male, 54 mm Sl, 3 females, 55–66 mm Sl, same data as holotype; WAM P.28296-015, 1 male, 34 mm Sl, 3 females, 49–66 mm Sl, 34°08’S, 122°16’e, Mondrian Island, Western Australia, depth 5–6 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 13 April 1984; WAM P.28513-004, 4 males, 50–55 mm Sl, 5 females, 51–63 mm Sl, 33°54’S, 122°37’e, Western Australia, depth 8 m, coll. C. Bryce, 7 March 1985; WAM P.28519-007, 1 male, 37 mm Sl, 3 females, 36–64 mm Sl, 33°32’S, 115°01’e, Cape Jervis, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, depth 6–7 m, coll. J. B. hutchins, 15 April 1986; ZMuC P 771634-35, 1 male, 50 mm Sl, 1 female, 60 mm Sl, same data as WAM P.28296-015. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description (Figs 11, 12). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 7. Body slender, about same height from neck to position at about half of the anal in; mature at about 35 to 40 mm Sl. head with small scale patch on upper cheek with 4 to 10 individual, small, non-imbricate scales. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.2 % Sl, in 22 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned moderately low, 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with short free tip, pointed. D. hoese et al., 25 Dec. 1973; AMS I.20216-010, 34°02’S, 122°14’e, off rob Island, Western Australia, coll. A. Kuiter, 20 March 1978; NMv A3421, 1 female, 66 mm Sl, 38°19’S, 144°43’e, off Portsea, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia, depth 10 m, coll. r. h. Kuiter, 2 March 1984; NMv A17793, 3 males, 54–57 mm Sl, 10 females, 43–66 mm Sl, 6 juveniles, 22–26 mm Sl, Mornington Peninsula, victoria, Australia, depth 5 m, coll. M. lockett and r. Ickeringill, 6 Feb. 1996; NMv A17794, 3 females, 65–74 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 26–27 mm Sl, 38°09’S, 145°05’e, off Frankston, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia, depth 2 m, coll. M. F. Gomon et al., 6 Feb. 1996; NMv A17795, 1 female, 56 mm Sl, 37°59’S, 145°02’e, off rickets Point, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia, depth 3 m, coll. M. F. Gomon et al., 7 Feb. 1996; NMv A17796, 1 female, 49 mm Sl, 37°59’S, 145°02’e, off rickets Point, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia, depth 3 m, coll. M. lockett and r. Ickeringill, 9 Dec. 1995; NMv A18141, 1 male, 52 mm Sl, 38°07’S, 144°41’e, off Portarlington, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia, depth 2 m, coll. M. F. Gomon et al., 29 Oct. 1996; WAM P.4790, 1 male 51 mm Sl, 1 female 60 mm Sl, Cape Jarvis, South Australia, coll. T. D. Scott, 6 Nov. 1956; WAM P.27138-001, 3 females, 36–62 mm Sl, 34°44’S, 135°52’e, off Port lincoln, South Australia, coll. J. B. hutchins, 8 April 1981; WAM P.27643-005, 4 males, 33–45 mm Sl, 6 females, 38–57 mm Sl, 33°32’S, 115°02’e, Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia, coll. J. B. 50 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 11. Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. A, fresh dead, WAM P.28296-015, female, 49 mm Sl; B, WAM P.28290-002, holotype, 60 mm Sl. Anterior gill arch with 9–16 (13) rakers, thereof 0–2 (0) elongate rakers (usually 1). Pseudobranchial ilaments 0–3 (0), usually 1. Head sensory pores (Fig. 12A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 7 (3 anterior, 3 posterior and 1 small pore below eye): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with an outer row of small teeth up to 1/5 diameter of pupil and inner row of larger teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 12F, G). elongate in shape, length to height 2.1–2.3 (24–74 mm Sl) and thin (otolith height to otolith thickness 2.2–2.5). Anterior tip sharply pointed, posterior tip expanded, massive. Dorsal rim with broad predorsal angle and expanded, sharply pointed postdorsal angle, long section in between straight, marked concavity above anterior tip and sometimes also behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face lat to slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.0–2.1. Sulcus positioned anterior of centre of inner face, slightly inclined, single undivided colliculum, its ventral margin more convex than dorsal margin. ventral furrow long, distinct, broad, moderately close to ventral rim of otolith, slightly turning upwards towards its tips. Dorsal depression long, deep. A low degree of sexual dimorphism seems to be relected in the way that otoliths of males (Fig. 12F) tend to be slightly more compressed and with a slightly wider sulcus than those of females (Fig. 12G). Otoliths described by Nolf (1980) and Schwarzhans (1981) as Dermatopsis macrodon (plate 13, ig. 13 and ig. 145 respectively) and Dermatopsis multiradiatus (plate 13, ig. 14 and ig. 146 respectively) likely represent Dactylosurculus gomoni. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–10 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 6 (7) to 13. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 12. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 12 C–e). Three pairs of pseudoclaspers, all joined at base in narrow stalked stem, outer pseudoclasper wing shaped, v-shaped lap-like inner pseudoclasper anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper, short, second inner pseudoclasper inserted between the two and intermediate in length, inger-like in shape, with supporter; isthmus narrow. Penis curved, slightly longer than pseudoclasper, with broad basis. Colour. live colour uniformly median brown (WAM 28296-015, Fig. 11A). vertical fins translucent, with yellow-brownish base. Preserved colour mostly light brown, rarely medium brown. 51 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 12. Dactylosurculus gomoni sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.27643-005, male, 45 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, WAM P.27643-005, male, 45 mm Sl; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, WAM P.28290-015); D, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; E, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; F, median view of right otolith, NMv A 17793, male, 59 mm Sl; G, median view of right otolith, NMv A17794, female, 66 mm Sl. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with single pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers with two equally long supporters; Sl up to 66 mm Sl, females pregnant at 30 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae 11–13 (mostly 12), total vertebrae 40–45, branchiostegal rays 6–7; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; otolith elongate (otolith length to height 2.1–2.3), sulcus not inclined or inclined (0–10°), colliculi fused; maxilla expanded postero-ventrally; anterior anal in pterygiophore long. Comparison. See comparison between Dactylosurculus and other genera. Distribution. Dactylosurculus gomoni is widely distributed along the southern shores of Australia from Cape Naturaliste in the west to the Port Phillip Bay in the east (Fig. 10). Etymology. In honour of Martin F. Gomon, Melbourne, NMv, and his many contributions to the knowledge of the ish fauna of Australia. Didymothallus gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 8–10) Type species: Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. Gender masculine. 52 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Comparison. Didymothallus is best characterised by its single (outer) pair of pseudoclaspers with two slender, almost equally long supporters, a character otherwise only found in two American Dinematichthyini, namely Gunterichthys Dawson, 1966, and a single species of the genus Ogilbia Jordan and evermann, 1898 (Ogilbia davidsmithi Møller, Schwarzhans and Nielsen, 2005) in which the anterior supporter however is only about half the length of the posterior supporter. Didymothallus differs from Gunterichthys in the free opercular spine (vs hidden) and the posterior-ventral expansion of the maxilla (vs shallow). From Ogilbia it differs further in the lack of inner pseudoclaspers and the fused colliculi of the sulcus (vs separated). In the absence of males, female specimens of Didymothallus can be confused in the Indo-west Paciic with other genera with which they share the presence of the upper preopercular pore and fused colliculi in the sulcus of the otolith, such as Diancistrus Ogilby, 1899, and Monothrix Ogilby, 1897, which partly overlap with Didymothallus in their geographic distribution or occur in adjacent areas, Brotulinella Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005, endemic to the northern Philippines and Taiwan and Majungaichthys gen. nov., endemic to Madagascar. Fishes of Didymothallus are usually markedly more slender than those of Diancistrus (body depth at origin of anal in 12.0–16.0 vs 14.5–23.0). Monothrix is distinguished by high vertebrae and dorsal in ray counts, which only slightly overlap with those of Didymothallus (total vertebrae 45–47 vs 40–45, dorsal in rays 93–104 vs 69–97). Monothrix is a genus with only one pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers and with one supporter, not two supporters as is the case in Didymothallus. Biology. As already stated in the introduction, many Dinematichthyini are noted for their narrow distribution ranges, which might be related to their exceptionally low fecundity. In the case of Didymothallus gen. nov., which is also known from a rather restricted geographic distribution along Australian and New Caledonian shores, exceptionally low numbers (1 to 3, usually 2) of (large) embryos have been found in gravid females of D. mizolepis (Fig. 16C). Another species, D. criniceps, is remarkable for bearing eggs in the body cavity (Fig. 13B), an indication of a (secondary) oviparous reproduction and, if substantiated by life observations, the irst known in the Bythitoidei. Species. Two species from the northern Australian shelf, D. criniceps sp. nov. from the Great Barrier reef and D. mizolepis (Günther, 1867) from north-western Australia to Cape york and one species from New Caledonia, D. pruvosti sp. nov. Etymology. Combined from the Greek didymos (= double, twofold) and thallus (= branch in plants), referring to the two supporters of nearly equal length in the single pair of pseudoclaspers. Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. (Figs 13–15; Tables 2, 8) Material examined. (30 specimens, 19–60 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – AMS IA.2611, male, 48 mm Sl, 23°S, 152°e, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, date unknown. PArATyPeS – AMS IA. 2611-002, 1 male, 42 mm Sl, 1 female, 53 mm Sl, same data as holotype; AMS IA.6793, 1 female, 47 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 31–32 mm Sl, 20°27’S, 149°02’e, lindeman Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, date unknown; AMS I. 20063-004, 2 males, 31–35 mm Sl, 1 female, 35 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 19–21 mm Sl, 23°30’S, 152°05’e, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, coll. F. Talbot and party, 24 Nov. 1969; AMS I.20205-060, 1 male, 54 mm Sl, 23°30’S, 152°05’e, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, coll. F. Talbot and party, 27 Sept. 1968; AMS I.27746-006, 2 males, 45 mm Sl, 20°27’S, 149°02’e, lindeman Island, Great Table 8. Meristic and morphometric characters of Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. holotype aMS IA.2611 Standard length in mm 48 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 71 Caudal inrays 15 Anal in rays 53 Pectoral in rays 18 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 31 Total vertebrae 43 rakers on anterior gill arch 14 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 23 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 23.9 head width 13.4 head height 14.6 Snout length 5.0 upper jaw length 11.8 Diameter of pigmented eye 1.8 Diameter of pupil 1.1 Interorbital width 6.4 Posterior maxilla height 3.4 Postorbital length 17.2 Preanal length 50.3 Predorsal length 31.2 Body depth at origin of anal in 16.5 Pectoral in length 13.5 Pectoral in base height 6.0 ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin 31.8 53 holotype + 29 paratypes n Mean (range) 39.7 (19-60) 30 73.1 (69-77) 14.6 (13-16) 55.0 (52-61) 19.2 (18-22) 12.0 31.3 (30-33) 43.2 (42-45) 14.5 (12-16) 2 6.6 (6-7) 23.8 (23-26) 15.2 (15-16) 26 19 26 19 25 26 26 23 22 26 26 26 26.1 (23.6-28.4) 12.0 (10.5-14.0) 14.8 (14.2-15.5) 5.2 (3.9-5.9) 11.9 (11.2-13.5) 2.3 (1.8-2.8) 1.3 (1.1-1.6) 6.0 (5.4-6.9) 3.4 (3.0-3.9) 18.3 (17.2-19.6) 49.9 (44.0-53.0) 32.1 (30.0-35.0) 14.2 (12.5-16.8) 13.9 (9.6-16.9) 5.3 (4.4-6.0) 19.8 (16.8-25.8) 32.9 (29.4-35.6) 17 13 13 13 13 17 14 13 13 13 13 17 13 12 13 20 12 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 13. Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. A, AMS IA.2611, holotype, 48 mm Sl; B, x-ray, uSNM 366587, female, 46 mm Sl. Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, M. Ward, 1934; AMS I. 34311-010, 1 female, 58 mm Sl, 22°14’S, 150°19’e, Cannibal Group, Queensland, Australia, coll. AMS party, 15 Sept. 1993; uSNM 366587, 4 males, 37–50 mm Sl, 3 females 45–46 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 0–1 m, coll. v.G. Springer et al., 27 Nov. 1966; uSNM 374187, 1 male, 36 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 0–5 m, coll. v.G. Springer et al., 25 Nov. 1966; uSNM 374202, 2 females, 32 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 0–2 m, coll. v.G. Springer et al., 20 Nov. 1966; ZMuC P771629-30, 1 male, 40 mm Sl, 1 female, 60 mm Sl, same data as AMS IA.6793. Additional specimens. AMS I. 19441-021, 1 female, 46 mm Sl, 14°44’S, 145°31’e, lizard Island, Great Barrier reef, Queensland, Australia. Tentatively assigned specimens: AMS I.21315-001, 1 male, 29 mm Sl, 14°06’S, 121°56’e, Scott reef, off Western Australia. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+30-33=42-45, dorsal in rays 69–77, anal in rays 52–61, D/A 23–26 v in D 1.9–2.1; head with multiple small cirri on occiput; single (outer) pseudoclasper wing-shaped with two slender supporters, slightly bent, particularly the posterior one, of exact same length; cheeks with 3–5 rows of scales on upper part and 2 rows on lower part; otolith with moderately pointed anterior tip and pronounced postdorsal angle, with undivided short sulcus, its centre anterior to centre of otolith, inclined with 5 to 10°, otolith length to otolith height = 2.2, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.2–2.4. Description (Figs 13, 14). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 8. Body slender; mature at about 35 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 3–5 (3) vertical rows of scales on upper part and 2 vertical rows on lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.4 % Sl, in 23 horizontal rows. Occiput with many thin, short, hairlike cirri (Fig. 14A, C). Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with long free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 12–16 (14) rakers, thereof 3 elongated. Pseudobranchial ilaments always 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 14A–C). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third non-tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with three rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of 54 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 14. Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, dorsal view of head, holotype; D, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, uSNM 366587, 49 mm Sl; E, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward, uSNM 366587, 49 mm Sl; F, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, uSNM 366587, 49 mm Sl; G, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; H, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 366587, 49 mm Sl; I, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 366587, 44 mm Sl; J, (tentatively assigned specimen) view of left pseudoclasper from inside, AMS I.21315-001, 29 mm Sl; K, median view of right otolith, uSNM 366587, male, 37 mm Sl; L, median view of right otolith, uSNM 366587, female, 44 mm Sl. 55 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Biology. Several female specimens were observed to have 9 to 18 eggs in the body cavity (Fig. 13 B). Two females of 44 mm Sl (uSNM 366587) were opened and found to contain orange-coloured eggs measuring 1.4–1.7 mm in diameter. No female specimens have been reported with embryos inside. This observation could indicate that D. criniceps is oviparous rather than viviparous, an assumed diagnostic character for all Bythitoidei. however, this irst indication will need further substantiation by in-life observation. Etymology. From crinis (latin = hair) and cephalos (Greek = head), refering to the many hair-like cirri on the occiput. larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 14K–l). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2 (36–60 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.0). Anterior tip pointed, posterior rim expanded. Dorsal rim with rounded pre- and postdorsal angles, the latter more pronounced, section in between straight, concave towards anterior and posterior tips; ventral rim gently and regularly curved. Inner and outer faces moderately convex, smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, with fused colliculi, inclined 5–10° towards otolith axis. ventral furrow faint, close to ventral rim of otolith, anteriorly turned upward to meet tip of sulcus. A slight sexual dimorphism is observed in that otoliths of females show a more rounded anterior tip while those from males are sharply pointed. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 (9) depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 6 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal fin pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 14D–J). A single pair of large (outer) pseudoclaspers, wing-shaped, slightly bent outwards, base and tip similarly wide, with two almost exactly equally long and thin supporters, slightly bent, posterior supporter usually somewhat more so than anterior. Penis slightly curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour light to medium brown, sometimes reddish brown. Comparison. Didymothallus criniceps closely resembles D. pruvosti sp. nov. from New Caledonia, with which it probably forms an allopatric pair. It differs in the posterior supporter of the pseudoclasper being slender throughout (vs with expanded club-like tip), the higher D/A (23–26 vs 20–22), the lower number of scale rows on the cheeks (5–6 on upper and 2 on lower cheek vs 7–8 on upper and 3–5 on lower cheeks) and details of the otolith outline and otolith length to sulcus length (2.2–2.4 vs 2.6). Also, D. pruvosti sp. nov. does not have the cirri on the occiput as observed in D. criniceps. Didymothallus criniceps is distinguished from D. mizolepis (Günther, 1867) in the lower number of dorsal in rays (69–77 vs 78–94), the lower v in D (1.9–2.1 vs 2.2–2.6), the equal length of the supporters in the pseudoclasper (vs the anterior being slightly shorter than the posterior), the curved penis (vs straight), the short and inclined sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4 vs 1.9–2.1 and not inclined) and several aspects of the otolith outline. Distribution. Didymothallus criniceps is known from the Great Barrier reef of eastern Australia from about 14°S to 23°30’S (Fig. 15). A single pre-adult male recorded from the offshore Scott reef off north-western Australia is only tentatively placed in the species due to its geographic remote location. Didymothallus mizolepis (Günther, 1867) (Figs 15–17; Tables 2, 9) Dinematichthys mizolepis Günther, 1867: 66. Monothrix mizolepis. – Cohen & Nielsen 1978: 60; Paxton et al. 1989: 317; larson and Williams 1997: 349; Nielsen et al. 1999: 134. Material examined. (177 specimens, 14–66 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – BMNh 1867.5.13.17, female, 47 mm Sl, Cape york, Queensland, Australia, purchased by Mr. Damel, date unknown. Additional specimens. AMS I.7792, 1 male, 48 mm Sl and 1 female, 56 mm Sl, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia; AMS I.17060-035, 1 male, 33 mm Sl and 1 female, 44 mm Sl, 22°15’S, 114°15’e, exmouth Gulf, Western Australia; AMS I.24676-044, 22 males, 28– 34 mm Sl, 31 females, 26–41 mm Sl, 17 juveniles, 18–26 mm Sl, 12°29’S, 130°53’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; AMS I. 24678-053, 1 male, 49 mm Sl, 1 female, 50 mm Sl, 12°29’S, 130°53’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; AMS I.27743-002, 1 male, 39 mm Sl, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia; BPBM 17405, 1 female, 45 mm Sl, 20°S, 116°e, Kendrew Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia; MNhN 1890-0299, 2 females, 44–49 mm Sl, 10°37’S; 142°10’e, Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia ; NTM S.12886-002, 1 female, 47 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 17–24 mm Sl, 17°59’S, 122°11’e, Broome, Western Australia; NTM S.14472-007, 3 females, 30–35 mm Sl, 12°04’S, 132°19’e, Cunningham Channel, Northern Territory, Australia; QM 33829, 1 female, 50 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 17 mm Sl, 17°08’S, 139°36’e, Sweers Island, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia; ruSI 35938, 5 males, 27–35 mm Sl, 3 females, 30–33 mm Sl, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; SMNS 14557, 1 male, 44 mm Sl, 21°39’S, 115°08’e, Onslow, Western Australia; SMNS 18421, 1 female, 56 mm Sl, 17°00’S, 122°e, Gantheaume Bay, Broome, Western Australia; SMNS 18495, 1 female, 61 mm Sl, 12°19’S, 130°50’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; SMNS 18551, 1 female, 47 mm Sl, 12°19’S, 130°50’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; uSNM 327949, 4 males, 25–34 mm Sl, 9 females, 23–34 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 15 56 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III mm Sl, 12°19’S, 130°53’e, Darwin harbour, Northern Territory, Australia; WAM P.25111-033, 1 female, 51 mm Sl, 20°00’S, 116°00’e, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia; WAM P.27967-038, 1 male, 37 mm Sl, 24°29’S, 113°25’e, off Beagle hill, Western Australia; WAM P.27980-065, 1 male, 42 mm Sl, 20°26’S, 115°35’e, Montebello Islands, Western Australia; WAM P.30307013, 1 female, 62 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 21 mm Sl, 13°48’S, 125°47’e, Western Australia; WAM P.30849-010, 1 male, 33 mm Sl, 15°00’S, 125°00’e, Western Australia; WAM P.30929-003, 1 male, 33 mm Sl, 16°16’S, 123°30’e, hidden Island, Western Australia; WAM P.31013-010, 6 specimens, mm Sl, 22°06’S, 114°31’e, exmouth Gulf, Western Australia; WAM P.31015-031, 1 female, 51 mm Sl, 22°07’S, 114°29’e, exmouth Gulf, Western Australia; WAM P.31078-031, 4 males, 33–47 mm Sl, 2 females, 57–62 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 22–24 mm Sl, 13°45’S, 126°22’e, eclipse Islands, Western Australia; WAM P.31085-032, 2 females, 43–55 mm Sl, 13°59’S, 126°20’e, vansittart Bay, Western Australia; WAM P.31092-008, 1 male, 51 mm Sl, 5 females, 44–63 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 22–23 mm Sl, 13°45’S, 126°45’e, Stewart Islands, Western Australia; WAM P.31205-016, 2 males, 29 mm Sl, 1 female, 32 mm Sl, 16°22’S, 123°03’e, Swan Island, Western Australia; WAM P.31236-003, 3 females, 36–40 mm Sl, 15°32’S, 124°25’e, Camden Sound, Western Australia; WAM P.31239-002, 1 male, 48 mm Sl, 14°46’S, 125°01’e, york Sound, Western Australia; WAM P.31243- 005, 3 specimens, 27–50 mm Sl, 14°00’S, 125°00’e, Western Australia; WAM P.31250-031, 3 females, 42–46 mm Sl, 4 juveniles, 14–28 mm Sl, 15°17’S, 124°10’e, Champagny Islands, Western Australia; WAM P.31251056, 2 males, 27–53 mm Sl, 3 females, 27–43 mm Sl, 15°55’S, 124°03’e, viney Island, Western Australia; WAM P.31506-001, 1 male, 51 mm Sl, 1 female, 66 mm Sl, 20°28’S, 116°52’e, Dolphin Island, Western Australia; WAM P.31516-006, 1 female, 47 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 16 mm Sl, Dampier Shelf, Western Australia; ZMuC P 771636-37, 1 male, 40 mm Sl, 1 female, 60 mm Sl, same data as WAM P.31092-008. Remarks. The holotype is a female specimen from Cape york, at the far end of the known distribution range of the species. In fact, it represents the furthest record to the east (together with two female specimens from the Thursday Islands), the next being one from the southern tip of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The meristics exclude it from representing a specimen of D. criniceps (see below), which has been recorded from the Great Barrier reef, but somewhat further south of Cape york. eusurculus pistillum gen. nov. sp. nov., which is described later, is in good agreement in all relevant meristic and morphometric values and is distributed throughout the range of both Didymothallus species. The pseudoclasper pattern (single outer pseudoclasper with two supporters vs two pairs of pseudoclaspers, the inner sucker-disk-like) and the sulcus morphology (fused colliculi vs separated) distinguish Fig. 15. Sample sites of Didymothallus criniceps sp. nov., D. mizolepis and D. pruvosti sp. nov. One symbol may represent several samples. 57 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller and thicker than anterior one; penis straight; cheeks with 4–6 rows of scales on upper part and 0–2 rows on lower part; otolith with rounded anterior tip and with undivided long sulcus, its centre anterior of centre of otolith, not inclined, otolith length to otolith height = 2.2–2.3, otolith length to sulcus length = 1.9–2.1. Description (Figs 16, 17). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 9. head and body slender, deepest markedly behind head; a small species, mature at about 30 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 4 to 6 vertical rows of scales on upper part, lower part of cheek without scales or with 0–2 vertical rows (Fig. 17 A,C). horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.1 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, with small knob anterior of largest expansion. Anterior nostril positioned very low, 1/5–1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 9–16 (11) rakers, thereof 2–4 (3) elongate. Pseudobranchial ilaments 0–2 (usually 1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 17A–C). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third nontubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Palatine with one row of teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 17I–K). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2–2.3 (51–66 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.2). Anterior tip rounded to slightly pointed, posterior rim expanded. Dorsal rim with rounded pre- and post-dorsal angles, the latter sometimes more pronounced, section in between long and straight, small concavity towards anterior tip; ventral rim gently and regularly curved. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat to slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.9–2.1. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, with fused colliculi, not inclined towards otolith axis. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, curved upwards anteriorly and posteriorly to nearly meet sulcus tips. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 4 (-5) inclined and (5) 6–8 (9) depressed. Parapophyses present from Table 9. Meristic and morphometric characters of Didymothallus mizolepis (Günther, 1867). holotype bMnh 1867.9.13 Standard length in mm 47 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 92 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 68 Pectoral in rays 21 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 11 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 30 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.1 head width 11.7 head height 14.2 Snout length 5.3 upper jaw length 11.7 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.2 Diameter of pupil 1.1 Interorbital width 5.3 Posterior maxilla height 3.5 Postorbital length 16.8 Preanal length 50.0 Predorsal length 30.1 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.1 Pectoral in length 12.5 Pectoral in base height 5.6 ventral in length 16.4 Base ventral in – anal in origin 32.1 holotype + non-types n Mean (range) 35.0 (14-66) 177 85.6 (78-97) 15.8 (15-17) 63.5 (57-73) 20.4 (18-22) 12.1 (12-13) 30.2 (28-32) 42.2 (40-45) 11.8 (9-16) 1.0 (0-2) 6.1 (5-7) 28.2 (24-33) 14.7 (14-16) 134 18 133 20 138 138 138 25 24 134 134 134 24.6 (23.0-26.3) 12.2 (10.6-13.9) 14.9 (13.7-16.0) 5.2 (4.7-6.0) 12.3 (11.6-13.3) 2.1 (1.8-2.4) 1.3 (1.0-2.1) 5.4 (4.5-6.4) 3.1 (2.1-4.2) 17.9 (16.8-19.0) 50.0 (46.3-52.0) 29.9 (28.3-33.7) 14.7 (12.0-16.5) 14.0 (12.5-16.2) 5.5 (4.7-5.8) 19.8 (15.1-27.3) 32.2 (28.9-34.1) 19 12 12 12 12 21 13 12 19 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 12 species of Didymothallus well from those of eusurculus gen. nov., but both characters are not available in the case of the holotype of D. mizolepis. The only remaining character for distinction then remains the position of the anterior nostril, which is very low above the upper lip in the case of D. mizolepis (1/5 to 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye) and much higher in e. pistillum (1/3 to 1/3.5), a value, already close to the genus Dinematichthys (< 1/1.3). In conclusion, the nature of the female type specimen of D. mizolepis can not be regarded as ultimately ascertained. The following redeinition of the species therefore is based on well preserved male specimens now attributed to the species and based on the complete review of the available material from the area. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12-13+28-32=40-45, dorsal in rays 78–97, anal in rays 57–73, v in D 2.2–2.6; single (outer) pseudoclasper wing-shaped with two slender, straight supporters, the posterior one being slightly longer 58 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 16. Didymothallus mizolepis (Günther, 1867). A, fresh dead, WAM P.27967-038, male, 37 mm Sl; B, BMNh 1867.5.13, holotype, female, 47 mm Sl; C, x-ray, WAM P.31078-031, female, female 57 mm Sl. vertebrae 6 (7) to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11 (12). First anal in pterygophore elongate, sometimes reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 17D–h). Single pair of large (outer) pseudoclaspers, wing-shaped, straight and not bent outwards, tips wider than base, with two long supporters, posterior being slightly longer and thicker than anterior. Penis straight, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Both supporters of pseudoclaspers occasionally bent backwards at their tips; penis slightly curved. Colour. live colour known from two specimens (WAM P.31015-031 and WAM P.27967-038, Fig. 16A), which both show a uniform dusky red to reddish-violet body colour, lighter ventrally and darker dorsally. The vertical ins bear the same colour but lighter and translucent. Preserved colour is variable brown to greyish-brown, often rather dark. Comparison. Didymothallus mizolepis is easily distinguished from the two other species of the genus, D. criniceps and D. pruvosti sp. nov. in the higher number of dorsal in rays (78–97 vs 69–77), higher v in D (2.2–2.6 vs 1.9–2.1), the anterior supporter of the pseudoclasper being slightly shorter than the posterior (vs being equally long), the straight penis (vs curved), the long sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 1.9–2.1 vs 2.6) and several aspects of the otolith outline. Variability. The range of variation seen in D. mizolepis is unusually high, in fact amongst the highest observed in species described in this volume; for example the total number of vertebrae (40 to 45), dorsal in rays (78–97) or anal in rays (57–73). Other remarkable variations concern squamation of the cheeks, ranging from a relatively small patch on the upper cheek to a continuous patch over the upper and lower cheek, and variation in the pseudoclaspers with straight or slightly backward bent supporters. It appears that the more western specimens (exmouth Gulf) (Fig. 17 C,h,K) tend to show lower meristic numbers, lesser cheek squamation and bent supporters in the pseudoclaspers, whereas the most eastern specimens (Darwin area) (Fig. 17A–B, D–G, I–J) have higher meristic counts, more extended cheek squamation and straight supporters in the pseudoclaspers. Geographic overlap as well as meristic and morphologic overlap, however, is complete and without an indication of a bimodal 59 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 17. Didymothallus mizolepis (Günther, 1867). A, lateral view of head, AMS I. 24678-053, 1 male, 49 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, AMS I. 24678-053,1 male, 49 mm Sl; C, lateral view of head, WAM P.31015-031, 1 female, 51 mm Sl; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, SMNS 14557, 44 mm Sl; E, ventral view of male copulatory organ, WAM P.31251-056), 53 mm Sl; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, SMNS 14557, 44 mm Sl; G, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, AMS I. 24678-053, 49 mm Sl; H, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, AMS I.17060-035, 33 mm Sl; I, median view of right otolith, WAM P.31092-008, male, 51 mm Sl; J, ventral view of right otolith, WAM P.31092-008, male, 51 mm Sl; K, median view of right otolith, WAM P.31506-001, female, 66 mm Sl. 60 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III distribution pattern, so that separation into two species is not justiied at the present stage of knowledge. Distribution. Didymothallus mizolepis is known from northern and western Australia from 24°S and 113°e to the Cape york, the north-easternmost tip of Australia (Fig. 15). The species is associated with crevices of silty coralline rock. Ecology. This species appears to be most common in inshore and back reef environments. Biology. Several female specimens are known from D. mizolepis, and they are remarkable for having unusually low numbers of large embryos, namely 1 to 3 (predominantly 2) (Fig. 16C). A 32 mm Sl female (uSNM 327949) contained one embryo of 14 mm Sl in length. This is among the lowest degree of fecundity observed in Dinematichthyini. Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov. (Figs 15, 18–19; Tables 2, 10) Material examined. (5 specimens, 28–44 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – MNhN 1980-0961, male, 44 mm Sl, ca. 22°40’S, 166°37’e, Passe Mato, New Caledonia, coll. M.l. Bauchot and l. A. Maugé, 13 January 1979, depth 6–10 m. PArATyPeS – SMNS 19687, 1 female, 28 mm Sl, 22°19’S, 166°49’e, Prony Bay, New Caledonia, depth 0–1 m, coll. r. Fricke, 7 Nov. 1998; SMNS 22636, 1 male, 34 mm Sl, 22°19’S, 166°49’e, Prony Bay, New Caledonia, depth 0–2 m, coll. r. Fricke, 8 May 2000; SMNS 22809, 2 females, 31 and 42 mm Sl, 21°04’S, 165°28’e, Mou Gulf, eSe of Ponérihuen, New Caledonia, depth 0.3–2.8 m, coll. r. Fricke, 13 May 2000. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+31-33=43-45, dorsal in rays 70–73, anal in rays 52–58, D/A 20–22, v in D 1.9; head without cirri on occiput; single (outer) pseudoclasper wing shaped with two supporters, the anterior slightly longer and bent backward, the posterior straight, with club-like expanded tip; cheeks with 5–6 rows of scales on upper part and 3–5 rows on lower part; otolith with sharply pointed anterior tip and moderately pronounced post-dorsal angle, with undivided short sulcus, its centre anteriorly of the centre of the otolith, inclined 5°–10°, otolith length to otolith height = 2.2–2.3, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.6. Description (Figs 18, 19). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 10. Body Table 10. Meristic and morphometric characters of Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov. holotype Mnhn 19800961 44 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 73 Caudal inrays 15 Anal in rays 54 Pectoral in rays 19 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 32 Total vertebrae 44 rakers on anterior gill arch 15 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 22 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.9 head width 10.8 head height 14.2 Snout length 5.3 upper jaw length 11.6 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.3 Diameter of pupil 1.2 Interorbital width 5.5 Posterior maxilla height 3.6 Postorbital length 17.7 Preanal length 51.9 Predorsal length 31.8 Body depth at origin of anal in 12.4 Pectoral in length 14.5 Pectoral in base height 4.9 ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin 34.5 holotype + 4 paratypes n Mean (range) 35.2 (28-44) 5 71.8 (70-73) 15.5 (15-16) 54.5 (52-58) 19.3 (19-20) 12 32.0 (31-33) 44.0 (43-45) 14.8 (14-15) 2 6.5 (6-7) 20.8 (20-22) 14.5 (14-15) 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 25.7 (24.9-26.4) 11.7 (10.8-12.9) 15.0 (14.1-15.9) 5.2 (5.0-5.3) 11.8(11.1-12.4) 2.2 (1.8-2.3) 1.1 (1.0-1.2) 5.8 (5.4-7.0) 3.5 (3.2-3.8) 18.6 (17.7-19.1) 46.4 (43.3-51.9) 31.2 (30.6-32.1) 13.2 (11.5-15.1) 13.9 (12.4-15.5) 5.1 (3.9-5.8) 19.7 (16.6-22.6) 28.6 (26.4-34.5) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 slender; small sized, mature at about 30 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–6 (5) vertical rows of small scales on upper part and 3–5 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.0 % Sl, in 18 horizontal rows. Occiput without cirri. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 the distance from Fig. 18. Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov., MNhN 1980-0961, holotype, 44 mm Sl. 61 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 19. Didymothallus pruvosti sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, SMNS 22809, female, 42 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, SMNS 22809, female, 42 mm Sl; C, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; D, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; E, median view of right otolith, SMNS 22636, male, 34 mm Sl. upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with long free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 14–15 (15) rakers, thereof 3 elongate. Pseudobranchial ilaments always 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 19A, B). Supraorbital pores 2–3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to two outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of densely set teeth up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with two outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 19e). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2–2.3 (34–54 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.3–2.5). Anterior tip sharply pointed, posterior rim expanded. Dorsal rim with rounded pre- and more pronounced postdorsal angles, section in between straight or slightly curved, markedly concave towards anterior and less towards posterior tip; ventral rim gently and regularly curved. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat to slightly convex, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.6. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, with fused colliculi, inclined 5–10° towards otolith axis. ventral furrow faint, close to ventral rim of otolith, anteriorly terminating at ridge, connecting rostrum with anterior tip of sulcus. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–9 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. 62 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Male copulatory organ (Fig. 19C, D). Single pair of large (outer) pseudoclaspers, wing-shaped, slightly bent outwards, base wider than tip, with two supporters, anterior slightly longer and bent backward, posterior straight, with club-like expanded tip. Penis slightly curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour whitish yellow (SMNS 22809) or greyish yellow (SMNS 22636). Preserved colour light to medium brown. Comparison. Didymothallus pruvosti closely resembles D. criniceps from the Great Barrier reef, with which it probably forms an allopatric pair. For distinction from the other two species of Didymothallus see respective discussions above. Distribution. Didymothallus pruvosti is geographically restricted to the shores of New Caledonia (Fig. 15). The species is associated with crevices of silty coralline rock; the presence of live corals is not essential. Etymology. In honour of Patrice Pruvost, Paris, MNhN, and his support of our review. Eusurculus gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 11–13) Type species: eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing shaped with massive supporter, distally much expanded and with anteriorly pointing hook below ligament cover, inner pseudoclasper free, slightly shorter than outer pseudoclasper, massive, distally sucker-disk-like expanded; small sized, not exceeding 55 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae mostly 12–13 (ranging from 11 to 14), total vertebrae 41–47, branchiostegal rays 6–7; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; otolith moderately elongate to elongate (otolith length to height 2.0–2.4), sulcus not or slightly inclined (0–5°), colliculi separated to partly fused, but ostium and cauda always distinguishable; maxilla expanded posteroventrally. Comparison. With males, eusurculus is well characterised by the morphology of the pseudoclaspers, the outer pseudoclasper with a massive supporter with its anterior hook and free inner pseudoclasper with the suckerdisk-like expanded tip. very similar outer pseudoclaspers are found in Ungusurculus gen. nov. but their inner pseudoclasper is claw-like instead of sucker-disk-like. Otherwise, eusurculus differs from Ungusurculus gen. nov. in the presence of an upper preopercular pore (vs absent) and distinguishable ostium and cauda of the sulcus, usually with separated colliculi (vs fused). It is assumed though from the pseudoclasper pattern that both genera are closely related. Other genera with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, an upper preopercular pore and distinctive ostium and cauda of the sulcus of the otolith are Dinematichthys (in part) and Mascarenichthys gen. nov. from the Indo-west Paciic and Ogilbia from the Americas. even though Mascarenichthys gen. nov. and Ogilbia show specialised features of the inner pseudoclaspers, they are never comparable to the sucker-disk-like forms of eusurculus. eusurculus tends to have higher counts of precaudal vertebrae (12–14, but also regularly 11 in one species) than Mascarenichthys gen. nov. and Ogilbia (predominantly 11, sometimes 12). Dorsal in ray counts also distinguish eusurculus from Mascarenichthys gen. nov. (74–92 vs 62–73). Species. Three species covering a wide range of distribution – e. andamanensis sp. nov. from the Andaman Islands and the south coast of Sumatra, e. pistillum sp. nov. from the northern coast of Australia and the Coral Sea and e. pristinus sp. nov. from the Bismarck Sea to the Solomons and vanuatu. Etymology. Combined from the latin and Greek eu (= good, real) and the latin surculus (= grapevine tendril), referring to the functional analogy with the pseudoclaspers and the speciic shape of the inner pseudoclasper. Eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov. (Figs 20–22; Tables 1, 2, 11) Material examined. (5 specimens, 24–44 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 366471, male, 44 mm Sl, Aves Island, Andaman Islands, India, coll. A.G.K. Menon, 2 Dec. 1970. PArATyPeS – uSNM 263709, 1 female, 24 mm Sl, Smith Island, Andaman Islands, India, coll. A.G. K. Menon, 22 Feb. 1970; uSNM 366217, 1 male, 35 mm Sl, 2°00’S, 99°35’e, Siburu Island north of Sipura Island, Mentawai Islands, north-western Sumatra, Indonesia, coll. r. Bolin et al., 30 Nov. 1963; uSNM 374167, 1 male, 33 mm Sl, 4°01’S, 101°01’e, south of Pagai Selatan Island, Mentawai Islands, north-western Sumatra, Indonesia, coll. r. Bolin et al., 3 Dec. 1965; ZMuC P 771631, 1 male, 35 mm Sl, same data as uSNM 263709. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+30-31=42-43, dorsal in rays 78–84, anal in rays 59–63, D/A 21–27, v in D 2.2–2.3; anterior nostril positioned 1/4.5 to 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and distally with concave sucker-disk; cheek with 5–6 rows of scales on upper part and 3–4 rows on lower part. Description (Figs 21, 22). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 11. Body slender, head with pointed snout; small sized, mature at about 30 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–6 (6) vertical rows of small scales on upper part and 3–4 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.3 % Sl, in 21 horizontal rows. 63 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized small teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith. Not known. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–9 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongate, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 22C-G). Two pairs of large, free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and distally with concave sucker-disk. Penis slightly curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brown. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4.5 to 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, moderately pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15–18 (18) rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. In holotype and one paratype row of elongate rakers interrupted by short raker. Pseudobranchial ilaments 1–2 (1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 22A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to ive outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. Fig. 20. Sample sites of eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov., e. pistillum sp. nov. and e. pristinus sp. nov. One symbol may represent several samples. 64 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 21. eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov., uSNM 366471, holotype, 44 mm Sl. Fig. 22. eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, uSNM 374167, 33 mm Sl; D, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward, uSNM 374167, 33 mm Sl; E, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; G, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 366217, 35 mm Sl. 65 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller treated in the forthcoming part of our review dealing with that genus.] Comparison. eusurculus andamanensis resembles e. pistillum sp. nov. in the pseudoclasper morphology, except for that in e. andamanensis the sucker-disk of the inner pseudoclasper is more simple in shape than the broader and folded disk of e. pistillum sp. nov.. eusurculus andamensis further differs from e. pistillum sp. nov. in the lower position of the anterior nostril (the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye 1/4.5 to 1/5 vs 1/3.5 to 1/4), lower number of precaudal (12 vs predominantly 13) and total vertebrae (42–43 vs 43–47) and lower D/A (21–27 vs 25–32). The third species, e. pristinus sp. nov., shows a tip of the inner pseudoclasper that looks like a miniature suckerdisk with two small hooks, i.e. intermediate between the eusurculus and the Ungusurculus pattern. eusurculus andamanensis otherwise resembles e. pristinus sp. nov. well. Distribution. eusurculus andamanensis occurs along the shores of the Andaman Islands to north-western Sumatra (Fig. 20). Etymology. Named after the type area, the Andaman Islands. Table 11. Meristic and morphometric characters of eusurculus andamanensis sp. nov. holotype uSNM 366471 Standard length in mm 44 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 82 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 62 Pectoral in rays 21 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 18 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 25 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.8 head width 12.9 head height 15.0 Snout length 5.5 upper jaw length 14.2 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.7 Diameter of pupil 1.6 Interorbital width 5.4 Posterior maxilla height 4.4 Postorbital length 18.8 Preanal length 53.0 Predorsal length 32.6 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.9 Pectoral in length 13.6 Pectoral in base height 5.5 ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin 31.4 holotype + 4 paratypes n Mean (range) 34.0 (24-44) 5 81.2 (78-84) 14 61.4 (59-63) 20.8 (20-22) 12 30.4 (30-31) 42.4 (42-43) 16.4 (15-18) 1.8 (1-2) 6.2 (6-7) 24.6 (21-27) 14.6 (14-15) 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 26.7 (25.4-28.7) 11.7 (11.1-12.9) 14.8 (14.2-15.2) 5.0 (4.1-5.5) 12.9 (11.8-14.2) 2.3 (2.2-2.7) 1.4 (1.1-1.6) 5.6 (5.4-6.2) 3.8 (3.1-4.4) 19.2 (18.7-20.3) 50.0 (45.7-53.0) 32.1 (30.5-32.8) 14.2 (12.8-14.9) 14.9 (13.4-16.1) 5.8 (5.5-6.2) 19.4 (17.5-20.9) 30.8 (28.0-33.0) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 4 Eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. (Figs 20, 23–24; Tables 2, 12) Material examined. (118 specimens, 13–55 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – AMS I. 44520-001, male, 48 mm Sl, 19°08’S 146°52’e, Queensland, Australia, Magnetic Island, 21 km northeast of Townsville, 0–3 m depth in sublittoral; rocks, mud, corals, brown algae; ronald Fricke; 3 June 1993. PArATyPeS – AMS IA.5089, 1 female, 46 mm Sl, 10°40’S, 142°07’e, Prince of Wales Island, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, May 1931; AMS IA.5090, 1 female, 45 mm Sl, 10°40’S, 142°07’e, Prince of Wales Island, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, May 1931; AMS IA.5091, 1 male, 41 mm Sl, 10°40’S, 142°07’e, Prince of Wales Island, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, May 1931; AMS IB.6233, 2 males, 46–47 mm Sl, 4 females, 26–52 mm Sl, 21°00’S, 152°00’e, Swain reefs, Great Barrier reef, Australia, coll. Australian Museum exp., Oct. 1962; AMS IA.6793-002, 1 female, 46 mm Sl, lindeman Island, Great Barrier reef, Australia, coll. G. P. Whitley, date unknown; AMS I.19108-146, 2 males, 41–42mm Sl, 2 females, 26–39 mm Sl, 14°40’S, 145°28’e, lizard Island, Great Barrier reef, Australia, coll. D. hoese and party, 17 Nov. 1975; AMS I.20201062, 4 males, 45–50 mm Sl, 8 females, 31–51 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 21–28 mm Sl, 23°30’S, 152°05’e, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Australia, depth 0–2 m, coll. D. hoese, 29 Sept. 1971; AMS I.20770-015, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, 11°55’S, 143°27’e, Sir Charles hardy Islands, Great Barrier reef, Australia, coll. AMS-AIMS party, 14 Feb. 1979; AMS I.22579-057, 2 males, 35–42 mm Sl, 1 female, 37 mm Sl, 15°49’S, 145°50’e, Great Barrier Remarks. Alcock (1890) described as Dinematichthys piger from Great Coco Island, Andaman Islands, a dinematichthyine ish, which is of potential relevance to e. andamanensis. The unique holotype of D. piger (ZSI F12939) was not available for study. According to Alcock’s description it is a 61 mm long specimen with 75 dorsal in rays, 55 anal in rays and 90 scales along the lateral line and his igure shows a ish with a rather high position of the anterior nostril at 1/3 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Both observations point to a species of the genus Dinematichthys, not eusurculus andamanensis, which does not seem to exceed 50 mm Sl, has higher dorsal and anal in ray counts (78–84 and 59–63) and has a low anterior nostril at 1/4.5 to 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. [There are two species of the genus Dinematichthys observed along the shores of the Andaman Sea, which will be 66 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III reef, Australia, depth 2–4 m, AMS party, 28 Oct. 1981; AMS I.33739-041, 4 males, 32–41 mm Sl, 2 females, 36–39 mm Sl, 5 juveniles, 13–21 mm Sl, 10°09’S, 144°35’e, Ashmore reef, Coral Sea, Australia, depth 6–9 m, coll. FQN party, 25 Jan. 1993; AMS I.34311-052, 1 male, 42 mm Sl, 22°S, 150°e, Northumberland Isles, Great Barrier reef, Australia, AMS party, 15 Sept. 1993; ANSP 120589, 1 male, 40 mm Sl, 3 females, 40–49 mm Sl, 15°45’S, 145°42’e, endeavour reef, Great Barrier reef, Australia, depth 2–5 m, coll. J. C. Tyler and C. Smith, 16 Jan. 1969; ANSP 120593, 2 males, 29–40 mm Sl, 3 females, 39–49 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 21–27 mm Sl, 15°45’S, 145°42’e, endeavour reef, Great Barrier reef, Australia, depth 1–2.5 m, coll. J. C. Tyler and C. Smith, 13 Jan. 1969; BPBM 14420, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 1 female, 51 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef, Australia, depth 0–1 m, coll. J. e. randall and J. h. Choat, 14 Jan. 1974; SMNS 14840, 1 male, 51 mm Sl, 18°59’S, 146°55’e, Great Barrier reef, Australia, depth 0.0–0.5 m, coll. r. Fricke, 1 June 1993; SMNS 26365, 3 males, 36–48 mm Sl, 3 females, 30–54 mm Sl, same data as holotype; WAM P.25111-046, 2 males, 44–47 mm Sl, 4 females, 48–55 mm Sl, 20°00’S, 116°00’e, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, G. r. Allen et al., 3 Nov. 1974; WAM P.27980-066, 2 males, 43–44 mm Sl, 2 females, 34–55 mm Sl, 20°26’S, 115°35’e, Montebello Islands, Western Australia, depth 1–3 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 25 May 1983; WAM P.29081-004, 2 females, 41–50 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 19 mm Sl, 15°31’S, 123°09’e, Adele Island, Western Australia, depth 0.1–2.0 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 22 Sept. 1986; WAM P.30305-006, 1 female, 50 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 25 mm Sl, 13°52’S, 126°56’e, Sir Graham Moore Islands, Western Australia, depth 0–1 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 15 Aug 1991; WAM P.30311-017, 1 male, 42 mm Sl, 1 female, 39 mm Sl, 14°15’S, 125°38’e, Bonaparte Archipelago, Western Australia, depth 3–4 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 20 Aug. 1991; WAM P.30320-056, 2 males, 34 mm Sl, 1 female, 37 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 14 mm Sl, 16°05’S, 123°27’e, Powerful Island, Buccaneer Archipelago, Western Australia, depth 0.1–1.0 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 26 Aug. 1991; WAM P.30652-062, 6 males, 38–43 mm Sl, 2 females, 30–32 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 25 mm Sl, 22°33’S, 113°39’e, Norwegian Bay, Western Australia, depth 1–2 m, coll. B. hutchins et al., 19 June 1993; WAM P.30842-011, 1 male, 40 mm Sl, 2 females, 30–46 mm Sl, 12°10’S, 123°07’e, Ashmore reef, Western Australia, coll. G. r. Allen and C. Bryce, 18 Sept. 1994; ZMuC P 771638-39, 1 male, 43 mm Sl, 1 female, 31 mm Sl, same data as WAM P.30652-062. Additional material. uSNM 377263, 1 specimen, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 263753, 1 specimen, 40 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366569, 1 male, 42 mm Sl, heron Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366604, 2 females, 46–50 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366681, 2 males and 2 females, 40–48 mm Sl, heron Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366683, 2 males and 3 females, 31–46 mm Sl, heron Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366684, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, heron Island, Great Barrier reef; uSNM 366722, 2 males, 47–48 mm Sl, One Tree Island, Great Barrier reef. Diagnosis. vertebrae (12) 13-14+30-34=43-47, dorsal in rays 80–92, anal in rays 60–70, D/A 25–32, v in D 2.1–2.4; anterior nostril positioned 1/3 to 1/3.5 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with indistinct anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with narrow base and distally with large, folded sucker-disk; cheek with 4–6 rows of scales on upper part and 2–3 rows on lower; otoliths with distinct ostium and cauda, colliculi separate or partly fused, otolith length to otolith height 2.2–2.4, ostial colliculum length to caudal colliculum length 3–4. Description (Figs 23, 24). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 12. Body slender; mature at about 35 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 4–6 vertical rows of scales on upper part and 2–3 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.8 % Sl, in 24 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned moderately low, 1/3.5 to 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 to 1/7 the size of eye. Opercular spine with Fig. 23. eusurculus pistillum sp. nov., AMS I. 44520-001, holotype, 48 mm Sl. 67 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 24. eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.30842-011, male, 40 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, WAM P.30842011, male, 40 mm Sl; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, holotype; D, lateral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, holotype; E, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward, WAM P.30842-011, 40 mm Sl; F, ventral view of right pseudoclasper, WAM P.30842-011, 40 mm Sl; G, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, WAM P.30842-011, 40 mm Sl; H, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; I, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, SMNS 26365, 48 mm Sl; J, median view of right otolith, holotype; K, ventral view of right otolith, holotype. 68 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Table 12. Meristic and morphometric characters of eusurculus pistillum sp. nov. holotype holotype + AMS I. 101 paratypes 44520Mean (range) 001 48 38.7 (13-55) Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 87 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 64 Pectoral in rays 20 Precaudal vertebrae 13 Caudal vertebrae 31 Total vertebrae 44 rakers on anterior gill arch 13 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 29 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.7 head width 13.3 head height 15.3 Snout length 5.2 upper jaw length 12.2 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.2 Diameter of pupil 1.4 Interorbital width 7.0 Posterior maxilla height 4.3 Postorbital length 18.1 Preanal length 49.8 Predorsal length 29.4 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.8 Pectoral in length 13.9 Pectoral in base height 5.3 ventral in length 23.9 Base ventral in – anal in origin 34.9 n 102 86.5 (80-92) 15.7 (15-16) 65.2 (60-70) 21.1 (20-22) 13.0 (12-14) 31.5 (30-34) 44.5 (43-47) 13.4 (8-17) 1.9 (1-2) 5.9 (5-7) 28.3 (25-32) 15.0 (14-16) 69 14 69 10 69 69 69 11 11 69 69 69 24.9 (23.1-26.0) 12.6 (11.3-13.8) 14.7 (13.6-15.8) 5.5 (4.8-6.2) 12.4 (11.1-13.5) 2.4 (2.1-2.7) 1.5 (1.4-1.8) 6.6 (6.0-7.2) 4.0 (3.4-4.5) 17.8 (16.6-18.7) 48.9 (44.7-51.4) 29.8 (28.5-30.9) 15.1 (13.8-17.1) 13.7 (12.2-14.7) 5.4 (4.9-6.1) 23.6 (22.3-26.8) 31.4 (28.2-34.9) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 9 10 free pointed tip. Anterior gill arch with 8–17 (13) rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 1–2 (usually 2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 24A, B). Supraorbital pores 2. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior). Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to ive outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with three rows of equally sized small teeth up to 1/5 diameter of pupil. Palatine with three rows of equally sized small teeth up to 1/5 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 24J–K). elongate in shape, length to height 2.2–2.4 (37–48 mm Sl) and thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip moderately pointed, posterior rim expanded, mostly pointed. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded predorsal angle and sharp postdorsal angle, section in between straight or slightly concave, also concave in front of predorsal angle and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest anterior to middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.6–1.8. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, inclined about 5° towards otolith axis, colliculi separated or partly joined. Ostium much longer and wider than cauda (length of ostial colliculum to length of caudal colliculum 3–4, height of ostial colliculum to height of caudal colliculum 1.8–2.2). ventral furrow long, distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, anteriorly and posteriorly turning upward. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 (9) depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae (6) 7 to 13. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 12. First anal in pterygophore elongate in males, but not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis, less elongated in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 24C–I). Two pairs of large, free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with small, indistinct anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with narrow base and distally with large, folded sucker-disk. Penis slightly curved, longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour reported yellow (BPBM 14420). Preserved colour light to medium greyish-brown, often with darker back including the dorsal in. Comparison. eusurculus pistillum resembles e. andamanensis (see description for differentiation). From e. pristinus sp. nov. it differs in the sucker-shaped inner pseudoclasper (vs miniature sucker-disk with two small hooks), the somewhat higher position of the anterior nostril (distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye 1/3.5 – 1/4 vs 1/4 – 1/5), the generally higher number of precaudal vertebrae (mostly 13–14 vs 11–12) and the more elongate otoliths (otolith length to otolith height 2.2–2.4 vs 2.0–2.1). Female and juvenile specimens of e. pistillum can possibly be confused with members of the genus Dinematichthys Bleeker, 1855, because of the relatively high position of the anterior nostril. however, eusurculus pistillum is easily recognised by the higher number of precaudal vertebrae of 13 to 14 (one in 118 specimens with 12) vs mostly 11, rarely 12 in Dinematichthys. Another source of confusion of females could be with Didymothallus mizolepis, with which e. pistillum shares a large area of distribution, although not occurring syntopically, possibly 69 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller due to adaption to differing environments, i.e. more offshore, outer reef fringes in the case of e. pistillum and more inshore, backreef environments in the case of D. mizolepis. Female specimens of e. pistillum are distinguished best from those of D. mizolepis by their distinctly higher position of the anterior nostril (see D. mizolepis for further discussion). Distribution. eusurculus pistillum shows a disjunctive distribution pattern along the northern shores of Australia, in the west from exmouth to the Kimberleys and to the offshore ashmore reef in the timor Sea and in the east from the Coral Sea and Cape york southwards to One Tree Island of the southern reaches of the Great Barrier reef (Fig. 20). It has not been obtained yet from the shores of the Northern Territory or the Gulf of Carpentaria. The holotype and other SMNS materials were found associated with crevices of silty rock. Ecology. This species appears to be most common in reef environments, often on outer reefs, and avoid of inshore and back reef areas. Etymology. From pistillum (latin = pistil) referring to the sucker-disk shape of the inner pseudoclasper, which resembles the shape of a lower’s pistil. A noun in apposition. Table 13. Meristic and morphometric characters of eusurculus pristinus sp. nov. holotype uSNM 374171 Standard length in mm 43 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 80 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 60 Pectoral in rays 19 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 14 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 27 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.3 head width 12.3 head height 16.5 Snout length 5.0 upper jaw length 12.9 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.3 Diameter of pupil 1.4 Interorbital width 5.7 Posterior maxilla height 4.3 Postorbital length 19.1 Preanal length 47.8 Predorsal length 31.4 Body depth at origin of anal in 16.6 Pectoral in length 16.1 Pectoral in base height 5.6 ventral in length 21.8 Base ventral in – anal in origin 29.2 Eusurculus pristinus sp. nov. (Figs 20, 25–26; Tables 2, 13) Material examined. (30 specimens, 12–46 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 374171, male, 45 mm Sl, 4°46’S, 146°09’e, Bagabag Island, off Madang, northern Papua New-Guinea, B. B. Collette, 19 June 1979. PArATyPeS – AMS IA.793, 1 male, 30 mm Sl, 1 female, 46 mm Sl, 16°37’S, 168°09’e, epi Island, vanuatu, coll. McCulloch and party, date unknown; AMS I.33732-026, 1 female, 41 mm Sl, 16°49’S, 168°22’e, epi Island, vanuatu, coll. J. Williams and party, 11 June 1996; uSNM 189954, 1 male, 32 mm Sl, New Georgia, Solomons, coll. W. Chapman, 1944; uSNM 189956, 1 female, 40 mm Sl, New Georgia, Solomons, coll. W. Chapman and Cheyne, 15 June 1944; uSNM 356207, 1 male, 39 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 24–26 mm Sl, 2 larvae, 12 mm Sl, 16°49’S, 168°22’e, Namuka Island, vanuatu, coll. J. T. Williams et al., 3 June 1996; holotype + 29 paratypes n Mean (range) 28.9 (12-46) 30 81.0 (74-86) 14.8 (14-15) 62.6 (58-70) 19.3 (18-20) 11.5 (11-12) 31.3 (30-33) 42.8 (41-44) 15.3 (14-18) 1.3 (0-2) 6.1 (6-7) 22.4 (18-27) 14.0 (13-15) 24 4 24 9 24 24 24 13 13 24 24 24 26.0 (23.9-28.3) 11.8 (10.8-12.7) 14.9 (12.7-16.5) 5.2 (4.4-5.8) 12.5 (11.7-13.3) 2.3 (1.6-3.1) 1.4 (0.9-1.7) 6.1 (5.6-6.6) 3.6 (3.3-4.3) 19.1 (17.8-21.0) 47.2 (42.3-49.7) 30.1 (30.1-33.0) 15.0 (12.3-17.2) 14.8 (11.9-16.5) 5.6 (4.7-6.2) 22.3 (19.3-26.2) 29.2 (25.5-32.5) 13 13 13 13 13 25 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 12 uSNM 366219, 1 male, 29 mm Sl, 1 female, 23 mm Sl, 4°14’S, 152°26’e, Mioko Island, New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, coll. D. Cohen and W. Davis, 25 Feb. 1965; uSNM 374185, 1 male, 27 mm Sl, 8 females, 23–29 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 20–21 mm Sl, Fig. 25. eusurculus pristinus sp. nov., uSNM 374171, holotype, 45 mm Sl. 70 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 26. eusurculus pristinus sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, uSNM 356207, 39 mm Sl; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, uSNM 356207, 39 mm Sl; E, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 356207, 39 mm Sl; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; G, median view of right otolith, holotype; H, ventral view of right otolith, holotype. Bougainville, Solomons, coll. D. Cohen et al., 11 March 1965; uSNM 384195, 1 female, 40 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 23 mm Sl, same data as holotype. ZMuC P771632-33, 1 male, 38 mm Sl, 1 female, 34 mm Sl, same data as uSNM 374185. Additional specimens. uSNM 189951, 2 females, 35– 42 mm Sl, 8°52’S, 158°30’e, New Georgia, Solomons. Diagnosis. vertebrae 11-12+30-33=41-44, dorsal in rays 74–86, anal in rays 58–70, D/A 18–27, v in D 2.0–2.3; anterior nostril positioned 1/4 to 1/5 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with moderately broad base and distally widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and miniature sucker-disk with two small hooks; cheek with 5–8 rows of scales on upper part and 3–4 rows on lower; otoliths with distinct ostium and cauda, colliculi 71 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller partly fused, otolith length to otolith height 2.0–2.1, ostial colliculum length to caudal colliculum length 3.5–5. Description (Figs 25, 26). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 13. Body slender; small sized, mature at about 25 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–8 (6) vertical rows of scales on upper part and 3–4 vertical rows on lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.8 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 to 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/6 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, moderately pointed. Anterior gill arch with 14–18 (14) rakers, thereof 2–4 (4) elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 0–2 (2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 26A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with or without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third nontubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to ive outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 26G, h). Compact, length to height 2.0–2.1 (39–45 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.0). Anterior tip moderately pointed, posterior broad, not much expanded. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded predorsal angle and sharp postdorsal angle, section in between slightly concave to slightly convex, markedly concave in front of predorsal angle, less concave behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest anterior to middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.0–2.2. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, slightly inclined 5° towards otolith axis, ostium and cauda separated, colliculi partly fused. Ostium much longer and wider than cauda (length of ostial colliculum to length of caudal colliculum 3.5–5, height of ostial colliculum to height of caudal colliculum 2.0–3.0). ventral furrow long, not very distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 (9) depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongate, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 26C–F). Two pairs of large, free pseudoclaspers; outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with moderately broad base and distally much widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament); inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and distally with miniature sucker-disk with two small hooks, i.e. intermediate between the eusurculus and the Ungusurculus pattern. Penis curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brown. Comparison. See e. andamanensis and e. pistillum for detailed comparison. The shape of the inner pseudoclasper with the miniature sucker-disk with two small hooks resembles the pattern found in species of Ungusurculus gen. nov., and appears intermediate between eusurculus and Ungusurculus gen. nov. There is one species of Ungusurculus gen. nov. geographically co-occurring with e. pristinus, U. collettei sp. nov. eusurculus pristinus, however differs from all Ungusurculus species in the presence of an upper preopercular pore (vs absent) and clearly separated ostium and cauda (vs fused, although sometimes with a small step at the ventral margin of the sulcus indicating a former separation of ostium and cauda). Distribution. eusurculus pristinus is distributed from the Bismarck Archipelago and Bagabag Island off the New Guinea mainland to the Solomon Islands and vanuatu (Fig. 20), an offshore oceanic island distribution pattern similar to Diancistrus eremitus Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005. Etymology. From pristinus (latin = ancient, original) referring to the simpler pattern of the inner pseudoclasper when compared to the sucker-disk observed in the other two species of the genus. A noun in apposition. Lapitaichthys gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 14) Type species: Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed moderately low on snout (1/3.5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye); male copulatory organ with single pair of small (outer) pseudoclaspers with single supporter and small hook at anterior rim; small sized, not exceeding 50 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae 12–13, total vertebrae 43–45; dorsal in rays 92–99, branchiostegal rays 6–7; v in D 2.4–2.6; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; otolith moderately elongate (otolith length to height 2.0–2.1), sulcus slightly inclined (5°), colliculi separated, ostium length to cauda length 2.5–2.8; maxilla expanded posterio-ventrally. 72 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Compar i son. T he combi n at ion of a si ngle pseudoclasper, the presence of an upper preopercular pore and the separation of the colliculi of the sulcus of the otolith distinguishes Lapitaichthys from all other dinematichthyine genera. Monothrix resembles it in the single pseudoclasper and the presence of an upper preopercular pore, but has fused colliculi in the undivided sulcus. eusurculus and Mascarenichthys gen. nov. as well as the New World Ogilbia and Ogilbichthys all share the presence of the upper preopercular pore and the separated colliculi (or at least ostium and cauda with partly fused colliculi) with Lapitaichthys, but all have two (or three) pairs of pseudoclaspers with the inner pseudoclaspers usually being highly specialised. The position of the anterior nostril is moderately low, intermediate between the situation in Dinematichthys (less than 1/3 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye) and most other Dinematichthyini (more than 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye). A similar intermediate position of the anterior nostril is found in some species of the genus Diancistrus (see Schwarzhans et al. 2005) and in eusurculus pistillum (see above). Species. The genus is monotypic. Etymology. Named in recognition of the lapita culture, the early indigenous pottery culture of Polynesia, which was irst discovered in New Caledonia, the region to which Lapitaichthys appears to be endemic. The name is based on the local word ‘xaapeta’, meaning ‘dig a hole’, which was misheard and became ‘lapita’. Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov. (Figs 10, 27–28; Tables 2, 14) Material examined. (48 specimens, 16–50 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – SMNS 23029, male, 43 mm Sl, 22°09.2’S, 166°14.7’e, New Caledonia, coastal reefs about 27 km to the west-north-west of Nouméa, depth 0.2–2.5 m, coll. r. Fricke, 23 May 2000. PArATyPeS – MNhN 1980-1005, 2 males, 47–49 mm Sl, 1 females, 45 mm Sl, Anse vata, Nouméa, New Caledonia, depth 0–2 m, coll. J. C. randall and l. A. Mauge, 14 Jan. 1979; NMNZ P.029586, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, 22°38.6’S, 166°38.6’e, 6 miles off Goelands Kay, New Caledonia, depth 1–2 m, coll. C. D. roberts and C. Paulin, 27 Oct. 1992; rOM 65316, 2 males, 45–47 mm Sl, 4 females, 38–43 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 22 mm Sl, 22°16.3’S, 166°23.0’e, Isle Nou, New Caledonia, coll. G. Klassen and M. Kulbicki, 29 Aug. 1991; rOM 65318, 2 males, 43–47 mm Sl, 4 females, 39–45 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 16–18 mm Sl, 22°21’S, 166°21’e, N of Isle De Crouy, New Caledonia, coll. G. Klassen and P. Tirard, 16 Sept. 1991; SMNS 18238, 2 females, 46–48 mm Sl, 22°12.3’S, 166°21.3’e, coastal reefs about 10 km to the west-north-west of Nouméa, New Caledonia, depth 0–1 m, coll. r. Fricke, 22 July 1996; SMNS 22849, 1 female, 49 mm Sl, 22°34.1’S, 167°25.4’e, Ile des Pins, New Caledonia, depth 0–2.5 m, coll. r. Fricke, 16 May 2000; Table 14. Meristic and morphometric characters of Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov. holotype SMnS 23029 Standard length in mm 43 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 93 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 66 Pectoral in rays 22 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 32 Total vertebrae 44 rakers on anterior gill arch 16 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 32 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 23.9 head width 12.2 head height 14.8 Snout length 5.4 upper jaw length 12.3 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.7 Diameter of pupil 1.9 Interorbital width 6.8 Posterior maxilla height 3.8 Postorbital length 16.9 Preanal length 49.3 Predorsal length 28.8 Body depth at origin of anal in 16.4 Pectoral in length 14.2 Pectoral in base height 4.8 ventral in length 22.9 Base ventral in – anal in origin 33.7 holotype + 47 paratypes n Mean (range) 39.5 (16-50) 48 95.0 (89-99) 15.6 (14-16) 68.7 (62-74) 22.3 (22-23) 12.0 (12-13) 31.8 (30-33) 43.9 (43-45) 16.4 (15-22) 1.0 (0-2) 6 31.4 (28-35) 15.2 (14-17) 31 31 31 8 34 34 34 10 10 32 32 31 24.6 (22.7-27.8) 11.5 (9.1-13.1) 14.4 (12.1-16.2) 5.4 (4.5-7.1) 12.2 (11.1-14.1) 2.6 (2.3-3.3) 1.4 (1.2-1.9) 6.5 (5.5-7.6) 4.0 (3.1-4.6) 17.0 (15.6-20.4) 48.4 (46.4-50.5) 29.1 (27.5-32.5) 15.1 (11.8-16.4) 13.3 (11.7-15.0) 5.6 (4.8-7.2) 22.0 (19.5-26.6) 31.1 (28.0-33.7) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 9 10 10 10 10 8 SMNS 26367, 1 male, 41 mm Sl, 3 females, 32–43 mm Sl, same data as holotype; SMNS 25443, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 4 females, 38–50 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 23 mm Sl, 22°36.4’S, 167°24.8’e, Ilot Mwéré, Iles des Pins, New Caledonia, 0–1.5 m, coll. r. Fricke, 27 Oct. 2006; uSNM 319897, 6 males, 27–45 mm Sl, 7 females, 36–45 mm Sl, 22°15’S, 166°22’e, northwest off Nouméa, New Caledonia, depth 2 m, coll. J. T. Williams and G. Mhou Tham, 8 Nov. 1991; ZMuC P771619-20, same data as uSNM 319897, 1 male, 43 mm Sl, 1 female, 40 mm Sl. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description (Figs 27, 28). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 14. Body and head slender, snout pointed; small sized, mature at about 25 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 6–7 vertical rows of scales on the upper part and 4 vertical rows on the lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.5 % Sl, in 22 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by 73 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 27. Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov., SMNS 23029, holotype, 43 mm Sl. upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular with knob. Anterior nostril positioned moderately low, 1/3.5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 size of eye. Opercular spine with short free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15–22 (16) rakers, thereof 2–3 (2) elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 0–2 (1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 28A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third non-tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of Fig. 28. Lapitaichthys frickei sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, uSNM 319897, male, 45 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, uSNM 319897, male, 45 mm Sl; C, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; D, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; E, median view of right otolith, uSNM 319897, male, 45 mm Sl; F, ventral view of right otolith, uSNM 319897, male, 45 mm Sl. 74 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III equally sized teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with two outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 1/2 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 28e, F). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.0–2.1 (36–49 mm Sl) and thick (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2). Anterior tip slightly pointed; posterior tip more expanded and pointed. Dorsal rim with sharp predorsal angle and sharp projecting postdorsal angles, section in between concave, also markedly concave in front of predorsal angle and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and evenly curved, deepest about at middle. Inner face convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.6–1.8. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, slightly inclined 5° towards otolith axis, markedly deepened, colliculi clearly separated. Ostium longer and wider than cauda (length of ostial colliculum to length of caudal colliculum 2.5–2.8, height of ostial colliculum to height of caudal colliculum 1.6–1.9). ventral furrow long, distinct, very close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upwards; dorsal depression narrow, bent, almost resembling ventral furrow. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–9 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 6 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11 (12). First anal in pterygophore elongate, but usually not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males and even shorter in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 28C–D). Single pair of small (outer) pseudoclaspers, simple wing-shaped, with single supporter, often with little claw-like hook at middle of anterior rim of pseudoclasper. Penis stout, not much longer than pseudoclasper, curved, with broad basis. Colour. live colour yellow (SMNS 23029, SMNS 22849). Preserved colour usually very light to light brown. Comparison. See comparison between Lapitaichthys and other genera. Distribution. Known exclusively from south-eastern New Caledonia, from the vicinity of Nouméa to the Isle des Pins (Fig. 10). Ecology. Lapitaichthys frickei is restricted to lagoonal and back reef environments. The holotype and most SMNS paratypes were found in crevices of coralline rock of fringing lagoonal reefs associated with live corals. SMNS 22849 from the Ile des Pins was found in crevices of the coralline rock of a lagoonal patch reef, also associated with live corals. Etymology. Named in honour of ronald Fricke, Stuttgart, SMNS, in recognition of his many contributions to the ishes of the south-western West Paciic and his support in making available the valuable material from the SMNS collection. Majungaichthys gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 15) Type species: Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout (1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye); male copulatory organ with two pairs of small pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper simple, lap-like, not much larger than simple lap-like inner pseudoclasper; small sized ish, not much exceeding 40 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae 12, total vertebrae 43–44; dorsal in rays 71–79; v in D 1.9–2.1; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; otolith moderately elongate (otolith length to height 2.1–2.2), sulcus short (otolith length to sulcus length 1.9) slightly inclined (5°), colliculi fused (sometimes incomplete with indication of distinction of ostial and caudal colliculi); maxilla expanded posteroventrally. Comparison. Majungaichthys shares the combination of two pairs of pseudoclasper, the presence of an upper preopercular pore and the (sometimes incompletely) fused colliculi of the undivided sulcus of the otolith with a number of dinematichthyine genera, i.e. Brotulinella, Diancistrus, Paradiancistrus and Ungusurculus n. gen. from the Indo-west Paciic and Pseudogilbia from american waters. They are, however, all distinguished by their respective specializations of their pseudoclaspers – the anteriorly joined inner and outer pseudoclaspers found in Brotulinella, Diancistrus and Paradiancistrus, the claw-like specialization of the inner pseudoclasper and the hooked outer pseudoclasper in Ungusurculus gen. nov. – and in the case of Paradiancistrus and Pseudogilbia by the presence of a single lower preopercular pore (vs 3 pores). In terms of the pseudoclasper morphology, Majungaichthys (and Mascarenichthys gen. nov., see later) is the most similar of all the Indo-west Paciic Dinematichthyini to the most common American genus Ogilbia. Majungaichthys differs from both these genera in the otolith showing an undivided sulcus with fused colliculi (vs divided and separated colliculi). From Mascarenichthys it further differs in the higher number of precaudal vertebrae (12 vs 11) and total vertebrae (43–44 vs 39–42). Species. The genus is monotypic. Etymology. Named after the Majunga (Mahajanga) province of Madagascar, where the type locality is located. Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov. (Figs 29–31; Tables 2, 15) Material examined. (7 specimens, 26–40 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 374170, male, 37 mm Sl, 16°21’S, 43°59’e, Ile Chesterield, off Cape Saint-Andre, Majunga province, Madagascar, l. W. Knapp et al., 16 Oct. 1964. PArATyPe – uSNM 384196, 1 female, 40 mm Sl, same data as holotype. 75 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Table 15. Meristic and morphometric characters of Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov. holotype Paratype Tentatively uSNM uSNM assigned 374170 384196 non-types n = 4 Standard length in mm 37 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 79 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 58 Pectoral in rays 20 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 31 Total vertebrae 43 rakers on anterior gill arch 13 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 24 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 25.6 head width 11.6 head height 15.0 Snout length 5.6 upper jaw length 12.9 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.5 Diameter of pupil 1.6 Interorbital width 7.0 Posterior maxilla height 4.2 Postorbital length 18.2 Preanal length 49.5 Predorsal length 32.8 Body depth at origin of 16.4 anal in Pectoral in length 16.5 Pectoral in base height 5.4 ventral in length Base ventral in – 30.1 anal in origin Fig. 29. Sample sites of Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov., Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov., M. microphthalmus sp. nov. and Mascarenichthys sp. One symbol may represent several samples. Tentatively assigned specimens. uSNM 374164, 1 female, 26 mm Sl, 10°19’S, 56°35’e, Agalega Island (north island), Mauritius; uSNM 374174, 3 females, 30–35 mm Sl, 10°19’S, 56°35’e, Agalega Island (north island), Mauritius; uSNM 374175, 1 female, 32 mm Sl, 10°21’S, 56°35’e, Agalega Island (north island), Mauritius. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description (Figs 30, 31). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 15. Body moderately elongate with blunt snout; small sized, mature at about 35 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 4–5 (5) vertical rows of scales on upper part and 3 vertical rows on lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.5 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending well behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end 40 Mean (range) 32.4 (26-35) 78 14 59 20 12 32 44 15 2 6 24 15 72.8 (71-75) 14.3 (14-15) 59.0 (56-62) 18.3 (18-19) 12 31.5 (31-32) 43.5 (43-44) 14.0 (12-17) 2 6 20.8 (20-21) 13.8 (13-14) 24.2 12.5 15.5 5.4 12.6 2.4 1.7 6.3 4.3 17.9 46.8 30.3 26.2 (24.7-26.9) 12.6 (11.9-13.5) 15.1 (14.6-16.2) 5.8 (5.3-6.3) 13.5 (12.7-14.1) 2.4 (1.9-2.8) 1.5 (1.2-1.8) 6.6 (6.1-7.3) 4.0 (3.6-4.4) 18.3 (18.0-19.1) 44.1 (41.9-45.3) 32.1 (31.4-32.9) 16.8 15.1 (13.8-15.8) 15.2 5.7 25.9 15.2 (13.6-16.2) 5.3 (4.3-5.9) 22.2 (19.7-24.9) 30.3 26.7 (25.5-27.5) expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned moderately low, 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about Fig. 30. Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov., uSNM 374170, holotype, 37 mm Sl. 76 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 31. Majungaichthys simplex sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; F, median view of right otolith, holotype; G, median view of right otolith, uSNM 374174, female, 35 mm Sl. 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with short free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 12–17 (15) rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 31A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third nontubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with up to four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with a single row of teeth, up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 31F, G). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.1 (35–37 mm Sl) and moderately thick (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.1). Anterior tip angular, rather blunt; posterior tip incomplete, probably somewhat expanded. Dorsal rim with rounded pre- and postdorsal angles, section in between slightly concave, also concave behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and evenly curved, somewhat deeper in front of middle. Inner face convex, outer face lat, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.9. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, slightly inclined 5° towards otolith axis, ostium and cauda undivided, colliculi fused. ventral furrow long, distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upward to meet posterior tip of sulcus. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 10 (11 in the specimens 77 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller from Agalega). First anal fin pterygophore elongate, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 31C-e). Two pairs of moderately large, simple, lap-like pseudoclaspers, the outer being just slightly longer than the inner; isthmus wide. Penis curved, slightly longer than pseudoclasper, with broad basis. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium reddish brown. Comparison. See comparison between Majungaichthys and other genera. Distribution. exclusively known from the small Ile Chesterield, Majunga province, off the north-western coast of Madagascar (Fig. 29). Five female specimens from the Agalega Islands to the north-east of Madagascar are only tentatively assigned to the species. They differ slightly from the two specimens from Madagascar in the lower dorsal in ray count (71–75 vs 78–79), lower D/A (20–21 vs 24), 1 loin vertebrae (vs 2) and the distance from the base of the ventral in to the anal in origin (25.5–27.5 vs 30.1–30.3). It is expected that these small differences represent intraspeciic variation, but it is also possible that, once pseudoclaspers from males from Agalega have become known, they could qualify for a distinct species. Etymology. From simplex (latin = simple) referring to the simple pattern of the pseudoclaspers. A noun in apposition. the penis distinguish Mascarenichthys from eusurculus with its stalked inner pseudoclasper terminating in a sucker-disk. The low dorsal fin ray count (62–73) further distinguishes Mascarenichthys from eusurculus (74–92). For distinction from Majungaichthys, with which it co-occurs in the general area, see description of the genus (above). Of all I ndo -west Pacif ic Di nemat icht hy i n i, Mascarenichthys (and Majungaichthys, see above) appears to be closest to the American genus Ogilbia, with which it shares many diagnostically important characters (see above). The main difference is the pocket on the isthmus, in which the inner pseudoclasper is hidden in the resting position. This has never been observed in Ogilbia, but is a common character in another american dinematichthyine genus (Ogilbichthys) which has two inner pseudoclaspers (like Dactylosurculus) of which the anterior one in some species is partly hidden in a pocket of the isthmus. Whether this rather unique development represents a synapomorphy or is a functional analogy remains uncertain at present. In Mascarenichthys the inner pseudoclasper is so well hidden in the pocket of the isthmus in such a way that without speciic unearthing with the use of forceps it may easily go unrecognised. Species. The genus includes two new species plus a possible further species currently left in open nomenclature due to the lack of adequate male specimens. Etymology. Named in reference to the Mascarene plate, from where most of the specimens observed so far have been obtained. Mascarenichthys gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 16, 17) Type species: Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout (1/4 to 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye); male copulatory organ with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, the inner broad, with three ridges in anterior, posterior and inward direction and hidden in pocket of wide isthmus in resting position; tip of penis bent, hook-like, at 90° angle; small sized, not much exceeding 50 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae 11, total vertebrae 39–42; dorsal in rays 62–73, branchiostegal rays 6–7; v in D 1.8–2.1; head with scale patch on cheek only, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; otolith very elongate (otolith length to height 2.3–2.5), sulcus slightly inclined (5°), colliculi separated, ostium length to cauda length 3.5–4.5; maxilla expanded posteroventrally, rounded. Comparison. Mascarenichthys shares the combination of two pairs of pseudoclaspers, the presence of an upper preopercular pore and the separated colliculi of the clearly divided sulcus of the otolith, with eusurculus from the Indo-west Paciic and Ogilbia from American waters. The broad inner pseudoclasper with the three ridges, its itting in a pocket of the isthmus and the hook-like bent tip of Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. (Figs 29, 32, 33; Tables 2, 16) Material examined. (77 specimens, 19–51 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – ANSP 138387, male, 44 mm Sl, 4°39’S, 55°31’e, off eastern Mahe, Anonyme Island, large sandy-bottom tidepool, Seychelles, depth 0–2 m, coll. D. Dockins and r. rosenblatt, 4 Feb. 1964. PArATyPeS – Seychelles: ANSP 138385, 1 male, 36 mm Sl, 5°25’S, 53°18’e, Amirante Islands, D’Arros Island, depth 0–2.5 m, coll. J. e. Boehlke et al., 6 March 1964; ANSP 187333, 5 males, 28–42 mm Sl, 14 females 23–51 mm Sl, same data as holotype; ANSP 179178, 4 males, 28–41 mm Sl, 8 females, 26–48 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 19–22 mm Sl, 4°39’S, 55°30’e, off eastern Mahe, depth 0–3 m, coll. J. e. Boehlke et al., 10 Feb. 1964; BMNh 1932.7.29.48, 1 female, 51 mm Sl, Cerf Island, north of Mahe, coll. Wood, date unknown; BPBM 21598, 2 males, 30–37 mm Sl, 2 females, 36–41 mm Sl, la Digue Island, depth 0–1 m, coll. J. e. and h. A. randall and D. Woodland, 1 June 1977; BPBM 22979, 1 female, 24 mm Sl, la Digue Island, depth 0–1 m, coll. J. e. and h. A. randall and D. Woodland, 1 June 1977; uSNM 267205, 5 males, 27–34 mm Sl, 4 females, 24–33 mm Sl, Mahe, depth 0–3 m, coll. J. T. Williams at al., 1 May 1984; Cargados Carajos: 78 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 32. Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov., ANSP 138387, holotype, 44 mm Sl. uSNM 366232, 2 males, 21–36 mm Sl, 6 females, 24–36 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 22 mm Sl, 16°43’S, 59°35’e, veronge Bay, depth 0–1 m, coll. v. Springer et al., 11 April 1976; uSNM 374165, 1 juvenile, 20 mm Sl, 16°15’S, 59°33’e, Albatross Island, depth 0–18 m, coll. v. Springer et al., 6 April 1976; uSNM 374168, 2 males, 5 females, 31–42 Table 16. Meristic and morphometric characters of Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. holotype anSP 138387 Standard length in mm 44 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 68 Caudal inrays 15 Anal in rays 52 Pectoral in rays 18 Precaudal vertebrae 11 Caudal vertebrae 28 Total vertebrae 39 rakers on anterior gill arch 15 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 23 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.4 head width 14.3 head height 16.3 Snout length 5.7 upper jaw length 14.1 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.1 Diameter of pupil 1.3 Interorbital width 6.6 Posterior maxilla height 3.3 Postorbital length 19.2 Preanal length 51.5 Predorsal length 32.8 Body depth at origin of anal in 17.3 Pectoral in length 14.5 Pectoral in base height 6.4 ventral in length 22.3 Base ventral in – anal in origin 31.9 holotype + 47 paratypes n Mean (range) 35.0 (19-51) 77 67.4 (62-73) 15.6 (15-16) 51.5 (46-56) 17.5 (16-18) 11 29.1 (28-31) 40.1 (39-42) 14.6 (13-18) 2 6.1 (5-7) 20.9 (17-25) 13.7 (13-15) 69 16 69 37 68 68 69 22 20 69 69 69 25.7 (23.4-27.5) 12.7 (11.9-14.3) 14.5 (12.8-16.3) 5.6 (5.1-6.5) 12.8 (11.0-14.3) 2.1 (1.5-2.7) 1.3 (0.8-1.9) 5.8 (5.1-6.6) 3.4 (3.0-4.4) 18.5 (16.1-20.7) 48.0 (44.1-51.5) 32.2 (29.4-35.5) 15.2 (13.0-18.6) 13.8 (11.5-16.1) 5.4 (5.0-6.4) 21.9 (17.1-26.2) 30.1 (27.1-33.1) 44 25 25 25 25 47 40 24 26 25 41 42 26 26 25 43 23 mm Sl, 16°25’S, 59°36’e, raphael Island, depth 6–11 m, coll. v. Springer et al., 6 April 1976; uSNM 374169, 1 male, 5 females, 23–36 mm Sl, 16°28’S, 59°40’e, raphael Island, depth 0–6 m, coll. v. Springer et al., 5 Apr 1976; ZMuC P771621-22, 1 male, 30 mm Sl, 1 female, 34 mm Sl, same data as uSNM 366232; Mauritius: AMS I.28101033, 1 male, 34 mm Sl, 20°30.8’S, 57°33.7’e, south coast at Senneville, riviere des Anguilles, depth 0.2–1.5 m, coll. J. Paxton, O. Grifiths and M. Welshman, 1 Nov. 1988; BPBM 20202, 2 females, 39–51 mm Sl, between Trou d’eau Douce and Palmar, depth 0.5–1.5 m, coll. J. e. randall, 7 November 1973; reunion: SMNS 21084, 1 female, 42 mm Sl, 21°09.2’S, 55°16.3’e, SSe Pointe des Chateaux, west coast of Island, depth 0–1.5 m, coll. r. Fricke, 31 Dec. 1998. Additional material. uSNM 349826, 1 female, 39 mm Sl, 20°30’S, 57°34’e, south-eastern coast of Mauritius. Diagnosis. vertebrae 11+28-30 (rarely 31) = 39–41 (rarely 42), dorsal in rays 62–73, anal in rays 46–56, pectoral fin rays 16–18, D/A 17–25, v in D 1.8–2.1; anterior nostril positioned 1/4–1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; eyes moderately large (1.5–2.7 % Sl); two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper simple, lap-shaped with pointed tip, broad at base, short, slightly longer than inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper broad, with three ridges in anterior, posterior and inward direction and hidden in pocket of wide isthmus (in resting position); cheek with 5–7 rows of scales on upper part and 3–4 rows on lower part; upper preopercular pore present; otolith very elongate (otolith length to height 2.3–2.5), sulcus slightly inclined (5°), colliculi separated, ostium length to cauda length 3.5–4.5. Description (Figs 32, 33). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 16. Body moderately elongate with moderately pointed snout; small sized, mature at about 25 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–7 (7) vertical scale rows on upper part and 3–4 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.2 % Sl, in 21 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending well behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 79 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 33. Mascarenichthys heemstrai sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, BMNh 1932.7.29.48, female, 51 mm Sl; B, lateral view of head, SMNS 21084, female, 42 mm Sl; C, ventral view of head, BPBM 20202, female, 51 mm Sl; D, lateral view of head, uSNM 366232, male, 36 mm Sl; E, ventral view of head, uSNM 366232, male, 36 mm Sl; F, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, uSNM 366232, male, 36 mm Sl; G, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward and inner pseudoclaspers submerged in pocket of isthmus, holotype; H, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward and inner pseudoclaspers excavated, holotype; I, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, AMS I.28101-033, male, 34 mm Sl; J, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; K, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, BPBM 21598, male, 37 mm Sl; L, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 366232, male, 36 mm Sl; M, median view of right otolith, BMNh 1932.7.29.48, female, 51 mm Sl; N, ventral view of right otolith, BMNh 1932.7.29.48, female, 51 mm Sl; O, median view of right otolith, SMNS 21084, female, 42 mm Sl; P, median view of right otolith, uSNM 366232, male, 36 mm Sl. 80 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III 1/4–1/5 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 13–18 (15) rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 33A–e). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with or without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third non-tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 of diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 33M–P). very elongate in shape, length to height 2.3–2.5 (30–51 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip moderately pointed, more pointed and longer in smaller specimens, posterior tip expanded, moderately pointed. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded predorsal angle and slightly more pronounced postdorsal angle (particularly in smaller specimens, Fig. 33P), small concavity above anterior tip in large specimens, almost straight in small specimens, concavity behind postdorsal angle only in small specimens; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest in front of its middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.8–2.1 in large specimens, 2.1–2.25. Sulcus positioned slightly anteriorly, inclined about 5° toward otolith axis, colliculi separate, ostium much longer and wider than cauda, ostium length to cauda length 3.5–4.5. ventral furrow long, close and parallel to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 4 inclined and 5–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae (6) 7 to 11. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 10. First anal in pterygophore elongated, but usually not reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males and less elongated in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 33F–l). Two pairs of moderately large, free pseudoclaspers. Inner pseudoclasper well hidden in pocket of broad isthmus, often unrecognised when hood bent forward, only visible when freed with tweezers from pocket (Fig. 33G–h). Outer pseudoclasper simple, flap-shaped with pointed tip, broad at base, short, only slightly longer than inner pseudoclasper; inner pseudoclasper broad, with three ridges in anterior, posterior and inward directions. Penis with tip strongly bent at about 90°, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, with broad base. Colour. live colour dull yellow (BPBM 20202). Preserved colour light brown. Comparison. Mascarenichthys heemstrai co-occurs with Dinematichthys indicus Machida, 1994 (identiication subject to review of the genus Dinematichthys), which in fact is much more common. It is distinguished by the lack of scales on the operculum (vs head entirely scaled in D. indicus, albeit incomplete in juveniles, which are similar in size with adults of M. heemstrai), presence of an upper preopercular pore (vs absent) and the very speciic male copulatory organ. From Majungaichthys simplex, which also occurs along the Mascarene chain (Agalega Islands), it differs in the number of precaudal vertebrae (11 vs 12), the male copulatory organ and the elongate otolith (otolith length to height 2.3–2.5 vs 2.1) with separate colliculi (vs fused). It differs from the South African M. microphthalmus sp. nov. in the larger eye (1.5–2.7 % Sl vs 0.8–1.2 % Sl) and the fact that the outer pseudoclasper is slightly longer than the inner pseudoclasper (vs shorter than the inner pseudoclasper). Remarks. The specimens of M. heemstrai from the four main areas of distribution (Seychelles, Cargados Carajos, Mauritius and reunion) seem to differ statistically from each other, but not to the extent that would warrant separation into individual species in our opinion. For instance, the specimens from Cargados Carajos (Fig. 33D– F, l, P) seem to mature at smaller sizes and also do not seem to grow to the same size as those from the other areas. Their head proile is often more blunt and the ish appear more slender. Specimens from Mauritius and reunion (Fig. 33B, C, O) appear more thick-headed than those from the Seychelles (Fig. 33A, G–K, M–N) and with their otoliths tending to be more compressed. The single specimen from reunion (Fig. 33B) is further characterised by a very wide maxilla. Distribution. Seychelles, Cargados Carajos, Mauritius and reunion (Fig. 29); not known from the Agalega Islands. Ecology. Mascarenichthys heemstrai is most commonly observed in catches from the back reef lagoonal and tide pool environments, whereas it is rare to nearly absent from the main and outer reef environments, which in fact is the domain of Dinematichthys indicus. Etymology. Named in honour of Phillip C. heemstra, Grahamstown, SAIAB, for his many contributions to the knowledge of the ishes of South and east Africa. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus (Figs 29, 34, 35; Tables 2, 17) Material examined. (2 specimens, 38–40 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – ruSI, 8548, male, 40 mm Sl, 33°59’S, 81 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller 25°40’e, Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa, coll. J.l.B. Smith, 11 May 1965. PArATyPe – SAIAB 80185, 1 female, 38 mm Sl, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. vertebrae 11+29-30 = 40-41, dorsal in rays 67–69, anal in rays 52–55, pectoral in rays 19, D/A 19–22, v in D 2.0; anterior nostril positioned 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; eyes small (0.8–1.2 % Sl); two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper simple, lap-shaped with pointed tip, broad at base, short, slightly shorter than inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper broad, with three ridges in anterior, posterior and inward directions and hidden in pocket of wide isthmus (in resting position); cheeks with six rows of scales on upper part and three rows on lower part; upper preopercular pore present. Description (Figs 34, 35).The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 17. Body slender; mature at about 35 to 40 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing six vertical scale rows on upper part and three vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 0.8 % Sl, in 15 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/3 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 14–15 (15) rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 35A). Supraorbital pores 2. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about half the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with or without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third non-tubular; tubular upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with one outer row of granular teeth and two inner rows of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to size of diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of equally sized teeth up to size of diameter of Table 17. Meristic and morphometric characters of Mascarenichthys microphthalmus sp. nov. (South Africa) and Mascarenichthys sp. (Tanzania). M. microphthalmus Mascarenichthys sp. nov. sp. holotype Paratype 2 non-types ruSI SAIAB uSNM 366528 8548 80185 40 38 41-49 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 67 69 Caudal inrays 16 16 Anal in rays 52 55 Pectoral in rays 19 19 Precaudal vertebrae 11 11 Caudal vertebrae 29 30 Total vertebrae 40 41 rakers on anterior gill arch 15 14 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 2 D/v 7 7 d/a 22 19 v/A 14 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 25.4 24.3 head width 9.9 9.6 head height 13.1 11.8 Snout length 4.5 5.0 upper jaw length 12.5 12.4 Diameter of pigmented eye 0.8 1.2 Diameter of pupil 0.5 0.9 Interorbital width 5.7 5.9 Posterior maxilla height 3.7 3.7 Postorbital length 19.7 18.1 Preanal length 47.7 47.9 Predorsal length 30.6 31.1 Body depth at origin 12.7 12.2 of anal in Pectoral in length 13.9 13.3 Pectoral in base height 5.4 5.7 ventral in length 24.5 21.5 Base ventral in – 30.1 29.0 anal in origin 69-70 16 53 18 11 29 40 13 2 6 19-21 13-14 24.6-25.7 11.4-12-5 14.6-15.6 5.6-6.1 12.9-13.2 1.6-2.0 1.1 6.0-6.2 4.1-4.3 17.6-19.3 48.3-49.3 32.4-34.0 15.7-16.2 14.5-15.4 5.7-5.9 20.1-23.7 30.0-30.2 pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 1 1/2 of pupil diameter. Fig. 34. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus sp. nov., ruSI 8548, holotype, 40 mm Sl. 82 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 35. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus sp. nov. holotype. A, lateral view of head; B, view of left pseudoclasper from inside. Otolith. Not known. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebra 4 inclined and 5–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae (6) 7 to 11. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 10. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 35B). Two pairs of moderately large, free pseudoclaspers. Inner pseudoclasper well hidden in pocket of broad isthmus, often unrecognised until hood bent forward and only visible when freed with tweezers from pocket. Outer pseudoclasper simple lapshaped with pointed tip, broad at base, short, slightly shorter than inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper broad, with three ridges in anterior, posterior and inward direction. Penis with tip strongly bent at about 90°, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour in somewhat dried-up specimen dark brown. Comparison. Mascarenichthys microphthalmus resembles M. heemstrai, differing merely in the small eye size (0.8–1.2 % Sl vs 1.5–2.7 % Sl) and the short outer pseudoclasper (outer pseudoclasper shorter than inner pseudoclasper vs longer than inner pseudoclasper). Distribution. Known from two specimens from Bird Island in the Algoa Bay of South Africa (Fig. 29). Etymology. From micros (Greek = small) and ophthalmos (Greek = eye), referring to the small eye size of the species. A noun in apposition. Mascarenichthys sp. (Figs 29, 36; Tables 2, 17) Material examined. (2 specimens, 41–49 mm Sl). Non-types: uSNM 366528, 2 females, 41–49 mm Sl, 6°54’S, 39°55’e, latham Island between Zanzibar and Maia Islands, Tanzania, h. A. Fehlmann, 20 Nov. 1964. Remarks. Two female specimens from Tanzania likely represent an undescribed species characterized by an interrupted scale patch on the cheeks with six vertical rows of scales on the large patch on the upper cheek and two rows on the small patch on the lower cheek and an otolith with a deepened sulcus in which ostial and caudal colliculi are fused, but distinction of Fig. 36. Mascarenichthys sp. uSNM 366528, female, 49 mm Sl. A, lateral view of head; B, ventral view of head; C, ventral view of right otolith; D, median view of right otolith. 83 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller both is still possible through an indention of the ventral sulcus margin. WAM P.29685-001, 2 males, 48–49 mm Sl, 35°01’S, 150°46’e, Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia; ZMuC P771623-24, 1 male, 44 mm Sl, 1 female, 51 mm Sl, same data as AMS I.19103-008. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description (Figs 37, 38). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 18. Body and head very slender, highest position far behind head; mature at about 40 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing four vertical rows of scales on the upper part and three on the lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.0 % Sl, in 22 horizontal rows (in 49 mm Sl male non-type). Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, sharply pointed. Anterior gill arch with 8–15 (11) rakers, Monothrix Ogilby, 1897 (Tables 1, 2, 18) Monothrix Ogilby, 1897: 87 (type-species M. polylepis Ogilby, 1897, by monotypy); Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 60; Paxton et al. 1989: 317; Nielsen and Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999: 116, 133. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with single, simple and small lap-like pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers; small-sized (<55 mm Sl), predorsal length short (26.5–30.7 % Sl); precaudal vertebrae 13–14, total vertebrae 45–47, dorsal in rays 93–104, anal in rays 64–76, branchiostegal rays 6–7, v in D 2.4–2.6; head with scale patch only on cheek, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore present; irst and second lower preopercular pore with joined opening; otolith elongate (otolith length to height 2.3–2.4), its sulcus with nearly straight dorsal and convex ventral rim, short (otolith length to sulcus length 2.0), colliculi fused; maxilla expanded posteroventrally; anterior anal in pterygiophore short. Comparison. Monothrix belongs with those genera having a single pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers and otoliths with fused colliculi like Brosmolus, Didymothallus and the New World Gunterichthys. however, the latter two are characterised by the presence of two almost equally long supporters in their single pseudoclaspers, a fairly unique character in Dinematichthyini. Monothrix differs from Brosmolus in the presence of an upper preopercular pore (vs absent) and lower vertebrae and dorsal in ray counts (45–47 and 93–104 vs 56–59 and 124–129). Distribution. Monothrix is monotypic, distributed along the shores of south-eastern Australia, from the Port Phillip Bay to Sydney (Fig. 10). Table 18. Meristic and morphometric characters of Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897. holotype aMS I.3654 Standard length in mm 50 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 103 Caudal inrays 14 Anal in rays 76 Pectoral in rays 22 Precaudal vertebrae 14 Caudal vertebrae 44 Total vertebrae 47 rakers on anterior gill arch 11 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 6 d/a 33 v/A 16 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 23.8 head width 13.5 head height 13.8 Snout length 5.4 upper jaw length 11.8 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.5 Diameter of pupil 1.5 Interorbital width 6.2 Posterior maxilla height 4.3 Postorbital length 16.7 Preanal length 48.2 Predorsal length 27.5 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.2 Pectoral in length 13.0 Pectoral in base height 4.5 ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin 26.2 Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897 (Figs 10, 37, 38; Tables 2, 18) Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897: 88; Cohen and Nielsen, 1978: 60; Paxton et al. 1989: 317; Nielsen and Cohen in Nielsen et al. 1999: 134. Material examined. (31 specimens, 29–53 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – AMS I.3654, male, 50 mm Sl, 33°57’S, 151°16’e, Maroubra, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, depth unknown, coll. T. Whitelegge, 1897. Additional specimens. AMS I.15912-048, 1 female, 32 mm Sl, 35°01’S, 150°46’e, Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia; AMS I.16849-034, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, 35°08’S, 150°45’e, Jervis Bay, Australia; AMS I.19103-008, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, 21 females, 29–53 mm Sl, 33°51’S, 151°16’e, Sydney harbour, New South Wales, Australia; NMv A3208, 1 female, 34 mm Sl, Portsea, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia; NMv A17791, 1 female, 33 mm Sl, 38°13’S, 145°01’e, Port Phillip Bay, victoria, Australia; 84 holotype + non-types n Mean (range) 29-53 (41.3) 31 97.8 (93-104) 14.1 (13-15) 70.3 (64-76) 22.8 (22-24) 13.5 (13-14) 32.6 (31-34) 46.1 (45-47) 10.7 (8-15) 0.6 (0-1) 6.3 (6-7) 31.3 (28-35) 15.9 (15-17) 31 10 31 12 31 31 31 11 11 31 31 31 24.4 (23.0-27.5) 11.0 (8.7-13.5) 13.4 (12.1-14.8) 5.4 (4.9-6.6) 11.8 (11.0-13.1) 2.6 (2.0-3.5) 1.4 (1.1-1.7) 6.3 (5.4-7.1) 3.9 (3.5-4.3) 16.8 (16.1-18.8) 47.5 (44.6-50.2) 28.9 (26.5-30.7) 13.0 (11.5-14.2) 13.4 (12.1-15.0) 5.2 (4.5-6.0) 18.6 (15.0-21.3) 28.8 (24.1-31.7) 12 11 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 37. Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897. WAM P.29685-001, male, 50 mm Sl. Fig. 38. Monothrix polylepis Ogilby, 1897. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.29685-001, male, 49 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, WAM P.29685-001, male, 49 mm Sl; C, median view of right otolith, WAM P.29685-001, male, 49 mm Sl; D, ventral view of right otolith, WAM P.29685-001, male, 49 mm Sl; E, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, AMS I.16849-034, 46 mm Sl; F, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, WAM P.29685-001, male, 49 mm Sl. thereof 1–2 (2) elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 0–1 (1). Head sensory pores (Fig. 38A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores nearly the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior). Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined opening; third tubular; upper preopercular pore tubular. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of a 49 mm Sl male non-type). Premaxilla with two outer rows of granular teeth and one inner rows of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Palatine teeth in a single up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with two outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 38C, D). elongate in shape, length to height 2.3–2.4 (48–53 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.3). Anterior tip moderately rounded, posterior tip broadly expanded. Dorsal rim gently and rather regularly curved with rounded predorsal and slightly more pronounced postdorsal angles; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat, both smooth. Sulcus short, otolith length to sulcus length 2.0. Sulcus positioned anterior of the centre of inner face, with fused colliculi, not inclined to otolith axis; its dorsal rim nearly straight and ventral rim convex. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–9 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 85 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller the functional analogy with the pseudoclaspers and the speciic shape of the inner pseudoclasper. to 13 (14). Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 13 (14). First anal in pterygophore not or only slightly elongated. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 38e–F). A single pair of small, triangular, lap like (outer) pseudoclaspers widely connected around penis. Penis curved, about twice as long as pseudoclaspers. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium to dark brown. Comparison. See comparison between Monothrix and other genera. Distribution. See genus Monothrix (Fig. 10). Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. (Figs 39–41; Tables 2, 19) Material examined. (2 specimens, 29–34 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 374166, male, 34 mm Sl, 6°41’S, 147°53’e, Tami Islands, off Finschhafen, huon Peninsula, south-eastern New Guinea, coll. B. B. Collette et al., 19 June 1979. PArATyPe – uSNM 365821, 1 male, 29 mm Sl, 1°09’S, 144°22’e, Ninigo Atoll, hermit Island Group, Papua New Guinea, coll. v. Springer et al., 26 Oct. 1978. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+29=41, dorsal in rays 76–78, anal in rays 54–61, D/A 25–27, v in D 2.2; anterior nostril positioned 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and distally bifurcate claw-like with two strong outwardly directed spines; cheeks with ive rows of scales on upper part and three rows on lower part; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith compressed, otolith length to otolith height = 1.8, with undivided short sulcus, its centre anterior of centre of otolith, inclined about 5°, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.25. Description (Figs 40, 41). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 19. Body moderately elongate with pointed snout; small, mature at at less than 30 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing ive vertical scale rows on upper part and three Ungusurculus gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 19–23) Type species: Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with massive supporter, often distally expanded with anteriorly pointing hook below ligament cover, inner pseudoclasper free, slightly shorter than outer pseudoclasper, massive, bifurcate to claw-like; small sized, not much exceeding 55 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae mostly 12 (12–13), total vertebrae 40–44, branchiostegal rays 6–7; head with scale patch only on cheek, no scales on operculum; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith moderately compressed to elongate (otolith length to height 1.8–2.4), sulcus inclined (5–10°), colliculi more or less completely fused, sulcus short (otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4); maxilla expanded posteroventrally. Comparison. In males, Ungusurculus is well characterised by the morphology of the pseudoclaspers, the outer with a massive supporter and its anterior hook and the free inner pseudoclasper with the bifurcate, claw-like shape. very similar outer pseudoclaspers are found in eusurculus, but their inner pseudoclaspers are sucker-disk-like. For other differences see discussion of eusurculus. The only other genus sharing with Ungusurculus the presence of two pairs of pseudoclaspers, the absence of an upper preopercular pore and fused colliculi of the sulcus of the otolith is Beaglichthys, from which it differs in the free, claw-like inner pseudoclasper (vs anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper), the mostly lower number of dorsal in rays (70–87 vs 84–113) and the short sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4 vs 1.7–2.2). Species. Six species – U. collettei sp. nov., U. komodoensis sp. nov., U. philippinensis sp. nov., U. riauensis sp. nov., U. sundaensis sp. nov. and U. williamsi sp. nov. – mostly from Philippine and Indonesian waters, but one species (U. collettei sp. nov.) from south-eastern New Guinea. Etymology. Combined from ungulus (latin = claw) and surculus (latin = grapevine tendril), referring to Fig. 39. Sample sites of Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov., U. komodoensis sp. nov., U. philippinensis sp. nov., U. riauensis sp. nov., U. sundaensis sp. nov. and U. williamsi sp. nov. One symbol may represent several samples. 86 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III .Fig. 40. Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. uSNM 374166, holotype, 34 mm Sl. Fig. 41, Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, uSNM 365821, 29 mm Sl; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward, uSNM 365821, 29 mm Sl; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, uSNM 365821, 29 mm Sl; G, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; H, median view of right otolith, holotype; I, ventral view of right otolith, holotype. 87 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with one row of teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with one row of teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and 1 inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 41h, I). Compressed in shape, length to height 1.8 (34 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.4). Anterior tip moderately pointed, posterior tip slightly expanded. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded predorsal angle and slightly more pronounced postdorsal angle, section in between straight, small concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face lat, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.25. Sulcus positioned slightly anteriorly, inclined about 5° towards otolith axis, sulcus undivided with fused colliculi. ventral furrow short, distinct, moderately close to ventral rim of otolith, anteriorly and posteriorly turning upward towards tips of sulcus. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 6 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males (no in females known). Male copulatory organ (Fig. 41C–G). Two pairs of large, free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament); inner pseudoclasper stalked, with slightly widened base and distally bifurcate and claw-like with two strong, moderately long outwards directed spines. Penis slightly curved, slightly longer than pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brown with darker back in front of the dorsal in. Comparison. Ungusurculus collettei resembles U. komodoensis sp. nov., U. riauensis sp. nov. and U. sundaensis sp. nov. in the bifurcate claw-like inner pseudoclasper. It differs from U. komodoensis sp. nov. in the longer spines of the claw-like inner pseudoclasper and the low number of vertebrae (41 vs 44). Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. and U. sundaensis sp. nov. both bear a prominent knob on the inner face of the outer pseudoclasper that its into the opening of the claw-like inner pseudoclasper, a character which is lacking in U. collettei. Ungusurculus collettei further differs from U. riauensis sp. nov. in the higher D/A (25–27 vs 20–23) and the speciic shape of the otolith (see description of U. riauensis sp. nov.), and from Table 19. Meristic and morphometric characters of Ungusurculus collettei sp. nov. and U. komodoensis sp. nov. U. komodoensis sp. nov. holotype Paratype holotype uSNM uSNM uF 374166 365821 17420 34 29 33 U. collettei sp. nov. Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 78 Caudal inrays 15 Anal in rays 61 Pectoral in rays 21 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 29 Total vertebrae 41 rakers on anterior gill arch 14 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 25 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.6 head width 13.1 head height 15.7 Snout length 5.1 upper jaw length 12.7 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.3 Diameter of pupil 1.3 Interorbital width 6.5 Posterior maxilla height 4.5 Postorbital length 18.9 Preanal length 52.4 Predorsal length 32.4 Body depth at origin of 16.4 anal in Pectoral in length 17.3 Pectoral in base height 7.3 ventral in length 17.6 Base ventral in – 33.6 anal in origin 76 15 54 19 12 29 41 14 1 6 27 16 80 14 61 20 12 32 44 16 2 6 26 16 25.1 11.8 15.4 4.9 12.2 2.0 1.0 6.4 3.7 18.3 48.4 31.6 24.8 12.8 15.8 4.7 12.8 2.7 1.5 6.0 3.7 18.9 47.4 32.9 11.7 12.9 12.8 4.9 - 15.3 5.3 20.1 33.7 31.1 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 2.1 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/6 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/6 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, moderately pointed. Anterior gill arch with 14 rakers, thereof 3 elongated. Pseudobranchial ilaments 1–2 (2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 41A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pore. 88 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III U. sundaensis sp. nov. in the compressed otolith (otolith length to otolith height 1.8 vs 2.3–2.4). The two remaining species U. philippinensis sp. nov. and U. williamsi sp. nov. do not have the distally widened supporter in the outer pseudoclasper with the strong anterior hook below the ligament and the furcate tips of the inner pseudoclaspers are directed inwards, not outwards. Ungusurculus collettei co-occurs with eusurculus pristinus, from which it differs in the absence of an upper preopercular pore (although present on one side of the paratype specimen) (vs present), the strong claw-like inner pseudoclasper (vs miniature sucker-disk with two small hooks) and a compressed otolith (otolith length to otolith height 1.8 vs 2.0–2.1) with fused colliculi (vs distinct ostium and cauda, but partly fused colliculi). Distribution. Ungusurculus collettei is the most eastward occurring species of the genus, known from south-eastern Papua New Guinea and the hermit Islands off northern New Guinea (Fig. 39). Etymology. Named in honour of Bruce B. Collette, Washington D.C., uSNM, collector of the holotype, for his many contributions to ichthyology. Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov. (Figs 39, 42, 43; Tables 2, 19) Material examined. (1 specimen, 33 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uF 17420, male, 33 mm Sl, Komodo Island, Indonesia, coral reef at Telek Selawi, depth 0–1.2 m, coll. W. Auffenberg, January 1970. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+32=44, dorsal in rays 80, anal in rays 61, D/A 26, v in D 2.1; anterior nostril positioned 1/3.5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament), inner pseudoclasper short, with broad base, distally with two thin, short spines positioned oblique to axis of pseudoclasper; head with multiple cirri on snout; cheeks with six rows of scales on upper part and four rows on lower; upper preopercular pore absent. Description (Figs 42, 43). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 19. Body slender; unique holotype mature at 33 mm Sl. head with many small cirri on snout and on lower jaw, scale patch on cheek containing six vertical scale rows on upper part and four vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.5 % Sl, in 15 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end slightly expanded. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 16 rakers, thereof 3 elongate. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 43A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of equally sized teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows; teeth in innner row larger up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to about size of 1/2 of pupil diameter. Otolith. Not known. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in male holotype (no females known). Male copulatory organ (Fig. 43 C-F). Two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with strong anterior hook (covered by ligament); inner pseudoclasper short, stout, with broad base, distally with two thin, short spines, positioned oblique to pseudoclasper axis; outer, Fig. 42. Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov. uF 17420, holotype, 33 mm Sl. 89 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 43. Ungusurculus komodoensis sp. nov. holotype. A, lateral view of head; B, ventral view of head; C, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ; D, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward; E, view of left pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper seen from ventral, outer pseudoclasper from inside; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside. Etymology. Named after the type locality, Komodo between Flores and Sumbawa, Indonesia. anterior spine longer, more flexible, inner, posterior one very short. Penis curved, twice as long as outer pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour light brown. Comparison. Ungusurculus komodoensis is the only species of the genus with many cirri on the head (at snout and jaw). Together with U. philippinensis sp. nov. it is the species with the highest vertebrae count (44 vs 40–43). amongst the Ungusurculus species with bifurcate clawlike inner pseudoclaspers, U. komodoensis resembles most U. collettei in lacking the knob on the inner face of the outer pseudoclasper itting into the opening of the claw of the inner pseudoclasper (see U. collettei for details). Distribution. Ungusurculus komodoensis is known from a single specimen from Komodo, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia (Fig. 39). Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. (Figs 39, 44, 45; Tables 2, 20) Material examined. (172 specimens, 15–52 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – WAM P.31397-010, male, 37 mm Sl, 12°06’N, 110°51’e, off Talampetan, Busuanga Island, Palawan, Philippines, coll. G. r. Allen, 11 Feb. 1998. PArATyPeS – CAS 46045, 1 male, 47 mm Sl, 09°03’N, 122°59’e, southern tip of Negros, Philippines, coll. A. W. herre, 1948; uSNM 346843, 4 males, 36–43 mm Sl, 2 females, 37–41 mm Sl, 10°37’N, 122°32’e, Guimares Island, Philippines, coll. J. T. Williams et al., 24 Sept. 1995; uSNM 374184, 4 males, 30–45 mm Sl, 4 females, 24–44 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 15 mm Sl, 09°03’N, 122°59’e, southern tip of Negros, Philippine, depth 0–3 m, coll. l. Knapp et al., 24 April 1979; uSNM 374186, 6 males, 33–41 Fig. 44. Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. WAM P.31397-010, holotype, 37 mm Sl. 90 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III mm Sl, 10 females, 27–46 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 25 mm Sl, 9°06’N, 122°55’e, southern tip of Negros, Philippines, depth 0–2 m, coll. l. Knapp et al., 26 April 1979; uSNM 374190, 8 males, 30–48 mm Sl, 6 females, 34–52 mm Sl, 9°03’N, 122°59’e, north-eastern Negros, Philippines, depth 0.3 m, coll. h. Fehlmann et al., 18 May 1979; WAM P.31397-020, 1 female, 40 mm Sl, same data as holotype; ZMuC P771625–26, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, 1 female, 48 mm Sl, same data as uSNM 374190. Additional specimens. uSNM 160866, 1 female, 47 mm Sl, 8°00’N, 124°00’e, Opol, Mindanao, Philippines, Albatross cruise, 04 Aug. 1909; uSNM 263698, 10 males, 37–47 mm Sl, 23 females, 26–48 mm Sl, 8°51’N, 123°24’e, Bohol Sea, north of Mindanao, Philippines; uSNM 263693, 11 males, 34–42 mm Sl, 9 females, 32–45 mm Sl, 9°10’N, 123°26’e, Siquijor Island, Philippines; uSNM 263696, 5 males, 29–42 mm Sl, 5 females, 29–44 mm Sl, 9°04’N, 123°08’e, southern tip of Negros, Philippines; uSNM 263699, 22 males and 25 females, 26–50 mm Sl, 9°03’N, 122°59’e, southern tip of Negros, Philippines; uSNM 263700, 1 male and 2 females, 36–38 mm Sl, 9°04’N, 123°16’e, Apo Island, Philippines; uSNM 344549, 3 females, 28–50 mm Sl, 10°35’N, 122°08’e, off San Joaquin, Panay Island, Philippines; uSNM 344550, 1 female, 30 mm Sl, 10°30’N, 122°29’e, Guimares Island, Philippines; uSNM 346178, 2 females, 38–40 mm Sl, 10°28’N, 122°28’e, Guimares Island, Philippines; uSNM 366598, 1 male, 36 mm Sl, 9°13’N, 123°28’e, Siquijor Island, Philippines. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12-13+29-32=42-44, dorsal in rays 78–87, anal in rays 54–66, D/A 22–27, v in D 2.2–2.4; anterior nostril positioned 1/4 the distance from upper lip Fig. 45. Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, CAS 46045, 47 mm Sl; E, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, CAS 46045, 47 mm Sl; F, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral, holotype; G, median view of right otolith, holotype; H, ventral view of right otolith, holotype. 91 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Table 20. Meristic and morphometric characters of Ungusurculus philippinensis sp. nov. holotype WaM 31397-010 Standard length in mm 37 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 80 Caudal inrays ? Anal in rays 58 Pectoral in rays 20 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 18 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 7 d/a 23 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 27.2 head width 11.9 head height 15.1 Snout length 5.0 upper jaw length 12.9 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.3 Diameter of pupil 1.5 Interorbital width 5.6 Posterior maxilla height 3.9 Postorbital length 19.5 Preanal length 48.2 Predorsal length 32.0 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.3 Pectoral in length 12.8 Pectoral in base height 6.2 ventral in length 23.3 Base ventral in – anal in origin 31.5 holotype + 50 paratypes n Mean (range) 37.3 (15–52) 50 82.2 (78-87) 15.6 (15-16) 61.7 (54-66) 20.3 (19-21) 12.1 (12-13) 30.7 (29-32) 42.8 (42-44) 14.8 (12-18) 2 6.3 (6-7) 24.7 (22-27) 14.8 (14-16) 50 19 50 10 50 50 50 11 9 50 50 50 26.6 (25.8-27.4) 12.6 (11.2-16.1) 15.0 (13.7-16.5) 5.3 (4.8-5.9) 13.0 (12.4-13.7) 2.2 (1.9-2.5) 1.4 (1.2-1.6) 5.5 (4.2-6.1) 4.0 (3.6-4.3) 19.4 (18.4-20.1) 50.0 (48.2-51.2) 32.1 (31.3-33.6) 14.9 (12.5-17.1) 14.5 (12.8-16.3) 5.6 (4.9-6.2) 20.9 (19.0-23.3) 31.5 (29.7-34.1) 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 13 11 to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally slightly widened supporter without anterior hook, inner pseudoclasper moderately long, with widened base, distally with two inward directed strong spines; cheeks with 5–6 rows of scales on upper part and 3–4 rows on lower; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith moderately elongate, otolith length to otolith height = 2.0–2.1, anterior and posterior tips pointed, short sulcus with ventral indentation at joining of ostium and cauda and partly fused colliculi, its centre anterior to centre of otolith, inclined about 10°, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.0–2.1. Description (Figs 44, 45). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 20. Body slender, snout pointed; small sized, mature at about 30 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 5–6 (5) vertical scale rows on upper part and 3–4 vertical rows on lower. horizontal diameter of scales on body 92 about 1.2 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 12–18 (18) rakers, thereof 3–4 (3) elongated. In holotype and few other specimens, row of long rakers interrupted by single short raker. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 45A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/2 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of small teeth 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with 2 rows of teeth up to 1/4 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger, teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 45G, h). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.0–2.1 (37–40 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior and posterior tips pointed, posterior tip somewhat expanded. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded pre- and postdorsal angles, the latter slightly more pronounced, small concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face moderately convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.0–2.1. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, inclined about 10° towards otolith axis, short, with ventral indentation at joined of ostium and cauda and partly fused colliculi. ventral furrow moderately short and distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upwards towards tip of sulcus. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11 (12). First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 45 C-F). Two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally slightly widened supporter without anterior hook; inner pseudoclasper moderately long, with widened base, distally with two robust spines directed inward and oblique to its long axis, posterior spine longer than anterior spine. Penis curved, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour light grey to brownish grey, anteriorly darker, particularly dorsally in front of dorsal in. Comparison. Ungusurculus philippinensis is one of two species of the genus which lack the anterior hook of the outer pseudoclasper and have inwardly directed spines of the inner pseudoclasper – the other being U. williamsi sp. nov. They are also the only two species known from the Philippines. Ungusurculus philippinensis differs from U. williamsi sp. nov. in the larger inner pseudoclasper with stronger spines (vs less than half the size of the outer pseudoclasper and weak spines), the ratio otolith length to otolith height (2.0–2.1 vs 1.8–2.0), the longer sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.0–2.1 vs 2.2–2.4) with the indented ventral rim (vs undivided) and the speciic shape of the dorsal rim of the otolith. Ungusurculus philippinensis is unique in the genus for its incompletely fused colliculi and the indentation of the ventral sulcus rim at the joined of ostium and cauda. Distribution. Ungusurculus philippinensis is fairly common along the shores of the central Philippines from Palawan to Panay, Negros and Mindanao (Fig. 39). Etymology. Named after their distribution along the Philippine Islands. Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. (Figs 39, 46, 47; Tables 2, 21) Material examined. (22 specimens, 37–56 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – ZMuC P771616, male, 42 mm Sl, 1°10’N, 103°43’e, Pulau Sudong, off Singapore, coral reef, tidal zone, Galathea expedition (1950–52), station 337, coll. T. Wolff and party, 19 May 1951. PArATyPeS – WAM P.31305-018, 4 male, 37–47 mm Sl, 7 females, 40–56 mm Sl, 1°N, 104°e, Bintan Island, riau Archipelago, Indonesia, coll. G. r. Allen and r. Steene, 13 May 1997; WAM P.31315-002, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 8 females, 46–55 mm Sl, 1°N, 104°e, Bintan Island, riau Archipelago, Indonesia, depth 0.2 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 20 May 1997; ZMuC P771615, 1 female, 48 mm Sl, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+28-30=40-42, dorsal in rays 70–77, anal in rays 53–61, D/A 20–23, v in D 1.9–2.2; Table 21. Meristic and morphometric characters of Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. holotype ZMuC P771616 Standard length in mm 42 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 75 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 54 Pectoral in rays 19 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 16 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 21 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.9 head width 15.6 head height 16.1 Snout length 6.5 upper jaw length 14.4 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.0 Diameter of pupil 1.5 Interorbital width 6.6 Posterior maxilla height 4.7 Postorbital length 19.5 Preanal length 51.1 Predorsal length 33.7 Body depth at origin of anal in 18.6 Pectoral in length 15.6 Pectoral in base height 5.6 ventral in length 21.7 Base ventral in – anal in origin 29.8 holotype + 21 paratypes n Mean (range) 48.0 (37-56) 22 73.7 (70-77) 16 56.6 (53-61) 18.6 (17-20) 12 29.4 (28-30) 41.4 (40-42) 16.0 (15-17) 2 6.0 (6-7) 21.2 (20-23) 14.0 (13-14) 22 12 22 11 22 22 22 10 9 22 22 21 26.1 (24.8-27.4) 13.1 (11.7-15.6) 15.5 (14.7-16.3) 5.4 (4.2-6.5) 13.3 (12.4-14.4) 2.3 (1.9-2.6) 1.3 (1.1-1.5) 5.9 (5.4-6.6) 4.3 (3.9-4.7) 18.8 (17.5-19.8) 49.5 (47.4-51.1) 32.1 (29.5-34.4) 15.5 (14.2-18.6) 14.7 (12.0-19.8) 5.7 (5.5-6.1) 17.5 (12.4-21.7) 31.6 (28.4-34.1) 11 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 10 8 10 anterior nostril positioned 1/4 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wingshaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with massive anterior hook, prominent knob on inner Fig. 46. Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. ZMuC P771616, holotype, 42 mm Sl. 93 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 47. Ungusurculus riauensis sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.31315-002, 45 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, WAM P.31315002, 45 mm Sl; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ, WAM P.31305-018, 47 mm Sl; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral, holotype; F, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, WAM P.31315-002, 45 mm Sl; G, median view of right otolith, WAM P.31305-018, female, 50 mm Sl. Description (Fig. 46–47). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 21. Body slender with pointed snout; mature at about 35 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing ive vertical scale rows on upper part and three vertical rows on lower. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4.5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper long, massive, stalked, distally with claw-like, outwardly directed strong spines; cheeks with ive rows of scales on upper part and three rows on lower; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith moderately elongate, otolith length to otolith height = 2.0–2.2, anterior tip pointed, posterior tip expanded, postdorsal angle sharp, bent outwards, short sulcus with small ventral indentation at joining of ostium and cauda but completely fused colliculi, its centre anterior to centre of otolith, inclined about 10°, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.1. 94 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III gill arch with 15–17 (16) rakers, thereof 3 elongate. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2. Head sensory pores (Fig. 47A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of small teeth, 1/3 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of small teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Dentary with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly. largest teeth up to size of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 47G). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.0–2.2 (47–56 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior tip pointed, posterior tip somewhat expanded, less pointed. Dorsal rim with broadly rounded predorsal angle and sharp, almost spiny postdorsal angle, latter characteristically bent outwards, small concavity above anterior tip and deep concavity behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.1. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, inclined with about 10° towards otolith axis, short, with indistinct ventral indentation at joined of ostium and cauda and completely fused colliculi. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upwards, right-angled towards tip of sulcus. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4 (-5) inclined and (5) 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11 (10). First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 47C-F). Two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with massive anterior hook, prominent knob on inner face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper long, massive, stalked, distally with claw-like, outward directed strong spines. Penis curved, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brown. Comparison. Ungusurculus riauensis shares the outer pseudoclasper with the distally widened supporter carrying an anterior hook and the outwardly directed claw-like tip of the inner pseudoclasper with U. collettei, U. komodoensis and U. sundaensis sp. nov., and with the latter the prominent knob on the inner face of the outer pseudoclasper which its into the opening of the claw-like tip of the inner pseudoclasper. Ungusurculus riauensis differs from all other species of Ungusurculus in the low number of dorsal in rays (mostly 70–77 vs 78–87), the low D/A (20–23 vs mostly 24–27, 22–27 in U. philippinensis) and the speciic shape of the otoliths, in particular the spiny postdorsal angle, which is bent outwards. Distribution. Ungusurculus riauensis seems to be restricted to the Indonesian riau Archipelago and Singapore (Fig. 39). Etymology. Named after the riau Archipelago, from where the majority of the investigated specimens were obtained. Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. (Figs 39, 48, 49; Tables 2, 22) Material examined. (4 specimens, 41–54 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – WAM P.30959-018, male, 54 mm Sl, 8°46’S, 119°43’e, rinca Island near Flores, Indonesia, coll. G. r. Allen, 4 April 1995. PArATyPe – NSMT-P 78775, 1 male, 46 mm Sl, off lombok, Indonesia, coll. K. Matsuura and K. Shibukawa, 24 July 1996. Additional specimens. uSNM 366475, 1 female, 41 mm Sl, 5°52’S, 112°37’e, Bawean Island, north of Java, Indonesia; uSNM 366499, 1 female, 42 mm Sl, 5°46’S, 106°35’e, Seribu Islands, Java Sea, Indonesia. Fig. 48. Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. WAM P.30959-018, holotype, 54 mm Sl. 95 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 49. Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. holotype. A, lateral view of head; B, ventral view of head; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ; E, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral, outer pseudoclasper bent away from inner pseudoclasper; F, median view of right otolith; G, ventral view of right otolith. anterior of centre of otolith, inclined about 5°, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.4–2.5. Description (Figs 48, 49). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 22. Body slender with pointed snout; mature at about 45 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 6 vertical scale rows on the upper part and 4 vertical rows on the lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.2% Sl, in 23 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/5 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, moderately pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15–16 (16) rakers, thereof three elongate. row of elongate rakers interrupted by short Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+30-31=42-43, dorsal fin rays 79–86, anal in rays 60–64, D/A 26, v in D 2.2–2.3; anterior nostril positioned 1/4 distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with anterior hook, prominent knob on inner face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper long, very massive, stalked with narrow base, distally with claw-like, outwardly directed strong spines, inner and outer pseudoclasper matching together in lock/key mode; cheeks with 6 rows of scales on upper part and 4 rows on lower part; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith elongate, otolith length to otolith height = 2.3–2.4, anterior and posterior tips pointed, preand postdorsal angles symmetrical, section in between straight, short sulcus with fused colliculi, its centre 96 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Table 22. Meristic and morphometric characters of Ungusurculus sundaensis sp. nov. holotype WaM 30959-018 54 Paratype NSMT-P 49905 46 79 16 60 21 12 30 42 16 2 6 26 15 86 15 64 20 12 31 43 15 1 6 26 15 23.0 12.1 13.9 4.9 12.1 2.1 1.4 5.0 3.6 16.9 47.0 28.6 14.8 13.5 5.3 18.7 32.2 25.7 12.1 15.4 5.5 12.5 2.1 1.1 6.5 4.3 18.9 47.6 30.3 15.2 14.9 5.7 20.0 31.5 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays Caudal inrays Anal in rays Pectoral in rays Precaudal vertebrae Caudal vertebrae Total vertebrae rakers on anterior gill arch Pseudobranchial ilaments D/v d/a v/A Morphometric characters in % of SL head length head width head height Snout length upper jaw length Diameter of pigmented eye Diameter of pupil Interorbital width Posterior maxilla height Postorbital length Preanal length Predorsal length Body depth at origin of anal in Pectoral in length Pectoral in base height ventral in length Base ventral in – anal in origin raker in holotype but not in paratype. Pseudobranchial ilaments 1–2 (2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 49A, B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/2 the size of three anterior pores, third posterior pore tubular. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore without cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with 4 outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 2/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with 3 rows of teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Palatine with 3 rows of teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Dentary with 3 outer rows of granular teeth and 1 inner row of larger teeth anteriorly, merging into 1 row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to 3/4 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 49F, G). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.3–2.4 (46–54 mm Sl) and thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.5). Anterior and posterior tips pointed, posterior tip slightly expanded. Dorsal rim with marked pre- and postdorsal angles, section in between long and straight, small concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.4–2.5. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, inclined about 5° towards otolith axis, short, with fused colliculi. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upwards. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–9 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11 (12). First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 49C–e). Two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter with anterior hook, prominent knob on inner face of outer pseudoclasper itting into opening of inner pseudoclasper, inner pseudoclasper long, very massive, stalked with narrow base, distally with claw-like, outward directed strong spines, inner and outer pseudoclasper matching together in lock / key mode. Penis curved, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brown with dark brown back. Comparison. Ungusurculus sundaensis most resembles U. riauensis in the outer pseudoclasper with the distally widened supporter carrying an anterior hook and with a prominent knob on the inner face, which matches with the outward directed claw-like tip of the inner pseudoclasper. Ungusurculus sundaensis differs from all other species of Ungusurculus in the very elongate otolith (otolith length to otolith height 2.3–2.4 vs 1.8–2.2) and the short sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.4–2.5 vs 2.0–2.4). For further discussion see comparison of other species above. Distribution. Ungusurculus sundaensis is known from few specimens from the western tip of Java to the western tip of Flores, along the Sunda Arch of Indonesia (Fig. 39). Etymology. Named after the Sunda Arch of Indonesia, from where all investigated specimens were obtained. Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. (Figs 39, 50, 51; Tables 2, 23) Material examined. (12 specimens, 21–45 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – uSNM 346941, male, 45 mm Sl, 10°34’N, 122°30’e, Pulang Duta, Guimares Island, Philippines, small cove lined with lava rock and rocky boulders, depth 0–4 m, coll. J. T. Williams et al., 24 Sept. 1995. PArATyPeS – uSNM 384197, 1 male, 35 mm Sl, 8 97 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 50. Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. uSNM 346941, holotype, 45 mm Sl. females, 21–45 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 21 mm Sl, same data as holotype; ZMuC P771627-28, 1 male, 35 mm Sl, 1 female, 42 mm Sl, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. vertebrae 12+30-31=42-43, dorsal in rays 79–85, anal in rays 59–63, D/A 24–26, v in D 2.2–2.4; anterior nostril positioned 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye; two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally widened supporter without anterior hook, inner pseudoclasper short, half the length of outer pseudoclasper, with slightly broadened base, distally with two inwardly directed weak spines; cheeks with 4–6 rows of scales on upper part and 3 rows on lower part; upper preopercular pore absent; otolith compressed, otolith length to otolith height = 1.9–2.1, anterior and posterior tips pointed, latter expanded, projecting sharp postdorsal angle, sulcus short, wide with fused colliculi, its centre slightly anterior of centre of otolith, inclined about 10°, otolith length to sulcus length = 2.2–2.4. Description (Figs 50, 51). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 23. Body slender; small-sized, mature at about 35 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 4–6 (4) vertical scale rows on the upper part and 3 vertical rows on the lower part. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.4% Sl, in 24 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded. Anterior nostril positioned low, 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/4 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, moderately pointed. Anterior gill arch with 13–15 (13) rakers, thereof 3–4 (3) elongated. Pseudobranchial ilaments two. Head sensory pores (Fig. 51 A-B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with joined or separate opening; third non-tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with 4 outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 3/4 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with 2 rows of teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Palatine with outer row of small teeth and one inner row of larger teeth up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. Dentary with 4 outer rows of granular teeth and 1 inner row of larger, slender teeth anteriorly, merging Table 23. Meristic and morphometric characters of Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. holotype uSNM 346941 Standard length in mm 45 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 80 Caudal inrays 16 Anal in rays 60 Pectoral in rays 22 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 30 Total vertebrae 42 rakers on anterior gill arch 13 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 6 d/a 25 v/A 15 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 26.2 head width 11.9 head height 15.2 Snout length 5.0 upper jaw length 13.3 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.2 Diameter of pupil 1.6 Interorbital width 5.7 Posterior maxilla height 4.2 Postorbital length 19.2 Preanal length 49.3 Predorsal length 32.6 Body depth at origin of anal in 15.2 Pectoral in length 15.7 Pectoral in base height 6.0 ventral in length 19.5 Base ventral in – anal in 31.5 origin 98 holotype + 11 paratypes n Mean (range) 34.4 (21-45) 12 82.2 (79-85) 16 61.0 (59-63) 21.1 (19-22) 12 30.4 (30-31) 42.2 (42-43) 13.6 (13-15) 2 6.4 (6-7) 24.8 (24-26) 14.5 (14-15) 11 5 11 8 11 11 11 9 9 11 11 11 26.7 (25.5-28.1) 11.5 (10.5-13.0) 14.8 (13.8-15.7) 5.2 (4.6-6.0) 12.6 (11.8-13.3) 2.0 (1.8-2.2) 1.2 (0.9-1.6) 5.7 (5.0-6.2) 3.6 (3.2-4.2) 19.6 (19.0-20.7) 48.5 (45.5-52.9) 32.5 (31.3-35.0) 13.5 (12.0-15.9) 14.9 (11.6-16.7) 5.2 (4.0-6.1) 20.3 (16.5-23.3) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 28.8 (25.1-32.4) 11 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 51. Ungusurculus williamsi sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, holotype; B, ventral view of head, holotype; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside, holotype; D, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral, uSNM 384197, 35 mm Sl; E, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; F, median view of right otolith, holotype; G, ventral view of right otolith, holotype. into 1 row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 51F, G). Moderately compressed in shape, length to height 1.9–2.1 (35–45 mm Sl) and moderately thin (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.4). Anterior and posterior tips pointed, posterior tip expanded. Dorsal rim with shallow predorsal and markedly projecting postdorsal angles, section in between long, straight, anteriorly inclined, small concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.4. Sulcus positioned slightly towards anterior, inclined about 10° towards otolith axis, short, wide, with fused colliculi. ventral furrow distinct, not very close to ventral rim of otolith, posteriorly turning upwards. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae (6) 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 51C–e). Two pairs of free pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base and distally slightly widened supporter without anterior hook, inner pseudoclasper short, half the length of outer pseudoclasper, with slightly broadened base, distally with two inwardly directed weak and short spines. Penis curved, slightly longer than outer pseudoclaspers, pointed, with broad base. Colour. live colour unknown. Preserved colour light brown. Comparison. Ungusurculus williamsi resembles U. philippinensis in the outer pseudoclasper with a distally slightly widened supporter without an anterior hook and the inward directed bifurcate tip of the inner pseudoclasper. It differs in the short and weak inner pseudoclasper and the otolith morphology (fused colliculi vs partly fused with indented ventral sulcus margin and the strongly projecting postdorsal angle, vs shallow and rounded). The speciic shape of the dorsal rim of the otolith and the wide sulcus distinguishes U. williamsi from all other species of Ungusurculus. 99 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 1 June 1982. PArATyPeS – AMS I.20241-008, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 32°01’S, 115°25’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, depth 6 m, coll. B. C. russell, 11 April 1978; AMS I.20245012, 3 females, 45–48 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 25 mm Sl, 32°00’S, 115°28’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, depth 12–15 m, coll. B. C. russell, 12 April 1978; AMS I.20247-017, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 31°59’S, 115°33’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, depth 8 m, coll. B. C. russell, 12 April 1978; NMv A2487, 2 males, 36–43 mm Sl, 2 females, 49–50 mm Sl, 28°29’S, 113°46’e, Wallabi Island, houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, coll. G. r. Allen, 19 April 1982; NMv A20829, 1 male, 49 mm Sl, 33°51’S, 121°55’e, esperance Bay, Western Australia, coll. r. h. Kuiter, 21 March 1986; uSNM 263733, 1 male, 51 mm Sl, 2 females, 39–51 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 23 mm Sl, rottnest Island, Western Australia, coll. J. B. hutchins, 8 March 1977; WAM P.27616-035, 6 males, 29–47 mm Sl, 14 females, 29–58 mm Sl, 7 juveniles, 20–26 mm Sl, same data as holotype; WAM P.27950-010, 11 males, 34–51 mm Sl, 13 females, 25–61 mm Sl, 30°18’S, 115°00’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, depth 4–6 m, coll. N. Sinclair et al., 9 April 1983; WAM P.27951-008, 3 females, 33–55 mm Sl, 30°18’S, 115°00’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, depth 2–5 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 10 April 1983; WAM P.27955-003, 4 males, 35–50 mm Sl, 4 females, 46–60 mm Sl, 29°16’S, 114°55’e, Denison, Western Australia, depth 9–10 m, coll. J. B. hutchins, 13 April 1983; WAM P.27957-008, 5 males, 42–59 mm Sl, 3 females, 57–67 mm Sl, 2 juveniles, 24–25 mm Sl, 29°16’S, 114°55’e, Denison, Western Australia, depth 7–8 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al. 14 April 1983; WAM P. 27959-004, 1 male, 50 mm Sl, 1 female, 53 mm Sl, 27°30’S, 114°25’e, north of Kalbarri, Western Australia, depth 0–7 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 16 April 1983; WAM P.28517-003, 1 male, 32 mm Sl, 3 females, 59–70 mm Sl, 33°35’S, 115°06’e, Cape Naturaliste, Western Australia, depth 15–17 m, coll. J. B. hutchins, 12 April 1985; WAM P.28522-006, 2 females, 40–58 mm Sl, 34°S, 115°e, Flinders Bay, off Augusta, Western Australia, depth 12–13 m, coll. J. B. hutchins, 18 April 1985; WAM P.29886-017, 2 males, 47–54 mm Sl, 10 females, 38–62 mm Sl, 3 juveniles, 21–23, 28°55’S, 114°02’e, Pelsart Island, houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, depth 7–9 m, coll. G. r. Allen, 6 March 1988; WAM P.30832-004, 2 males, 38 mm Sl, 28°30’S, 113°44’e, Wallabi Island, houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia, depth 3–4 m, coll. J. B. hutchins et al., 27 May 1994; ZMuC P 771640-41, 1 male, 45 mm Sl, 1 female, 50 mm Sl, same data as WAM P.27950-010. Additional specimens. uSNM 367147, 3 males, 43–46 mm Sl, Point heron, 30 miles (48.3 km) south of Perth, Western Australia. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Distribution. Ungusurculus williamsi is known from a single lot collected in a rocky cave of Guimares Island, Philippines (Fig. 39). Ecology. Judging from the single location from which it was collected in reasonable numbers, U. williamsi is probably adapted to non-reef related rocky inshore environments. Etymology. Named in honour of Jeffrey T. Williams, Washington D.C., uSNM, who has collected the type specimens, in recognition to his contribution to the knowledge of the ishes of the Philippines. Zephyrichthys gen. nov. (Tables 1, 2, 24) Type species: Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Genus of Dinematichthyini with following combination of characters: Anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with two pairs of pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper wing-shaped with broad base, inner pseudoclasper about half the size of outer pseudoclasper, bifurcate, each branch with supporter, anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper; moderate in size reaching about 70 mm Sl; precaudal vertebrae mostly 12–13, total vertebrae 43–46; 7–8 branchiostegal rays; head with scale patch on cheek, usually 2–3 scales on operculum above opercular spine (rarely none); upper preopercular pore absent; otolith moderately compressed to elongate (otolith length to height 2.1–2.3), sulcus not inclined, colliculi separated, caudal colliculum very short (length of ostial colliculum to length of caudal colliculum 5–8); maxilla expanded posterio-ventrally. Comparison. Zephyrichthys differs from all other dinematichthyine genera in the Indo-west Pacific in the bifurcate inner pseudoclasper with a branched supporter, of which the anterior branch is joined to the outer pseudoclasper. It shares with Beaglichthys and Ungusurculus and some species of Dinematichthys the absence of an upper preopercular pore and presence of two pairs of pseudoclaspers. With certain species of Dinematichthys it further shares the presence of scales on the operculum above the opercular spine (though not in all specimens in the case of Zephyrichthys) and the separated colliculi in the sulcus of the otolith. The low anterior nostril (vs high) and the small caudal colliculum (see above) distinguish Zephyrichthys from Dinematichthys. Species. The genus is monotypic. Etymology. From zephyrus (latin = west wind), referring to the distribution along the west Australian coast. A noun in apposition. Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. (Figs 10, 52, 53; Tables 2, 24) Material examined. (118 specimens, 20–70 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – WAM P.27616-010, male, 49 mm Sl, 32°00’S, 115°30’e, rottnest Island, Western Australia, 100 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 52. Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. A, fresh dead, WAM P.27959-004, female, 53 mm Sl; B, WAM P.27616-010, holotype, 49 mm Sl. Description (Figs 52, 53). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 24. Body and head slender; mature at about 40 mm Sl. head with scale patch on cheek containing 7 vertical scale rows on the upper part and 3 vertical rows on the lower part, up to 3 scales on operculum above opercular spine. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.4 % Sl, in 20 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin of maxillary covered by upper lip dermal lobe, posterior end expanded, angular. Anterior nostril positioned moderately low, 1/3.5 to 1/4 the distance from upper lip to aggregate distance to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril small, about 1/5 the size of eye. Opercular spine with free tip, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 12–15 (13) rakers, thereof 3 elongated. Pseudobranchial ilaments 2–3 (2). Head sensory pores (Fig. 53A, B). Supraorbital pores 2–3. Infraorbital pores 6–7 (3 anterior, 3 posterior and occasionally 1 small pore posterior nostril): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore with cirrus. Preopercular pores: 3 lower, irst and second with separate opening; third tubular; no upper preopercular pore. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/2 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with three rows of small teeth 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two outer rows of small teeth and one inner row of larger teeth up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger, slender teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to 2/3 of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 53h, I). Moderately elongate in shape, length to height 2.1–2.3 (23–70 mm Sl) and moderately thick (otolith height to otolith thickness about 2.2). Anterior tip pointed, posterior tip expanded, pointed. Dorsal rim with obtuse predorsal and sharp postdorsal angles, long section in between straight, marked concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face lat to slightly concave, both smooth. Otolith length to sulcus length 1.9–2.1. Sulcus positioned slightly anterior to middle of inner face, not inclined, ostium and cauda divided, colliculi separate, caudal colliculum very short (length of ostial colliculum to length of caudal colliculum 5–8). ventral furrow long, distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, slightly turning upwards towards its tips. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–8 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 7 to 12. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. Basis of neural spines 5–8 enlarged. First anal in pterygophore elongated, 101 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 53. Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. A, lateral view of head, WAM P.29886-017, male, 47 mm Sl; B, ventral view of head, WAM P. 27959-004, male, 50 mm Sl; C, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, holotype; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ, holotype; E, ventral view of male copulatory organ with hood bent forward, WAM P.27955-003, 50 mm Sl; F, view of left pseudoclasper from ventral, holotype; G, lateral view of male copulatory organ with hood not bent forward, holotype; H, median view of right otolith, WAM P.29886-017, male, 54 mm Sl; I, median view of right otolith, WAM P.29886-017, male, 47 mm Sl. usually reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males but not in females. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 53C–G). Two pairs of pseudoclaspers, outer pseudoclasper large, wing-shaped with broad base, inner pseudoclasper about half size of outer pseudoclasper, bifurcate, each branch with supporter, anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper; isthmus wide. Penis curved, slightly longer than pseudoclasper, pointed, with widened basis. Colour. live colour known from three freshly caught specimens (WAM 27951-008, WAM 27959-004, Fig. 52A, WAM 28522-005), which all show a dark, dusky yellow body colour, somewhat darker anteriorly and sometimes with slightly pinkish-yellow belly. vertical fins are 102 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Table 24. Meristic and morphometric characters of Zephyrichthys barryi sp. nov. holotype WaM 27616010 49 Standard length in mm Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 86 Caudal inrays 15 Anal in rays 67 Pectoral in rays 22 Precaudal vertebrae 12 Caudal vertebrae 31 Total vertebrae 44 rakers on anterior gill arch 13 Pseudobranchial ilaments 2 D/v 7 d/a 29 v/A 16 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 24.9 head width 14.2 head height 15.8 Snout length 6.7 upper jaw length 13.3 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.3 Diameter of pupil 1.6 Interorbital width 6.4 Posterior maxilla height 4.3 Postorbital length 17.7 Preanal length 52.5 Predorsal length 30.8 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.2 Pectoral in length 14.2 Pectoral in base height 5.7 ventral in length 20.3 Base ventral in – anal in origin 32.3 holotype + 117 paratypes n Mean (range) 44.1 (20-70) 118 92.0 (86-99) 15.1 (14-16) 70.7 (67-77) 21.7 (20-23) 12.1 (12-13) 32.3 (31-34) 44.4 (43-46) 13.3 (12-15) 2.1 (2-3) 6.4 (6-7) 26.8 (24-30) 14.3 (13-16) 46 32 44 15 55 50 54 18 17 48 45 44 25.8 (24.0-27.2) 13.5 (11.9-14.6) 15.0 (13.9-15.9) 6.0 (5.1-6.7) 12.9 (12.5-13.3) 2.3 (2.0-2.5) 1.6 (1.3-1.9) 6.6 (5.8-7.7) 4.2 (3.3-4.6) 18.4 (17.2-19.7) 48.5 (45.3-52.5) 31.4 (29.9-32.7) 14.3 (13.6-15.4) 13.2 (11.6-14.3) 5.5 (4.8-6.5) 20.6 (18.2-23.6) 29.6 (26.4-32.3) 10 10 10 10 10 14 13 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 10 translucent, bright yellow at the base. Preserved colour is medium to dark brown. Comparison. See comparison between Zephyrichthys and other genera. Distribution. Zephyrichthys barryi is widely distributed along the southern shores of Western Australia from north of Kalbarri to esperance and including the houtman Abrolhos and rottnest Islands (Fig. 10). Etymology. In honour of J. Barry hutchins, Perth, WAM, in recognition of his many contributions to the ishes of Australia and his support in making available the valuable material from the WAM collection. GeOGrAPhIC DISTrIBuTION In part I of the review of the Dinematichthyini of the Indo-west Paciic the distribution pattern of the very species-rich genus Diancistrus was evaluated and discussed. It was noted that half of the 30 species recognised were restricted to narrowly deined areas and thus were regarded as endemic. The areas found to have the richest endemism of the genus Diancistrus were the NW subtropical Paciic region (ryukyus, Taiwan and northern Philippines), and the shores of New Guinea and certain west Paciic islands such as vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga. Part II added to the overall notion of regionally restricted species, this time to the south of the main reef belt of the Indo-west Paciic. In this case the subtropical to temperate shores of South Africa and Australia were found to be particularly rich in such narrowly ranging endemics. With the present part, the overall trend of regionally restricted distribution patterns is conirmed yet again. All species recorded in this part are restricted to one or two geographical areas as deined and discussed in Schwarzhans et al.’s (2005) review of the Indo-west Paciic Dinematichthyini. Generally, the same is true for the genera described in this paper. The most widespread ones are eusurculus, ranging from the Andaman Islands along the northern shores of Australia to Ne New Guinea and vanuatu, and Ungusurculus, which is distributed from Singapore through Indonesia to the Philippines and Ne New Guinea. All other genera treated herein are restricted in distribution to three or fewer regions as deined in Table 25 and therefore should be regarded as endemic genera. Since endemic genera represent an older stage of speciation in a phylogenetic sense than endemic species (for example, Schwarzhans et al. 2005 and this paper), their distribution patterns appear worthwhile at this stage to analyse in more detail. It turns out that in the Indo-west Paciic there are only two widespread genera, namely Diancistrus and Dinematichthys s.l. (subject, however, to the final part of the review dealing with that genus), plus the two subregionally distributed genera eusurculus and Ungusurculus. All other genera are restricted to one to three deined areas. The most regionally restricted genera of all are Brosmolus (NW Australia), Brotulinella (Taiwan and the nor ther n Philippines), Dact ylosurculus (SW Australia), Lapitaichthys (New Caledonia), Majungaichthys (Madagascar), Monothrix (Se Australia) and Zephyrichthys (SW Australia). Not surprisingly, these are all monospecif ic genera. Immediately, however, it becomes obvious that there is a particular area emerging, which is rich in endemic genera, namely temperate Australia (three genera). When adding non-monospecific genera limited to a distribution across two or three areas, this trend receives further support for temperate Australia (and northern New Zealand and Norfolk Island) with Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Dipulus (all three genera from Møller and Schwarzhans (2006)), but other areas emerge as endemic-rich as well. These are South 103 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller for the Dinematichthyini and in particular the southwestern coast with at least four endemic genera. 3. Northern Philippines and Taiwan (Brotulinella). This area (plus the ryukyu Islands) is also very rich in endemic species (see part I). 4. SW Paciic Islands, namely northern New Zealand and Norfolk Island (Dermatopsis and Dipulus), New Caledonia (Lapitaichthys and Didymothallus) and Fiji (Dermatopsis). This area shows a strong relationship with its composition of endemics with that of temperate Australia (Dermatopsis and Dipulus, and Lapitaichthys, which may be related to Monothrix). It is very likely that they represent remnants of an originally uniform distribution pattern that has become disrupted through geological plate divergence, with Fiji having drifted furthest away into tropical realms. Africa (Dermatopsoides and Mascarenichthys), the Mascarenes with east Africa (Mascarenichthys), NW and Ne Australia (Beaglichthys, also extending across the Timor Sea to Java, and Didymothallus, also extending to New Caledonia). As shown on Figure 54, four distinct areas are recognised with endemic genera. They are: 1. east Africa with Madagascar and the Mascarenes with Majungaichthys and Mascarenichthys and South Africa south of 5° N with Mascarenichthys and south of 30°S also with Dermatopsoides. 2. Australia with Beaglichthys, Brosmolus and Didymothallus along its tropical shores and Dermatopsis (also in New Zealand and Fiji), Dermatopsoides, Dipulus (also around Norfolk Island), Dactylosurculus, Monothrix and Zephyrichthys in southern Australia. Australia is by far the most endemic-rich region in the Indo-west Paciic Table 25. Geographic distribution of species of the genera of the Dinematichthyini from the Indo-west Paciic, arranged in order of treatment (Parts I–Iv). restricted distribution patterns supposed to be endemic are shown in dark grey, other occurrences in light grey. eastern Indian Ocean Subtropical NW Paciic Tropical W Paciic Tropical and subMicronesia tropical Australia Temparate Australia and New Zealand SW Paciic Islands east Polynesian Islands red Sea, Arabia and Ne Africa east Africa south of 05° N Seychelles and Mascarenes Madagascar South Africa south of 30° S Chagos and Maledives Ceylon and South India Andamans, Thailand and Sumatra North vietnam and hainan ryukyu Islands Taiwan and Philippines north of 15° N Sulu Sea and Philippines south of 15° S Celebes Sea Java and Indonesian Timor Seas Banda Sea and NW New Guinea Carolines and Palau Marshall and Gilbert Islands Bismarck Archip. and Solomons NW Australia W of 142°e & N of 25° S GBr and Se PNG lord howe Island SW Australia W of 145° e & S of 25° S Se Australia e of 145° e & S of 25° S New Zealand North Island Norfolk Island New Caledonia loyalty Islands and vanuatu Fiji tonga Samoa Cook and Society Islands Tubuai Islands Pitcairn (incl. Ducie Atoll) Western Indian Ocean Brotulinella I Diancistrus Paradiancistrus Dermatopsis II Dermatopsoides Dipulus Beaglichthys Brosmolus Dactylosurculus Didymothallus eusurculus III Lapitaichthys Majungaichthys Mascarenichthys Monothrix Ungusurculus Zephyrichthys Iv Dinematichthys s.l. Total number of genera endemic genera (1-3 areas) 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 2 2 3 6 5 2 5 2 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 1 2 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 3 2 - 4 2 1 1 2 - 1 - - - - 104 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 54. Distribution of dinematichthyine genera in the Indo-west Paciic. Outline with light shading = total distribution of Dinematichthyini. Grey shading indicates increasing number of endemic genera (see also Table 25): irst step, light grey = no endemic genera; second step = 1 endemic genus; third step = 2 or 3 endemic genera, fourth step = more than 3 endemic genera. From this summary it becomes obvious that the highest degree of ‘early separated endemism’ is observed at the periphery of the Indo-west Paciic (Fig. 54). Most of this endemism is probably represented by primary endemics, except possibly for that in the western Indian Ocean, which may have been inluenced by the former tropical western Tethyan fauna; however this idea cannot be evaluated at present because of the sketchy fossil record. ADDeNDuM TO PArT I OF The revIeW OF The DINeMATIChThyINI OF The INDO-WeST PACIFIC (SChWArZhANS eT. AL. 2005). Paradiancistrus Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005 Type species: Paradiancistrus acutirostris Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005 (type locality: southern coast of epi Island, vanuatu, 16°47’S, 168°21’e). Diagnosis. Anterior nostril placed low on snout; male copulatory organ with two pairs of small pseudoclaspers, the outer broad wing-shaped, inner joined anteriorly to outer pseudoclasper forming curved feature, with supporter; eyes large (2.0–3.0% Sl); lower preopercular pores 1; precaudal vertebrae 11; parapophyses very wide; head with narrow scale patch on cheek, no scales on operculum; otolith with inclined (5–10°) and short sulcus (otolith length to sulcus length 2.4–2.6), colliculi fused; maxillary expanded at rear corner; anterior anal in pterygiophore long. Remarks. The genus Paradiancistrus was described by Schwarzhans et al. (2005), based on two species – P. acutirostris Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005, from vanuatu and P. cuyoensis Schwarzhans, Møller and Nielsen, 2005, from the visayan and Palawan Islands of the Philippines. The ongoing review has revealed another species of this rare genus, which was not recognised previously. The description of this new species is therefore added as an addendum at the end of the current third part of the review of the Dinematichthyini of the Indo-west Paciic. Paradiancistrus lombokensis sp. nov. (Figs 55–57; Table 26) Material examined. (2 specimens, 20–35 mm Sl). hOlOTyPe – SMNS 18662, male, 35 mm Sl, 8°30’S, 116°02’e, western shore of lombok, Indonesia, depth 0–2 m, 12 December 1996. PArATyPe – SMNS 26369, 1 juvenile, 20 mm Sl, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. vertebrae 11+ 29-32 = 40-43, dorsal in rays 65 (holotype), anal in rays 52 (holotype); head length 23.8– 25.2 % Sl; head height 13.3–14.4 % Sl; predorsal length Fig. 55. Sample sites of Paradiancistrus acutirostris, P. cuyoensis and P. lombokensis sp. nov. One symbol may represent several samples. 105 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Fig. 56. Paradiancistrus lombokensis sp. nov. SMNS 18662, holotype, 35 mm Sl. 30.0–31.1; lower preopercular pores 1; outer pseudoclasper broad wing-shaped, short; inner pseudoclasper a double lobed broad lap, anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper forming curved feature, with supporter; scale patch on cheek with eight scale rows on upper cheek and four scale rows on lower cheek; head with blunt snout. Description (Figs 56, 57). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 26. Body slender; mature at about 35 mm Sl (male with fully developed pseudoclaspers). head with patch of small scales on cheek (8 scale rows on upper and 4 on lower cheek); no scales on operculum. horizontal diameter of scales on body about 1.3 % Sl, in 21 horizontal rows. Maxillary ending far behind eyes, dorsal margin covered by dermal lobe of upper lip, expanded posteriorly, with prominent angle at ventral rear corner. Anterior nostril placed low on snout, about 1/4 distance from tip of snout to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril moderately small, about 1/3 the size of eye. Tip of opercular spine free, pointed. Anterior gill arch with 15 rakers, thereof 3 elongate rakers. Pseudobranchial ilaments 1. Head sensory pores (Fig. 57 A–B). Supraorbital pores 3. Infraorbital pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior): three posterior pores about 1/3 the size of three anterior pores. Mandibular pores 6 (3 anterior and 3 posterior); irst anterior mandibular pore without cirrus. Preopercular pores 2 (1 lower and 1 upper), both tubular. [See description of Beaglichthys bleekeri for position of pores.] Dentition (of holotype). Premaxilla with three outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger teeth anteriorly. Anteriormost teeth in inner row up to 1/3 diameter of pupil. vomer horseshoe-shaped, with two rows of small teeth 1/4 diameter of pupil. Palatine with two rows of small teeth up to 1/5 diameter of pupil. Dentary with four outer rows of granular teeth and one inner row of larger, teeth anteriorly, merging into one row of larger teeth posteriorly, up to size of pupil diameter. Otolith (Fig. 57e–F). elongate, length to height 2.2–2.3 (20–35 mm Sl); otolith thin (otolith height to otolith thickness 2.5); otolith length to sulcus length 2.2–2.5; sulcus inclined at 5°. Anterior tip of otolith pointed, posterior tip expanded. Dorsal rim with rounded predorsal and sharply pointed postdorsal angles, marked concavity above anterior tip and behind postdorsal angle; ventral rim gently and regularly curved, deepest at about its middle. Inner face convex, outer face concave, both smooth. Sulcus positioned slightly anterior of the middle of the inner face, colliculi fused. ventral furrow distinct, close to ventral rim of otolith, slightly turning upwards towards its tips. Axial skeleton. Neural spine of vertebrae 4–5 inclined and 6–7 depressed. Parapophyses present from vertebrae 6 to 11. Pleural ribs on vertebrae 2 to 11. First anal in pterygophore elongated, reaching tip of last precaudal parapophysis in males. Table 26. Meristic and morphometric characters of Paradiancistrus lombokensis sp. nov. holotype Paratype SMNS 18662 SMNS 26369 Standard length in mm 35 20 Meristic characters Dorsal in rays 65 Caudal inrays Anal in rays 52 Pectoral in rays 17 Precaudal vertebrae 11 11 Caudal vertebrae 29 32 Total vertebrae 40 43 rakers on anterior gill arch 15 Pseudobranchial ilaments 1 D/v 7 d/a 20 v/A 14 Morphometric characters in % of SL head length 23.8 25.2 head width 10.7 10.4 head height 13.3 14.4 Snout length 4.3 4.4 upper jaw length 11.7 12.9 Diameter of pigmented eye 2.0 2.7 Diameter of pupil 1.2 1.5 Interorbital width 5.0 6.1 Posterior maxilla height 3.7 3.0 Postorbital length 18.0 18.4 Preanal length 49.9 46.8 Predorsal length 31.1 30.0 Body depth at origin of anal in 14.1 16.8 Pectoral in length 14.9 12.5 Pectoral in base height 4.8 5.0 ventral in length 17.3 Base ventral in – anal in origin 32.6 29.0 106 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III Fig. 57. Paradiancistrus lombokensis sp. nov. holotype. A, lateral view of head; B, ventral view of head; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside; D, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ; E, median view of right otolith; F, ventral view of right otolith. Male copulatory organ (Fig. 57C–D). Two pairs of rather small pseudoclaspers. Outer pseudoclasper broad wing-shaped, short, with thick supporter; inner pseudoclasper double-lobed moderately broad f lap, anteriorly joined to outer pseudoclasper forming curved feature, with supporter; isthmus moderately wide; penis short, curved, with broad base. Colouration. live colour unknown. Preserved colour medium brownish grey, lighter at the belly and darker on the back in front of the dorsal in. Comparison. Paradiancistrus lombokensis is readily recognised as a representative of the genus Paradiancistrus because of its single lower preopercular pore, a character which outside of the Indo-west Paciic is only shared by Pseudogilbia Møller, Schwarzhans and Nielsen, 2004, from America, which however exhibits a different pseudoclasper pattern amongst other distinguishing characters (see Møller et al. (2004) and Schwarzhans et al. (2005)). Paradiancistrus lombokensis differs from the two other species of the genus – P. acutirostris and P. cuyoensis – in the low number of dorsal in rays (65 vs 82–88 and 76–81 respectively) and anal in rays (52 vs 66–71 and 62–65 respectively), the short and narrow head (head length <25.5 vs >27 % Sl, head height <15 vs > 20 % Sl), the short predorsal length (<31.5 vs >35 % Sl), the broad scale patch on the cheeks with 8 scale rows on the upper cheeks (vs 2 and 5–7 respectively) and in details of the otolith and the pseudoclasper morphology. The high number of scales on the cheeks, the inner pseudoclasper with two lobes and the stubby snout resemble P. cuyoensis. Distribution (Fig. 55). Paradiancistrus lombokensis is known only from two specimens from the typelocation at lombok, Indonesia. The type series was found in crevices of silty coralline rock. Etymology. Named after the type locality, the island of lombok. ADDeNDuM TO PArT II OF The revIeW OF The DINeMATIChThyINI OF The INDO-WeST PACIFIC (Møller AND SChWArZhANS 2006). Dermatopsis Ogilby, 1896 Species. Following the review of Møller and Schwarzhans, (2006), the genus Dermatopsis comprises four species – Dermatopsis greenfieldi Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006, from Fiji, Dermatopsis hoesei Møller 107 W. Schwarzhans and P. r. Møller Dermatopsis greenieldi Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006 (Fig. 58) Additional material examined. (6 specimens, 15–51 mm Sl). NhMG 1917-07-07, 1 male, 36 mm Sl, Fiji station 6; NhMG 1917-07-02, 1 male, 39 mm Sl, 3 females, 40–51 mm Sl, 1 juvenile, 15 mm Sl, Fiji station 13. Diagnosis (updated). vertebrae 11-12 + 27-29 = 39–41, dorsal in rays 64–70, anal in rays 44–49; scales present on body; eye 1.8–2.6 % Sl, sharp spine on ventral maxilla positioned behind rear tip of eye; large, broad single pair of (outer) pseudoclaspers, inwardly connected to isthmus with ligament, with two supporters, the anterior inclined, short, joined at base to massive and long posterior supporter; otolith with pointed posterior tip and weak postdorsal angle, otolith elongate, length to height ratio 2.1–2.2, sulcus with separated colliculi. Description (addendum). Male copulatory organ (Fig. 58). Single pair of larger, broad (outer) pseudoclaspers anteriorly connected to wide isthmus with ligament. Two supporters, anterior one forwardly inclined, thin, connected at base to posterior supporter; posterior supporter longer, more massive, with slightly expanded and pointed tip. Penis curved, somewhat longer than pseudoclasper. Remarks. The presence of two supporters in the single pseudoclasper is (so far) unique among pseudoclaspers of the closely related genera Dermatopsis, Dermatopsoides and Schwarzhans, 2006 and Dermatopsis macrodon Ogilby, 1896, both from south-eastern Australia and Dermatopsis joergennielseni Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006 from New Zealand. At the time of description, no males were known from D. greenieldi. Such males have now become available from the collection of NhMG in Göteborg, Sweden. They are igured and described below and also are the reason for the updating of the diagnosis of the genus (new information in bold). Diagnosis (updated). Anterior nostril placed very close above upper lip; head without scales; tip of opercular spine free, exposed; maxilla not vertically expanded postventrally, ventral knob well anterior to rear corner; lower lip with skin folds; male copulatory organ with one pair of mostly large, but not very diverse pseudoclaspers (probably representing the outer pseudoclasper in terminology of Møller et al. 2004a) with usually one supporter (two in ); penis without hook near tip; sulcus of otolith with separated ostium and cauda marked by strong indentation at ventral margin of sulcus, its colliculi separated; anterior anal in ray pterygiophore elongate; lower preopercular pores 2, often joined in single opening and then counted as 1; upper preopercular pore absent; posterior infraorbital pores 2 or 3; precaudal vertebrae variable between 11 and 14, body size not exceeding 75 mm Sl. Fig. 58. Dermatopsis greenieldi Møller & Schwarzhans, 2006. NhMG 1917-07-07, male, 36 mm Sl. A, ventral view of male copulatory organ; B, inclined lateral view of male copulatory organ; C, view of left pseudoclasper from inside; D, view of left pseudoclasper from outside. 108 Dinematichthyine ishes of the Indo-west Paciic III and Dipulus (bearing in mind, however, that pseudoclaspers are not yet known from Dermatopsoides morrisonae Møller and Schwarzhans, 2006) and may indicate a plesiomorphic character state. Single outer pseudoclaspers with two pairs of supporters have otherwise only been observed from the New World genus Gunterichthys Dawson, 1966 and the herein newly described genus Didymothallus. The pseudoclasper morphology of D. greenfieldi strongly resembles that of D. macrodon except that in D. macrodon, the equivalent of the thin anterior supporter as seen in D. greenieldi, is developed as a leshy appendix without a supporter. ACKNOWleDGMeNTS We wish to thank the following persons for helping us with material and information: Gerald r. Allen (WAM), M. eric Anderson (SAIAB), Dianne J. Bray (NMv), David Catania (CAS), Daniel M. Cohen (CAS), Gavin Dally (NTM), Guy Duhamel (MNhN), Jon Fong (CAS), ronald Fricke (SMNS), Kiyoshi hagiwara (yCM), Karsten hartel (MCZ), Philip C. heemstra (SAIAB), Peter A. hulley (SAM), J. Barry hutchins (WAM) (also for the photos of the fresh dead specimens), Tomio Iwamoto (CAS), Susan l. Jewett (uSNM), Jeffrey W. Johnson (QM), helen K. larson (NTM), Jeff M. leis (AMS), yoshihiko Machida (BSKu), James Maclaine (NhM former BMNh), John e. McCosker (CAS), Mark A. McGrouther (AMS), Sue Morrison (WAM), vusi Mthombeni (SAIAB), Jørgen G. Nielsen (ZMuC), John r. Paxton (AMS), Patrice Pruvost (MNhN), John e. randall (BPBM), Sandra raredon (uSNM), Sally reader (AMS), Clive roberts (NMNZ), Mark Sabaj (ANSP), Jeff Seigel (lACM), Gento Shinohara (NSMT), Carina Sjöholm (NhMG), David G. Smith (uSNM), William F. Smith-vaniz (uSGS), victor G. Springer (uSNM), Andrew l. 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