Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park PNOC-Energy Development Corporation 4 October 2007 Document No.: R07-052 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park R07-052 Prepared for PNOC-Energy Development Corporation Prepared by Maunsell Philippines Inc 11/F Ayala Life - FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines T +632 843 6336 F +632 843 6125 www.maunsell.com 4 October 2007 51052707 © Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007 The information contained in this document produced by Maunsell Philippines Inc is solely for the use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Maunsell Philippines Inc undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of Maunsell Philippines Inc. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quality Information Document Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park Ref 51052707 Date 4 October 2007 Prepared by Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez Reviewed by Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Table of Contents 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Introduction 1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 1.1.1 Flora 1.1.2 Fauna 1.2 The Biodiversity Study 1.2.1 Objective of the Study 1.2.2 Project Location Methodology 2.1 Flora 2.1.1 Survey Method and Location 2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens 2.1.3 Data Analysis 2.2 Fauna 2.2.1 Survey Location 2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens 2.2.3 Data Analysis Results and Discussions 3.1 Flora 3.1.1 Floral Diversity 3.1.2 Noteworthy Species 3.1.3 Conservation Status 3.1.4 Resource Use 3.2 Fauna 3.2.1 Avian community 3.2.2 Mammalian community 3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 3.2.4 Noteworthy Species 3.2.5 Conservation Status Impacts and Mitigating Measures Environmental Monitoring Plan Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Flora 6.2 Fauna References Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 7 7 7 9 9 10 10 11 13 14 14 14 20 22 23 23 23 27 30 31 32 33 39 42 42 43 44 1.0 Introduction In pursuit of reducing the energy dependence on the foreign market and meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, the Philippine National Oil Company – Energy Development Corporation (PNOC EDC) is continuing its effort to explore and develop alternative energy sources. In 2003, DOE drafted the Renewable Energy Policy Framework, which envisioned the country to be the world’s leader in geothermal energy. The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. In 2006, geothermal energy contributed about 18% to the country’s energy production. In addition to the five steam fields operated by the PNOC EDC, exploratory activities are still being conducted to locate untapped geothermal sources in the country. In Northern Negros, the exploratory drillings carried out in 1994 verified potential geothermal sources, which is projected to provide 40 to 80 MWe of power. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was prepared and submitted on 25 January 1995 for the development of the Northern Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP). The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was granted on 5 December 1995. The government entered into a Geothermal Service Contract (GSC) with PNOC EDC. Based on the contract, the geothermal block will cover a total land area of 4,650 hectares. Of this total area, 2,800 hectares were classified as alienable and disposable lands (A & D), while the remaining 1,850 hectares were part of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (MKNP). The initial geothermal development was established in the A & D lands, which generates 40 MW and targets to sustain power for 25 years. In order to achieve this projection, additional back-up maintenance and replacement wells will be needed, which can be provided by the areas inside the MKNP but covered by the GSC. As earlier cited, the GSC included 1,850 hectares inside the park but due to environmental concerns, the Congress, stakeholders, together with the World Bank park consultants of the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Program (CPPAP), and PNOC EDC agreed to limit the development area to 169 hectares (out of 1,850 hectares), which is the minimum area needed to reach the geothermal resource. Consistent with NIPAS Act, Republic Act (RA) 9154 or the MKNP Act allotted the 169 hectares of Mt. Kanlaon’s land area for the establishment of buffer zone for geothermal development and utilization. In 2001, then DOE Secretary conducted a meeting with the environmental NGOs relative to the intent of using the buffer zone. While the use of the buffer zone is legal, during the meeting, it was agreed that PNOC EDC will conduct a comprehensive biodiversity study (both flora and fauna), which will precede the geothermal developmental activities. This will ensure that environmental and conservation measures will be identified to mitigate the impacts of the activity at the buffer zone. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 1 1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 1.1.1 Flora The moist forests of the Philippines, which include the montane and sub-montane forests of the Northern Negros Forest Reserve (NNFR), are now classified as the eighth most vulnerable forest ecoregion in the world (WWF 2001). This area contains the most endemic species that are ‘functionally extinct’ or critically endangered within the whole of the Philippines. Less than 4% of the original forest cover remains intact in Negros, putting a huge amount of pressure on the remaining endemic species (Heaney & Regalado 1998). Considering most of the botanists’ claim that the Philippines is the most diverse country in the world on an acre per acre basis, it would be justified to assume that there could have been a high rate of species extinction in the island. Thus, the comparison of the previous documentations on the Negros biodiversity to the primary data generated in the current study is important. The few recent studies on the Negros forest are confined to the North Negros Forest Reserve including Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (Turner et al., 2002 and Hamann et al.1999). Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana, 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families are expected to be present in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Of which 364 species (59.3% endemism) are reportedly endemic species (Lagunzad et. al. 2004). As cited by Lagunzad (2004), the previous plant collection from the Island of Negros and Siquijor include Cuming (1837), Steere (1875, 1888), Schandenberg (1881), Ch. S. Banks (1902), H. Long (1903), Usteri (1903), E. B. Copeland (1903-04), Muñoz (1904), Whitford (1906), Elmer (1908), H. D. Everett (1908), E. D. Merrill (1910), H. M. Curran (1933), Fairchild (1940) and Edaño (1947). The most extensive collection was done by Elmer in 1909 in Cuernos Mountains from March to June near the Bonyao River (Lagunzad et. al. 2004). Detailed botanical and floristic and ecological inventories are very disproportionately low, although copious collections have been previously done. Hamann et al. (1999) is the only published floristic study, which involved a one-hectare permanent plot and reported 645 individuals sampled belonging to 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families. The structure of the transitional forest type was determined by the dominance of species belonging to the following families: Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae and Icacinaceae. The family Dipterocarpaceae registered a low importance values. Other recent studies include that of the EIS of NNGP (PNOC EDC) in 1995 and a Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on led by Dr. Robert S. Kennedy from Cincinnati Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Cincinnati, Ohio. The reports contain information on vegetation types as well as a listing of plant species, conservation status and uses. There is however no single available published material on these studies. 1.1.2 Fauna As early as the 1750s, biological explorations have been done in the Philippines marking its beginnings with Pierre Poivre who visited Manila and probably Zamboanga between 1751-1755 and from it came the descriptions of 31 new species from the Philippines (Brisson, 1760 as cited by Dickinson et al., 1992). Through the succeeding years, several expeditions were made on several islands in the Philippines, focusing on several parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Cebu. Most notable among these early expeditions were the Cuming (from 1836-39) with the British Museum (BM) and Challenger Expeditions (1874-1875 in Tweeddale, 1877). Over a hundred years have passed before any explorations were done in Negros, starting with A.H. Everett in 1877-1878 which he also visited during that period the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan (Sharpe, 1877). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 2 The first exploration of Mt. Kanlaon dates back from the period between March and April, 1896 when John Whitehead (as published by Ogilvie-Grant (1896), the famous English naturalist, collected extensively in the north-central section of the mountain. Mr. Whitehead brought with him to BM several skins (some of which reported for the first time on Negros Island), including the Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), and White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracina ostenta). Dioscoro S. Rabor, then with Siliman University, followed suit in 1953 where he collected practically the same places Whitehead worked. Result of the expedition was reported by Dillon S. Ripley of the Yale Peabody Museum and Rabor (Ripley and Rabor 1956) which included the description of the Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus). Virtually all early explorations (pre-war) on Mt. Kanlaon were focused on birds as early work on mammals, amphibians and reptiles were done on the southern portion of the Negros Island. Even A.H. Everett’s 1877-1878 mammals and herpetofaunal collections were from southern Negros as well. Walter Brown and Angel Alcala, of the California Academy of Sciences and Siliman University, respectively, collected amphibians and reptiles in Mt. Cuernos de Negros (1961 and 1964) while the type locality of Negros endemic mammals such as the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina), Negros naked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani) were from southern Negros as well, both mammals described by Rabor (1952). Recent mammalian survey on the island were made on Mt. Guinsayawan by the team from University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Siliman University in 1982 to 1984 (Heidemann et al., 1987; Heideman and Heaney, 1989). Recent explorations in Mt. Kanlaon were made in 1991 by a team of ornithologists from Cambridge University (Brooks et al., 1992 and Evans et al., 1993) the results of which include sightings of several Negros-Panay endemic birds such as the Visayan Tarictic (P. panini), Flame-templed Babbler (S. speciosa) and the White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). In 1995, field work by the PNOC EDC EIA survey team revealed presence of at least 68 species of birds, 12 mammals, four amphibians and 10 reptiles within the portion of Murcia and Bago City. At least 63 species of resident birds were observed of which 38 species are forest dwellers (PNOC EDC, 1995). Moreover, a total of 18 endemic birds were recorded including two Negros-Panay endemics, both of which are listed as threatened species. In 1998, a group led by DENR and CMNH conducted an inventory of the mountain resulting to documentation of 53 species of birds and 10 species of mammals, of which 48 species of the birds recorded are resident breeders (DENR-CMNH, 1999). A substantial proportion (38 species) of these resident birds are forest-dwellers and the 22 endemic species were also found on forest. In addition, three species of birds were restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, two of which are threatened (Stachyris speciosa and Coracina ostenta). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 3 1.2 The Biodiversity Study 1.2.1 Objective of the Study PNOC EDC commissioned Maunsell Philippines Inc. (Maunsell) to prepare the Biodiversity Study for the 169-hectare buffer zone. Site visits and surveys were conducted from 1 to 31 May 2007. The specific objectives of the study are the following: 1. To characterize floral and faunal composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park by conducting: a. 100% inventory within the proposed development area of PNOC-EDC b. 5% sampling on the remaining area within the buffer zone; 2. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area; 3. To identify the potential impacts of the proposed geothermal expansion to the flora and fauna within the 169-hectare buffer zone; and 4. To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent, minimize or mitigate development impacts at all phases of the project for the protection, conservation, and enhancement of flora and fauna inside the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP. 1.2.2 Project Location Mt. Kanla-on is the highest peak in the Visayas region at 2,435 meters above sea level (masl). It is located in the island of Negros, approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City (Figure 1). On August 11, 2001, RA 9154, known as the MKNP Act of 2001, declared Mt. Kanla-on as a Protected Area under the category of a “natural park”. It covers about 24,557 hectares, of which 24,388 hectares were classified as the nature park and 169 hectares were set aside as buffer zone. MKNP falls under the jurisdiction of La Castellana, Murcia, Bago City, La Carlota City and San Carlos City in Negros Occidental; and Vallehermoso and Canlaon City in Negros Oriental. Subsequently, it is included as a priority area under the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project (CPPAP) (funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)). PNOC EDC’s NNGP operates within the boundaries of Barangay Mailum, Bago City and Barangay Minoyan, Murcia of Negros Occidental. The existing facilities of the project such as power plant, well pads, pipelines, and support facilities are confined within the 70-hectare alienable and disposable (A & D) land acquired by PNOC EDC. Adjacent to this area is the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP designated for geothermal development under the MKNP Act. The survey was exclusively conducted within the 169-hectare buffer zone (Figure 2). Occupying an elevation of 900 to 1,200 masl, the buffer zone is covered with forest represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth at the lower elevations (900 to 1,000 masl) and lower montane forest at the 1,100 to 1,200 masl elevation. Agricultural plantations (corn), mixed second-growth and agroforest and NNGP infrastructures are found below the boundaries of the 169-hectare buffer zone (north-west of the buffer zone). A small portion of the buffer zone (ca. 1 hectare), adjacent to Well Pad B, had already been covered with grassland-parang vegetation and with occasional rows of banana and ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). Boundary delineation of the proposed access road has already been conducted from the grassland-parang area (0 meters) and continuing to a length of approximately 2.9 kilometers until it reaches the vicinity of the proposed Pad M1 and Pad M2 (Figure 2). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 4 Figure 1. Location map of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 5 Figure 2. The proposed road system and well pads inside the 169-hectare buffer zone. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 6 2.0 Methodology 2.1 Flora 2.1.1 Survey Method and Location Proposed Development Area Inside the MKNP Buffer Zone The established 2.9 kilometer P-line (center-width of the proposed road system) and the boundary clearings of the proposed well pads were used as reference points for the 100% inventory. For the inventory along the road system, the P-line was segmented into 200 meter length for each plot and the width varied from 30 to 50 meters depending on the slope of the area; 30 meters for relatively flat area, 40 meters for mild sloping area and 50 meters for the rugged terrain (Figure 2). Individual plants (Ferns and Allies, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) inside the proposed development area were identified to its corresponding taxon (family, genus, species). Woody plants that have diameter at breast-height equal (DBH) or greater than 10 centimeters were properly numbered. The DBH, merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were also measured. Frequency of shrubs, poles and saplings were counted, while Braun-Blanquet survey method was used for grasses and other ground cover. For unidentified plant species, specimens were collected and brought to the UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Herbarium for drying and identification. Area Outside the Proposed Development Area but still within the MKNP Buffer Zone Quadrat sampling technique was used for obtaining the quantitative information about the structure and composition of the plant communities of the buffer zone outside the proposed development area. This method is applicable for forests where almost all of the major plant communities are present. The quadrat design used by Kennedy et. al. in their 1998 Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park was adopted (Figure 3). A total of 178 quadrats (20m x 20m) equivalent to 7.12 hectares were laid out and surveyed (Figure 4). 20 m 4m 1m 1m 4m 20 m Figure 3. Design of sampling quadrats for trees, saplings and understories. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 7 Note: Quadrats in red color are the most diverse quadrats Figure 4. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 8 2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens The Sweinfurth’s method, commonly known as wet collection method, was employed for specimens that were difficult to identify in the field. This involves the soaking of properly labelled specimens in ethyl alcohol. Copious information as to the habitat, physiognomy, slope and aspect, characteristics of the plants that will be lost after drying, DBH and TH were noted down. The specimens were then packed in polyethylene bags and sealed for further analysis at the laboratory. 2.1.3 Data Analysis Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP. The relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency values for each species were determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), which is the standard measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species. Also, the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance indicate different aspect of the species importance in a community. Importance values were determined using the following formula: Density = number of individuals area sampled Relative Density = density for a species total density for all species Frequency = number of plots in which species occur total number of plots sampled Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100 total frequency for all species Dominance = basal area or volume for a species area sampled Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100 total dominance for all species Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance x 100 Using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.0) software, the diversity indices of the different sampling areas, which include the Shannon index (H), Simpson’s index (D), and Evenness index (E), were characterized. Shannon index assumes that individuals are randomly sampled from a large population and that all species are represented in the sample. It gives an estimate of species richness and distribution. Simpson’s index, on the other hand, gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals (with replacement) were drawn inside a plot. The Evenness index is the ratio of the observed diversity to maximum diversity. The Biodiversity Professional (BdPro32) software provided other statistical analysis such as similarity matrix and ordination analysis based on species composition of the quadrats. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 9 2.2 Fauna 2.2.1 Survey Location For the study of fauna, the whole 169-hectare buffer zone was compartmentalized into four sites in order to cover as much area sampled as possible (Figure 6). Site 1 (N 10º28’45.5”, E 123º06’42.1”) Site 1 starts at grassland-parang portion of the buffer zone and follows the access road survey line until it reaches the 1,200-meter survey mark. The elevation at this site is between 900 to 950 masl. Most of the route of survey line (up to the 880-meter mark) skirts along the edge of the buffer zone. Consequently, the vegetation at this point is represented by grassland-parang (at the beginning of the survey line) and edges of lowland dipterocarp forest. Mosaics of mixed second-growth and agroforest lands (mostly banana and corn) are also found within the 880-meter mark, particularly at the edge of the buffer zone. At the 900-meter mark (about 1,100 masl), the access road survey line enters the interior of the buffer zone, marking the beginning of a lower montane forest. Transect lines for birds and herpetofauna, mist-nets and live traps were placed along and within the vicinity of the survey line, terminating at the 1,200-meter mark. Site 2 (N 10 º28”51.9”, E 123 º 07”10.2) This site begins at the 1,250-meter mark and ends at the 2,000-meter mark. The start of the survey line bisects the northern portion of the buffer zone and increases in elevation, ca. 1000-1100 masl, as the survey line extends further and passes through the contours of mountain ridges. Vegetation at this area can be characterized as transition of lowland dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest (especially at ridgetops). There is a hiker’s trail within the site that is used to reach the peak of Mt. Kanla-on. The mist nets and live traps were concentrated along the edges of the survey line. Site 3 (N 10 º 28’ 52.2”, E 123 º 07’ 31.5”) The sampling area starts at the 2,050-meter mark of the access-road survey line. The survey line at this point enters the contours of the several ridges, and consequently gains in elevation (ca. 1200 masl), until it reaches a flat ridge at the 2,550-meter mark. The end of the survey line (at 2,700-meter mark) is situated within a mixture of lowland dipterocarp forest (at ravines) and assemblages of lower montane forest (e.g. Lithocarpus and Almaciga). A relatively wide river bisects between Pad M1 and M2 and runs parallel with the survey line. The bird and herpetofaunal transect extended beyond the end of the access-road survey line, while the mist nets and live traps were placed along the vicinity of the flat ridge. Site 4 (N 10 º 28’ 43.4”, E 123 º 06’ 31”) This site is situated at the southern portion of the buffer zone adjacent to well pad A. A trail bisects this portion of the buffer zone and runs along the edge of the MKNP boundary. A mixed vegetation of second-growth forest and agroforest plantation of banana (Musa), abacca (Musa textilis) and coffee (Coffea sp.) dominates the first 750 meters of the trail until the vegetation shifts to a transition zone of lowland forest and lower montane forest. This portion of the buffer zone is designated as free from any of the power plant’s activities. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 10 Figure 5. Map showing location of transects for wildlife sampling. 2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens Birds In each of the sampling sites, bird census was carried out in pre-determined sampling intervals (0600 to 0900 h and 1500-1730h) by walking through 1 to 1.2 kilometer transect line that was established on the access-road survey line (Site 1 to 3) and established trail (Site 4). During each sampling period, all bird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name, number of individuals, habitat, elevation, if seen singly or in a group, feeding singly, as a group or in mixed flocks (if possible, species of feeding tree) and others (flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior). General observations were used from dusk until 2100 h to record crepuscular and nocturnal birds. Special attention was allocated for mixed-flock congregations, which required observation for at least five minutes. Sampling was terminated after three consecutive days of transects. Mist nets (6 and 12-m long, 4 shelves, 35-mm mesh) were used to capture cryptic and shy species that were difficult to observe during transect counts. Fifteen to 21 mist nets were used for each study site and were placed either singly or in series at strategic areas where birds are known to fly (e.g. ridgetops, flat areas within understorey, across rivers and creeks and along trails). Nets were usually operated from 0600 to 1800 h, but on several occasion nets were left opened until the following day for nocturnal birds. Captured species were processed by taking standard biometric measurements that include total length (TL), tail-vent length (TV), wing cord (WC), tarsus (t), bill (b), gape (g) and weight (wt). The species were also photographed and identified using Kennedy et al (2000) and photographs. Two voucher specimens were collected for each species per site, while the rest were released after proper identification. All captured specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stored in 70% ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 11 Nomenclature and classification of birds were based on Kennedy et al.(2000). Population and threatened status follows the IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) and Mallari et al (2000). Amphibians and Reptiles No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. Instead, a wide array of possible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown, 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examined intensively for the duration of the fieldwork. These microhabitats include tree holes, forest floor, buttresses, decaying logs, leaf axils, epiphytes, tree ferns and bodies of water. Sampling periods were usually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening, although sampling in the morning was occasionally done after servicing the nets and traps. In addition, frogs were also located and identified by call. Interviews with the local guides were conducted. Aside from species identification (if ascertained), other important information were recorded during sampling such as microhabitat captured, altitude, date, weather, time observed and habit/behavior prior to capture. Upon capture, descriptive and quantitative measurements, which were necessary for species identification (e.g. snout to vent length (SVL)), were noted. As much as possible, all measurements were taken from adult specimens, otherwise juvenile or sub-adults are properly noted in the standardized field catalogue. Age determination includes examination of gonadal condition, and presence of secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs, nuptial pads, fins (for Agamids). All captured specimens were photographed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All collected specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History. Nomenclature and classification were based on Crombie (1986), Alcala and Brown (1998), W. Brown et al.(1999), R. Brown et al. (2000) for frogs and Alcala (1986), R. Brown et al. (1999) for reptiles. Population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) and Alcala and Brown (1998). Mammals Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. For the ground surface trapping, the traps were placed in various suitable locations (i.e. under root tangles, in front of burrow entrances, along runways, and on top of fallen logs). Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconut coated with peanut butter. All traplines were maintained for three nights. Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops, across trails and streams, and at edges of clearing adjacent to forest. Nets were tended continuously during the peak of the activity, which is from early dusk (about 17:30) until about 21:00. Nets were left open thereafter, and bats were removed at dawn. Any given net was left in place for three or four days at a time in all but a few instances. Nets were either set near the ground or were hoisted four to five meters aboveground and in some cases almost reaching the canopy. Information on the presence and perceived abundance of large mammals, including civets, wild pigs, and deer, were obtained from knowledgeable local guides and hunters encountered during field work. When possible, trapped animals with certain identification were released at the site of capture. Voucher specimens were measured, examined for reproductive condition, and either preserved as complete bodies in formalin (transferred to ethanol) or prepared as complete skeletons. Body measurements taken include total length (TL), tail-vent (TV), hindfoof (HF), ear (EAR), forearm for bats (FA) and weight (wt). Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History. Nomenclature follows Heaney et al., (1998) whereas population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 12 2.2.3 Data Analysis Birds Community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that takes into account both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of individuals of all species found. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the Shannon-Weiner Index. The value of the Shannon-Weiner index (represented by the symbol H’) was calculated using the following formula: H = -Σ[ni/N ln ni/N] The following diversity indices (parameters) were also used to determine the degree of species diversity in all sampling sites: 1) Species Richness index simply refers to the number of species in each sampling site 2) Dominance (D) index was mathematically calculated using the following formula: D = (Hmax –H), where H = Diversity Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (n) 3) Evenness (e) index = H’/Hmax 4) Sorensen Similarity Index which measures the degree of similarity of bird assemblage between two sampling sites. It is computed by the equation: 2c -------a+b where a= number of species in first area b= number of species in second area c= number of species common to a and b Amphibians and Reptiles As the method used in determining herpetofaunal diversity was gathered solely on opportunistic sampling, effort allocated was not quantified. As such, standardization of data sets was not possible, rendering any quantitative analysis not possible. To offset this limitation, the main point of discussion will rely on presence/absence of species and its habitat associations. The study sites were found to represent different vegetation types, ranging from lowland dipterocarps, lower montane forest, grassland-parang vegetation, second-growth and forest edge vegetation and agroforest plantation. Information on the range of vegetation occupied for each herpetofaunal species was noted. Mammals Relative abundance in the form of trapping or netting success was used to analyze mammalian patterns. Total relative abundance was calculated as the number of captures at a given study site divided by the number of trap-nights x 100 (i.e., the number of captures per 100 net/trap-nights). Relative abundance was also calculated to determine which study site or vegetation/habitat types each species is most abundant. At least two levels of distribution patterns will be generated for the analysis of mammals: (1) elevational distribution (which the four study sites represent different elevations from 900 masl to 1200 masl), (2) habitat and disturbance types (e.g. all the study sites represent various categories from lowland forest, lower montane forest, secondary forest, agroforest and grassland). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 13 3.0 Results and Discussions 3.1 Flora 3.1.1 Floral Diversity A total of 394 morpho-species belonging to the seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms), ferns and their allies were recorded from the 36 hectares (sampling area). Sixty nine species have not been identified to the species level or have been tentatively assigned to the most probable taxon (family or genus). Most of these are sterile specimens (without flowers or spores). The determination of the correct rank and position (identification) of the species is very much dependent on the variation exhibited by the reproductive structures. Two of the taxa were not identified even up to the family level due to inaccessibility of useful specimen for identification. The number of recorded families is 81, 2, and 14 for angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes, respectively. The resource assessment conducted focused mainly on the vascular plants. However, it was observed that among the nonvascular plants, Sphagnum sp. is the dominant in the project site. Table 1 shows the number of families, genera and species that was identified. The most speciose (having several species) of all genera is Ficus with 26 species followed by Syzygium (11), Piper (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (7), Calamus (6) and Elatostema (6). The most speciose families are: Moraceae (30), Lauraceae (20), Rubiaceae (20), Urticaceae (16), Euphorbiaceae (15), and Orchidaceae (15). Table 1. Number of families, genera and species that were recorded. Taxon Family Genera Species 81 (2) 207 (7) 350 (58) Gymnosperm 2 5 5 Fern 14 22 39 (11) Total 97 (2) 234 (7) 394 (69) Angiosperm *Numbers inside parentheses are taxa that have not been identified to the corresponding rank. The number of species identified for this study was compared with the total tally for the whole country, island, and that of the previous studies (Table 2). There is a wide discrepancy on the total number of species recorded understandably because of the different area coverage for each tally (Table 3). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the 36-hectare area sampled, out of the 169-hectare area of the buffer zone is more than enough to obtain reliable sampling results. Table 2. Floral Diversity on Philippines, Negros, PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998), and the results of this Biodiversity Study. All species Philippine Endemics Threatened Species Philippines Negros à 8,000 PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory (1998) Biodiversity Study (2007) Ã4800 (60%) 614 253 197 394 364(59.3%) 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%) 695 - 10 9 22 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 14 Table 3. Comparison of the floral studies of the PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998) and this Biodiversity Study (2007). PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory (1998) Sampling Site Sitios Hagdan, Katugasan, and Pataan (open/disturbed areas) Brgy. Ilijan, and Mailum (800-2250masl) Brgy. Mailum, and Minoyan (9001200masl) Area surveyed NA (not area based), 13 sampling stations 0.84 ha 36 ha Methods used Line Intercept and Point Center Quarter Quadrat Sampling (21 quadrats) 100% survey and Quadrat Sampling All Species 253 (14 pteridophytes) 197 394 Endemic Species 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%) Dominant/ Important Species White Lauan, Bagtikan Kaldemon, Tangile, Benguet Pine, Mahogany, Bakan Baguilomboi, Almaciga, Tanguile, White Lauan, Igem, Pagatpat Bakan, Sotsa, White lauan, Nato, Baugit, Almaciga, Philippine Maple Biodiversity Study (2007) The results of this Biodiversity Study were also compared to the two previous surveys conducted within Mt. Kanlaon and are presented in Table 3. Similarly, the three studies showed variable results because of the difference in methodology, as well as sampling locations. Proposed Development Area Based on Whitmore’s forest formation, the proposed development area, with elevation varying from 900 to 1,200 masl, belongs to the lower limit of a tropical upper montane rainforest. At the lower elevation (900 to 1,000 masl), the buffer zone is represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth forest, with some patches of disturbed ecosystem particularly on the lower part of the proposed road system. At the interior of the buffer zone, which is about 1,100 to 1,200 masl, the area manifested a lower montane forest cover. • Proposed road system (P-Line Data) The entire length of the proposed road system recorded a total of 3,192 large woody trees belonging to 153 morpho-species, 88 genera and 48 families. The most speciose genera are: Ficus (16), Syzygium (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (5), Astronia (4), Neonauclea (4), and Macaranga (4). The most speciose family is Moraceae with 20 species followed by Lauraceae (17), Euphorbiaceae (11), Myrtaceae (9), and Rubiaceae (7). The most abundant species is Litsea philippinensis with 377 individuals, followed by Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (173), Neonauclea lanceolata ssp. gracilis (120), Shorea contorta (114), Syzygium oleinum (114) and Palaquium luzoniense (107). Table 4 presents the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix 1 shows the taxonomic list of the inventoried woody trees with their corresponding Importance Value. The DBH of trees ranges from 10 to 210 centimeters and MH is from 1 to 35 meters. The total volume computed for the whole area is 1,402.58 cubic meters with an average of 0.439 cubic meter per tree, while density is at 266 individuals per hectare. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 15 Table 4. Ten most important species based on computed Importance Value from the area covered by the proposed road system. Family LAURACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE SAPOTACEAE MYRTACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE RUBIACEAE MYRTACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE Species Litsea philippinensis Merr. Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Shorea contorta Vidal Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Agathis philippinensis Warb. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Acer laurinum Hassk. Common Name Bakan IV 37.838 Sotsa 18.235 White lauan Nato Baugit Almaciga 12.815 11.322 10.463 10.391 Tiroron 8.892 Malaruhat bundok Sablot Philippine maple 8.674 6.691 6.519 For the poles and saplings, a total of 165 species were observed (Appendix 2). The most abundant species is Laportea densiflora with 243 individuals followed by Angiopteris palmiformis (233), Turpinia ovalifolia (229), Shorea contorta (218), Canarium asperum (216), Cyathea philippinensis (205), Syzygium subcaudatum (183) and Litsea philippinensis (182). The average density is 529 individuals per hectare. Since the canopy is relatively closed (Ã70% cover), it is expected to have low diversity at the understories. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest litter. Only 61 species belonging to 51 genera and 30 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses (Appendix 3). The most frequently occurring is the Selaginella wildenowii which was observed in 12 subplots (out of the 14 subplots) followed by Pandanus exaltatus (11), Zingiber negrosense (11), Sarchandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. brachystachys (10), Curculigo capitulata (9) and Christella dentata (9). Epiphytes or canopy plants are one of the indicators of forest status. The older and more intact forest has higher diversity of canopy plants. A total of 69 species, 47 genera and 34 families were recorded for epiphytes. The most speciose families include Orchidaceae with 9 species followed by Araceae (8), Piperaceae (4), and Davaliaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Polypodiaceae (3) and Pteridaceae (3). The most abundant species is Dendrobium sp. with 12 subplots occurrence, followed by Asplenium nidus (11), Freycinetia sp. 1 (11), Freycinetia sp. 2 (10), Piper sp. 1 (10), and Nephrolepis biserrata (9). Appendix 4 shows the complete taxonomic list of epiphytes observed in the proposed road system. • Proposed Well Pads A total of 4,734 woody trees belonging to 108 morpho-species, 68 genera, and 41 families were recorded in the proposed well pad area. The high elevation of the area (1,200 masl) is a limiting factor for some species to survive that has resulted to a lower diversity level. However, the elevation provides a suitable environment for some important species of Gymnosperms. The most speciose family is family Moraceae with 13 species followed by Lauraceae (9), Rubiaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (6), Meliaceae (6), Myrtaceae (5) and Clusiaceae (5). The most speciose genera include Ficus (12), Syzygium (4), Neonauclea (4), Litsea (4), Canthium (3), Palaquium (3), Dysoxylum (3), Astronia (3) and Terminalia (3). Table 5 shows the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix 5 presents the complete taxonomic list of all the species including their frequency, diameter DBH, MH and Importance Value. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 16 Table 5. Ten most important species from the proposed well pads area. Family Species Common Name IV LAURACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE PODOCARPACEAE PODOCARPACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Syzygium crassissimum (Merr.) Merr. Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Bakan Almaciga Sablot Magolumboi Lokinai Igem 34.437 15.365 12.216 12.161 11.834 11.466 SAPOTACEAE LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Acer laurinum Hassk. Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Nato Philippine maple Baugit Balumti 11.363 10.221 10.175 10.152 It is important to note that three species of Gymnosperm (i.e. Agathis philippinensis, Dacrydium beccarii and Dacrycarpus imbricatus) are included in the ten most important species. Elevation is the greatest contributing factor for such dominance. The trees at the proposed well pad area have a higher DBH but slightly shorter than those at the Pline. The DBH ranges from 10 to 190 centimeters, while MH is from and 1.5 to 25 meters. The approximately 17 hectares proposed well pad area has a total tree volume of 2571.31 cubic meters, having an average of 0.54 cubic meter per tree. Despite the larger diameter trees, the stocking is relatively denser (278 individuals per hectare) than that of P-line (266 individuals per hectare). Poles and saplings recorded higher species diversity with a total of 186 morpho-species. However, the average stocking (367 individuals per hectare) is far below the computed density at the P-line (529 individuals per hectare). This is because of the higher accumulated forest litter leaving minimal area for the seedlings and saplings to grow. Table 6 shows the ten most abundant species in terms of number of individuals observed. A complete taxonomic list of poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequency (number of individuals) is shown in Appendix 6. Table 6. Ten most abundant pole and sapling species in the proposed well pads. Family URTICACEAE MARATTIACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE BURSERACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE Species Laportea densiflora C.B. Rob. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Cyathea integra Litsea philippinensis Merr. Canarium asperum Benth. Cyathea philippinensis Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. Acer laurinum Hassk. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Common Name Lipang kalabaw Salaguisog Tree fern Bakan Pagsahingin/Salong Tree fern Tree fern Philippine maple Saluai Bungang-dakigan Freq 356 346 242 226 224 213 186 182 140 126 A total of 65 species belonging to 29 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses. Urticaceae and Rubiaceae are the most speciose families with 10 and 5 species, respectively. Epiphytes, on the other hand, are more diverse with 75 species belonging to 34 families. The most speciose families are Orchidaceae and Araceae with 10 species each followed by Piperaceae with 5 species. Appendix 7 and 8 give a complete list of herbaceous plants and grasses, and epiphytes, respectively. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 17 Quadrat Sampling From the 178 randomly selected sampling quadrats 254 morpho-species were recorded. No significant change on the species diversity among the sampling quadrats was observed. Likewise, the most important and most dominant species are the same for all plant forms as compared to the proposed development area. Appendix 9 to 12 provide a complete list of species observed from the 20m x 20m plots (large woody trees), 4m x 4m plots (herbs, shrubs, saplings), 1m x 1m plots (ground cover), and epiphytes, respectively. The quadrat that obtained the highest Shannon index is Q 178 at 3.102, however, the Simpson’s and Evenness indices are relatively low due to dominance of some species. Q 81 recorded the highest Simpson’s index at 0.942 due to the absence of dominant species in the area. The highest frequency recorded at Q 81 is five individuals making the distribution among the 23 species more balance. The most even quadrat is Q 04, where the 14 individuals recorded belong to 11 different species. It is interesting to note that the most diverse quadrats are those near the proposed well pads. Table 7 shows the quadrats that obtained the highest computed value for each diversity index, as well as the elevation of each quadrat (Figure 4). The diversity indices of all the quadrats are presented in Appendix 13. Table 7. The most diverse quadrats based on computed diversity indices and their elevations. Shannon index Quadrat Elev H' Q 178 1080 3.102 Q 160 1140 3.052 Q 63 1150 3.011 Q 81 1080 2.997 Q 173 1130 2.959 Q 172 1100 2.890 Q 166 1040 2.867 Q 65 1130 2.860 Q 09 1060 2.811 Q 161 1140 2.786 Simpson's index Quadrat Elev D Q 81 1080 0.942 Q 09 1060 0.935 Q 160 1140 0.930 Q 54 1030 0.930 Q 178 1080 0.929 Q 63 1150 0.929 Q 65 1130 0.923 Q 172 1100 0.920 Q 05 1020 0.920 Q 68 1110 0.916 Quadrat Q 04 Q 09 Q 05 Q 54 Q 81 Q 50 Q 69 Q 10 Q 19 Q 11 Evenness Elev 1020 1060 1020 1030 1080 1050 1100 1060 1045 1030 E 0.977 0.973 0.969 0.960 0.956 0.935 0.933 0.930 0.929 0.913 Based on the species composition and species density for each sampling strip, Biodiversity Professional (BdPro) software provided the similarity matrix, a matrix showing the percentage similarity among sampling quadrats. The data can be used on deciding what particular area or quadrat can be sacrificed for some development activities. For instance, clearing of Q 13 will not significantly affect the floral diversity of the area since most of its species can also be found in Q 37. In the same that similar management strategies can be applied to related quadrats/habitats. Table 8 below shows the most similar sampling quadrats while Figure 6 shows the location of the most similar quadrats. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 18 Table 8. List of the most similar sampling quadrats in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone. Quadrats % Similarity Q 13/Q 37 90.5405 Q 133/Q 134 86.5979 Q 130/Q 131 80.6452 Q 92/Q 103 79.4224 Q 155/Q 48 76.2887 Q 75/Q 103 75.4448 Q 14/Q 77 73.7327 Q 02/Q 97 72.9282 Q 18/Q 23 72.2689 Q 155/Q 156 72.1893 Q 130/Q 168 71.6049 Q 130/Q 48 71.3693 Q 07/Q 39 70.8861 Q 136/Q 44 70.5882 Q 91/Q 97 70.5882 Q 01/Q 39 70.1987 Q 57/Q 64 70.1754 Figure 6. Location of the most similar quadrats (quadrats with the same color) Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 19 3.1.2 Noteworthy Species New Island Records The most interesting species and probably the highlight of the resource inventory is the discovery of a very rare parasitic flowering plant, Rafflesia speciosa, which is a previously recorded endemic species in Panay (Plate 4). The species is the first record of this unique genus in the island. The genus Rafflesia is very rare and can only be seen in the forests of Panay, Palawan, Makiling and Banahaw. Members of the genus are so peculiar since they do not have stem and leaves. Among the seven recorded Rafflesia species in the Philippines, Rafflesia speciosa has the largest flower that can attain a maximum diameter of two feet. The specimen was found outside the proposed development area nor included in the quadrat sampling (Figure 6). Eight other species, which are probably new island records, are listed in Table 9. However, there is still a need to verify the validity of the geographical distribution of these records. Unless otherwise shown to occur in other areas or to have been misidentified, the presence of the new recorded species based on a limited number of collections should be appreciated with much optimism. Table 9. List of species that are reported to be new island records for Negros. Family Species Collection Number BOP 137, BOP 138, RMM 75 Previous Known Distribution ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr. ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel BOP 187 Sibuyan EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. BOP 156, BOP 170, RMM 128 Panay Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. PLM 385 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. BOP 220 MELIACEAE Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. BOP 010, BOP 093 BOP 165, BOP 196, PLM 406, PLM 454 Abra, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sibuyan RAFFLESIACEAE Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona and Fernando Photo taken Panay SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. NQ 011, BOP 101 Quezon, Samar LAURACEAE Sorsogon Panay, Samar, Zamboanga Camarines, Sorsogon, Samar Endemism The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values of regions, countries, and islands. Species confined to a particular site should be given conservation management strategies so as to ensure their survival. Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions, nomenclatural changes and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics, among others. In this study, a number of specimens have not been identified to the species level; several of these belong to family Orchidaceae, which has the highest recorded endemism (90 percent). This will definitely influence the percent endemism estimates. Thus, estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors aforementioned. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 20 • Island or Near Endemics Nine species have been recognized as island or near endemics. Island endemics are plant species that are found only in Negros Island and these include Litsea plateaefolia, Syzygium euphlebium, and Praravinia lucbanensis. Table 10 lists the island endemic taxa and the corresponding collection numbers (for future reference and verification). The list is based on the most recent available revision or monographic work on the taxon. Table 10. List of island endemic species and their corresponding collection numbers. Family LAURACEAE MYRTACEAE RUBIACEAE Species Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Collection Number RMM 80, RMM 93 BOP 072, PLM 438 PLM 410 Near endemics are those found only in a few islands such as Saurauia negrosensis, Rhaphidophora rigida, Heterospathe negrosensis, Begonia negrosensis, Litsea quercoides, Medenilla aurantifolia, and Matthaea philippinensis. Distribution and collection numbers of near endemics are presented in Table 11. Table 11. List of near endemic species with their distribution and collection numbers. Family ACTINIDIACEAE Species Saurauia negrosensis Elm. BEGONIACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Begonia negrosensis Elmer MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk. OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. ARECACEAE Collection Number BOP 159, RMM 107 Photo taken PLM 445 RMM 137, PLM 393, PLM 431 BOP 223 BOP 085, BOP 088, BOP 209, PLM 440 Distribution Negros, Panay Negros, Sibuyan, Masbate Negros, Panay Negros, Panay, Sibuyan Negros, Leyte Negros, Luzon It should be understood that these information should be interpreted with caution. Endemism depends on how much study has been done on the taxa in question. If through revisions, some taxa are synonymized or are subjected to nomenclatural changes, then the geographical distribution may correspondingly be redefined and that endemism status reassessed. • Philippine Endemics The country endemism reported for Philippine flowering plants is 60% (Merrill’s Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants). More recent estimates place the country’s plant endemism at around 25 to 30%. The reduction in percentage values can be attributed to the changes in nomenclature, as well as delineation of the geographical distribution of plants, which in turn reflect new appreciation of evidences coming from various sources. But a more pressing reason for this low percentage could probably be attributed to a low collection index. Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana, there are 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families expected to be present in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Three hundred sixty-four Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 21 of these are reportedly endemic species for a percentage endemism of 59.3%. Philippine pteridophytes (ferns and allies), however, has lower reported endemism at 32% (Zamora & Co, 1986). Out of the 325 species identified, there are at least 160 Philippine endemics that are found in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on based on the collection alone. Fifty-three percent endemism is reported for the angiosperm (155/293), while 18% endemism is reported for the Pteridophytes (5/28) based on the number of identified species (Table 12). The list of Philippine endemics found in Negros is shown in Appendix 14. Notable among these species are the members of Family Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The endemic Pteridophytes are Cyathea integra, Cyathea negrosiana, Cyathea philippinensis, Diplazium magnificum, and Adiantum scabripes. Table 12. Number of endemic species and percentage endemism for the different taxonomic groups Angiosperm, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes. Taxonomic Group Angiosperms Gymnosperms Pteridophytes 3.1.3 Number of Endemics 155 0 5 Number of Identified species 293 5 28 Percent Endemism (%) 53 0 18 Conservation Status The conservation status of species is based on DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 (The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories), the recommendations of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), DENR. It is basically the RedList for Philippine flora containing all the threatened species categorized as follows: 1) critically endangered (CR) - species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future; 2) endangered (EN) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; 3) vulnerable species (VU) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered, but is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the future; 4) other threatened species - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as over collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future; and 5) other Wildlife Species - non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee. From the identified species in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on, 16 species of Angiosperms, one species of Gymnosperm and five species of ferns, which have various conservation status categories in the Threatened Plant List of PPCC, were reported (Table 13). Noteworthy among the list are the three critically endangered species, Pinanga sibuyanensis, Tristaniopsis decorticata and Rafflesia speciosa, which is considered as a new island record. Also in the list are the lower to montane species, which are observed to dominate the area. These include three species of Tree ferns (Cyathea spp.), Agathis philippinensis, Shorea contorta, Cinnamomum mercadoi, Palaquium luzoniense, Palaquium philippense, and Litsea leytensis. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 22 Table 13. Threatened plant species observed in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone. Family ARECACEAE MYRTACEAE RAFFLESIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE LAURACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE ARACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ASPLENIACEAE CYATHEACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE MELIACEAE POLYPODIACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE MYRTACEAE 3.1.4 Species Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Litsea leytensis Merr. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Guioa discolor Radlk. Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Agathis philippinensis Warb. Asplenium nidus L. Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Cryptocarya ampla Merr. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Conservation Status CR CR CR EN EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU OTS Resource Use Mt. Kanla-on as a whole is one of the sites in the country which houses not only ecologically important species but also economically important species. Appendix 15 enumerates some of the useful plant species observed in the 169-hectare buffer zone. The resource use is based primarily on the general knowledge from available literatures since there was not enough time to really look on the local indigenous knowledge and practices for the species. However, most of the team members came from the local community and they have been consulted regarding the local use of some species. 3.2 Fauna 3.2.1 Avian community To determine if the effort invested in bird transects was sufficient to document as many species as possible, a Species Accumulation Curve (Figure 6) was plotted. An average of 15 transect hours was used for each study site, resulting to a total of 79 species documented for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone; the total constitutes 63 species in Site 1, 56 species in Site 2, 52 species in Site 3 and 61 species in Site 4 (Appendix 16). Accumulation curves for each site showed increasing trends in species numbers at the termination of each transects; asymptotes or leveling of curve was not experienced. These curves signify that 15 transect hours may still not be exhaustive enough to document all bird species found within each study site and that additional transect hours could yield additional species as well. Species accumulation during the last hours of transects yielded an average cumulative increase of 7.3 species for each site. It is predicted, based from the trending of the curve that an additional five hours of observation could result to asymptote of each accumulation curve. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 23 Cummulative number of species (per day) Figure 2. Species accum ulation curves for birds in the four sam pling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 hours 8 hours 12 hours Sam pling efforts (in hours) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Figure 6. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectares buffer zone In comparing this study with the total tally for the whole Negros Island (Table 14), a wide discrepancy is evident and that several species were not documented. Species total for the whole Negros Island include birds from all habitat types (from sea-level lowlands to mossy forest and wetlands) and nonbreeding birds, while this study sampled mainly on a narrow band of upper lowland forest and lower montane forest. It may be concluded that although the species tally may not be exhaustive, it is sufficient to show moderately complete bird diversity within the 169-hectare buffer zone. Compared to previous studies conducted in the area, the species tally were noteworthy. The study recorded the following counts: • • • • Almost 60% of Philippine endemic birds known on Negros were recorded within the buffer zone 40% of Negros-Panay endemic birds (3/8) were also recorded At least 64% of the total forest-dwelling birds of Negros One-fifth of the country’s endemic and forest-dwelling birds were recorded at the buffer zone. These numbers emphasize the vertebrate fauna diversity importance of the 169-hectare buffer zone both within the national context and within Negros Island. Table 14. Number of bird species on Philippines (Kennedy et al., 2000; Collar et al, 1999) Negros (Kennedy et al., 2000), PNOC EIA (1995), MKNP and CMNH (1999) and the result of this biodiversity study in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. All species Breeding Philippine Endemics Negros-Panay Endemics Forest Species Threatened Species 255 190 PNOC-EDC EIA, 1995 68 63 DENR and CMNH, 1999 53 48 Biodiversity Study 79 79 172 59 18 22 35 na 8 2 3 3 300+ 100+ 38 38 64 74 20 2 3 3 Philippines Negros 572 395 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 24 Each study site showed varied values for some of the computed biodiversity parameters (Table 15). Similarity indices (Table 16) reveal Sites 1 and 2 and Sites 3 and 4 have almost similar species composition as shown by the relatively higher percentages. Sites 1 and 4 have almost the same elevation, vegetation types and habitat characterization, with each site comprising of lowland dipterocarp forest, forest edge and mixed second growth and agroforest plantations. Both sites are also situated within 900 to 1,000 masl elevation band. Consequently, both bird assemblages reflect communities that represent a mixture of forest and agroforest species. As for Sites 2 and 3, both sites are located within the 1,050 to 1,200 masl elevation band and represent habitats of transition zone lowland forest and lower montane forest. In addition, the same pattern of endemicity is evident across the four study sites. The relatively lower endemicity in Sites 1 and 4 reflects influx of almost all nonendemic species from grassland and agroforest communities. Table 15. Computed values of different biodiversity parameters/indices for birds per sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Species Richness 63 56 52 61 Endemic species 30 33 29 29 Species Diversity Index (‘H) 3.44 3.41 3.42 3.42 Endemicity (E) 47.6 58.9% 55.8% 47.5% Species Dominance Index (C) 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.06 Evenness Index (e) 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.88 Parameters To illustrate further the heterogeneity across all study sites, species composition within each site represent distinct bird communities depending on the type of habitat present. Site 1 has 47 species (out of 63 species) which are considered as inhabitants of lowland dipterocarp forest with only one high elevation specialist, the Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). Owing to the presence of grassland-parang vegetation, at least 16 species are associated with agricultural areas. Furthermore, overlaps between forest and non-forest birds occur on forest edges and transition between grassland-parang and second growth forest. Similar to Site 1, in terms of habitats/vegetation, Site 4 has a mixed bird assemblage, where out of the 61 species recorded, at least 12 birds are associated with grassland-parang vegetation. Sites 2 and 3, on the other hand, have contrasting bird composition. Virtually all birds recorded on these sites are strict forest inhabitants. Elements of high elevation-obligate bird communities are also evident within these two sites, becoming more pronounced at Site 3. A total of six high elevation species, which were all recorded in Site 3, were documented during the study. On other biodiversity parameters, all sites showed remarkable similarity (Table 14). All sites have diversity indices (H’) that fall between 3.41 to 3.44, Dominance values (C) of 0.04 to 0.07 and Evenness of 0.87 to 0.91. The similarity in these parameters indicates a relatively similar diversity, which judging from the levels of the indices, is also relatively high. The low and generally the same Dominance values across all sites validate the high diversity index indicating that not a single species highly dominates in each study site. The high Evenness values for all sites further supports the high Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 25 diversity level in which each species are relatively evenly distributed, with no species having an abnormally high number. Table 16. Computed Sorensen Similarity Index between all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. Sites Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 1 - 77% 71% 94% - 90% 80% - 73% Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 - From the over-all species total of 79 species, at least 35 species are listed as endemic to the Philippines (44% endemicity), of which three species, S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta are solely restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. Since the study was conducted during the closing days of summer season, almost all birds documented are resident breeders. The high endemism observed within the buffer zone represents near true values of endemism on forested parts of Negros (59%). Additional transect hours could increase the number of endemic species and thereby lifting the total species tally (and endemism) up to the level as seen for the whole Negros Island. At least 64 species are forest dwellers or a remarkably high 81% of the total species tally. Obligate forest inhabitant families were dominated by the families Accipitridae (Eagle and Hawks), Strigidae (owls), Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes), Rhabdornithidae (tree-creepers), Turdidae (thrush), Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers), Dicaedae (flowerpeckers). In addition, some members of Columbidae (doves and pigeons), Picidae (woodpeckers), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Sylviidae (Old World warblers), and Nectarinidae (sunbirds) have distributions that are strictly associated with forest habitats as well. On the other hand, members of Rallidae (rails) and Estrildidae (munias) and Ploceidae (sparrows) were solely restricted to grassland-parang habitats. At least three species are included in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) globally-threatened list: S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta; all are range-restricted species. During the study, all three species were consistently observed in transects or sometimes captured in mist nets. C. ostenta was observed on all study sites, although only on forest areas far from forest edge and adjacent agroforest and agricultural areas. S. speciosa was observed in three study sites (except Site 1). Most records of this species were from lowland forest of good quality although one individual was captured in mistnet that was placed less than 50 meters from the forest edge in Site 4. R. albigularis was solely recorded or netted in mature lowland forest in Sites 1, 2 and 3. One general observation among these three range-restricted and IUCN-recognized threatened species is that all were found only on lowland forest (but probably rare in forest edge), below 1,100 masl. During the course of the study, five Negros-Panay restricted birds were not observed namely, Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus), Negros Bleeding-Heart (Gallicolumba keayi), Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini), Walden’s Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) and Negros Striped-Babbler (Stachyris nigrorum). The Negros Fruit-Dove is known only from a single specimen (a female) that was captured on Mt. Kanla-on at Pula (Pulopantao) on May 1, 1953. Subsequent explorations on Mt. Kanla-on (DENRCMNH- 1998 and Cambridge University- 1992) failed to obtain a specimen or recorded visually this species. Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans et al. (1993) reported that despite spending nine days at the Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 26 type locality and a further 11 days at other sites in the same mountain, this enigmatic fruit dove was not encountered. The original description (Ripley and Rabor, 1955) of the habitat of the type was “one of a pair shot out of a large fruiting tree on the edge of a camp clearing, at an altitude of 3,600 feet”, i.e. 1,090 masl. It seems that this species is chiefly a lowland bird, in which case it might well be extinct or in perilously low numbers as no forest survives below 750 masl in Mt. Kanla-on. However, an alternative explanation for the lack of records of this species would be the possible invalidity of the species: its small size and atypical plumage could suggest that it might be a runt or an abberant specimen of Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus occipitalis) or possibly of a green pigeon (Treron). Lest a male specimen is described, final verdict on the validity of the species must be deferred (Collar et al., 1999). The Negros Bleeding-Heart was first recorded on Mt. Kanla-on during the late 1870s (Sharpe, 1877) and were observed to be “fairly common” (Eagle Clarke 1900 as cited by Collar et al., 1999). During the 1930s, Hachisuka (1936) reported it to be “an extremely rare bird” and quite possibly have become rarer still during the subsequent years as Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans (1993) recorded only one bird on Mt. Kanla-on. Surveys in 1995 by PNOC EIA (1995) and DENR-CMNH (1999) failed to record this bird. Virtually all habitat records were from lowland dipterocarp forest between 300 and 1,200 masl; forest line within the 169-hectare buffer zone starts at 850 to 900 masl. It is perhaps highly likely that this bird is extremely rare and in low numbers within the buffer zone so that an observation might be a fortuitous event. Nonetheless, an alarm should be raised on the rarity of this species of which the cause of its decline is a direct result of massive loss of lowland rainforest on Mt. Kanlaon. Recent records of both species of hornbills (P. panini and A. waldeni) have become exceedingly rare on all of its known distribution (especially from 1990 to recent). All records from Mt. Kanla-on were from higher elevations (1,200 to 1,500 masl). This is probably a reaction to lowland deforestation, which is highly evident within the mountain which is the case as well at the 169-hectare buffer zone. Only one record of Negros Striped-Babbler is known from Mt. Kanla-on in Mambucal (May 1987Hornskov 1995) despite considerable subsequent fieldwork that followed (Brooks et al. 1992, Evans et al. 1993 and DENR-CMNH 1999). Survey by PNOC failed to record this bird as well. Of the three globally-threatened species (S. speciosa, Coracina ostenta and S. philippensis) which need to be validated by this study, the Philippine Hawk-Eagle (S. philippensis) was not observed. This is possibly due to the intermittent rains that occur during mid morning and early afternoon which might have prevented the formation of thermals and consequently the emergence of the raptor. 3.2.2 Mammalian community Small non-volant mammals A total of 444 trap-nights were spent in documenting small non-volant mammal diversity, resulting to only three species captured (Table 17): the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). A total of 48 individuals were captured for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone, translating to 10.8% trapping success. The most numerous of which is R. tanezumi with 27 individuals (6.1 individuals/100 trap-nights) and with R. exulans almost equally numerous with 19 individuals (4.3 ind/100 trap-nights). Two individuals of the Asian house shrew were captured. Virtually all species captured are commensals and introduced species (nonnative). These small mammals are predominantly found on agricultural lands and highly degraded forest edge and second growth and cause considerable damage to crops. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 27 Table 17. Relative abundance/trapping success of small non-volant mammals in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocar p foresttransition lower montane forest Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Suncus murinus 2 - - - Rattus exulans 5 5 4 5 Rattus tanezumi 8 6 5 8 Total species 3 2 2 2 Total rodents 15 11 9 13 Total trap-nights 111 111 111 111 Trapping success/100 trapnights 13.5 9.9 8.1 11.7 Species Only two species of native small non-volant mammals are recorded for the whole island of Negros, the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina) and an undescribed forest mouse (Apomys sp. A). All specimens were taken only from Mt. Guinsayawan, Southern Negros, and recorded in low numbers in lowland forest, becoming slightly numerous up until 1,400 masl; non-native species are significantly more dominant all throughout the altitudinal range of Mt. Guinsayawan. Sampling effort in the 169-hectare buffer zone was done on a variety of habitats ranging from grassland-parang and forest edge (especially in Site 1 and Site 4) to deep, interior lowland forest (Site 3) and transition lower montane forest (Site 4). Nevertheless, 12 nights of trapping effort failed to yield a single native species, a pattern almost similar to Mt. Guinsayawan. The data for this study supports hypothesis by Heaney et al. (1998) that the colonization success of non-native small non-flying mammals on natural habitats (i.e. forest) is dependent on the presence of native (and endemic) small non-flying mammals. Where native fauna is few to begin with, colonization of non-natives might be successful and lead to numerical dominance. This phenomenon is further apparent on relatively young and small oceanic islands. Whereas Luzon and Mindanao are larger and older islands thus have more native (and endemic) non-volant mammals and consequently lower frequency of invasion of non-natives, smaller and younger islands such as Negros and Camiguin have fewer natives thus facilitating a successful colonization and domination of non-natives on forested mountain ranges. Bats A total of 252 net-nights of sampling effort were invested in capturing bats for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone. A total of 408 individuals were netted comprising 12 species, which include 6 species apiece of fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and micro bats (Microchiroptera). About half are endemic to the Philippines including the threatened Negros-Panay and Sibuyan-restricted Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori). An overwhelming majority of the bats captured are fruit bats (395 of the 408 bats) and difference in abundance in four different study sites reflects distinct habitat associations for most of the species (Table 18). The most number of bats captured were from Sites 1 and 4 having a netting success of 1.9 and 1.6 bats per net-night, respectively. Species composition within these two sites are dominated by widely distributed species (both geographically and ecologically), indicative of the variety of habitats present for both sites i.e. forests and non-forests (Heaney et al., 1998). C. brachyotis and M. minimus are distributed throughout Southeast Asia and can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from forests to agroforest and agricultural lands. P. jagori is a Philippine endemic but is distributed widely in Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 28 the Philippines (except Palawan) and occupies both forest and non-forest habitats (but mostly where forest is nearby). The endemics H. fischeri, H. whiteheadi and N. rabori are relatively fewer, the former mostly netted on deep, interior lowland forest. H. whitehadi and N. rabori were netted at grasslandparang and at forest edge, respectively. Though seldom netted, H. whiteheadi was present throughout the study sites as ascertained by its distinct loud and high-pitched whistle that can be heard along the canopy level. Paucity of captures for this species is most likely a result of its canopy-foraging habits. The lone capture of N. rabori might also be reflective of its high canopy foraging. It is worthwhile to note that the two bats are able to persist in disturbed habitats of grassland and forest edge although their habitat requirements necessitate the presence of very near mature, slightly disturbed forests (Heideman and Heaney, 1987, Heaney et al. 1998). Sites 2 and 3 have a netting success of 1.4 and 1.3 bats/net-night, respectively. A pronounced increase in the number of the endemic H. fischeri is apparent while non-endemics have lessened in frequency. Although widely distributed in the Philippines (except Palawan and Batanes), its habitat distribution is narrow and confined mostly to forests of pristine and mature condition (becoming common at middle elevations) and absent entirely in agricultural areas. The relative abundance of the endemic P. jagori is relatively the same for all sites indicating its wide variety of habitat requirements. C. brachyotis and M. minimus have become fewer at mature forests, especially at higher elevation, a pattern that is seen for the rest of the Philippines. Table 18. Relative abundance/netting of fruit bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest (transition lower montane forest) (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Cynopterus brachyotis 54 22 15 25 Haplonycteris fischeri 7 29 30 8 Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 2 P 1 P Macroglossus minimus 25 8 5 25 Nyctimene rabori - - - 1 Ptenochirus jagori 29 30 28 22 Total species 5 5 5 6 Total fruit bats 117 89 79 100 Total net-nights 63 63 63 63 Bats per net-night 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.6 Species FRUITBATS A total of 23 individuals of microbats were captured (Table 19), comprising six species and representing three families from Megadermatidae (one species), Rhinolophidae (three) and Vespertilionidae (two); two species are endemic to the Philippines namely Hipposideros obscurus and Rhinolophus virgo. The total species tally for microbats is under represented as these bats utilize ultrasonic frequencies for navigation, enabling them to evade mist nets easily. As such, describing the distribution patterns may not be possible due to low capture turn-out. Nevertheless, all microbats were captured inside forests. Furthermore H. obscurus, R. virgo, Pipistrellus javanicus and Kerivoula hardwicki were captured in forest that were far from grasslands and forest edge. Elsewhere in the Philippines, records for these species show similar habitat distribution as well (Heaney et al., 1998). Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 29 Table 19. Relative abundance/netting of micro bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental. Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest Megaderma spasma - - - Hipposideros obscurus 1 - - Rhinolophus arcuatus - - 4 3 Rhinolophus virgo - - 3 - Kerifvoula hardwicki 1 - - - Pipistrellus javanicus 1 2 2 2 Species Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) 4 Total species 3 1 3 3 Total fruit bats 3 2 9 9 Total net-nights 63 63 63 63 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.14 Bats per net-night Large mammals From direct observations (through scats and visual encounters) and interviews with local guides, at least five species of large mammals were recorded (Appendix 17 for the complete list of mammals): Common palm civet Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Malay Civet (Viverra tagalunga), and the Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons). The Long-tailed macaque was consistently observed on all four study sites and thought to be quite common by local guides. Both species of civets were also common in the study sites as their scats were consistently encountered during the course of the survey. The Leopard cat and the threatened Visayan warty pig is deemed to be relatively rare, with the former only encountered by chance on farmlands near forest whereas the latter was identified through chance sightings (though rarely) of scats along transects. Local guides perceived that the Visayan warty pig has become uncommon within the buffer zone and are mostly found on upper elevation although depredation on crops near the forest line were observed. 3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles Gathering from opportunistic catching and interviews with local guides, a total of 25 species of amphibians and reptiles were documented for the 169-hectare buffer zone, comprising of 11 frogs and toads and 14 reptiles (Appendix 18). At least 12 species are endemic to the Philippines (eight frogs and four reptiles), of which at least three are restricted to Negros-Panay (Limnonected visayana, Cyrtodactylus annulatus and Lepidodactylus christiani). The 11 frogs are further subdivided into one toad (Bufonidae), nine true frogs (Ranidae) and two tree frogs (Rhacophoridae) whereas the 14 species of reptiles consist of three agamid, two gekkonids, two scincids, one varanid and six snakes (from families Colubridae, Pythonidae and the highly venomous Viperidae and Elaphidae). All, except one frog Polypedates leucomystax, were found inside the forested region of the buffer zone. These include all species under the genus Platymantis (dorsalis group and corrugatus), Limnonectes visayana, Rana everetti and Philautus. All of these species are forest obligates and were found throughout all study sites. Two species found inside the forest have distributions that extend on Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 30 non-forest habitats, the introduced Bufo marinus and Occidozyga laevis. The former is interesting as it is predominantly an agriculture-associated species, implying a possible successful colonization of forested habitats. This toad was found in Site 2 near the hiker’s trail that leads to the peak of Mt. Kanla-on. The site is also near an old logging road, abandoned for at least 15 years. Colonization of this introduced species may have been facilitated by the presence of an open-access hikers trail or possibly from the previous logging operations. Unlike the case of the non-flying small mammals, colonization of B. marinus in forest might be anthropogenic. Several toads were found within the vicinity of the plant site. O. laevis was found in puddles in Sites 1 and 4 in forest edge and grasslands. On the other hand, P. leucomystax was exclusively found within grasslands. The 14 species of reptiles have a markedly mixed habitat associations. Although 12 species were found inside forest, at least half were also known to inhabit agricultural areas as well. On the other hand, only two species of reptiles (lizards Mabuya multifasciata and multicarinata) were found in grassland habitats. 3.2.4 Noteworthy Species At least 12 species were chosen as noteworthy (Table 20) by virtue of several characteristics: (1) restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN, and (3) heavily exploited for food or pets. At least eight species are restricted to Negros-Panay, of which three are birds, two mammals, one frog and two reptiles. In addition, at least seven species are listed as threatened by IUCN. It should be noted that at least six Negros-Panay endemics are currently recognized as threatened species as well. Furthermore, virtually all of these Negros-Panay endemics are strictly forest dwellers. These species are range-restricted and are dependent on their habitats, so that the interplay between inherent rarity and restrictedness and direct tangible threats to population (from deforestation, hunting and in-breeding) greatly justifies their importance. At least two species, both gekkonid reptiles, are also range-restricted (C. annulatus and L. christiani). So little information is known about these two species that population assessment have not yet been possible. On the other hand, at least three species, the Leopard cat, Sailfin Lizard and the Monitor Lizard, are not restricted (tentatively) to Negros-Panay although heavy exploitation for food has been documented for these species. Furthermore, initial results from morphological and molecular studies might suggest that these species might represent separate populations that are distinct from the rest of the Philippine forms. As such, their apparent restricted-range (pending a publication) and threatened status (though not yet formalized) could include them under the IUCN Redlist. Table 20. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP Species Residency and Conservation Status* Birds Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Flycatcher Negros-Panay endemic and Endangered Mammals Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat Philippine endemic and Vulnerable Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat Negros-Panay and Sibuyan endemic and Critically Endangered Prionailurus bengalensis Non-endemic but In the Philippines, restricted to Negros and Palawan; not listed as threatened but heavily hunted Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 31 Species Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig Residency and Conservation Status* Negros-Panay endemic and Critically Endangered Amphibians Limnonectes visayana Visayan Giant Woodland Frog Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Reptiles Cyrtodactylus annulatus Negros-Panay endemic Lepidodactylus christiani Negros-Panay endemic Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Lizard Negros population possibly restricted to the island but heavily hunted Varanus salvatori Monitor Lizard Non-endemic but heavily hunted *- based from IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) 3.2.5 Conservation Status From a 15-day sampling effort covering four study sites, a total of 124 wildlife vertebrates were encountered during the study. Of the total, at least 54 species are endemic to the Philippines and eight are restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region (Appendix 16 to 18). Furthermore, the study also documented nine species which are currently listed as globally threatened by IUCN (HiltonTaylor, 2002) (Table 18). The Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park is one of the last forested areas in Negros Island and remains as shelter for endemic and threatened species. As the majority of the landscape within the buffer zone is forests, coverage of the study sites was mainly on forested habitats as well. Only small portions of the buffer zone are grasslands and agroforest. Expectedly, at least 101 species documented are associated with forest (81% of the total species tally), the majority of which are obligate forest dwellers. Furthermore, practically all 54 Philippine endemics, eight Negros-Panay endemics and seven IUCN threatened species are forest dwellers also. It is important to note that most of the 101 endemic species are considered as strict or partially lowland dipterocarp forest dwellers. Results of the study have shown that species richness, especially for birds declined, albeit in low increment, with increasing altitude. This is especially apparent at Site 3 where some of the lowland species have not been encountered, particularly at ridgetop montane forest and were replaced by at least six high-elevation specialists. As such, the lowland forest of the buffer zone, covering an elevation band of 900 to 1,100 masl, serves as the most important area for wildlife vertebrate diversity. Nevertheless, the high-elevation forest within the buffer zone might potentially harbor other highly threatened Negros-Panay endemics such as the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (P. panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), Negros Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) and the Philippine spotted deer (Cervus alfredi). All of these species were not observed during the study. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 32 4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures Table 21. Potential impacts of the different project activities and their corresponding mitigating measures. Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure I. Civil works and construction phase This phase will encompass the establishment of 2.7 km access road, well pads and reinjection wells. - Mobilization of construction equipment and workers which will require vegetation clearing to facilitate movement. - Temporary - Long-term - Identification and marking of ecologically/economically important species - If feasible, minimize cutting potential mother trees, which will serve as genetic source for the important species - Avoidance of unnecessary clearing - Trampling of understorey vegetation - Temporary - Short-term - Localized movement of equipment and personnel - Clearing of vegetation growing in the proposed access road - Permanent conversion to access road - Vegetation to be cleared should be delineated to avoid unnecessary clearing. - Additional clearing of vegetation for the construction of pipelines, separator stations and utilities - Permanent - Access road specifications should also include accommodation of pipeline dimensions to avoid new clearing of vegetation. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 33 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure - Separator stations and utilities should be constructed as near as possible to the well pad so that additional clearing of vegetation will be minimized. - For the construction of well pads and reinjection wells, the clearing of vegetation that is concentric in shape creating large forest gaps, which will lead to displacement and reduction in wildlife population numbers - Permanent conversion to well pads - The clearing of vegetation to provide for the road network and well pad will have a subtle effect of habitat loss due to a linear barrier, which may affect the movement and dispersal of animals, facilitate intrusion of non-native and agricultureassociated-species into forests, as well as formation of forest edges (edge effect). - Permanent - Enhanced soil erosion from earth moving activities of heavy equipment will affect forest dwelling species within the vicinity of access road and will contribute to soil nutrient loss - Temporary Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 34 - Short term - Vegetation clearing and its effect is inevitable, however, poaching of wildlife will be strictly prohibited to mitigate its population reduction - Captured wildlife shall be released back to the wild. - Long Term - Intensive IECs and Reforestation program - Short-term - Excavated topsoil be used as backfilling materials or spread evenly in surrounding areas Degree of Impact Project activities Temporary housing of construction staff and contractors Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure - Siltation from accumulated soil that can make its way to rivers and creeks affecting riparian wildlife - Temporary - Short-term - Provision of erosion-control techniques such as drainage, catch basin and sediment ponds - Possible increase of anthropogenic activities inside the buffer zone or even park area - Temporary recurring threat but can be controlled - Long-term - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance shall be conducted - Community involvement in the protection activities - Signage on restrictions - Staff temporarily housed within the 169hectare buffer zone might resort to hunting of wildlife during off-hours - Temporary (can be prevented) - Short-term - Hunting should be banned at all cost. Strict penalties should be imposed. - Temporary housing shall be constructed outside the buffer zone. - Accumulation of solid wastes from everyday activities of staff will not only affect the aesthetics of the area but will attract animals that feed on decaying organic matter Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 35 - Temporary (can be controlled) - Short-term - Practice good housekeeping among construction staff and contractors. Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure II. Well drilling Drilling of well pads and reinjection wells Construction of additional thermal ponds, quarry, spoil disposal areas and sludge pits - Noise associated with drilling could drive away wildlife - Temporary, (can be minimized) - Short-term - Regular replacement of equipment mufflers - Drilling fluids might come in contact with potable water table or make its way to rivers and small creeks - Temporary - Short-term - Drilling fluids should be collected and transported immediately to designated areas outside the 169hectare buffer zone. - Establishment of these facilities within the 169-hectare buffer zone will lead to further reduction of forest - Permanent - Discharge of initial steam to the atmosphere can affect vegetation within the well pad vicinity leading to possible defoliation of trees. - Temporary - Make use of existing thermal ponds, quarry, spoil disposal areas and sludge pits within the plant premises. New construction of these infrastructures should be avoided. III. Well testing Well testing - Long-term - Design of steam discharge apparatus should incorporate gas abatement measures. - The length of time devoted to initial steam discharge should be minimized within practical limits. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 36 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Permanent or Temporary Long-term or Short-term Mitigating Measure IV. Power plant operations (Production phase) Steam Gathering from Fluid Collection and Recycling System (FCRS) - Gaseous emissions can affect vegetation within the well pad vicinity. - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate gas abatement measures. Noise emissions from FCRS - Noise associated with blow-off could drive away wildlife - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate noise muffling apparatus Liquid discharges from FCRS - Waste water could make its way to the river in between the two well pads affecting riparian fauna - Temporary - Long-term - Liquid discharges should be collected and transported immediately to designated areas outside the 169-hectare buffer zone. Solid wastes from FCRS - Accumulation of amorphous silica/scales formed in the reinjection pipelines might make its way to rivers and creeks affecting riparian fauna - Temporary - Long-term - Collection of amorphous silica scales should be done regularly to avoid accumulation Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 37 Degree of Impact Project activities Power Plant operations Impact Description - Increase anthropogenic activity, which can be probably caused by livelihood opportunities - Intrusion to the natural park Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 38 Permanent or Temporary - Temporary Long-term or Short-term - Long-term - Temporary - Long-term Mitigating Measure - Provide livelihood assistance to the communities residing adjacent to the buffer zone and power plant vicinity - Information, education and communication campaign on the importance of the natural park and geothermal power plant - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance shall be conducted 5.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 22. Proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan for the 169-hectares buffer zone. Project Activity/Impacts 1. Clearing of vegetation for access road and well pads, creating a linear barrier and habitat fragmentation Parameters and location 1. Sampling stations for vegetation Frequency Semi-annual Vegetation specialist Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Five sampling stations will be constructed. One each near the two well pads, two probably along the road system, and one outside the development area, which will serve as the control station. The exact location of the monitoring plots shall be determined and agreed upon by all the parties prior to the start of development. A 10m x 10m quadrat shall be used as monitoring plot for trees (DBH > 3cm), 5m x 5m for saplings (DBH < 3cm) and 1m x 1m for understories (grasses, vines, ferns, etc.). In each sampling station, parameters to be monitored include but not limited to: a) Species composition; b) frequency; c) growth rate; d) basal area; e) density; f) dominant class plant height of saplings; and g) litter accumulation. Similarly, diversity indices and other vegetation analysis will be computed for each sampling station using some of the available Biodiversity soft wares (e.g., BioPro, MVSP, KREBS, Estimate-S). 2. Transect line for birds A 1.5 kilometer transect line will be used to determine existing avifauna in forest habitats on both sides of the access road. As the length of the access road totals to 2.7 kilometers, at least four transects will be established. The route will be subdivided into 10 major points using 150 meters between each point. The observer will walk for 15 minutes between each point, managing the whole distance of each transect for 150 minutes or 2.5 hours. The following information will be noted on all birds recorded during the transect count: species name, number of individuals, habitat, elevation, exact distance of the bird observed to forest edge and others (i.e. flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior, etc.). Since data distance to edge will be generated, this will determine type of species that benefits from the linear barrier as well as species that shy away or avoid such disturbance. A shorter transect line will be established at the well pad using a cardinal compass direction (i.e. north, south, west, east). These four transects will start at the boundary of the well pad and extend to at least 500 meters in length. Each transect route will be subdivided into 5 points using a 100meter distance between each point. Similar to the line transect, the observer will walk at least 15 minutes per Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 39 Responsibility Project Activity/Impacts Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility point for a total of 75 minutes or 1.25 hours. Information to be collected from access road transect will also be collected for the well pad transect. 3. Mist-netting for birds and bats Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Quarterly PNOC forest guards. Standard mistnets (12 x 2.6mm 6 x 2.6 m) will be used to capture bats and birds daily. At least five netting stations (three mistnets per stations) will be placed within the 1 kilometer transect lines. The nets will be in operation for at least four nights and checked every hour during night time from 1800h to 2100h. During daytime, nets will be checked every two hours starting 0600h until 1700h. At the well pad transects, three mist net station (with three nets per station) will be placed on each of the four transects. 4. Capture-mark-recapture for small non-flying mammals A trapping grid using cage traps will be established on both sides of the line transect used for birds. The trapping grid should have the following dimensions: 45 x15m, with each trap placed at every five meters within the grid for a total of 40 traps. At least two trapping grids will be placed on both sides of the transect with at 100 meters interval, starting from the edge of the access road. Traps will be baited with coconuts strips roasted in peanut butter or live earthworms. Traps will be operated for at least three nights. Capture-mark recapture method will be employed to determine movements and habitat preference of each individual non-flying mammal caught. This will also give a picture on the proportion of endemics that non-native species are now occupying forest edges. Ultimately, using the Lincoln-Peterson Index, an estimate of population density can be computed for each species viz-a-vis endemics vs. non-native species. A smaller trapping grid will be established at each transect sites at the well pad. Grid dimension is as follows: 20m x 20m for a total of 25 cage traps. 2. All identified impacts 1. The Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) The BMS has been institutionalized in several protected areas in the Philippines. It has also generated meaningful management actions (acted upon by various stakeholders) based from the results generated by such system. As the design for monitoring program for the whole 169-hectare already involves bird transect lines to be done by trained biologists, it is envisioned that only two of the four methods prescribed in the BMS will be used, namely field Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 40 Project Activity/Impacts Parameters and location diary and fixed photography or photodocumentation. These two methods will be performed by PNOC forest guards, especially Forest guards using the field diary should monitor all the impacts to wildlife listed in this report at each of the project activities listed and at each operation phase. Any deviation or observed negative impacts to wildlife should be noted and reported to EMD for proper action. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 41 Frequency Responsibility 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Flora Results of the study revealed that Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone including the PNOC EDC proposed development area has a high biodiversity value. The number of new island records, island or near endemics, Philippine endemics and threatened species in the area are found to be significant. The project development, however, will not have a considerable effect on the overall biodiversity of the area considering the modest size of the development area, which is about 17% of the 169-hectare buffer zone and only about 0.1% of the MKNP. Moreover, mitigating measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and by some means maintain, or even enhance the ecological status of Mt. Kanlaon buffer zone. The baseline information gathered for this study will aid in the formulation of the management plan. To further mitigate impacts of the projects and for the protection, conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the area, the following observations and recommendations should be considered in the management plan. • The markings of ecologically important tree species found within the study area could help in the identification of a Genetic Resource Area (GRA) for PNOC’s forest rehabilitation initiatives in the future. • For road construction, the survey of relatively wider P-line area (50meters on the average), as well as the result of the similarity index, provides more spaces and flexibility for the delineation of the actual road system. Potential mother trees of those species listed in Table 9, 10, 11, and 13 should be protected for future genetic sourcing. One important observation is that, most of the species listed as ecologically important are dominating the study site, which makes these species less arduous to conserve and protect. Protection and conservation of these species should be prioritized as Mt Kanlaon could be one of the few if not the only remaining native habitat of these species. • Mt. Kanlaon buffer zone has a number of ecologically and economically important species which are abundantly growing in the area. The growth and continues survival of these species is directly dependent on the continuing good quality of the physico-chemical environment. Thus, remaining forest fragments should be maintained and, if feasible, forest expansion through reforestation, regeneration and rehabilitation programs may be implemented. • A number of premium quality Gymnosperms species (Almaciga, Igem, Lokinai, Dalung and Lubang-lubang) though abundantly growing in the area has very minimal regeneration. This minimal regeneration can be attributed to the presence of thick forest litter, which prevents the recalcitrant seeds (viability last only for few days) to immediately reach the soil before losing its viability. These species should be given much priority for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR). • To determine the possible impacts of the project and other human related development activities, long-term and regular monitoring activities should be conducted. If ecosystem functions are to be monitored, then appropriate permanent forest plots may be delineated. By international standards, a minimum of one hectare is needed to study forest dynamics. • The presence of new island records is an indication that Mt. Kanlaon is one of the under studied areas. It is highly possible that many species in the area are still undiscovered and so their potentials will never be realized. • Information contained in this report should find its way into the mainstream of the science of Biodiversity Conservation. Information that was initially gathered, as well as how such information were utilized for management purposes, needs to be documented and eventually published. This will also further validate/refute the endemism reported for this study. Lessons learned by PNOC EDC will be very useful to other corporations involved in similar development projects. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 42 6.2 Fauna Loss of habitat has been identified as the primary reason for the high number of threatened species found in the Philippines, so high that the country ranks as having one of the highest number of threatened species in the world (Ong et al., 2002). Negros Island, in particular, has experienced massive deforestation over the last 100 years so that forest areas have been fragmented and reduced to smaller areas that are confined solely on mountain ranges, as mentioned earlier. In turn, this loss has resulted to a high proportion of wildlife species under the IUCN threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). Furthermore, given the highly reduced size of remaining forest, the presence of threatened species might be an indication of impending effects of time-lag, which is described as the time between habitat loss and subsequent (and possibly sudden) extinctions of associated fauna due to loss and fragmentation of their habitat (Magsalay et al., 1999). On a micro scale, clearing of vegetation within the 169-hectare buffer zone could mimic the habitat fragmentation that has already happened for the rest of the Philippines. Perhaps the project component that would cause major impact within the 169-hectare buffer zone is the clearing of vegetation associated with the access road and pad construction. Considering all possible mitigating measures, there would still be the inevitable effect of the vegetation clearing to wildlife, thus PNOC EDC in addition to the above recommended environmental measures, may also opt to promote wildlife conservation through (1) supporting conservation programs (e.g. reforestation in other parts of the park), and (2) spearheading information, education and communication (IEC) campaign for MKNP. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 43 7.0 References Alcala, A. C. 1986. Amphibians and Reptiles. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Volume X. Natural Resources Management Center and University of the Philippines, Manila. xiv+195 pp. Alcala, A.C., A.C. Diesmos, L.C. Afuang, J.C.T. Gonzalez and C.B. Banks. 1999. Proposed inclusions of Philippine amphibians in IUCN, Red List and Philippine National List. Unpublished. Alcala, A.C. and W.C. Brown. 1998. Philippine amphibians: An illustrated field guide. Book Mark, Inc. Makati City, Philippines. Ashton, P.S. 1997. Before the memory fades: Some notes on the indigenous forests in the Philippines. Sandakania 9:1-190 Ashton PS (1993) Philippine phytogeography. Asia Life Science 2: 1–8 Brisson, M.J. 1760. Ornithologia sive Synopsis Methodica Sistems Avium Divisionem in Ordines. 6 vols. Paris. Brooks, T.M., T.D. Evans, G.U.Y. Dutson, G.Q.A. Anderson, D.C. Asane, R.J. Timmins, and A.G. Toledo. 1992. The Conservation Status of the Birds of Negros, Philippines. Bird Conservation International, 2: 273-302. Brooks, T.M., Pimm, S.L., Kapos, V. & Ravilious, C. (1999) Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and mammals in insular South-east Asia. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 10611078. Collar, N.J., N.A.D. Mallari and B.R. Tabaranza, Jr. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines: The Haribon Foundation/Bird Life International Red Data Book. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Environment Agency of Japan. Makati City: Bookmark. Crombie, R. 1986. Distribution by island of herps in the Philippines. Draft Copy. Davis SD (1995) Identifying sites of global importance for conservation: The IUCN/WWF centers of plant diversity project. In: Primack RB and Lovejoy TE (eds) Ecology, Conservation and Management of Southeast Asian Rainforests, pp 176–203. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT De Guzman, E. D., R. M. Umali and E. D. Sotalbo . 1985. Guide to Philippine Flora: Dipterocarps and Non-Dipterocarps . Vol. 3. Natural Resources Management Center and University of the Philippines; JMC Press Inc. DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01. The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories’. Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) PAWB, DENR. DENR-CMNH Report. 1999. Resource-based Inventory of Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park. Unpublished report. Dickinson, E.C., R.S. Kennedy and K.C. Parkes. 1991. The birds of the Philippines. B.O.U. Checklist No. 12. British Ornithologists’ union, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 44 Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D. & Forney, M. (1995) Conserving the reservoirs and remnants of tropical moist forests in the Indo-Pacific region. In Ecology, conservation and management of Southeast Asian rainforests. (Primack, R.B. and Lovejoy, T.E. (eds)).Pages 140-175 in. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Environmental Science for Social Change (1999) Decline of the Philippine Forest. Bookmark Inc, Philippines. Evans, T.D., G.C.L. Dutson and T.M. Brooks. 1993. Cambridge Philippines Rainforest Project 1991: Final Report. Birdlife International Study Report 54, Cambridge. Fernando, E.S. 1990. A preliminary analysis of the palm flora of the Philippine Islands. Principes 34(1): 28-45. ______________. 1990. Diversity and conservation status of the Philippine rattans. Rattan Information Centre Bulletin (Malaysia) 9(2): 7-11, 14, 21. Flora Malesiana Bulletin 1947-2001 Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands. Htpp://rulrhb.leidenuniv.nl/www/pubs/fmbull/biblio.html Foundation for the Philippine Environment. 1995. Biodiversity Conservation in the Philippines Gonzalez, J.C.T. 1996. State of the art report on reptiles of the Philippines. A paper presented during the Wildlife Conservation Society Symposium and Workshop. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Unpublished Report. Hachisuka, M. 1935. The Birds of the Philippine Islands, with notes on the mammal fauna. Vol. 2. Pt. 2. London, Witherby, pp. 257-468. Hamann, A., Barbon, E.B., Curio, E. & Madulid, D.A. (1999) A botanical inventory of a sub-montane tropical rainforest on Negros Island, Philippines. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1017-1031. Heaney, L. R. & Regalado, J. C. Jr. (1998) Vanishing Treasures of the Philippine Rain Forest, The Field Museum, Chicago. Heaney, L.R., D.S. Balete, M.L. Dolar, A.C. Alcala, A.T.L. Dans, P.C. Gonzales, N.R. Ingle, M.V. Lepiten, W.L.R. Oliver, P.S. Ong, E.A. Rickart, B.R. Tabaranza and R.C.B. Utzurumm. 1998. A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana. No. 88 (1493). 61 pp. Heideman, P.D. and L.R. Heaney. 1989. Population biology and estimates of abundance of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in Philippine submontane rainforest. Journal of Zoology, London, 218:565-586. Heideman, P.D. , L.R. Heaney, R.L. Thomas, and K.R. Erickson. 1987. Patterns of faunal diversity and species abundance of non-volant mammals of Negros Island, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 68: 884-888. Hilton-Taylor, C. (Compiler) 2002. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 45 Hilton-Taylor, C. (Compiler) 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Hornskov, J. 1996. Recent observations of birds in the Philippine Archipelago. Forktail 11:1-10. Hutchinson, J. 1959. Families of Flowering Plants. Vol. I Dicotyledons. 2nd ec. Oxford. Hutchinson, J. 1959. Families of Flowering Plants. Vol. II Monocotyledons, Oxford. Kartawinata K (1989) A review of natural vegetation studies in Malesia with special reference to Indonesia. In: Baas P (ed) The Plant Diversity of Malesiana, pp 121–132. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kennedy, R.S., P.C., Gonzales, E.C., Dickenson, H.C. Miranda, Jr., and T.H., Fisher. 2000. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press Inc. New York. Lagunzad et. al. 2004. Floral Resource Assessment of Southern Negros Geothermal Plant Lovejoy, T. E., R. O. Bierregaard, Jr., A. B. Rylands, J. R. Malcolm, C. E., Quintela, L. H. Harper, K. S. Brown, Jr., A. H. Powell, G. V. N. Powell, H. O. R. Schubart, and M. B. Hays. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. pp. 257 – 285. In M. E. Soulé, ed, Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Ogilvie-Grant. 1896. On the birds of the Philippine Islands.- Part VIII. The highlands of Negros. Ibis (7) 2:525-565. Ong, P. S., L. E. Afuang and R. G. Rosell-Ambal (eds). 2002. Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities: A Second Iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Conservation International Philippines, Biodiversity Conservation Program-University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies, and Foundation for the Philippine Environment, Quezon City, Philippines. Madulid, D. A. 1995. A Pictorial Cyclopedia of Philippine Ornamental Plants. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Malabrigo, Jr. P.L. 2005. Taxonomy of Forest Plants – Lecture SyllabusInteractive University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines. _______________ 2004. Syllbus on Forest Inventory: Vegetation Survey. Training Center for Tropical Resources and Ecosystems Sustainabilty. University of the Philippines Los Banos. ________________ 2001. Identification and Information Retrieval on the Philippine Rattans. (M.S. Thesis). University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines. Malabrigo, Jr. P.L. and Fernando E.S. 2004. An Account on the Rattan Flora of the Philippines. Forest Products Research and Development Institute Journal. Vol. 1 & 2. pp. 113 -120. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 46 Mallari, N.A.D. and A. Jensen, 1993. Biological diversity in the Northern Sierra Madre, Philippines: its implication for conservation and management. Asia Life Sciences. Vol. 2. No. 2. pp. 101 Merrill, E.D. 1923-1926. An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants. Vol. I-IV. Bureau of Printing, Manila, Philippines. Mittermeier, R. A., P. Robles Gil and C.G. Mittermeier. 1997. Wealthiest Nations. CEMEX, Monterrey, Mexico. 501 pp. Megadiversity, Earth's Biologically Mittermeier, R. A., N. Myers, and C.G. Mittermeier. 1999. Hotspots, Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico City. 431 pp. Penafiel, S.R. (1994) The biological and hydrological values of the mossy forests in the central Cordillera Mountains, Philippines. In Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (Hamilton, L.S., Juvik, J.O., & Scatena F.N. eds). Pages 171-175. Ecological Studies, Vol 110. Springer-Verlag, New York. PNOC-EDC Report. 1995. Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed geothermal power plant in Northern Negros: Fauna. Unpublished report. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. 1997. Statistics of Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources. Department of Environement and Natural Resources. _____________________________ 1998. The First Philippine National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Department of Environement and Natural Resources. _____________________________ 2001. Biodiversity, Conservation and the Community. Essentials of Protected Area Management in the Philippines. Department of Environement and Natural Resources. Rabor, D.S. 1952. Two new mammals from Negros Island, Philippines. Nat. Hist. Misc. (Chicago Acad. Sci.), no. 96, 7pp. Ripley, S.D. and D.S. Rabor. 1956. Birds from Canlaon Volcano in the highlands of Negros Island in the Philippines. Condor 58:283-291. Rojo, J.C. 2001. Revised Lexicon of Philippine Trees, Forest Product Research and Develoment Institute, Department of Science and Technology, College, Laguna Sharpe, R.B. 1877. On the birds collected by Professor J.B. Steere in the Philippine Archipelago. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 1 (6): 307-355, pls. 46-54. Tabaranza, B.R. and N.A.D. Mallari. 1997. Birds. Pp. 99-136. In the Philippine Red Data Book. Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines. Bookmark, Inc., Makati, Philippines. Turner, C.S., Slade, E.M. & Ledesma, G. (2002) The Negros Rainforest Conservation Project: Past, Present & Future. Silliman Journal, 42 (1), 109-132. Tweeddale. 1877. Reports on the collection of birds made during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. No. 2. On the birds of the Philippine Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.. pp. 535-551. Whitmore, T.C. 1975. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. 1st edition. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 47 ____________ 1984. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. 2nd edition. Oxford, Clarendon Press. ____________ 1990. An introduction to tropical rain forests. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Whitford, H.N. 1911. The forests of the Philippines. Manila Bureau of Printing. WWF (2001) The World’s Top Ten Most Vulnerable Forest Ecoregions. WWF, UK. www.sagay-city.com.ph/pics/nmap.gif. Map of Negros. Viewed 18 July 2007 Zamora, P. M. and L. Co. 1986 Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Economic Ferns, Endemic Ferns and Gymnosperm Vol. II Natural Resources Management Center and University of the Philippines; JMC Press Inc. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 48 PLATES Plate 1. Orientation with PNOC-EDC and DENR officials prior to fieldwork. Plate 2. Briefing orientation on PNOC-EDC operation. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 3. One of the largest (190 cm diameter) Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis). Plate 4. Rafflesia speciosa’s first ever record in Negros island. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 5. The most abundant/dominant epiphyte – Freycinetia sp. (Pandan baging) Plate 6. Elatostema sp. – one of the most dominant ground cover species. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 7. Sarchandra glabra – the most dominant species of shrub in the area. Plate 8. Cyathea negrosiana – one of the threatened species of Tree fern. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 9. Streblosa sp. – one of the few herbaceous species that survive the thick forest litter. Plate 10. The floral diversity survey team. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 11. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Plate 12. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 13. Spotted Wood Kingfisher (Actenoides lindsayi), a bird associated with riverine habitats. Plate 14. Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra), a high elevation specialist. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 15. White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis), a NegrosPanay endemic and classified as Endangered by IUCN. Plate 16. Flame-templed Babbler (Stachyris speciosa), a Negros-Panay endemic and classified as Vulnerable by IUCN. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 17. Common Emerald Dove (Chalcopaps indica), can be found on both forest and non-forest habitats. Plate 18. Striated Grassbird (Megalurus palustris), a common fixture of grassland vegetation. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 19. Philippine Tailorbird (Orthotomus castaneiceps), a Philippine endemic and one of the most common understorey birds. Plate 20. Velvet-fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis), a one of the most common understorey birds. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 21. Sunda Ground-Thrush (Zoothera andromedae), a poorly known and cryptic understorey bird. Plate 22. Mountain Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias panayensis), a high elevation specialist. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 23. Harpy fruit bat (Har[yionycteris whiteheadi), a poorly-known Philippine endemic but fairly common in all study sites. Plate 24. Philippine pygmy fruit bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 25. Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus), a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats. Plate 26. Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus), one of the most common insectivorous bats captured in all study sites. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 27. Common Forest frog (Platymantis spp.), one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Plate 28. Rough-backed Forest Frog (Platymantis corrugatus.), also one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169hectare buffer zone. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 28. Marine Toad (Bufo marinus), an introduced species from South America that have made its way to the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone. Plate 30. Philippine Flying Lizard (Draco spilopterus), observed in almost all sites except Site 3. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values. Family Species Common Name DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 6 127 63 0.534 ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera caesia Jack Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Baluno 2 82 21 0.323 Dita 5 93 44 0.399 Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3 34 40 0.217 APOCYNACEAE ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr. ARAUCARIACEAE BURSERACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE 1 10 5 0.064 Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 50 2542 501.5 10.391 Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 77 1404 550 5.849 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 32 1344 384 5.798 Euonymous javanicus Blume Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malasangki 1 14 4 0.067 Malaikmo 4 155 50 0.671 Anabiong 20 339 191 1.560 Malaklak 37 513 186.5 2.519 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 2 26 10 0.135 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Pamintaogon 1 16 7 0.073 Salinggogon 4 60 30 0.288 Paguringon 2 34 20 0.158 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 982 399.5 4.123 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Flem. Tagkon 1 12 4 0.066 Binggas 5 134 47 0.502 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat Hutchinson Kalilan 27 611 255 2.423 2 34 6 0.135 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 37 980 304.5 3.514 Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon-kalabau 10 207 52 0.751 Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 114 2927 1536.5 12.815 Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2 28 22 0.149 Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Tamil 9 140 65 0.652 Saritan 2 52 19.5 0.199 Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian sikat 5 134 41 0.478 Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Dilak 4 64 37 0.304 Matang-hipon 4 59 21.5 0.277 Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Everett Anupag 22 330 128 1.540 Buta 25 374 176.5 1.788 Malabalanti 59 1047 416.3 4.431 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 139 59.5 0.602 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 16 309 127.5 1.269 Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 2 31 22 0.155 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Common Name Binunga Hinlaumong laparan DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV 25 469 182 1.925 6 87 55 0.441 3 42 13 0.202 23 705 242 2.714 FABACEAE Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 1 16 8 0.074 JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 4 60 32 0.291 2 26 18 0.142 1 14 3 0.066 Tiagkot Katabang Clerodendrum sp. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 5 203 52 0.793 Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 1 16 5 0.070 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 52 1385 460 5.085 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 44 617 238 3.019 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 82 1704 642.5 6.691 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 10 172 102 0.796 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 13 288 135 1.186 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 377 9942 3650.5 37.838 Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 1 11 9 0.069 Litsea sp. 1 12 243 128 1.046 Litsea sp. 2 1 23 11 0.095 13 255 116 1.064 3 125 26 0.441 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 24 483 217.5 1.997 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 13 302 116.5 1.167 Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 35 702 260 2.779 Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 24 4 0.076 LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Toog 3 142 53 0.853 LOGANIACEAE Taliknono 1 36 12 0.150 MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour. Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 2 46 13 0.164 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 2 48 17 0.180 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 15 196 136 1.070 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 272 84 1.287 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik 23 366 124 1.617 Salasik-laparan 15 224 92.5 1.055 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 5 77 38.5 0.364 Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 17 360 158 1.462 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 19 500 166.5 1.836 Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Agogoi 21 603 208 2.276 Katong-matsing 1 18 10 0.081 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 61 1463 537.5 5.553 MELIACEAE MORACEAE Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 1 45 13 0.210 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 3 65 14 0.225 Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 1 12 8 0.069 Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 33 658 300 2.736 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species MYRSINACEAE IV 4 46 17 0.263 Lunug 1 18 3 0.068 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 15 214 75 1.025 Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Ficus cumingii Miq. var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Isis-ibon 4 64 20 0.070 Laningning 1 13 8 0.279 Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 1 11 11 0.070 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner Aplas 14 232 85.5 1.009 Obdas 7 109 45 0.500 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 5 78 37 0.364 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 6 92 27.5 0.412 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 5 73 15 0.331 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 4 124 31 0.417 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 7 154 55 0.588 Ficus septica Burm. f. Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Hauili 5 61 25.5 0.335 Dolalog Tangisangbayawak 4 182 53 0.865 10 283 92 1.039 Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Agus-us 4 100 33 0.366 Parugan 1 16 12 0.080 Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 27 6 0.131 Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 15 11 0.077 1 11 2 0.064 539 5.877 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 63 1593 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 34 768 295 2.973 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 5 96 38.5 0.393 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 114 2863 940 10.463 Syzygium sp. 2 4 83 36 0.337 Syzygium sp.1 3 79 25 0.285 94 2264 857 8.674 1 13 3 0.065 12 345 116.5 1.291 5 72 24 0.341 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. OLEACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE MH (m) Basikong Ardisia sp. MYRTACEAE DBH (cm) Freq Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata MYRISTICACEAE Common Name Linociera racemosa Merr. Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Malabayabas Barikai Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 4 64 37 0.304 Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Lindog-ilanan 3 49 23 0.222 Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 11 252 80 0.924 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Bagna 2 38 15.5 0.157 Igem 23 1264 250 5.669 Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 8 560 94 3.080 Lubang-lubang 7 172 85 0.726 PUTRANJIVACEAE Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Butong manok 20 310 131 1.429 RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 10 233 135 1.037 PODOCARPACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 30 1148 357 4.807 Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 13 218 120 1.003 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 26 447 210 1.977 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Nino 1 12 4 0.066 Uisak sikat 3 46 20 0.214 120 2137 773.5 8.892 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 5 72 42.5 0.363 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 9 187 86 0.772 Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. Galigiuan 6 139 51 0.529 Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 66 1268 586 5.347 Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 85 1531 657 6.519 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 42 22 0.180 Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 13 3 0.065 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Uas 5 113 51 0.459 Natong ganda 10 307 123 1.276 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 29 846 290 3.199 Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 11 219 106.5 0.926 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 107 2888 1132 11.322 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Malak-malak 6 196 70 0.794 45 756 331.5 3.343 Tiroron Uakatan Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Malakamias 3 66 33 0.277 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 30 912 278 3.318 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Anongo 92 1317 577.5 6.427 173 4754 1749 18.235 2 36 14 0.151 2 36 16 0.154 Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Adinandra leytensis Merr. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki URTICACEAE Common Name Sotsa Puyaka Leyte sangnauan Batik 16 278 109 1.187 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 38 701 316 2.983 Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Apin Lipang kalabaw, Sagai 18 401 149 1.542 28 465 130 1.955 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 2 0.065 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 9 129 44 0.615 Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Alipasio 2 72 18 0.256 Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. Alilaua 1 12 3 0.065 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 2. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. Family Species Common/Local Name Freq ACHARIACEAE Ahernia glandulosa Merr. Sanglai 11 ACTINIDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 77 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE 3 24 Malapapaya Schefflera obovata Merr. ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE 9 2 29 Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 58 Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57 Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100 Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32 Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37 Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29 Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58 Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13 Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67 Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58 Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28 Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 140 16 112 4 Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 6 Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 2 Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 5 Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 2 Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 8 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Anabiong 20 Malaklak 74 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 11 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 10 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Salinggogon 3 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 6 Paguringon 216 8 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talang-gubat Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 1 Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 1 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 205 Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 126 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 19 49 Family DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Species Common/Local Name Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw Freq 110 12 Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Tabian-sikat Haginis 9 Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 6 Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 218 2 21 1 18 8 Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Buta 80 Malabalanti 52 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 4 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 59 Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 17 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 15 Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Hinlaumo 12 Tiagkot 6 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 3 FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 2 Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8 FABACEAE LEEACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE 15 10 17 Clerodendrum sp. LAURACEAE 140 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 4 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali Cryptocarya trinervia Elm. Inikmo 5 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 79 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 53 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang Litsea philippinensis Merr. Klamagan/Bakan 182 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 101 16 5 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 35 Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 52 Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 10 2 Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 6 Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 4 Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37 Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 233 Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 130 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 38 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family MELIACEAE MORACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE Species Common/Local Name Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 27 Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Agogoi/Balukanag 49 Katong-matsing 27 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 57 Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 48 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 10 Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 14 138 5 5 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat Ficus balete Merr. Balete Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 10 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 86 Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 16 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 11 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 10 Ficus septica Burm. f. 13 Hauili 86 6 8 50 2 Ficus sp. 14 Ficus sp.2 27 Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tangisang-bayawak Tanghas 4 Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 9 Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 2 Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 16 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 89 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 14 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 30 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 20 118 9 Syzygium sp. 2 OLEACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE Freq Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 183 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6 Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot. Bignai-pugo 4 Bigloi-dilau 33 Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 2 6 27 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem Lubang-lubang ROSACEAE Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 51 Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 13 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 3 31 Family RUBIACEAE Species Common/Local Name Freq Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 9 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8 Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Tumpis Coffea arabica L. Kape 44 2 Ixora alba Santan-puti 10 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 12 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Kalamansanai 5 Tiroron 63 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 44 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 13 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 4 Psychotria alvarezii Kirimbibit 5 1 Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 2 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 48 SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 19 Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 157 Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 13 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 42 SAPOTACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE 6 Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 21 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 64 Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 7 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 30 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 16 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Anongo Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Sotsa Puyaka Batik Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong-sibat Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 5 229 47 5 100 17 1 243 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 23 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 16 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 3. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. Family Species Common Name Freq ACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 8 Amorphophallus sp. Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Pongapong 1 Alopayi 6 Xanthosoma violaceum Schott Yautia 1 1 ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 1 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. brachystachys Fern 1 Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 5 Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 2 COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 2 CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 4 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 2 EUPHORBIACEAE Manihot utilissima Kamoteng kahoi 2 FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 2 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 4 HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang LOMARIOPSIDA MELASTOMATACEAE Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 1 MUSACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 4 Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 5 Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 3 Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan CHLORANTHACEAE COMMELINACEAE PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE POACEAE 10 Medinilla cumingii Naud. 9 1 1 Piper sp. (erect) 11 3 Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 1 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Kawayan bolo 2 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cogon 2 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 1 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 3 Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb.ex Hornem.) Honda Tambo 1 POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 1 PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 4 ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1 Mycetia javanica 1 Ophiorrhiza biflora 2 Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 4 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 8 8 Streblosa sp. SELAGINELLACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 2 Amphineuron emersum Fern 2 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 12 Family THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Species Common Name Freq Christella dentata Fern 9 Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 2 Cypholophus moluccanus 1 Elatostema hastatum 4 Elatostema sp. 1 2 Elatostema sp. 2 5 Elatostema sp. 3 3 Elatostema spinulosum 5 Elatostema sublaxum Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. 7 Hilagasi 2 Pilea sp. 2 Procris frutescens 1 Lantana camara L. Coronitas 1 Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 7 Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 1 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 2 Torch ginger 11 3 Adelmeria sp. 2 Etlingera sp. Zingiber negrosense Elm. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 4. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies. Family name Species ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Allamanda sp. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Common Name Susong damulag Freq 5 1 Lusegut 6 Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 3 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 1 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 1 Philodendron sp. 1 1 Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8 Scindapsus curranii 2 Scindapus sp. 1 ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 3 ASCLEPIADACEAE ASPLENIACEAE Dischidia sp. 4 ASTERACEAE BEGONIACEAE BLECHNACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko CUCURBITACEAE DAVALIACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE 4 2 Blechnum sp. Diliman 1 Trichosanthes sp. 1 Davalia repens 4 Davalia sp. 1 Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 1 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 1 6 Dioscorea sp. DRYOPTERIDACEAE FABACEAE 11 4 Begonia negrosensis Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. 4 Diplazium sp. Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Fern 5 Agpoi 1 1 Indet. LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine LOGANIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei 1 Dolis Lycopodium sp. 2 (thick) 1 1 Lycopodium sp.1 (fine) 1 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 3 MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 8 Ficus balete Balete 6 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 1 Pakong kalabaw 9 MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Appendicula sp. 1 3 Bulbophyllum sp. 6 Calanthe sp. 2 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family name Species Common Name Freq 2 Coelogyne chloroptera 12 Dendrobium sp. Eria sp. 4 Grammatophyllum sp. 1 Indet. 1 1 Indet. 2 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 11 Freycinetia sp. 2 10 5 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 2 Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 4 10 Piper sp.1 POACEAE POLYPODIACEAE PTERIDACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 6 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 2 4 Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 2 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3 Adiantum scabripes Copel. 1 Adiantum sp. 2 1 Adiantum sp.1 6 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 3 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 4 URTICACEAE VITACEAE Procris frutescens MUSCI 2 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 3 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 5 Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 4 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 5. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE Species Common Name DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 2 35 18 0.101 Buchanania nitida Engl. Balitantan 25 577 267 1.491 Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 6 187 82 0.497 APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Batino-liitan 21 450 197 1.164 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 85 5225 1020 15.365 BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Talibunog 2 25 9 0.089 109 2573 923 6.177 61 2178 671 5.191 Malaikmo 2 42 25 0.118 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Anabiong 9 231 111 0.604 Malaklak 101 1442 518 4.590 Bitanghol 156 3213 1224 8.177 2 32 9 0.092 CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE Pagsahingin Bogo Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 55 26 0.145 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 20 364 144 0.991 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Flem. Tagkon 2 48 24 0.127 Binggas 9 217 106 0.569 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 25 766 261 1.805 Salinggogon Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8 179 75 0.453 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 98 2636 725 5.743 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 1 42 8 0.085 EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.Arg. Tamil 133 2658 1018 6.862 Dilak 1 18 8 0.050 Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Santiki 1 28 9 0.064 48 728 284 2.228 Malabalanti 4 73 26 0.195 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 2 31 23 0.101 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Balumti 177 4301 1482 10.152 Tiagkot 3 104 26 0.222 Katabang 6 145 57 0.355 Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 16 7 0.048 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 13 325 124 0.786 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 108 3048 1076 7.182 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 79 1259 461.5 3.696 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 211 5083 1862 12.216 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 48 776 358 2.314 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 537 14593 5207 34.437 FABACEAE FAGACEAE JUGLANDACEAE LAURACEAE Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Buta Family LECYTHIDACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE Species MORACEAE PODOCARPACEAE IV 7 119 54 0.343 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 2 34 21 0.103 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Bohian 6 84 39 0.277 Toog 3 163 40 0.487 Grewia inflexa Merr. Banglad 3 36 16 0.134 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 1 25 12 0.065 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 8 142 52 0.388 Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 11 223 55.5 0.534 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik 99 1557 575.5 4.618 Salasik-laparan 89 1553 541.5 4.264 Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Alauihaw 2 33 14 0.096 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak Agogoi, Balukanag 56 1674 486.5 3.694 9 220 83 0.532 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Kuling-babui 66 1660 622 3.991 Himamau 9 264 80 0.591 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 8 199 55 0.442 Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 1 18 2 0.044 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 10 134 58 0.454 Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 67 1434 572 3.632 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32 434 132.5 1.427 Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 2 29 20 0.097 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 23 415 149 1.120 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2 93 16 0.190 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Tibig 2 37 12.5 0.098 Dungo 3 47 28 0.148 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 1 12 8 0.046 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 12 163 52.5 0.537 92 1962 714 4.880 Dolalog 6 136 56 0.341 Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Agus-us 7 94 50 0.323 Tanghas 6 160 59 0.382 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 224 4931 1821 12.161 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit Malaruhat bundok 191 4049 1533 10.175 150 3470 1301 8.465 9 129 58 0.417 Malabayabas 17 549 175 1.276 Bignai-kintab 5 75 31 0.233 76 4202 884 11.466 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. STAPHYLEACEAE MH (m) Bakan-mabolo Ficus sp. Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner MYRISTICACEAE MYRTACEAE DBH (cm) Freq Litsea tomentosa Blume Chisocheton patens Blume MONIMIACEAE MORACEAE Common Name Antidesma montanum Blume Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Malatampui Igem Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 77 4540 808 11.834 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 16 697 82 1.151 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 8 211 78 0.504 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE Common Name DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV Butong manok 58 992 421.5 2.828 25 528 268 1.422 Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Bakauan-gubat Lagong banguhan 11 340 119 0.812 Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 1 13 5 0.045 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Mapugahan 2 60 25 0.153 Aparungan 70 1378 495.5 3.544 Kalamansanai 14 348 132 0.841 Tiroron 97 1986 720.5 5.021 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 3 85 38 0.220 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 32 608 196 1.568 Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 176 3964 1587 9.896 Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 169 4229 1610 10.221 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 13 308 101 0.723 Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sarakag 2 54 19 0.127 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Nato 56 1472 533 3.491 134 4648 1551 11.363 Malak-malak 36 1156 402 2.787 Uakatan 36 613 293 1.781 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Bogo-bogo 2 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 13 53 30 0.149 467 150 1.141 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. philippinensis (Brand) Noot Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Anongo 16 238 113 0.752 4 102 36 0.241 108 3558 1182 8.483 Adinandra leytensis Merr. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Leyte sangnauan 1 32 11 0.077 Batik 86 1660 605 4.323 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Kalambug Lipang kalabaw, Sagai 13 198 97 0.618 16 237 77 0.728 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 4 0.044 Indet 2 1 10 4 0.043 Indet. 1 45 12 0.116 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Balokbok Sotsa Appendix 6. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE Species Common/Local Name Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 32 Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 12 Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 4 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 6 2 Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Luzon Kalasan ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. 8 5 18 Malapapaya Schefflera obovata Merr. ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE Freq 3 32 Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 68 Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57 Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100 Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32 Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37 Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29 Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58 Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13 Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67 Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58 Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28 Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140 Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126 Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 114 BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 4 BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4 CAPRIFOLIACEAE CELASTRACEAE CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 224 12 Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 4 Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 10 Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 4 Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 11 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Anabiong 14 Malaklak 125 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 68 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 16 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Salinggogon 5 Paguringon 4 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 86 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 13 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 16 Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 8 Family CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE DILLENIACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE FAGACEAE Species Common/Local Name Freq Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 15 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 58 Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 186 Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 242 Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 213 Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Katmon kalabaw Saritan 8 Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Tabian-sikat 6 Haginis 7 Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 10 Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 19 Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 10 6 Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Buta 124 38 Malabalanti 46 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 81 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 6 Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Hinlaumong laparan 4 Tiagkot 8 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 6 Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 24 Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 15 Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Vidal oak 18 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 17 ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 6 Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 6 Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 8 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 32 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 24 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 68 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 59 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 13 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 52 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 26 14 5 Clerodendrum sp. LAURACEAE 6 7 226 5 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 29 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 21 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family LEEACEAE Species Common/Local Name Freq Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 18 Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 23 Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 11 Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 9 LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour Taliknono 3 MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 5 Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37 Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346 Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 126 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 122 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 86 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 45 Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. Tungau dako 14 Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 4 Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 64 Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Agogoi/Balukanag 32 Katong-matsing 10 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 43 Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE 9 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 36 MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 6 MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 22 Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 18 Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Lunug Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Malatibig 32 Laningning 18 Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 15 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 26 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 25 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 12 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 8 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 11 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 18 Ficus sp. 2 MYRSINACEAE Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. 4 4 Ficus sp. MYRISTICACEAE 6 12 Tangisang-bayawak 9 Parugan 3 Tanghas 8 Tagpong kitid 7 Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 11 Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 18 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family MYRTACEAE Species Common/Local Name Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. Dikai-dikaian Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 12 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 64 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 17 PODOCARPACEAE 10 2 Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 11 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 42 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 38 6 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 9 Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6 Antidesma tomentosum Blume Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot. Bignai-kalau 3 Bigloi-dilau 10 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 11 Blumeodendron tokbrai Blume Lindog-ilanan 14 Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 3 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 17 2 Syzygium sp. 2 OLEACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE Freq 9 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 27 ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 26 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 10 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8 Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Aparungan 4 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 4 Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 8 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Kalamansanai 9 Tiroron 52 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 16 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 14 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 26 Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 4 Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 6 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 36 SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 6 Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi SAPOTACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Alakaak tilos Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 7 11 6 12 7 17 9 21 Family STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE Species Common/Local Name Freq Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 10 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 14 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 28 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Anongo 62 Sotsa 38 Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 10 Adinandra leytensis Merr. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Leyte sangnauan Batik 42 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 25 Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 8 356 Appendix 7. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies. Family ACANTHACEAE ARACEAE Species Common Name Freq 6 Hemigraphis primulaefolia Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 6 Strobilanthes sp. 6 Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6 Amorphophallus sp. Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Pongapong 6 Alopayi 6 ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 6 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. brachystachys Fern 6 Tungaw-tungaw 5 Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 6 CHLORANTHACEAE COMMELINACEAE 6 Commelina sp. Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 6 COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 6 CYPERACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 6 FABACEAE GESNERIACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE LOMARIOPSIDACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 6 Diplazium sp. Fern 6 6 Desmodium sp. Cyrtandra sp. 6 Gesneria sp. 6 Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 6 Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 6 Bolbitis rhizophylla Fern 6 Medinilla cumingii Naud. 6 Medinilla sp. 1 6 6 Medinilla sp. 2 MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 6 MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 6 OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Oleandra neriiformis Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 6 Grammatophylum sp. Ground orchid 6 6 Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 6 Spathoglottis sp. Ground orchid 6 Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 6 Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 6 POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 6 PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 6 ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 6 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Piper sp. (erect) 6 Mycetia javanica 6 Ophiorrhiza biflora 6 Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 6 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 6 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name 6 Streblosa sp. SELAGINELLACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE THYMELEACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Freq Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 4 Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 5 Amphineuron emersum Fern 6 Christella dentata Fern 6 Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 6 Cypholophus moluccanus 6 Elatostema hastatum 5 Elatostema sp. 1 5 Elatostema sp. 2 5 Elatostema sp. 3 5 Elatostema spinulosum 5 Elatostema sublaxum Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. 5 Hilagasi 6 Pilea sp. 6 Procris frutescens 6 Lantana camara L. Coronitas 6 Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 6 Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 6 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 6 6 Adelmeria sp. 6 Etlingera sp. Zingiber negrosense Elm. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Torch ginger 6 Appendix 8. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed wellpads with their corresponding frequencies. Family Species ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Allamanda sp. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Common Name Susong damulag Lusegut Madulunang Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 11 7 2 Scindapus sp. 16 Schefflera elleptica 8 Dischidia sp. 3 Hoya sp. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 23 27 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Negros Begonia BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. 2 5 Diliman 8 Trichosanthes sp. 4 Davalia repens 8 Davalia sp. 4 Davallia sp. (mabuhok) DILLENIACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE 5 16 Scindapsus curranii CUCURBITACEAE DAVALIACEAE 16 4 Amlong Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause ASPLENIACEAE 8 9 Philodendron sp. 2 Rhaphidophora inequilaterus ARALIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE 18 7 Philodendron sp. 1 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Freq 5 Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 3 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 2 4 Dioscorea sp. DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp.1 Fern 4 Fern 5 FABACEAE Diplazium sp.2 Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 3 Indet. 4 LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 3 LOGANIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 12 Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 10 Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 14 Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon MELASTOMATACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE MYRTACEAE 5 Medinilla sp. 1 6 Medinilla sp. 2 4 Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 14 Ficus balete Balete 16 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 5 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4 Syzygium sp. (vine) Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 3 Family Species Common Name Freq NEPENTHACEAE Nepenthes sp. Pitcher plant OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw Appendicula sp. Orchid 9 Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 21 Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 7 Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 7 Coelogyne sp. Orchid 6 Dendrobium sp. Orchid 24 Eria sp. Orchid 3 Vanda sp. Orchid 2 Indet. 1 Orchid 1 Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 123 Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 164 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Litlit Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 11 Piper sp. (microphylla) POLYPODIACEAE PTERIDACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE 9 Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6 Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 15 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 8 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 8 Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 11 Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 7 Adiantum sp.1 Fern 8 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 5 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 6 Fern 8 SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum URTICACEAE VITACEAE Procris frutescens MUSCI 16 8 Piper sp. (cordata malapad) POACEAE 12 32 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. 1 2 32 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 12 9 13 Appendix 9. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values. Family ACTINIDIACEAE Species Common Name DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV Kolalabang 1 10 3 0.099 APOCYNACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 4 201 28 0.894 ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2 38 20 0.245 ARAUCARIACEAE BURSERACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Almaciga 79 4568 805 25.355 Pagsahingin 56 1110 330 5.765 Bogo 13 517 145 2.617 CANNABACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Anabiong 70 1566 640 6.949 Malaklak 13 185 59.5 1.170 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 16 325 121 1.845 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 13 194 81 1.270 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 19 6 0.112 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 15 329 116 1.791 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 39 1181 337 5.413 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 22 408 116.5 2.297 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 18 448 185 2.389 EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.Arg. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Tamil 12 247 108 1.429 Dilak 1 14 1.5 0.099 Matang-hipon 2 31 9 0.208 Buta 43 684 214.5 4.027 Malabalanti 12 182 65 1.265 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 16 228 67.5 1.585 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 36 996 333 4.905 Binunga 18 256 86.5 1.692 Hinlaumo 18 261 80 1.744 FAGACEAE Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 5 83 46 0.573 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 20 3.5 0.107 VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 10 2 0.098 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 2 33 12 0.216 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 13 353 108.5 1.772 LAURACEAE Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 32 482 153 2.825 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 50 1150 417 5.953 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 60 1440 496.5 7.103 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 12 240 74 1.257 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 338 8674 2798 34.350 Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 1 10 7 0.102 17 288 103 1.568 2 29 10.5 0.209 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Persia gratissima Gaertn. MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MORACEAE Common Name Avocado DBH (cm) Freq 1 MH (m) IV 10 1.5 0.098 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 20 299 117.5 1.948 Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 278 74.5 1.663 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik 19 295 98 1.889 Salasik-laparan 16 271 96 1.628 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 2 59 17 0.299 Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 26 566 170 2.518 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 18 386 132.5 2.060 Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Agogoi 11 332 80 1.471 Katong-matsing 2 30 17 0.220 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1497 557.5 7.176 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 10 284 109 1.596 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Nangka 8 113 20 0.630 Upling-gubat 45 789 301 4.437 Malatibig 38 543 141.5 3.305 1 10 3 0.099 Kamahiuan 2 36 6.5 0.208 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 24 401 101.5 2.235 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Tibig 1 24 3 0.109 Dungo 1 32 10 0.170 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 3 42 19 0.316 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili Laningning Ficus sp. 13 174 41 1.080 6 143 58 0.815 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Is-is 1 12 4 0.101 Dolalog Tangisangbayawak 3 111 38 0.663 9 272 80 1.393 MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 28 15 0.214 MYRSYNACEAE MYRTACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Barasingag 1 10 2 0.098 Magolumboi 43 1002 341 5.080 Salakadan 34 730 191.5 3.346 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 74 1761 562.5 7.721 1 14 3 0.101 2 42 10 0.168 20 504 190 2.569 Malatampui 2 47 12 0.184 Malabayabas 9 297 98 1.635 Salanisin 2 37 18 0.180 Syzygium sp. 1 Syzygium sp. 2 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. PHYLLANTHACEAE PODOCARPACEAE Malaruhat bundok Glochidion lutescens Blume Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21 1394 240 9.449 Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 14 704 173 4.264 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name DBH (cm) Freq MH (m) IV Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 6 76 49 0.578 RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 2 53 13 0.259 ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Bakauan-gubat Lagong banguhan 43 1129 332 4.996 RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 2 76 11 0.307 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Mapugahan 10 175 45 0.950 Kalamansanai 1 14 5 0.104 Uisak sikat 1 18 10 0.120 Tiroron 76 1386 457.5 7.345 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 20 368 140.5 2.158 Citrus sp. Abugao Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 1 10 1.5 0.098 46 779 283.5 4.510 145 2821 1024 13.871 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 30 13 0.214 Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 14 2 0.099 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Uas 4 67 32 0.450 Natong ganda 7 105 41 0.571 15 400 144 2.126 127 3373 1107 15.355 1 12 7 0.104 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Tagotoi Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Negros Nato Uakatan 33 566 235 3.396 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 14 370 130.5 1.948 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Anongo 116 1884 646 9.970 Sotsa 141 4720 1097 19.241 1 14 6 0.105 Nato Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Puyaka Batik 15 330 125 1.768 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Kalambug Lipang kalabaw, Sagai 15 261 91.5 1.646 14 188 60.5 1.372 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Alagasi 10 156 32.5 0.908 Dalunot 12 212 56 0.999 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 10. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried saplings and poles from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies and importance values. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANNONACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BROMELIACEAE BURSERACEAE CANNABACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYPERACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Saurauia oligantha Merr. Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Schefflera obovata Merr. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Calamus filispadix Becc. Calamus merrillii Becc. Calamus sp. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Daemonorops sp. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Radermachera acuminata Merr. Ananas comosus Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. brachystachys Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis Garcinia ituman (Kaneh. Merr. & Hatus.) Sleum. Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Shorea contorta Vidal Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. FAGACEAE GESNERIACEAE HYPOXIDACEAE JUGLANDACEAE Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Cyrtandra sp. Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Engelhardia serrata Blume Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Common Name Kalimug Kolalabang Negros Kalimug Sanot ilanan Titis Luzon Kalasan Gabing tigre Almaciga Botongan Palasan Uay/Rattan Ditaan Sumulid Saluai Bungang-dakigan Tibangan Tui-tui Pinya Pagsahingin Bogo Anabiong Tungaw-tungaw Malaklak Ituman Tagkon Talisai gubat Negros Itangan Tree fern Tree fern Tree fern Sarat Katmon kalabaw White lauan Tamil Saritan Haginis Dilak Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang Buta Malabalanti Balumti Binunga Manaring Abang-abang Lupisan liitan Count 5 3 7 7 3 10 6 1 67 9 16 1 3 10 1 37 26 16 2 1 54 2 5 50 13 14 4 13 12 56 35 77 5 23 21 1 22 1 1 48 30 1 1 51 1 1 102 3 Freq 1 3 4 3 2 2 6 1 40 2 6 1 2 5 1 22 16 11 1 1 33 2 4 11 8 5 2 9 8 21 10 31 3 15 9 1 1 1 1 21 18 1 1 14 1 1 17 1 IV 0.265 0.360 0.588 0.505 0.276 0.530 0.719 0.120 5.774 0.494 1.082 0.120 0.276 0.781 0.120 3.181 2.280 1.500 0.156 0.120 4.717 0.240 0.516 2.734 1.140 0.926 0.312 1.224 1.104 3.787 2.106 5.385 0.432 2.088 1.514 0.120 0.882 0.120 0.120 3.497 2.593 0.120 0.120 3.021 0.120 0.120 5.123 0.192 Family VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LEEACEAE MALVACEAE MARATIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MORACEAE Species Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Clerodendrum sp. Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Litsea leytensis Merr. Litsea philippinensis Merr. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Persia gratissima Gaertn. Leea guineensis G. Don. Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Melastoma moluccanum Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) CornerElmer var. irisana Ficus irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) CornerBurm. f. Ficus septica MUSACEAE MYRTACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE POACEAE PODOCARPACEAE RUBIACEAE Ficus sp. 2 Musa textilis Nees Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Saccharum spontaneum L. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Coffea arabica L. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Common Name Buyakan Kamali Inikmo Sablot Batikuling Bakan Bakan Ihalas Bakan-mabolo Curran Kulilisiau Bohian Ceylon Bohian Avocado Mali-mali Malabuho Salaguisog Badling Salasik Salasik-laparan Digeg Bubua Sapanauak Agogoi Katong-matsing Kuling-babui Nangka Upling-gubat Lunug Malatibig Laningning Aplas Obdas Hauili Abaca Sagimsim Magolumboi Salakadan Lamutong linis Karutad Baugit Malaruhat bundok Malatampui Pandan layugan Nadong Talahib Igem Lubang-lubang Mapugahan Kape Kalamansanai Tiroron Count 11 3 2 54 14 16 155 3 14 3 4 10 3 1 31 267 20 13 15 3 5 3 3 1 1 6 2 42 2 27 1 11 7 16 6 25 5 33 3 7 1 49 28 2 20 2 3 4 2 2 116 1 26 Freq 3 2 1 26 6 9 68 2 7 2 4 4 2 1 16 75 12 10 9 2 2 2 3 1 1 5 2 24 2 11 1 7 2 12 2 7 3 21 3 1 1 31 16 1 15 1 1 4 2 1 37 1 17 IV 0.650 0.276 0.156 4.132 1.009 1.333 11.307 0.276 1.093 0.276 0.479 0.697 0.276 0.120 2.462 15.957 1.728 1.307 1.296 0.276 0.349 0.276 0.360 0.120 0.120 0.635 0.240 3.530 0.240 1.899 0.120 0.984 0.421 1.583 0.385 1.492 0.432 2.952 0.360 0.338 0.120 4.368 2.353 0.156 1.979 0.156 0.192 0.479 0.240 0.156 7.302 0.120 2.364 Family RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SOLANACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THEACEAE Species Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Ophiorrhiza biflora Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Streblosa sp. Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina turvum Solanum Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Gordonia luzonica Vidal THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE VERBENACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Christella dentata Indet. Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Lantana camara L. Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Etlingera sp. Zingiber sp. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Common Name Uisak Lungtian Kirimbibit Matang-araw Governor's plum Philippine maple Pasi Nato Negros Nato Malak-malak Uakatan Talong-talongan Anongo Sotsa Puyaka Batik Kalambug Fern Urticaceae Alagasi Dalunot Coronitas Tagbak Count 13 2 9 7 7 20 3 153 2 127 3 2 12 1 114 21 5 20 47 132 3 8 8 9 37 3 5 Freq 8 1 4 3 4 14 3 62 1 49 2 2 7 1 37 10 2 11 28 36 1 3 5 3 16 1 2 IV 1.140 0.156 0.661 0.505 0.588 1.896 0.360 10.733 0.156 8.703 0.276 0.240 1.020 0.120 7.229 1.598 0.349 1.645 4.045 7.799 0.192 0.541 0.708 0.577 2.680 0.192 0.349 Appendix 11. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understory species from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies. Family Species ACANTHACEAE Indet. BURSERACEAE COMMELINACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Common Name Freq 1 Pagsahingin 1 38 Commelina diffusa 4 Commelina sp. Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 1 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 1 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 1 CYPERACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 2 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 1 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 3 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 1 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 1 LAURACEAE MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 8 MELASTOMATACEAE MORACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 1 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 1 1 Ficus sp. MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 1 OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9 Grammatophyllum sp. Ground orchid 2 POACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 3 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 4 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 1 Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1 Coffea arabica L. Kape 2 1 Ophiorrhiza biflora SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 7 SCHIZAEACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1 7 Selaginella engleri Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 95 Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 31 STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo THEACEAE Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Dyer Batik 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE URTICACEAE Christella dentata Fern 19 Elatostema hastatum Elatostema sp. 1 Elatostema spinulosum Elatostema sublaxum ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber sp. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 1 22 8 2 25 1 Appendix 12. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies. Family Species ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE Allamanda sp. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Common Name Susong damulag Lusegut Madulunang Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai ASTERACEAE BLECHNACEAE CUCURBITACEAE 36 4 Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8 Scindapsus curranii 4 Scindapus sp. 1 Schefflera elleptica 2 Dischidia sp. 2 1 Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 13 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 16 Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 17 1 Blechnum sp. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1 Coccinea grandis Tamling 6 Indet. Cucurbitaceae 1 2 Tricosanthes sp. DAVALIACEAE 4 10 Amlong Hoya sp. ASPLENIACEAE 1 13 Philodendron sp. 2 Rhaphidophora inequilaterus ARALIACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE 6 9 Philodendron sp. 1 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Freq Davalia repens 8 Davalia sp. 3 DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4 DIOSCOREACEAE DRYOPTERIDACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 5 Diplazium magnificum Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Fern 1 Agpoi 1 Indet. Fabaceae 4 FABACEAE GESNERIACEAE Cyrthandra sp. LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei LOMARIOPSIDA LYCOPODIACEAE Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching MELASTOMATACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE 1 Dolis 3 Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 5 Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 2 Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 2 2 Medinilla sp. 1 5 Medinilla sp. 2 1 3 Archangelisia sp. Pericamphyllus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. Silong pugo 2 Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 2 Ficus balete Balete 2 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Freq Ficus sp. Balete 1 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4 MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 2 OLEANDRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 1 Appendicula sp. Orchid 1 Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 4 Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 1 Calanthe sp. Orchid 1 Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 1 Dendrobium sp. Orchid 6 Eria sp. Orchid 1 Indet. Orchid 8 Vanda sp. Orchid 1 PANDANACEAE PIPERACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 51 Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 33 19 Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 5 Piper sp. (microphylla) POACEAE POLYPODIACEAE PTERIDACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE 24 12 4 Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6 Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 19 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 12 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3 Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 3 Adiantum sp. 1 Fern 1 Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 1 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 1 SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 1 URTICACEAE VITACEAE Procris frutescens 3 Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 2 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 8 Tetrastigma sp. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 1 Appendix 13. Computed diversity indices of the 178 quadrats with their corresponding elevations and species number. Quadrat Q 01 Q 02 Q 03 Q 04 Q 05 Q 06 Q 07 Q 08 Q 09 Q 10 Q 100 Q 101 Q 102 Q 103 Q 104 Q 105 Q 106 Q 107 Q 108 Q 109 Q 11 Q 110 Q 111 Q 112 Q 113 Q 114 Q 115 Q 116 Q 117 Q 118 Q 119 Q 12 Q 120 Q 121 Q 122 Q 123 Q 124 Q 125 Q 126 Q 127 Q 128 Q 129 Q 13 Q 130 Q 131 Q 132 Q 133 Q 134 Elev 1005 1010 1015 1020 1020 1040 1060 1055 1060 1005 1060 1080 1040 1020 970 1010 1000 1035 1020 1030 1000 1035 1015 1020 1060 1090 1100 1110 1080 1080 1070 1030 1050 1030 1020 1030 1040 1050 1080 955 955 955 1010 975 970 970 965 965 H' 1.05 0.976 2.471 2.342 2.623 2.338 1.275 2.641 2.811 2.229 2.478 2.191 2.469 1.537 2.137 2.605 2.776 2.648 1.974 2.601 2.341 2.588 1.735 1.706 2.765 1.943 2.257 2.183 2.59 2.062 2.182 2.087 2.674 2.268 1.798 2.157 1.987 2.113 1.908 1.149 1.813 1.787 1.186 1.511 1.727 1.622 1.26 1.146 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 D 0.402 0.346 0.874 0.898 0.92 0.846 0.503 0.904 0.935 0.87 0.885 0.736 0.831 0.529 0.783 0.893 0.915 0.886 0.772 0.897 0.881 0.899 0.667 0.725 0.885 0.748 0.843 0.863 0.859 0.812 0.824 0.842 0.895 0.83 0.653 0.826 0.801 0.826 0.754 0.571 0.755 0.724 0.45 0.644 0.715 0.766 0.617 0.605 E 0.438 0.37 0.855 0.977 0.969 0.863 0.497 0.882 0.973 0.93 0.894 0.699 0.787 0.484 0.682 0.82 0.898 0.803 0.712 0.868 0.913 0.864 0.626 0.647 0.839 0.628 0.781 0.878 0.795 0.713 0.706 0.906 0.831 0.785 0.611 0.733 0.701 0.731 0.673 0.553 0.756 0.631 0.462 0.572 0.586 0.705 0.648 0.639 No. of Species 11 14 18 11 15 15 13 20 18 11 16 23 23 24 23 24 22 27 16 20 13 20 16 14 27 22 18 12 26 18 22 10 25 18 19 19 17 18 17 8 11 17 13 14 19 10 7 6 Quadrat Q 135 Q 136 Q 137 Q 138 Q 139 Q 14 Q 140 Q 141 Q 142 Q 143 Q 144 Q 145 Q 146 Q 147 Q 148 Q 149 Q 15 Q 150 Q 151 Q 152 Q 153 Q 154 Q 155 Q 156 Q 157 Q 158 Q 159 Q 16 Q 160 Q 161 Q 162 Q 163 Q 164 Q 165 Q 166 Q 167 Q 168 Q 169 Q 17 Q 170 Q 171 Q 172 Q 173 Q 174 Q 175 Q 176 Q 177 Q 178 Q 18 Q 19 Q 20 Elev 945 975 1005 1000 1030 980 1050 1100 1070 1045 1100 1100 1095 1080 1040 1015 970 1010 1050 1035 1000 1020 1020 1120 1130 1110 1085 1005 1140 1140 1155 1125 1100 1040 1040 1000 1040 1080 1005 1185 1165 1100 1130 1130 1080 1100 1070 1080 1020 1030 1045 H' 0.887 1.067 1.545 2.02 2.153 0.943 1.734 2.285 1.991 1.573 2.174 2.293 1.918 2.107 2.094 2.479 1.664 1.871 2.524 2.52 2.324 2.064 1.563 1.849 2.709 2.612 2.599 1.903 3.052 2.786 2.576 2.092 2.138 2.2 2.867 1.896 2.067 1.851 2.165 2.726 2.574 2.89 2.959 2.562 2.484 2.649 2.376 3.102 1.782 2.576 1.79 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 D 0.412 0.424 0.592 0.766 0.814 0.497 0.721 0.858 0.765 0.694 0.827 0.837 0.78 0.807 0.75 0.859 0.781 0.744 0.864 0.88 0.845 0.771 0.638 0.662 0.9 0.895 0.898 0.744 0.93 0.86 0.847 0.79 0.781 0.806 0.9 0.698 0.743 0.735 0.852 0.908 0.848 0.92 0.883 0.854 0.848 0.821 0.828 0.929 0.693 0.908 0.687 E 0.427 0.416 0.57 0.686 0.719 0.526 0.64 0.844 0.718 0.656 0.803 0.847 0.708 0.682 0.711 0.761 0.855 0.66 0.784 0.872 0.763 0.678 0.564 0.607 0.864 0.872 0.841 0.766 0.906 0.79 0.773 0.667 0.664 0.692 0.82 0.605 0.608 0.575 0.871 0.858 0.736 0.887 0.832 0.753 0.745 0.764 0.721 0.912 0.675 0.929 0.698 No. of Species 8 13 15 19 20 6 15 15 16 11 15 15 15 22 19 26 7 17 25 18 21 21 16 21 23 20 22 12 29 34 28 23 25 24 33 23 30 25 12 24 33 26 35 30 28 32 27 30 14 16 13 Quadrat Q 21 Q 22 Q 23 Q 24 Q 25 Q 26 Q 27 Q 28 Q 29 Q 30 Q 31 Q 32 Q 33 Q 34 Q 35 Q 36 Q 37 Q 38 Q 39 Q 40 Q 41 Q 42 Q 43 Q 44 Q 45 Q 46 Q 47 Q 48 Q 49 Q 50 Q 51 Q 52 Q 53 Q 54 Q 55 Q 56 Q 57 Q 58 Q 59 Q 60 Q 61 Q 62 Q 63 Q 64 Q 65 Q 66 Q 67 Q 68 Q 69 Q 70 Q 71 Elev 1055 1055 1070 1050 1030 1100 1065 1080 1085 1005 1110 1120 1115 1130 1000 1000 980 970 1015 1040 1060 1040 1070 1040 1065 1035 1080 1080 1050 1030 1050 1080 1010 1030 1035 1050 1060 1090 1075 1200 1180 1170 1150 1145 1130 1140 1110 1110 1090 1110 1110 H' 1.975 2.275 1.994 2.352 2.19 1.828 2.069 2.149 2.443 1.803 2.417 2.321 2.409 2.515 2.31 1.987 1.359 2.37 1.749 2.221 1.89 2.502 2.779 1.17 2.375 2.153 2.374 1.661 1.738 2.592 1.857 2.478 2.153 2.776 2.562 2.504 1.603 2.012 2.411 2.582 2.384 2.547 3.011 2.127 2.86 2.598 2.513 2.773 2.528 2.486 2.395 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 D 0.811 0.872 0.736 0.875 0.779 0.776 0.825 0.856 0.862 0.741 0.881 0.87 0.852 0.883 0.869 0.709 0.505 0.847 0.642 0.864 0.754 0.856 0.911 0.415 0.86 0.807 0.87 0.695 0.654 0.905 0.706 0.886 0.85 0.93 0.897 0.881 0.569 0.753 0.888 0.893 0.841 0.885 0.929 0.71 0.923 0.851 0.86 0.916 0.905 0.861 0.835 E 0.729 0.887 0.69 0.868 0.731 0.762 0.833 0.865 0.802 0.752 0.872 0.837 0.804 0.854 0.853 0.701 0.502 0.791 0.594 0.866 0.682 0.798 0.886 0.413 0.838 0.745 0.821 0.586 0.627 0.935 0.686 0.875 0.898 0.96 0.886 0.866 0.555 0.683 0.869 0.862 0.81 0.824 0.904 0.653 0.888 0.807 0.813 0.911 0.933 0.817 0.799 No. of Species 15 13 18 15 20 11 12 12 21 11 16 16 20 19 15 17 15 20 19 13 16 23 23 17 17 18 18 17 16 16 15 17 11 18 18 18 18 19 16 20 19 22 28 26 25 25 22 21 15 21 20 Quadrat Q 72 Q 73 Q 74 Q 75 Q 76 Q 77 Q 78 Q 79 Q 80 Q 81 Q 82 Q 83 Q 84 Q 85 Q 86 Q 87 Q 88 Q 89 Q 90 Q 91 Q 92 Q 93 Q 94 Q 95 Q 96 Q 97 Q 98 Q 99 Elev 1090 1070 1070 1045 1065 1060 1070 1070 1070 1080 1080 1060 995 1000 1040 1070 1090 1105 1090 1080 1065 1045 1030 1030 1050 1020 1050 1070 H' 1.675 2.264 2.484 1.199 1.505 1.685 2.462 2.175 2.211 2.997 2.117 1.856 2.3 2.115 2.381 2.332 2.505 2.558 2.265 1.619 1.185 2.244 2.111 1.486 1.778 1.549 1.201 2.112 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 D 0.621 0.833 0.856 0.437 0.649 0.592 0.859 0.851 0.828 0.942 0.774 0.723 0.8 0.784 0.806 0.832 0.865 0.892 0.813 0.535 0.404 0.786 0.799 0.507 0.622 0.538 0.429 0.793 E 0.591 0.783 0.816 0.443 0.57 0.562 0.796 0.875 0.797 0.956 0.732 0.61 0.768 0.732 0.782 0.792 0.823 0.885 0.744 0.503 0.389 0.706 0.745 0.474 0.594 0.517 0.424 0.705 No. of Species 17 18 21 15 14 20 22 12 16 23 18 21 20 18 21 19 21 18 21 25 21 24 17 23 20 20 17 20 Appendix 14. Taxonomic list of endemic species in Negros. Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE ANNONACEAE ANNONACEAE APOCYNACEAE APOCYNACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE ARECACEAE BEGONIACEAE BORAGINACEAE BORAGINACEAE BURSERACEAE ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM FERN FERN FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM CLETHRACEAE CLUSIACEAE CLUSIACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMBRETACEAE CUNONIACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYATHEACEAE DILLENIACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Saurauia oligantha Merr. Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Uvaria luzonensis Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Photoidium lobbianum Schott Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause Scindapsus curranii Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson Schefflera obovata Merr. Schefflera elleptica Calamus filispadix Becc. Calamus merrillii Becc. Calamus microcarpus Becc. Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Calamus vidalianus Becc. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Begonia negrosensis Elmer Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Ehretia resinosa Hance Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Garcinia ituman Merr. Garcinia macgregorii Merr Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Terminalia nitens Presl. Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family DRYOPTERIDACEAE EBENACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM FABACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE FAGACEAE JUGLANDACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LAURACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MELIACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MONIMIACEAE MORACEAE Species Diplazium magnificum (Copel.) Price. Diospyros cauliflora Blume Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Engelhardia serrata Blume Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Litsea leytensis Merr. Litsea philippinensis Merr. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea quercoides Elmer Litsea tomentosa Blume Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Magnolia candollei (Blume) Keng var. candollei Grewia inflexa Merr. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Astronia williamsii Merr. Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Matthaea philippinensis Perk. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MORACEAE MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRISTICACEAE ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM FERN ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE OLEACEAE ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIDACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE PTERIDACEAE PUTRANJIVACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE Species Ficus balete Merr. Ficus bataanensis Merr. Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Ficus puncticualata Thunb. Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Musa textilis Nees Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. Ardisia darlingii Merr. Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Ardisia squamulosa Presl Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Linociera racemosa Merr. Coelogyne chloroptera Spathoglottis elmeri Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Adiantum scabripes Copel. Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Canthium elmeri Merr. Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Tarenna acuminata Merr. Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Guioa discolor Radlk. Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Palaquium glabrum Merr. Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM Family SAPOTACEAE SAPOTACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE THEACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE URTICACEAE ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE URTICACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Species Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Adinandra leytensis Merr. Gordonia luzonica Vidal Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Zingiber negrosense Elm. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 15. List of plant species and their corresponding uses. Family ACTINIDIACEAE ANACARDIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARAUCARIACEAE ARECACEAE ASPLENIACEAE BEGONIACEAE BIGNONIACEAE BLECHNACEAE BROMELIACEAE BURSERACEAE CANNABACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE COSTACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE DIPTEROCARPACEAE EBENACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Species Saurauia avellana Elm. Saurauia latibractea Choicy Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Saurauia oligantha Merr. Buchanania nitida Engl. Mangifera caesia Jack Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Rhaphidophora inequilaterus Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Rhaphidophora rigida Scindapsus curranii Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Agathis philippinensis Warb. Calamus filispadix Becc. Calamus merrillii Becc. Calamus microcarpus Becc. Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Calamus vidalianus Becc. Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Asplenium nidus L. Begonia negrosensis Radermachera acuminata Merr. Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Ananas comosus Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Garcinia ituman Merr. Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. Ex Flem. Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Terminalia nitens Presl. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Diospyros cauliflora Blume Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Used construction construction construction construction construction food, construction construction medicinal, construction medicinal fiber medicinal, fiber fiber fiber fiber fiber construction premium wood, resin food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture food, furniture ornamental ornamental ornamental construction fiber food construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food, medicine construction construction construction ornamental food, medicine premium wood premium wood construction birds' food birds' food birds' food Family Species Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. FABACEAE FAGACEAE VERBENACEAE LAURACEAE LECYTHIDACEAE MALVACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MENISPERMACEAE MORACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Manihot utilissima Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Gmelina arborea Roxb. Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Litsea leytensis Merr. Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Litsea philippinensis Merr. Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Litsea quercoides Elmer Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Persia gratissima Gaertn. Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Astronia cumingiana Vidal Astronia ferruginea Elm. Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Astronia williamsii Merr. Medenilla aurantifolia Elmer Medinilla cumingii Naud Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Chisocheton patens Blume Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Ficus balete Merr. Ficus bataanensis Merr. Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Used construction construction medicinal construction construction construction food construction construction construction construction furniture, construction food, medicine construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food premium wood construction construction construction construction construction construction construction ornamental ornamental construction construction construction construction construction construction construction construction medicine food, furniture construction birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food Family MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE MYRTACEAE OLEACEAE ORCHIDACEAE PANDANACEAE PHYLLANTHACEAE PIPERACEAE POACEAE PODOCARPACEAE POLYPODIACEAE Species Ficus heteropoda Miq. Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Ficus puncticualata Thunb. Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Ficus septica Burm. f. Ficus subulata Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Musa textilis Nees Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Linociera racemosa Merr. Coelogyne chloroptera Spathoglottis elmeri Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Antidesma montanum Blume Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Antidesma tomentosum Blume Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot.tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Blumeodendron Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Glochidion lutescens Blume Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Piper eupodum Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve Piper umbellatum L. Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Drynaria digitata Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Used birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food construction fiber construction medicine construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction, bird's food construction construction ornamental ornamental fiber birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food birds' food fiber fiber fiber fiber medicine medicine furniture, construction premium wood premium wood premium wood premium wood medicine medicine Family PUTRANJIVACEAE RHIZOPHORACEAE ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE SALICACEAE SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SCHIZAEACEAE SIMAROUBACEAE SOLANACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE THYMELIACEAE VITACEAE ZINGIBERACEAE Species Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Rubus fraxinifolius Coffea arabica L. Morinda bracteata Roxb. Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Acer laurinum Hassk. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Guioa discolor Radlk. Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Palaquium glabrum Merr. Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Solanum turvum Bischofia javanica Blume Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. philippinensis (Brand) Noot Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Zingiber negrosense Elm. Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Used birds' food construction construction food, bird's food food medicine ornamental construction construction construction construction construction construction construction food construction construction construction construction construction construction medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine medicine fiber fiber construction food, medicine construction construction construction construction fiber birds' food birds' food medicine medicine medicine Appendix 16. List of bird species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. Species 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-Dove Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-Dove Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Chalcopaps indica Common Emerald-Dove Tanygnathus sumatranus Blue-backed Parrot Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Cuculus fugax Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-Owl Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Wood-Kingfisher Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Dendrocopus maculates Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike* Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao Oriolus steeri Philippine Oriole Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Parus elegans Elegant Tit Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Rhabdornis mystacalis Striped-headed Rhabdornis Rhabdornis inornatus Striped-breasted Rhabdornis Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler* Brachypteryx Montana White-browed Shortwing Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus cebuensis Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Species 54. Orthothomus castaneiceps Philippine Tailorbird 55. Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola 56. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Flycatcher* 57. Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer Flycatcher 58. Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher 59. Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-Flycatcher 60. Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail 61. Terpsiphone cinnamomea Rufous Paradise-Flycatcher 62. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch 63. Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler 64. Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling 65. Sarcops calvus Coleto 66. Aethopyga flagrans Flaming Sunbird 67. Aethopyga shelleyi Flaming Sunbird 68. Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird 69. Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker 70. Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker 71. Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker 72. Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker 73. Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker 74. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker 75. Zosterops nigrogum Yellowish White-eye 76. Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye 77. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 78. Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia 79. Lonchura Malacca Chestnut Munia TOTAL - Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 63 X X X X X X X X X X X 57 Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*) Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 52 X X 61 Appendix 17. List of mammal species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. Sites Species Family Soricidae 1. Suncus murinus Asian house shrew^ Family Pteropodidae 2. Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed fruit bat 3. Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat 4. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat 5. Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat 6. Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat* 7. Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat Family Megadermatidae 8. Megaderma spasma Common Asian ghost bat Family Rhinolophidae 9. Hipposideros obscurus Philippine forest roundleaf bat 10. Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate horseshoe bat 11. Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced horseshoe bat Family Vespertilionidae 12. Kerivoula hardwicki Common wooly bat 13. Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle Family Cercopithecidae 14. Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Family Muridae 15. Rattus exulans Polynesian rat^ 16. Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat^ Family Felidae 17. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat Family Viverridae 18. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 19. Viverra tagalunga Malay civet Family Suidae 20. Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig* TOTAL - Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest , lowland dipterocar p forest) Site 2 (lowland dipterocarp foresttransition lower montane forest Site 3 (transition lower montane forest) Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest) X - - - X X X X X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X - - - X X - - X X X - X X X X X P P P P X X X X X X X X P P - P P P P P P P P P P 17 P 13 P 14 P 15 Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*); non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^ Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 18. List of amphibians and reptiles found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone. Species AMPHIBIANS Family Bufonidae 1. Bufo marinus Marine Toad^ Family Ranidae 2. Limnonectes visayanus Visayan Fanged Frog* 3. Occidozyga laevis Small-headed Frog 4.Platymantis sp. 1 Forest frog 1 5.Platymantis sp. 2 Forest frog 2 6.Platymantis sp. 3 Forest frog 3 7.Platymantis sp. 4 Forest frog 4 8. Platymantis corrugatus Rough-backed forest frog 9. Rana everetti Everett’s Frog Family Rhacophoridae 10. Philautus surdus Common Forest Tree Frog 11. Polypedates leucomystax Common Tree Frog REPTILES Family Agamidae 12. Draco spilopterus Common Flying Lizard 13. Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes 14. Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfun Lizard Family Gekkonidae 15. Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko* 16. Lepidodactylus christiani Negros Broad-tailed Smoothscaled Gecko* Family Scincidae 17. Mabuya multicarinata Two-striped Mabouya 18. Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya 19. Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor’s Sphenomorphus* Family Varanidae 20. Varanus salvator Malay Monitor Lizard Family Pythonidae 21. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python Family Colubridae 22. Ahaetulla prassina Elongate-headed Tree Snake 23.Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake Family Viperidae 24. Trimeresurus sp. Pit Viper TOTAL - Site 1 (grassland parang, agroforest , lowland dipterocar p forest) Sites Site 2 Site 3 (lowland (transition dipterocarp lower forestmontane transition forest) lower montane forest X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - X - X X X X X X - X - X X X - - X X - X X X X X X X X X X - X X X - X X X - - X X X 22 X 15 X 13 X 22 Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*); non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^ Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Site 4 (grassland parang, agroforest, lowland dipterocarp forest)