Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan

National Nematological Research Centre

During the survey of fresh water nematodes in Sindh Pakistan, four known nematodes species viz., Basirotyleptus (Basirotyleptus) basiri (Jairajpuri, 1964) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992; Propanagrolaimus hygrophilus (Bassen, 1940) Andrássy, 2005; Prismatolaimus intermedius (Bütschli, 1873) de Man, 1880 and Achromadora ruricola (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1925, belonging to four families have been encountered. These species are reported for the first time from Pakistan. Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 and Propanagrolaimus Andrássy, 2005 are new recorded genera from Pakistan.

Fifteen chilli growing areas of Sindh (University of Karachi, Malir I, Malir II, Asoo Goth, Memon Goth I, Haji Ghafoor Goth, Memon Goth II, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, New Karachi, National Nematological Research Centre (NNRC, Univ. Karachi), Gadap, Ghotki, Khairpur, Larkana and Sukkur) were studied for soil and plant nematodes. Fifty two species (33 genera) of nematodes, including three new species (Helicotylenchus Siddiqii n. sp., Paratylenchus (P) karachiensis n.sp. and Bitylenchus. capsicumi n. sp.), were encountered during this survey. As evident from the literature survey, some 34 species were migratory ectoparasite. There were four endoparasite species. Bacteria / fungi feeders were five. There was one predatory carnivorous species (Mylonchulus sp.). There were three saprophytic species. Several of the ectoparasitic species were endoparasitic at their later stages of life. All Helicotylenchus spp. were obligatory parasites, Hemicriconemoides and Hoplolaimus species were obligatory root parasites. Ten species viz. Aporcelaimellus paracentrocercus, Acrobeloides sp., Cephalobus sp., Dorylaimus sp., Discolaimus sp., Ecuminicus monohystera, Geomonhystera sp. Moshajia sp. Mylonchulus sp. and Rhabditis sp. appeared to be free living bacteria. Rhabditis sp. was also entomopathogenic and Tylenchulus semipenetrans, a semi-endo-parasitic species. Frequency and density (abundance) of nematode species was highly variable from field to field and within a field. A substantial number of species (15 in number; c 29 % of the total species) occurred in one sample site each. Cephalobus sp. and Dorylaimus sp. occurred in 11 and 10 sites, respectively. By count, 48 species had less than 50% frequency in the sample sites. The mean density of a nematode species amounted to 15.93 ± 1.794 individuals varying by 81.74%. The nematode assemblage size of a site averaged to 200.67 ± 29.67 individuals per site. The population size varied greatly among the sites by 57.25%. The largest assemblage size build up was observed in Ghotki (415 individuals per 100g soil) followed by Sukkur (346). The population size was the lowest at Memon Goth (II). In other sites it ranged from 123 to 263 individuals per site. The number of nematode species recorded from various sites varied from 5 (Haji Ghaffor Goth of Malir) to 20 in another Malir field. The number of species per site averaged to 11.67 ± 1.18 varying substantially (CV= 39.22%). Different species were differentially successful. In 15 sites studied, on the basis of density, nine species of nematodes attained the rank of leading dominant, 12 species were second dominant and 11 species attained the status of the third dominant. Longidorus elongatus, was first dominant in two sites (University of Karachi and Ghotki), Acrobeles sp., a free living nematode was leading dominant in Malir, Memon Goth I and Gadap. And Cephalobus sp, another free-living nematode, was leading dominant in Haji Ghafoor Goth, Memon Goth II and Larkana chilli fields. Helicotylenchus siddiqii predominated in Malir, Tylenchorhynchus annulatus dominated in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Rotylenchus reniformis in New Karachi and Xiphinema basiri and Acrobeloides sp. predominated in Asoo Goth (Malir) and Khairpur, respectively. Meloidogyne javanica was the leading dominant of chilli plants of NNRC (Karachi) and Sukkur. The structure and organization of the assemblages of different sites was simple as species diversity of the sites was low and the dominance concentration was high. On the basis of information theory function (H’), species diversity was comparatively higher in Sukkur, Ghotki, Gadap, Memon Goth and Malir I. Equitability was lower in Khairpur and maximum in Sukkur. The relative abundance pattern of the species in sample sites was geometric as was evident by the linear plots of densities on log scale. In present studies, Species richness appeared to control diversity relatively more than the equitability. The cluster analysis of the data indicated five discrete groups of the sites, on the basis of compositional similarity: Group A.: an agglomeration product of nine sites and comprised of four sites dominated by free-living Acrobeles sp., Cephalobus sp. with subordinates such as free-living Dorylaimus sp. or parasitic subordinates such as Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Filenchus butteus in varying proportions. The other five sites were dominated by Longidorus elongatus in association of subordinate free-living Aphelenchoides sp., Helicotylenchus siddiqii, Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, T. brassicae, Rotylenchus reniformis or Filenchus filiformis. Group B: comprised of sites from NNRC (Karachi) and Sukkur. The dominant nematode species was Meloidogyne javanica in the two sites sub-ordinated by Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus and a free-living species, Ecuminicus monohystera. Group C: comprised of two sites – Asoo Goth and Gadap dominated by Xiphinema basiri sub-ordinated by Meloidogyne incognita, Longidorus elongatus, Rotylenchulus reniformis and a free-living nematode, Acrobeloides sp. Group D: This was solely represented by the Khairpur site predominated by Acrobeloides sp, a free living species . Tylenchorhynchus tuberosus and Tylenchulus semipenetrans were the second and the third dominant species. Group E: represented by Ghotki site was predominated by three parasitic species – Longidorus elongatus, Aphelenchus avenae and Tylenchulus semipenetrans.

In Pakistan very little work has been carried out on the free-living marine nematodes of Arabian Sea. During recent marine nematode studies one new genus 13 new and 40 known species were collected and have been reported and described. A list of nematodes with their distribution and classification along the coastline of Pakistan is given. Key-words: Free living marine nematodes, nematode distribution, classification, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Nematology (2019)37(2): 171-243 ISSN 0255-7576 (Print) ISSN 2313-1942 (Online) www.pjn.com.pk http://dx.doi.org/10.18681/pjn.v37.i02.p171-243 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan F. Shahina†, K. Nasira, K. Firoza and Y. I. Erum National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan † Corresponding author: shahinafayyaz@gmail.com Abstract This research publication provides a comprehensive indexed resource of plant parasitic, soil, marine and entomopathogenic nematode species described and reported during last sixty nine years (1952-2019) from Pakistan. The information compiled in this paper came gradually from many and diverse sources. It is the product of the efforts of several authors who contributed to gather knowledge on the biological diversity through systematics and faunistic studies. Information published in different scientific journals, newsletters, reports, book chapters, books booklets and proceedings have been considered. Those records contained in abstracts of conferences/ congresses, doctoral theses were not included. A total of 749 species belonging to 261 genera of 81 subfamiles, 85 families of 24 Superfamiles, 19 suborders of 12 orders have been described and reported so far from Pakistan in which 232 species are new to science. The paper includes i) new nematode species described from Pakistan in chronological order; ii) species of plant parasitic nematodes; iii) species of free-living soil nematodes; iv) species of marine nematodes; v) species of entomopathogenic nematodes all in alphabetical order and vi) taxonomic position of the all nematode species of Pakistan. Keywords: Nematode fauna, systematics, new and known species, Pakistan. Nematology is one of the most dynamic and exciting discipline in the agricultural science. The development of nematology is largely attributed to the discovery of the importance of nematodes in agricultural ecosystems and their impact on society. The economic stability of the country depends upon the performance of the agriculture sectors, it is therefore extremely important that the agriculture sector perform its role of sustenance of national economy. In an agriculture country like Pakistan, the plant parasitic nematode besides other pest and disease causing organisms, have been recognized as one of the greatest threat to crop production. Nematodes are one of the most abundant, highly diversified and ecologically significant groups with wide host range and wide geographical distribution. They may be free-living in marine and fresh water, soil inhabiting and as parasites on all kinds of plants. Inspite of these, the subject of nematology remained neglected and given very little importance by the academic institutions and agriculturists of the country. The present work, in line with the previous nematode faunal publication (Maqbool & Shahina, 2001), bringing up-to-date information on species of all nematode groups recorded in the country, using the available literature; internet and other diverse sources. According to the latest information available the 232 new nematode species were recorded in Pakistan so far. The paper provides comprehensive lists of 749 species of all nematode groups belonging to 261 genera, 85 families and 12 orders (Fig. 1), reported during the last six decades since the first contribution of Sattar & Hafiz (1952) who reported Anguina tritici from D.G. Khan, Muzaffargarh and Jhang areas of Pakistan. The taxonomic positions of species also incorporated regarding the nematode fauna of Pakistan. Published by Pakistan Society of Nematologists Received:15 Apr, 2019 Accepted:16 Jun, 2019 171 F. Shahina et al. Materials and Methods Classification of plant parasitic, soil, marine and entomopathogenic nematodes was based on the systematics provided by various groups experts. Siddiqi (2000) book was followed for the higher categories and synonymy for the order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949, but some other nomenclatorial changes have been introduced; in general, Aphelenchida Siddiqi, 1980 systematics was followed, given by Hunt (1993). Jairajpuri & Ahmad (1992), classification for the order Dorylaimida Pearse, 1942 was followed. In general, the nomenclature provided by Ahmed & Jairajpuri, (2010) for the taxa of Mononchida Jairajpuri, 1969, has been accepted for higher categories and synomyms in present details. Andrassy’s (2005; 2007) classification is followed in the higher categories for the taxa belonging to the order Rabditida Chitwood, 1933; Diplogastrida Maggenti, 1981; Triplonchida Cobb, 1920; Chromadorida Filipjev, 1929; Enoplida Filipjev, 1929; Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929 whereas Lorenzen (1981), Platt & Warwick (1983, 1988) and Somerfield et al., 1998 contributions for the systematics of Enoplida, Filipjev, 1929; Chromadorida Filipjev, 1929; Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929; Araeolaimida De Coninck & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1933, Plectida Malakhov, 1982 was also considered but recent nomenclatorial changes were also introduced. In systematics and characterization of number of species and genera, Eyualem-Abebe et al., (2006) was also taken under consideration. Fig.1. Graphical presentation of reported nematode fauna of Pakistan. 172 Nematoda Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan 173 F. Shahina et al. NEW NEMATODE SPECIES DESCRIBED FROM PAKISTAN Laptosomatum ranjhai Aphelenchus sacchari Cephalobus litoralis Cinctonema papillata Megadesmolaimus contortus Metalinhomoeus karachiensis Spirinia (perspiria) striaticaudata Terschellingia lissa Terschellingia longissimicaudata Terschellingia magna Trichodorus pakistanensis Paramonhystera (Paramonhystera) longicaudata Paraphanolaimus granuliferus Steineria simplex Cobbia macrostoma Ionema cobbi Leptolaimus luridus Monhystera karachiensis Tylenchorhynchus trilineatus Discolaimium pakistanicum Boleodorus pakistanensis Dorylaimoides pakistanensis Axonchium oostenbrinki Helicotylenchus lucernis Criconemoides kamaliei Mylonchulus rosensis Timminema pakistanicum Aporcelaimellus goldeni Quinisulcius solani Paurodontella sohailai Nothotylenchus goldeni Boleodorus zaini Hemicriconemoides ghaffari Axodorylaimellus aghai Elongidorylaimellus lauceolatus Jamilius adenophorus Jamilius jamali Sindellus sindi Coslenchus tuberosus Merlinius niazae Aglenchus mardanensis Basiroides sindhicus Basiroides citri Cephalenchus sacchari Atetylenchus amiri 174 Timm, 1960 (Akhter, 1962) Goodey & Hooper, 1965 (Akhter, 1962) Andrassy, 1984 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Timm, 1962 Siddiqi, 1962 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Timm, 1963 Siddiqi, 1963 Siddiqi, 1963 Khan & Ahmad, 1970 Khan & Ahmad, 1970 Khan, 1971 Khan, 1975 Khan, 1977 Khan & Fatima, 1980 Maqbool, 1982 Maqbool, 1982 Maqbool, 1982 Maqbool, 1982 Maqbool, 1982 Siddiqi, 1983 Siddiqi, 1983 Siddiqi, 1983 Siddiqi, 1983 Siddiqi, 1983 (Maqbool, 1983) Siddiqi, 1986 Maqbool, Fatima & Hashmi, 1983 Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1984 Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 (Maqbool & Shahina, 1984) Geraert & Raski, 1987 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Rotylenchus karachiensis Scutylenchus quettensis Dolichorhynchus tuberosus Malenchus labiatus Malenchus pyri Karachinema elongatum Ottolenchus azadkashmirensis Ottolenchus longicauda Pararotylenchus microstylus Scutylenchus baluchiensis Rotylenchus fragaricus Rotylenchus pakistanensis Rotylenchus alii Helicotylenchus obliquus Heterodera pakistanensis Boleodorus arachis Cephalenchus longicaudatus Aulosphora karachiensis Hemicycliophora veechi Mesodorylaimus mehraniensis Anatonchus valitangiensis Pakmylonchulus amurus Tylenchorhynchus quaidi Tylenchorhynchus tritici Nagelus saifulmulukensis Merlinius montanus Tylenchus skarduensis Tylenchus bhitai Tylenchus naranensis Heterodera bergeniae Neothada major Pratylenchoides maqsoodi Heterodera cynodontis Eudorylaimus andersoni Aporcelaimellus sacchari Hoplolaimus tabacum Amplimerlinius parbati Neopsilenchus (Acusilenchus) bilineatus Neopsilenchus (Neopsilenchus) curvistylus Neopsilenchus (Neopsilenchus) minor Neopsilenchus (Neopsilenchus) peshawarensis Boleodorus azadkashmirensis Willsonenma promissum Ogma sadabhari Ogma multiannulata Ogma qamari Rotylenchus capsicumi (Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 Khan & Saeed, 1986 Khan & Saeed, 1987 Khan & Saeed, 1987 Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 Maqbool, Zarina & Ghazala, 1987 Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Shahina & Maqbool, 1989 Khan, 1989 Khan, 1989 Firoza, Nasira & Maqbool, 1990 Zarina & Maqbool, 1990 Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Maqbool, Shahina & Firoza, 1990 Khan, Seema & Khan, 1990 Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 175 F. Shahina et al. Tylenchorhynchus swatiensis Helicotylenchus verecundus Tylenchorhynchus rosei Tylenchus pakistanensis Trichromadorita arinus Xiphinema karachiense Quinisulcius quaidi Deladenus pakistanensis Merlinius pistaciei Merlinius pyri Acrobeloides saeedi Aglenchus siddiqii Rhabditis karachiensis Criconemoides (Criconemoides) afghanicus Pakcriconemoides anastomoides Macroposthonia curvata alpina Gracilacus musae Helicotylenchus microtylus Helicotylenchus discocephalus Rotylenchus goldeni Paralongidorus lemoni Basiria bajorensis Dentolaimoides papillifer Paroriverutus timmi Tylenchorhynchus tuberosus Filenchus sindhicus Paratrichodorus psidii Paratrichodorus faisalabadensis Xiphinema cynodontis Helicotylenchus meloni Helicotylenchus striatus Scutylenchus fici Longidorus trapezoides Merlinius indicus Merlinius bilqeesae Tylenchorhynchus gossypii Helicotylenchus lemoni Radopholus allius Radopholus brassicae Aulolaimus rashidae Discolaimus lahorensis Xiphinema pakistanensis Pratylenchus portulacus Pratylenchus roseus Dolichorhynchus motiaii Solididens swatiensis Enoplolaimus karachiensis 176 Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 Farooq, Fatima & Khan, 1991 Khan, 1991 Nasira, Firoza & Maqbool, 1992 Zarina & Maqbool, 1992 Shahina & Maqbool, 1992 Fatima & Farooq, 1992 Fatima & Farooq, 1992 Siddiqi, Ley & Khan, 1992 Khan, Khan & Bilqees, 1992 Khan, Seema, Khan, Qamar & Anwarullah, 1992 Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 Nasira, Shahina, Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 Khan & Bilqees, 1993 Khan, 1994 Khan, 1994 Zarina & Maqbool, 1994 Shahina & Maqbool, 1994 Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 Farooq & Fatima, 1994 Nasira & Maqbool, 1995 Zarina & Maqbool, 1995 Khan & Khan, 1995 Nasira & Maqbool, 1996 Firoza & Maqbool, 1996 Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 Shahina, Hunt & Siddiqi, 1996 Khan, 1998 Nasira & Maqbool, 1998 Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1999 Maqbool, Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 1999 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Microlaimus sonmianensis Arabanema pakistanensis Desmodora (Pseudochromadora) cliftensis Halichoanolaimus balochiensis Odontophora hawskbiensis Ptycholaimellus sindhicus Steinernema pakistanense Plectus karachiensis Drilocephalobus alykhani Steinernema asiaticum Halalaimus gidanensis Trissonchulus lichenii Oscheius maqbooli Cephalobus sacchari Gonionchus arabica Ditylenchus bilqueese Psilenchus khuzarensis Tylenchorhynchus handooi Bitylenchus maximus pakistanensis Tylenchorhynchus fatimae Geomonhystera dubia Geomonhystera karuni Diodontolaimus karachiensis Longidorella subannulatum Poronemella divulgata Moshajia teres Distolabrellus pakistanensis Nygolaimus gigantus Nygolaimus neominimus Discolaimium capitulum Tylencholaimus cynodonti Laimydorus wirisi Thalassironus qatarense Moshajia qasmi Marylynnia musharafii Paracanthonchus sandspitensis Tylenchorhynchus qasimii Subanguina balochia Discolaimus pakistanense Oscheius andrassi Atetylenchus metaporus Helicotylenchus handooi Microlaimus amphidius Microlaimus karachiensis Synonchium oblongus Synonchium marina Synonchium pakistanense Nasira, Maqbool, Turpeenniemi & Zarina, 2000 Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Shahina, Anis, Reid, Rowe & Maqbool, 2001 Shahina, Tabassum & Maqbool, 2001 Siddiqi, 2001 Anis, Shahina, Reid & Rowe, 2002 Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 Tabassum & Shahina, 2002 Shahina & Tabassum, 2002 Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2003 Khan, Batool & Khatoon, 2004 Khan, Batool & Khatoon, 2004 Khan, 2004 Zarina, Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 Khan, Saeed & Akhter, 2004 Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 Nasira, Shahina & Kamran, 2005 Tabassum, Shahina & Sidiiqi, 2005 Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Tabassum, Shahina, Firoza & Siddiqi, 2005 Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 Shahina, Mussarat & Siddiqi, 2005 Nasira, Erum & Shahina, 2005 Shahina, Tabassum & Nasira, 2006 Nasira, Kamran, Shahina & Kazmi, 2006 Zarina & Shahina, 2007 Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 Mussarat, Handoo & Shahina, 2008 Erum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2008 Nasria, Shahina & Erum, 2008 Tabassum & Shahina, 2008 Erum & Shahina, 2008 Khan, Ghazi & Soomro, 2008 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 177 F. Shahina et al. Paurodontella balochistanica r Paurodontella myceliophaga Longidorella (Saevadorella) tharensis Halaphanolaimus marinus Oscheius siddiqi Oscheius niazii Neodolichorhynchus (Mulkorhynchus) indicus Onyx balochiensis Deladenus cocophilus Steinernema maqboolii Heliplectus gracilis Heliplectus minor Heliplectus monodelphis Heliplectus pakistanensis Heliplectus paradorsalis Heliplectus robustus Bathyeurystomina minima Belbolla longispiculata Steinernema bifurcatum Bitylenchus capsicumi Metoncholaimus siddiqii Meloidogyne pakistanica Steinernema balochiense Helicotylenchus siddiqii Paratylenchus (Paratylenchus) karachiensis Oscheius citri Oscheius sacchari Oscheius cobbi Oscheius cynodonti Oscheius esculentus Oscheius punctate Heterorhabditis pakistanense p Aphelenchiodes turnip Merlinius nagerensis Filenchus maqbooli Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali Oncholaimus paraoxyuris Theristus cylindricus Theristus (Penzancia) karachiense Metoncholaimus medispiculatum Aulolaimus mubarakvilli Oscheius karachiensis Acrobeloides gossypii Amphibelondira sindhicus Paratylenchus manilkarii Paratylenchus sindhicus 178 Handoo, Iqbal, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 Handoo, Iqbal, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2010 Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 Erum, Mussarat & Shahina, 2011 Nasira, Rehmat & Shahina, 2011 Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2013 Shahina, Tabassum, Mehreen & Salma, 2013 Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Shahina, Siddiqi &Nasira, 2014 Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Shahina,Yan, Qui, Han, Mehreen, Tabassum & Salma, 2014 Akhter & Zarina, 2014 Shahina, Nasira & Shamim, 2015 Shahina, Nasira, Salma, Mehreen & Bhatti, 2015 Shahina, Tabassum,Shaukat, Solangi, Mehreen & Salma, 2015 Zarina & Akhter, 2016 Zarina & Akhter, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 Shahina, Tabassum, Salma, Mehreen & Knoetze, 2016 Israr, Shahina, Nasira, 2017 Sagir & Erum, 2017 Aatika, Nasira & Shahina, 2017 Nasira, Israr & Shahnia, 2017 Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Salma, Saima, Nasira & Shahina, 2018 Nasir & Tabassum, 2018 Ashfaque, Shahina & Nasira, 2019 Ashfaque, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan SPECIES OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES Aglenchus agricola (de Man, 1884) Meyl, 1961 A. mardanensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1984 A. siddiqi Khan, Khan & Bilquees, 1992 Amplimerlinius parbati Zarina & Maqbool, 1990 Anguina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 Aphelenchoides aligarhiensis Siddiqi, Hussain & Khan, 1967 A. asterocaudatus Das, 1960 A. besseyi Christie, 1942 A. bicaudatus (Imamura, 1931) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 A. blastophthorus Franklin, 1952 A. caprifici (Gasparrini, 1864) Filipjev, 1934 A. dactylocercus Hooper, 1958 A. goodeyi Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967 A. helicosoma Maslen, 1979 A. involutus Minegawa, 1992 A. parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932 A. richardsoni Grewal, Siddiqi & Atkey, 1992 A. ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner, 1932 A. rutgersi Hooper & Myers, 1971 A. sacchari Hooper, 1958 A. siddiqii Forturner, 1970 A. turnipi Israr, Shahina & Nasira, 2017 A. unisexus Jain and Singh, 1984 A. winchesi Paesler, 1957 Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865 A. eremitus Thorne, 1961 A. isomerus Anderson & Hooper, 1980 A. sacchari (Akhtar, 1962) Goodey & Hooper, 1965 Atetylenchus amiri (Maqbool & Shahina 1984) Geraert & Raski, 1987 A. metoporus Erum & Shahina, 2008 Aulosphora karachiensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 A. penetrans (Thorne, 1955) Siddiqi, 1980 Basiria bajorensis Khan & Bilquees, 1993 B. graminophila Siddiqi, 1959 B. incita Szczygiel, 1970 B. ritteri (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969) Bernard, 1980 Basirioides citri Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 B. sindicus Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Belonolaimus gracilis Steiner, 1949 B. longicaudatus Rau, 1958 Bitylenchus brevilineatus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1986 B. canalis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 B. capsicumi Akhter & Zarina, 2014 B. clavicaudatus (Seinhorst, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 B. goffarti (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 B. maximus maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 179 F. Shahina et al. B. maximus pakistanensis Zarina, Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 B. parvus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 B. vulgaris (Upadhahy, Swarup & Sethi, 1972) Siddiqi, 1986 Boleodorus acutus Thorne & Malek, 1968 B. arachis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 B. azadkashmirensis Maqbool, Shahina & Firoza, 1990 B. neosimilis Geraert, 1971 B. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1963 B. rafiqi Hussain & Khan, 1965 B. thylactus Thorne, 1941 B. volutus Lima & Siddiqi, 1963 B. zaini Maqbool, 1982 Cephalenchus longicaudatus Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 C. sacchari Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Coslenchus areolatus (Egunjobi, 1967) Siddiqi, 1978 C. costatus (de Man, 1921) Siddiqi, 1978 C. tuberosus (Maqbool, 1983) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconema (Nothocriconemella) mutabile (Taylor, 1936) Raski & Luc, 1985 Criconemoides (Criconemoides) afghanicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 C. (C.) bakeri Wu, 1965 C. (C.) brevistylus Singh & Khera, 1976 C. (C.) curvatus Raski, 1952 C. (C.) kamaliei Khan, 1971 C. (C.) onoensis Luc, 1959 C. (C.) parvulus Siddiqi, 1961 C. (C.) pruni (Siddiqi, 1961) Raski & Golden, 1966 C. (C.) sphaerocephalus Taylor, 1936 C. (C.) xenoplax Raski, 1952 Deladenus cocophilus Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2013 D. imperialis Bedding, 1974 D. pakistanensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1992 Ditylenchus anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 D. angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936 D. bilqueese Khan, Batool & Khan, 2004 D. clarus Thorne & Malek, 1968 D. destructor Thorne, 1945 D. dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 D. emus Khan, Chawla & Prasad, 1969 D. geraerti (Paramonov, 1970) Bello & Geraert, 1972 D. kheirii Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987 D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965 D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 Dolichorhynchus motiaii Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 D. phaseoli (Sethi & Swarup, 1968) Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1974 D. tuberosus Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 Duotylenchus bilineatus Saha & Khan, 1982 Eutylenchus spp. Filenchus afghanicus (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 180 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan F. cylindricus (Thorne & Malik, 1968) Niblack & Bernard, 1985 F. ditissimus (Brzeski, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 F. filiformis (Butschli, 1873) Meyl, 1961 F. maqbooli Aatika, Nasira & Shahina, 2017 F. microdorus Chawla, Prasad, Khan & Nand, 1969 F. parvissimus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 F. sheri (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 F. sindhicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1994 F. vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 Fergusobia indica (Jairajpuri, 1962) Siddiqi, 1986 Globodera pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975 G. rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 G. tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 Gracilacus musae Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Helicotylenchus abuharazi Zeidan & Geraert, 1990 H. abunaamai Siddiqi, 1972 H. arachisi Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 H. californicus Sher, 1966 H. canadensis Waseem, 1961 H. cavenessi Sher, 1966 H. certus Eroshenko & Nguen Vu Thanh, 1981 H. conicephalus Siddiqi, 1972 H. crenacauda Sher, 1966 H. digonicus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 H. dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 H. discocephalus Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 H. egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964 H. erythrinae (Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956 H. exallus Sher, 1966 H. falcatus Eroshenko & Nguen Vu Thanh, 1981 H. goodi Tikyani, Khera & Bhatnagar, 1969 H. gulabi Jain, Siddiqui & Aruna Parihar, 2002 H. handooi Khan, Ghazi & Soomro, 2008 H. indicus Siddiqi, 1963 H. jasminii Jain, Siddiqi & Aruna Parihar, 2000 H. lemoni Firoza & Maqbool, 1996 H. lucernis Khan & Ahmad, 1970 H. macronatus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 H. martini Sher, 1966 H. meloni Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 H. microcephalus Sher, 1966 H. microdorus Prasad, Khan & Chawla, 1965 H. microlobus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 H. microtylus Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 H. multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 H. obliquus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 H. oscephalus Anderson, 1979 H. platyurus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 181 F. Shahina et al. H. pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 H. seshadrii Singh & Khera, 1980 H. siddiqi Zarina & Akhter, 2016 H. striatus Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 H. thornei Roman, 1965 H. urobeles Anderson, 1978 H. verecundus Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 H. wajihi Sultan, 1981 H. willmottae Siddiqi, 1972 Hemicriconemoides brachyurus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood & Birchfield, 1959 H. cocophillus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood &Brichfield, 1957 H. communis Edward & Misra, 1964 H. gaddi (Loos, 1949) Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 H. ghaffari Maqbool, 1982 H. mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961 H. strictathecatus Esser, 1960 Hemicycliophora gracilis Thorne, 1955 H. veechi Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924 H. bergeniae Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 H. cajani Koshy, 1967 H. cruciferae Franklin, 1945 H. cynodontis Shahina & Maqbool, 1989 H. fici Kirjanova, 1954 H. mani Mathews, 1971 H. mothi Khan & Husain, 1965 H. oryzae Luc & Berdon Brizuela, 1961 H. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 H. sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 H. schachtii Schmidt, 1871 H. zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964 H. magna Siddiqi, 1966 H. mexicana (Chitwood, 1951) Sher, 1968 H. mucronata (Das, 1960) Luc & Goodey, 1964 H. oryzae (Van Breda de Haan, 1902) Khan, Siddiqi, Khan, Hussain & Saxena, 1964 H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 Hoplolaimus aegypti Shafiee & Koura, 1969 H. californicus Sher, 1963 H. columbus Sher, 1963 H. dimorphicus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 H. dubius Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979 H. galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935 H. indicus Sher, 1963 H. pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven &Teunissen, 1938) Sher, 1963 H. seinhorsti Luc, 1958 H. seshadrii Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 H. stephanus Sher, 1963 182 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan H. tabacum Firoza, Nasira & Maqbool, 1990 H. tylenchiformis Daday, 1905 Irantylenchus clavidorus Kheiri, 1972 Karachinema elongatum Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Longidorus africanus Merny, 1966 L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 L. trapezoides Nasira & Maqbool, 1995 Macroposthonia coomansi De Grisse, 1967 M. curvata alpina Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Malenchus andrassyi Merny, 1970 M. exiguus (Massey, 1969) Andrassy, 1980 M. fusiformis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 M. labiatus Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 M. nanellus Siddiqi, 1979 M. platycephalus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Andrassy, 1981 M. pyri Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 M. graminicola Golden & Birchfield, 1965, M. hapla Chitwood, 1949 M. incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 M. pakistanica Shahina, Nasira, Salma, Mehreen & Bhatti, 2015 Merlinius adakensis Bernard, 1984 M. alboranensis (Tobar-Jimenez, 1970) Tarjan, 1973 M. bavaricus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 M. bilqeesae Khan & Khan, 1995 M. brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 M. indicus Zarina & Maqbool, 1995 M. microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 M. montanus Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 M. nagerensis Sagir & Erum, 2017 M. nanus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 M. niazae Maqbool, Fatima & Hashmi, 1983 M. nothus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1980 M. pistaciae Fatima & Farooq, 1992 M. pseudobavaricus Saltukoglu, Geraert & Coomans, 1976 M. pyri Fatima & Farooq, 1992 Nagelus saifulmulukensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 N. varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 Neodolichorhynchus (Mulkorhynchus) indicus Erum, Mussarat & Shahina, 2011 Neopsilenchus (Acusilenchus) bilineatus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (Neopsilenchus) curvistylus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (Neopsilenchus) minor (Geraert, 1968) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (Neopsilenchus) peshawarensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Neothada major Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Neotylenchus spp. Nothotylenchus basiri Khan, 1965 183 F. Shahina et al. N. goldeni Maqbool, 1982 Ogma multiannulata Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 O. qamari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 O. sadabhari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Ottolenchus azadkashmirensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 O. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1970) Brzeski, 1982 O. longicauda Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Pakcriconemoides anastomoides (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Paralongidorus beryllus Siddiqi & Hussain, 1965 P. citri (Siddiqi, 1959) Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 P. lemoni Nasira, Shahina, Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 P. major Verma, 1973 P. xiphinemoides Heyns, 1965 Paraphelenchus litoralis Akhtar, 1962 P. sacchari Hussain & Khan, 1967 Paraphelenchus spp. Pararotylenchus microstylus Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 Paratrichodorus faisalabadensis Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 P. minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 P. mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974 P. psidii Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 P. renifer Siddiqi, 1974 Paratrophurus anomalus Kleynhans & Heyns, 1983 Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne & Allen, 1950 P. holdemani Raski, 1975 P. italiensis Raski, 1975 P. manilkarii Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 P. nanus Cobb, 1923 P. projectus Jenkins, 1956 P. salubris Raski, 1975 P. sindhicus Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 P. karachiensis Zarina & Akhter, 2016 P. tateae Wu & Townshend, 1973 Paurodontella balochistanica Handoo, Erum, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 P. myceliophaga Handoo, Erum, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 P. sohailai Maqbool, 1982 Paurodontus similis Siddiqi, 1961 Pratylenchoides maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Pratylenchus alleni Ferris, 1961 P. brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 P. coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 P. crenatus Loof, 1960 P. delatterei (Luc, 1958) Handoo & Golden, 1989 P. flakkensis Seinhorst, 1968 P. goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 P. hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 P. kralli Ryss, 1982 184 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan P. neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuurma Stekhoven, 1941 P. portulacus Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 P. pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 P. pseudofallax Café-Filo & Huang, 1989 P. pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968 P. roseus Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 P. sacchari (Soltwedel, 1888) Filipjev, 1936 P. scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff & Stanley, 1943 P. sefaensis Fortuner, 1973 P. similis Khan & Singh, 1975 P. sudanensis Loof & Yassin, 1971 P. thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 P. vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 P. zeae Graham, 1951 Psilenchus aestuarius Andrassy, 1962 P. hilarulus de Man, 1921 P. hilarus Siddiqi, 1963 P. iranicus Kheiri, 1970 P. khuzarensis Khan, Batool & Khatoon, 2004 P. minor Siddiqi, 1963 Quinisulcius acutoides (Thorne & Malik, 1968) Siddiqi, 1971 Q. acutus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 Q. capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 Q. curvus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1970 Q. quaidi Zarina & Maqbool, 1992 Q. solani Maqbool, 1982 Radopholus allius Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 R. brassicae Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 R. similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 Rotylenchulus parvus (Williams, 1960) Sher, 1961 R. reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 Rotylenchus alii Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. buxophilus Golden, 1956 R. capsicumi Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 R. cypriensis Antoniou, 1980 R. dalhousiensis Sultan & Jairajpuri, 1979 R. fragaricus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. goldeni Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 R. himprus (Sultan, 1980) Fortuner, 1987 R. jagatpurensis Sultan, 1985 R. karachiensis (Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 R. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 R. siddiqii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Fortuner, 1987 Scutellonema bradys (Steiner & LeHew, 1933) Andrassy, 1958 S. brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrassy, 1958 185 F. Shahina et al. Scutylenchus baluchiensis Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 S. fici Farooq & Fatima, 1994 S. koreanus (Choi & Geraert, 1971) Siddiqi, 1979 S. quettensis Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 S. rugosus (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1979 Seinura nagini Husain & Khan, 1965 S. oostenbrinki Husain & Khan, 1967 Stictylus spp. Subanguina balochia Erum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2008 Telomalenchus williamsi (Geraert & Raski, 1986) Siddiqi, 2000 Telotylenchus indicus Siddiqi, 1960 Tetylenchus spp. Trichodorus obtusus Cobb, 1913 T. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1962 Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971 T. brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 T. clarus Allen, 1955 T. claytoni Steiner, 1937 T. crassicaudatus Williams, 1960 T. cylindricus Cobb, 1913 T. elegans Siddiqi, 1961 T. ewingi Hopper, 1959 T. fatimae Khan, Saeed & Akhtar, 2004 T. gossypii Nasira & Maqbool, 1996 T. handooi Khan, 2004 T. intervallatus (Tobar-Jimenez, 1970) Fortunr & Luc, 1987 T. kegasawai Minagawa, 1995 T. leviterminalis Siddiqi, Mukherjee & Dasgupta, 1982 T. madrasensis Gupta & Uma, 1981 T. manubriatus Litvinova, 1946 T. mashhoodi Siddiqi & Basir, 1959 T. nudus Allen, 1955 T. obscurisulcatus Andrassy, 1959 T. penniseti Gupta & Uma, 1980 T. qasimii Mussarat, Handoo & Shahina, 2008 T. quaidi Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 T. rosei Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 T. striatus Allen, 1955 T. swatiensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 T. trilineatus Timm, 1963 T. tritici Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 T. tuberosus Zarina & Maqbool, 1994 Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 Tylenchus bhitai Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 T. butteus Thorne & Malek, 1968 T. hamatus Thorne & Malek, 1968 T. naranensis Maqbool, Zarina & Ghazala, 1987 T. pakistanensis Farooq, Fatima & Khan, 1991 186 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan T. sandneri Wasilewska, 1965 T. skarduensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 T. uniformis Cobb, 1893 Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 X. basiri Siddiqi, 1959 X. bergeri Luc, 1973 X. bolandium Coomans & Heyns, 1985 X. brevicolle Lordello & Da Costa, 1961 X. californicum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. chambersi Thorne, 1939 X. cynodontis Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 X. diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939 X. elongatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 X. index Thorne & Allen, 1950 X. insigne Loos, 1949 X. intermedium Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. karachiense Nasira, Firoza & Maqbool, 1992 X. machoni Hunt, 1980 X. oxycaudatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 X. pachydermum Sturhan, 1983 X. pakistanensis Nasira & Maqbool, 1998 X. radicicola Goodey, 1936 X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 X. rotundatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 X. thornei Lamberti & Golden, 1986 Zygotylenchus guevarai (Tobar-Jimenez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966 SPECIES OF FREE-LIVING SOIL NEMATODES Acrobeles complaxus Thorne, 1925 A. geraerti Rashid, Heyns & Coomans, 1990 A. mariannae Andrassy, 1968 A. ornatus Thorne, 1925 Acrebeloides bodenhemeri (Steiner, 1936) Thorne, 1937 A. enoploides Loof, 1971 A. gossypii Ashfaque, Shahina & Nasira, 2019 A. saeedi Siddiqi, Ley & Khan, 1992 Alaimus minor Cobb, 1893 Allodorylaimus americanus Andrassy, 1986 Amphibelondira sindhicus Ashfaque, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 Anatonchus valitangiensis Khan & Saeed, 1987 Aprocelaimellus goldeni Khan & Fatima, 1980 A. obscures (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Heyns, 1965 A. obtusicaudatus (Bastian, 1865) Altherr, 1960 A. sacchari Khan, 1989 A. taylori Yeates, 1967 Aprocelaimus cocophilus Loos, 1949 187 F. Shahina et al. A. digitalis Loos, 1949 A. spiralis (Cobb, 1913) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 Axodorylaimellus aghai Siddiqi, 1983 Axonchium gigas Thorne, 1939 A. indicum Siddiqi, 1964 A. mauritiense Williams, 1958 A. oostenbrinki Khan & Ahmad, 1970 Basirotyleptus (Basirotyleptus) basiri (Jairajpuri, 1964) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 Belondira paraclava Jairajpuri, 1964 Belondira spp. Brevibucca saprophaga Goodey, 1935 Bursilla monohystera Butschili, 1873 Carcharolaimus spp. Cephalobus litoralis (Akhter, 1962) Andrassy, 1984 C. nanus de Man, 1880 C. persignis Bastian, 1865 C. sacchari Shahina & Tabassum, 2002 Cervidellus spp. Chiloplacus longiuterus Rashid & Heyns, 1990 Chiloplacus spp. Chrysonema mauritiana Williams, 1959 Clarkus papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Jairajpuri, 1970 Crustorhabditis scanica (Allgen, 1949) Andrassy, 1983 Cruznema brzeskii (Brzeski, 1989) Sudhaus & Hooper, 1994 C. tripartitum (Linstow, 1906) Zullini, 1982 Cryptochus spp. Cuticularia regenfussi (Sudhaus, 1980) Andrassy, 1983 Demaniella cibourgensis Steiner, 1914 Diphtherophora spp. Diplogaster spp. Diploscapter coronata (Cobb, 1893) Cobb, 1913 Discolaimium australe (Yeates, 1967) Andrassy, 1990 D. brachyurum Husain & Siddiqi, 1967 D. capitulum Shahina, Mussarat & Siddiqi, 2005 D. gracile Thorne, 1939 D. pakistaninum Timm, 1963 D. upum Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968 Discolaimus acuticapitus Furstenberg & Heyns, 1966 D. bulbiferus (Cobb, 1906) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 D. lahorensis Khan, 1998 D. major Thorne, 1939 D. pakistanense Nasira, Shahina & Erum, 2008 D. similis Thorne, 1939 D. texanus Cobb, 1913 Discomyctus spp. Distolabrellus veechi Anderson, 1983 D. pakistanensis Tabassum, Shahina, Firoza & Siddiqi, 2005 Dorylaimellus clavicaudatus Williams, 1958 188 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan D. vexator Heyns, 1963 Dorylaimoides (Acridorylaimoides) arcuatus Siddiqi, 1964 D. (Digidorylaimoides) pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1964 D. (Dorylaimoides) parateres Siddiqi, 1964 Dolichorhabditis dolichura (Schneider, 1866) Andrassy, 1983 Dorylaimus bastiani Butschli, 1873 D. biroi Daday, 1899 D. granuliferus Cobb, 1893 D. stagnalis Dujardin, 1845 D. subsimilis Cobb, 1893 Doryllium minor Jairajpuri, 1963 Doryllium spp. Drilocephalobus alykhani Siddiqi, 2001 Ecumenicus monohystera (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1974 Elongidorylaimellus lanceolatus Siddiqi, 1983 Enchodelus arcuatus Thorne, 1939 E. macrodorus (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1939 Eucephalobus spp. Eudorylaimus andersoni Khan, 1989 E. magestri Andrassy, 1986 E. major E. minusculus (Loos, 1946) Siddiqi, 1969 E. subjunctus Loof, 1971 E. varians Thorne, 1974 Eudorylaimus spp. Heterodorus longidens (Jairajpuri & Loof, 1968) Andrassy, 2009 Jamilius adenophorus Siddiqi, 1983 J. jamili Siddiqi, 1983 Labronema digitatum Sakul, Das & Mitra, 1975 L. mauritiense Williams, 1959 Laimydorus pseudostagnalis (Micoletzky, 1927) Siddiqi, 1969 L. wirisi Tabassum, Shahina & Nasira, 2006 Latocephalus smithi (Heyns, 1963) Patil & Khan, 1982 Leptonchus granulosus Cobb, 1920 Leptonchus spp. Longidorella (Kantbhala) allii Suryawanshi, 1971 L. (Saevadorella) tharensis Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2010 Longidorella spp. Lordellonema subannulatum Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Macrolaimus spp. Mesodorylaimus aberrans Loof, 1969 M. bastiani (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1959 M. clavicaudatus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrassy, 1959 M. mehraniensis Khan & Saeed, 1986 Mesorhabditis cranganorensis (Khera, 1968) Sudhaus, 1976 M. minuta Bostrom, 1991 M. striatica Dassonville & Heyns, 1984 Miconchus dalhousiensis Jairajpuri, 1969 189 F. Shahina et al. Microdorylaimus miser (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrassy, 1986 Mononchoides andrassyi Timm, 1961 Mononchus aquaticus Coetzee, 1968 M. papillatus Bastian, 1865 Mononchus spp. Moshajia qasmi Zarina & Shahina, 2007 M. teres Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Mylonchulus amurus Khan & Jairajpuri, 1979 M. brachyuris Butschli, 1873 M.contractus Jairajpuri, 1970 M. lacustis (Cobb in Cobb, 1915) Andrassy, 1958 M. minor (Cobb, 1893) Andrassy, 1958 M. nainitalensis Jairajpuri, 1970 M. paitensis Yeates, 1992 M. rosensis Khan, 1975 M. sigmaturus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 Mylonchulus spp. Neodiplogaster spp. Nygolaimellus abnormis Loos, 1949 Nygolaimoides spp. Nygolaimus gigantus Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 N. neominimus Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 N. vulgaris Thorne, 1930 Oscheius andrassi Tabassum & Shahina, 2008 O. citri Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. cobbi Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. cynodonti Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. esculentus Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. karachiensis Tabassum & Nasir, 2018 O. maqbooli Tabassum & Shahina 2002 O. niazii Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 O. punctata Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. sacchari Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. shamimi Tehseen & Nisa, 2006 O. siddiqi Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 Pakmylonchulus amurus Khan & Saeed, 1987 Panagrolaimus rigidis (Schneider, 1866) Thorne, 1937 Panagrolaimus spp. Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali Nasira, Israr & Shahnia, 2017 Paroriverutus Carbonell & Coomans, 1982 P. timmi Khan, 1994 Pelliodites typica (Stefanski, 1922) Dougherty, 1955 Poronemella divulgata Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Prismatolaimus intermedius (Butschli, 1873) de Man, 1880 Prodorylaimus spp. Propanagrolaimus hygrophilus (Bassen, 1940) Andrassy, 2005 Pseudacrobeles spp. 190 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Pungentus engadinensis Alterr, 1950 Pungentus spp. Rashidanema cognatum (Siddiqi, 1983) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 Rhabditis karachiensis Khan, Seema, Khan, Qamar & Anwarullah, 1992 R. longicaudatus (Bastian, 1865) Osche, 1952 R. marious Maupas, 1899 R. producta (Schneider, 1866) Linstow, 1878 R. terricola Dujardin, 1845 Rhabditis spp. Rhabditophanes brassicae Fuchs, 1930 Rhitis luci (Andrassy, 1982) Andrassy, 1983 Sindellus sindi Siddiqi, 1983 Solididens swatiensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1999 Talanema mauritiense (Williams, 1959) Andrassy, 1990 Teratorhabditus andrassyi Tahseen & Jairajpuri, 1988 Thonus saccatus Thorne, 1974 Thornenema maruitianum (Williams, 1959) Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969 Timminema pakistanicum Khan, 1977 Tricephalobus longicaudatus (Bütschli, 1873) Steiner, 1936 Tylencholaimus cynodonti Nasira, Erum & Shahina, 2005 T. gertii Kruger, 1965 T. nagauriensis Baqri & Bohra, 2001 T. proximus Thorne, 1939 Tylencholaimus spp. Xiphinemella ornata (Loos, 1949) Loos, 1950 Zeldia punctata (Thorne, 1925) Thorne, 1937 SPECIES OF FREE-LIVING MARINE NEMATODES Achromadora ruricola (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1925 Achromadora spp. Aegialoalaimus spp. Anoplostoma sunderbanae Timm, 1967 Arabanema pakistanensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Araeolaimus elegans de Man, 1888 A. texianus Chitwood, 1951 Aulolaimus mubarakvilli Salma, Saima, Nasira & Shahina, 2018 A. rashidae Shahina, Hunt & Siddiqi, 1996 Bathyeurystomina minima Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Bathylaimus australis Cobb, 1894 Belbolla longispiculata Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Calomicrolaimus arenarius Blome, 1982 Camacolaimus tardus de Man, 1889 Camacolaimus spp. Choanolaimus spp. Chromadora nudicapitata Bastian, 1865 Chronogaster typica (de Man, 1921) de Coninck, 1937 191 F. Shahina et al. Cinctonema papillata Timm, 1962 Cobbia macrostoma Timm, 1963 Cyatholaimus spp. Daptonema spp. Dentolaimoides papillifer Khan, 1994 Desmodora (Pseudochromadora) cliftensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Desmoscolex spp. Diodontolaimus karachiensis Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2005 Diplolaimella dievengatensis Jacobs, Velde, Geraert & Vranken, 1990 Diplolaimelloides delyi Andrassy, 1958 Dracograllus demanii Allen & Noffsinger, 1978 Eleutherolaimus inglisi Timm, 1967 E. longus Filipjev, 1922 E. obtusicaudatus Allgen, 1947 Endeolophos minutus Gerlach, 1967 Enoplolaimus karachiensis Maqbool, Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 1999 Eurystomina indica Yoshimura, 1980 Eurystomina spp. Geomonhystera dubia Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 G. karuni Siddiqi &Shahina, 2004 Gonionchus arabica Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2003 Graphonema spp. Halalaimus gidanensis Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 Halaphanolaimus marinus Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 Halichoanolaimus balochiensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Heliplectus dorsalis Cobb in Chitwood, 1956 H. gracilis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. minor Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. monodelphis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. pakistanensis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. paradorsalis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. robustus Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Heliplectus spp. Hypodontolaimus spp. Ionema cobbi Timm, 1963 Ironus dentifurcatus Agro & Heyns, 1972 Leptolaimus luridus Timm, 1963 Leptosomatum ranjhai Timm, 1960 Linhomoeus spp. Marylynnia musharafii Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 Megadesmolaimus contortus Timm, 1962 Megalolaimus spp. Metachromadora (Metachromadoroides) remanei Gerlach, 1951 Metalinhomoeus karachiensis Timm, 1962 Metoncholaimus medispiculatum Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 M. siddiqii Shahina, Nasira & Shamim, 2015 Microlaimus arenicola Schulz, 1938 192 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan M. amphidius Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 M. karachiensis Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 M. sonmianensis Nasira, Maqbool, Turpeenniemi & Zarina, 2000 Monhystera karachiensis Timm, 1963 M. parelegantula De Coninck, 1943 Monhystrella spp. Monochromadora spp. Monoposthia spp. Odontolaimus spp. Odontophora hawskbiensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Oncholaimus oxyuris Ditlevsen, 1911 O. paraoxyuris Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Onyx balochiensis Nasira, Rehmat & Shahina, 2011 Oxystomina elongata Butschli, 1874 Panduripharynx spp. Paracanthonchus sandspitensis Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 P. hawaiiensis Allgen, 1951 Paracomesoma longispiculum Timm, 1961 Paraethmolaimus appendixocaudatus Jensen, 1994 Paralinhomoeus dubius Timm, 1961 Paramonhystera (Leptogastrella) pellucida Cobb, 1920 P. (Paramonhystera) longicaudata Timm, 1963 Paraphanolaimus granuliferus Timm, 1963 Pareurystomina vaughtae Keppner, 1989 Parodontophora cobbi Timm, 1963 P. pacifica (Allgen, 1947) Timm, 1963 Pelagonema spp. Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1984 P. karachiensis Shahina, Tabassum & Maqbool, 2001 P. peritinus Bastian, 1865 P. raabei Brzeski, 1963 P. tenuis Bastian, 1865 Plectus spp. Pseudollela granulifera Cobb, 1920 Ptycholaimellus sindhicus Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Rhynchonema scutatum Lorenzen, 1971 Rogerus spp. Sabatieria microsetosa Timm, 1967 Sphaerolaimus gracilis de Man, 1876 S. maeoticus Filipjev, 1922 Spilophorella candida Gerlach, 1951 Spirinia (Perspiria) striaticaudata (Timm, 1962) Wieser & Hooper, 1967 Steineria simplex Timm, 1963 S. pilosa brevisetosa Timm, 1957 Stephanolaimus spp. Synonchium marina Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 S. oblongus Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 193 F. Shahina et al. S. pakistanense Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 Syringolaimus brevicaudatus Micoletzky, 1922 Terschellingia communis de Man, 1888 T. lissa Timm, 1962 T. longicaudata de Man, 1907 T. longissimicaudata Timm, 1962 T. magna Timm, 1962 T. mora Gerlach, 1956 Thalassironus qatarense Nasira, Kamran, Shahina & Kazmi, 2006 Theristus cylindricus Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 T. flevensis Stekhoven, 1935 T. (Penzancia) karachiense Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 T. longisetifer Kito & Aryuthaka, 1998 T. otoplanobius Gerlach, 1951 T. (Cylindrotheristus) poloris Cobb, 1914 T. (Cylindrotheristus) normandicus de Man, 1890 Trefusia spp. Trichotheristus floridanus Wieser & Hopper, 1967 Trichotheristus spp. Trichromadorita arinus Khan, 1991 Triconema spp. Trissonchulus benepapillosus Schulz, 1935 T. lichenii Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 T. oceanus Cobb, 1920 Viscosia elegans Kreis, 1924 Willsonema promissum Khan, Seema & Khan, 1990 SPECIES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 H. indica Poinar, Karunakar & David, 1992 H. pakistanense Shahina, Tabassum, Salma, Mehreen & Knoetze, 2016 Steinernema abbasi Elawad, Ahmad & Reid, 1997 S. affine (Bovien, 1937) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982 S. asiaticum Anis, Shahina, Reid & Rowe, 2002 S. balochiense Shahina, Tabassum, Shaukat, Sarwar, Mehreen & Salma, 2015 S. bifurcatum Shahina, Xun, Qiu, Han, Mahreen, Tabassum & Salma, 2014 S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982 S. cholashanense Nguyen, Puza & Mracek, 2008 S. feltiae Filipjev, 1934 S. litorale Yoshida, 2004 S. maqbooli Shahina, Tabassum, Mehreen & Salma, 2013 S. pakistanense Shahina, Anis, Reid, Rowe & Maqbool, 2001 S. siamkayai Stock, Somsook & Reid, 1998 194 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan TAXONOMIC POSITION OF NEMATODE FAUNA OF PAKISTAN Phylum: Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808 (Lankester, 1877) syn. Nemata Cobb, 1919 (1932) Class: Secernentea von Linstow, 1905 syn. Phasmidia Chitwood & Chitwood, 1933 Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 Tylenchina Chitwood in Chitwood & Chitwood, 1950 Tylenchoidea (Orley, 1880) Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937 Tylenchidae Orley, 1880 Tylenchinae (Orley, 1880) Marcinowsky, 1909 Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 T. bhitai Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 T. butteus Thorne & Malek, 1968 T. hamatus Thorne & Malek, 1968 T. naranensis Maqbool, Zarina & Ghazala, 1987 T. pakistanensis Farooq, Fatima & Khan, 1991 T. sandneri Wasilewska, 1965 syn. T. cerealis Kheiri, 1970 T. skarduensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 T. uniformis Cobb, 1893 syn. Anguillulina uniformis (Cobb) Goodey, 1932 Filenchus (Andrassy, 1954) Meyl, 1961 F. afghanicus (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchus afghanicus Khan & Khan, 1978 F. cylindricus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Niblack & Barnard, 1985 F. ditissimus (Brzeski, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchus ditissimus Brzeski, 1963 F. filiformis (Butschli, 1873) Meyl, 1961 syn. Tylenchus filiformis Butschli, 1873 Anguillulina filiformis (Butschli) Goodey, 1922 T. vulgaris Brzeski, 1963 F. maqbooli Aatika, Nasira & Shahina, 2017 F. microdorus Chawla, Prasad, Khan & Nand, 1969 F. parvissimus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchus parvissimus Thorne & Malek, 1968 F. sheri (Khan & Khan, 1978) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchus sheri Khan & Khan, 1978 F. sindhicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1994 F. vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 syn. Tylenchus vulgaris Brzeski, 1963 Filenchus conicephalus Siddiqi & Khan, 1983 Aglenchus (Andrassy, 1954) Meyl, 1961 A. agricola (de Man, 1884) Meyl, 1961 syn. Tylenchus Agricola de Man, 1884 195 F. Shahina et al. Anguillulina Agricola (de Man) Goodey, 1932 Tylenchus filiformis apud de Man, 1876 et 1880 Tylenchus filiformis de Man, 1876 in Goodey, 1932 nec T. filiformis Butschli, 1873 Tylenchus paragricola Paetzold, 1958 A. paragricola (Paetzold) Meyl, 1961 A. mardanensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1984 A. siddiqii Khan, Khan & Bilqees, 1992 Coslenchus Siddiqi, 1978 syn. Paktylenchus Maqbool, 1983 C. areolatus (Egunjobi, 1967) Siddiqi, 1978 syn. Tylenchus (Aglenchus) areolatus Egunjobi, 1967 C. costatus (de Man, 1921) Siddiqi, 1978 syn. Tylenchus costatus de Man, 1921 T. (Aglenchus) costatus de Man (Andrassy, 1954) Aglenchus costatus (de Man) Meyl, 1961 Anguillulina costata (de Man) Goodey, 1932 T. buffalorae Altherr, 1950 Anguillulina buffalorae (Altherr) Altherr, 1952 Coslenchus buffalorae (Altherr) Siddiqi, 1986 T. (Aglenchus) neozelandicus Egunjobi, 1967 Coslenchus neozelandicus (Egunjobi) Siddiqi, 1986 C. tuberosus (Maqbool, 1983) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Paktylenchus tuberosus Maqbool, 1983 Irantylenchus Kheiri, 1972 (Andrassy, 1976) I. clavidorus Kheiri, 1972 Boleodorinae Khan, 1964 Boleodorus Thorne, 1941 B. acutus Thorne & Malek, 1968 B. arachis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 B. azadkashmirensis Maqbool, Shahina & Firoza, 1990 B. neosimilis Geraert, 1971 syn. B. similis Thorne & Malek, 1968 B. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1963 B. rafiqi Hussain & Khan, 1965 B. thylactus Thorne, 1941 B. volutus Lima & Siddiqi, 1963 B. zaini Maqbool, 1982 Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 B. bajorensis Khan & Bilqees, 1993 B. graminophila Siddiqi, 1959 syn. Tylenchus (Filenchus) graminophilus (Siddiqi) Goodey, 1963 B. incita Szczygiel, 1970 B. ritteri (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969) Bernard, 1980 196 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan syn. Tylenchus (Clavilenchus) ritteri Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969 Clavilenchus ritteri (Baqri & Jairajpuri) Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969 Basiroides Thorne & Malek, 1968 B. citri Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 B. sindhicus Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Neopsilenchus Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. (Acusilenchus) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (A.) bilineatus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (Neopsilenchus) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (N.) curvistylus Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 N. (N.) minor (Geraert, 1968) Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 syn. Basiria minor Geraert, 1968 Neopsilenchus minor (Geraert, 1968) Kheiri, 1972 N. (N.) peshawarensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1990 Thadinae Siddiqi, 1986 Neothada Khan, 1973 N. major Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Duosulciinae Siddiqi, 1979 Duotylenchus Saha & Khan, 1982 D. bilineatus Saha & Khan, 1982 Malenchus Andrassy, 1968 M. andrassyi Merny, 1970 M. exiguous (Massey, 1969) Andrassy, 1980 syn. Aglenchus exiguous Massey, 1969 M. fusiformis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979 syn. Tylenchus fusiformis Thorne & Malek, 1968 Ottolenchus fusiformis (Thorne & Malek) Wu, 1970 M. labiatus Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 M. nanellus Siddiqi, 1979 M. platycephalus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Andrassy, 1981 syn. Tylenchus platycephalus Thorne & Malek, 1968 Ottolenchus platycephalus (Thorne & Malek) Siddiqi &Hawksworth, 1982 M. pyri Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Telomalenchus Siddiqi, 2000 T. williamsi (Geraert & Raski, 1986) Siddiqi, 2000 Ottolenchus (Husain & Khan, 1967) Wu, 1970 O. azadkashmirensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 O. facultativus (Szczygiel, 1970) Brzeski, 1982 syn. Tylenchus facultativus Szczygiel, 1970 O. facultativus (Szczygiel) Siddiqi & Hawksworth, 1982 Malenchus piahyuensis Monteiro, 1974 197 F. Shahina et al. Ottolenchus piahyuensis (Monteiro) Siddiqi, 1986 O. longicauda Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Tylodorinae Paramonov, 1967 Cephalenchus (Goodey, 1962) Golden, 1971 C. longicaudatus Maqbool & Ghazala, 1986 C. sacchari Maqbool, Fatima & Shahina, 1984 Eutylenchus Cobb, 1913 Eutylenchus spp. Epicharinematinae Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Karachinema Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 K. elongatum Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934 Hoplolaiminae Filipjev, 1934 Hoplolaimus Von Daday, 1905 syn. Basirolaimus Shamsi, 1979 H. aegypti Shafiee & Koura, 1969 syn. Basirolaimus aegypti (Shafiee & Kora, 1969) Shamsi, 1979 H. aegypti (Shafiee & Koura, 1969) Luc, 1981 B. aegypti (Shafiee & Koura, 1969) Siddiqi, 1986 H. californicus Sher, 1963 syn. Hoplolaimoides californicus (Sher, 1963) Shakil, 1973 Hoplolaimus californicus (Sher, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 H. columbus Sher, 1963 syn. B. columbus (Sher, 1963) Shamsi, 1979 H. columbus (Sher, 1963) Luc, 1981 B. columbus (Sher, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 H. dimorphicus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 syn. B. dimorphicus (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Shamsi, 1979 H. dimorphicus (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Luc, 1981 B. dimorphicus (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Siddiqi, 1986 H. dubius Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979 syn. B. dubius (Chaturvedi & Khera, 1979) siddiqi, 1986 H. galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935 syn. Nemonchus galeatus Cobb, 1913 Hoplolaimus coronatus Cobb, 1923 H. indicus Sher, 1963 syn. B. indicus (Sher, 1963) Shamsi, 1979 H. indicus (Sher, 1963) Luc, 1981 H. arachidis (Maharaju & Das, 1982) Siddiqi, 1986 B. arachidis (Maharaju & Das, 1982) Siddiqi, 1986 B. indicus (Sher, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 H. pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938) Sher, 1963 syn. Tylenchorhynchus robustus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1936 T. pararobustus Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 198 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Rotylenchus pararobustus (Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Hoplolaimus proporicus Goodey, 1957 Gotholddteineria pararobusta (Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen) Andrassy, 1958 Hoplolaimus angustalatus Whitehead, 1959 H. kittenbergeri Andrassy, 1961 H. seinhorsti Luc, 1958 syn. B. seinhorsti (Luc, 1958) Shamsi, 1979 H. seinhorsti (Luc, 1958) Luc, 1981 B. seinhorsti (Luc, 1958) Siddiqi, 1986 H. seshadrii Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 syn. B. seshadrii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Shamsi, 1979 H. seshadrii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Luc, 1981 B. seshadrii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976 Siddiqi, 1986 H. stephanus Sher, 1963 H. tabacum Firoza, Nasira & Maqbool, 1990 H. tylenchiformis Daday, 1905 syn. Criconema tylenchiformis (Daday) Micoletzky, 1917 Scutellonema Andrassy, 1958 S. bradys (Steiner & LeHew, 1933) Andrassy, 1958 syn. Hoplolaimus bradys Steiner & LeHew, 1933 Anguillulina bradys (Steiner & LeHew) Goodey, 1935 Rotylenchus bradys (Steiner & LeHew) Filipjev, 1936 R. blaberus Steiner, 1937 Scutellonema blaberum (Steiner, 1937) Andrassy, 1958 S. dioscoreae Lordello, 1959 S. brachyurus (Steiner, 1938) Andrassy, 1958 Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 R. alii Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. buxophilus Golden, 1956 syn. R. sheri Jairajpuri, 1964 R. capsicumi Firoza & Maqbool, 1991 R. cypriensis Antoniou, 1980 R. dalhousiensis Sultan & Jairajpuri, 1979 R. fragaricus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. goldeni Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 R. himprus (Sultan, 1980) Fortuner, 1987 syn. Orientylus himprus Sultan, 1980 Varotylus himprus (Sultan, 1980) Siddiqi, 1986 R. jagatpurensis Sultan, 1985 R. karachiensis (Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984) Fortuner, 1987 syn. Orientylus karachiensis Maqbool & Ghazala, 1984 R. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 R. robustus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1936 syn. Hoplolaimus uniformis Thorne, 1979 199 F. Shahina et al. Scutellonema picea Gubina, 1973 R. siddiqii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Fortuner, 1987 syn. Orietylus siddiqii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Jairajpuri & Siddqi, 1970 Varotylus siddqii (Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1976) Siddiqi, 1986 Pararotylenchus Baldwin & Bell, 1981 P. microstylus Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 H. abuharazi Zeidan & Geraert, 1990 H. abunaamai Siddiqi, 1972 H. arachisi Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 H. californicus Sher, 1966 H. canadensis Waseem, 1961 syn. H. cairnsi Waseem, 1961 H. cavenessi Sher, 1966 H. certus Eroshenko & Nguen Vu Tkhan, 1981 H. conicephalus Siddiqi, 1972 H. crenacauda Sher, 1966 syn. H. pteracercus Singh, 1971 H. paracrenacauda Phukan & Sanwal, 1981 H. pteracercusoides Fotedar & Kaul, 1985 H. digonicus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 syn. H. broadbalkiensis Yuen, 1964 H. dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 syn. Tylenchus dihystera Cobb, 1893 T. olaae Cobb, 1906 T. ylenchorhynchus olaae (Cobb) Micoletzky, 1922 Helicotylenchus olaae (Cobb) Siddiqi, 1986 Aphelenchus dubius var. peruensis Steiner, 1920 Tylenchus spiralis Cassidy, 1930 Helicotylenchus spiralis (Cassidy) Siddiqi, 1986 H. nannus Steiner, 1945 H. crenatus Das, 1960 H. flatus Roman, 1965 H. punicae Swarup & Sethi, 1968 H. paraconcavus Rashid & Khan, 1974 H. discocephalus Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 H. egyptiensis Tarjan, 1964 H. erythrinae (Zimmermann, 1904) Golden, 1956 syn. Tylenchus erythrinae Zimmermann, 1904 Tylenchorhynchus erythrinae (Zimmermann) Balley & Reydon, 1931 Anguillulina erythrinae (Zimmermann) Goodey, 1932 Rotylenchus erythrinae (Zimmermann) Goodey, 1951 R. melancholicus Lordello, 1955 H. melancholicus (Lordello) Andrassy, 1958 H. spicaudatus Tarjan, 1964 H. exallus Sher, 1966 200 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan syn. H. regularis Phillips, 1971 H. falcatus Eroshenko & Nguen Vu Thanh, 1981 H. goodi Tikyani, Khera & Bhatnagar, 1969 H. gulabi Jain, Siddiqui & Aruna Parihar, 2000 H. handooi Khan, Ghazi & Soomro, 2008 H. indicus Siddiqi, 1963 H. jasminii Jain, Siddiqui & Aruna Parihar, 2000 H. lemoni Firoza & Maqbool, 1996 H. lucernis Khan & Ahmad, 1970 H. macronatus Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1975 H. martini Sher, 1966 H. meloni Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 H. microcephalus Sher, 1966 H. microdorus Prasad, Khan & Chawla, 1965 H. microlobus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 H. microtylus Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 H. multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 syn. Tylenchus multicinctus Cobb, 1893 Tylenchorhynchus multicinctus (Cobb) Micoletzky, 1922 Anguillulina multicincta (Cobb) Goodey, 1932 Rotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Filipjev, 1936 R. iperoiguensis Carvalho, 1956 Helicotylenchus iperoiguensis (Carvalho) Andrassy, 1958 H. obliquus Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 H. oscephalus Anderson, 1979 H. platyurus Perry in Perry, Darling & Thorne, 1959 H. pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 syn. Tylenchus robustus var. pseudorobustus Steiner, 1914 H. seshadrii Singh & Khera, 1980 H. siddiqii Zarina & Akhter, 2016 H. striatus Firoza & Maqbool, 1994 H. thornei Roman, 1965 H. urobelus Anderson, 1978 H. verecundus Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 H. wajihi Sultan, 1981 H. willmottae Siddiqi, 1972 Rotylenchulinae Husain & Khan, 1967 Rotylenchulus Linford & Oliveira, 1940 R. parvus (Williams, 1960) Sher, 1961 syn. Helicotylenchus parvus Williams, 1960 R. reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940 syn. Tetylenchus nicotiana Yokoo & Tanaka in Tanaka & Tsumagori, 1954 Rotylenchulus nicotiana (Yokoo & Tanaka in Tanaka &Tsumagori) Baker, 1962 Rotylenchus elisensis Carvalho, 1957 Helicotylenchus elisensis (Carvalho) Carvalho, 1959 Rotylenchulus elisensis (Carvalho) Siddiqi, 1986 201 F. Shahina et al. Spyrotylenchus queirozi Lordello & Cesnik, 1958 Rotylenchulus queirozi (Lordello & Cesnik) Sher, 1961 Leiperotylenchusleiperi Das, 1960 Rotylenchulus leiperi (Das) Loof & Oostenbrink, 1961 R. stakmani Husain & Khan, 1965 Heteroderidae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Heteroderinae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 H. avenae Wollenweber, 1924 syn. H. schachtii var. avenae Wollenweber, 1924 H. bideraavenae (Wollenweber, 1924) Krall & Krall, 1978 H. bergeniae Maqbool & Shahina, 1988 H. cajani Koshy, 1967 H. cruciferae Franklin, 1945 syn. H. vigni Edward & Misra, 1968 H. cynodontis Shahina & Maqbool, 1989 H. fici Kirjanova, 1954 H. mani Mathews, 1971 syn. Bidera mani (Mathews, 1971) Krall & Krall, 1978 H. mothi Khan & Husain, 1965 H. oryzae Luc & Berdon Brizuela, 1961 H. pakistanensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 H. sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 H. schachtii Schmidt, 1871 syn. Tylenchus schachtii (Schmidt, 1978) Orley, 1880 Heterodera schachtii minor Schmidt, 1930 H. zeae Koshy, Swarup & Sethi, 1971 Globodera Skarbilovich, 1959 G. pallida (Stone, 1973) Behrens, 1975 syn. Heterodera pallida Stone, 1973 G. rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 syn. Heterodera schachtii rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923 H. achachtii solani Zimmermann, 1927 G. tabacum tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954) Skarbilovich, 1959 syn. H. tabacum Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1954 Meloidogyninae Skarbilovich, 1959 Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 M. arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 syn. Anguillula arenaria Neal, 1889 Tylenchus arenarius (Neal, 1889) Cobb, 1890 Heterodera arenaria (Neal, 1889) Marchinowski, 1909 M. arenaria arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1946 M.arenaria thamesi Chirwood in Chitwood, Specht & Havis, 1952 M. thamesi (Chitwood in Chitwood et al., 1952) Goodey, 1963 M. graminicola Golden & Birchfield, 1965 202 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan M. hapla Chitwood, 1949 M. incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 syn. Oxyuris incognita (Kofoid & While, 1919) Heterodera incognita (Kofoid & While, 1919) Sandground, 1923 M. incognita incognita (Kofoid & While, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 M. incognita acrita Chitwood, 1949 M. acrita (Chitwood, 1949) Esser, Perry, and Tylor, 1976 M. incognita inornata Lordello, 1956 M. elegans da Ponte, 1977 M. graham Golden & Slana, 1978 M. incognita wartellei Golden & Birchfield, 1978 M. inornata Lordello, 1956 M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 syn. Heterodera javanica Treub, 1885, Cobb, 1890 Anguillula javanica (Treub, 1885) Lavergne, 1901 M. javanica javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 M. javanica bauruensis Lordello, 1956 M. bauruensis (Lordello, 1956) Esser, Perry & Taylor, 1976 M. lucknowica Singh, 1969 M. lordelloi da Ponte, 1969 M. pakistanica Shahina, Nasira, Salma, Mehreen & Bhatti, 2015 Dolichodoroidea (Chitwood in Chitwood & Chitwood, 1950) Siddiqi, 1986 Dolichodoridae (Chitwood in Chitwood & Chitwood, 1950) Skarbilovich, 1959 Telotylenchinae Siddiqi, 1960 Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 T. annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971 syn. Tylopharynx annulatus Cassidy, 1930 Anguillulina annulata (Cassidy, 1930) Googey, 1932 Chitinotylenchus annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Filipjev, 1936 Ditylenchus annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Sher, 1970 Tylenchorhynchus martini Fielding, 1956 T. brassicae Siddiqi, 1961 T. clarus Allen, 1955 syn. T. tener Erzhanova, 1964 T. claytoni Steiner, 1937 syn. Tessellus claytoni (Steiner, 1937) Jairajpuri & Hunt, 1984 T. crassicaudatus Williams, 1960 T. cylindricus Cobb, 1913 syn. Tylenchus (Tylenchorhynchus) cylindricus (Cobb) Filipjev, 1934 Anguillulina cylindrical (Cobb) Thorne, 1935 T. elegans Siddiqi, 1961 T. ewingi Hooper, 1959 T. fatimae Khan, Saeed & Akhter, 2004 T. gossypii Nasira & Maqbool, 1996 T. handooi Khan, 2004 T. intervallatus (Tobar-Jimenez, 1970) Fortunr & Luc, 1987 T. kegasawai Minagawa, 1995 203 F. Shahina et al. T. leviterminalis Siddiqi, Mukherjee & Dasgupta, 1982 T. madrasensis Gupta & Uma, 1981 syn. Divittus madrasensis (Gupta & Uma, 1981) Jairajpuri, 1984 T. manubriatus Litvinova, 1946 T. mashhoodi Siddiqi & Basir, 1959 T. nudus Allen, 1955 T. obscurisulcatus Andrassy, 1959 T. penniseti Gupta & Uma, 1980 T. qasimii Mussarat, Handoo & Shahina, 2008 T. quaidi Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 T. rosei Zarina & Maqbool, 1991 T. striatus Allen, 1955 T. swatiensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 T. trilineatus Timm, 1963 T. tritici Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987 T. tuberoses Zarina & Maqbool, 1993 Bitylenchus (Filipjev, 1934) Siddiqi, 1986 B. brevilineatus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus Wiliams, 1960 T. indicus Siddiqi, 1961 Bitylenchus indicus (Siddiqi) Siddiqi, 1986 B. canalis (Thorne & Melak, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 B. capsicumi Akhter & Zarina, 2014 syn. Tylenchorhynchus canalis Thorne & Malek, 1968 B. clavicaudatus (Seinhorst, 1963) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus clavicaudatus Seinhorst, 1963 T. clavicauda Seinhorst, 1968 B. goffarti (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus goffarti Sturhan, 1966 B. maximus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1955 B. maximus pakistanensis Zarina, Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 B. parvus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus parvus Allen, 1955 B. vulgaris (Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972 Dolichorhynchus Mulk & Jairajouri, 1974 D. motiaii Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 D. phaseoli (Sethi & Swarup, 1968) Mulk & Jairajpuri, 1974 D. tuberosus Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 Neodolichorhynchus Jairajpuri & Hunt, 1984 N. (Mulkorhynchus) indicus Erum, Mussarat & Shahina, 2011 Paratrophurus Arias, 1970 204 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan P. anomalus Kleynhans & Heyns, 1983 Quinisulcius Siddiqi, 1971 Q. acutoides (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1971 syn. Tylenchorhychus acutoides Thorne & Malek, 1968 Q. acutus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 syn. Tylenchorhynchus acutus Allen, 1955 Q. capitatus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1971 syn. Tylenchorhynchus capitatus (Allen, 1955) T. acti Hopper, 1959 Q. acti (Hopper) Siddiqi, 1971 T. nilgiriensis Seshadri, Muthukrishnan & Shunmugam, 1967 Q. nilgiriensis (Seshadri, Muthukrishnan & Shunmugam, 1967) Siddiqi, 1971 Q. himalayae Mahajan, 1974 Q. curvus (Williams, 1960) Siddiqi, 1970 syn. Tylenchorhynchus curvus Williams, 1960 Q. quaidi Zarina & Maqbool, 1992 Q. solani Maqbool, 1982 Telotylenchus Siddiqi, 1960 T. indicus Siddiqi, 1960 Merliniinae Siddiqi, 1071 Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 M. adakensis Bernard, 1984 M. alboranensis (Tobar-Jimenez, 1970) Tarjan, 1973 M. bavaricus (Sturhan, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 syn. Tylenchorhynchus bavaricus Sturhan, 1966 M. bilqeesae Khan & Khan, 1995 M. brevidens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 syn. Tylenchorhynchus brevidens Allen, 1955 M. indicus Zarina & Maqbool, 1995 M. microdorus (Geraert, 1966) Siddiqi, 1970 syn. Tylenchorhynchus microdorus Geraert, 1966 M. montanus Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 M. nagerensis Sagir & Erum, 2017 M. nanus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 syn. Thylenchorhynchus nanus Allen, 1955 M. niazae Maqbool, Fatima & Hashmi, 1983 M. nothus (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970 M. pistaciei Fatima & Farooq, 1992 M. pseudobavaricus Saltukoglu, Geraert & Coomans, 1976 M. pyri Fatima & Farooq, 1992 Amplimerlinius Siddiqi, 1976 A. parbati Zarina & Maqbool, 1990 Nagelus Thorne & Malek, 1968 205 F. Shahina et al. N. saifulmulukensis Maqbool & Shahina, 1987 N. varians (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 Scutylenchus Jairajpuri, 1971 S. baluchiensis Maqbool, Ghazala, Fatima & Qasim, 1985 S. fici Farooq & Fatima, 1994 S. koreanus (Choi & Geraert, 1971) Siddiqi, 1979 syn. Merlinius koreanus Choi & Geraert, 1971 S. quettensis Maqbool, Ghazala & Fatima, 1984 S. rugosus Siddiqi, 1963 Tetylenchus Filipjev, 1936 Tetylenchus spp. Belonolaiminae Whitehead, 1960 Belonolaimus Steiner, 1949 B. gracilis Steiner, 1949 B. longicaudatus Rau, 1958 Psilenchidae (Paramonov, 1967) Khan, 1969 Psilenchinae Paramonov, 1967 Psilenchus de Man, 1921 P. aestuarius Andrassy, 1962 P. hilarulus de Man, 1921 P. hilarus Siddiqi, 1963 syn. P.neoformis Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1963 P. iranicus Kheiri, 1970 P. khuzarensis Khan, Batool & Khatoon, 2004 P. minor Siddiqi, 1963 syn. P. pratensis Doucet, 1996 Atetylenchus Khan, 1973 A. amiri (Maqbool & Shahina, 1984) Geraert & Raski, 1987 syn. Leipotylenchus amiri Maqbool & Shahina, 1984 A. metoporus Erum & Shahina, 2008 Pratylenchidae (Thorne, 1949) Siddiqi, 1963 Pratylenchinae Thorne, 1949 Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936 P. alleni Ferris, 1961 P. brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhovan, 1941 syn. P. pratensis apud Thorne, 1940 P. leiocephalus Steiner, 1949 P. steineri Lordello, Zamith & Boock, 1954 P. coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 syn. P. musicola (Cobb, 1919) Filipjev, 1936 P. mahogany (Cobb, 1920) Filipjev, 1936 P. pratensis apud Yokoo, 1956 206 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan P. crenatus Loof, 1960 syn. P. clavicaudatus Baranovskaya & Haque, 1968 P. delatterei (Luc, 1958) Handoo & Golden, 1989 P. flakkensis Seinhorst, 1968 P. goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 P. hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 P. kralli Ryss, 1982 P. neglectus (Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 syn. P. minyus Sher & Allen, 1953 P. capitatus Ivanova, 1968 P. neocapitatus Khan & Singh, 1975 P. similis Khan & Singh, 1975 P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 syn. Tylenchus gulosus Kuhn, 1890 P. globulicola Romaniko, 1960 P. portulactus Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 P. pratensis (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936 syn. P. helophilus Seinhorst, 1959 P. irregularis Loof, 1960 P. pseudofallax, Café-Filo & Huang, 1989 P. pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968 P. roseus Zarina & Maqbool, 1998 P. sacchari (Soltwedel, 1888) Filipjev, 1936 P. scribneri Steiner in Sherbakoff & Stanley, 1943 P. sefaensis Fortuner, 1973 P. similis Khan & Singh, 1975 P. sudanensis Loof & Yassin, 1971 P. thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 P. vulnus Allen & Jensen, 1951 P. zeae Graham, 1951 Zygotylenchus Siddiqi, 1963 Z. guevarai (Tobar-Jimenez, 1963) Braun & Loof, 1966 Hirschmanniellinae Fotedar & Handoo, 1978 Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1964 H. gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964 syn. Tylenchus gracilis de Man, 1880 Tylenchorhynchus gracilis (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1925 Anguillulina gracillis (de Man, 1880) Goodey, 1932 Chitinotylenchus gracilis (de Man, 1880) Hirschmann, 1955 Radopholus gracilis (de Man, 1880) Allen, 1955 Radopholus gigas Andrassy, 1954 Hirschmanniella gigas (Andrassy, 1954) Sher, 1968 H. magna Siddiqi, 1966 syn. Hirschmanniella dubia Khan, 1972 H. mexicana (Chitwood, 1951) Sher, 1968 syn. Halenchus mexicannus Chitqood, 1951 207 F. Shahina et al. Hirschmanniella caudacrena Sher, 1968 H. mucronata (Das, 1960) Khan, Siddiqi, Khan, Hussian & Saxena, 1964 syn. Radopholus mucronatus Das, 1960 Hirschmanniella mucronata (Das, 1960) Timm, 1965 Hirschmanniella mangalorensis Mathur & Prasas, 1971 Hirschmanniella indica Ahmad, 1974 H. oryzae (van Breda de Haan, 1902) Luc & Goodey, 1964 syn. Tylenchus oryzae van Breda de Haan, 1902 Anguillulina oryzae (van Breda de Haan, 1902 Radopholus oryzae (van Breda de Haan, 1902) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Tylenchus apapillatus Imamura, 1931 Anguillulina apapillata (Imamura, 1931) Goodey, 1932 Rotylenchus apapillatus (Imamura, 1931) Filipjev, 1936 Hirschmanniella apapillata (Imamura, 1931) Sher, 1968 Hirschmanniellanana Siddiqi, 1966 Hirschmanniella exigua Khan, 1972 H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 syn. Tylenchorhynchus spinicaudatus Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944 Radopholus lavabri Luc, 1957 Hirschmanniella lavabri (Luc, 1957) Sher, 1968 Radopholinae Allen & Sher, 1967 Radopholus Thorne, 1949 R. allius Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 R. brassicae Shahina & Maqbool, 1996 R. similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 syn. Tylenchus similis Cobb, 1893 Anguillulina similis (Cobb, 1893) Goodey, 1932 Rotylenchus similis (Cobb, 1893) Filipjev, 1936 Tylenchus granulosus Cobb, 1893 Anguillulina granulose (Cobb, 1893) Goodey, 1932 Tetylenchus granulosus (Cobb, 1893) Filipjev, 1936 Radopholus granulosus (Cobb, 1893) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchus acutocaudatus Zimmermann, 1898 Anguillulina acutocaudata (Zimmermann, 1898) Goodey, 1932 Tylenchorhynchus acutocaudatus (Zimmermann, 1898) Filipjev, 1934 Radopholus acutocaudatus (Zimmermann, 1898) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchus biformis Cobb, 1909 Anguillulina biformis (Cobb, 1909) Goodey, 1932 Radopholus biformis (Cobb, 1909) Siddiqi, 1986 R. similis similis in Siddiqi, 1986 Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 P. maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina, 1989 Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936 208 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Criconematidae Taylor, 1936 Criconematinae Taylor, 1936 Criconema Hofmanner & Menzel, 1914 Subgenus Nothocriconemella (Ebsary, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 C. (N.) mutabile (Taylor, 1936) Raski & Luc, 1985 syn. Nothocriconema mutabile (Taylor) de Grisse & Loof, 1965 Nothocriconemella mutabilis (Taylor) Ebsary, 1981 Nothocriconema kovacsi (Andrassy) de Grisse &Loof, 1965 Nothocriconemella kovacsi (Andrassy) Ebsary, 1981 Criconema kovacsi (Andrassy) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides raskii Goodey, 1963 Criconema raskii (Goodey) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides siddiqi Khan, 1964 Criconema siddiqi (Khan) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides magnolia Edward & Misra, 1964 Criconema magnolia (Edward & Misra) Siddiqi, 1986 Cricinemoides californicus Diab & Jenkins, 1966 Criconema californicum (Diab & Jenkins) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides kashmirensis Mahajan & Bijral, 1973 Criconema kashmirense (Mahajan & Bijral) Siddiqi, 1986 Criconemoides mutabilis Taylor, 1936 Ogma Southern, 1914 O. multiannulata Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 O. qamari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 O. sadabhari Shahina & Maqbool, 1991 Macoposthoniinae Skarbilovich, 1959 Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 Subgenus Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 C. (C.) afghanicus Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 C. (C.) bakeri Wu, 1965 syn. Criconemella bakeri (Wu, 1965) Luc & Raski, 1981 C. (C.) brevistylus Singh & Khera, 1976 syn. Criconemella brevistylus (Singh & Khera, 1976) Luc & Raski, 1981 C. (C.) curvatus Raski, 1952 syn. Criconemella curvata (Raski, 1952) Luc & Raski, 1981 Macroposthonia coomansi de grisse, 1967 C. (C.) kamaliei Khan, 1971 C. (C.) onoensis Luc, 1959 syn. Criconemella onoensis (Luc, 1959) Luc & Raski, 1965 C. (C.) parvulus Siddiqi, 1961 syn. Criconemella parvula (Siddiqi, 1961) de Grisse & Loof, 1965 C. (C.) pruni (Siddiqi, 1961) Raski & Golden, 1966 syn. Criconemella pruni (Siddiqi, 1961) Luc & Raski, 1981 Criconema pruni Siddiqi, 1961 C. (C.) sphaerocephalus Taylor, 1936 syn. Criconemella sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) Luc & Raski, 1981 209 F. Shahina et al. C. (C.) xenoplax Raski, 1952 syn. Criconemella xenoplax (Raski,1952) Luc & Raski, 1981 Pakcriconemeoides Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 P. anastomoides (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 syn. Criconemella anastomoides Maqbool & Shahina, 1985 Macroposthonia anastomoides (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Siddiqi, 1986 Mesocriconema anastomoides (Maqbool & Shahina, 1985) Loof & de Grisse, 1989 Macroposthonia de Man, 1880 M. (curvata) alpina Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 M. coomansi De Grisse, 1967 Hemicriconemoidinae Andrassy, 1979 Hemicriconemoides Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 H.brachyurus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood &Birchfield, 1957 H. cocophillus (Loos, 1949) Chitwood &Birchfield, 1957 syn. Criconemoides cocophillus Loos, 1949 Hemicycliophora cocophilla (Loos) Goodey, 1963 Criconema mangiferum Edward & Misra, 1963 Hemicriconemoides mangiferus (Edward & Misra) Siddiqi, 1986 H. communis Edward & Misra, 1964 H. gaddi (Loos, 1949) Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 syn. Criconemoides gaddi Loos, 1949 Hemicycliophora gaddi (Loos) Goodey, 1963 H. ghaffari Maqbool, 1982 H. mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961 syn. H. litchi Edward & Misra, 1964 H. birchfieldi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1965 H. aberrans Phukan & Sanwal, 1983 H. strictathecatus Esser, 1960 syn. Hemicycliophora strictathecata (Esser) Goodey, 1963 Hemicycliophoroidea (Skarbilovich, 1959) Siddiqi, 1980 Hemicycliophoridae (Skarbilovich, 1959) Geraert, 1966 Hemicycliophorinae Skarbilovich, 1959 Hemicycliophora de Man, 1921 H. gracilis Thorne, 1955 H. veechi Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 Aulosphora Siddiqi, 1980 A. karachiensis Maqbool, Shahina & Zarina, 1986 A. penetrans (Thorne, 1955) Siddiqi, 1980 syn. Hemicycliophora penetrans Thorne, 1955 Tylenchuloidea (Skarbilovich, 1947) Raski & Siddiqi, 1975 210 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Tylenchulidae (Skarbilovich, 1947) Kirjanova, 1955 Tylenchulinae Skarbilovich, 1947 Tylenchulus Cobb, 1913 T. semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 Paratylenchidae (Thorne, 1949) Raski, 1962 Paratylenchinae Thorne, 1949 Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922 P. hamatus Thorne & Allen, 1950 P. holdemani Raski, 1975 P. italiensis Raski, 1975 P. karachiensis Zarina & Akhter, 2016 P. manilkarii Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 P. nainianus Edward & Misra, 1963 P. nanus Cobb, 1923 P. projectus Jenkins, 1956 syn. P. amblycephalus Reuver, 1959 P. salubris Raski, 1975 P. sindhicus Erum, Nasir, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 P. tateae Wu & Townshend, 1973 Gracilacus Raski, 1962 G. musae Shahina & Maqbool, 1993 Hexatylina Siddiqi, 1980 Neotylenchoidea (Thorne, 1941) Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1969 Neotylenchidae Thorne, 1941 Neotylenchinae Thorne, 1941 Neotylenchus Steiner, 1931 Neotylenchus spp. Deladinae Siddiqi, 1986 Deladenus Thorne, 1941 D. cocophilus Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2013 D. imperialis Bedding, 1974 D. pakistanensis Shahina & Maqbool, 1992 Fergusobiinae Goodey, 1963 Fergusobia Currie, 1937 F. indica (Jairajpuri, 1962) Siddiqi, 1986 syn. Boleodorus indicus Jairajpuri, 1962 Dorsalla indica (Jairajpuri) Jairajpuri, 1966 Anguinoidea Nicroll, 1935 Anguinidae Nicroll, 1935 Anguininae Nicroll, 1935 Anguina Scopoli, 1777 A. tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936 211 F. Shahina et al. syn. Vibrio tritci Steinbuch, 1799 Rhabditis tritici (Steinbuch) Dujardin, 1875 Anguillula tritici (Steinbuch) Grube, 1849 Anguillulina tritici (Steinbuch) Gervais &Van Beneden, 1859 Tylenchus tritici (Steinbuch) Bastian, 1865 Anguillula scandens Schneider, 1866 Tylenchus scandens (Schneider) Cobb, 1890 Anguillulina scandens (Schneider) Goodey, 1932 Subanguina Paramonov, 1967 S. balochia Erum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2008 Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 D. anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 syn. Pseudhalenchus anchilisposomus Tarjan, 1958 Safianema anchilisposomus Tarjan, 1958 D. angustus (Butler, 913) Filipjev, 1936 syn. Tylenchus angustus Butler, 1913 Anguillulina angusta (Butler, 1913) Goodey, 1932 D. bilqueese Khan, Batool & Khan, 2004 D. clarus Thorne & Malek, 1968 D. destructor Thorne, 1945 D. dipsaci (Khun, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 syn. Anguillula dipsaci Kuhn, 1857 Anguillulina dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Gervais Van Beneden, 1859 Tylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn, 1857) Bastian, 1965 Anguillulina dipsaci var. allocates Steiner, 1934 D. allocates (Steiner, 1934) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Anguillulina dispsaci var. communis Steiner &Scott, 1935 D. dipsaci var. narcissi de Bruyn Ouboter, 1930 Anguillula devastatrix Kuhn, 1869 Tylenchus devastatrix (Kuhn, 1869) Orley, 1880 Anguillulina devastatrix (Kuhn, 1869) Neveu-Lemaire, 1913 D. devastatrix (Kuhn, 1969) tarjan, 1960 Anguillula secalis Nitschke, 1869 Anguillulina secalis (Nitschke, 1869) Goodey, 1932 D. secalis (Nitsxhke, 1869) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchus allii Beijerinck, 1883 D. allii (Beijerinck, 1883) Tarjan, 1960 Tylenchus havensteinii Kuhn, 1881 Anguillulina hyacinthi (Prillieux, 1881) Goodey, 1932 D. havensteinii (Kuhn, 1881) Siddiqi, 1986 Tylenchus hyacinthi Prillieux, 1881 Anguillulina hyacinthi (Prillieux, 1881) Goodey, 1932 D. dipsaci var. hyacinthi (Prillieux, 1881) Fillipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 Tylenchus puterfaciens Kuhn, 1879 D. putrefaciens (Kuhn, 1879) Tarjan, 1967 212 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Tylenchus tobaensis Schneider, 1937 D. tobaensis (Schneider, 1937) Kirjanova, 1951 D. phloxidis Kirjanova, 1951 D. fragariae Kirjanova, 1951 D. galeopsidis Paramonov, 1970 D. sonchophilus Paramonov, 1970 D. dipsaci falcariae Poghosyan, 1967 D. emus Khan, Chawla &Prasad, 1969 D. geraerti (Paramonov, 1970) Bello & Geraert, 1972 syn. (Tylenchus geraerti) Paramonov, 1970 D. kheirii Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987 syn. Nothotylenchus geraerti Kheiri, 1971 D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965 D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 Nothotylenchinae Thorne, 1941 Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 N. basiri Khan, 1965 N. goldeni Maqbool, 1982 Paurodontidae (Thorne, 1941) Massey, 1967 Paurodontinae Thorne, 1941 Paurodontus Thorne, 1941 P. similis Siddiqi, 1961 Paurodontella Husain & Khan, 1968 P. balochistanica Handoo, Erum, Nasira &Shahina, 2010 P. myceliophaga Handoo, Erum, Nasira &Shahina, 2010 P. sohailai Maqbool, 1982 Stictylus Thorne, 1941 Stictylus spp. Aphelenchida Siddiqi, 1980 Aphelenchina (Fuchs, 1937) Geraert, 1966 Aphelenchoidea (Fuchs, 1937) Thorne, 1949 Aphelenchidae (Fuchs, 1937) Steiner, 1949 Aphelenchinae (Fuchs, 1937) Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 Aphelenchus Bastian, 1865 A. avenae Bastian, 1865 A. eremitus Thorne, 1961 A. isomerus Anderson & Hooper, 1980 A. sacchari (Akhtar, 1962) Goodey & Hooper, 1965 syn. Metaphelenchus sacchari Akhtar, 1962 Aphelenchoidoidea Skarbilovich, 1947 (Siddiqi, 1980) Aphelenchoididae (Skarbilovich, 1947) Paramonov, 1953 Aphelenchoidinae Skarbilovich, 1947 213 F. Shahina et al. Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 A. aligarhiensis Siddiqi, Husain & Khan, 1967 A. asterocaudatus Das, 1960 A. besseyi Christie, 1942 A. bicaudatus (Imamura, 1931) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941 A. blastophthorus Franklin, 1952 A. caprifici (Gasparrini, 1864) Filipjev, 1934 A. dactylocercus Hooper, 1958 A. goodeyi Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967 A. helicosoma Maslen, 1979 A. involutusMinegawa, 1992 A. parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932 syn. Aphelenchus parietinus Bastian, 1865 A. richardsoni Grewal, Siddiqi & Atkey, 1992 A. ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner, 1932 syn. Aphelenchus ritzemabosi Schwartz, 1911 Tylenchus ribes Taylor, 1917 Aphelenchus ribes (Taylor) Goodey, 1923 Aphelenchoides ribes (Taylor) Goodey, 1933 Aphelenchus phyllophagus Stewart, 1921 A. rutgersi Hooper & Myers, 1971 A. sacchari Hooper, 1958 A .siddiqi Fortuner, 1970 A. turnipi Israr, Shahina & Nasira, 2017 A. unisexus Jain & Singh, 1984 A. winchesi Paesler, 1957 Parasitaphelenchidae Rhum, 1956 (Siddiqi, 1980) Rhadinaphelenchinae Paramonov, 1962 Rhadinaphelenchus Goodey, 1960 R. cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 Seinuridae (Hussain & Khan 1967) Baranovskaya, 1981 Seinurinae Hussain & Khan, 1967 Seinura Fuchs, 1931 S. nagini Husain & Khan, 1965 S. oostenbrinki Husain & Khan, 1967 Paraphelenchidae Goodey, 1951 Paraphelenchinae Goodey, 1951 Paraphelenchus Micoletzky, 1922 P. litoralis Akhtar, 1962 P. sacchari Husain & Khan, 1967 Paraphelenchus spp. Rhabditida Chitwood, 1933 Rhabditina Andrassy, 1974 Rhabditoidea Orley, 1880 214 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Rhabditidae Orley, 1880 Rhabditinae Orley, 1880 Rhabditis Durjardin, 1845 R. karachiensis Khan, Seema, Khan, Qamar & Anwarullah, 1992 R. longicaudatus (Bastian, 1865) Osche, 1952 R. marious Maupas, 1899 R. producta (Schneider, 1866) Linstow, 1878 R. terricola Dujardin, 1845 Rhabditis spp. Cuticularia Van der Linde, 1938 C. regenfussi (Sudhaus, 1980) Andrassy, 1983 Rhitis Andrassy, 1983 R. luci (Andrassy, 1982) Andrassy, 1983 OscheiusAndrassy, 1976 O. andrassi Tabassum & Shahina, 2008 O. citri Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. cobbi Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. cynodonti Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. esculentus Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. karachiensis Tabassum & Nasir, 2018 O. maqbooli Tabassum & Shahina, 2002 O. niazii Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 O. punctata Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. sacchari Tabassum, Shahina, Nasira & Erum, 2016 O. shamimi Tehseen & Nisa, 2006 O. siddiqi Tabassum & Shahina, 2010 Diploscapteridae Micoletzky, 1922 Diploscapter Cobb, 1913 D. cornata (Cobb, 1893) Cobb, 1913 Mesorhabditidae Andrassy, 1976 Bursillinae Andrassy, 2005 Bursilla Andrassy, 1976 B. monhystera Butscili, 1873 Mesorhabditinae Andrassy, 1976 Crustorhabditis Sudhaus, 1974 C. scanica (Allgen, 1949) Andrassy, 1983 Cruzema Artigas, 1927 C. brzeskii (Brzeski, 1989) Sudhaus & Hooper, 1994 C. tripartitum (Linstow, 1906) Zullini, 1982 Distolabrellus Anderson, 1983 215 F. Shahina et al. D. veechi Anderson, 1983 D. pakistanensis Tabassum, Shahina, Firoza & Siddiqi, 2005 Mesorhabditis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1953 M. cranganorensis (Khera, 1968) Sudhaus, 1976 M. minuta Bostrom, 1991 M. striatica Dassonville & Heyns, 1984 Teratorhabditis (Osche, 1952), Dougherty, 1955 T. andrassyi Tahseen & Jairajpuri, 1988 Peloderidae Andrassy, 1986 Pellioditinae Andrassy, 2005 Pelliodites (Dougherty, 1953) Timm, 1960 P. typica (Stefanchi, 1922) Dougherty, 1955 Dolichorhabditis Andrassy, 1983 D. dolichura (Schneider, 1866) Andrassy, 1983 Heterorhabditidae Pionar, 1976 Heterorhabditis Pionar, 1976 H. bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 H. indica Pionar, Karunakar & David, 1992 H. pakistanense Shahina, Tabassum, Salma, Mehreen & Knoetze, 2016 Steinernematidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937 Steinernema Travassos, 1927 S. abbasi Elawad, Ahmad & Reid, 1997 S. affine (Bovien, 1937) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982 S. asiaticum Anis, Shahina, Reid, & Rowe, 2002 S. balochiense Shahina, Tabassum, Shaukat, Sarwar, Mehreen & Salma, 2015 S. bifurcatum Shahina, Yan, Qui, Han, Mehreen, Tabassum & Salma, 2014 S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982 S. cholashanense Nguyen, Puza & Mracek, 2008 S. feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin & Bedding, 1982 S. litorale Yoshida, 2004 S. maqbooli Shahina, Tabassum, Mehreen & Salma, 2013 S. pakistanense Shahina, Anis, Reid, Rowe & Maqbool, 2001 S. siamkayai Stock, Somsook & Reid, 1998 Cephalobina Andrassy, 1974 Cephaloboidea Filipjev, 1934 Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934 Cephalobinae Filipjev, 1934 Cephalobus Bastian, 1865 syn. ParacephalobusAkhter, 1962 C. litoralis (Akhter, 1962) Andrassy, 1984 syn. P. litoralis Akhter, 1962 216 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan C. nanus de Man, 1880 C. persignis Bastian, 1865 C. sacchari Shahina & Tabassum, 2002 Acrobeles Von Linstow, 1877 A. complaxus Thorne, 1925 A. geraerti Rashid, Heyns & Coomans, 1990 A. mariannae Andrassy, 1968 A. ornatus Thorne, 1925 Acrobeloides Cobb, 1924 A. bodenhemeri (Steiner, 1936) Thorne, 1937 A. enoploides Loof, 1971 A. gossypii Ashfaque, Shahina & Nasira, 2019 A. saeedi Siddiqi, Ley & Khan, 1992 Eucephalobus Steiner, 1935 Eucephalobus spp. Chiloplacus Thorne, 1937 C. longiuterus Rashid & Heyns, 1990 Chiloplacus spp. Pseudoacrobeles Steiner, 1928 Pseudoacrobeles spp. Cervidellus Thorne, 1937 Cervidellus spp. Acrobelinae Zeldia Thorne, 1937 Z. punctata (Thorne, 1925) Thorne, 1937 Family Osstellidae Heyns, 1962 Subfamily Drilocephalobinae Ali, Suryawanshi & Chisty, 1973 Drilocephalobus Coomans & Goodey, 1965 D. alykhani Siddiqi, 2001 Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937 Panagrolaimidae Thorne, 1937 Panagrolaiminae Thorne, 1937 Panagrolaimus Fuchs, 1937 P. rigidis (Schneider, 1866) Thorne, 1937 Panagrolaimus spp. Tricephalobus Steiner, 1936 T. longicaudatus (Butschli, 1873) Steiner, 1936 217 F. Shahina et al. Propanagrolaimus Andrassy, 2005 P. hygrophilus (Bassen, 1940) Andrassy, 2005 Brevibuccinae Paramonov, 1956 Brevibucca Goodey, 1935 B. saprophaga Goodey, 1935 Chambersiellidae Thorne, 1937 Macrolaiminae Sanwal, 1971 Macrolaimus Maupas, 1900 Macrolaimus spp. Alloionematidae Chitwood & Mcintosh, 1934 Rhabditophanes Fuchs, 1930 R. brassicae Fuchs, 1930 Diplogasterida Maggenti, 1981 Diplogasterina Micoletzky, 1922 Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky, 1922 Diplogasteridae Micoletzky, 1922 Diplogaster Schultze in Carus, 1857 Diplogaster spp. Demaniella Steiner, 1914 D. cibourgensis Steiner, 1914 Neodiplogasteridae Paramonov, 1952 Neodiplogasterinae Paramonov, 1952 Neodiplogaster Cobb, 1924 Neodiplogaster spp. Mononchoides Rahm, 1928 M. andrassyi Timm, 1961 Class: Adenophorea von Kinstow, 1905 syn. Aphasmidia Chitwood & Chitwood, 1933 Subclass: Enoplia Pearse, 1942 Dorylaimida Pearse, 1942 Dorylaimina Pearse, 1936 Dorylaimoidea (de Man, 1876) Thorne, 1934 Longidoridae (Thorne, 1935) Meyl, 1961 Xiphinematinae Dalmasso, 1969 Xiphinema Cobb, 1913 X. americanum Cobb, 1913 syn. Tylencholaimus americanus (Cobb, 1913) Micoletzky, 1922 X. neoamericanum Saxena, Chabra & Joshi, 1973 X. basiri Siddiqi, 1959 218 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan syn. X. cobbi Sharma & Saxena, 1981 X. hayati Javed, 1983 X. bergeri Luc, 1973 X. bolandium Coomans & Heyns, 1985 X. brevicolle Lordello & Da Costa, 1961 syn. X. americanum apud Carvalho, 1955, 1962 X. saopaoloense Khan & Ahmad, 1975 X. californicum Lamberti & Bleve- Zacheo, 1979 X. chambersi Thorne, 1939 X. cynodontis Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 X. diversicaudatum (Micoletzky, 1927) Thorne, 1939 X. elongatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 syn. X. campinense Lordello, 1951 X. hydrabadense Qureshi & Das, 1984 X. nagarjunense Khan, 1982 X. pretense Loos, 1949 X. uasi Edward & Sharma, 1982 X. incognatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. index Thorne & Allen, 1950 X. insigne Loos, 1949 syn. X. indicum Siddiqi, 1959 X. neodimorphicaudatum Khan, 1982 X. tugewai Darekar & Khan, 1983 X. intermedium Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. karachiense Nasira, Firoza & Maqbool, 1992 X. machoni Hunt, 1980 X. oxycaudatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 X. pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 syn. X. mediterraneum Martelli & Lamberti, 1967 X. neoelongatum Bajaj & Jairajpuri, 1077 X. pachydermum Sturhan, 1983 X. pakistanensis Nasira & Maqbool, 1998 X. radicicola Goodey, 1936 syn. X. australiae Mcleod & Khair, 1971 X. pararadicicola Phukan & Sanwal, 1982 X. rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 X. rotundatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 X. thornei Lamberti & Golden, 1986 Longidorinae Thorne, 1935 Longidorus (Micoletzky, 1922) Filipjev, 1934 L. africanus Merny, 1966 L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 syn. Dorylaimus elongatus de Man, 1876 D. (Longidorus) elongatus (de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, 1922 Trichodorus elongatus (de Man, 1876) Filipjev, 1921 D. tenuis Linstow, 1879 L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964 219 F. Shahina et al. syn. Brevinema pisi (Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964) Stegarescu, 1980 L. siddiqi Aboul Eid, 1970 Xiphinema brevicaudaturn Siddiqi, 1959 nec. Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1951 L. lectocephalus Lambarti, Choleva & Agostinelli, 1983 L. trapezoides Nasira & Maqbool, 1995 Paralongidorus Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 P. beryllus Siddiqi & Husain, 1965 P. citri (Siddiqi, 1959) Siddiqi, Hooper & Khan, 1963 syn. Xiphinema citri Siddiqi, 1959 L. citri (Siddiqi, 1959) Thorne, 1961 P. lemoni Nasira, Shahina, Firoza & Maqbool, 1993 P. major Verma, 1973 P. xiphinemoides Heyns, 1965 Dorylaimidae de Man, 1876 Dorylaiminae de Man, 1876 Dorylaimus Dujardin, 1845 D. bastiani Butschli, 1873 D. biroi Daday, 1899 D. granuliferus Cobb, 1893 D. stagnalis Dujardin, 1845 D. subsimilis Cobb, 1893 Afrodorylaiminae Andrassy, 1969 Paradorylaimus Andrassy, 1969 P. dorsocaudali Nasira, Israr & Shahina, 2017 Laimydorinae Andrassy, 1969 Mesodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 M. aberrans Loof, 1969 M. bastiani (Butschli, 1873) Anrassy, 1959 M. clavicaudatus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrassy, 1959 M. mehraniensis Khan & Saeed, 1986 Prodorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 Prodorylaimus spp. Laimydorus Siddiqi, 1969 L. pseudostagnalis (Micoletzky, 1927) Siddiqi, 1969 L. wirisi Tabassum, Shahina & Nasira, 2006 Thornenematinae Siddiqi, 1969 Timminema Khan, 1977 T. pakistanicum Khan, 1977 Thornenema Andrassy, 1959 T. maruitianum (Williams, 1959) Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969 220 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965 Aporcelaiminae Heyns, 1965 Aprocelaimellus Heyns, 1965 A. goldeni Khan & Fatima, 1980 A. obscurus (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Heyns, 1965 A. obtusicaudatus (Bastian, 1865) Altherr, 1960 A. sacchari Khan, 1989 A. taylori Yeates, 1967 Aprocelaimus Thorne & Swanger, 1936 A. cocophilus Loos, 1949 A. digitalis Loos, 1949 A. spiralis (Cobb, 1913) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 Qudsianematidae Jairajpuri, 1965 Qudsianematinae Jairajpuri, 1965 Labronema Thorne, 1939 L. digitatum Sakul, Das & Mitra, 1975 L. mauritiense Williams, 1959 Eudorylaimus Andrassy, 1959 E. andersoni Khan, 1989 E. magestri Andrassy, 1986 E. major E. minusculus (Loos, 1946) Siddiqi, 1969 E. subjunctus Loof, 1971 E. varians Thorne, 1974 Eudorylaimus spp. Thonus Thorne, 1974 T. saccatus Thorne, 1974 Ecumenicus Thorne, 1974 E. monohystera (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1974 Allodorylaimus Andrassy, 1986 A. americanus Andrassy, 1986 MicrodorylaimusAndrassy, 1986 M. miser (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrassy, 1986 Talanema Andrassy, 1991 T. mauritiense (Williams, 1959) Andrassy, 1990 Thorniinae De Coninck, 1965 Nygolaimoides Meyl, 1960 Nygolaimoides spp. 221 F. Shahina et al. Chrysonematinae Siddiqi, 1969 Chrysonema Thorne, 1929 C. mauritiana Williams, 1959 Discolaiminae Siddiqi, 1969 Discolaimium Thorne, 1939 D.australe (Yeates, 1967) Andrassy, 1990 D. brachyurum Husain & Siddiqi, 1967 D. capitulum Shahina, Mussarat & Siddiqi, 2005 D. gracile Thorne, 1939 D. pakistanicum Timm, 1963 D. upum Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1968 Discolaimus Cobb, 1913 D. acuticapitatus Furstenberg & Heyns, 1966 D. bulbiferus (Cobb, 1906) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 D. lahorensis Khan, 1998 D. major Thorne, 1939 D. pakistanense Nasira, Shahina & Erum, 2008 D. similus Thorne, 1939 D. texanus Cobb, 1913 Latocephalus Patil & Khan, 1982 L. smithi (Heyns, 1963) Patil & Khan, 1982 Lordellonematinae Siddiqi, 1969 Lordellonema Andrassy, 1960 L. subannulatum Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Moshajia Siddiqi, 1982 M. qasmi Zarina & Shahina, 2007 M. teres Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Poronemella Siddiqi, 1969 P. divulgata Tabassum, Shahina & Siddiqi, 2005 Nordiidae Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1964 Nordiinae Jairajpur i& Siddiqi, 1964 Longidorella Thorne, 1939 L. (Kantbhala) allii Suryawanshi, 1971 L. (Saevadorella) tharensis Nasira, Shahina & Firoza, 2010 Longidorella spp. Actinolaimoidinae Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 Paroriverutus Carbonell & Coomans, 1982 P. timmi Khan, 1994 Pungentinae Siddiqi, 1969 Pungentus Thorne & Swanger, 1936 P. engadinensis Alterr, 1950 Pungentus spp. 222 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Enchodelus Thorne, 1939 E. arcuatus Thorne, 1939 E. macrodorus (de Man, 1880) Thorne, 1939 Heterodorus Altherr, 1952 H. longidens (Jairajpuri & Loof, 1968) Andrassy, 2009 Actinolaimoidea Thorne, 1939 Carcharolaimidae Thorne, 1967 Carcharolaiminae Thorne, 1967 Carcharolaimus Thorne, 1939 Carcharolaimus spp. Belondiroidea Thorne, 1939 Belondiridae Thorne, 1939 Belondirinae Thorne, 1939 Belondira Thorne, 1939 B. paraclava Jairajpuri, 1964 Belondira spp. Amphibelondira Rahman, Jairajpuri, Ahmad & Ahmad, 1987 A. sindhicus Ashfaque, Nasira & Shahina, 2019 Axonchium Cobb, 1920 A. gigas Thorne, 1939 A. indicum Siddiqi, 1964 A. mauritiense Williams, 1958 A. oostenbrinki Khan & Ahmad, 1970 Dorylaimellinae Jairajpuri, 1964 Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 D. clavicaudatus Williams, 1958 D. vexator Heyns, 1963 Axodorylaimellus Siddiqi, 1983 A. aghai Siddiqi, 1983 Elongidorylaimellus Siddiqi, 1983 E. lauceolatus Siddiqi, 1983 Jamilius Siddiqi, 1983 J. adenophorus Siddiqi, 1983 J. jamali Siddiqi, 1983 Sindellus Siddiqi, 1983 S. sindi Siddiqi, 1983 Rashidanema Siddiqi, 1983 R. cognatum (Siddiqi, 1983) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 223 F. Shahina et al. Tylencholaimoidea Filipjev, 1934 Tylencholaimidae Filipjev, 1934 Tylencholaiminae Filipjev, 1934 Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 T. cynodonti Nasira, Erum & Shahina, 2005 T. gertii Kruger, 1965 T. nagauriensis Baqri & Bohra, 2001 T. proximus Thorne, 1939 Tylencholaimus spp. Discomyctus Thorne, 1939 Discomyctus spp. Mydonomidae Thorne, 1964 Dorylaimoides Thorne & Swanger, 1936 D. (Acridorylaimoides) arcuatus Siddiqi, 1964 D. (Digidorylaimoides) pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1964 D. (Dorylaimoides) parateres Siddiqi, 1964 Xiphinemellinae Jairajpuri, 1964 Xiphinemella Loos, 1950 X. ornata (Loos, 1949) Loos, 1950 Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935 Leptonchinae Thorne, 1935 Leptonchus Cobb, 1920 L. granulosus Cobb, 1920 Leptonchus spp. Belonenchinae Thorne, 1964 Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 B. (Basirotyleptus) basiri (Jairajpuri, 1964) Jairajpuri & Ahmad, 1992 Tylencholaimellinae Jairajpuri, 1964 Doryllium Cobb, 1920 D. minor Jairajpuri, 1963 Doryllium spp. Nygolaimina Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1979 Nygolaimoidea Thorne, 1935 Nygolaimidae Thorne, 1935 Nygolaiminae Thorne, 1935 Nygolaimus Cobb, 191 3 N. gigantus Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 N. neominimus Shahina, Erum & Siddiqi, 2005 N. vulgaris Thorne, 1930 224 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Solididentinae Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1982 Solididens Heyns, 1968 S. swatiensis Nasira, Shahina & Maqbool, 1999 Nygolaimellidae Clark, 1961 Nygolaimellinae Clark, 1961 Nygolaimellus Loos, 1949 N. abnormis Loos, 1949 Alaimina Clark, 1971 Alaimidae Micoletzky, 1922 Alaimus de Man, 1880 A. minor Cobb, 1893 Bathyodontina Coomans & Loof, 1970 Cryptonchidae Chitwood, 1937 Cryptonchus Cobb, 1930 Cryptonchus spp. Triplonchida Cobb, 1920 Diphtherophorina Coomans & Loof, 1970 Diptherophoroidea Micoletzky, 1922 Diphtherophoridae Micoletzky, 1922 Diptherophora de Man, 1880 Diptherophora spp. Trichodoroidea (Thorne, 1935) Siddqi, 1974 Trichodoridae (Thorne, 1935) Siddiqi, 1961 Trichodorus Cobb, 1913 T. obtusus Cobb, 1913 T. pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1962 Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974 P. faisalabadensis Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 P. minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 syn. Trichodorus minor Colbran, 1956 P. christiei (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974 P. obesus (Rasjivin & Penton, 1975) Rodriguez & Bell, 1978 P. mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974 syn. Trichodorus mirzai Siddiqi, 1960 T. musaambi Edward & Misra, 1970 P. psidii Nasira & Maqbool, 1994 P. renifer Siddiqi, 1974 Tobrilina Tsalolikhin, 1976 Prismatolaimoidea Miocoletzky, 1922 Prismatolaimidae Miocoletzky, 1922 Prismatolaimus de Man, 1980 P. intermedius (Butschli, 1873) de Man, 1980 225 F. Shahina et al. Mononchida Jairajpuri, 1969 Mononchina Kirjanova & Krall, 1969 Mononchoidea Chitwood, 1937 Mononchidae Chitwood, 1937 Mononchinae Chitood, 1937 Mononchus Bastian, 1865 M. aquaticus Coetzee, 1968 M. pappilatus Bastian, 1865 Mononchus spp. Prionchulinae Andrassy, 1976 Clarkus Jairajpuri, 1970 C. papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Jairajpuri, 1970 Mylonchulidae Jairajpuri, 1969 Mylonchulinae Jairajpuri, 1969 Mylonchulus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 M. amurus Khan & Jairajpuri, 1979 M. brachyuris Butschli, 1873 M. contractus Jairajpuri, 1970 M. lacustis (Cobb in Cobb, 1915) Andrassy, 1958 M. minor (Cobb, 1893) Andrassy, 1958 M. nainitalensis Jairajpuri, 1970 M. paitensis Yeates, 1992 M. rosensis Khan, 1975 M. sigmaturus (Cobb, 1916) Altherr, 1953 Mylonchulus spp. Pakmylonchulus Khan & Saeed, 1987 P. amurus Khan & Saeed, 1987 Anatonchoidea Jairajpuri, 1969 Anatonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969 Anatonchinae Jairajpuri, 1969 Anatonchus (Cobb, 1916) de Coninck, 1939 A. valitangiensis Khan & Saeed, 1987 Miconchinae Andrassy, 1976 Miconchus Andrassy, 1958 M. dalhousiensis Jairajpuri, 1969 Enoplida Filipjev, 1929 Enoplina Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937 Thoracostomopsidae Filipjev, 1927 Enoplolaimus de Man, 1893 E. karachiensis Maqbool, Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 1999 Enchelidiidae Filipjev, 1918 Eurystomina Filipjev, 1921 226 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan E. indica Yoshimura, 1980 Eurystomina spp. Pareurystomina Micoletzky, 1930 P.vaughtae Keppner, 1989 Bathyeurystomina Lambshead & Platt, 1979 B. minima Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Belbolla Andrassy, 1973 B. longispiculata Nasira, Shahina & Shamim, 2014 Oncholaimidae Filipjev, 1921 Oncholaimus Dujardin, 1845 O. oxyuris Ditlevsen, 1911 O. paraoxyuris Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 Dentolaimoides Khan, 1994 D. papillifer Khan, 1994 Metoncholaimus Filipjev, 1918 M. medispiculatum Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 M. siddiqii Shahina, Nasira & Shamim, 2015 Viscosia de Man, 1890 V. elegans Kreis, 1924 Oxystominidae (Filipjev, 1918) Chitwood, 935 Oxystomina Filipjev, 1921 O. elongata Butschli, 1874 Halalaimus de Man, 1888 H. gidanensis Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 Anoplostomatidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974 Anoplostoma Butschli, 1874 A. sunderbanae Timm, 1967 Pelagonematidae Andrassy, 1976 Pelogonema Cobb, 1894 Pelagonema spp. Ironidae de Man, 1876 Ironus Bastian, 1865 I. dentifurcatus Agro & Heyns, 1972 Syringolaimus de Man, 1888 S. brevicaudatus Micoletzky, 1922 227 F. Shahina et al. Thalassironus de Man, 1889 T. qatarense Nasira, Kamran, Shahina & Kazmi, 2006 Trissonchulus Cobb, 1920 T. benepapillosus Schulz, 1935 T. lichenii Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2002 T. oceanus Cobb, 1920 Leptosomatidae Filipjev, 1916 Leptosomatum Bastian, 1865 L. ranjhai Timm, 1960 Tripyloidina de Coninck 1965 Tripyloididae Filipjev, 1918 Bathylaimus Cobb, 1894 B. australis Cobb, 1894 Trefusiida Lorenzen, 1981 Trefusiidae Gerlach, 1966 Trefusia de Man, 1893 Trefusia spp. Sub Class: Chormadoria (Pearse, 1942) Filipjev, 1929 Chromadorida Filipjev, 1929 Chromadorina Filipjev, 1918 Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922 Microlaimus de Man, 1880 M. arenicola Schulz, 1938 M. amphidius Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 M. karachiensis Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 M. sonmianensis Nasira, Maqbool, Turpeenniemi & Zarina, 2000 Calomicrolaimus Lorenzen, 1976 C. arenarius Blome, 1982 Cinctonema Cobb, 1920 C. papillata Timm, 1962 Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918 Paracomesoma Hope & Murphy, 1972 P. longispiculum Timm, 1961 Sabatieria Rouville, 1903 S. microsetosa Timm, 1967 Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1927 Hypodontolaimus de Man, 1886 Hypodontolaimus spp. 228 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Graphonema Cobb, 1898 Graphonema spp. Endeolophos Boucher, 1976 E. minutus Gerlach, 1967 Chromadora Bastian, 1865 C. nudicapitata Bastian, 1865 Spilophorella Filipjev, 1917 S. candida Gerlach, 1951 Ptycholaimellus Cobb, 1920 P. sindhicus Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Trichromadorita Timm, 1961 T. arinus Khan, 1991 Panduripharynx Timm, 1961 Panduripharynx spp. Achromadoridae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973 Achromadorinae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973 Achromadora Cobb, 1913 A. ruricola (de Man, 1880) Micoletzky, 1925 Achromadora spp. Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918 Paracanthonchus Micoletzky, 1924 P. sandspitensis Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 P. hawaiiensis Allgen, 1951 Cyatholaimus Bastain, 1865 Cyatholaimus spp. Marylynnia Hopper, 1977 M. musharafii Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2007 Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915 Choanolaimus de Man, 1880 Choanolaimus spp. Halichoanolaimus de Man, 1886 H. balochiensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Synonchium Cobb, 1920 S. marina Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 S. oblongus Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 S. pakistanense Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2009 229 F. Shahina et al. Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922 Desmodora de Man, 1889 D. (Pseudochromadora) cliftesnsis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Metachromadora Filipjev, 1918 M. (Metachromadoroides) remanei Gerlach, 1951 Spirinia Gerlach, 1963 S. (Perspiria) striaticaudata (Timm, 1962) Wieser & Hooper, 1967 Onyx Cobb, 1891 O. balochiensis Nasira, Rehmat & Shahina, 2011 Monoposthidae Filipjev, 1934 Monoposthia de Man, 1889 Monoposthia spp. Ethmolaimidae Filipjev & Stekhoven, 1941 Paraethmolaimus Jensen, 1994 P. appendixocaudatus Jensen, 1994 Leptolaimina Lorenzen, 1981 Leptolaimidae Orley, 1880 Diodontolaimus Southern, 1914 D. karachiensis Nasira, Kamran & Shahina, 2005 Leptolaimus de Man, 1876 L. luridus Timm, 1963 Camacolaimus de Man, 1889 C. tardus de Man, 1889 Camacolaimus spp. Ionema Cobb, 1920 I. cobbi Timm, 1963 Chronogaster Cobb, 1913 C. typica (de Man, 1921) de Coninck, 1937 Stephanolaimus Ditlevsen, 1914 Stephanolaimus spp. Paraphanolaimus Micoletzky, 1923 P. granuliferus Timm, 1963 Halaphanolaimus Southern, 1914 H. marinus Kamran, Nasira & Shahina, 2010 Rhabdolaimidae Chitwood, 1961 Rogerinae Andrassy, 1976 230 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Rogerus Hoeppli & Chu, 1934 syn. Greenenema Andrassy, 1959 Rogerus spp. Aulolaimidae Jairajpuri & Hooper, 1968 Aulolaimus de Man, 1880 A. mubarakvilli Salma, Saima, Nasira & Shahina, 2018 A. rashidae Shahina, Hunt & Siddiqi, 1996 Heliplectidae Chitwood, 1951 Heliplectus Cobb, 1913 H. dorsalis Cobb in Chitwood, 1956 H. gracilis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. minor Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. monodelphis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. pakistanensis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. paradorsalis Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 H. robustus Shahina, Siddiqi & Nasira, 2014 Haliplectus spp. Aegialoalaimidae Lorenzen, 1981 Aegialoalaimus de Man, 1907 Aegialoalaimus spp. Odontolaimidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974 Odontolaimus de Man, 1880 Odotolaimus spp. Monochromadorinae Andrassy, 1958 Monochromadora Goodey, 1951 Monochromadora spp. Desmoscolecina Filipjev, 1934 Desmoscolecidae Shipley 1896 Desmosoclex Claparede, 1863 Desmoscolex spp. Triconema Cobb, 1893 Triconema spp. Draconematidae Filipjev, 1918 Dracograllus Allen & Noffsinger, 1978 D. demanii Allen & Noffsinger, 1978 Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929 Monhysterina Chitwood & Chitwood, 1950 Monhysteridae de Man, 1876 Monhystera Bastian, 1865 M. karachiensis Timm, 1963 M. parelegantula de Coninck, 1943 231 F. Shahina et al. Geomonhystera Andrassy, 1981 G. dubia Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 G. karuni Siddiqi & Shahina, 2004 Monhystrella Cobb, 1918 Monhystrella spp. DiplolaimellaAllgen, 1929 D. dievengatensis Jacobs, Velde, Geraert & Vranken, 1990 Diplolaimelloides Meyl, 1954 D. delyi Andrassy, 1958 Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 Arabanema Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 A. pakistanensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Cobbia de Man, 1907 C. macrostoma Timm, 1963 Daptonema Cobb, 1920 Daptonema spp. Megalolaimus Timm, 1961 Megalolaimus spp. Paramonohystera Steiner, 1916 P. (Leptogastrella) pellucida Cobb, 1920 P. (Paramonhystera) longicaudata Timm, 1963 Rhynchonema Cobb, 1920 R. scutatum Lorenzen, 1971 Gonionchus Cobb, 1920 G. arabica Nasira & Turpeenniemi, 2003 Steineria Micoletzky, 1922 S. simplex Timm, 1963 S. pilosa brevisetosa Timm, 1957 Theristus Bastian, 1865 T. cylindricus Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 T. flevensis Stekhoven, 1935 T. (Penzancia) karachiense Salma, Nasira, Saima & Shahina, 2017 T. longisetifer Kito & Aryuthaka, 1998 T. otoplanobius Gerlach, 1951 T. (Cylindrotheristus) poloris Cobb, 1914 T. (Cylindrotheristus) normandicus de Man, 1890 232 Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Thrichotheristus Weiser, 1956 T. floridanus Wieser & Hopper, 1967 Trichotheristus spp. Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 1918 Sphaerolaimus Bastian, 1865 S. gracilis de Man, 1876 S. maeoticus Filipjev, 1922 Linhomoeidae Filipjev, 1922 Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922 E. inglisi Timm, 1967 E. longus Filipjev, 1922 E. obtusicaudatus Allen, 1947 Terschellingia de Man, 1888 T. longicaudata de Man, 1907 T. communis de Man, 1888 T. lissa Timm, 1962 T. longissimicaudata Timm, 1962 T. magna Timm, 1962 syn. T. communis Gerlach, 1955 T. mora Gerlach, 1954 Metalinhomoeus de Man, 1907 M. karachiensis Timm, 1962 Megadesmolaimus Wieser, 1954 M. controtus Timm, 1962 Paralinhomoeus de Man, 1907 P. dubius Timm, 1961 Linhomoeus Bastian, 1865 syn. Anticyclus Cobb, 1920 Linhomoeus spp. Axonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918 Pseudolella Cobb, 1920 P. granulifera Cobb, 1920 Odontophora Butschli, 1874 O. hawksbiensis Turpeenniemi, Nasira & Maqbool, 2001 Parodontophora Timm, 1963 P. cobbi Timm, 1963 P. pacifica (Allgen, 1947) Timm, 1963 Diplopeltidae Filipjev, 1918 Araeolaimus de Man, 1888 233 F. Shahina et al. A. elegans de Man, 1888 A. taxianus Chitwood, 1951 Plectida Malakhov, 1982 Plectoidea Orley, 1880 Plectidae Orley, 1880 Plectinae Orley, 1880 Plectus Bastian, 1865 Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1984 P. karachiensis Shahina, Tabassum & Maqbool, 2001 P. perietinus Bastian, 1865 P. raabei Brzeski, 1961 P. tenuis Bastian, 1865 Plectus spp. Willsonematinae Chitwood, 1951 Willsonema Cobb, 1913 W. promissum Khan, Seema & Khan, 1990 References Aatika, S., Nasira, K. & Shahina, F. (2017). 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Revue de Nematologie, 8, 329-333. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1986). Four new species of the family Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda) with notes on Rotylenchus cypriensis Antoniou from Pakistan. Nematologia Mediterranea, 14, 117-128. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1986). New species of cyst nematode Heterodera pakistanensis (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) attacking wheat in Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 18, 541-548. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1987). Description of two new and data on three known species of the genus Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Pakistan with a 237 F. Shahina et al. key to the species of Tylenchus. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 5, 53-67. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1987). Nematodes of northern areas in Pakistan. Description of Nagelus saifulmulukensis n. sp., and Merlinius montanus n. sp., (Nematoda: Merliniinae) with notes on three species of Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913. Revue de Nematologie, 10, 289-294. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1988). Nematodes of northern areas in Pakistan Heterodera bergeniae sp. n., (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) a parasite of Bergenia ciliata. Revue de Nematologie, 11, 121-127. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (1989). Nematode of northern areas in Pakistan. Description of Neothada major n. sp., and Pratylenchoides maqsoodi n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchina). Revue de Nematologie, 12, 211-216. Maqbool, M. A. & Ghazala, P. (1984). Studies on Orientylus karachiensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) and observations on Orientylus siddiqii from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 2, 15-18. Maqbool, M. A. & Ghazala, P. (1986). Description of Boleodorus arachis n. sp., and Cephalenchus longicaudatus n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with observations on some new records from northern areas of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 4, 51-58. Maqbool, M. A. (1982). Description of Quinisulcius solani n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchorhynchidae) with a key to the species and data on Scutylenchus koreanus from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 14, 221-225. Maqbool, M. A. (1982). Studies on some Criconematoidea (Nematoda) from Pakistan with a description of Hemicriconemoides ghaffari n. sp. Revue de Nematologie, 5, 257-260. Maqbool, M. A. (1982). Three new species of the super family Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 14, 317-323. Maqbool, M. A. (1983). Description of Paktylenchus tuberosus gen. n., sp. n., 238 (Nematoda: Tylenchinae) from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 15, 76-79. Maqbool, M. A., Zarina, B. & Ghazala, P. (1987). Description of Tylenchus naranensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchinae). Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 5, 1-4. Maqbool, M. A., Shahina, F. & Zarina, B. (1986). Two new species of Hemicycliophorinae Skarbilovich, 1959 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 4, 43-49. Maqbool, M. A., Shahina, F. & Firoza, K. (1990). Description of Boleodorus azadkashmirensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) and observation on Filenchus vulgaris (Brzeski, 1963) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 8, 43-48. Maqbool, M. A., Nasira, K. & Turpeenniemi, T. A. (1999). Description of free-living marine nematode Enoplolaimus karachiensis sp. nov., and five know species (Nematoda: Enoplida; Monhysterida) from Arabian Sea. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 17, 105-123. Maqbool, M. A., Fatima, N. & Hashmi, S. (1983). Merlinius niazae n. sp., (Nematoda: Merliniinae) and the occurrence of some members of Merliniinae and Tylenchorhynchinae in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 1, 111-121. Maqbool, M. A., Ghazala, P. & Fatima, N. (1984). Two new species of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 2, 61-67. Maqbool, M. A., Ghazala, P., Fatima, N. & Qasim, M. (1985). Pararotylenchus microstylus n. sp., and Scutylenchus baluchiensis n. sp., with observations on some new records from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 3, 61-67. Maqbool, M. A., Shahina, F. & Zarina, B. (1984). Aglenchus mardanensis n. sp., a new nematode species (Tylenchinae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 2, 19-22. Maqbool, M. A., Fatima, N. & Shahina, F. (1984). Three new species of the family Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Tylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan with comments on the genus Basiroides. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 2, 49-59. Maqbool, M. A. & Shahina, F. (2001). Distribution and Systematics: Biodiversity of Nematode Fauna in Pakistan. National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi, pp 179. Musarrat, R., Handoo, Z. A. & Shahina, F. (2008). Description of Tylenchorhynchus qasimii sp. n. with a new report of T. kegasawai, 1995 from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 40, 20-25. Nasir, M. & Tabassum, K. A. (2018). Description of Oscheius karachiensis n.sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from chicko (Manilkara zapota), Saeedabad, Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 9, 530-33. Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1994). Two new species of Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) with observation on P. mirzai (Siddiqi, 1960) Siddiqi, 1974 and P. renifer Siddiqi, 1974 from Pakistan. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 17, 323-332. Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1994). Xiphinema cynodontis n. sp., (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 12, 99-107. Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1995). Description of Longidorus trapezoides n. sp., and morphometric data on L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 1936 (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 13, 51-60. Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1996). Description of Tylenchorhynchus gossypii n. sp., (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) with observation on T. elegans Siddiqi, 1961 from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 14, 33-40. Nasira, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1998). Description of Xiphinema pakistanensis n. sp., and the male of X. oxycaudatum Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979 with observation on X. thornei Lamberti & Golden, 1986 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 16, 1-12. Nasira, K. & Turpeenniemi, T. A. (2002). Description of Trissonchulus lichenii n. sp., and Halalaimus gidanensis n. sp., with observations on three known species (Nematoda: Enoplida) from northern Arabian Sea. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 20, 1-16. Nasira, K. & Turpeenniemi, T. A. (2003).New and known marine nematodes of the family Xyalidae (Nematoda: Monhysterida) from Arabian Sea of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 21, 1-9. Nasira, K., Rehmat, B. & Shahina, F. (2011). Description of Onyx balochiensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Chromadorida) with a compendium of the genus Onyx Cobb, 1891 from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 29, 1-13. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Firoza, K. (2010). Description of Longidorella (Saevadorella) tharensis sp. n., (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 20, 135-140. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Firoza, K. (2013). Deladenus cocophilus n. sp. (Nematoda: Hexatylina): A mycetophagous and entomoparasitic nematode in infested coconut fruits from Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 45, 106-111. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1991). Tylenchorhynchus swatiensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the Swat area of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 9, 1-5. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1999). Description of Solididens swatiensis n. sp., (Dorylaimida: Nygolaimoidea) with observations on four known species from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 17, 1-14. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Kamran, M. (2005). Description of Diodontolaimus karachiensis n. sp., (Chromadorida: Leptolaimidae) from Arabian Sea of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 23, 115-118. 239 F. Shahina et al. Nasira, K., Shahina, F. & Erum, Y. I. (2008). Description of Discolaimus pakistanense n. sp., (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with a compendium of the genus Discolaimus Cobb, 1913 from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 26, 107-124. Nasira, K., Shahina, F., Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1993). Description of Paralongidorus lemoni n. sp., and redescription of P. major Verma, 1973 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Pakistan with SEM observation. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 11, 79-91. Nasira, K., Erum, Y. I. & Shahina, F. (2005). Description of Tylencholaimus cynodonti n. sp., with observation on four known species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 23, 189-202. Nasira, K., Firoza, K. & Maqbool, M. A. (1992). Description of Xiphinema karachiense sp. n., and morphometric data on Enchodelus macrodorus (de Man, 1880), Thorne, 1939 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Pakistan. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 421-426. Nasira, K., Maqbool, M. A., Turpeenniemi, T. A. & Zarina, B. (2000). Description of Microlaimus sonmianensis n. sp., with observation on Microlaimus arenicola Schulz, 1938 and Calomicrolaimus arenarius Blome, 1982 (Chromadorida: Microlaimidae) from Arabian Sea of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 18: 1-10. Nasira, K., Israr, M. & Shahina, F. (2017). Description of Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali new species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with notes on Plectus (Ceratoplectus armatus) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49, 2043-2049. Nasira, K., Kamran, M. K. & Shahina, F. (2007). Two new species of free-living marine nematodesof the family Cyatholaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida) from Arabian Sea of Pakistan. 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British Chromadorids Synopsis of the British fauna (New series) No. 38, 502 pp. Leiden, Netherlands, Brill. Sagir, H. & Erum Y. I. (2017). Desciption of new stunt nematode species, Merlinius nagerensis n. sp. and new records of plant parasitic nematodes from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 35, 13-35. Salma, J., Nasira, K., Saima, M. & Shahina, F. (2017). Morphological and molecular identification of four new species of marine nematodes Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 35, 113-150. Salma, J., Saima, M., Nasira, K. & Shahina, F. (2018). Description of Aulolaimus mubarakvilli new species (Nematoda: Aulolaimidae) with observation on Heterodorus longidens from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50, 325-328. Sattar, A. & Hafiz, A. (1952). Researches on plant diseases of the Punjab.Scientific Monograph No. 1. Association for the Advancement of Science, Lahore, pp. 158. Shahina F., Yan, X., Qui, L., Han, R., Mehreen, G., Tabassum, K. A. & Salma, J. (2014). A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bifurcatum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Overview of the nematode fauna of Pakistan Steinernematidae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Nematology, 16, 821-836. Shahina, F. & Tabassum, K. A. (2002). Description of Cephalobus sacchari n. sp., and redescription of C. nanus De Man, 1880 (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 20, 17-24. Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1989). Heterodera cynodontis n. sp., (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Cynodon dactylon (L.) in Pakistan. Reveu de Nematologie 12, 395400. Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1990). Studies on the genus Neopsilenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) with description of Acusilenchus n. sub gen. and three new species. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 8, 49-63. Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1991). Description of three new species of the genus Ogma Southern, 1914 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Pakistan. Reveu de Nematologie, 14, 221-229. Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1992). 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R. & Siddiqi, M. R. (2005). Discolamium capitulum sp. n., and observations on D. brachyurum Siddiqi and D. upum Baqri & Jairajpuri (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 23, 29-40. Shahina, F., Hunt, D. J. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1996). Three new species of Aulolaimus de Man (Chromadorida: Aulolaimidae). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6, 78-84. Shahina, F., Tabassum, K. A. & Maqbool, M. A. (2001). Description of Plectus karachiensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Plectidae) with observation on P. raabei Brzeski, 1963 from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 19, 33-40. Shahina, F., Nasira, K. and Shamim, S. (2015). Description of Metoncholaimus siddiqii n. sp. (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae) from Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 25, 35-38. Shahina, F., Nasira, K., Salma, J., Mehreen, G. & Bhatti, M. I. (2015). Description of a new rootknot nematode, Meloidogyne pakistanica sp. n. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae). International Journal of Nematology, 25, 135-144. Shahina, F., Tabassum, K. A. & Nasira, K. (2006). Laimydorus wirisi n. sp. with notes on Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus and Allodorylaimus americanus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 24, 129-138. Shahina, F., Tabassum, K. A., Mehreen, G. & Salma, J. (2013). Steinernema maqbooli n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) a species of the 'bicornutum' group from Pakistan International Journal of Nematology, 23, 59-72. Shahina, F., Tabassum, K. A., Salma, J., Mehreen, G. & Knoetze, R. (2016). A new entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis pakistanense n.sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Pakistan. Journal of Helminthology, 1-14. doi: 10.1017/ S0022149X16000158 Shahina, F., Anis, M., Reid, A. P. Rowe, J. & Maqbool, M. A. (2001). Steinernema pakistanense sp. n., (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 11, 124-133. 241 F. Shahina et al. Shahina, F., Siddiqi, M. R. & Nasira, K. (2014). Six new species of Haliplectus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Haliplectidae) from mangroves of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 24, 68-80. Shahina, F., Erum, Y. I. & Siddiqi, M. R. (2005). Studies on the genus Nygolaimus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Nygolaimidae) with description of two new species from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 23, 21-28. Shahina, F., Tabassum, K.A. Shaukat, A., Solangi, G.S., Mehreen, G. & Salma, J. (2015). A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema balochiense n.sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Pakistan. Zootaxa, 3904, 387-402. DOI: 10.11646/ zootaxa. 3904.3.4 Siddiqi, M. R. & Shahina, F. (2004). Geomonhystera karuni sp. n., and G. dubia sp. n., (Nematoda: Monhysterida) from Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Nematology, 14, 169-173. Siddiqi, M. R. (1962). Trichodorus pakistanensis n. sp., (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) with observations on T. porosus Allen, 1957, T. mirzai Siddiqi, 1960 and T. minor Colbran, 1956 from India. 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