Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

Sanja  Kovacic

This sequel provides a historical overview of collections of ferns (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) grown in the Zagreb Faculty of Science Botanical Garden between 1895 and 2021. Although opinions on the systematics, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy of "true" ferns still diverge greatly, Equisetaceae and Psilotaceae are commonly included. At least 376 taxa of native and cultivated ferns from 29 families have been grown in the Botanical Garden during the last 126 years. Unfortunately, the complete COVID-19-lockdown, devastating earthquakes and weather extremes of 2020, extending to 2021, diminished our collections. Today we are growing 86 taxa within 20 families of ferns and their closest relatives.

NAT. CROAT. VOL. 31 No 1 133-206 ZAGREB July 31, 2022 professional paper/stručni članak – museum collections/muzejske zbirke DOI 10.20302/NC.2022.31.13 PLETHORA OF PLANTS – COLLECTIONS OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB (7): HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF FERN (MONILOPHYTA; POLYPODIOPSIDA; POLYPODIOPHYTA) COLLECTIONS Sanja Kovačić Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail: sanja.kovacic@biol.pmf.hr ) Kovačić, S.: Plethora of plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections. Nat. Croat., Vol. 31, No. 1, 133-206, 2022, Zagreb. This sequel provides a historical overview of collections of ferns (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) grown in the Zagreb Faculty of Science Botanical Garden between 1895 and 2021. Although opinions on the systematics, classification, nomenclature and taxonomy of “true” ferns still diverge greatly, Equisetaceae and Psilotaceae are commonly included. At least 376 taxa of native and cultivated ferns from 29 families have been grown in the Botanical Garden during the last 126 years. Unfortunately, the complete COVID-19-lockdown, devastating earthquakes and weather extremes of 2020, extending to 2021, diminished our collections. Today we are growing 86 taxa within 20 families of ferns and their closest relatives. Key words: Zagreb Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, historic plant collections, ferns, horsetails, psilotum Kovačić, S.: Obilje bilja – zbirke Botaničkoga vrta Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (7): Povijesni pregled zbirki papratnjača (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta). Nat. Croat., Vol. 31, No. 1, 133-206, 2022, Zagreb. U ovom nastavku serije o zbirkama Botaničkog vrta PMF-a u Zagrebu donosim povijesni prikaz zbirki papratnjača (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida ili Polypodiophyta) uzgajanih u Vrtu između 1895. i 2021. godine. Iako se stajališta stručnjaka o sistematici, klasifikaciji, nomenklaturi i taksonomiji papratnjača i danas uvelike razlikuju, u ovu su skupinu biljaka već uobičajeno uvrštene i preslice te psiloti. Rezultati pokazuju da je tijekom 126 godina u Botaničkom vrtu uzgajano najmanje 376 divljih i uzgojnih svojta paprati iz 29 porodica. Nažalost, prekid redovitog rada („COVID-19-lockdown“), snažni potresi te vremenski ekstremi koji su pogodili Zagreb 2020., nastavljajući se u 2021., imali su za posljedicu i osiromašenje naših zbirki. Danas uzgajamo 86 svojti iz 20 porodica papratnjača. Ključne riječi: Botanički vrt PMF-a u Zagrebu, povijesne zbirke biljaka, papratnjače, paprati, preslice, psiloti FOREWORD In 2015 we launched the “Plethora of Plants” -series for Natura Croatica museum journal, studying the trends in various increased or declining Botanical Garden plant collections over the years. After my first thorough inventory of the temperate glasshouse plants (‘Aroideae’) in 2015, attempts were made to improve the glasshouse col- 134 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb lections on the basis of these surveys, which deduced the plant-lists as initially established, and identified the plant taxa that should be added to our recent collections, thus “filling the gaps” in the inventories of families and/or genera. Statutorily protected as a monument of nature and culture of the Republic of Croatia, and the City of Zagreb, our Botanical Garden is dedicated to the preservation of the national botanical history. It is thus important to try to replace the “missing parts of the puzzles” from our collections, bringing them closer to the original framework, as depicted in the earliest reviews (Ettinger, 1892; Heinz, 1895-96). INTRODUCTION The comprehensive investigation of the plant collections in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (below: “Botanical Garden” or “the Garden”) is continuing with inventories of indigenous, wild and cultivated ferns (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida – Polypodiophyta), following the general principles established in the first part of this series (Kovačić, 2015). Ferns (Monilophyta; Pteridophyta – Polypodiopsida/Pteridopsida) The classification of ferns sensu lato is considered very difficult, as briefly elaborated in Kovačić (2015), just before the much-anticipated report of The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG-1) was published in 2016. Alas, instead of bringing much needed consensus and order to the older group of “Filices”, the solutions proposed by PPG-1 provoked more disputes and (dare we say) new confusion to the World of Ferns. In Kovačić (2015) I was dealing with combined historical data on our temperate glasshouse collections, ferns included (according to the to then-valid plant-bases The Plant List, TROPICOS and IPNI), which I will not repeat here. But, it should be admitted, I was truly astonished with the assortment of (not only) ferns in our original collections: according to Heinz (1895-96; pg. 14-15), “many species” from 21 fern genera and 6 families (in my estimation, at least 35 taxa) of that time grew in our small Exhibition Glasshouse back then, while in 2015 we had 25 taxa from 7 families (data in Kovačić, 2015). Investigation of our old paper-card database, established around 1952, revealed that after the Second World War (WWII) we had a total of 13 glasshouse fern families, 26 genera and 53 species archived (Tab. 4 in Kovačić, 2015), out of which 7 fern families and 10 genera were not present in 2015. However, these numbers are highly dependent on the nomenclatural authority used, which was for ferns always questionable. From 2015 until 2021 our glasshouse fern collection increased significantly, though the nomenclature problems remained: consulting more than a single botanical authority brings linear growth to the nomenclatural nightmare among ferns. Virtually, there are not two databases capable of treating even our small fern collection in the same way: some species have more than 50 synonyms through several families, resulting in immense confusion. As Professor Peter F. Stevens reminds us in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb), terms such as higher and lower plants, or primitive and advanced characters, are outdated. Nowadays, when talking about individual characters, terms such as plesiomorphic vs. apomorphic, or derived, are more suitable. All “land plants” (Embryopsida) belong to a clade embedded in a predominantly aquatic, paraphyletic group of the “green algae”: together, they construct the “green plants” (Viridiplantae) of our planet, in the broadest sense. No scientific consensus on the relationships among all aspects Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 135 of plant life on Earth has been achieved. Accordingly, the relationships between the “true” and “weird” ferns (actually, sophistically elaborated evolutional lineages, such as Lycopodium, Selaginella, Psilotum or Equisetum) are still being much disputed. For example, though morphologically astonishingly similar, whisk ferns (Psilotum spp.) really are not descendants from the Palaeozoic Rhyniophytes – moreover, they are entirely unrelated, and not nearly as old as previously thought. Whisk ferns are truly ferns, as already accepted in the time of our Garden collections establishment. Ferns in the Garden collections of the late 19th century Though never citing the authority according to which he planned the layout of our Garden, it is obvious that in imagining, planning, drawing, constructing and planting the Royal Botanical Garden in Zagreb (as it was originally christened at its foundation, during the Habsburg Monarchy), Professor Heinz (1861–1919), aided by his Chefgärtner Vitĕslav Durchánek (1857–1924), followed Engler’s System. That, one of the prime Darwinian phylogenetic systems of plant taxonomy based on evolutionary trends, was developed by the famous German botanist, Der Altmeister Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (1844–1930), Heinz’s contemporary. Engler’s comprehensive system of Plant Life classification with Orders and Families was commonly accepted, and it is still appreciated today. Widely called Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (or Syllabus of Plant Names; Engler, 1892), it was the first “post-Darwinian”, at the time modern and complete, revision of plant families to generic level in a single short publication. It was followed by the monumental work Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (The natural plant families; Engler & Prantl, 1887–), gradually published during the years and containing much more detail. Though Heinz never mentioned Engler in his Guide, he states, as it goes without saying (a fine German word is selbstverständlich): “Today we divide the Plants on Earth into four large natural divisions, namely: 1. Myxothallophyta, 2. Euthalophyta, 3. Embryophyta zoidiogama, 4. Embryophyta siphonogama.” (Heinz, 1895-96, pg. 13). As those terms are today abandoned, a short explanation might be in order: Myxothallophyta (or Mycetozoa) was a polyphyletic grouping of so called “slime moulds”, evolution lineages of organisms that are, actually, unrelated, and today included mostly in the Phylum Amoebozoa of the Eucaryotes. Euthalophyta (Thallophyta or Thallobionta) included fungi, lichens and algae, and – according to various views – even bryophytes, bacteria and slime moulds. Thallophyta with “hidden” reproductive system was, together with ferns, incorporated into the “Cryptogamae”, as opposed to “Phanerogamae” – plants with “visible” reproductive system. Also, “Thallophyta”, with their “undifferentiated (thalloid) bodies”, were opposed to “Cormophyta” – plants with roots and stems. Embryophyta zoidiogama was Engler’s grouping (division) of mosses (with hornworts and liverworts) and ferns (with equisetums and lycophytes). Embryophyta siphonogama (or Phanerogamae) consisted of gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes) and angiosperms (all other “flowering plants”). This is the Engler’s, Darwinian system, in its core (Buggs, 2021). The second subdivision of Engler’s Embryophyta zoidiogama is the point where Heinz starts his systematic description of the Garden collections: supraorder Pteridophyta, with three orders – Filicales, Equisetales and Lycopodiales. The Order of Ferns (Filicales) of the time comprehends two Suborders: “true ferns” (Filices) and “water ferns” (Hydropterides). From the first Suborder, various families were cultivated in the Garden. 136 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Besides some 20-odd fern taxa (some only depicted with “sp.”) connected to the glasshouse cultivation from the Polypodiaceae family (published in Kovačić, 2015), Heinz (1895-96) enumerates “many species” of Aspidium (val. Tectaria Cav.; but also of Croatian flora, under other genera), Asplenium (incl. then separated Scolopendrium, of which Heinz writes himself in 1892), Athyrium, Ceterach, Blechnum, Polypodium, Pteris “and others”, living outdoors (“beside the grotto”; Photo-tab. 1), without a single species named. However, as we still today grow some “common” Croatian taxa at the same place (though the “grotto” was removed between 1963 and 1965, when the rocks and boulders were used for constructing the Sub-Mediterranean Rockery), it could be assumed that those were similar. Table 1 (in on-line version of this text) is amended with Heinz’s data for the ferns living outdoors in 1895, which were not published in Kovačić (2015). b a c d e Photo-tab. 1: Fragments of the Garden times long gone: a) The Grotto with indigenous ferns and horsetails, around 1895; b) Gentleman observing young giant redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum) with some ferns beneath, before WWI; c) Warm glasshouse with Platycerium and other tropical ferns, after WWI; d) Indigenous ferns in the Karstic rockery, after WWII; e) Botanical Garden ferns among other indigenous plants presented at Zagreb International Garden and Flower Exhibition (today FloraArt), 1969. Ferns in the Garden collections between 1900 and 1950 During the thorough digitalization of the Botanical Garden historic archives, financed by the Croatian Ministry of Culture in 2020, we recovered several forgotten notebooks, sketchbooks and lists from the early 20th century (Photo-tab. 2), with collection registries of the time – among them, also some inventories of ferns. These hand-written lists, filled with antiquated synonymy, are invaluable documentation of our history, partially filling the 50-year gap of our plant inventories between 1897 and 1952 (explained in Kovačić, 2015). Some of the registries name certain ferns for the first time in our Garden collections, and I have added them to this survey (Tab. 1). We also recovered some lists of fern spores: 60 species ordered from unidentified sources in 1925/26, and 22 ordered in 1948 via Indici Semini of Delft, Prague, Oslo, Dijon, etc. Ferns from these lists were not incorporated in Table 1, as we do not know their fate. There are also several lists, mostly undated, ordering plant-labels for the collections, naming some ferns among other things. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 137 a c b d e h f g Photo-tab. 2: a) Plant inventories written in the early 20th century, listing taxa after taxa once existing in our collections. Many such notebooks are lost, while some of the retrieved carry only a part of the families with taxa inventoried in some year, and are marked as “No. 2” or “B” – indicating that once there were (at least) “1” and “A”. b) Fern registry, around 1900. cd) Perennials registry from 1904 with the list of ferns. e) Registry of glasshouses from 191? (year illegible). f) List of 60 fern species spores “… received in 1925, to be sown in January of 1926”, without their further fate known. g) List of warm glasshouse ferns from 1932. h) List of plant-labels for the glasshouse ferns, early 1930-ies. 138 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb As nothing of our ferns was officially peer-reviewed and published during the first half of the 20th century, and all data on our collections remained in – today seriously damaged – hand-written inventories, we do not know more about the listed plants: whether they were purchased, received as gifts, grown vegetatively, or from spores; their origin or their age. Also, complex classification of ferns was unknown to our old records: in the hand-written inventories from the first half of 20th century, sometimes very difficult to decipher due to the ornate handwriting and yellowing pages, all ferns were listed among “Filices” (without families), and later under “Polypodiaceae”, until the new paper-card database was established in the early 1950-ies. It is also challenging to follow the nomenclature of the time. For the inventories written before WWI it is sometimes very difficult to found a valid name, while the author of taxon is missing. Cultons could sometimes be found in old (predominantly German) horticultural books and magazines, some today available on-line (for example, Species Filicum by Hooker, 1785-1865; Lexikon der Gärtnerei by Dietrich, 1837; Ferns and fern culture by Birkenhead, 1892). We do not know practically anything of the literature used by our predecessors, who might have had their private books they took with them when they retired: after WWII very little was left. We can also presume that they used the “bare” plant-names as they found them in the Indici Semini of the time, as synonymy in the remaining hand-written inventories is vast. Ferns in the first Garden paper-card database (ca 1952 to 2000) The list of the temperate greenhouse species (incl. ferns) published in Kovačić, 2015 (Tab. 2, p. S8) based on our old paper-card database (Fig. 6ab, pg. 376) was found to be incomplete, not just because of the aforementioned hand-written registries found meanwhile. As mentioned before, all paper-cards were in 2020 subjected to thorough digitalization, which is explained in Budisavljević & Kovačić (2020). This work revealed many “hidden” entries (Photo-tab. 3). Besides amending the previously published data on glasshouse ferns (Kovačić, 2015) with data of the outdoor ferns, in Table 1 I also added those “hidden” names from the reused paper-cards, whenever it was possible to reconstruct the original, erased name. However, we can be certain that many such reused cards were thrown away during the course of time; some we were unable to reconstruct, and some almost certainly went under the radar, so this historic review again could not be seen as complete. Undoubtedly, the launch of the typed paper-card database initiated by Dr Ungar in the early 1950-ies was a significant practical improvement in comparison to the alphabetized hand-written inventories irregularly conducted before. However, during the decades, this database became drawn in rejected, unused and reused cards, many discarded as duplicates – overwhelmed with synonymy, many species inventoried separately under several synonyms, enhancing the confusion. When I became employed in the Garden (September 1st, 2000), this old database was already divided in to the “active” and “passive” parts (explained in Kovačić, 2015), which – I am sorry to say – I helped, during the years, to entangle even more. In 2002 our students benevolently started to digitalize the paper-cards into the Flora Croatica Database (some, some not), which led to new database separations and divisions, worsening the confusion furthermore. Completing the thorough digitalization process in 2021 to produce a brand new Online-Garden Database of his own invention, my colleague Alan Budis- Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 139 a b c d Photo-tab. 3. Oldest fern names in the paper-card database: ab) Cystopteris fragilis (“Alps, 1949”) redetermination-card was found before the original data-card, overwritten under one of the reconstructed entries, making this name the oldest recorded fern found in our paper-card database; c) Asplenium viviparum (1949) and d) Asplenium ceterach (orig. Ceterach officinarum var. crenatum; 1950) follow. avljević called the whole inventory system “The Quicksand Effect” (see Budisavljević & Kovačić, 2020). Ferns in the Garden collections of the modern days Until the early 21st century, almost all classifications were heavily based on plant morphology; as such, they differ from classifications based on molecular results. Furthermore, the use of morphology in combination with molecular data affects the relationships detected – in other words, one should use one (morphology) or another (molecular), not combining both (Stevens, 2021). The “clash” between the traditionalists (morphologists) and the modernists (molecular analysts) is inevitable. As we, the botanic garden lot, are working among living plants in our collections on a daily basis, while the laboratory-based molecular lot often has very little contact with the “real plants out there”, the criticism of the “molecular results” from “our side” is often pointed in that way. Having been a member of the “garden lot” for almost 25 years now, I personally think that the latest results of this extensive and immensely thorough research must be acknowledged, though, the LIVING PLANT can never be less important than a RESULT of a method (even a molecular method). The amount of 140 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb scientific results published daily on any subject today is gigantic, and so would be the literature citations on this matter, and on ferns in any sense, exceeding the length and purpose of this text. To “bridge” this problem, I decided to refer here to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb), hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden (USA) and maintained by Professor Peter F. Stevens, where an incredible amount of literature is ready to found. The APweb is dedicated to research on (first of all, angiosperm) plant phylogeny and taxonomy, where all the latest references are regularly updated and presented in a way that could be understandable not only by the professional botanists. Professor Stevens edits the ferns in APweb according to the results of The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG-1, 2016), with regular modifications to incorporate new results and different views. Besides, in my opinion, his humorous and relaxed approach to the perplexing nomenclatural entanglements, which will never be completely solved, no matter what we do, is quite infectious (these days, in a good way). Clarifying that, it is needless to say that the recent classifications are much more elaborate and much less straight-forward than Engler’s, in Heinz’s times. The modern clade of ferns and their relatives – [monilophytes + lignophytes] – stemming out of molecular investigations is sometimes called the Euphyllophyta; those plants share a morphologically common leaf pattern, called megaphylle or euphylle, which varies considerably. Phylogenetically, ferns and their relatives – the monilophytes and lignophytes – are both well supported clades. According to the latest comparative data (details in APweb, 2021), the monilophytes (ferns) derived from the lignophytes (extinct progymnosperms and all extant woody plants, which gave rise to the seed plants of today) between 482 and 385 million years ago. Until today, ferns and gymnosperms divided greatly, having very little in common (e.g., cyanogenic glucosides, unlike any other plants out of their lineages). Needless to say, this modern Clade of Ferns – Monilophyta – is not universally accepted. It carries many former names (some pro parte), out of which APweb (2021) gives full synonymy only to the Class Polypodiopsida Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. Acc. to the recent views, monilophytes include 47 families and a large group (clade) of eupolypods I and eupolypods II, which includes most ferns. Members of this clade changed their affiliations to one family or another more frequently than any other – a fact that botanical garden employees, kept busy changing plant name-plates for visitors, know all too well (Photo-tab. 4). Morphologically (but very much supported molecularly), up to 98% of all living ferns are leptosporangiate: their sporangia arise from a single epidermal cell. The remaining 2% of species are distributed in no fewer than three further ‘major groups’ of ferns: the eusporangiate or marattioid ferns (Marattiidae, Marattiaceae) with sporangia rising from a group of cells, the horsetails (Equisetiidae, Equisetaceae), and the whisk ferns (Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae). Within the leptosporangiates, well over 70% of ferns are so called eupolypods (an older term would be Order Polypodiales Link; as in very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae of the Christenhusz & Chase (2014) classification). It is interesting to emphasize that about one third of the eupolypods are epiphytes, ca 10% of all vascular epiphytes. Though people commonly connect ferns with shady and moist habitats, globally, desiccation tolerance is quite common in both epiphytic and terrestrial fern sporophytes: their peltate scales may play a central role in the uptake of water – rather as in Bromeliaceae. It is also found that 38-43% of all ferns, especially members of the Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 141 [Marattiidae + Polypodiidae] clade, accumulate aluminium, and in a far higher percentage than any seed plants. Ferns also commonly have phytoecdysones, chemicals they synthesize for defence again insects, also successfully shielding them against many other herbivores. Ferns are noted for their high incidence of polyploidy, involved in almost 31% of all speciation events. Although polyploidy is common, the amount of DNA per chromosome tends to be conserved, unlike in angiosperms. Particularly large genomes occur in Psilotales and some Ophioglossales, but in a few polypods. a b c d Photo-tab. 4. Complex fern nomenclature and affiliations to families are seen in our Garden paper-card database: some taxa, even Croatian native, changed names and families several times: a) Three name changes of Polypodium cambricum. b) Four times re-written species and three times family of Dryopteris villarii. Some names are unknown, left without a family: c) “Mycrosoryum pteropus” / “Microsorum pteropos”. d) Many cards carry two valid names as synonyms: f.e. Pteris vittata = P. longifolia. Review of the recent phylogenetic affiliations of ferns, with remarks on the representatives in our Garden collections The first phylogeny-based reclassification of ferns was proposed by Smith et al. (2006, 2008), which has by now grown in detail (and changed) immensely. It is worth mentioning that among the “ultra-modern” molecular fern phylogenetic classifications there are different views (e.g., Christenhusz & Chase, 2014), as well as elaborated disputes (Christenhusz & Chase, 2018; Schuettpelz et al., 2018) among specialists, which Stevens (APweb, 2021) calls “splitting vs lumping”. Though we, the botanic garden lot, possibly prefer the morphological over the molecular “way” in the systematization of plants (especially when it leads to frequent changes of names!), we are still obliged to follow the recent literature and trends in research, to find a “least painful” mid-way in bringing the topic closer to the widest audiences, while promoting and popularizing botany. In an attempt to bring the “classic and modern” together, I should try to follow Heinz’s lead from our first Garden Guide (descriptions of ferns in our 142 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Garden collections, written in 1885-96) modified according to the latest views and discoveries. In Table 1 I compared the recent views and affiliations on ferns comparing three large plant-bases: APweb (2021, following PPG-1, 2016), the World Flora Online (WFO; follow-up of The Plant List), and Plants of the World Online (PoWO), maintained in the Kew Botanic Garden. For Croatian native species, I consulted Flora Croatica Database (FCD), to which our national legislation is connected. a b c d Photo-tab. 5. True relatives: a) Adder's-tongue fern (Ophioglossum vulgatum), b) young whisk fern (Psilotum nudum), c) great horsetail (Equisetum telmateia) and d) ladder brake (Pteris vittata) in our Garden collections. “Weird ferns” From the beginnings of “modern” plant classification, Psilotum and Equisetum had been thought to represent lineages independent of each other, and unrelated to ferns. Psilotum and its relatives are considered to be the most primitive living vascular plants (APweb, 2021, with extensive literature). That is not the case, in spite of their “weird” morphology (Photo-tab. 5). EQUISETOPSIDA – EQUISETIDAE Warm. EQUISETALES DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. – Equisetaceae Rich. ex DC. As the circumscription of the fern clade has only recently become clear (though disputed), there is still no consensus on the position of Equisetum. There are three (molecular phylogenetic) hypotheses on the position of Equisetum among ferns, and many details on their relationships are still waiting for explanations (APweb, 2021 with extensive literature within). Most supported seem to be the view treating the genus (family and order) as sister to all other ferns (monilophytes), though there is also much support for the theory suggesting the [Psilotales + Equisetales] clade. There is a long fossil trail of Equisetum-like plants (“equisetophytes”) from the Upper Devonian onwards, while “true” Equisetum is known from the Triassic. Fascinatingly little change has been undergone by the horsetails in their basic morphology over a very long course of time, visible even in our little fossil collection (Photo-tab. 6 in Suppl.); Equisetum is considered to be one of the most successful genera of extant vascular plants of all times. Most of the apomorphies of the genus are to be seen in the context of variation in the taxa of extinct equisetaceous Calamitaceae, rather than other extant ferns. The clade containing Equisetum (some suggest the existence of a [Equisetidae + Ophio- Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 143 glossidae] clade) has probably been separated from the other monilophytes since the Permian, ca 250+ million years ago. However, the modern species of Equisetum seem to have separated as late as the Caenozoic, before ca 65 million years. The single extant family has a single extant genus (Christenhusz et al., 2019). Among the many traits unique to horsetails, or connecting them with other ferns, are: having both erect and creeping stems without secondary thickening; non-mycorrhizal roots; accumulation of SiO2; leaves not photosynthetic, whorled and small, simple and 1-veined; spores with circular aperture; n = 108. It is interesting to emphasize that the leaves of Equisetum – so different from a fern’s ‘fronds’ – may be secondarily simple. Early members of this clade had secondary thickening, while their spores were very different from those of today (3-ridged in Calamites, unridged in Equisetum). Aided by their elaters, spores of Equisetum can “jump” up to 1 cm in the air as they dry, or “walk” by short random movements along the ground. It is worth mentioning here that the stomata of a few monilophytes, including Equisetum (and perhaps also Psilotum), do not respond to red light; they are likely to be immobile (permanently closed), especially when older, because of the rigid radiating riblike silica thickenings of the subsidiary cells. In total absence of silicic acid, stomata can develop normally, as well as the whole plant. In their distribution, horsetails are nearly cosmopolitan: there are 18 species in total, out of which we in Croatia have 9 (FCD, 2021). Heinz (1895-96) described “several species of Equisetum growing by the grotto” in the Garden, without further details (Tab. 1). Older inventories rarely mention this genus. The first entry in our recent database is from 1961, of a freshwater E. fluviatile L. (already noted in the inventory of 1958), which since then has vigorously filled one of the ponds of our systematic field (Photo-tab. 7 in Suppl.). Equisetum arvense L, common throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, was never inventoried, as it grows wild along the Garden’s disturbed places. Recently, we are trying to keep it in our fernarium collection, primarily for educational purposes. Surprisingly, even E. telmateia Ehrh. does not live long with us in recent decades, since the summers become hotter and dryer. Short-lived in our fernarium were E. sylvaticum L. and E. hyemale L. (vulnerable (VU) and strictly protected in Croatia), which are occasionally brought from wild localities. According to Dr. Regula (pers. comm.), other native horsetails were also brought from field research occasionally and placed in the cold greenhouse, but they never survived a single year. In order to show more horsetails to our visitors, we recently purchased E. giganteum ‘El Tabacal’: it proved to be vigorous, growing happily with the rest of the ferns in our fernarium, though it should be monitored and kept from spreading too much. Horsetails tend to grow in ecologically rather stressful habitats. They have so-called convective ventilation from the stems into the rhizomes, allowing the “equisetaceous” plants to penetrate deeply into the anoxic substrates, commonly favoured by this group. However, species like E. hyemale lack that interconnected air space and have no convective ventilation, yet still can grow in anoxic, partly submerged conditions. PSILOTALES & OPHIOGLOSSALES (in different versions) The close affiliation of these plants with ferns, today commonly accepted, was indeed surprising, though some older authors had earlier compared Psilotum with some extinct and extant ferns (comprehensive literature in APweb, 2021). 144 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb The clade consisting of [Psilotum + Ophioglossum] is perhaps sister to all other ferns. Ophioglossidae could also be comprehended as an equivalent to the class Psilotopsida, or one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), containing the orders Psilotales and Ophioglossales. This relationship was only confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies (APweb, 2021), and it is morphologically highly disputed. Like Equisetum, both Psilotum and Ophioglossum have erect and creeping stems, but their gametophytes are subterranean, axial and non-photosynthetic (mycorrhizal). Both have large genomes which are similar in terms of apomorphies to those of seed plants, and share mycorrhizal associations with the fungi of glomalean Glomus group A. The age of this clade (if such exists, as APweb (2021) puts it) is estimated to be ca 275 million years. PSILOTALES Prantl – Psilotaceae J.W.Griff. & Henfr. If taken as such, this Order contains a single family: Psilotaceae, with two genera. These are epiphytes without true roots; leaves are small and simple (laterally flattened in Tmesipteris and highly reduced in Psilotum); spores are kidney-shaped and monolete. The “whisk ferns” are of pantropical distribution; their age is estimated at between 80 and 72 million years (APweb, 2021, literature within). The genus Tmesipteris is notoriously difficult in cultivation with very specific requirements, and we never had it growing in our Garden. Its 15-odd species (depending on the authority) are delicate, low-height epiphytes growing on the trunks of tree-ferns (Dicksonia, Cibotium) and occasionally on shady, moist rock-faces. The most recognizable species, Tmesipteris obliqua Chinnock, is famous for its genome gigantism (Hidalgo et al., 2017): the largest known of all ferns. The genus Psilotum, which contains two species, has also never been inventoried in our collections since Heinz’s times (1895-96): there is just a single note of spores received in 1925 (Tab. 1). Preparing the exhibition on the evolution of plants in 2018 (Kovačić, 2018) in our Garden pavilion, we constructed a “Devonian Diorama” (Photo-tab. 8 in Suppl.) along with Carboniferous and Cretaceous, designed in accordance to the data and drawings of the famous Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert in Scotland. As our gardeners were making some simple Rhynia-models for this Diorama, we came to the conclusion that the psilotums would be ideal to show to our visitors (mostly children) some similar extant plants, not related to the extinct Devonian rhynias (Psilophytales). Through the European Botanic Garden Consortium (EBGC) network we asked for help, which came immediately from our neighbours, the Budapest Botanical Garden of the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE). Our colleagues sent us several young Psilotum nudiflorum (L.) P. Beauv. plants, which we incorporated into our exhibition, and afterwards into our glasshouse collection. OPHIOGLOSSALES Link – Ophioglossaceae Martinov This order and family of the peculiar-looking “moonworts” consists of 4-10 genera and 55-125 species (depending on the authority), while their classification is still on-going (APweb, 2021). Most of these species have fleshy roots and a single, simple leaf blade with netted venation; spores are short-lived. They are nearly worldwide in their distribution, with age estimated at between 256 and 162 million years (APweb, 2021; literature within). The eponymous genus Ophioglossum holds at least two records in the plant kingdom: for the world’s smallest land fern (O. malviae Patel & Reddy: ca 1 cm) and the largest Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 145 known number of chromosomes (O. reticulatum L.: n = 720). Years could pass before the plant sends a leaf above ground, with (or without) a spore stalk. The non-photosynthetic gametophyte meanwhile lives underground, sustained by peculiar soil fungi, not known from any other plants. In the Croatian flora we have two genera of this family, living shortly growing in the Garden (perhaps not, but when the plants withdraw underground it is quite difficult to maintain the “empty pot” (which our gardeners soon forget), so they were regularly “presumed dead”). Ophioglossum is represented by three species, out of which O. lusitanicum L. is critically endangered (CR) and strictly protected (FCD, 2021). Most common of three Croatian species in this genus, Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Photo-tab. 5 in Suppl.) is sporadically brought to the Garden from the field, where it can be found in its “regular places” – as is Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. The genus Botrychium is presented in our flora with two species, out of which B. matricariifolium (Döll) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch is critically endangered (CR) and strictly protected (FCD, 2021). The leaves of Botrychium can take up to five years to develop, perhaps a record for land plants (APweb, 2021). “True” ferns The position of the first “true” ferns, Marattiidae/Marattiales, is still disputed. Some molecular phylogeny research suggests that the [Marattiales + Psilotales] clade could be sister to all leptosporangiate ferns. However, the [Marattiidae + Polypodiidae] clade is more widely accepted. Ferns of this group share compound leaves (fronds) with scales; the gametophyte is green (photosynthetic) and above-ground; plants very often accumulate aluminium. Various authors have suggested ages of this clade between 337 and 329 million years (APweb, 2021 and literature within). MARATTIIDAE Klinge – MARATTIALES Link – Marattiaceae Kaulf. Eusporangiate Marattiaceae are considered to be one of the most “primitive” living families of ferns, diverging from other ferns very early in their evolutionary history and quite different from other ferns common in temperate parts of the world. Ferns of this lineage are richly represented in the Permo-Carboniferous fossil records, about 300 million years ago (Photo-tab. 9 in Suppl.). At least five marattiaceous clades lived from side to side of Pangaea before its splitting (APweb, 2021). Today, the Order consists of just one family with 6 genera and 110 species of pantropical distribution, the estimated age of which is between 236 and 201 million years. Many have massive, fleshy rootstocks and largest known fronds of any (except tree) ferns: up to 9 meters long in Angiopteris javanica C.Presl. Heinz (1895-96) states “Angiopteris longifolia” (val. A. evecta (G. Forst.) Hoffm.) to have been living in the glasshouse of the time, but there is no trace of this family’s representatives afterwards. In 1925, the spores of several species from Angiopteris and Marattia (incl. Eupodium and Ptisana) were inventoried as having arrived, but nothing further. In 2016, we tried to grow A. evecta from spores, with poor success. POLYPODIIDAE Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmer. The largest clade of extant ferns on Earth, the leptosporangiate Polypodiidae have very strong support and share many common characteristics (APweb, 2021). The polypodiidian gametophyte is cordate and above-ground, with more or less exposed an- 146 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb theridia. Blue light stomatal opening response is absent in this group, unlike in all previously described lineages. Sporangia bear 64-800 spores. Tolerance of extreme desiccation is sometimes facultative and scattered through this clade, which occurs in gametophytes, too. The estimated age of Polypodiidae varies from 350 to 170 million of years, according to different reconstructions. OSMUNDALES Link – Osmundaceae Martinov This lineage seems to have special position within the leptosporangiate ferns, as their sporangia bear some eusporangiate features, and are strongly supported as being sisters to the rest. A large portion of Osmundales became extinct at the end of the Permian, especially of genera that lived in various damp habitats. For such a small group, there is an extensive literature depicting complex classification relations of extant and extinct osmundaceous taxa (APweb, 2021 and literature within). Today, there is a single extant family with 1(-6?) genera and 18 species of nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Some of the mutual features are accumulation of SiO2 , green spores and n = 22. The age of this fairly isolated clade is estimated to between 265 and 200 million years, but it has also been suggested that the Osmunda clade in particular originated as early as the Carboniferous (ca 323 to 305 million of years). The extinct osmundaceous taxa are particularly interesting, while their fossils have been extremely well preserved: for example, the fossil from Sweden, dated to ca 180 million of years, has anatomy that remarkably resembles living Osmunda (“Claytosmunda“) claytoniana L. A critically endangered (CR) and strictly protected member of the Croatian flora (FCD, 2021), Osmunda regalis L. is the largest and most impressive European fern, a deciduous species bearing separate dimorphic (fertile and sterile) fronds. Results of fossil examination show that neither ploidization events nor notable amounts of gene loss have occurred in the genome of the “royal fern” since the Early Jurassic, ca 180 million years ago – which is astonishing to our Garden visitors of all ages, observing the living plants in the Garden since Heinz’s times (1895-96). The oldest living in our collections today was brought in 1962 from the Borlin locality near Karlovac, where it vanished since then, due to the unwise habitat changes. Later samples were brought from the Croatian Banovina region, always as living plants (Photo-tab. 10 in Suppl.). Of the mature plant we brought in 2016, I took some spores in 2017 and grew several “babies” in our laboratory, which we planted in the spring of 2021 around their “mother”. Heinz (1895-96) also cites “Todea sp.” of this family, as living in the greenhouse. The later, hand-written inventories named several representatives (incl. O. gracilis = val. O. spectabilis Willd. and O. cinnamomea = val. Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl), living in the Garden of the time, as seen in Table 1. The list of spores received in 1925 depicts three more: Osmunda barbara Moore (? Thunb.; val. Todea barbara (L.) T.Moore) and O. claytoniana L., which was noted as “possible”, so I presume that it sprouted, but the further inventories are lost. The polypoid clade consisting of [Hymenophyllales, Gleicheniales [Schizaeales [Salviniales [Cyatheales + Polypodiales]]]], is estimated to be between 286 and 273 million years old. The most important trait separating these ferns from the eusporangiate Marattiales (and “transitional” Osmundales) is that their stems have a single apical cell: they are true leptosporangiate ferns. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 147 HYMENOPHYLLALES A.B. Frank - Hymenophyllaceae Martinov This group of leptosporangiate ferns holds just one family, with 2(-34!) genera and ca 435 species, which are most often epiphytes without mycorrhizal fungi, and filamentous or ribbon-like gametophyte. The age of this group is broadly estimated at between 243 and 176 million years. Hymenophyllaceae are not exclusively tropical plants, but are very vulnerable to desiccation which limits the range of habitats in which they can survive. Often called the “filmy ferns”, they are restricted to humid or constantly sprayed places (for instance, under waterfalls or by springs). Traditionally, two genera of this family were recognized, as in Heinz (1895-96): (1) the mostly terrestrial Trichomanes s.l. (now a central genus of the clade Trichomanoideae) with tubular involucres, and (2) the epiphytic Hymenophyllum (a single genus of the clade Hymenophylloideae) with bivalved involucres. Heinz (1895-96) cites representatives of both genera as „growing in the greenhouses” of the time: "Trichomanes radicans" (val. T. speciosum Willd.) and Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm. The latter is of worldwide but discontinuous distribution, in accordance with its special living requirements. It was recognised above Rijeka (the Rječina) for Croatia by Schlosser & Vukotinović (1869), but nobody since them has seen it at the alleged locality. Decades later, it was found again (Hirc, 1903) in Samoborsko gorje, today a Nature Park. In spite of several “sightings” during the 20th century, Trinajstić (1994) claimed that after the 1930s nobody actually had a proof of finding this elusive fern in Croatia. In our paper-card database there is no trace of this family members being grown in the Garden. I must admit that it is a mystery to me where and how the “filmy ferns” were kept in our Garden in the late 19th century, as we do not have the means to maintain them today, nor have they ever appeared in any of the Garden inventories after Heinz’s in 1895. SCHIZAEALES Schimper Members of this order share dimorphic (fertile and sterile) fronds. There is a lack of well-defined sori: schizeaceous sporangia have a horizontal annulus encircling the top of the sporangium. The age of this group is estimated to between 218 and 184 million years; it includes 3 morphologically well-distinguished (though disputed) families, with 4 genera and up to ca 200 species. According to the older views, the order consisted of just a single family, the eponymous Schizeaceae s.l. Ca 100 species of the monotypic Anemiaceae Link family are widespread, typically terrestrial or epipetric ferns. In his times, Professor Heinz (1895-96) tagged “Aneimia Phyllitidis” (val. Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.) as living in the greenhouse, present also in later inventories (Tab. 1). The monotypic family of climbing ferns, Lygodiaceae C.Presl, is distributed along tropical and warm temperate regions. The rachis of each frond is long and flexible, with indeterminate growth, forming climbing or trailing vines. The family has only one genus, Lygodium, with ca 20 species, not mentioned by Heinz (189596). In the hand-written registries L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. was inventoried several times (Tab. 1), as well as sprouting among spores received in 1925. Recent specimens, grown in the Garden laboratory, are living in our tropical Victoria glasshouse (Photo-tab. 11 in Suppl.). We have never had representatives of the pantropical-temperate family Schizaeaceae Kaulf. in the recent sense (two genera) in our collections. 148 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb SALVINIALES Link This Order encompasses aquatic and semiaquatic ferns without mycorrhizal fungi. They have dimorphic (fertile and sterile) fronds and sporocarps; the plants are heterosporous; sporangia lack annulus and contain a single megaspore per megasporangium. The age of the order is estimated to be between 186 and 153 million years, including 2 families (Photo-tab. 11 in Suppl.) with 5 genera and 80-odd species. Mostly tropical to warm temperate, Salviniaceae Martinov is a family of free-floating ferns, carrying sessile, 2-ranked, simple fronds with distinctive stomata. It holds two genera, both of which we have representatives in our collections, always inventoried among “water plants”, never among ferns. The native Croatian species, Salvinia natans (L.) All., has lived in our outdoor and indoor basins since Heinz’s (1895-96) time, being required for teaching water repellence of fronds to our students. Though in Croatia not endangered in the wild (even a serious nuisance in fishponds and fish farming basins), S. natans is nevertheless statutorily strictly protected, due to the EU-legislation (Bern Convention). During the years, we also had several exotic representatives of the genus Salvinia (Tab. 1), which are challenging to keep separated outdoors, due to the transfers between the basins. The American genus Azolla (“sp.”) was also known to Heinz (1895-96): we always keep A. filiculoides Lam. in our collection. All Azolla species have obligate association with Nostoc azollae cyanobacteria, important nitrogen fixers (APweb, 2021). A second family, Marsileaceae Mirb., includes three tropical-temperate genera of (semi)water ferns. Fronds are simple, linear or divided to 2/4 leaflets, characterized by bean-shaped sporocarps and heterosporangiate sori; long and slender rhizomes creep along or beneath the ground. Out of the three genera, we have two in the Croatian flora. The critically endangered (CR) and strictly protected Pilularia minuta Durieu was never inventoried in our Garden database, as it never lived long (Dr. Regula, pers. comm.). Endangered (EN) Marsilea quadrifolia L. inhabits our outdoor basins since the time of Heinz, who also mentioned some unnamed “other species”. We also grew several “water clovers” in our more recent collections (Tab. 1), but M. quadrifolia is the most stable; one of 20-odd strictly protected “Natura 2000”-Croatian plant species the conservation of which is important for the EU. We acquired the monotypic Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm., representative of the third Marsileaceae-genus, for the first time in 2021 from Bonn Botanical Garden (Germany). CYATHEALES A.B. Frank Depending on the authority (literature in APweb, 2021), the order of “tree-ferns” has a single family, Cyatheaceae, with 13 genera and ca 745 species, while other views recognize 8 families (optionally, subfamilies of Cyatheaceae), which are predominantly monotypic. The age of this order is estimated at between 187 and 109 million years. Cyatheaceae Kaulf. in the modern sense – out of which seven smaller families were extracted – is a family of pantropical ferns with large fronds. This family includes the tallest extant ferns on Earth, some growing up to 20 m high. As suggested by PPG-1 (2016), three genera with more than 600 species are true members of Cyatheaceae s.s.: Cyathea, Alsophila and Sphaeropteris, which representatives in the Garden are listed in Table 1. The newly established family Cibotiaceae Korall is monotypic: its 10 species are scattered through tropical Central America, Southeast Asia to Malesia and Hawaii. Several species were inventoried in the Garden before WWII (Tab. 1). Members of Dicksoniaceae Bower nom.cons. never accumulate aluminium; their long, tapering Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 149 hairs are composed of cells arranged end to end, unlike the scales characteristic for members of the Cyatheaceae s.s. family. Three genera (Calochlaena, Lophosoria and Dicksonia) with ca 40-50 species have recently been classified in this monophyletic family, out of which we occasionally have dicksonias (Tab. 1; Photo-tab. 12 in Suppl.). The rich fossil record originates from all continents of ex-Gondwana, while their recent distribution is much narrower: tropical America, St Helena, Malesia to the Antipodes and New Caledonia. It seems that some extant Dicksoniaceae-species have estimated ages older than the islands they currently inhabit, so understanding the biogeography of the family is still to be solved (APweb, 2021). We have never had representatives from the rest of the “tree-fern” families in our collections, or else they were very short-lived. POLYPODIALES Link According to PPG-1 (2016), but not universally accepted, this mega-order includes 25 clearly separated families, and two groups of families of which the mutual boundaries are (so far) highly disputed. Polypoid ferns comprise nearly 90 % of all extant fern species. A number of small, often monotypic families with ambiguous positions are described (and disputed), leaving the total number of (many!) genera and species highly dependent on the authority consulted. According to APweb (2021, literature within) the morphological traits common for the members of Polypodiales are very general: they share, for example, black, wiry roots; dorsiventral rhizome; vertical annulus interrupted by stalk and stomium, and age estimated between 260 and 150 million of years. As confusing and entangled as the systematic and classification of this large fern group always was, it is clearly reflected in the chaotic paper-cards from our old Garden database: names of species and affiliations to families were sometimes several times changed, with various synonyms marked as non-valid. In Tab. 1 I have tried to affiliate our past and present ferns of this large Order to the recent nomenclature, as much as possible. WFO and PoWO disagree in affiliations of species to genera, and even families, which is truly confusing. Consequently, I have arranged the families alphabetically, according to APweb (2021), and genera according to PoWO, while WFO is soon to be reassembled (as of December, 2021). Still, it is quite confusing in relation to our own database, so I added the affiliation to family with each species, if it is different to APweb/PPG-1. Most of the Garden fern inventories name polypoid taxa and families. Out of the monotypic Lonchitidaceae Doweld family we had one species (Kovačić, 2015) out of two in total (possibly many more, according to the other sources): Lonchitis hirsuta L., affiliated to Pteridaceae and then to Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy. The latter family is much disputed, the range of genera changing many times, hard to follow even in our humble Garden database. According to PPG-1 (2016), 10 genera with 265 species belong to Dennstaedtiaceae, out of which the most common in our collection is Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. This Croatian native fern was never attributed to this family in our national Floras (or in the Garden), but first to Polypodiaceae, and then to Hypolepidaceae (FCD). To add taxa to Dennstaedtiaceae in our collection, in 2016 we grew Hypolepis millefolium Hook. and Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. from spores (Photo-tab. 13 in Suppl.). Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. is a family of worldwide distribution (according to PPG1, 2016), which does not exist according to other authorities (for example, FCD: single 150 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Croatian species of Adiantum, A. capillus-veneris L., is affiliated to Adiantaceae). Ferns of this clade have bilateral spores; there is no indusium; gametophyte is ribbon-like, and mycorrhizae are not present. They could be epiphytic, xeric or aquatic. Nine genera (disputably) belong here, out of which we have some growing wild in Croatia, and many in the Garden collections since its foundation (Kovačić, 2015; listed in Tab. 1) Today, 53 genera with 1210 species are included in Pteridaceae sensu PPG-1 (2016; via APweb, 2021), with most gathered in Pteris (250), Adiantum (225 – in FCD Adiantaceae), Cheilanthes (100 – in FCD Adiantaceae) and Pellaea (40). Besides the taxa of this group which were published in Kovačić (2015), we grew some new plants in 2016: for example, Llavea cordifolia Lag., Hemionitis palmata L., Cryptogramma acrostichoides R.Br., and a rare (or rarely found) species of Croatian flora, Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link (in FCD under Adiantaceae; depicted in Kovačić, 2017). Alongside the data already published for the greenhouses, Heinz (1895-96) does not list any particular species as growing in the open. In the hand-written records, many species of this family could be recognized, but never classified as such, only under other families. For example, the genus Gymnogramma Desv. should be a full synonym of Hemionitis L., but the particular species often inventoried in our olden collections, G. aurea (Willd.) Desv., belongs to two different genera: Cerosora according to PoWO, and Pityrogramma according to WFO (Tab. 1)! Likewise, Pteris palmata Willd. belongs to Hemionitis according to PoWO, and Doryopteris according to WFO. Gymnopteris repanda (Blume) Christ, inventoried in 1958, could be Bolbitis repanda (Blume) Schott of Polypodiaceae (PoWO), while WFO recognizes only G. repandra Christ – nevertheless, this genus, Gymnopteris, is a synonym of either Leptochilus, Polypodiaceae (PoWO) or Hemionitis, Pteridaceae (WFO)… etc., etc… There are many more examples of this complex systematic in the Polypodiales, all based on molecular results, not on morphology (to be clear), as seen in Table 1 (some representatives of our collection are shown in Photo-tab. 14 in Suppl.). Where the story of the well-defined (if disputed) families of Polypodiales ends, another one starts: that of the large and unwieldy clade of Eupolypods [Eupolypod I + Eupolypod II] sensu PPG-1 (2016, via APweb, 2021). This heterogeneous group includes most of the extant fern taxa, scattered through many families (all heavily disputed). The “eupolypoid” fronds are to 1.5-times pinnate; spores are monolete and reniform; x = 41. The age of this group has been estimated between 116 and 105 million of years. Eupolypod group I (‘Polypodiineae’) is a clade (suborder) which includes 9 families: [Didymochlaenaceae [Hypodematiaceae [[Nephrolepidaceae + Lomariopsidaceae] [Dryopteridaceae [Tectariaceae [Oleandraceae [Davalliaceae + Polypodiaceae]]]]]]]. Members of this clade are quite commonly epiphytic, sharing many anatomical and morphological characteristics (such as dense rhizome scales, perhaps protecting the plants against desiccation and aiding in the absorption of water and nutrients). Many taxa of this clade changed affiliations in our Garden database during the years – as described in Kovačić (2015; pg. 369), shortly before the results of The Pterodophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG-1) research were published in 2016. In the past, our Garden “eupolypods-1” were by default affiliated to Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl (sensu lato – that is, sensu recent “Polypodiineae”). Most of Heinz’s (1895-96) outdoor ferns (Croatian native, and exotic) initially belonged here, many of them having been transferred to other families, as literature authorities changed. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 151 Though Heinz recognized fern families of that time, eupolypoid species in our hand-written inventories were (together with all other ferns, equisetums and lycopods) for decades later inventoried under “Filices” (for convenience, I presume), which were after the WWII renamed “Polypodiaceae”. In the “new” paper-card database, founded in 1952 (with some back-notes to 1948) ferns were finally placed into proper families. Beside the glasshouse species in our historic collections (Kovačić, 2015), Heinz (1895-96, p. 15) listed under Polypodiaceae also other native ferns, growing at the time “…around Grotto (Photo-tab. 1): Aspidium, Asplenium, Athyrium, Ceterach, Scolopendrium, Blechnum, Polypodium, Pteris, etc.” (Tab. 1). As he rarely affiliated species of ferns to the genera, we cannot say today which were there. For example, “Aspidium filix mas” is Dryopteris filix-mas for sure; “Ceterach” is almost certainly Asplenium ceterach; while “Scolopendrium” refers to Asplenium scolopendrium of the "Phyllitis /sub/clade". Many of these ferns today do not belong to the Polypodiaceae family sensu PPG-1 (2016), as seen in Table 1. However, many disagree (e.g.,PoWO). So many Polypodiaceae members in the modern sense (reduced to “only” 63 genera) suffer the enormous lists of synonyms and “accepted names” in various printed sources and online databases. The WFO accepts one, PoWO the other, while the Croatian FCD – to which national legislation is related – often gives a third synonym of the same taxon; not to mention that APweb sometimes does not agree with any. The first row of Polypodiaceae family in Table 1 already illustrates this. The “crassifolium” polypoid fern in our collection could belong to at least four genera: following Linnaeus’ Polypodium, to Pleopeltis (in our Garden database), Niphidium (according to WFO) or Campyloneurum (according to PoWO). The confusion over the changing names of just two of the existing ferns in our temperate glasshouse illustrates this (Photo-tab. 15 in Suppl.). Succeeding the recent views (APweb, 2021 following PPG-1, 2016; amended with many since then published results of various fern investigations), I tried to revise some of our confusing historical nomenclature and synonymy (Tab. 1), partially published in Kovačić (2015). Almost 90% of all Polypodiaceae are epiphytic (called the “grammitid” ferns), promoting this group as the major “hanging-on”- clade of the Monilophyta in general. Though the first epiphytic fern coming to our minds is probably the giant “stag horn” (Platycerium spp., indeed a member of this family), the majority are rather small, “twig” epiphytes (APweb, 2021). Also, there is apparently the secondary association with mycorrhizal ascomycetes, which has developed in the sporophytes (unlike in the epiphytic Hymenophyllaceae, which are non-mycorrhizal), and the polypoid epiphytic ferns seem to be dependent on this association. Many of them trap litter, for example Drynaria and Platycerium (examples in Photo-tab. 16 in Suppl.). Cosmopolitan Dryopteridaceae Herter nom.cons. also are mostly epiphytic ferns, with >3.5 times pinnate fronds. They include 26 genera and ca 2,135 species (PPG-1, 2016): the largest genus is Elaphoglossum (620-795 species, of which we have never, since Heinz’s times, had representatives), followed by (also Croatian native) Polystichum (500) and Dryopteris (400). Heinz (1895-96) had these ferns listed under the Polypodiaceae family of his time. Glasshouse representatives – according to the systematic views before PPG-1 (2016) – were published in Kovačić (2015). Species found in our recovered hand-written plant registries, Croatian native and outdoor species, as well as newly grown and acquired taxa, are listed in Table 1. Genus Cyrtomium is a good example of the mixed synonymy 152 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb in this family, of which the members often changed their affiliation: in our database, at first, mostly because of the lack of literature – and then, lately, because of the plethora of sources. Three species which we grew in our collections were systematized under three different families: first as Polypodiaceae, then Aspidiaceae, and finally Dryopteridaceae. The ‘Japanese holly-fern’ (Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl) is a newcomer to the Croatian flora, for the first time noted as an escapee from cultivation on the walls of the Old City in the Island of Rab (Trinajstić & Španjol, 1994), and by now scattered down the Croatian coast to the Old City walls of Dubrovnik (FCD, 2021). Croatian common Dryopteridaceae members include Dryopteris with 10 species (examples in Photo-tab. 17 in Suppl.), and Polystichum with four species and two hybrids (Photo-tab. 18 in Suppl.), one of which is a statutorily strictly protected endemic hybrid P. x illyricum (Borbás) Hahne (Tab. 1), also popular in horticulture. Monotypic “PPG-1-families”, excluded from Polypodiaceae s.l. on the basis of a single genus (or even species), are disputed – also in our collections. For example, the pantropical Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm. (with 20-odd synonyms) gets its own, monotypic family Didymochlaenaceae L.-B. Zhang & L. Zhang, which is not recognized by either PoWO (Polypodiaceae) or WFO (Hypodematiaceae). Professor Heinz (189596) mentioned “Didimochlaena” under Polypodiaceae, and afterwards Didymochlaena sinuata Desv. (val. D. truncatula (Sw.) J.Sm.) could be found just once, in the hand-written inventory of 1904 (Tab. 1). The predominantly South-East-Asian Davalliaceae M.R. Schomb. are also monotypic (Davallia with 65 species) according to PPG-1 (2016), while other views divide Davallia into up to seven genera, and both principles are equally disputable (Christenhusz & Chase, 2014). Representatives of this family in our glasshouses were published in Kovačić (2015): since then, we grew two new species from spores (Photo-tab. 19 in Suppl.). PoWO places Tectariaceae Panigrahi to the large Polypodiaceae family. These (often climbers) are pantropical, with 7 genera out of which the largest is Tectaria (210 species). In addition to our old Tectaria cicutaria (Photo-tab. 19 in Suppl.), in 2016 we grew T. zeylanica (Houtt.) Sledge (syn. Quercifilix zeylanica) from spores, a pretty little fern suitable for terrariums. Family Nephrolepidaceae Pic.Serm. contains the sub/tropical genus Nephrolepis with 20 or 30-odd taxa, which PoWO again attributes to Polypodiaceae. In the Garden database affiliated to Davalliaceae or Dryopteridaceae, our glasshouse ‘sword ferns’ were published in Kovačić (2015), while some new or previously “misplaced” plants (Photo-tab. 20 in Suppl.), are listed in Table 1. It is interesting that, among so many ferns of his time, Heinz did not mention this horticulturally famous genus as existing in our collections of 1895, which is hard to believe: there are at least a hundred different cultivars of ‘Boston fern’ (N. exaltata (L.) Schott) alone, many regularly inventoried in our later handwritten registries (though the “names” of these cultons today are mostly unknown and difficult to trace, Tab. 1). Eupolypod II (‘Aspleniinae’) is a clade/suborder that includes 11 families: [Cystopteridaceae [[Rhachidosoraceae [Diplaziopsidaceae [Desmophlebiaceae [Hemidictyaceae + Aspleniaceae]]]] [Thelypteridaceae [Woodsiaceae [Athyriaceae [Blechnaceae + Onocleaceae]]]]]]. As the families of Eupolypod I-clade could be seen as subfamilies of the large Polypoidaceae s.l., so the families of Eupolypod II-clade could be seen as subfamilies of the widely distributed Aspleniaceae Newman nom.cons. Unlike many previous classifica- Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 153 tions (also in our Garden), this “old” family in its “new” classification (according to PPG-1, 2016) is monotypic: strictly speaking, it holds just the eponymous Asplenium (or perhaps also, the not widely recognized Hymenasplenium and Hemidictyum) – needless to say, a view which is highly disputed. This “supergenus” is indubitably paraphyletic, including more than 40 formerly described genera, with ca 700 species (APweb, 2021 and literature within). Some of the characteristics common to these (very variable) “new Aspleniums” are: fronds with decurrent margins and lateral ridges along rachis’; often epiphytic and litter trapping plants. To add to the data published by Heinz (1895-96) and Kovačić (2015), we have grown different outdoor ‘spleenworts’ in the Garden for decades (Tab. 1). There are 20, often lithophytic, Asplenium-taxa in Croatian flora, mostly under the older synonymy according to the botanic sources used in this part of Europe (extensive literature could be found in FCD). For example, the original ‘Linnean’ name A. trichomanes-ramosum L. was at its time widely accepted, but in “everyday use” was A. viride Huds., today valid for both WFO and PoWO. Asplenium ceterach L. (PoWO, 2021; also FCD, 2021) is again a “more popular” Ceterach officinarum Willd. (WFO, 2021), while A. scolopendrium L. was always better known as Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman (in Heinz’s times Scolopendrium phyllitis Roth). Statutorily strictly protected, the endemic A. hybridum (Milde) Bange is nomen conservandum of Croatian flora (FCD, 2021; also PoWO, 2021), though Phylitopsis hybrida (Milde) T.Reichst according to WFO (2021). In 2017, we grew some from spores (Photo-tab. 21 in Suppl.) brought by Dr Vedran Šegota from the Island of Rab. Critically endangered (CR), elusive A. sagittatum (DC.) Bange, which Dr Šegota also brought from the single confirmed Croatian locality in the Island of Krk, sprouted very poorly and lived just briefly. Members of the “aspleniinian” family Cystopteridaceae Schmakov share long-creeping rhizomes; veins reach the frond margins; hood-like or unresisting indusium; n = 40. To the recent views, three genera belong here (Heinz did not list any). PoWO does not recognize this family but classifies its genera under Aspleniaceae. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. and Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman are Croatian native, which we brought many times from the field research and planted in our rockeries with autochthonous species. Being the mountainous plants, they dislike hot and dry Zagreb summers, and withered soon. According to FCD, both genera belong to the Woodsiaceae family, as does Athyrium (Athyriaceae), Matteucia (syn. Onoclea; Onocleaceae) and Woodsia (the single Croatian representative of the genus, W. ilvensis (L.) R.Br., was never inventoried in our collections). The modern view of the mostly montane, northern hemisphere ‘cliff-ferns’, Woodsiaceae Herter differs from the FCD’s: it (disputably) includes a single genus (Woodsia, with up to 50 species; APweb, 2021), and it is a sister to the rest of the ‘Aspleniinae’. PoWO does not recognize this monotypic family, but includes this genus in Aspleniaceae. We grew three Woodsia-species in 2016 (Tab. 1), out of which Woodsia plummerae Lemmon is the hardiest. Several examples of Cystopteridaceae and Woodsiaceae can be seen in Photo-tab. 22 in Suppl. The mostly terrestrial, understory Athyriaceae Alston encompasses 2(3-7) genera with a few constant features by which they can be identified as members of this (disputed) family (for instance, sporangia have stalks two or three cells wide in the middle, brown monolete spores). We are growing three Athyrium-taxa in our fernarium, out of which the cosmopolite A. filix-femina (L.) Roth is a Croatian native (Tab. 1; Photo-tab. 23 in Suppl.). It is, traditionally, grown side-by-side with Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, 154 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb as the “pair” is in Latin, and many other languages, called the ‘lady fern’ (Croat. “ženska paprat”; Lat. filix-femina) and the ‘male fern’ (Croat. “muška paprat”; Lat. filix-mas). This evokes the “Shakespearian” and much older times, when the world of ferns was poorly understood (“We have the receipt of fern-seed, we walk invisible.” – “Henry IV, Part 1”, Act 2, Scene 1). Mature fronds of Athyriaceae are often abundant in anthocyanins (APweb, 2021), a feature happily used in horticulture. The “Aspleniinian” clade of [Blechnaceae + Onocleaceae]] is morphologically characterized by dimorphic (fertile and sterile) fronds, for which they are also popular in horticulture. Northern-hemisphere Onocleaceae Pic.Serm. have four genera with five species in total. Croatian native is Matteucia (Onoclea) struthiopteris (L.) Tod., grown in our older collections, and flourishing in our fernarium for years (Photo-tab. 24 in Suppl.). Onoclea struthiopteris was noted in the Registry of Spores Received in 1925, separately from Matteucia struthiopteris Tod. and Struthiopteris germanica Willd., showing that the synonymy was already complex to navigate. Onoclea sensibilis L. was inventoried in 1904 and again in 1963 (Tab. 1); we acquired some young plants in 2021. Fossils of this species are known from Palaeocene North America (62-58 million of years ago), being remarkably similar to the extant individuals. Cosmopolitan Blechnaceae Newman have reddish young fronds (Photo-tab. 25 in Suppl.) with linear sori. The family includes 24 genera (with many synonyms), out of which we have (or had) in the Garden representatives of Blechnum, Doodia and Stenochlaena (Kovačić, 2015; Tab. 1). There is a significant discrepancy in affiliation species and genera, according to PoWO and WFO. For example, our old S. tenuifolia (Desv.) Moore (val. Lomariopsis tenuifolia (Desv.) Christ) according to PoWO) belongs to the Polypodiaceae – not even Aspleniaceae – family. The acidophilic Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth is the only member of this family in Croatian flora, grown on-and-off (with poor success) for years. In 2016 we grew 3 subspecies’ of Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) Kuhn, Woodwardia orientalis Sw. and, after a long while, Blechnum brasiliense Desv. again, which we had in our older collections (Tab. 1). The terrestric Thelypteridaceae Pic.Serm. have an especially problematic range of 8 to 30 genera, with more than 1000 species (APweb, 2021). ‘Thelypteroid’ ferns were often included in Dryopteris, and when you grow them side by side, you can see why: morphologically, they could be very similar. However, there are many differences between the two groups (as Dryopteris belong to “polypodiinean” and Thelypteris to “aspleniinean” ferns), supported by genetic evidence, which shows that Thelypteridaceae are clearly monophyletic. However, the division of taxa into genera has been described as “highly controversial and fluctuating” (Hassler & Schmitt, 2021); PoWO does not recognize this family, and even places some genera into Polypodaceae. Consequently, it is really hard for me to say, at this moment, whether Heinz (1895-96) had some representatives of ‘thelypterioids’ in the Garden collections, as the synonymy is overwhelming. For example: we have had the Croatian native Thelypteris palustris Schott (orig. Nephrodium thelypteris (L.) Strempel, Dryopteridaceae) in the Garden since 1962 (Photo-tab. 26 in Suppl.); the synonymy of this plant is utterly confusing (Tab. 1). WFO does not recognize synonymy of the classic South-European taxa, proposed by the first explorers of this part of Europe, whose works are fundamental to our local and regional Floras (e.g.., Hayek, Visiani, Javorka, etc.). In 2016 we tried to grow several representatives of Thelypteridaceae for our fernarium (Tab. 1), with moderate success. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 155 CONCLUSIONS According to the new and some old (recovered) sources, I have amended the historical data of the ferns growing in Botanical Garden since 1895 until the end of 2021 (Tab. 1). Though the synonymy of taxa is immense, and many of the old entries were registered without the authors of plant names, my educated guess at this point is that we had in our Garden collections around 376 species of ferns, including, presumably, Heinz’s ca 35 in 1895, from 29 families. At this moment (December, 2021) we grow 86 taxa from 20 fern families, including Equisetaceae and Psilotaceae. Annus Horribilis of 2020, which brought not only COVID-19 pandemic with lockdowns at planetary level, but also severe earthquakes and floods to Zagreb in particular, directly and indirectly diminished our collections. Consequently, among other things, we lost a lot of ferns grown from spores and kept in our warm greenhouses, due to the weather extremes and loss of heating while temperatures dropped below 0˚ C. The year 2021 was not much better. Received January 10, 2022 ZAKLJUČCI Prema novim i nekim starim (naknadno pronađenim) izvorima, dopunjeni su povijesni podaci o papratnjačama u zbirkama Botaničkog vrta između 1895. i kraja 2021. (Tablica 1 u Dodatcima). Kako je sinonimika paprati nepregledna, a mnogi stari unosi zabilježeni bez autora vrste, pretpostavljam da je kroz naše zbirke dosada prošlo oko 376 vrsta papratnjača, uključujući 35 Heinzovih iz 1895., iz oko 29 porodica. U ovom trenutku (prosinac 2021.) uzgajamo 86 svojti iz 20 porodica, uključujući Equisetaceae i Psilotaceae. Annus Horribilis 2020. – koja nije donijela samo pandemiju bolesti COVID-19 s prestankom rada na planetarnoj razini, nego i razorne potrese i velike poplave posebno Zagrebu – izravno i neizravno utjecala je i na naše zbirke. Posljedično, između ostalih vrsta, izgubili smo više svojta paprati uzgojenih iz spora i držanih u našim toplim staklenicima, zbog vremenskih ekstrema i obustave grijanja u duljem razdoblju kad su vanjske temperature pale ispod 0˚ C. Godina 2021. nije bila puno bolja. Primljeno 10. siječnja 2022 REFERENCES Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb; 2001 onwards). Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Birkenhead, J., 1892: Ferns and Fern Culture: Their Native Habitats, Organisation, Habits of Growth, Compost for Different Genera; Cultivation in Pots (…) Available at: https://books.google.hr/books/ about/Ferns_and_Fern_Culture.html?id=j53uxwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Buggs, R.J.A., 2021: The origin of Darwin’s “abominable mystery”. American Journal of Botany 108(1), 22-36. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1592 Christenhusz, M.J.M. & Chase, M. W., 2014: Trends and concepts in fern classification. Annals of Botany 113(9), 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299 156 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Christenhusz, M.J.M. & Chase, M. W., 2018: PPG recognises too many fern genera. Taxon 67(3), 481– 487. doi:10.12705/673.2 Christenhusz, M.J.M., Bangiolo, L., Chase, M.W., Fay, M.F., Husby, C.E., Witkus & M., Viruel, J. 2019: Phylogenetics, classification and typification of extant horsetails (Equisetum, Equisetaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 189(4), 311–352. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz002 Dietrich, F. G., 1829: Handlexikon der Gärtnerei und Botanik oder alphabetische Beschreibung vom Bau, Wartung u. Nutzen (…). Berlin: Bethge. Engler, A., 1892: Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Eine Übersicht über das gesammte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen (1st ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Bornträger Verlag. Engler, A. & Prantl, K. eds., 1887–: Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten (in German; 33 parts in 23 volumes). Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Ettinger, J., 1892: Botanički vrt kr. sveučilišta Franje Josipa I. u Zagrebu. Šumarski list 9-10, 409-422. Flora Croatica Database (FCD), 2021: http://hirc.botanic.hr/fcd. [accessed December 2021] GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Gymnogramma gloriosa Hort. (in Tab. 1) https://www.gbif.org/es/species/6035185. Accessed via GBIF.org December 2021] Hassler, M. & Schmitt, B., 2020: Thelypteridaceae. Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. 8.20. [accessed December 2021] Heinz, A., 1892: Über Scolopendrium hybridum Milde. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 10, 413-422. Heinz, A., 1895-96: Kr. Botanički vrt u Zagrebu. Glasnik Hrvatskoga naravoslovnoga družtva 8(1-6), 1-54. Hidalgo, O., Pellicer, J., Christenhusz, M.J. M., Schneider, H. & Leitch, I.J., 2017: Genomic gigantism in the whisk-fern family (Psilotaceae): Tmesipteris obliqua challenges record holder Paris japonica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 183(4), 509–514. Hirc, D., 1903: Hymenophyllum tunbrigense. Glasnik Hrvatskoga naravoslovnoga družtva 14, 455. Hooker, W.J., 1785-1865: Species filicum; being descriptions of the known ferns, particularly of such as exist in the author's herbarium(…). London, W. Pamplin. Kovačić, S., 2015: Plethora of plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (1): Temperate glasshouse exotics – historic overview. Natura Croatica 24(2), 361-428 (397*). Kovačić, S., 2017: Tankolisni goliš (Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link) u uzgoju Botaničkog vrta PMF-a u Zagrebu. Glasnik Hrvatskog botaničkog društva 5(2), 14-17. Kovačić, S., 2018: “Lost Worlds of Archaic Gardens” – 2018 Exhibition in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb. Acta Botanica Croatica 77(1), S1-S2. Mendoza, A., Pérez-García, B. & Rib, R., 1999: Morfología y anatomía del gametofito de Didymochlaena truncatula (Dryopteridaceae). Revista de Biología Tropical 47(1-2), 93-99. (in Tab. 1) Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG-1), 2016: "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54(6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229 Schlosser, J.C.K. & Vukotinović, Lj., 1869: Flora Croatica. Sumptibus et auspiciis academiae scientiarum et articum slavorum meridionalium. Zagreb, I-CXLI, 1-1362. Schuettpelz, E., Rouhan, G., Pryer, K.M., Rothfels, C. J., Prado, J., Sundue, M.A., Windham, M.D., Moran, R.C. & Smith, A.R., 2018: Are there too many fern genera? Taxon 67(3), 473–480. doi:10.12705/673.1 Smith, A.R., Pryer, K.M., Schuettpelz, E., Korall, P., Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G., 2006: A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3), 705–731. Trinajstić, I., 1995: Samoborsko gorje, a Refuge of various floral elements between the Alps and the Dinaric Mountains. Acta Botanica Croatica 54(1), 47-62. Trinajstić, I. & Španjol, Ž., 1994: Cyrtomium falcatum (L. fil.) C. Presl. (Polystichaceae), a newcomer to Croatian flora. Natura Croatica 3, 87-90. World Flora Online (WFO, 2021): Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org/. [accessed December 2021] Photo-tables 6-26 are available in Supplement, only in online version of this article. All photos were taken by the Author. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 157 b c a d Photo-tab. 6: Early predecessors of horsetails: ab) Sphenophyllum alatifolium had large, whorled, and sometimes deeply lobed leaves with dichotomous venation, suggesting that the tiny leaves of extant Equisetum may be reduced megaphylls, rather than true microphylls. (Detail from the Garden exhibition in 2018). Famous c) Annularia stellata d) and Astrophyllites equisetiformis were already Equisetum-like plants (Fossils from the Garden collection, originating from Spain). 158 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb a b c d Photo-tab. 7: Horsetails in the Garden: a) Equisetum arvense was subjected to various investigations during the centuries; a1) non-photosynthetic strobili, produced early in spring. b) E. telmateia, with its b1) “unkempt”, hair-like long leaves arranged in whorls. c) E. fluviatile is the first recorded horsetail in our collection; c1) whorls of short ascending and spreading branches, c2) strobili on top of the photosynthetic branches. d) E. giganteum ‘El Tabacal’ with a backdrop of Matteucia struthiopteris in our fernarium. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 159 b a c Photo-tab. 8: a) Diorama of the Rhynie chert in Scotland, with home-made prototaxite and a geyser. b) Detail of Devonic diorama with “rhinias”. c) Branch of Psilotum nudum, perfectly – though falsely – imitating dichotomous branching of the earliest land plants. 160 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb a b c d Photo-tab. 9: Marattiales: a) Mature specimen of Angiopteris evecta in collection of ancient plants of the Jardin botanique de la Ville de Paris. b) Gametophytes (prothalia) of A. evecta grown in our Garden laboratory (sadly, never produced sporophytes). c) Polymorphopteris magdalenae and d) Seftenbergia grunerii, some of the extinct marattiaceous ferns in the Botanical Garden fossil collection. a b Photo-tab. 10: Osmundales: a) Osmunda regalis lives happily in our Garden fernarium, as well as in several other places outdoors, though never reaching the 3-meter-height, as in nature. b) In the Exhibition of 2018, the “royal fern” gets a special place (bottom left) in our little “Cretaceous garden”, with other ancient plants from our collections. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 161 b c d a Photo-tab. 11: Schizeales: a) Lygodium japonicum (Lygodiaceae) climbing from the hanging baskets of the Garden’s Victoria house. Salviniales: b) Salvinia natans and Azolla filiculoides (Salviniaceae) together in the Victoria house. c) Marsilea quadrifolia and d) Regnellidium diphyllum (Marsileaceae) are inhabitants of the outdoor basins. b a c Photo-tab. 12: Cyatheaceae: a) Dicksonia antarctica in the Garden fernarium overwinters indoors. cd) Cibotium regale, Dicksonia antarctica and Sphaeropteris (Cyathea) cooperi grown in our Garden laboratory. 162 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb b a c Photo-tab. 13: Dennstaedtiaceae: a) Croatian native, Pteridium aquilinum lives in the Garden fernarium. b) Hypolepis millefolium and c) Histiopteris incisa grown in our Garden laboratory, live indoors. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 a 163 b c e f d i h g k l j Photo-tab. 14: Pteridaceae: The “maidenhair ferns” prefer moist, well-drained sites: a) Adiantum caudatum, b) A. macrophyllum, c) A. trapeziforme and d) Bolbitis heteroclita. So-called “cheilanthoid ferns”, some 400 or more species, can grow in very dry conditions: e) Cheilanthes lanosa, f) Cryptogramma acrostichoides, g) Hemionitis palmata and h) Llavea cordifolia. Many are epiphytes, preferably grown in terreriums: i) Microgramma pilloseloides and j) Pellaea rotundifolia. Some species hyperaccumulate arsenic, while other could be invasive: k) Pteris cretica 'Albolineata' and l) Pteris multifida. 164 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb a b c d f e Photo-tab. 15: Polypodiaceae 1: a-d) Data-cards of Microsorum punctatum and Niphidium (Campyloneurum) crassifolium, with many synonyms in WFO/PoWO databases each, changed their names in our Garden database no fewer than six times. The synonymy between Polypodium-Phyamatodes-Selliguea-Microsorum-Cochlidium taxa is very hard to navigate – even worse is the synonymy of Polypodium-Phyamatodes-Pessopteris-Pleuririum-Niphidium-Campyloneurum. e) Microsorum punctatum and f) Niphidium (Campyloneurum) crassifolium. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 165 b d a f c e g Photo-tab. 16: Polypodiaceae 2: Three taxa of bright green stag horns in our collection: a) Platycerium bifurcatum, b) P. alcicorne and c) P. willinckii are epiphytic, as well as bluish d) Belvisia (Lepisorus) platyrhynchos and e) Phlebodium aureum ‘Umbellatum’. Two Croatian native polypodiums: f) P. vulgare and g) P. cambricum might be similar in appearance, but differ in lifestyle (evergreen vs. deciduous). 166 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb b c a d Photo-tab. 17: Dryopteridaceae 1: Dryopteris: brightly coloured East-Asian a) D. erythrosora, Croatian native b) D. filix-mas; American c) D. goldieana and subtropical d) D. pseudocaenopteris (Peranema aspidioides) with hairy young leaves, living in the greenhouse. a b c d Photo-tab. 18: Dryopteridaceae 2.: Polystichum: Croatian native species (c) clearly differ during the wintertime: a) P. setiferum is mostly deciduous, while b) P. aculeatum is evergreen. The famous ornamental d) P. setiferum ‘Plumosum Densum’ rarely overwinters with fronds. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 167 b d c a e Photo-tab. 19: Davalliaceae: a) Davallia solida (‘Superba’), b) D. (Humata) pectinata, c) D. embolostegia grown from spores. Tectariaceae: d) Tectaria (Quercifilix) zeylanica grown from spores, e) T. cicutaria bearing button-like bulbils (propagules) at pinnae axils. b d c a e Photo-tab. 20: Nephrolepidaceae: a) Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Selecta’ lives in our collection since 1963, and along the regular fronds it sprouts b), the feathery ones. c) Old N. exaltata planted permanently in our fernarium. d) N. exaltata aff. ‘Curly Locks’ sprouted in 2016, among germinating spores. e) N. cordifolia aff. 'Duffii', popular "Lemon Button Fern". 168 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb b c a f d g e h i Photo-tab. 21: Aspleniaceae: abc) Asplenium ruta-muraria on the stone-walls of our Faculty building. d) A. adiantum-nigrum and A. trichomanes-ramosum (A. viride) are sensitive species of Croatian flora, while e) A. trichomanes is even frost-tolerant. f) A. scolopendrium lives in our fernarium “since forever”. g) A. hybridum is a stenoendemic of NE Adriatic islands, grown from spores for our glasshouse collection, where exotic spleenworts permanently live: for example, h) large A. nidus or i) invasive A. viviparum, etc. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 169 c a b d Photo-tab. 22: Cystopteridaceae: a) Cystopteris tasmanica grown from spores. Woodsiaceae: b) young plants grown from spores. c) Young Woodsia plummerae. d) Older individuals of W. plummerae planted in our fernarium are deciduous. a b c Photo-tab. 23: Athyriaceae: a) Athyrium filix-femina growing side-by-side with its famous cultivar b) 'Frizelliae'. c) A. (Anisocampium) niponicum ‘Metallicum’, with beautifully coloured fronds. 170 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb a c e b d f Photo-tab. 24: Onocleaceae: Life cycle of Matteucia (Onoclea) struthiopteris: sterile fronds in ab) Spring, and cd) Summer. ef) Young and mature fertile fronds. a b d c e f Photo-tab. 25: Blechnaceae: a) Blechnum brasiliense grown from spores b) in 2016 have lovely reddish c) young fronds. d) Croatian native, B. spicant is a characteristic species of dark fir forests (Blechno-Abietetum) in the mountain region. e) B. penna-marina grown from spores, as well as f) young Woodwardia orientalis. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 171 b a c d Photo-tab. 26: Thelypteridaceae: a) Croatian native Thelypteris palustris. b) Th. cordata was purchased, while from spores were grown c) Th. (Parathelypteris) beddomei and d) Th. kunthii. Tab. 1. WFO: Order/clade & Family: EQUISETALES – Equisetaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Equisetum L. Equisetum L. Equisetum spp. Equisetum arvense L. Equisetum arvense L. E. arvense L. Equisetum fluviatile L. Equisetum fluviatile L. E. limosum E. fluviatile L. (= E- limosum L." Equisetum giganteum L. (cult.) Equisetum giganteum L. (cult.) E. 'El Tabacal' Equisetum hyemale L. Equisetum hyemale L. Equisetum hiemale L. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. E. pratense Ehrh. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Equisetum sylvaticum L. E. silvaticum L. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. E. sylvaticum L. E. telmateia Ehrh. E. telmateia Ehrh. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 yes 1917 E. telmateia Ehrh. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown "various, by the Grotto" Zagreb, Sava river banks spreading locally 2018 1958 Zagreb Nursery 1961 Equisetum giganteum L. 'El Vodnjan Nursery 2018 Tabacal' Hand-written inventoy of Medicinal plants NP Medvednica 2021 Tabačka ravan (Bosnia & Herc.) 1972 Zalesina 1977 Ivanščica Mt 2004 NP Žumberak 2018 Zagreb, Sava river banks 2021 Order/clade & Family: PSILOTALES – Psilotaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. Psilotum nudum ELTE Budapest (Hungary) 2017 P. nudum (L.) P. Beauv. Order/clade & Family: OPHIOGLOSSALES – Ophioglossaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. B. lunaria Swartz Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. O. vulgatum L. O. vulgatum L. Order/clade & Family: MARATTIALES – Marattiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Angiopteris evecta (G. Forst.) Angiopteris longifolia Hoffm. Hoffm. A. evecta Hoffm. listed in Registry of spores, 1925/26 yes NP Velebit 1975 NP Velebit 2013 yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2017 short living above-ground short living above-ground Several before, uninventorized 172 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Order/clade & Family: OSMUNDALES – Osmundaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmunda claytoniana L. O. claytoniana Osmunda regalis L. Osmunda regalis L. Osmunda regalis O. regalis O. regalis L. sprouted in 1926 (register of spores) 1926 1904 "outdoors" yes Borlin, Karlovac 1962 Glina, Banovina 2016 O. regalis L. Osmunda spectabilis Willd. Osmunda gracilis Link (ambig.) O. gracile Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Osmundastrum Osmunda cinnamomea (L.) C.Presl cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl Todea Willd. Todea Willd. ex Bernh. Todea spp. Order/clade & Family: HYMENOPHYLLALES – Hymenophyllaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Hymenophyllum Hymenophyllum Hymenophylum tunbridgense tunbrigense (L.) Sm. tunbrigense (L.) Sm. Vandenboschia radicans (Sw.) Trichomanes radicans Sw. Trichomanes radicans Copel. Order/clade & Family: SCHIZEALES – Anemiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw. Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw. Aneimia Phyllitidis (Schizeaceae) Anemia mexicana Klotzsch Anemia mexicana Klotzsch A. mexicana Klotzsch (Schizeaceae) Anemia rotundifolia Schrad. Anemia rotundifolia Schrad. A. rotundifolia Schrad. (Schizeaceae) Order/clade & Family: SCHIZEALES – Lygodiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Lygodium japonicum (Sw.) Sw. (Schizeaceae) Sw. L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. 1904 yes extinct in Croatia yes yes yes 1904 191? München (Germany) 2016 yes 1904 191? yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Ligodium palmatum 1922 1932 173 Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. in 2018: new plants from those spores 1904 L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. (Schizeaceae) Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Order/clade & Family: SALVINIALES – Salviniaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Azolla Lam. Azolla Lam. Asolla Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Azolla caroliniana Willd. A. filiculoides Lam. A. filiculoides Lam. Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 yes 1920 1948 Salvinia minima Baker Salvinia natans (L.) All. Salvinia natans (L.) All. yes 1948 Marsilea hirsuta R. Br. Marsilea macropoda Engelm. ex Marsilea macropoda Engelm. A. Braun ex A. Braun Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Marsilea strigosa Willd. M. hirsuta R. Br. Marsilia macropoda Engelm. Marsilia quadrifolia M. quadrifolia L. Marsilea pubescens Ten. Marsilia pubescens Ten. (ambig.) Marsilea strigosa Willd. (amb.) M. strigosa Willd. *changed to S. molesta D.S.Mitch. acc. to TROPICOS Living specimen "fam. Marsiliaceae" 1961 Strassbourg (France) 1965 Göttingen (Germany) 1969 Göttingen (Germany) 1969 Strassbourg (France) 1965 Marsilea drummondii A. Br. Marsilea hirsuta R. Br. Berlin-Dahlem (Germany) 2013 "from Osijek vicinity" Oslo 1948 1961 yes Marsilia drummondii A. Br. Hand-written inventory Living specimen Hand-written inventory 1963 S. minima Baker Salvinia natans S. natans All. S. natans Hoffm. Order/clade & Family: SALVINIALES – Marsileaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Marsilea L. Marsilea L. Marsilia Marsilea drummondii A. Braun Marsilea drummondii A. Braun Marsilia drummondii A. Br. Oslo 1948 1961 Basel (Germany) 1971 1920 1938 S. auriculata S. auriculata Aubl.* Salvinia minima Baker Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown yes 1961 1961 Padova (Italy)1985 reconstructed card 174 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 Regnellidium diphyllum Regnellidium diphyllum Regnellidium diphyllum Lindm. Lindm. Lindm. Order/clade & Family: CYATHEALES – Cibotiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) unknown sp.* (gen. Cibotium = Cibotium regale Verschaff. & Cibotium Regale fam. Cyatheaceae) Lem. 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Bonn (Germany) 2021 191? Tübingen (Germany) 2016 C. regale Verschaff. & Lem. Cibotium schiedei Schltdl. & Cibotium schiedei Schltdl. & Cibotium Schiedei Cham. Cham. Order/clade & Family: CYATHEALES – Cyatheaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Alsophila R.Br. Alsophila R.Br. Alsophila Alsophila australis R.Br. Alsophila australis R.Br. Alsophylla australis Br. (ambig.) *probably from horticulture (syn. "Cibotium spectabile (Hort.)") 191? yes 1904 191? 1925 Alsophila australis A. australis R.Br. (in Kovačić, 2015 as Cyathea australis Domin) p.p. yes Alsophila leichhardtiana F. Muell. Cyathea dealbata (G.Forst.) Sw. yes 191? yes 191? Brno (Czech Republic) 2016 Tübingen (Germany) 2016 191? yes marked with "?" "fam. Cyatheaceae" 175 Cyathea australis Domin (amb.) C. australis Domin Alsophila leichhardtiana F. A. Leichhardtiana F.Muell. Muell (ambig.) Cyathea dealbata Sw. (ambig.) C. dealbata C. dealbata Sw. Gymnosphaera glabra Blume Cyathea glabra (Blume) Copel. Alsophila glabra Sphaeropteris cooperi (F. Muell.) Sphaeropteris cooperi (F. S. cooperi (F. Muell.) R.M. Tryon R.M. Tryon Muell.) R.M. Tryon Cyathea cooperi (Hook. ex F. Muell.) Domin Sphaeropteris myosuroides Alsophila aurea Fée (ambig.) Alsophila aurea (Liebm.) R.M.Tryon Order/clade & Family: CYATHEALES – Dicksoniaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Dicksonia L'Hér. (Cyatheaceae) Dicksonia L'Hér. Dicksonia Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued PoWO (Kew): WFO: Dicksonia antarctica Labill. Balantium antarcticum (Labill.) Dicksonia antarctica (Labill.) C. Presl Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 191? 1932 D. antarctica Labill. D. antarctica Labill. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown also sprouted in 1926 (register yes of spores) Tübingen (Germany) 2016 bought, with a permit of Zagreb Nursery 2021 Australian government Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Aspleniaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Asplenium L. Asplenium L. Asplenium spp. yes Asplenium L. Ceterach Willd. Ceterach spp. yes Asplenium L. (p.p.) Asplenium L. (p.p.) Scolopendrium spp. yes 191? Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. Naples (Italy) 1959 Vršac (Serbia) 1965 Lim channel 1966 Koločep 1970 Matka (North Macedonia) 1973 Orjen Mt (Montenegro) 1978 NP Velebit 2003 NP Učka 2016 brought as a living plant in hand-written inventory of 1955 glasshouse in 1955 "Palaeotropic Asplenium species' with bulbils atop of their fronds", fam. Polypodiaceae A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. Asplenium australasicum Hook. Asplenium nidus L. Asplenium bulbiferum G. Forst. Asplenium bulbiferum G. Forst. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. nidus var. australasicum Hook. (?) A. "bulbi/forme" "By the Grotto", fam. Polypodiaceae "By the Grotto", fam. Polypodiaceae "By the Grotto", fam. Polypodiaceae, probably Croatian native species yes 1904 191? 1932 (perhaps of some other bulbiform taxon) 176 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Asplenium ceterach L. Ceterach officinarum Willd. C. officinalis yes C. officinalis Willd. var. crenatum Moore yes Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 A. bulbiferum Forst. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. C. officinarum DC. Asplenium ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. 177 A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown yes in hand-written inventories in 1950-ies Orig. author (Willd.) was "Alps" 1950 changed to"DC." acc. to "Analytic Flora of Yugoslavia" Mali Lošinj 1955 Osor 1962 Mosor Mt 1962 Svilaja Mt 1963 Dinara Mt 1963 NP Plitvice 1964 Vis 1964 NP Medvednica 1965 Kopaonik (Serbia) 1965 Lišani 1967 NP Mljet 1968 Orebić 1969 Orjen Mt (Montenegro) 1970 Pelješac 1971 Sućeška (Bosnia & Herc.) 1973 Đerdap (Serbia) 1975 NP Biokovo 1975 Mosor Mt 1977 Lovćen Mt (Montenegro) 1978 Brač 1978 Koločep 1979 NP Mljet 1979 Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. A. ceterach L. Asplenium daucifolium Lam. Asplenium viviparum (L. f.) C. Ceanopteris (?) viviparum Presl Asplenium dimorphum Kunze Asplenium dimorphum Kunze A. dimorphum Kunze (ambig.) 1904 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Olib 1983 NP Učka 2005 Murter 2010 Konavle 2011 probably (illegible) Caenopteris vivipara P.J.Bergius yes Berlin-Späth (Germany) Living specimen 2021 NP Risnjak 1965 NP Velebit 1975 NP Velebit 2003 A. dimorphum Kunze Asplenium fissum Kit. Asplenium hybridum (Milde) Bange Asplenium fissum Kit. (ambig.) A. fissum Kit. ex Willd. A. fissum Kit. ex Willd. A. fissum Kit. ex Willd. Phyllitopsis hybrida (Milde) T. Scolopendrium hybridum Reichst. Asplenium hybridum (Milde) Bange A. hybridum (Milde) Bange Phyllitis hybrida (ambig.) Phyllitis hybrida Asplenium marinum L. Asplenium sulcatum Lam. Asplenium marinum L. Asplenium nidus L. (cult.?) Asplenium nidus L. (cult.?) A. "Nidus A/avis" Asplenium nidus L. (cult.) Asplenium nidus L. (cult.) A. nidus L. A. nidus L. ‘Osaka’ Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. A. ruta muraria A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. “from Lošinj island” yes fam. Polypodiaceae Olib 2015 Rab 2016 191? 1932 1904 1904 191? 1932 (grown from spores) Croatian subendemic Probably this species; acc. To Parey, A. Nidus-avis is a culton (hort.) yes yes in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies yes NP Učka 1963 NP Velebit 1964 178 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. A. ruta-muraria L. Asplenium sagittatum (DC.) Bange Asplenium scolopendrium L. Asplenium scolopendrium L. subsp. scolopendrium Asplenium scolopendrium L. (cult.) Asplenium sagittatum (DC.) Bunge Asplenium scolopendrium L. Scolopendrium officinale DC. (ambig.) Asplenium scolopendrium L. (cult.) A. sagittatum (DC.) Bange Scolopendrium spp. Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman Ph. scolopendrium (L.) Newman Ph. scolopendrium (L.) Newman Asplenium scolopendrium L. A. scolopendrium L. Scolopendrium officinale 1958 Jasenak 1971 Strahinjčica Mt 1971 Kašina 1993 NP Žumberak 2001 1904 A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. yes probably A. scolopendrium 'Undulatum' (group) 1904 Vršac (Serbia) 1965 reconstructed card 179 Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Rab 2017 yes A. scolopendrium L. 'Crispum Cristatum’ A. undulatum Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Jajce (Bosnia & Herc.) 1966 Pelješac 1969 Martin Brod 1969 Pelješac 1971 Soteska (Slovenia) 1971 NP Žumberak 1972 Prokletije (Montenegro) 1973 Lovćen (Montenegro) 1978 Ravna Gora 1988 NP Velebit 2003 unknown spreads locally Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Asplenium stellatum Colla Asplenium fernandezianum Kunze (ambig.) Asplenium fernandezianum Asplenium trichomanes L. Asplenium trichomanes L. A. trichomanes A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. Asplenium viride Huds. Asplenium viride Huds. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. trichomanes L. A. viride Huds. A. viride Huds. A. viride Huds. A. viride Huds. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies yes Klek 1961 Bohinj (Slovenia) 197 NP Plitvice 1964 Badanj 1964 Vršac (Serbia) 1965 Lim channel 1966 Pelješac 1969 Matka (North Macedonia) 1973 Bled (Slovenia) 1971 Strahinjčica Mt 1979 NP Mljet 1982 Plomin 1982 Olib 1983 Samobor 2002 Vukova Gorica 2008 NP Velebit 1959 Bijele stijene 1961 Troglav (Slovenia) 1963 Badanj 1964 Bled (Slovenia) 1971 Samarske stijene 1972 Strahinjčica Mt 1973 NP Velebit 1973 Prokletije Mt (Montenegro) 1973 180 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. A. trichomanes-ramosum L. unknown (A. viviparum Blume Asplenium viviparum (L.f.) C. (?) – val. A. daucifolium Lam.) Presl yes Caenopteris vivipara Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Julian Alps (Slovenia) 1982 Savica 1985 Kostel 1990 Dubovac, Karlovac 2016 "Palaeotropic Asplenium species' with bulbils atop of yes their fronds" fam. Polypodiaceae Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: 1904 Asplenium lineatum var. viviparum (syn. Darea vivipara) unknown combination; in hand-written inventores of glasshouse in 1950-ies yes Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Athyriaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Athyrium Roth (Aspleniaceae) Athyrium Roth Athyrium Athyrium "Pri(t/r?)churense cristata" Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth A. filix-femina (L.) Rth. A. filix-femina (L.) Roth A. filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium crispatum (cult.) (cult.) Athyrium Frizeliae yes 1904 Samarske stijene 1963 Strahinjčica Mt 1973 Sunger 2010 "By the Grotto" fam. Polypodiaceae unknown (illegible handwriting) FCD: Woodsiaceae probably Athyrium filix-femina 'Crispata' 1904 1904 Buzet Nursery 2006 val. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth 'Frizelliae' Zagreb Nursery 2021 Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance (cult.) Anisocampium niponicum (Mett.) Y.C.Liu, W.L. Chiou & M. Kato (cult.) Athyrium niponicum 'Metallicum' Buzet Nursery 2006 (?) (?) Athyrium goringianum pictum 1904 val. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth 'Frizelliae' val. Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance 'Metallicum' Perpaps A. niponicum var. Pictum 'Metallicum' 181 A. 'Fritzeliae' Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 Diplazium celtidifolium Kunze Diplazium celtidifolium Kunze Asplenium celtidifolium (Aspleniaceae) Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Blechnaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Blechnum L. (Aspleniaceae) Blechnum L. Blechnum Blechnum brasiliense Desv. Blechnum brasiliense Desv. B. brasiliense 1904 – 1948 1904 "By the Grotto", fam. Polypodiaceae yes 1904 191? B. brasiliense Desv. B. brasiliense Desv. Blechnum castaneum (Makino) Makino & Nemoto Blechnum gibbum (Labill.) Mett. Blechnum gibbum (Labill.) Mett. ? (cult.) Blechnum castaneum Makino & Nemoto (ambig.) Lomaria gibba Labill. (ambig.) Blechnum gibbum Mett. (ambig.; ? cult.) Blechnum hastatum Kaulf. Blechnum hastatum Kaulf. Blechnum microphyllum (Goldm.) C.V. Morton Blechnum moorei C.Chr. Blechnum neohollandicum Christenh. Blechnum occidentale L. Blechnum penna-marina (Maxon & C.V.Morton) Kuhn subsp. alpinum (R.Br.) T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant Blechnum penna-marina (Maxon & C.V.Morton) Kuhn subsp. microphyllum (Goldm.) T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown yes B. castaneum Makino Lomaria Gibba fam. Polypodiaceae yes Blechnum 'Silver Lady' Blechnum "pastatum v. minimum" (? Perhaps B. hastatum?) Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) B. penna-marina subsp. Kuhn microphyllum Blechnum moorei C.Chr. B. moorei C.Chr. (ambig.) Doodia aspera R.Br. (ambig.) Doodia aspera R.Br. Blechnum occidentale L. Blechnum occidentale 1955 Riga (Latvia) 2016 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 B. gibbum 'Silver Lady' yes probably was misspelle: crossed and weitten over as "B. occidentalis" 191? Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 yes yes 1954 191? Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) B. penna-marina subsp. alpina Kuhn (unknown subsp.) Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) B. penna-marina subsp. Kuhn (unknown subsp.) microphylla Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 as "Doodya" in older records 182 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown PoWO (Kew): WFO: Blechnum penna-marina (Maxon & C.V.Morton) Kuhn subsp. penna-marina Blechnum penna-marina (Poir.) B. penna-marina subsp. Kuhn (unknown subsp.) penna-marina Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. Bijele stijene 1961 B. spicant (L.) Roth* Zalesina 1963 Štirovac 1964 Strahinjčica Mt 1973 Kupa 2000 Delnice 2004 Sunger 2010 Samobor 2018 Sunger 2018 Zagreb Nursery 2021 1904 1904 yes yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 in hand-written inventories of Karstic rockery in 1950-ies yes yes yes "Alps" 1949 Medak 1959 Bijele stijene 1961 reconstructed card; acc. to FCD belongs to Woodsiaceae 183 B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth B. spicant (L.) Roth Blechnum spinulosum Poir. Doodia caudata (Cav.) R. Br. Do(o)dia caudata Br. Woodwardia caudata Lomariopsis tenuifolia (Desv.) Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Christ (Polypodiaceae) Moore Moore Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. f.) Stenochlaena palustris (Burm. S. palustris Bedd. Bedd. (Aspleniaceae) f.) Bedd. Woodwardia orientalis (Sw.) Sw. Woodwardia orientalis Sw. W. orientalis Sw. (Aspleniaceae) Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Cystopteridaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Cystopteris alpina (Lam.) Desv. Cystopteris alpina (Jacq.) Desv. Cystopteris alpina (Aspleniaceae) Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Aspleniaceae) Bernh. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Bernh. (Aspleniaceae) C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. *(never lived longer than two years) Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Cystopteris tasmanica Hook. (Aspleniaceae) Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman (Aspleniaceae) Cystopteris tasmanica Hook. (ambig.) C. tasmanica Hook. Nephrodium robertianum Prantl (ambig.) Nephrodium robertianum (Hoffm.) Prantl N. robertianum (Hoffm.) Prantl Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman G. robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Davalliaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Davallia Sm. (Polypodiaceae) Davallia Sm. Davallia Davallia denticulata (Burm. f.) Davallia denticulata (Burm. f.) D. denticulata (Burm.) Mett. Mett. Mett. ex Kuhn Davallia embolostegia Copel. Davallia embolostegia Copel. D. embolostegia Copel. (ambig.) Humata heterophylla (Sm.) Davallia heterophylla Sm. Humata heterophylla Desv. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown NP Risnjak 1965 Troglav Mt (Slovenia) 1963 NP Učka 1973 Strahinjčica Mt 1973 Vrbas (Bosnia & Herc.) 1966 Idrijca (Slovenija) 1967 Donačka gora (Slovenia) 1988 NP Velebit 2003 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 NP Učka 1963 NP Risnjak 1965 Gymnocarpium robertianum (Hoffm.) Newman Davallia pectinata Sm. Davallia pectinata Sm. Humata pectinata (Sm.) Desv. FCD: Woodsiaceae Bonn (Germany) 1994 NP Velebit 2003 fam. Polypodiaceae yes yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 191? München (Germany) 2016 184 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. D. solida Sw. Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. Davallia solida Sw. ‘Superba’ (cult.) Humata griffithiana (Hook.) C. Davallia tyermannii (T.Moore) Chr. var. tyermannii (T. Moore) H. tyermannii Moore H.J.Veitch Tagawa (ambig.) H. tyermannii Moore H. tyermannii Moore Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Dennstaedtiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Dennstaedtia adiantoides Dennstaedtia adiantoides Denstaedtia adiantoides (Willd.) T.Moore (Willd.) T.Moore two different authors to Dennstaedtia cicutaria (Sw.) T. Dicksonia cicutaria Dicksonia cicutaria Moore Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. (cult.) Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. Hypolepis millefolium Hook. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore (unknown syn.) Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. Hypolepis millefolium Hook. (ambig.) Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Tübingen (Germany) yes 1971 yes Antwerp (Belgium) 1973 *incorrect (Tectaria cicutaria) Antwerp (Belgium) 1980 Zagreb Nursery 2019 191? 191? "Denstadenia cicularis"/ "Denstadmia sicularis"? 1932 illegible handwriting: perhaps misspelled "Dennstaedtia cicutaria" Dicksonia punctilobula 1926 sprouted in 1926 (register of spores) Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 H. incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. H. millefolium Hook. Microlepia cult. Microlepia cult. Microlepia hirta cristata (probably cultivar, acc. to older hort. Literature) Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore Davallia speluncae 1904 1904 M. hirta and M. cristata are separate taxa: ambig. (WFO) or with separate valid names (PoWO) yes Cesargrad Mt 1969 FCD: Hypolepidaceae 185 M. speluncae (L.) Moore Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Didymochlaenaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Didymochlaena Desv. Didymochlaena Didimochlaena (Polypodiaceae) (Hypodematiaceae) Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) Didymochlaena truncatula Didymochlaena sinuata Desv. J.Sm. (Sw.) J.Sm. Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Dryopteridaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Arachniodes aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale (Polypodiaceae) Arachniodes aristata (G. Forst.) Polystichum aristatum Swartz. Tindale (unknown author*) Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching (Polypodiaceae) Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl (Polypodiaceae) Bolbitis heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl Heinz, 1895-6 fam. Polypodiaceae as syn. of D.sinuosa Desv. Mendoza et al., 1999 1904 yes C. falcatum L. fil. yes C. falcatum L. f. ‘Rochfordianum’ Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. Cyrtomium Fortunei Cyrtomium lonchitoides (Christ) Christ Polystichum lonchitoides (Christ) Diels Dryopteris Adans. (p.p.) Nephrodium *from basionym Aspidium aristatum (G. Forster) Sw. (Swartz), fam. Aspidiaceae? yes B. heteroclita (C. Presl) Ching (Lomariopsidaceae) Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl (cult.) Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown NP Medvednica 1985 Rudanovac 2015 yes Polystichum falcatum (L.f.) Diels Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl (cult.) Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. (Polypodiaceae) Cyrtomium lonchitoides (Christ) Christ (Polypodiaceae) Dryopteris Adans. (p.p.; Polypodiaceae) Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs var. carthusiana Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray 1904 – 1948 val. C. falcatum (L. f.) C.Presl also in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies 1932 yes 1904 yes in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies yes fam. Polypodiaceae yes D. carthusiana (Vill.) Fuchs Strahinjčica Mt 1973 Aspidium "spin.(ulosum?) interm.(edium?)" 1904 Aspidium dilatatum 1904 1975 Probably this species 186 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued PoWO (Kew): WFO: Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C. Eaton) Kuntze Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C. Dryopteris Erythrosora Eaton) Kuntze Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Aspidium filix-mas Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 yes 1904 Nephrodium Filix mas 1917 "Dipteris filis mas" (?) 1932 Nephrodium filix-mas (L.) Rich. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown val. D. erythrosora (D.C. Zagreb Nursery 2018 Eaton) Kuntze Strahinjčica Mt 1973 yes Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (cult.) Dryopteris goeringiana (Kunze) Koidz. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris cult. (cult.) Athyrium goeringianum Athyrium goringianum (Kunze) T. Moore Zagreb Nursery 2021 (small cult.) 1904 Athyrium goringianum pictum Perhaps Athyrium niponicum 'Pictum' 1904 Tübingen (Germany) 2016 original card is lost; remaind a small card with this synonymy yes yes 1904 Mosor Mt 1977 yes fam. Polypodiaceae 187 Dryopteris goldieana (Hook. ex Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex D. goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. Goldie) A.Gray Goldie) A. Gray Gray "Nephrodium villarii (Bell) Beck Dryopteris pallida (Bory) Maire subsp. pallida (Bory) Hayek = unknown & Petitm. Dryopteris pallida (Bory) C. Chr. ex Maire et Petitmengin" Dryopteris pseudocaenopteris Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Diacalpe aspidioides Blume (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang Mett. Dryopteris pseudosieboldii Aspidium sieboldii Van Houtte Aspidium Sieboldi van Houtte Hayata ex Mett. (ambig.) Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Dryopteris midshelkensis D. villarii (Bellardi) Woynar Woyn. ex Schinz & Thell. Pavlov Elaphoglossum crinitum (L.) Chrysodium crinitum Mett.; Chrysodium crinitum Christ (Polypodiaceae) Fil. (ambig.; Pteridaceae) Hand-written inventoy of Medicinal plants unknown combination: I presume it was this taxon (Dipteris (Gleicheniales) is native to tropical Asia) noted as growing in Karstic rockery in the 1950-ies from other localities, unregistered, spreads locally Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Polybotrya sp. (Polypodiaceae) Polybotrya sp. Polybotrya numina/minima (?) 1904 Polybotrya minima (?) 191? 1932 Polystichum sp. (Polypodiaceae) Polystichum sp. Polystichum "grandidentatum" 1904 Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth P. lobatum (Huds.) C. Presl var. longilobum Milde P. lobatum var. auriculatum P. lobatum (Huds.) Presl. Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth ex Mert. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown illegible handwriting, both unknown unknown species ? 1958 1962 Troglav Mt (Slovenia) 1963 yes P. lobatum (Huds.) Presl. Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée Aspidium viviparum Mett. Polystichum heterolepis Fée (ambig.) Polystichum illyricum Hahne Polystichum × illyricum Hahne (ambig.) Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth Strahinjčica Mt 1973 P. aculeatum (L.) Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth Visibaba 1975 NP Učka 1973 Kašina 1993 Sunger 2010 P. braunii (Spennet) Fée Aspidium viviparum Fée yes 1904 Strahinjčica Mt 1972 P. lonchitis (L.) Roth P. lonchitis (L.) Roth Kalnik Mt 1961 Medak 1963 Treskavica (Bosnia & Herc.) 1962 Badanj, Dinara Mt 1964 Prokletije (Montenegro) 1973 NP Velebit 1975 P. lonchitis (L.) Roth P. lonchitis (L.) Roth P. lonchitis (L.) Roth val. P. aculeatum (L.) Roth (acc. to FCD) yes P. illyricum Borbás P. lonchitis (L.) Roth unknown taxon, probably culton reconstructed card, illegible source & year syn. Dryopteris vivipara (Fée) Kuntze val. P. x illyricum (Borbás) Hahne (acc. to FCD) 188 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 P. lonchitis (L.) Roth P. lonchitis (L.) Roth Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) C.Presl Polystichum polyblepharum (Roem. ex Kunze) C. Presl Polystichum proliferum (R.Br.) C.Presl Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) T.Moore ex Woynar Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) C. Presl Polystichum polyblepharum (Roem. ex Kunze) C. Presl Aspidium proliferum R. Br. (ambig.) Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. Aspidium munitum Kaulf. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown NP Velebit 1983 Komna (Slovenia) 1985 1904 ? card is missing yes Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Aspidium proliferum Br. Polystichum angulare 1904 P. setiferum (Forsskål) Woynar Bosiljevo 2008 P. setiferum (Forsskål) Woynar Strahinjčica Mt 1979 Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) P. setiferum 'Plumosum T.Moore ex Woynar (cult.) Moore ex Woyn. (cult.) Densum' Buzet Nursery 2006 Polystichum (angulare?) proliferum Wollastoni 1904 val. P. setiferum (Forssk.) Woyn. (acc. to FCD) val. P. setiferum (Forssk.) Woyn. (acc. to FCD) P. setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. 'Plumosum Densum' P. setiferum (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. 'Proliferum Wollastonii' Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Lonchitiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Lonchitis hirsuta L. unknown Szeged (Hungary) 1954 Pteris laciniata Willd. in hand-written inventory of glasshouse Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Nephrolepidaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Nephrolepis Schott (Polypodiaceae) Nephrolepis ? Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott N. biserrata Sw. N. rufescens yes Cambridge (UK) 1954 reconstructed card Coimbra (Spain) 1955 in hand-written inventory of glasshouse in 1955 191? 1932 189 N. biserrata Schott. Not existing at the time (Heinz, 1895-6)? Perhaps under some other name ? Tab. 1. Continued PoWO (Kew): WFO: Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis bostoniensis Anon. (unplaced) Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis bostoniensis (ambig.) unknown unknown Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl var. cordifolia Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. N. cordifolia (L.) Presl Presl Nephrolepis imbricata C.Presl Nephrolepis imbricata (ambig.) Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl (cult.) Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl (cult.) 1904 – 1948 N. biserrata (Sw.) Schott ‘Furcans’ Nephrolepis Bostoniensis yes 191? 1932 Sofia (Bulgaria) 1982 yes yes gift 2016 Probably a cultivar of N. exaltata (Bostoniensis') reconstructed card; probably cult. of N. exaltata group new sprouted with others during growing from spores in hand-written inventory of glasshouse unknown cultivar; perhaps of N. cordifolia 'Duffii' group; the "Lemon Button Fern" 1904 191? yes Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott N. exaltata Schott var. selecta (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott N. exaltata hort. (cult.) yes Also in all inventories during 1950-ies. Planted outdoors in 2018 yes N. exaltata (L.) Schott ‘Selecta’ 1958 Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott N. exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) (cult.) (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) 2016 1955 N. 'Pearls of Living' (?) N. exaltata Schott Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown N. cordata Presl 'Compacta' Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott N. exaltata (Schott) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Heinz, 1895-6 2016 new sprouted with others during growing from spores, aff. 'Curly Locks' N. exaltata crispa 1904 Nephrolepis exaltata 'Crispa' N. "sesqu.filium." (?) 1904 illegible handwriting N. exaltata 'Teddy' Opeka Castle 1963 N. exaltata 'Teddy Junior' Lada Nursery (Slovenia) reconstructed card 1964 reconstructed card 190 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl Nephrolepis muscosa Clute (unplaced name) Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl Nephrolepis muscosa Clute (ambig.) Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown N. hirsutula (G. Forst.) Presl yes N. muscosa Pierson p.p. Szeged (Hungary) 1955 N. muscosa Nephrolepis piersonii Anon. (unplaced name) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott N. exaltata Schott var. piersonii (cult.) F.R.Pierson yes N. Piersonii 191? 1932 N. Piersonii yes N. Piersonii fragrantissima 191? in hand-written inventory of glasshouse N. exaltata (L.) Schott 'Piersonii' in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies Nephrolepis piersonii Anon. (unplaced name) Nephrolepis whitmani Anon. (unplaced name) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (cult.) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) N. exaltata Schott var. whitmannii Barrows Nephrolepis Sieboldii Nephrolepis Barousi Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis Witmanii 191? 1932 Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis "Reppei" or "Zeppei" (illegible) 1904 unknown Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis sp. (unknown) Nephrolepis "Philippiensis" 1904 unknown culton from horticultural literature (e.g. Birkenhead, 1892) N. exaltata (L.) Schott 'Whitmannii' unknown Combination unknown old cultivar from the Garden catalogues in 1902-ies; perhaps misspelled N. whitmani yes 1904 191? 1904 yes 1904 Vodnjan Nursery 2021 new plants purchased in 2020 FCD: Woodsiaceae 191 Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Onocleaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Onoclea sensibilis L. Onoclea sensibilis L. O. sensibilis (Aspleniaceae) O. sensibilis L. Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Roth Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Onoclea struthiopteris (Aspleniaceae) Tod. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. M. struthiopteris (L.) Tod. M. struthiopteris (L.) Tod. M. struthiopteris (L.) Tod. Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Polypodiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Campyloneurum crassifolium (L.) Christenh. Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger Ctenitis sloanei (Poepp. ex Spreng.) C.V.Morton Drynaria drynarioides (Hook.) Christenh. Drynaria meyeniana (Schott) Christenh. Aspidium furcatum Klotzsch (ambig.) (Tectariaceae) Aglaomorpha drynarioides (Hook.) M.C. Roos Aglaomorpha meyeniana Schott Polypodium morbillosum C. Presl (ambig.) Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Buzet Nursery 2006 Vukova Gorica 2008 Macelj Mt 2012 Pleopeltis crassifolium (L.) Moore/P. crassifolia T.Moore/ = Polypodium crassifolium L. Aspidium furcatum 1904 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Aglaomorpha meyeniana Schott Polypodium morbilosum D. quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl Two different authors, two different valid names (one of them is Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C. Presl) Schellolepis subauriculata (Blume) J. Sm. Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Blume) C.Presl Oreogrammitis reinwardtii (Blume) Parris Polypodium Reinwartdi/i Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum unknown (P. longifolium Cav.*) Polypodium longifolium Mett. Polypodium longifolium plant labelled as "Polypodium polycarpon (P. punctatum)" (no author)=val. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. (p.p.) Aglaomorpha drynarioides (Hook.) Roos Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm. Four different authors and valid (?) synonyms Arilja (Serbia) 1987 1904 *incorrect; Drynaria J. Smith = Aglaomorpha Schott (APG) yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 1904 191? 1932 (p.p.) 1932 1950-ies *P. longifolium Cav. = Niphidium longifolium (Cav.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger (WFO) 192 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Lepisorus platyrhynchos (Kunze) Li Wang Leptochilus pteropus (Blume) Fraser-Jenk. Belvisia platyrhynchos (Kunze) Copel. Microsorum pteropus (Blume) Copel. Microgramma piloselloides (L.) Copel. Microsorum cuspidatum (D. Don) Tagawa Microsorum musifolium Copel. 'Crocodyllus' Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Microgramma piloselloides (L.) Copel. Polypodium leiorhizum Wall. (ambig.) Microsorum musifolium Copel. (ambig.) 'Crocodyllus' unknown (P. punctatum Thunb. = val. Cochlidium punctatum (Raddi) L.E. Bishop) Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Belvisia platyrhynchos (Kunze) Copel. Microsorium pteropos (no author) M. pteropus (no author) M. pteropus (no author) Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown München (Germany) 2016 1964 1981 1982 Riga (Latvia) 2016 M. piloselloides (L.) Copel. Polypodium leiorhizum Wall. *incorrect: Pteris sp. yes Microsorum 'Crocodyllus' private collector (Germany) 2020 Polypodium punctatum Sw. 1955 Polypodium punctatum Sw. (=P.p. (L.) Sw.); changed to P. polycarpon Cav. (p.p.) Microsorium punctatum (L.) Cop.; changed to Polypodium punctatum (no author) (p.p.) Phlebodium areolatum (Willd.) Phlebodium pseudoaureum Phlebodium 'Pseudoaureum' J.Sm. (cult.) (Cav.) Lellinger (cult.) Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm. Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. Polypodium aureum L. Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. Polypodium aureum L. var. (cult.?) umbellatum Platycerium alcicorne (P. Willemet) Desv. Platycerium alcicorne Desv. (ambig.) Platycerium alcicorne Desv. 1958 2016 yes Polypodium polycarpon Cav.= Microsor(i)um punctatum (L.) Copel. (WFO); Ple(i)opeltis crassifolium (L.) Moore = val. Niphidium c. (L.) Lellinger)! this plant was labelled as P. longifolium Mett.= val. Lepisorus longifolius (Blume) Holttum (Kew) sprouted among others; aff. 'Blue Star' yes yes 1904 in hand-written inventory of glasshouse Ph. aureum (L.) J. Sm. 'Umbellatum' (?) – unknown (cult.)/var.; I cannot see the difference between sp. and cv. 193 Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. (cult.?) Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Platycerium alcicorne Heinz, 1895-6 yes P. alcicorne (Willemet) Desv. "Platycerium bicorne" (probably P. x 'Bicorne') – perhaps "biforme"? Platycerium sp. (unknown) Platycerium sp. (unknown) Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C.Chr. Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) Platycerium bifurcatum C. Chr. Platycerium hillii T.Moore Platycerium hillii T.Moore (ambig.) Polypodium L. Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Four different authors and four different val. syn. Polypodium sp. (?) Polypodium sp. (?) Lophosoria quadripinnata (J.F. P. glaucum Gmel.) C. Chr. (Dicksoniaceae) P. vulgare L. ssp. serratum Polypodium cambricum L. Willd. Polypodium cambricum L. Polypodium argenteum Polypodium grandifolium Mett. (unknown author) Polypodium sagilifolia Polypodium pygnosurum (p.p.) (p.p.) (p.p.) 1961 Zagreb Nursery 2009 in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies; hybrid of P. Bifurcatum x P. Alcicorne I cannot see the difference; P. alcicorne is often sold as "P. bifurcatum of gardens" 1904 191? 1932 Platycerium Hillei Polypodium spp. 191? 1932 yes Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown yes Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) Platycerium willinckii T.Moore C.Chr. subsp. willinckii (T. Platycerium Willinski (ambig.) Moore) Hennipman & M.C.Roos Platycerium Willinkii Platycerium willinckii T.Moore Platycerium vassei Anon. Platycerium P.vassei; changed to P. sp. (unplaced name) alcicorne Desv. (ambig.) Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium wallichii Hook. Platycerium Wallichi Platycerium wilhelminaePlatycerium wilhelminae P. wilhelminae-reginae v.A.v.R. reginae Alderw. (unplaced) Reginae v.A.v.R. (ambig.) Polypodium L. 1904 – 1948 1904 191? Riga (Latvia) 2016 (p.p.) Zagreb Nursery 2001 plant looks like P. alcicorne 191? yes yes OK 1904 191? 1958 1904 191? 191? Kukuljanovo 1968 probably Platycerium ‘Queen Wilhelmina' "by the Grotto" (also in glasshouses) Perhaps P. argenteum Jacq.? Acc. Dietrich, 1837 in hand-written inventory of glasshouse in 1958 unknown Perhaps P. pycnosorus? 194 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 P. australe Fée P. vulgare L. ssp. serratum Willd. P. vulgare L. ssp. serratum Willd. P. australe Fée P. cambricum L. Polypodium vulgare L. Polypodium vulgare L. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Dubrovnik 1978 Lapad 1969 Pelješac 1971 Polače 1979 Dubrovnik 2001 P. vulgare L. 1917 P. vulgare L. yes Hand-written inventory of Medicinal plants in hand-written inventories of Karstic rockery in 1950-ies P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. Klek 1961 Rovinj 1963 NP Medvednica 1969 Treskavica (Bosnia & Herc.) 1962 Vinica 1969 Brezovica 1970 Samobor 1980 Vukova Gorica 2008 Cyclophorus abbreviatus C.Cr. Antwerp (Belgium) 1965 reconstructed card Cyclophorus abbreviatus C.Cr. Tübingen (Germany) 1971, 1973, 1979 Frankfurt (Germany) lost or overwritten card 1958 Leiden (the Netherlands) reconstructed card 1985 P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. P. vulgare L. Pyrrosia abbreviata (Zoll.) Tagawa Cyclophorus abbreviatus C. Chr. (ambig.) Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. Nipholobus adnascens Klf. /(Sw) Kaulf./ Pyrrosia christii (Giesenh.) P. christii (Giesenh.) Ching Ching Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. Polypodium lingua Sw. Pyrrosia nummulariifolia (Sw.) P. nummulariifolia (Sw.) Ching Ching (glasshouse) 1904 yes 195 Pyrrosia christii (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. Pyrrosia nummulariifolia (Sw.) Ching Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Polypodium glaucum (changed Four different authors leading to Lophosoria quadripinnata (J.F. to Phymatodes glaucum; four genera! Gmel.) C. Chr. authors missing) Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) Polypodium pycnosorum Link Polypodium "pycnorosum" (?) A.R.Sm. (?) (ambig.) Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Pteridaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) private collector (Germany) 2021 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link Adiantum L. Adiantum sp. Adiantum spp. Adiantum sp. cult. yes 1954 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 ELTE Budapest (Hungary) 2017 Adiantum sp. cult. Adiantum sp. cult. Adiantum aethiopicum L. Adiantum chilense Kaulf. var. sulphureum (Kaulf.) Kuntze ex Adiantum aethiopicum Hicken 191? Adiantum bausei T.Moore (unplaced) Adiantum bausei T.Moore (ambig.) Adiantum Bausei 1904 191? Adiantum williamsii Moore (ambig.) Adiantum Wiliamsii 1904 Adiantum chilense Kaulf. var. sulphureum (Kaulf.) Kuntze ex Hicken Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum capillus-veneris Adiantum capillus Veneris A. capillus Veneris A. capillus-veneris L. Probably misspelled 1904 Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link Actiniopteris radiata Adiantum L. Adiantum sp. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown card is lost; most probably orig. Polypodium glaucum Cluj-Napoca (Romania) p.p. (Brack) Kuntze (syn. 1968 Phymatodes glauca (Brack.) J. Sm.) yes yes "various"; FCD: Adiantaceae reconstructed card various, among others young plantlets (gift) "Gartenwelt" from 1904 names this taxon as hyb. of A. trapeziforme x A. decorum (val. A: raddianum) 191? 1932 yes 2016 in hand-written inventories of glasshouse during 1950-ies among others 196 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (cult.) Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (cult.) Adiantum caudatum L. Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Adiantum diaphanum Blume Adiantum diaphanum Blume Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 A. capillus-veneris L. A. raddianum Adiantum concinum Adianthum concinum Adiantum diaphanum Blume Adiantum Diaphanum 1904 191? 1932 1904 191? Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 A. diaphanum Blume Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. Adiantum elegantissimum Anon. (unplaced) Adiantum gracillimum T.Moore (unplaced) Adiantum elegantissimum ht. (ambig.) Adiantum gracillimum T. Moore (ambig.) Adiantum Edgevvoiti Adiantum Egeworthii Adiantum elegantissima/um Adiantum hispidulum Sw. Adiantum hispidulum Sw. 1904 191? 1904 191? Adiantum Gracilimum/ gracillinum 1904 A. gracilimum 191? 1932 Adiantum groenewegenianum Adiantum groenewegenianum Adiantum graenevegenianum Regel (unplaced) Regel (ambig.) A. groenevegenianum 1904 191? Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Riga (Latvia) 2016 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 A. hispidulum Sw. A. hispidulum Sw. Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. A. macrophyllum Sw. Adiantum monochlamys D.C.Eaton Adiantum monochlamys D.C.Eaton Adiantum Veitchii Adiantum moorei Baker Adiantum Veitchi Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Adiantum "Morellii" 1904 191? 1904 191? 1932 Adiantum veitchii Hance 197 Adiantum "moorelli" Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown among others, aff. 'Yellow (several different) 2016 Petticoat' Zagreb Nursery 2012 *incorrect (A. caudatum L.) Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Adiantum legrandii Veitch (unplaced) Adiantum patens Willd. Adiantum legrandii ht. Veitch (ambig.) Adiantum patens Willd. Heinz, 1895-6 Adiantum legrande 1904 Adiantum patens Willd. 1904 191? 1932 A. patens Adiantum pedatum L. Adiantum pedatum L. 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Cluj-Napoca (Romania) 1969 Oslo (Norway) 1980 *incorrect Stockholm (Sweden) 1982 A. pedatum L. A. pedatum L. A. pedatum L. Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch 1904 Adiantum polyphyllum Willd. Adiantum grande (ambig.) Adiantum grande 1904 191? 1932 three different authors (none of which is Schkuhr), with Adiantum pubescens Schkuhr Adiantum pubescens different valid names! Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Adiantum cuneatum Langd. A. Cuneatum Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) 1904 yes 1904 fam. Polypodiaceae; in hand-written inventories in 1950-ies yes A. raddianum C. Presl yes A. brillantelse yes A. cuneatum var. gracillimum yes A. decorum Moore ‘Magnificum’ A. raddianum Presl 'Microphyllum' Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 A. raddianum C. Presl ‘Brilliantelse’ A. raddianum C. Presl ‘Gracillimum’ A. decorum Moore ‘Magnificum’ yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 198 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued PoWO (Kew): WFO: Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (cult.) Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Adiantum cuneatum fol. var. (cult.) Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown 1904 191? Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 A. raddianum Presl 'Variegatum' Adiantum rhodophyllum T. Moore (unplaced) Adiantum rhodophyllum T. Adiantum rhodophyllum Moore (ambig.) Adiantum farleyense T.Moore Adiantum tenerum Sw. Adiantum Farleyense (ambig.) Adiantum fergusonii T.Moore Adiantum Fergusonti (ambig.) Adiantum Fergusonthi A. tenerum var. scutatum hort f. Adiantum tenerum Sw. (cult.)? Adiantum tenerum Sw. (cult.)? roseum Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. A. tetraphyllum Willd. * & Bonpl. ex Willd. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Adiantum trapeziforme L. Adiantum trapeziforme L. Adiantum trapeziforme L. Adiantum trapesiforme 1904 yes 1904 191? Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. 191? yes yes yes Pityrogramma argentea (Willd.) Domin Gymnogramme aurea Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R.Br. Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 NP Mljet 2016 yes withdrew in 2018 1904 191? C. thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Cerosora argentea (Willd.) Hennequin & H.Schneid. var. aurea (Willd.) Hennequin & H.Schneid. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. *incorrect (A. capillus-veneris) yes 1904 A. leptophylla (L.) Link Ceratopteris thalictroides A. tenerum Sw. 'Farleyense'? 1904 A. trapeziforme L. Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. also sprouted among others Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 Original name in the Garden Database: 1961 val. Name for Gymnogramma aurea (Willd.) Desv., fam. Polypodiaceae 191? Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 199 Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Hemionitis L. (p.p.) Hemionitis L. (p.p.) Gymnogramme spp. Hemionitis achariorum Christenh. Doryopteris pedata (L.) Fée var. Pteris palmata Willd. palmata (Willd.) Hicken Doryopteris palmata 'Pedata' Hemionitis atropurpurea (L.) Christenh. Hemionitis calomelanos (Sw.) Christenh. Hemionitis lanosa (Michx.) Christenh. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 yes Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Gymnogramme = Gymnogramma Desv. fam. Polypodiaceae 1904 Zagreb Nursery 2017 Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link P. atropurpurea (L.) Link yes Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link Pellaea hastata Prantl. no 1958 Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) D.C. Eaton Cheilanthes lanosa Zagreb Nursery 2016 Zagreb Nursery 2020 Hemionitis marantae (L.) Christenh. Paraceterach marantae (L.) R.M. Tryon Hemionitis palmata L. Hemionitis palmata L. Cheilanthes lanosa Notholaena marantae (L.) R.Br. (changed to Cheilanthes marantae (L.) Domin) Hemionitis palmata Kopaonik Mt (Serbia) 1963 in hand-written inventory of glasshouse Myriopteris lanosa (Michx.) Grusz & Windham (Serpentine species) 1932 Prague (Czech Republic) reconstructed card 1964 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Hemionitis rotundifolia (G. Forst.) Christenh. Hemionitis seticaulis (Hook.) ined. Hemionitis viridis (Forssk.) Christenh. Allosorus rotundifolius Kunze Allosurus rotundifolia (ambig.) Pellaea rotundifolia (G.Forst.) Pellaea rotundifolia Hook. Hook 1904 yes yes Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Pellaea falcata Fée Pellaea falcata (R.Br.) Fée Riga (Latvia) 2016 Pellaea viridis (Forssk.) Prantl Pellaea viridis (Fors.) Prantl Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Bolbitis repanda (Blume) Schott. unknown (Polypodiaceae) Gymnopteris repanda Hamburg 1958 in a hand-written inventory of greenhouse in 1958. "Gymnopteris" could be a synonym of Hemionitis or Leptochilus 200 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Llavea cordifolia Lag. Llavea cordifolia Lag. Llavea cordifolia Lag. Heinz, 1895-6 Gymnogramme calomelanos Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) (Kaulf.); changed to Ceratopteris Link Link calomelanos Und. Gymnogramma massonii Gymnogramme massonium Loud. (ambig.) Pityrogramma chrysoconia Gymnogramma decomposita Gymnogramme decomposistum Maxon ex Domin Baker (ambig.) Pityrogramma chrysophylla Gymnogramma Gymnogramme chrysophylla Link var. chrysophylla chrysophyllum Kaulf. (ambig.) Pityrogramma schizophylla Pityrogramma schizophylla (Baker ex Jenman) Maxon (Baker) Maxon (syn. (perhaps Gymnogramma Gymnogramme gloriosa Gymnogramma schizophylla gloriosa Hort., acc. to GBIF, Baker) (cult.) 2021) Gymnogramma laucheana Gymnogramme Laucheana K.Koch (ambig.)* Pityrogramma sulphurea (Sw.) Pityrogramma sulphurea (Sw.) Maxon Maxon 1904 – 1948 1904 191? Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 yes 1904 Probably this species 1904 Probably this species 1904 191? 1904 In horticultural magazines of 19the century as Gymnogramma schizophyllum var. gloriosa 191? *also Gymnogramma laucheana hort. yes 191? 1932 Gymnogramme sulfurea Gymnogramme sulphurea Desv. Pteris L. Pteris spp. Pteris argyraea T.Moore Pteris argyraea T.Moore (ambig.) P. argyraea Pteris sp. Pteris sp. Pteris sp. Pteris sp. P. argyraea Moore P. argyraea crispa P. argyraea v. grandis Berlin (Germany) 1955 yes 1904 191? 1932 191? 191? in hand-written inventory of glasshouse in 1955 "By the Grotto", in the glasshouses; "fam. Polypoidaceae" yes Perhaps Pteris crispa? Perhaps Pteris grandis? 201 Pteris L. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: (four P. arguta with different authors) Pteris biaurita L. Pteris cretica L. (three P. arguta with different authors) Pteris biaurita L. Pteris cretica L. Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 yes 1932 "Pteris arguta" P. biaurita L. Pteris cretica P. cretica L. Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown in hand-written inventory of 1951 glasshouse yes fam. Polypodiaceae new sprouted among others yes 2016 grown from spores 1904 191? Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica v. albolineata Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica var. albolineata Hook. Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica L. 'Albo-Lineata' Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica L. var. cristata hort. Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica major Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris gauthieri hort. (ambig.) P. cretica L. var. gauthieri hort. yes Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris cretica L. (cult.) P. cretica L. var. roweri hort. yes Pteris cretica L. (cult.) Pteris wimsettii ht. (ambig.) P. cretica L. var. wimsettii hort. yes Pteris wimsettii ht. (ambig.) P. Wimsetti Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Pteris ensiformis Burm. Pteris ensiformis 1904 191? 1904 191? Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. var. ensiformis Pteris victoriae ht. (ambig.) Pteris Victoria* 1904 *Probably Pteris victoriae (W.Bull ex Ridl.) W. Bull Pteris longifolia L. Pteris longifolia L. Pteris longifolia/us 1904 191? 1932 fam. Polypodiaceae yes yes yes 2016 yes 2016 191? 1932 yes in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies Hort: P. cretica L. 'Albolineata'; new sprouted among others Hort: P. cretica L. 'Cristata'; new sprouted among others grown from spores probably P. cretica 'Major' Hort: P. cretica L. 'Gauthieri' Hort: Pteris cretica L. ‘Roweri’/'Roeweri' Hort.: Pteris cretica L. ‘Wimsetti’/Wimsettii’ 202 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 Pteris longifolia L. 1904 – 1948 yes "=P. longifolia L., acc. to Ehrendorfer" Pteris multifida Poir. unknown (Pteris serrulata Forssk. – ambig.) Pteris serrulata L.F. P. serrulata Pteris cristata Anon. (unplaced) Pteris cristata hort. (ambig) Pteris multifida Poir. ‘Cristata’ yes 191? yes P. serrulata yes Pteris serrulata var. cristata Pteris sp. 1904 P. multifida P. serrulata L.f.; changed to P. multifida Poir. Pteris serrulata cristata Pteris sp. Pteris serrulata grandis L.f. unknown (only Pteris serrulata Pteris multifida Poir. ‘Cristata’ Forssk. – ambig.) Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies In our database P. longifolia was once considered to be a yes synonim of P. vittata (Kovačić, 2015) Szeged (Hungary) 1954 (without an author, but we can presume it was L.f. as in 1904; fam. Polypodiaceae) in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies yes 1904 in hand-written inventories of glasshouse in 1950-ies perhaps Pteris grandis? yes 1904 yes Pteris quadriaurita Retz. Pteris quadriaurita Retz. P. quadriaurita Retz. yes Pteris vittata L. Pteris vittata L. P. vittata L. yes 191? 1932 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 err. in Kovačić, 2015: "Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. – arrived as syn. Pteris quadriaurita (Pteridaceae)" new sprouted among others grown from spores; spreading locally 203 Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Tectariaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Hypoderris brownii J.Sm. Hypoderris brownii J. Sm. ex Hypoderis browni (Polypodiaceae) Hook. Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Tectaria aspidioides Copel. (Polypodiaceae) Polypodium philippinum Hook. (ambig.) Polypodium Phillipense Tectaria aurita (Sw.) S.Chandra Stenosemia aurita (Sw.) C. Presl Polybotrya aurita (Polypodiaceae) Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel. Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel. Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel. (Polypodiaceae) two different authors and two Tectaria mexicana (Fée) C.V. Aspidium latifolium diffrerent species of Tectaria Morton Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) Quercifilix zeylanica (Houtt.) Sledge (Polypodiaceae) Sledge Copel. Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Thelypteridaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Thelypteris beddomei (Baker) Parathelypteris beddomei Parathelypteris beddomei Ching (Aspleniaceae) (Baker) Ching (Baker) Ching Thelypteris balbisii (Spreng.) Thelypteris balbisii (Spreng.) Aspidium Balbisii Ching (Aspleniaceae) Ching Thelypteris cordata (Fée) Thelypteris cordata (Fée) Th. cordata (Fée) Proctor Proctor (Aspleniaceae) Proctor Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Th. kunthii (Desv.) C.V.Morton C.V.Morton (Aspleniaceae) C.V.Morton Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Aspidium novaeboracense Nieuwl. (Aspleniaceae) Nieuwl. unknown (Nephrodium/ Thelypteris palustris Schott Dryopteris thelypteris = val. Dryopteris thelypteris A.Gray (Aspleniaceae) Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton) Nephrodium thelypteris (L.) Strempel – Dryopteridaceae *Phegopteris "cunata" Mett. unknown unknown (misspelled?) Order/clade & Family: POLYPODIALES – Woodsiaceae (PPG-1, 2016 via APweb, 2021) Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Woodsia obtusa Torr. W. obtusa Torr. (Aspleniaceae) Heinz, 1895-6 1904 – 1948 191? Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown I am not sure that this is the valid name(s) of the original taxon 1904 yes 1904 Vienna-Belvedere (Austria) 2016 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 1904 private collector (Germany) 2020 Antwerp (Belgium) 2016 1904 yes 1955 1962 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 hand-written inventories of Alpinum rockery in 1950-ies Thelypteris palustris Schott (FCD) perhaps Ph.cruciata (Willd.) Mett.? 204 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: Tab. 1. Continued WFO: Heinz, 1895-6 Woodsia plummerae Lemmon Woodsia plummerae Lemmon W. plummerae Lemmon (Aspleniaceae) Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eaton Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eaton Woodsia scopulina subsp. subsp. laurentiana Windham (unknown subsp.) laurentiana (Aspleniaceae) Order/clade & Family: various, undeterminated Aspidium spp. (p.p. synonym of Aspidium spp. (synonym of Tectaria Cav.; Tectariaceae) Tectaria Cav.; Polypodiaceae) Aspidium spp. 1904 – 1948 Source (in Croatia, if not Kovačić, stated otherwise) and Comment 2015 year of obtainig. Empty box = unknown Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 Chemnitz (Germany) 2016 yes various Nat. Croat. Vol. 31(1), 2022 PoWO (Kew): Original name in the Garden Database: probably Croatian native, as they grew "by the Grotto", but some perhaps also of Tectaria genus; today "Aspidium"-s are scattered to various families Tab. 1. Ferns inventoried in Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, between 1895 and 2021, including “hidden” entries retrieved from the reused paper-cards and hand-written lists. Column 1 “PoWO (Kew)” depicts the views of each fern-name (December, 2021) as seen in the Plants of the World Online, compared to the “WFO” (2nd column), showing the same name according to the World Flora Online, and (3rd column) “Original name in the Garden Database”. Columns 4, 5 and 6 contain the original sources of information for each fern: published in Heinz (1895-6) and/or Kovačić (2015), or unpublished (hand-written inventories between 1904 and 1948). Column 7 carries the information on the source of plant material and year of its obtaining (if such exist). Last column depicts additional data on each fern (for Croatian native species, Flora Croatica Database was consulted). Affiliations to Orders/Clades and Families are arranged in rows separating groups of ferns, according to The Pterydophyte Phylogeny Group (2016; via APweb, 2021). 205 206 Kovačić, S.: Plethora of Plants 7 – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb 1 2 3 4 Four seasons in the Garden fernarium: majority of species are planted outdoors, while tropical ones are brought out with pots in May, to over-summer. 1) Spring. 2) Summer. 3) Autumn. 4) Winter.

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Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

Plethora of Plants – Collections of the Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (7): Historical overview of Fern (Monilophyta; Polypodiopsida; Polypodiophyta) Collections

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