Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 46 (08), August 2017, pp. 1503-1510 Review article From biology to management: A critical review of Hilsa Shad (Tenualosa ilisha) Sachinandan Dutta1,2* & Sugata Hazra1 1 2 School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, India. Aquatic Bioresource Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019, India. * [E-mail : duttasachi@gmail.com] Received 26 March 2015 ; revised 16 November 2016 Major studies relating to Hilsa fishery has been concentrated in Bay of Bengal part of Bangladesh and India, as the distribution of this species is maximum in this region. Important biological aspect of this species has been studied during 1950s to 1960s. Hilsa is a migratory fish. Hence, the migration study is a vital research area of this species. Recently population dynamics and stock assessment study has been carried out for the management of Hilsa fishery. Ecological and economic approaches of this species are being less studied area. This paper tries to understand the species from ecological, biological, social and economic point of views. [Keywords: Hilsa Shad, Bay of Bengal, Research, Management, Sustainability] Introduction Hilsa Shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery is one of the most popular and important fishery from socioeconomic viewpoints in northern part of Bay of Bengal of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. This species belongs to the family Clupeidae and genus Tenualosa, which has five species viz., T. ilisha (Hamilton), T. toil (Valenciennes), T. macrura (Bleeker), T. reevesii (Richardson), T. thibaudeaui (Durand). Hilsa Shad is distributed east and west coast of India, Bangladesh, Persian Gulf eastward to Myanmar, Vietnam, Pakistan and Iran (Fig. 1). At present 50-60 percent of global Hilsa catch is reported from Bangladesh waters, 20-25 percent from Myanmar, 15-20 percent from India and other 5-10 percent from other countries (e.g., Iraq, Kuwait, Malaysia, Thailand and Pakistan)1. The species also gain importance for its essential fatty acid content i.e., omega 3 fatty acid which has medical importance and helps in significant reduction of the cholesterol and insulin level. Alam et al.2 extensively describe the nutritional value of Hilsa. The Hilsa Shad has been studied widely by different authors from different aspect, such as biological aspect3,4,5,6,7; length weight aspect8; population dynamic aspect9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. Different workers had studied the life history of Hilsa in different period in Hooghly river system of West Bengal viz. Hora and Nair17; Hora18; Jones and Menon19; Pillay20; Gopalakrishnan21; Gupta22; De and Dutta23; Bhaumik and Sharma24. Fig. 1- Native range of Hilsa Shad. Source: Computer generated native distribution map for Tenualosa ilisha (Hilsa Shad). www.aquamaps.org, version of Aug. 2015. Web Accessed 21 Oct. 2015. 1504 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 08, AUGUST 2017 Present review paper consists different aspect of Hilsa fishery such as biology, life history, food and feeding, migration, maturation and spawning, genetics, ecology, population dynamics and stock assessment, conservation and management, economy, market from three different main sections i.e. biological, social and economic. Main consequence of this present review is to develop the future research area on Hilsa fishery to ensure its sustainability. Biology and life history The biological study of Hilsa has been done by Kulkarni3; Pillay and Rao4; Pillay and Rosa25; Ramakrishnaiah5; Jafri6; Rahman7. Bhuiyan and Momen26 did their work on protozoan parasites of Hilsa in Bangladesh. They found that, in terms of infection Jirovecia piscicola had the highest occurrence (53.33%) while Coccomyxa baleswarensis had the lowest prevalence (26.67%). Jawad et al.27 found the relationship between biology parameters, such as body length, sex, spawning period, and haematocrit of Hilsa. According to them male showed a higher haematocrit value than female counterparts. This value is found to be higher during the beginning of spawning period. Jafri6 and Pillay28 did an excellent review on biology of Hilsa. They have considered different parameters of biology such as morphology, anatomy, food and feeding, migration, spawning, age and growth, reproduction and physiology. Rahman7 did his work on biology for the management of this species. This species is a rapid swimmer and it covers approximately 71 kms in 24 hours29. The activity index and trophic levels of Hilsa are 2.67 and 2.0 ± 0.1 respectively. The breeding period of Hilsa is twice a year, the main spawning30 time is during monsoon and has an additional winter breeding though not significant. It moves upstream during spawning period. The life cycle of Hilsa is shown in Fig 2. Age of maturity of this species is 1.23 years and the life span of this species is 3.65 years. Ramakrishnaiah5 estimated the size at first maturity was 187 mm for both males and females. Al-Baz31 did the study on Hilsa Population biology from Kuwait. The morphology, length-weight, food and feeding, fecundity, maturation and spawning, migration are also discussed under biology and life history of this species. Fig. 2- Life cycle of Hilsa Shad (Tenualosa ilisha). Morphology and Length-weight Length-weight study is very elementary and important in fishery research. The length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor (Kn) was determined by LeCren‟s32 least square methods W  aLb , where, W is the weight of the fish and L is the length of the fish and a is the exponent describing the rate of change of weight with respect to length and b denotes the weight at unit length. Dutta et al.8 estimated the growth of T. ilisha is positive allometric in nature, i.e. the weight increase is directly proportional to the increase in length. The same type of LWR is also found in the observation from Nurul Amin et al.33, they also established the female T. ilisha was taller than male. Narejo et al.34 did a morphometric study of Hilsa from Indus river of Pakistan. They found that the length-weight regression co-efficient is lower in summer and higher in winter. Salini et al.35 did a study on allozyme and morphological variation of Hilsa. Their morphological results reflect local environmental conditions rather than any population-level differences and the allozyme results suggest that there is substantial gene flow between groups of Hilsa within the Bay of Bengal. Ramakrishnaiah5 estimated the LWR of Hilsa from Chilka Lake, which is W  0.00000446 8 * L3.125 . Food and feeding The food and feeding habit study is one of the most significant and common research areas in fish biology. Significant numbers of studies have been carried on food and feeding habits of Hilsa, such as De and Dutta23; Narejo et al.34; Nasri et al.36; Ahsan DUTTA & HAZRA: BIOLOGY TO MANAGEMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF HILSA SHAD (TENUALOSA ILISHA) et al.37; Dutta et al.38. Hilsa is a planktonivorus in food habits37,38 and it feeds on mainly phytoplankton like diatoms, blue and green algae, zooplanktons, organic debris, sand particles. According to De and Dutta23 the adult Hilsa are microphagous planktivore and the young Hilsa mainly feeds on zooplankton. This species mainly feeds on its sea phase of life and stops feeding during spawning migration 23,39,40,41. Fecundity, maturation and spawning Saifullah et al.42 did a fecundity study of Hilsa in Bangladesh water. They found that the body weight is the best fecundity indicator. Spawning of female Hilsa was high in October (GSI=10.2) and low in April (GSI=6.77). For females, the fecundity was 87,267 to 614,482 in 210 mm to 350 mm length size group of female Hilsa43. Geometric mean fecundity of Hilsa is 587,91944. Pillay45 did a descriptive study on Hilsa maturation and spawning. He had described all the stages of maturation in both male and female. Migration Hilsa is an anadromous in nature 4,28,46. Milton and Chenery47 identified the movement pattern of Hilsa from isotope ratio of its otoliths. They observed that, fishes such as Hilsa undertake immigrate to fresh water post sexual maturity. Hilsa spent considerable amount of time in fresh water before migrating to the lower estuary or sea. Jones46 did an interesting study on the spring migration of Hilsa in Gangetic delta. He concluded that the late winter migration is influenced by temperature rise of river water, so the temperature is a factor for its migration. Recently Rao et al.48 did a study on how the nutritional profile changes in Hilsa during its migration. They found that the nutritional composition was high in Hilsa during riverine phase than the marine phase. Lunar cycle has great influence on the migration, spawning and many other aspects of life history strategies of Hilsa14. Hilsa Shad spends most of its life in the inshore areas of the sea and undertakes extensive migrations ascending the estuaries and rivers for the purpose of breeding49. Genetics Most of the genetics study of Hilsa is related to the population genetics and genetic variation of Hilsa population. Rahman and Naevdal50 did found that where and when Hilsa spawn, whether Hilsa will 1505 migrate to fresh water for spawning or are truly marine from genetic studies. Jorfi et al.51 did a study on population genetic of Hilsa from Iran using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) methods. Dahle et al.52; Brahmane et al.53 are also identify the Hilsa population using RAPD technique. Shifat et al.54 estimated that the Hilsa has genetically two different populations from the two major inland rivers of Bangladesh, Padma and Meghna. Rahman and Naevdal55; Mazumder and Alam56 concluded the same, that the Hilsa population has more than one gene pool in Bangladesh water, there are three stocks of Hilsa with a substantial level of inter-population genetic divergence among river, estuarine and marine populations. Whereas Lal et al.57 find out the genetic variation of Hilsa population in Ganga River that existing of single panmictic population. Brahmane et al58 also find that the Hilsa population of Ganga and Hoogly River is single population, migrating to the river through estuary. Rahman and Naevdal55 used genetic methods for the identification of Hilsa juvenile. Ecology The Hilsa is an ecologically significant species in BOBLME (Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem) especially in Sundarban estuary ecosystem, as this species migrate to fresh water river for spawning, thus its habitat area is varied between marine-brackish-fresh water. It is pelagic in habit and mainly grazes on aquatic plants and detritus. The ecology is the less studied subject on this species. Population dynamic and stock assessment Population dynamic and stock assessment has been widely studied subject in different time and place. Rajyalakshmi59 did a four-year survey during 1963 to 1967 in Godavari estuary on Hilsa population dynamics, from length-weight to effort dynamics. Recently Dutta et al.60 estimated the population structure along with the exploitation of the species from West Bengal coast. Population dynamic and stock assessment study is widely done in Bangladesh by different authors like Miah et al.61; Rahman et al.62; Nurul Amin et al.10,11,12,33,63; Halder and Nurul Amin13; Ahmed et al.64; Rahman and Cowx14. All the study shows an overexploitation of this species from Bangladesh water. Hashemi et al.15; Roomian and Jamili16 estimated the population dynamics of Hilsa from Iran. Hashemi et al.15 1506 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 08, AUGUST 2017 calculated the MSY 3247.19 tonnes from Northwest of Persian Gulf and Roomian and Jamili16 calculated the MSY 2653 tonnes from Khuzestan Province. Panhwar & Liu65 is carried out a recent study on Hilsa population statistic from Pakistan, Sindh. They used FiSAT-II for length–frequency study and Catch and Effort Data Analysis (CEDA) software for effort dynamic study. Milton and Chenery66 describe the population structure from otolith study. Market and Economic Bangladesh and eastern India (majorly in West Bengal state) has a huge market of this species. This species is frequently export to India from Bangladesh since the production is higher in the neighboring country. Hilsa play a vital role in the national economy of Bangladesh. Hilsa contributes about 22-25% of the total fish production of the Bangladesh67. In the year 2005-06, about 11% of the country‟s total fish production came from Hilsa and average Hilsa production is about 215 thousand mt, which is valued at about US $380 million68. Hilsa contributes 1.0% to the GDP of Bangladesh69. Highly prized fish food Hilsa accounts for 15-20% of the total fish landings of the Hooghly estuary, India70. The market goes higher during special occasions and religious functions in both countries. Market data and the market analysis of the species have been studied in very few amounts. AlDubakel71 studied the Hilsa market in Iraq. He concluded that the fish marketing practice involves a series of fish handling and transfer procedures before arriving to the consumer. The marketing system of this species is value chain based, which increases the price. The market of Hilsa fishery depends on the local and preferable consumers as this fish is not as popular worldwide as salmon. Ahmed72; Mome68, Siddique73 has carried out significant studies based on Bangladesh fishery and Chaudhuri74; Das et al.75; Gupta76 has worked on fishery economics in West Bengal. Mome68 did a bio-economic assessment for the Hilsa fishery policy study in Bangladesh. Social Hilsa is inhabited from marine to estuary to fresh water, so it influenced the society from coastal to riverside population. In the Ganga-BrahmaputraMeghna (GBM) basin of northern part of BOB it has a huge impact on both social and economics, because it‟s abundance is very high in this area and about 250 million people of this part are directly or indirectly depend on this species. Hilsa enjoys a special place among the community of that region because of its excellent taste and high nutritional value. It is the national fish of Bangladesh and is regarded as the „King of the Fish‟. Recent reports indicate that the marine catch of this fishery is increased and the riverine catch is decreased due to dam construction, pollution and increasing fishing effort in the marine areas. Conservation and Management The management of Hilsa is very essential to ensure its sustainability. Conservation of the species is a key issue nowadays as the fish has been harvested in a random manner from its habitat area. Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) program did an extensive work for the management of this species from Bangladesh, India and Myanmar. Hanping77 did a work on conservation of Reeves Shad (T. reevesii) from China. He has identified the major problems for the management of this species such as; habitat exclusion, degradation, overfishing and lack of knowledge on environment of its stock, which are also applicable for Hilsa Shad. According to Hanping77, larval and juvenile Hilsa culturing and stocking is fundamental for it is restoration in the future besides enforcement of management and regulations. Bhaumik and Sharma24 provided good conservation strategies for the Hilsa fishery. The successful management of a system is often defined in terms of biological, economic, social, and political objectives78. A proper management leading to a sustainable utilization of this vulnerable biological resource is extremely essential. Management options of the Hilsa fishery are as follows: i. Banning catch of the small fishes called “Jatka” (<500 gms and <230 mm.) and Enforcement of fishing regulation restricting mesh size (>90mm) of fishing net and type of fishing gear in shallow depth (<50m). ii. Proper stock assessment with notification for total permissible annual catch is an essential task. Therefore, effort should be controlled. iii. Declaring „Sanctuary‟ for Hilsa with proper identification of spawning and breeding grounds. As the Sundarban estuary work as a nursing ground of the fish. DUTTA & HAZRA: BIOLOGY TO MANAGEMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF HILSA SHAD (TENUALOSA ILISHA) iv. The Hilsa population is facing overfishing, so intensive fishing in a haphazard manner should be stopped. On such suggestions, recently (9.4.2013) the Government of West Bengal has enforced new fishing regulations79 exclusively for Hilsa. Treating Hilsa as a flagship species, the entire estuarine– marine ecosystem of northern Bay of Bengal can be managed sustainably in a long run. Discussion Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery is one of the most popular and important in northern part of Bay of Bengal of India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar from socio-economic viewpoints. Unlike Salmon, Hilsa though is not popular worldwide; it occupies an important position in the socio-cultural life of the people living in this region. Hence, overexploitation of the fish is a major problem. Strict imposing of government policies and scientific regulations of Hilsa farming may ensure sustainability of the species. Hilsa is an anadromous fish, move upstream for spawning during rainy season. Milton and Chenery47 observed that fishes such as Hilsa undertake immigrate to fresh water post sexual maturity. They spent considerable amount of time in fresh water before migrating to the lower estuary or sea. Fish schools in coastal waters and ascends up the rivers (anadromous) for around 50 – 100 km to spawn during the South West monsoons (June to September) and also in January to March . The young fish returning to the sea are known in Bangladesh as jatka, which includes any hilsa fish up to 9 inches long. Hilsa is an ecologically significant species in BOBLME especially in Sundarban estuary ecosystem, as this species migrate to fresh water river for spawning, thus its habitat area is varied between marine-brackish-fresh water. Lunar cycle greatly effects on its migration. It is pelagic in habit and mainly grazes on aquatic plants and detritus. It is a tropical fish and habitats at a depth of nearly 200 m. Hilsa feeds on mainly phytoplankton such as diatoms, blue and green algae, zooplanktons, organic debris, sand particles. According to De and Dutta23 the adult Hilsa are microphagous planktivore and the young Hilsa mainly feeds on zooplankton. The nutritional composition was high in Hilsa during riverine phase than the marine phase. Mazumder and Alam56 conclude that the Hilsa 1507 population has more than one gene pool in Bangladesh water. There are three stocks of Hilsa with a substantial level of inter-population genetic divergence among river, estuarine and marine populations. It has huge impact on the socioeconomic approach of the riverside human population. Bangladesh and eastern India (majorly in West Bengal state) has a huge market of this species. This species is frequently export to India from Bangladesh since the production is higher in the neighboring country. Day by day, the market value of this species is getting high due to its low availability, which is the impact of overfishing. A reasonable amount of studies has been carried out from different aspects of Hilsa fishery such as biology, life history, food and feeding, migration, maturation and spawning, genetics, ecology, population dynamics and stock assessment, management, economy, market from ecological, social and economic viewpoints. However, sustainability in species management can only be ensured through proper implementation of government policies and impose of fishing regulations to control species exploitation. To save the hilsa for sustainable fishery in HooghlyBhagirathi river system, it is the high time to develop rational conservation strategy. There is an urgent need towards conservation of the species in view of the present national attention for sustaining the prized Hilsa fishery in India24. There is practically no control on fishing efforts, compliance of observing closed season is limited, and there is hardly any gear restrictions due to open access, lack of social awareness, poor control and surveillance. Conclusion The essentiality of Hilsa fishery in its well-known areas is very dependent on its sustainability. Sustainability can be defined from different aspects such as social, economy and ecology (Fig. 3). Fig. 3- Sustainability diagram. 1508 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 08, AUGUST 2017 In this present paper, we try to understand this species from ecological, biological, social and economic perspectives. Main outcome of this study is to focus on the future of this fishery. Therefore, we reviewed the Hilsa fishery to recognize the past and present types of work on this species and the research gap area, from this knowledge we are able to need of study of this fishery for its sustainable management. The Hilsa biology and fishery had been reviewed by different author at different time like, Pillay28; Rajas80; Jafri6. Their reviews are mainly focus on biological aspect. However, in the present study we try to focus on every aspect of Hilsa from biology to socio-economic to conservation and management. Biology of Hilsa is well established, we need more focus on the ecology and economic which are very less studied. Maintaining good supplies of wild Hilsa is an ongoing challenge in the face of threats from overfishing, habitat destruction and degradation, and the voracious appetite of an ever-increasing population. Introduction of this species in aquaculture may be one of the solutions. In India, it has been tried earlier with no success. Sen et al.81 tried in-situ breeding of Hilsa species. Bhanot and De82; Malhotra et al.83; Panicker et al.84 were carried out similar attempts with partial successes. 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