Zootaxa 4354 (1): 001–068 http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) Monograph ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4354.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:15F002F0-13EA-4A83-B6B4-937DEFE4F5D0 ZOOTAXA 4354 An updated checklist of Echinoderms from Indian waters VIJAY KUMAR DEEPAK SAMUEL1., PANDIAN KRISHNAN1., CHEMMENCHERI RAMAKRISHNAN SREERAJ1, KANAGARAJ CHAMUNDEESWARI1, CHERMAPANDI PARTHIBAN1, VEERAMUTHU SEKAR1, SHESDEV PATRO1, RAJU SARAVANAN2, KOTTARATHIL RAJENDRAN ABHILASH1, PURVAJA RAMACHANDRAN1 & RAMACHANDRAN RAMESH1,3 1 National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Anna University Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Mandapam Camp—623 520, Tamil Nadu, India 3 Corresponding author. National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Anna University Campus, Chennai 600 025, India. Ph: +91 44 22200159; Mobile: +91 9840966299; E-mail: rramesh_au@yahoo.com Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by M. Eléaume: 1 Sept. 2017; published: 27 Nov. 2017 VIJAY KUMAR DEEPAK SAMUEL, PANDIAN KRISHNAN, CHEMMENCHERI RAMAKRISHNAN SREERAJ, KANAGARAJ CHAMUNDEESWARI, CHERMAPANDI PARTHIBAN, VEERAMUTHU SEKAR, SHESDEV PATRO, RAJU SARAVANAN, KOTTARATHIL RAJENDRAN ABHILASH, PURVAJA RAMACHANDRAN & RAMACHANDRAN RAMESH An updated checklist of Echinoderms from Indian waters (Zootaxa 4354) 68 pp.; 30 cm. 27 Nov. 2017 ISBN 978-1-77670-270-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77670-271-8 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2017 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: magnolia@mapress.com http://www.mapress.com/j/zt © 2017 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. 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ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. Table of contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Abstract Species checklists enlist the species available within the defined geographical region and thus serve as essential input for developing conservation and management strategies. The fields of conservation biology and ecology confront the challenge of inflated biodiversity, attributed to non-recognition of taxonomic inconsistencies such as synonyms, alternate representation, emendations etc. Critical review of the checklists and distributional records of Phylum Echinodermata from Indian waters and subsequent validation of species names with World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database, revealed that the current literature included 236 incorrect entries comprising of 162 synonyms, 15 emendations, 5 nomina dubia, 1 nomen nudum, 40 species under alternate representation, 9 species with author misnomer, 1 subspecies and 1 unaccepted. The 226 species found to be mixed with valid names and a revised checklist was prepared. The revised and updated checklist holds 741 species of echinoderms comprising of 182 asteroids (24.56%), 70 crinoids (9.45%), 138 echinoids (18.62%), 179 holothuroids (24.16%) and 172 ophiuroids (23.21%), placed under 28 orders and 107 families. This paper discusses the cause for taxonomic inflation and argues that such taxonomic inconsistencies alter our interpretations of a species including its inaccurate distribution and, could possibly impede the country’s conservation and management efforts. Key words: Echinodermata, India, checklist, Bay of Bengal, biodiversity, Andaman & Nicobar Islands Introduction India has diverse coastal and marine ecosystems with many faunal and floral groups. The conservation, management and sustainable utilisation of natural resources depend on the qualitative and quantitative assessment of biodiversity (Narendran 2001; Prathapan et al. 2009). Preparation of checklist is the first step in any conservation effort, where the occurrence and distribution of the available species in the country is documented. Updating species checklists is an inherent and continuous task in biodiversity assessment. Unfortunately, most of the Indian marine taxa are not revised periodically, due to the prodigious nature of the task and lack of required experts and expertise. This impedes the conservation dependent on taxonomic checklists by conservation biologists, ecologists, and environmental managers. The glamour of taxonomy has been on a decline, and the subject is not recognized as an intellectually challenging and hypotheses-driven science, that it has become (Dayrat 2005; Padial et al. 2010; Haszprunar 2011). Reduction in financial support for taxonomic research, limited number of scientific journals publishing taxonomic research and editorial resistance among high impact journals to publish taxonomic data has been a significant impediment for addressing today’s biodiversity crisis through scientific research (Bortolus 2008; Werner 2009; Boero 2010). This has led to lack of high quality taxonomic works and increased number of publications on taxonomic data in non-peer reviewed journals, which in turn have resulted in ‘taxonomic inflation’ (Padial & Riva 2006), the increase in the number of taxa as a consequence of use of different taxonomic concepts and a visible shift from conventional taxonomy to “cybertaxonomy” during the last decade (Miller et al. 2012). The current study critically reviews the checklists and taxonomic records of Phylum Echinodermata reported from India. Echinoderms are marine invertebrates comprised of feather stars and sea lilies, sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms are pentaradially symmetrical animals with unique features of endoskeleton and water vascular system and form a dominant group in the marine benthic environment (Brusca & Brusca 1990). This phylum has a variety of trophic groups, including detritivores, filter-feeders, grazers, scavengers and active predators (Himmelman & Dutil 1991). They are distributed from shallow to the deep, ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 3 tropical to polar and are generally benthic except the pelagic holothuroid, Rynkatropa pawsoni (Pawson 2007). Globally about 13,000 fossil species and 7000 living species of echinomderms have been reported (Pawson 2007). Echinoderms are deuterostomes and therefore more closely related to the Chordata than any other invertebrate phylum (Hyman 1955; Smith 2004). Major works on echinoderm taxonomy was undertaken in the 19th century based on samples collected during the expeditions such as Challenger, Valdivia, Siboga, Albatross, etc. (James 2008). Significant collections were made during the cruise by Royal Indian Marine Survey steamer investigator (RIMS). This is substantiated in the Indian Museum deposits as reported - Crinoidea (Clark AH 1912), Asteroidea including a few echinoids (WoodMason & Alcock 1891; Alcock 1893, 1894; Koehler 1909, 1910), Ophiuroidea (Koehler 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900), Echinoidea (Koehler 1914, 1922, 1927) and Holothuroidea (Koehler & Vaney 1905, 1908). Some significant contribution to the knowledge of echinoderm fauna from India were given by James (1966a, b, 1967, 1973, 1983, 1986a, b, c, d, 1987a, b, 1988, 1991, 1998, 2001, 2008), Clark & Rowe (1971), James & James (1994), Sastry (2007), Srinivasa Rao et al. (2009); Deepa & Kumar (2010, 2011), Stöhr et al. (2012) and Hegde & Rivonker (2013). The current paper aims at updating the checklist of echinoderms from India, assessing the extent of taxonomic inflation, identifying taxonomic inconsistencies by following international nomenclatural norms. Methods The records on the distribution and abundance of echinoderms in India were sourced from the existing literature, reviews, monographs, catalogues, checklists, websites and fishery reports from Indian waters. The scientific names were validated with WoRMS database for valid names of each reported species (validating unaccepted names, emendations, synonyms, alternate representations, nomen nudum, nomen dubium etc.) and all the corrected names were revised and an updated checklist has been prepared. Species under nomen dubium and nomen nudum categories were retained as such but were not included in the checklist. The species list was classified into groups with accepted names, unaccepted names, emendations and those with doubtful distribution provided as supplementory table. The contribution of different classes within the phylum echinodermata and that of various orders in each class was estimated in percentage. Results A total of 741 species of echinoderms are reported from Indian waters represented by Class Asteroidea (24.56%), followed by Holothuroidea (24.16%), Ophiuroidea (23.21%), Echinoidea (18.62%) and Crinoidea (9.45%). The percentage contribution of different Orders under each of the Classes within the Phylum Echinodermata is presented in Fig.1. The staus of species revised under each class was given in table 1. A critical review of the published checklists revealed that the current literature included 236 incorrect entries comprising 162 synonyms, 15 emendations, 5 nomina dubia, 1 nomen nudum, 2 taxon inquirendum, 40 species under alternate representation, 9 species of misnomer, 1 unaccepted species and 1 subspecies inclusion. It was observed that over 85% inconsistencies in the checklist were due to synonyms (68.64%), and alternate representation (16.95%). The remaining were the constituents of emendations (6.36%), misnomer (3.81%), nomen dubium (2.12%), taxon inquirendum (0.85), nomen nudum, subspecies inclusion and uaccepted species with 0.42% each (Table 2). Synonomy was the predominant issue among all the classes (Fig. 2). The revised and updated checklist of echinoderms comprising 741 species from coastal and marine environment of India is provided in Table 3. Species with various inconsistencies and their status was shown in table 4 and the omitted species was produced in a supplementary table (table 5). 4 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. FIGURE 1. Percentage contribution of orders to classes for Phylum Echinodermata reported from India FIGURE 2. Extent of taxonomic inconsistencies in the classes under Phylum Echinodermata. ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 5 TABLE 1. Status of species revised in different classes under Phylum Echinodermata Sl. No. Classes No. of Orders No. of Families No. of Species 1. Asteroidea 7 22 182 2. Crinoidea 2 15 70 3. Echinoidea 12 34 138 4. Holothuroidea 5 20 179 5. Ophiuroidea 2 16 172 Total 28 107 741 Subspecies inclusion Misnomer / wrong author name Alternate representati on/ subgenus inclusion Unaccepted Asteroidea 21 - 1 - 1 6 -- 1 30 2 Crinoidea 36 - - - - 2 - - 38 3 Echinoidea 17 - 3 1 - - 1 - 22 4 Holothuroidea 57 2 11 4 - 21 1 - 97 5 Ophiuroidea 31 - - - - 11 7 - 49 Total 162 2 15 5 1 40 9 1 236 1 1 Total Nomen nudum 1 Classes Nomen dubium Taxon inquirendu m Emendation Sl. No. Synonym TABLE 2. Taxonomic inconsistencies among the echinoderms of Indian waters Discussion A comprehensive checklist on Indian echinoderms is that of Sastry (2007), who documented a total of 651 species. Prior to this, Clark & Rowe (1971) reported 191 species from the Bay of Bengal region. A total of 175 research publications from 1758 to 2016 were referred to generate this checklist. There were many inconsistencies like synonyms, taxon inquirendum, nomen nudum, nomen dubium, emendations etc. Most of the emendation errors were observed in many of the publications. Asteroids are relatively easier to identify based on their body structure, colour pattern and the disc to arm ratio, which could possibly explain their higher representation among the documented echinoderms from India. Besides, relatively higher number of taxonomic experts for asteroids and holothuroids led to addition of new species during the 80s and 90s. Holothuroids (24.16%) are second to asteroids in terms of their representation to the total echinoderm diversity. Most of the species reports are from the coral reef ecosystems such as Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Gulf of Mannar, where the collection of specimens from trawl by-catch aided in effective documentation of the diversity. The under-representation of crinoids (9.45%) in the diversity of echinoderms in India could be attributed to limited expertise, difficulty in accessing their habitats and the taxonomic impediments associated with crinoid taxonomy. The major part of inconsistencies (68.64%) in the echinoderm checklist in India was due to synonyms, emerged as a result of nomenclatural inflation caused by unwarranted descriptions of a new taxa (Padial & Riva 2006). The second major inconsistency in the checklist is due to alternate representations with 16.95 %. The third inconsistency arose from emendations (6.36%), which are attributed to lack of expertise or oversight within the research community. Spelling changes should be made with justification in order to uphold the nomen’s validity. Some inconsistencies are due to author misnomer as well as wrong year entry. Sastry et al. (2004) and Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) included the wrong author name and year Michelin, 1845 for the sea urchin Diadema savignyi but the authentic author & year are Audouin, 1809. Kumar (2012) reported a holothuroid Psolidium complanatum Cherbonnier, 1969 was author misnomer. The actual author & year for the species is Psolidium complanatum (Semper 1867). 6 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. Revised and updated checklist of Phylum Echinodermata from India Species References Class Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 Superorder Forcipulatacea Blake, 1987 Order Brisingida Fisher, 1928 Family Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875 1 Brisinga andamanica Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 2 Brisinga bengalensis Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2005, 2007 3 Brisinga gunnii Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007 4 Brisinga insularum Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007 5 Stegnobrisinga gracilis (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) Family Freyellidae Downey, 1986 6 Freyastera benthophila (Sladen, 1889) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a) 7 Freyastera tuberculata (Sladen, 1889) Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007 8 Freyella indica Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Sastry (2005, 2007) Order Forcipulatida Perrier, 1884 Family Asteriidae Gray, 1840 9 Sclerasterias mazophora (Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891) Family Pedicellasteridae Perrier, 1884 10 Pedicellaster atratus Alcock, 1893 Family Zoroasteridae Sladen, 1889 11 Cnemidaster gilesi (Alcock, 1893) James (1983b), Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2005, 2007 12 Cnemidaster squameus (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a) 13 Cnemidaster zea (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007 14 Zoroaster adami Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Sastry (2005) 15 Zoroaster alfredi Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), [Alcock (1894), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007] 16 Zoroaster angulatus Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), [Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007] 17 Zoroaster barathri Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), [Alcock (1894), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007] 18 Zoroaster carinatus Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 19 Zoroaster planus Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007 Superorder Valvatacea Blake, 1987 Order Notomyotida Ludwig, 1910 Family Benthopectinidae Verrill, 1899 20 Benthopecten huddlestonii (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 21 Benthopecten indicus (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909) & Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 22 Benthopecten semisquamatus (Sladen, 1889) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005) Wood-Mason & Alcock, (1891), Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), [Koehler (1910), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2005, 2007] Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 7 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 23 Benthopecten violaceus (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 24 Cheiraster cribellum (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 Subgenus Cheiraster (Cheiraster) Studer, 1883 25 Cheiraster (Cheiraster) pilosus (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Koehler (1909), Sastry (2007) 26 Cheiraster (Cheiraster) snyderi Fisher, 1906 Koehler (1909), Sastry (2005, 2007) 27 Pectinaster mimicus (Sladen, 1889) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 Order Paxillosida Perrier, 1884 Family Astropectinidae Gray, 1840 28 Astropecten bengalensis Döderlein, 1917 [Koehler (1910), Gravely (1941), Sastry (1995) in Sastry 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983a), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 29 Astropecten euryacanthus Lutken, 1871 [Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005), Karuppaiyan (2007) 30 Astropecten griegi Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 31 Astropecten hemprichi Müller & Troschel, 1842 Sladen (1889), Satyamurti (1976), James (1985), Sastry (2001) in Sastry 2007, Chamundeeswari et al. (2013) 32 Astropecten indicus Döderlein, 1888 Koehler (1910), [Gravely (1941), [Radhakrishnan & Ganapati (1968), Sastry (1995, 1998) in Sastry 2007], John (1948), Kurian (1953), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1985, 1988), Sastry (2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 33 Astropecten inutilis Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910) & Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 34 Astropecten monacanthus Sladen, 1883 Koehler (1910), Fisher (1919), James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Sladen (1883) in Sastry 2005, Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 35 Astropecten mauritianus Gray, 1840 Koehler (1910), Satyamurti (1976), Karuppaiyan (2007) 36 Astropecten petalodea (Retzius, 1805) Sladen (1889) 37 Astropecten polyacanthus Müller & Troschel, 1842 Bell (1887), Koehler (1910), [Thurston (1895), Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007], Fisher (1906, 1919), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 38 Astropecten tamilicus Döderlein, 1888 [Thurston (1895), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007], Koehler (1910), Döderlein (1888) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b) 39 Astropecten vappa Müllehr & Troschel, 1843 Koehler (1910), [Clark AM (1989), in Sastry 2007], Satyamurti (1976), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2005) 40 Astropecten velitaris von Martens, 1865 Rao et al. (2009) 41 Craspidaster hesperus (Müller & Troschel, 1840) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Fisher (1919), James (1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005) ......continued on the next page 8 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 42 Craspidaster hesperus glauconotus Bedford, 1900 Koehler (1910) 43 Dipsacaster pentagonalis Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893b), James (1983b), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 44 Dipsacaster sladeni Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 45 Dytaster insignis (Perrier, 1884) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 46 Persephonaster coelochilus Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 47 Persephonaster croceus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 48 Persephonaster gracilis (Sladen, 1889) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) 49 Persephonaster rhodopeplus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 50 Persephonaster roulei Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909) (locality not known) 51 Psilaster agassizi (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) Family Goniopectinidae Verrill, 1889 52 Goniopecten sp. Family Luidiidae Sladen, 1889 53 Luidia denudata Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 54 Luidia hardwicki (Gray, 1840) Bell (1888), Sladen (1889), [Thurston (1895), Clark AM (1989), Sastry (1995, 1998) in Sastry 2007], James (1969, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002), Rao et al. (2009) 55 Luidia integra Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005), Rao & Kumar (2014) 56 Luidia maculata Müller & Troschel, 1842 Bell (1888), [Thurston (1895), Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989), in Sastry 2007], Sladen (1889), Fisher (1919), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983a & b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2005), Rao et al. (2009), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 57 Luidia savignyi (Audouin, 1826) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Fisher (1919), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 58 Luidia quinaria von Martens, 1865 Koehler (1910) James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Porcellanasteridae Sladen, 1883 59 Abyssaster tara (Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005, 2007) 60 Porcellanaster ceruleus Wyville Thomson, 1877 Sladen (1883, 1889) in Sastry 2005, Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1909), Sastry (2005, 2007), 61 Sidonaster vaneyi Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 62 Styracaster armatus Sladen, 1883 Alcock (1893a) 63 Styracaster horridus Sladen, 1883 Alcock (1893a) Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 9 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 64 Styracaster caroli Ludwig, 1907 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Koehler (1909) 65 Styracaster clavipes Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2005) Family Pseudarchasteridae Sladen, 1889 66 Pseudarchaster jordani Fisher, 1906 Alcock (1893a) 67 Pseudarchaster mozaicus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893b), Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005 68 Pseudarchaster roseus (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2007) 69 Paragonaster tenuiradiis Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a) 70 Paragonaster ctenipes Sladen, 1889 Sladen (1889), Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Sastry (2005, 2007) Order Valvatida Perrier, 1884 Family Acanthasteridae 71 Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Archasteridae Viguier, 1878 72 Archaster angulatus Müller & Troschel, 1842 Koehler (1910) in Sastry 2005, 2007 73 Archaster typicus Müller & Troschel, 1840 Möbius (1859) in Sladen 1889, Bell (1887), Fisher (1909), Koehler (1910), Sukarno & Jangoux (1977) and Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1993) and Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, 2007], James (1969, 1982d, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2001, 2002), Sastry et al. (2004) Family Asterinidae Gray, 1840 74 Anseropoda ludovici (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007 75 Anseropoda pellucida (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 76 Anseropoda rosacea (Lamarck, 1816) Linnaeus (1758) 77 Asterina lorioli Koehler, 1910 Sane & Chhapgar (1962), James (1969, 1985, 1988), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007 78 Aquilonastra burtoni (Gray, 1840) James (1969, 1983, 1985, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2004, 2007), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 79 Aquilonastra cepheus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Bell (1888), Thurston (1895), in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1910), Fisher (1919), Koehler (1910), Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (2002), Rao et al. (2009), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 80 Aquilonastra coronata (von Martens, 1866) Gravely (1927) in Sastry 2007, Satyamurti (1976), James (1982d, 1985) 81 Cryptasterina pentagona (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Sladen (1889), Fisher (1919), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), [Linnaeus (1758), Julka & Das (1978), James (1991), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) James (1982d, 1983b, 1989, 1989), [Koehler (1910), Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2005], Sastry (2002, 2007) ......continued on the next page 10 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 82 Disasterina spinosa Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2007) 83 Disasterina ceylanica Döderlein, 1888 James (1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 84 Indianastra sarasini (deLoriol, 1897) James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007, Koehler (1910), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1997, 2001, 2002), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 85 Tegulaster emburyi Livingstone, 1933 Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) 86 Tegulaster leptalacantha (H.L. Clark, 1916) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1991, 2007) 87 Tegulaster praesignis (Livingstone, 1933) [Julka & Das (1978) and Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005], Sastry (2002, 2007) 88 Paranepanthia brachiata (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 89 Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816) Koehler (1910), Clark & Rowe (1976) Family Chaetasteridae Sladen, 1889 90 Chaetaster vestitus Koehler, 1910 Family Goniasteridae Forbes, 1841 Koehler (1910), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 91 Anthenoides sarissa Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry (2005, 2007) 92 Astroceramus fisheri Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007 93 Calliaster childreni Gray, 1840 James (1983b), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) 94 Calliaster mamillifer Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893b), James (1983b), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007, Karuppaiyan & Raja (2007) 95 Ceramaster cuenoti (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), Sastry (2007) 96 Circeaster magdalenae Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Sastry (2007) 97 Circeaster marcelli Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Sastry (2007) 98 Fromia armata Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), [Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2007) 99 Fromia indica (Perrier, 1869) Perrier (1869), Bell (1887, 1888), Sladen (1889), Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1967), James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), [Clark AM (1993), in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Sastry (1998, 2001, 2002), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar, (2014) 100 Fromia milleporella (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1989), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 101 Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869) [Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1993), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Marsh & Price (1991), Sastry (2002), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar, (2014) 102 Johannaster superbus Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007 103 Lithosoma pentaphylla (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 11 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 104 Litonotaster intermedius (Perrier, 1884) Bell (1887), Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2007) 105 Mediaster arcuatus (Sladen, 1889) Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 106 Milteliphaster woodmasoni Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005, 2007) 107 Neoferdina offreti (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002) 108 Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881) Alcock (1893a), Koehler (1909) 109 Nymphaster moebii (Studer, 1884) Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 110 Nymphaster nora Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 111 Ogmaster capella (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007) 112 Plinthaster doederleini (Koehler, 1909) Sastry (2007) 113 Plinthaster investigatoris (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2007) 114 Rosaster confinis (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), Sastry (2005, 2007) 115 Rosaster florifer (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), James (1983b), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 116 Siraster tuberculatus H.L. Clark, 1915 James (1985, 1996), Sastry (2007) 117 Stellaster childreni Gray, 1840 Fisher (1919), Satyamurti (1976), James (1983a, 1985, 1996), Koehler (1910), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2005, Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry 2007, Karuppaiyan (2007), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) Subfamily Pentagonasterinae Perrier, 1884 118 Pseudoceramaster pulvinus (Alcock, 1893) Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2007) 119 Pentagonaster sp. Family Asterodiscididae Rowe, 1977 120 Asterodiscides elegans (Gray, 1847) Sastry (1995, 1998) in Sastry 2007 Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983, 1985), Sastry (2007) Family Asteropseidae Hotchkiss & Clark, 1976 121 Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1206) James (1989), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (1991, 2002, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 122 Valvaster striatus (Lamarck, 1816) Koehler (1910), [Clark AM (1993) and Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005], Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007) Family Ophidiasteridae Verrill, 1870 123 Certonardoa semiregularis (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 124 Cistina columbiae Gray, 1840 James (1989), Sastry (2007) 125 Dactylosaster cylindricus (Lamarck, 1816) Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1989), Sastry (1991, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2007), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry et al. (2004), Karuppaiyan (2007) 126 Gomophia egyptiaca Gray, 1840 Sladen (1889), Koehler (1910), Clark & Rowe (1971), James 1983b, Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 127 Heteronardoa carinata (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), James 1983b, Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 128 Leiaster glaber Peters, 1852 Koehler (1910) Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 129 Leiaster leachi (Gray, 1840) James (1969, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2007) ......continued on the next page 12 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 130 Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 Bell (1887), Sladen (1889), Koehler (1910), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Fisher (1919), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1991, 1997, 2002, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 131 Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) Bell (1887, 1888), Koehler (1910), [Julka & Das (1978), James (1991), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005], Fisher (1919), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 132 Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1982d, 1985, 1989), [Julka & Das (1967) in Sastry 2005], Sastry (1991, 1997, 2002, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 133 Nardoa frianti Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Fisher (1919), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012c) 134 Nardoa galatheae (Lütken, 1865) Bell (1887), Sladen (1889), Fisher (1919), Clark & Rowe (1971), Clark AM (1993), James (1983a), Koehler (1910), [Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Sastry (2002), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a,c), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 135 Nardoa novaecaledoniae (Perrier, 1875) Bell (1887), Sladen (1889), [Thurston (1895), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007], James (1969), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012c) 136 Nardoa tuberculata Gray, 1840 Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a,c), Rao & Kumar (2014) 137 Nardoa variolata (Retzius, 1805) Karuppaiyan (2007) 138 Ophidiaster armatus Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 139 Ophidiaster hemprichi Müller & Troschel, 1842 Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002) 140 Ophidiaster tuberifer Sladen, 1889 Koehler (1910) 141 Paraferdina laccadivensis James, 1973 James (1973, 1989), Marsh & Price (1991), Sastry (1991), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2007 142 Tamaria dubiosa (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007, Fisher (1919), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002), Karuppaiyan (2007) 143 Tamaria fusca Gray, 1840 James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 144 Tamaria hirsuta (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007 145 Tamaria megaloplax (Bell, 1884) [Koehler (1910, Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, 2007], James (1983b), Sastry (2002), Karuppaiyan (2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 13 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References Subgenus Andora (Andora) A.M. Clark, 1967 146 Andora (Andora) faouzii (Macan, 1938) James (1973, 1985), Sastry (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subspecies 147 Dactylosaster cylindricus cylindricus (Lamarck, 1816) James (1969), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) Family Oreasteridae Fisher, 1911 148 Anthenea pentagonula (Lamarck, 1816) Sladen (1889), Satyamurti (1976), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983a & b, 1985, 1996), Sastry (2002, 2007), Clark AM (1993) in Sastry 2005, Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 149 Anthenea tuberculosa Gray, 1847 James (1969), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 150 Anthenea regalis Koehler, 1910 Koehler (1910), Satyamurti (1976), James (1996) 151 Anthenea rudis Koehler, 1910 James (1969, 1996), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2004) 152 Choriaster granulatus Lütken, 1869 Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 153 Culcita novaeguineae Müller & Troschel, 1842 Sladen (1889), [Retzius (1805), Haldar & Chakrapani (1976) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Koehler (1910), Clark & Rowe (1971), Julka & Das (1978), Sastry (1991, 1999) and Clark AM (1993), James (1991), James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Sastry (2001, 2002), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 154 Culcita schmideliana (Retzius, 1805) Bell (1887), Sladen (1889), Koehler (1910), James (1982d, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 155 Goniodiscaster forficulatus (Perrier, 1875) Koehler (1910), Fisher (1919), James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 156 Goniodiscaster granuliferus (Gray, 1847) Satyamurti (1976) 157 Goniodiscaster porosus (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910) 158 Goniodiscaster scaber (Moebius, 1859) James (1983, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 159 Goniodiscaster vallei (Koehler, 1910) Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1996), Karuppaiyan (2007) 160 Halityle regularis Fisher, 1913 James (1973, 1989), Sastry (2007) 161 Pentaceraster affinis (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Sladen (1889), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 162 Pentaceraster gracilis (Lütken, 1871) Sastry (2007) 163 Pentaceraster horridus (Gray, 1840) Karuppaiyan (2007), Karuppaiyan & Raja (2007) 164 Pentaceraster mammillatus (Audouin, 1826) Sladen (1889), CMFRI (2011), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 165 Pentaceraster multispinus (von Martens, 1866) Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page 14 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 166 Pentaceraster regulus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Sladen (1889), Müller & Troschel (1842), James (1982d, 1983, 1985, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1991, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 167 Pentaceraster westermanni (Lutken, 1871) Sladen (1889), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 168 Poraster superbus (Möbius, 1859) Sladen (1889), Koehler (1910), James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) 169 Protoreaster lincki (Blainville, 1830) [Lütken (1865), Koehler (1910), Julka & Das (1978), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005], Sladen (1889), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Chamundeeswari et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 170 Protoreaster nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) James (1969), Julka & Das (1978) and Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013) Order Velatida Family Pterasteridae Perrier, 1875 171 Euretaster cribrosus (von Martens, 1867) Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2005, 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1985), Sastry (2002) 172 Hymenaster alcocki Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Koehler (1910) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 173 Hymenaster nobilis Wyville Thomson, 1876 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005) 174 Pteraster hirsutus (Sladen, 1882) Superorder Spinulosacea Blake, 1987 Order Spinulosida Perrier, 1884 Family Echinasteridae Verrill, 1870 175 Dictyaster xenophilus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005, 2007) 176 Echinaster callosus Marenzeller, 1895 Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1996) in Sastry 2005, 2007, Fisher (1919), James (1969, 1983b), Sastry (2002) 177 Echinaster luzonicus (Gray, 1840) Koehler (1910), James (1969), Soota and Sastry (1979), Clark AM (1996) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002, 2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Raghunathan et al.(2013) 178 Echinaster superbus H.L. Clark, 1916 Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 179 Echinaster purpureus (Gray, 1840) Bell (1888), Sladen (1889), [Thurston (1895),Clark AM (1996) in Sastry 2005, 2007], Fisher (1919), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Soota & Sastry (1979), James (1983b, 1985), Sastry (2004), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 180 Henricia mutans (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), James (1983b), Clark AM (1996) in Sastry 2005, 2007 181 Henricia praestans (Sladen, 1889) Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005) 182 Metrodira subulata Gray, 1840 Koehler (1910), [Julka & Das (1978), Clark AM (1996) in Sastry 2005], Fisher (1919), James (1969, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Alcock (1893a) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 15 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References Class Crinoidea Subclass Articulata Zittel, 1879 Order Comatulida Family Bathycrinidae Bather, 1899 Subfamily Bathycrininae Bather, 1899 183 Bathycrinus woodmasoni AH Clark, 1909 Superfamily Antedonoidea Norman, 1865 Family Antedonidae Norman, 1865 Subfamily Antedoninae incertae sedis 184 Athrypsometra mira (AH Clark, 1909) Subfamily Antedoninae (Norman, 1865) 185 Andrometra indica (AH Clark, 1909) Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), Sastry (2005, 2007) 186 Thaumatocrinus sp. Clark AH (1912b) 187 Dorometra nana (Hartlaub, 1890) Clark AH (1912b), Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 188 Euantedon sp. Sastry (2004) in Sastry 2007 189 Mastigometra micropoda AH Clark, 1909 ?Clark AH (1909b) Subfamily Bathymetrinae AH Clark, 1909 190 Fariometra obscura (AH Clark, 1909) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b), Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), Sastry (2007) 191 Thaumatometra plana (AH Clark, 1912) Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2007) Family Pentametrocrinidae AH Clark, 1908 192 Pentametrocrinus varians (Carpenter, 1882) Carpenter (1882) and Clark AH (1912b) in Sastry (2005), Sastry (2007) 193 Thaumatocrinus investigatoris AH Clark (in Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), Sastry (2007) AH Clark & AM Clark, 1967) Family Zenometridae AH Clark, 1909 194 Sarametra triserialis (AH Clark, 1908) Superfamily Comatuloidea Fleming, 1828 Family Comatulidae Fleming, 1828 Subfamily Comatulinae Fleming, 1828 Tribe Capillasterini AH Clark, 1909 195 Capillaster mariae (AH Clark, 1907) Clark AH (1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 196 Capillaster multiradiatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus (1758) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Bell (1888), [Thurston (1898), Sastry (1997) in Sastry 2007], Clark AH (1912b, 1931, 1932), Clark & Rowe (1971), Clark AM (1972), James (1983b, 1985, 1988), Sastry (1997, 2002), Venkataraman et al. (2011) Tribe Comasterini AH Clark, 1908 197 Anneissia bennetti (Müller, 1841) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Clark AH (1909b, 1912a,b), Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) Clark AH (1929), Clark AH & AM Clark (1967), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Clark AH (1912b, 1931), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page 16 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 198 Clarkcomanthus alternans (Carpenter, 1881) Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a,b) 199 Comaster multifidus (Müller, 1841) Crossland & Price (1999), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005), Venkataraman et al. (2011) 200 Comaster nobilis (Carpenter, 1884) Sastry (1997, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Sastry (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 201 Comaster schlegelii (Carpenter, 1881) Clark AH (1912b), James (1969, 1985, 1988), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 202 Comanthus parvicirrus (Müller, 1841) Bell (1888), Thurston (1898) in Sastry 2007, Clark AH (1912b, 1931, 1932), Clark AM (1972), James (1969, 1985, 1988), Sastry (1997, 2001, 2002, 2005), Clark & Rowe (1971), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 203 Comanthus wahlbergii (Müller, 1843) Clark AH (1912b), Crossland & Price (1999), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2004, 2005), Venkataraman et al. (2011) Tribe Phanogeniini White & Messing, 2001 (in White et al.2001) 204 Phanogenia distincta (Carpenter, 1888) Clark AH (1909a), 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 205 Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1893) Clark AH (1912b, 1931), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1985, 1988), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 206 Phanogenia multibrachiata (Carpenter, 1888) Clark AH (1912b, 1931), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Tribe Comatulini Fleming, 1828 Subgenus Comatula (Comatula) Lamarck, 1816 207 Comatula (Comatula) micraster AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1909a), 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 208 Comatula (Comatula) pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758) Clark AH (1912b, 1932), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011) Subfamily Comatellinae Summers, Messing, Rouse, 2014 209 Comatella nigra (Carpenter, 1888) Sastry (1998, 1999) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005), Sastry & Satyanarayana (2009) 210 Comatella stelligera (Carpenter, 1888) Clark AH (1932), James (1969, 1983b, 1985, 1988), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1997, 2001, 2002, 2005), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2007, Karuppaiyan (2007), Sastry & Satyanarayana (2009) Superfamily Himerometroidea AH Clark, 1908 Family Colobometridae AH Clark, 1909 211 Cenometra bella (Hartlaub, 1890) Clark AH (1912b, 1947), Clark & Rowe (1971), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a, b), Raghunathan et al. (2013) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 17 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 212 Cenometra emendatrix (Bell, 1892) Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 213 Colobometra discolor AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1909b, 1912b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 214 Colobometra perspinosa (Carpenter, 1881) Venkataraman et al. (2011), Nigam et al. (2016) 215 Cotylometra gracilicirra (AH Clark, 1908) Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 216 Decametra brevicirra (AH Clark, 1912) ?Clark AH (1912b) 217 Decametra mylitta AH Clark, 1912 Clark AM (1972) 218 Iconometra intermedia (AH Clark, 1912) Clark AH (1912a), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 219 Oligometra serripinna (Carpenter, 1881) Clark AH (1912b, 1932), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan et al. (2013) 220 Oligometrides adeonae (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1888) 221 Pontiometra andersoni (Carpenter, 1889) Clark AH (1912b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan et al. (2013) Family Eudiocrinidae AH Clark, 1907 222 Eudiocrinus ornatus AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1909b, 1912b, 1932), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Himerometridae AH Clark, 1907 223 Amphimetra molleri (AH Clark, 1908) Clark AH (1918), Sastry (2002, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012b), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 224 Amphimetra tessellata (Müller, 1841) Clark AH (1918, 1982) 225 Craspedometra acuticirra (Carpenter, 1882) Clark AH (1912b), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 226 Heterometra bengalensis (Hartlaub, 1890) Clark AH (1912b), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 227 Heterometra compta AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1909b, 1912b), Sastry (2007) 228 Heterometra crenulata (Carpenter, 1882) Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012b), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 229 Heterometra flora (AH Clark, 1913) Clark AM (1972) 230 Heterometra philiberti (Müller, 1849) Clark AH (1909b, 1912b), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 231 Heterometra reynaudi (Müller, 1846) Bell (1888), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Clark AH (1912a,b, 1932), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1985, 1988) 232 Heterometra quinduplicava (Carpenter, 1888) Clark AH (1912b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), 233 Himerometra robustipinna (Carpenter, 1881) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2007, Venkataraman et al. (2011), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Sastry (2007), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Family Mariametridae AH Clark, 1909 234 Dichrometra ciliata AH Clark, 1912 Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page 18 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 235 Lamprometra palmata (Müller, 1841) Bell (1888), Clark AH (1912b, 1932), Gravely (1941) in Sastry 2007, Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Clark & Rowe (1971), Rao & Sowbhagyavathi (1972), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1988), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2004, 2005), Venkataraman et al. (2011), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 236 Oxymetra finschii (Hartlaub, 1890) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 237 Stephanometra indica (Smith, 1876) Thurston (1895), in Sastry 2007, Clark AH (1912b), James (1985, 1988), Clark & Rowe (1971), Crossland & Price (1999), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011) 238 Stephanometra tenuipinna (Hartlaub, 1890) Clark AH (1909b, 1912b) Family Zygometridae AH Clark, 1908 239 Zygometra andromeda AH Clark, 1912 Superfamily Tropiometroidea AH Clark, 1908 Family Calometridae AH Clark, 1911 240 Neometra spinosissima (AH Clark, 1909) Clark AH (1912a, 1941), Venkataraman et al. (2011) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Charitometridae AH Clark, 1909 241 Glyptometra crassa (AH Clark, 1912) Clark AH (1950), Sastry (2007) 242 Glyptometra invenusta (AH Clark, 1909) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b, 1950), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 243 Glyptometra macilenta (AH Clark, 1909) Clark AH (1909a, 1912b, 1950), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Thalassometridae AH Clark, 1908 244 Crinometra brevipinna (Pourtalès, 1868) Clark AH (1931, 1932), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 245 Crotalometra rustica AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1929, 1950), James (1983b), Sastry (2005) 246 Crotalometra sentifera AH Clark, 1909 Clark AH (1909a, 1912b, 1950), Sastry (2007) 247 Stiremetra carinifera AH Clark, 1912 Clark AH (1912b, 1950), Sastry (2007) 248 Thalassometra gracilis (Carpenter, 1888) Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2005) 249 Thalassometra marginata AH Clark, 1912 Clark AH (1912b, 1950) 250 Thalassometra peripolos AH Clark, 1929 Clark AH (1929, 1950), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Tropiometridae AH Clark, 1908 251 Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) Order Isocrinida, Sieverts-Doreck, 1952 Suborder Isocrinina, Sieverts-Doreck, 1952 Family Cainocrinidae Simms, 1988 252 Teliocrinus springeri (AH Clark, 1909) Class Echinoidea Leske, 1778 Subclass Cidaroidea Smith, 1984 Order Cidaroida Claus, 1880 Superfamily Cidaridea Gray, 1825 Clark AH (1912b, 1932, 1947), Gravely (1941) in Sastry 2007, James (1969, 1982d, 1983, 1985, 1988), James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Rao & Sowbhagyavathi (1972), Satyamurti (1976), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman et al. (2011, 2013) Clark AH (1909b, 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 19 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References Family Cidaridae Gray, 1825 Subfamily Cidarinae Mortensen, 1928 253 Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck,1816) Tribe Phyllacanthina Smith & Wright, 1989 254 Phyllacanthus forcipulatus Mortensen,1936 Mortensen (1936), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 255 Phyllacanthus imperialis (Lamarck, 1816) Subfamily Stereocidarinae Lambert, 1900 256 Stereocidaris alcocki (Anderson, 1894) Anderson (1894), Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 257 Stereocidaris indica Döderlein, 1901 Döderlein (1901), Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Subfamily Stylocidarinae Mortensen, 1903 258 Prionocidaris baculosa (Lamarck, 1816) Clark HL (1925), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) Subspecies 259 Prionocidaris baculosa annulifera (A. Agassiz, 1873) Koehler (1927) 260 Plococidaris verticillata (Lamarck, 1816) Clark HL (1925), James (1983b, 1989), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 261 Stylocidaris albidens H.L. Clark, 1925a Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 262 Stylocidaris brevicollis (de Meijere, 1904) Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) 263 Stylocidaris lorioli (Koehler, 1927) Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 264 Stylocidaris tiara (Anderson, 1894) Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Superfamily Histocidaroidea Lambert, 1900 Family Histocidaridae Lambert, 1900 265 Histocidaris denticulata Koehler, 1927 Koehler (1927), Mortensen (1928) in Sastry 2007, James (1983b) 266 Histocidaris purpurata (Thomson, 1872) Döderlein (1906), Mortensen (1928) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) Subclass Euechinoidea Bronn, 1860 Order Echinothurioida Claus, 1880 Koehler (1927), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) Family Echinothuriidae Thomson, 1872 Subfamily Hygrosomatinae Smith & Wright, 1990 267 Hygrosoma luculentum (A. Agassiz, 1879) Subfamily Sperosomatinae Smith & Wright, 1990 268 Sperosoma biseriatum Döderlein, 1901 Family Phormosomatidae Mortensen, 1934 269 Phormosoma bursarium A. Agassiz, 1881 270 Phormosoma verticillatum Mortensen, 1904 Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Infraclass Acroechinoidea Smith, 1981 Order Aspidodiadematoida Kroh & Smith, 2010 Family Aspidodiadematidae Duncan, 1889 Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page 20 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 271 Aspidodiadema annulatum Koehler, 1927 Koehler (1927) 272 Aspidodiadema nicobaricum Döderlein, 1901 Döderlein (1901, 1906), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Order Diadematoida Duncan, 1889 Family Diadematidae Gray, 1855 273 Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778) Bell (1887), Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 274 Centrostephanus nitidus Koehler, 1927 Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 275 Chaetodiadema granulatum Mortensen, 1903 Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007), Rao et al. (2009) 276 Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1829) James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) 277 Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) Bell (1887), Koehler (1927), James (1969, 1982d, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2001, 2002), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) 278 Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) 279 Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Sastry (1981a, 1991, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) Infraclass Carinacea Kroh & Smith, 2010 Superorder Calycina Gregory, 1900 Order Salenioida Delage & Hérouard, 1903 Family Saleniidae L. Agassiz, 1838 280 Bathysalenia sculpta (Koehler, 1927) Tribe Salenocidarini Smith & Wright, 1990 Subspecies 281 Salenocidaris miliaris indica Mortensen, 1939 Superorder Echinacea Claus, 1876 Order Arbacioida Gregory, 1900 Family Arbaciidae Gray, 1855 282 Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) Raghunathan et al.(2013) 283 Coelopleurus vittatus Koehler, 1927 Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) Mortensen (1939) in Sastry 2007 ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 21 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 284 Pygmaeocidaris prionigera (A. Agassiz, 1879) Koehler (1927), Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b) Order Camarodonta Jackson, 19 Family Parasaleniidae Mortensen, 1903 285 Parasalenia gratiosa A. Agassiz, 1863 Infraorder Echinidea Kroh & Smith, 2010 Superfamily Odontophora Kroh & Smith, 2010 Family Echinometridae Gray, 1855 286 Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1981a, 1991, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2005, Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) Subspecies 287 Echinometra mathaei oblonga (Blainville, 1825) James (1969, 1982d, 1988), Sastry (1977) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) Subspecies 288 Echinometra mathaei violacea Michelin, 1845 Sastry (1977) in Sastry 2005 289 Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) Bell (1887) 290 Echinostrephus molaris (Blainville, 1825) Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Price & Rowe (1996), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) 291 Heterocentrotus mamillatus (Linnaeus, 1758) James (1969, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1991, 2007) 292 Heterocentrotus trigonarius (Lamarck, 1816) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Colobocentrotus (Podophora) L. Agassiz, 1840 293 Colobocentrotus (Podophora) atratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Parechinidae Mortensen, 1903 294 Parechinus angulosus (Leske, 1778) Family Toxopneustidae Troschel, 1872 295 Gymnechinus robillardi (de Loriol, 1883) Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 296 Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel, 1869 Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Clark HL (1925), James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1991) 297 Pseudoboletia indiana (Michelin, 1862) Clark & Rowe (1971) Clark & Rowe (1971) Bell (1887), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1982d, 1983b), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) Satyamurti (1976) ......continued on the next page 22 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 298 Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1887, 1897), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 299 Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Mishra et al. (2015) 300 Tripneustes depressus A. Agassiz, 1863 Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) Infraorder Temnopleuridea Kroh & Smith, 2010 Family Temnopleuridae A. Agassiz, 1872 301 Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus, 1758) James (1989), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 302 Microcyphus ceylanicus Mortensen, 1942 Clark & Rowe (1971), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 303 Microcyphus maculatus L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846 Clark HL (1925) 304 Paratrema doederleini (Mortensen, 1904) Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 305 Printechinus impressus Koehler, 1927 Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) 306 Prionechinus agassizii Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Wodd-Mason & Alcock (1891), Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) 307 Salmacis belli Döderlein, 1902 Raghunathan et al. (2013) 308 Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Bell (1888), [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry Desor, 1846 2007], Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983a, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) Subspecies 309 Salmacis bicolor typica Mortensen, 1904 † James (1969) 310 Salmacis sphaeroides (Linnaeus, 1758) Bell (1888) 311 Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), & Desor, 1846 James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Satheeshkumar (2011), Rao et al. (2009), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 312 Salmaciella dussumieri (L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846) Bell (1888), [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007], Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Koehler (1927), James (1969, 1982d, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 313 Temnopleurus alexandri (Bell, 1884) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 23 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 314 Temnopleurus apodus (A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907c) Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 315 Temnopleurus decipiens (de Meijere, 1904) Clark & Rowe (1971), Hegde & Rivonker (2013) 316 Temnopleurus hardwickii (Gray, 1855) Venkatraman et al. (2013) 317 Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske, 1778) Bell (1888), [Thurston (1895), Gravely (1941), Radhakrishnan & Ganapati (1968) in Sastry 2007], Clark HL (1925), Koehler (1927), Sane & Chhapgar (1962), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Hegde & Rivonker (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 318 Temnotrema scillae (Mazzetti, 1894) Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 319 Temnotrema siamense (Mortensen, 1904) Koehler (1927), Clark & Rowe (1971) Family Trigonocidaridae Mortensen, 1903 320 Trigonocidaris versicolor Koehler, 1927 Order Stomopneustoida Kroh & Smith, 2010 Family Stomopneustidae Mortensen, 1903 321 Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816) Infraclass Irregularia Latreille, 1825 Superorder Atelostomata von Zittel, 1879 Order Spatangoida L. Agassiz, 1840 Family Hemiasteridae H. L. Clark, 1917 322 Holanthus vanus (Koehler, 1914) Family Palaeostomatidae Lovén, 1868 323 Palaeostoma mirabile (Gray, 1851) Suborder Brissidina Stockley, Smith, Littlewood, Lessios & MacKenzie-Dodds, 2005 Koehler (1927), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Bell (1888), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1981a, 1991, 2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) Koehler (1914), Sastry (2005, 2007) Family Brissidae Gray, 1855 324 Brissus latecarinatus (Leske, 1778) Clark HL (1925), James (1983, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 325 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Bell (1888) 326 Metalia latissima H.L. Clark, 1925 Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 327 Metalia spatagus (Linnaeus, 1758) Koehler (1914), James (1969, 1983b), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007) 328 Metalia sternalis (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1887, 1888), [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007,] Clark HL (1925), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007) Subfamily Brissopsinae Lambert, 1905 ......continued on the next page 24 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 329 Brissopsis luzonica (Gray, 1851) Anderson (1894) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1914), James (1969, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009) 330 Brissopsis oldhami Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893b), Koehler (1914), Sastry (2005, 2007) 331 Brissopsis parallella Koehler, 1914 Koehler (1914), Mortensen (1951) in Sastry 2007 332 Rhynobrissus pyramidalis A. Agassiz, 1872 Bell (1888), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) Superfamily Spatangidea Fischer, 1966 Family Eurypatagidae Kroh, 2007 333 Elipneustes denudatus (Koehler, 1914) Koehler (1914), James (1969), Sastry (2007) 334 Elipneustes rubens (Koehler, 1914) Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) 335 Linopneustes spectabilis (de Meijere, 1902) Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) Family Loveniidae Lambert, 1905 336 Araeolampas glauca (Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891) Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), Koehler (1914), Sastry (2005, 2007) 337 Breynia vredenburgi Anderson, 1907 Anderson (1907), Mortenson (1951) in Sastry 2007, James (1966b, 1969, 1983b, 1982d), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 338 Lovenia elongata (Gray, 1845) Bell (1888), [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007], Koehler (1914), Clark HL (1925), James (1969, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 339 Lovenia gregalis Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893b), Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) 340 Lovenia subcarinata Gray, 1851 Koehler (1914), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Family Maretiidae Lambert, 1905 341 Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907 Koehler (1914), Sastry (2005, 2007) 342 Gymnopatagus valdiviae Döderlein, 1901 Sastry (2005, 2007) 343 Nacospatangus alta (A. Agassiz, 1864) Anderson (1894) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1914), Clark HL (1925), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2005), Rao et al. (2009) 344 Maretia planulata (Lamarck, 1816) Koehler (1914), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) Family Macropneustidae Lambert, 1905 345 Argopatagus vitreus A. Agassiz, 1879 Family Palaeotropidae Lambert, 1896 346 Paleotrema ovatus (Koehler, 1914) Suborder Paleopneustina Markov & Solovjev, 2001 Superfamily Paleopneustidea A. Agassiz, 1904 Family Paleopneustina incertae sedis B 347 Heterobrissus hemingi (Anderson, 1902) Family Pericosmidae Lambert, 1905 348 Faorina chinensis Gray, 1851 Koehler (1914), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 349 Pericosmus macronesius Koehler, 1914 Koehler (1914), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Koehler (1914) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) Koehler (1914) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 25 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References Family Schizasteridae Lambert, 1905 350 Hypselaster kempi (Koehler, 1914) Koehler (1914), Mortensen (1951) in Sastry 2007 351 Moira stygia (A. Agassiz, 1872) Bell (1887), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 352 Prymnaster angulatus Koehler, 1914 Koehler (1914), Sastry (2007) 353 Prymnaster investigatoris Koehler, 1914 Koehler (1914), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2005) 354 Schizaster compactus (Koehler, 1914) Anderson (1894) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1914) 355 Schizaster gibberulus L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847 Koehler (1914), Mortensen (1951) in Sastry 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), Karuppaiyan (2007) Order Echinoneoida H. L. Clark, 1925 Family Echinoneidae L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847 356 Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778 Superorder Neognathostomata Smith, 1981 Order Clypeasteroida A. Agassiz, 1872 Suborder Clypeasterina von Zittel, 1879 Bell (1887), Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1989), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2007) Family Clypeasteridae L. Agassiz, 1835 357 Arachnoides placenta (Linnaeus, 1758) Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), James (1969, 1983b, 1982d), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004) 358 Clypeaster annandalei Koehler, 1922 Koehler (1922) 359 Clypeaster eurypetalus H.L. Clark, 1925 Karuppaiyan (2007) 360 Clypeaster fervens Koehler, 1922 Mortensen (1948) in Sastry 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971) 361 Clypeaster kieri Pawson & Phelan, 1979 Karuppaiyan (2007) 362 Clypeaster humilis (Leske, 1778) Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Clark HL (1925), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983a, 1985), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 363 Clypeaster rarispinus de Meijere, 1903 Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (1991, 2004, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 364 Clypeaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Koehler (1922), James (1983b, 1989), Sastry (2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 365 Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848 Karuppaiyan (2007) 366 Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) Karuppaiyan (2007) 367 Clypeaster pateriformis Mortensen, 1948 Karuppaiyan (2007) Suborder Scutellina Haeckel, 1896 Infraorder Laganiformes Desor, 1847 Family Echinocyamidae Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 368 Echinocyamus crispus Mazzetti, 1893 Koehler (1922), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page 26 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 369 Echinocyamus sollers Koehler, 1922 Koehler (1922), Sastry (2007) Family Fibulariidae Gray, 1855 370 Fibularia cribellum de Meijere, 1903 Koehler (1922), Sastry (2007) 371 Fibularia ovulum Lamarck, 1816 Koehler (1922) 372 Fibularia volva L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846 Bell (1889), [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007], Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971) Family Laganidae Desor, 1858 373 Laganum decagonale (Blainville, 1827) Bell (1888), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1922), Kurian (1953), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Rao & Kumar (2014) 374 Laganum laganum (Leske, 1778) Koehler (1922), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1985), [Sastry (1977, 1998) in Sastry 2005], Sastry (2002, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Rao & Kumar (2014) 375 Laganum retinens Koehler, 1922 Koehler (1922), Sastry (2005, 2007), Rao et al. (2009) 376 Laganum versatile Koehler, 1922 Koehler (1922), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007) 377 Jacksonaster depressum (L. Agassiz, 1841) Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2005), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 378 Peronella lesueuri (L. Agassiz, 1841) Koehler (1922), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 379 Peronella macroproctes Koehler, 1922 Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1977) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) 380 Peronella oblonga Mortensen, 1948 Mortensen (1948) in Sastry 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2004) 381 Peronella orbicularis (Leske, 1778) Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1985), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sastry (2007) 382 Peronella rubra Döderlein, 1885 Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1977) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) 383 Peronella rullandi (Koehler, 1922) Koehler (1922), Sastry (1981b, 2005, 2007) 384 Peronella tuberculata Mortensen, 1918 Karuppaiyan (2007) Infraorder Scutelliformes Haeckel, 1896 Superfamily Scutellidae Gray, 1825 Family Astriclypeidae Stefanini, 1912 (2015) 385 Sculpsitechinus auritus (Leske, 1778) Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Kurian (1953), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 386 Echinodiscus bisperforatus Leske, 1778 [Anderson (1894), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007], Bell (1888), Koehler (1922), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Sakthivel & Fernando (2014) 387 Echinodiscus truncatus L. Agassiz, 1841 Satyamurti (1976) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 27 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Family References Echinarachniidae Lambert in Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 388 Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck, 1816) Superorder Neognathostomata Smith, 1981 Clark HL (1925) Order Echinolampadoida Kroh & Smith, 2010 Family Echinolampadidae Gray, 1851 389 Echinolampas alexandri de Loriol, 1876 Koehler (1922), James (1969, 1985, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 390 Echinolampas ovata (Leske, 1778) Bell (1888), Alcock (1893b), Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, Koehler (1922), Clark HL (1925), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983, 1985, 1989), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) Class Holothuroidea Order Apodida Brandt, 1835 Family Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898 391 Polycheira rufescens (Brandt, 1835) Bell (1887), James (1969, 1982c, d, 1983b), Soota et al. (1983), James (1987) in Sastry 2005, Clark & Rowe (1971), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Kumar (2012) 392 Psammothuria ganapati Rao, 1968 Rao (1968) in Sastry 2007 393 Taeniogyrus havelockensis (Rao, 1975) Rao (1975), Sastry (2002, 2007) Family Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837 394 Anapta gracilis Semper, 1867 Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1982c), Sastry (2007) 395 Dactylapta dubiosa (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905) 396 Euapta godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) James (1969, 1982c, d, 1989), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), Kulkarni et al. (2001) in Sastry 2007, Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 397 Labidoplax sp. James (1982c), Sastry (2007) 398 Leptosynapta sp. Rao (1988) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 399 Opheodesoma grisea (Semper, 1867) James (1969, 1982c, d, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), James (1987) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Kumar (2012) 400 Opheodesoma radiosa (Lesson, 1830) Lesson (1830), Clark & Rowe (1971) 401 Patinapta ooplax (von Marenzeller, 1882) Rao (1973), James (1982c, d, 1983b), James (1987) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) 402 Protankyra conferta Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 403 Protankyra denticulata Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 404 Protankyra errata Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), James (1983b), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 405 Protankyra inflexa Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905) 406 Protankyra pseudodigitata (Semper, 1867) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1983b), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 407 Protankyra similis (Semper, 1867) Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page 28 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 408 Protankyra tristis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 409 Protankyra tuticorenensis James, 1982 James (1982c), Sastry (2007) 410 Rynkatorpa pawsoni Martin, 1969 Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a) 411 Rynkatorpa timida (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 412 Synapta maculata (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982c,d, 1983b, 1989, 1821) 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1987 & 1991) in Sastry 2005, Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), James (2001), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 413 Synaptula media Cherbonnier & Féral, 1984 Kumar (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013) 414 Synaptula recta (Semper, 1867) Gravely (1927) in Sastry 2007, Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982c,d, 1983b), James (1987) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002), Kumar (2012) 415 Synaptula varians (Nair, 1946) Nayar (1946) in Calrk & Rowe 1971 Order Aspidochirotida, Grube, 1840 Family Holothuriidae Burmeister, 1837 416 Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger, 1833) James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), James (2001), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 417 Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1833) Clark & Rowe (1971), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1982d), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Kumar (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 418 Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Kandan (1994), [James (1991), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005], Mukhopadhyay (1991), James (2001), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 419 Actinopyga miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Kandan (1994), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Mukhopadhyay (1991), James (2001), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 420 Actinopyga serratidens Pearson, 1903 Kumar (2012) 421 Bohadschia argus Jaeger, 1833 James (1969, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Kandan (1994), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 29 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 422 Bohadschia ocellata Jaeger, 1833 Gopalakrishnan (1969), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 423 Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger, 1833 Bell (1887, 1888), Gopalakrishnan (1969), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Price & Reid (1985) in Sastry 2007, Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), James (2001), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 424 Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper, 1868) James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 425 Labidodemas rugosum (Ludwig, 1875) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1981b, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004) 426 Labidodemas semperianum Selenka, 1867 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007), Raghunathan et al. (2013) 427 Pearsonothuria graeffei (Semper, 1868) Price & Reid (1985) in Sastry 2007, Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) Rowe, 1969 428 Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper, 1868 429 Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) pyxis Selenka, Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1982d, 1983b, 1867 1995), Soota et al. (1983), James (1986) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Cystipus) Haacke, 1880 430 Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis Selenka, 1867 431 Holothuria (Cystipus) rigida Selenka, 1867 James (1982d, 1983b, 1989, 1995), Soota et al. (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Holothuria (Halodeima) Pearson, 1914 432 Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833 Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Soota et al. (1983) Bell (1888), Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 2001), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), [James (1991) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page 30 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 433 Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830 Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1995, 2001), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988), James (1991) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Lessonothuria) Deichmann, 1958 434 Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, Bell (1887) 1875 435 Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867 Subgenus Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) Deichmann, 1958 436 Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla Lesson, 1830 Bell (1887, 1888), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 2001), Satyamurti (1976), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2005), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 437 Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001), Satyamurti (1976), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Metriatyla) Rowe, 1969 438 Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1976, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Soota et al. (1983), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Microthele) Brandt, 1835 439 Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980 James (1998b, 2001), Sastry (2007) 440 Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867) James (1982d, 1989, 1995, 2001), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Platyperona) Rowe, 1969 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Gopalakrishnan (1969), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 1995), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Kumar (2012) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 31 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 441 Holothuria (Platyperona) difficilis Semper, 1868 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Soota et al.(1983), James (1969, 1989, 1995), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Kumar (2012) Subgenus Holothuria (Selenkothuria) Deichmann, 1958 442 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) erinacea Semper, 1868 [Theel (1886), in Sastry 2005], James (1982d, 1983b, 1995), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 443 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima Selenka, 1867 Soota et al. (1983) 444 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica Selenka, Koehler & Vaney (1908), Satyamurti (1976) 1867 445 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) moebii (Brandt, James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Koehler & Vaney (1908), 1883) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) Subgenus Holothuria (Semperothuria) Deichmann, 1958 446 Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens (Brandt, 1835) James (1969, 1989, 1995), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013) 447 Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans Ludwig, 1875 Deepa & Kumar (2010), Kumar (2012) Subgenus Holothuria (Stauropora) Rowe, 1969 448 Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger, 1833 James (1983b, 1995), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2005, 2007), Sathish Kumar (2012), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013) 449 Holothuria (Stauropora) modesta Ludwig, 1875 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 450 Holothuria (Stauropora) pervicax Selenka, 1867 James (1969, 1983b, 1989, 1995, 2001), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Holothuria (Theelothuria) Deichmann, 1958 451 Holothuria (Theelothuria) cadelli Bell, 1887 Bell (1887) 452 Holothuria (Theelothuria) kurti Ludwig, 1891 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007) 453 Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera Théel, 1886 James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1995, 2001), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Kumar (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) Subgenus Holothuria (Thymiosycia) Pearson, 1914 454 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989, 1995, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page 32 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 455 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) gracilis Semper 1868 Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 456 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskål, 1775) Bell (1887, 1888), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989, 1995, 2001), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013) 457 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) remollescens Lampert, 1885 Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1983b), Sastry (2005) Subgenus Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) Deichmann, 1958 458 Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) integra Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Family Mesothuriidae Smirnov, 2012 459 Mesothuria abbreviata Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 460 Mesothuria incerta Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 461 Mesothuria multipes Ludwig, 1893 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 462 Mesothuria squamosa Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) Family Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896 463 Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) James (1969) 464 Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835 Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al. (1983), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Mukhopadhyay (1988, 1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 465 Stichopus herrmanni Semper, 1868 James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007), Deepa & Kumar (2010), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 466 Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Soota et al.(1983), James (1969, 1983b, 1985, 1989, 2001), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Sathish Kumar, (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 467 Stichopus naso Semper, 1868 Kumar (2012) 468 Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887 James (1998a), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 469 Thelenota ananas (Jaeger, 1833) James (1969, 1982d, 1989, 2001), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Kandan (1994), James (2001), Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014), Raghunathan et al.(2013) Family Synallactidae Ludwig, 1894 ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 33 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 470 Allopatides dendroides Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 471 Amphigymnas woodmasoni (Walsh, 1891) Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007, Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), James (1983b) 472 Bathyplotes cinctus Koehler & Vaney, 1910 Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 473 Bathyplotes crenulatus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 474 Bathyplotes natans (M. Sars, 1868) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 475 Bathyplotes pellucidus (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 476 Bathyplotes profundus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 477 Bathyplotes variabilis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 478 Bathyzona incerta Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 479 Benthothuria cristata Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 480 Benthothuria distorta Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 481 Dendrothuria similis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 482 Paelopatides dissidens Koehler & Vaney, 1910 Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 483 Paelopatides gelatinosus (Walsh, 1891) Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007, Koehler & Vaney (1905), James (1983b) 484 Paelopatides insignis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 485 Paelopatides mammillatus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905) 486 Paelopatides modestus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 487 Paelopatides mollis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 488 Paelopatides ovalis (Walsh, 1891) Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007, Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), James (1983b) 489 Paelopatides verrucosus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 490 Perizona magna Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 491 Pseudostichopus elegans (Koehler & Vaney, Soota et al.(1983), Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 1905) 492 Pseudostichopus occultatus Marenzeller von, 1893 Sastry (2007) 493 Pseudostichopus peripatus (Sluiter, 1901) Koehler & Vaney (1905) 494 Pseudothuria duplex Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 495 Synallactes dubius Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905) 496 Synallactes horridus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page 34 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 497 Synallactes rigidus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) Family Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894 498 Actinocucumis donnani Pearson, 1903 Kumar (2012) 499 Actinocucumis typica Ludwig, 1875 Bell (1889), Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Gopalakrishnan (1969), James (1969, 1982d, 1985), Satyamurti (1976), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 500 Aslia forbesi (Bell, 1886) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 501 Colochirus cylindricus Semper, 1867 Kumar (2012) 502 Colochirus quadrangularis Troschel, 1846 Venkatraman et al. (2013) 503 Leptopentacta bacilliformis (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 504 Leptopentacta imbricata (Semper, 1867) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969), Price & Reid (1985) in Sastry 2007, Kumar (2012) 505 Plesiocolochirus armatus (Marenzeller von, Kumar (2012) 1881) 506 Pseudocnus alcocki (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 507 Pseudocnus echinatus (von Marenzeller, 1881) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 508 Pseudocolochirus violaceus (Théel, 1886) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969, 1976, 1982d, 1984), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013) 509 Staurothyone rosacea (Semper, 1869) Kumar (2012) 510 Trachasina crucifera (Semper, 1869) Deepa & Kumar (2011) Subspecies 511 Roweia frauenfeldi frauenfeldi (Ludwig, 1882) Satyamurti (1976), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007) Family Psolidae Burmeister, 1837 512 Psolidium complanatum (Semper, 1867) 513 Psolidium rugosum Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 514 Psolus mannarensis James, 1984 James (1984), Sastry (2007) 515 Psolus membranaceus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) Satyamurti (1976) 516 Psolus levis Koehler & Vaney, 1906 Family Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949 517 Afrocucumis africana (Semper, 1867) James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1984, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Mukhopadhyay (1991), James (1987) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004) 518 Athyone sp. Sastry (2007) 519 Cladolabes aciculus (Semper, 1867) Bell (1887), Clark & Rowe (1971), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 520 Ohshimella ehrenbergii (Selenka, 1868) Sastry (2004, 2007), Kumar (2012) 521 Havelockia ardens (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry (2007) 522 Havelockia ariana (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 35 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species 523 References Havelockia versicolor (Semper, 1867) James (1969, 1976), Satyamurti (1976), James (1982d, 1983b, 1984), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) Family Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907 524 Hemithyone semperi (Bell, 1884) James (1969, 1982d, 1983, 1984, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 525 Neothyonidium intermedium (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Sastry (2007) 526 Phyrella fragilis (Mitsukuri & Ohshima in Ohshima, 1912) James (1983b, 1984, 1989), Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007) 527 Stolus buccalis (Stimpson, 1855) Gopalakrishnan (1969), Satyamurti (1976), James (1966a, 1969, 1982d, 1983a, 1984), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2004, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 528 Stolus conjungens (Semper, 1867) Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 529 Stolus rapax (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2007 530 Thorsonia investigatoris (Koehler & Vaney, Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (1998) 1908) in Sastry 2007 531 Thyone dura Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 532 Thyone fusca Pearson, 1903 Kumar (2012) 533 Thyone papuensis Théel, 1886 Clark & Rowe (1971), Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 534 Phyllophorus dubia (Bedford, 1899) Satyamurti (1976) 535 Phyllophorella spiculata (Chang, 1935) James (1969, 1983, 1984, 1985), Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Phyllophorus (Phyllothuria) Heding & Panning, 1954 536 Phyllophorus (Phyllothuria) cebuensis (Semper, 1867) Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007), Deepa & Kumar (2011), Kumar (2012) 537 Phyllophorus (Phyllothuria) celer Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Phyllophorus (Urodemella) Deichmann, 1944 538 Phyllophorus (Urodemella) brocki Ludwig, James (1983a), Kumar (2012), Sastry (2007) 1888 Family Vaneyellidae Pawson & Fell, 1965 539 Mitsukuriella inflexa (Koehler & Vaney, 1908) Family Ypsilothuriidae Heding, 1942 540 Ypsilothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893) Order Elasipodida Théel, 1882 Family Deimatidae Théel, 1882 541 Orphnurgus glaber Walsh, 1891 542 Oneirophanta conservata Koehler & Vaney, Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page 36 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species Subspecies 543 References Deima validum validum Théel, 1879 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007) Family Elpidiidae Théel, 1882 544 Psychroplanes rigida (Théel, 1882) Family Laetmogonidae Ekman, 1926 545 Apodogaster alcocki Walsh, 1891 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007) 546 Benthogone fragilis (Koehler & Vaney,1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007) 547 Laetmogone violacea Théel, 1879 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) Family Pelagothuriidae Ludwig, 1893 Koehler & Vaney (1905) 548 Enypniastes eximia Théel, 1882 Family Psychropotidae Théel, 1882 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007) 549 Benthodytes typica Théel, 1882 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) 550 Benthodytes sanguinolenta Théel, 1882 Koehler & Vaney (1905) 551 Psychropotes minuta Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 552 Psychropotes verrucosa (Ludwig, 1893) Koehler & Vaney (1905) Order Molpadida Haeckel, 1896 Family Caudinidae Heding, 1931 553 Acaudina leucoprocta (H.L. Clark, 1938) James (1969), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) 554 Acaudina molpadioides (Semper, 1867) Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), Gopalakrishnan (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 2001), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 555 Hedingia albicans (Théel, 1886) Deichmann, 1938 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 556 Paracaudina australis (Semper, 1868) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) Family Eupyrgidae Semper, 1867 557 Eupyrgus scaber Lütken, 1857 Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007 Family Molpadiidae Müller, 1850 558 Molpadia acuta (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905) 559 Molpadia andamanensis (Walsh, 1891) Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007, Koehler & Vaney (1905), James (1983b), Soota et al.(1983), Sastry (2007) 560 Molpadia brevicaudata (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 561 Molpadia concolor (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 562 Molpadia contorta (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 563 Molpadia ecalcarea (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 37 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 564 Molpadia elongata (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), James (1983b), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 565 Molpadia granulata (Ludwig, 1893) Koehler & Vaney (1905) 566 Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. (1983), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 567 Molpadia paupera (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 568 Molpadia polymorpha (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry (2007) 569 Molpadia undulata (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) Koehler & Vaney (1905) Class Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 Order Ophiurida Müller & Troschel, 1840 Suborder Ophiomyxina Fell, 1962 Family Ophiomyxidae Ljungman, 1867 570 Ophiomyxa australis Lütken, 1869 Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1969, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2007) 571 Ophiomyxa bengalensis Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1969, 1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Sastry (1981c, 2005, 2007) 572 Ophiophrixus confinis Koehler, 1922 Suborder Ophiurina Müller & Troschel, 1840 Family Ophiacanthidae Ljungman, 1867 573 Ophiacantha composita Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b) 574 Ophiacantha indica Ljungman, 1867 Clark & Rowe (1971), Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 575 Ophiacantha pentagona Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 576 Ophiacantha sociabilis Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 577 Ophiacantha vagans Koehler, 1898 Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2007 578 Ophiacantha vorax Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 579 Ophiocamax fasciculata Lyman, 1883 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry 2005, 2007 580 Ophiocamax vitrea Lyman, 1878 Sastry (2005, 2007) 581 Ophiolimna antarctica (Lyman, 1879) Stöhr et al. (2012) 582 Ophiomitra integra Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 583 Ophiomoeris tenera (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899, 1922), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 584 Ophiomyces delata Koehler, 1904 Parameswaran et al. (2016) 585 Ophioplinthaca rudis (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 586 Ophiopristis vestita (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 587 Ophiotreta matura (Koehler, 1904) Sastry (2007) 588 Ophiotreta stimulea (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) Infraorder Chilophiurina Matsumoto, 1915 Family Ophiuridae Müller & Troschel, 1840 Subfamily Ophiolepidinae 589 Ophiolipus granulatus Koehler, 1897 Subfamily Ophioleucinae Matsumoto, 1915 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page 38 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 590 Amphiophiura ornata (Lyman, 1878) Hetz (1927) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 591 Amphiophiura paupera (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 592 Amphiophiura radiata (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899) 593 Amphiophiura sculptilis (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899), [Guille &Yadon (1986) in Sastry 2005 & 2007] 594 Amphiophiura sordida (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899, 1922), James (1983b), Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) 595 Ophioleuce longispinum Stöhr, Sautya & Ingole, 2012 Stöhr et al. (2012) 596 Ophiostriatus bispinosus (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), [Madsen (1983) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], James (1983b) Subspecies 597 Ophiernus adspersus adspersus Lyman, 1883 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) Subfamily Ophiurinae Lyman, 1865 598 Astrophiura cf. tiki Litvinova & Smirnov, 1981 Stöhr et al. (2012) 599 Ophiomastus tumidus Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 600 Ophiophyllum minimum Stöhr, Sautya & Ingole, (2012) Stöhr et al. (2012) 601 Ophioplinthus inflata (Koehler, 1897) Sastry (2005) 602 Ophiopyrgus alcocki Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 603 Ophiotypa simplex Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899) 604 Ophiura aequalis (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 605 Ophiura flagellata (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005) 606 Ophiura kinbergi Ljungman, 1866 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 607 Ophiura undulata (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1899) , Sastry (2007) Subgenus Ophiura (Dictenophiura) H.L. Clark, 1923 608 Ophiura (Dictenophiura) stellata (Studer, 1882) Subgenus Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) Hertz, 1927 Subspecies 609 Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata irrorata (Lyman, 1878) Infraorder Gnathophiurina Matsumoto, 1915 Family Amphiuridae Ljungman, 1867 610 Amphioplus cyrtacanthus H.L. Clark, 1915 Sastry (2007) 611 Amphioplus dispar (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 612 Amphioplus famula (Koehler, 1910) Koehler (1910) in Sastry 2007 613 Amphioplus gravelyi James, 1970 James (1970b, 1983), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2007) 614 Amphioplus modestus (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 615 Amphipholis misera (Koehler, 1899) Koehler (1899), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 616 Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Sane & Chhapgar (1962), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1991, 1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002, 2004), Rao & Kumar (2014) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 39 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 617 Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) James (1969, 1985), Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2007 618 Ophionephthys difficilis (Duncan, 1887) Clark & Rowe (1971) 619 Ophiocentrus dilatata (Koehler, 1905) Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 620 Ophiocentrus verticillatus (Döderlein, 1896) James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Subgenus Amphioplus (Amphioplus) Verrill, 1899 621 Amphioplus (Amphioplus) intermedius (Koehler, 1905) James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 622 Amphioplus (Amphioplus) personatus (Koehler, 1905) Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Amphiura (Amphiura) Forbes, 1843 623 Amphiura (Amphiura) ambigua Koehler, 1905 Sastry (2004, 2007) 624 Amphiura (Amphiura) lorioli (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 625 Amphiura (Amphiura) micra H.L. Clark, 1938 Karuppaiyan (2007) 626 Amphiura (Amphiura) septemspinosa H.L. Clark, 1915 Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Amphioplus (Lymanella) A.M. Clark, 1970 627 Amphioplus (Lymanella) andreae (Lütken, 1872) James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 628 Amphioplus (Lymanella) depressus (Ljungman, 1867) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1969, 1971b, 1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005), Rao et al. (2009) 629 Amphioplus (Lymanella) hastatus (Ljungman, 1867) Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 630 Amphioplus (Lymanella) laevis (Lyman, 1874) Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Amphiura (Ophiopeltis) Düben & Koren, 1846 631 Amphiura (Ophiopeltis) tenuis (H.L. Clark, 1938) Subgenus Amphioplus (Unioplus) Fell, 1962 632 Amphioplus (Unioplus) caulleryi (Koehler, 1897) Family Ophiactidae Matsumoto, 1915 633 Histampica duplicata (Lyman, 1875) Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 634 Ophiactis brachyura Döderlein, 1898 Sastry (2004, 2007) 635 Ophiactis definita Koehler, 1922 Stöhr et al. (2012) 636 Ophiactis delagoa J.B. Balinsky, 1957 Sastry (1995, 2005, 2007) 637 Ophiactis macrolepidota MarktannerTurneretscher, 1887 Sastry (2007) 638 Ophiactis modesta Brock, 1888 James (1969, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2007) 639 Ophiactis perplexa Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 640 Ophiactis picteti (de Loriol, 1893) James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Sastry (1995) in Sastry 2007 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) ......continued on the next page 40 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 641 Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Bell (1888), Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1998, 1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) Family Ophiocomidae Ljungman, 1867 Subfamily Ophiocominae 642 Ophiarthrum elegans Peters, 1851 [Koehler (1898), James (1991), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], James (1969, 1982d, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007) 643 Ophiarthrum pictum (Müller & Troschel, 1842) James (1969, 1970a, 1983b), Sastry (1997, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 644 Ophiocoma aethiops Lütken, 1859 Bell (1887) 645 Ophiocoma anaglyptica Ely, 1944 James (1969, 1982b, d, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 646 Ophiocoma erinaceus Müller & Troschel, 1842 Bell (1888), [Koehler (1899), James (1991), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1982b, d, 1983b, 1989), Price & Rowe (1996), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 647 Ophiocoma pica Müller & Troschel, 1842 James (1969, 1982b, d, 1983b, 1989), Price & Rowe (1996), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007) 648 Ophiocoma pusilla (Brock, 1888) Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 649 Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1887, 1888), [Koehler (1898), Gravely (1927) in Sastry 2007], Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982b, c, 1983b, 1985, 1989), [James (1991), Sastry (1999), in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Raghunathan et al.(2013) 650 Ophiocoma valenciae Müller & Troschel, 1842 Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), Sastry (1991), Rao & Kumar (2014) 651 Ophiocomella sexradia (Duncan, 1887) Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007) 652 Ophiomastix annulosa (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1887), [Koehler (1898), James (1991), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subgenus Ophiocoma (Breviturma) Stöhr, Boissin & Hoareau, 2013 653 Ophiocoma (Breviturma) brevipes Peters, 1851 Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1982b, c, 1983b, 1989), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 41 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 654 Ophiocoma (Breviturma) dentata Müller & Troschel, 1842 James (1969, 1982b, 1983b, 1989), [James (1991), Sastry (1999a & b) in Sastry 2005], Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2007), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 655 Ophiocoma (Breviturma) doederleini de Loriol, 1899 Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004) Subfamily Ophiopsilinae Matsumoto, 1915 656 Ophiopsila pantherina Koehler, 1898 Family Ophionereididae Ljungman, 1867 657 Ophionereis andamanensis James, 1982 James (1982a), James (1987) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) Subspecies 658 Ophionereis dubia dubia (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1969, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 659 Ophionereis porrecta Lyman, 1860 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1982d, 1983b), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007) 660 Ophionereis semoni (Döderlein, 1896) Clark AM (1953) Family Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867 661 Gymnolophus obscura (Ljungman, 1867) James (1969, 1985), Sastry (2007), Nigam & Raghunathan (2016) 662 Macrophiothrix aspidota (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Müller & Troschel (1842), Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Clark AM (1968), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2004, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 663 Macrophiothrix demessa (Lyman, 1861) Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007) 664 Macrophiothrix galatheae (Lütken, 1872) Clark AM (1968), James (1969), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2002, 2007) 665 Macrophiothrix hirsuta (Müller & Troschel, Satyamurti (1976) 1842) 666 Macrophiothrix koehleri A.M. Clark, 1968 667 Macrophiothrix longipeda (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1888), [Koehler (1898), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005], Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b, 1985, 1989), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004), Rao & Sastry (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 668 Macrophiothrix nereidina (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1888), [Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), Nagabhushanam & Rao (1972), James (1969, 1989), Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 669 Macrophiothrix propinqua (Lyman, 1861) [Koehler (1898), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], James (1983b), Sastry (1991, 1997, 2001, 2002), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 670 Macrophiothrix speciosa (Koehler, 1898) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1969, 1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971) 671 Macrophiothrix striolata (Grube, 1868) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2002) Sastry (2002, 2005) ......continued on the next page 42 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 672 Macrophiothrix variabilis (Duncan, 1887) Clark AM (1968), James (1969, 1982d, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007) 673 Ophiocnemis marmorata (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1983, 1985), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao et al. (2009), Venkatraman et al. (2013) 674 Ophiogymna elegans Ljungman, 1866 James (1985), Sastry (2007) 675 Ophiogymna lineata H.L. Clark, 1938 James (1969), Sastry (2007) 676 Ophiogymna pellicula (Duncan, 1887) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007, Clark & Rowe (1971) 677 Ophiolophus novarae MarktannerTurneretscher, 1887 Marktanner-Turneretscher, (1887), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007) 678 Ophiomaza cacaotica Lyman, 1871 Bell (1888), James (1969, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 679 Ophiomaza cataphracta (Brock, 1888) James (1969) 680 Ophiopsammium semperi Lyman, 1874 Karuppaiyan (2007) 681 Ophiopteron elegans Ludwig, 1888 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b), Sastry (2002) 682 Ophiothela danae Verrill, 1869 Sane & Chhapgar (1962), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), James (1969, 1985), James (1991) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Sastry (2007) 683 Ophiothrix merguiensis Duncan, 1887 Clark & Rowe (1971) 684 Ophiothrix variegata Duncan, 1887 James (1969), Sastry (2007) Subgenus Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) 685 Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) diligens Koehler, 1898 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b) 686 Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) lepidus de Loriol, 1893 James (1983b) 687 Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) proteus Koehler, 1905 Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 688 Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) purpurea von Martens, 1867 Sastry (1898) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b), Sastry (1991, 1997, 2002, 2007) 689 Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) vigelandi A.M. Clark, 1968 Sastry (1991, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2007) Subgenus Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) 690 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) accedens Koehler, 1930 James (1969, 1985), Sastry (2007) 691 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) aristulata Lyman, 1879 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 692 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) ciliaris (Lamarck, 1816) [Koehler (1898), Sastry (1998) in Sastry 2005], James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2007) 693 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) exigua Lyman, 1874 James (1983b, 1985), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2001, 2002) 694 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) foveolata Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1887 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002, 2004) 695 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) koreana Duncan, 1879 Satyamurti (1976) 696 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) savignyi (Müller & Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007, Sadhukhan et al. (2012) Troschel, 1842) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 43 TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 697 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) spiculata Le Conte, Rao & Kumar (2014) 1851 698 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) trilineata Lütken, 1869 [Koehler (1898), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007], Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (1991, 2001, 2002) 699 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) vitrea Döderlein, 1896 Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b) Infraorder Ophiodermatina Smith, Paterson & Lafay, 1995 Family Ophiochitonidae Matsumoto, 1915 700 Ophiochiton ambulator Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 701 Ophioplax custos (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) Family Ophiodermatidae Ljungman, 1867 702 Bathypectinura heros (Lyman, 1879) Koehler (1897, 1899), Clark HL (1909), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2007) 703 Cryptopelta granulifera H.L. Clark, 1909 Price & Rowe (1996) 704 Ophiochaeta hirsuta Lütken, 1869 Price & Rowe (1996) 705 Ophioconis indica Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899, 1922), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 706 Ophiodyscrita acosmeta H.L. Clark, 1938 Sastry (2004, 2007) 707 Ophiopsammus yoldii (Lütken, 1856) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) Subspecies 708 Ophiopeza fallax arabica A.M. Clark, 1968 Sastry (2004, 2007) Subfamily Ophiarachninae Matsumoto, 1915 709 Ophiarachna incrassata (Lamarck, 1816) Bell (1887), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al.(2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 710 Ophiarachnella gorgonia (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Bell (1887, 1888), Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Clark HL (1909), James (1969, 1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976), Sastry (2002), Venkatraman et al. (2013), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013) 711 Ophiarachnella infernalis (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Satyamurti (1976), James (1983b), Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002) 712 Ophiarachnella septemspinosa (Müller & Troschel, 1842) James (1982d) 713 Ophiarachnella sphenisci (Bell, 1894) Sastry (2002, 2007) Infraorder Ophiolepidina Ljungman, 1867 Family Ophiolepididae Ljungman, 1867 714 Aspidophiura forbesi (Duncan, 1879) Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005, James (1983b) 715 Ophiolepis nodosa Duncan, 1887 Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971) 716 Ophiolepis superba H.L. Clark, 1915 Müller & Troschel (1842), Bell (1887, 1888), James (1969, 1981a, 1983b, 1989), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 717 Ophiomusium familiare Koehler, 1897 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 718 Ophiomusium relictum Koehler, 1904 Hertz (1927 in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b) 719 Ophiomusium scalare Lyman, 1878 Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) ......continued on the next page 44 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 3. (Continued) Species References 720 Ophiomusium simplex Lyman, 1878 Koehler (1897), Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2007, Sastry (1987, 2005) 721 Ophiomusium validum Ljungman, 1872 Koehler (1899), Sastry (2007) 722 Ophioplocus imbricatus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Bell (1888), James (1983b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2004, 2005, 2007), Sastry et al.(2004) 723 Ophiosphalma armigerum (Lyman, 1878) Koehler (1897, 1899) 724 Ophiosphalma elegans (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), Hertz (1927) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, James (1983b) 725 Ophiosphalma fimbriatum (Koehler, 1922) James (1969), Sastry (2007) 726 Ophiotrochus panniculus Lyman, 1878 Koehler (1897, 1899), Sastry (2007) 727 Ophiozonella bispinosa (Koehler, 1897) Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) 728 Ophiozonella molesta (Koehler, 1904) Koehler (1922) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2007) Subspecies 729 Ophiolepis cincta cincta Müller & Troschel, Bell (1888), James (1969, 1981a, 1982d, 1983b, 1989), Clark 1842 & Rowe (1971), Price & Rowe (1996), Sastry (1998, 1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2001, 2002, 2007) Order Euryalida Lamarck, 1816 Family Asteronychidae Verrill, 1899 730 Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842 Koehler (1897), Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2007 Family Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman, 1867 731 Astroboa clavata (Lyman, 1861) Thurston (1895) in Sastry 2007, James (1969, 1985), Clark & Rowe (1971), Karuppaiyan (2007), 732 Astroboa nuda (Lyman, 1874) James (1988) in Sastry 2007 733 Astrocladus dofleini Döderlein, 1910 Bomford (1913) 734 Astrocladus exiguus (Lamarck, 1816) Clark & Rowe (1971), Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 735 Astrodendrum laevigatum (Koehler, 1897) Satyamurti (1976) Superfamily Euryalidea Gray, 1840 Family Asteroschematidae Verrill, 1899 736 Asteroschema fastosum Koehler, 1904 Döderlein (1930) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007) 737 Asteroschema flosculus Alcock, 1893 Alcock (1893b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 738 Asteroschema subfastosum Döderlein, 1930 Döderlein ( 1930) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002) 739 Asteroschema sampadae Parameswaran & Jaleel, 2012 Parameswaran & Jaleel (2012) 740 Ophiocreas sibogae Koehler, 1904 Döderlein ( 1930) in Sastry 2005 & 2007, Sastry (2002) Subfamily Euryalinae Gray, 1840 741 Trichaster flagellifer von Martens, 1866 ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Bomford (1913) Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 45 TABLE 4. Checklist of taxonomic inconsistencies in echinoderms of Indian waters. No. Species Class Asteroidea Remarks 1 Asterina burtoni Gray, 1840 2 Asterina burtoni Troschel, 1842) 3 Asterina cepheus Müller & Troschel, 1842 Synonym of Aquilonastra Bell (1888), [Thurston (1895), cepheus (Muller & Troschel, Koehler (1910) in Sastry 2007], Sastry (2005), Raghunathan & 1842) Venkataraman (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 4 Asterina coronata von Martens, 1866 Synonym of Aquilonastra Sastry (2007) coronata (von Martens, 1866) 5 Asterina sarasini (deLoriol, 1897) Synonym of Indianastra Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1982d, 1983b, 1985), Clark AM (1993) in sarasini (deLoriol, 1897) Sastry 2007, Sastry (1997, 2001, 2002, 2005), Karuppaiyan (2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013) 6 Astroceramis fisheri Koehler Emendation of Astroceramus Koehler (1909), fisheri Koehler, 1909 Sastry (2005) 7 Asterodiscus elegans Gray, 1847 Synonym of Asterodiscides Clark & Rowe (1971), Karuppaiyan elegans (Gray, 1847) (2007) 8 Craspidaster glauconotus Bedford, 1900 Subspecies inclusion Koehler (1910) Craspidaster hesperus glauconotus Bedford, 1900 9 Cribrella praestans Sladen, 1889 Synonym of Henricia Alcock (1893a), Sastry (2005) praestans (Sladen, 1889) 10 Dictyaster wood-masoni Alcock, 1893 nomen nudum 11 Disasterina leptalacantha (H.L. Clark, Synonym of Tegulaster Sastry (1991, 2007) 1916) leptalacantha (H.L. Clark, 1916) 12 Disasterina spinulifera H.L. Clark, 1938 Synonym praesignis 1933) 13 Dorigona ternalis Perrier, 1885 Synonym of Nymphaster Koehler (1909) arenatus (Perrier, 1881) [according to Halpern (1970)] cepheus References Synonym of Aquilonastra Bell (1888), Clark & Rowe (1971), burtoni (Gray, 1840) James (1969, 1982d, 1983, 1985), Sastry (1991, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007), Rao et al. (2009), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) (Müller & Synonym (moved to Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2007 Aquilonastra by O'Loughlin (2004) of Aquilonastra cepheus (Muller & Troschel, 1842) of James (1983b), Sastry (2007) Tegulaster Julka & Das (1978) in Sastry 2007, (Livingstone, Sastry (2002, 2005) ......continued on the next page 46 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 14 Dytaster exilis Sladen, 1889 Synonym of Dytaster Wood-Mason & Alcock (1891), insignis (Perrier, 1884) Alcock (1893a), Clark AM (1989) in [according to Downey Sastry 2007 (1973)] 15 Echinaster (Echinaster) Marenzeller 16 Echinaster (Echinaster) luzonicus (Gray, This might be an alternate Sastry (2005) 1840) representation of Echinaster luzonicus (Gray, 1840) 17 Echinaster (Echinaster) purpureus (Gray, This might be an alternate Sastry (2005) 1840) representation of Echinaster purpureus (Gray, 1840) 18 Gorgonocephalus cornutus Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Astrocladus Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b) exiguus (Lamarck, 1816) 19 Luidia (Luidia) denudata Koehler, 1910 This might be an alternate Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007 representation of Luidia denudata Koehler, 1910 20 Luidia (Luidia) hardwicki Gray, 1840 This might be an alternate Clark AM (1989) in Sastry 2007, Rao representation of Luidia et al. (2009) hardwicki (Gray, 1840) 21 Luidia (Luidia) integra Koehler, 1910 This might be an alternate [Koehler (1910), Clark AM (1989) in representation of Luidia Sastry 2007], Sastry (2005) integra Koehler, 1910 22 Luidia (Luidia) limbata Sladen. Synonym of This might be an alternate representation of Luidia quinaria 1865 Luidia limbata Sladen, 1889 callosus References von This might be an alternate Sastry (2005, 2007) representation of Echinaster callosus Marenzeller, 1895 James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Martens, 23 Nardoa lemonnieri Koehler, 1910 Synonym of Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), Nardoa galatheae (Lütken, Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012c) 1864) 24 Nymphaster basilicus Sladen, 1889 Synonym of Nymphaster Alcock (1893a), Koehler (1909) arenatus (Perrier, 1881) [according to Halpern (1970)] 25 Patiriella pseudoexigua Dartnall, 1971 Synonym of Cryptasterina James (1989), Sastry (2002, 2005, pentagona (Müller & 2007) Troschel, 1842) 26 Phidiaster agassizi Koehler, 1909 Synonym of Psilaster Koehler (1909), Sastry (2007) agassizi (Koehler, 1909) 27 Porcellanaster caulifer Sladen Synonym of Porcellanaster Koehler (1909), Clark AM (1989), ceruleus Wyville Thomson, Sastry (2005, 2007) 1877 28 Tegulaster ceylanica (Döderlein, 1888) Synonym of Disasterina James (1983b, 1985), Sastry (2005, ceylanica Döderlein, 1888 2007) 29 Zoroaster gilesii Alcock, 1893 Synonym of Cnemidaster Alcock (1893a), James gilesi (Alcock, 1893) Sastry (2005, 2007) 30 Zoroaster zea Alcock, 1893 Synonym of Cnemidaster Alcock (1893a), Clark & Mah (2001) zea (Alcock, 1893) in Sastry 2007 (1983b), ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 47 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks Class Crinoidea 31 Colobometra brevicirra AH Clark, 1912 Synonym of Decametra ?Clark AH (1912b) It is Colobometra (Prometra) brevicirra AH brevicirra (AH Clark, 1912) Clark, 1912 32 Comanthina nobilis (Carpenter, 1884) Synonym of Comaster Sastry (1997, 2005, 2007), nobilis (Carpenter, 1884) Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 33 Comanthina schlegelii (Carpenter, 1881) Synonym of Comaster Clark AH (1912b), Clark & Rowe schlegelii (Carpenter, 1881) (1971), Karuppaiyan (2007), Rao & Kumar (2014) 34 Comanthus alternans (Carpenter, 1881) Synonym of Clarkcomanthus Venkataraman et al. (2011), alternans (Carpenter, 1881) Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012 a) 35 Comanthus bennetti (Müller, 1841) Synonym of Anneissia Clark AH (1912b, 1931), Clark & bennetti (Müller, 1841) Rowe (1971), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 36 Comanthus samoanus (AH Clark, 1909) Synonym of Comanthus (Müller, 1843) 37 Comanthus wahlbergi (Müller, 1843) Synonym (alternative Sastry (2005, 2007) spelling) of Comanthus wahlbergii (Müller, 1843) 38 Comaster gracilis (Hartlaub) Synonym of Phanogenia (Hartlaub, 1893) 39 Clark AH (1912b, 1931), James Comaster multibrachiata (Carpenter, 1888) Synonym of Phanogenia multibrachiata (1983b), Venkataraman et al. (2011), (Carpenter, 1888) Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 40 Comaster 1888) 41 Comaster parvus AH Clark, 1909 42 Comaastrocrinus ornatus (AH Clark, 1909) Synonym of Teliocrinus Sastry (2007) springeri (AH Clark, 1909) Emendation of Comastocrinus ornatus 43 Comastrocrinus ornatus (AH Clark, 1909) 44 Comastrocrinus springeri (AH Clark, 1909) Synonym of Teliocrinus Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2005, springeri (AH Clark, 1909) 2007) 45 Comatula brevicirra (Bell) Original name is Antedon brevicirra Bell, 1894 Synonym of Phanogenia Clark AH (1931, 1932), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) distincta (Carpenter, 1888) 46 Comatula micraster AH Clark, 1909 Subgenus included (alternate Clark AH (1909a), 1912b), James representation) (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Comatula (Comatula) micraster AH Clark, 1909 multibrachiatus References Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2001, wahlbergii 2005, 2007) Clark AH (1912b), Clark & Rowe gracilis (1971), James (1983b, 1985, 1988), Sastry (2005, 2007) Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, (Carpenter, Synonym of Phanogenia multibrachiata 2007) (Carpenter, 1888) Synonym of Phanogenia Clark AH (1909a), 1912b), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) distincta (Carpenter, 1888) Synonym of Teliocrinus Clark AH (1912b) in Sastry (2005), springeri (AH Clark, 1909) James (1983b) ......continued on the next page 48 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 47 Comatula pectinata (Linnaeus) Subgenus included (alternate Clark AH (1912b), Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 2007), representation) Comatula (Comatula) Venkataraman et al. (2011) pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758) 48 Craspedometra anceps (P.H. Carpenter) Synonym of Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2002, Heterometra quinduplicava 2005, 2007) (Carpenter, 1888) 49 Crotalometra eridanella AH Clark, 1929 Synonym of Crotalometra Clark AH (1929), James (1983b), rustica AH Clark, 1909 Sastry (2005) 50 Dichrometra protectus (Lütkern in P.H. Synonym of Lamprometra Clark AH (1912b), James (1983b), Carpenter) palmata (Müller, 1841) Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) 51 Eudiocrinus minor AH Clark, 1909 Synonym of Eudiocrinus Sastry (2005, 2007) ornatus AH Clark, 1909 52 Eumetra indica AH Clark, 1909 Synonym of Andrometra Clark AH (1909a, 1912b), James indica (AH Clark, 1909) (1983b) 53 Himerometra magnipinna AH Clark, 1908 Synonym of Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007), Himerometra robustipinna Venkataraman et al. (2011) (Carpenter, 1881) 54 Iconaster pentaphyllus (Alcock) Emendation of Iconaster pentaphylla Koehler, 1909 Synonym of Lithosoma Koehler (1909), pentaphylla (Alcock, 1893) Sastry (2005) 55 Oligometra imbricataAH Clark, 1908 Synonym of Oligometra Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2007) serripinna (Carpenter, 1881) 56 Iridometra nana (Hartlaub, 1890) Synonym of Dorometra nana James (1983b) (Hartlaub, 1890) 57 Oxycomanthus benneti (Müller, 1841) Emendation of Oxycomanthus bennetti Synonym of Anneissia Sastry (2001, 2002, 2005), Venkataraman et al. (2011), bennetti (Müller, 1841) Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 58 Perissometra occidentalis AH Clark, 1929 Synonym of Clark AH (1929), James (1983b), Glyptometra macilenta (AH Sastry (2005, 2007) Clark, 1909) 59 Psathyrometra inusitata AH Clark, 1912 Synonym of Athrypsometra Clark, 1909) mira James (1983b), Clark AH (1912a), Sastry (2005, (AH 2007) 60 Psathyrometra mira AH Clark, 1909 Synonym of Athrypsometra Clark AH (1909b, 1912a), James mira (AH Clark, 1909) (1983b), Sastry (2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) 61 Sarametra nicobaricaAH Clark, 1929 Synonym of Sarametra Clark AH (1929), Clark AH & AM triserialis (AH Clark, 1908) Clark (1967), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007), 62 Selenemetra aranea (AH Clark, 1909) Synonym of Oxymetra Clark AH (1929), James (1983b), finschii (Hartlaub, 1890) Sastry (2005, 2007) 63 Stephanometra coronata (AH Clark, 1909) Synonym of Stephanometra Clark AH (1912a), Sastry (2005, tenuipinna (Hartlaub, 1890) 2007) 64 Stephanometra 1890) monacantha (Hartlaub, Synonym of Stephanometra Clark AH (1909b, 1912a), James indica (Smith, 1876) (1983b), Sastry (2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 49 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 65 Stephanometra spicata (Carpenter, 1881) Synonym of Stephanometra Clark AH (1929), Clark AH & AM indica (Smith, 1876) Clark (1967), James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 66 Thalassometra 1907) pergracilis (AH Clark, Synonym of Thalassometra (Carpenter, 1888) References Sastry (2005) gracilis 67 Trichometra plana AH Clark, 1912 Synonym of Thaumatometra Clark AH (1912b), Sastry (2007) plana (AH Clark, 1912) 68 Tropiometra encrinus AH Clark, 1911 Synonym of Tropiometra Clark AH (1912b, 1932), Gravely (1941) in Sastry 2007, Rao & carinata (Lamarck, 1816) Sowbhagyavathi (1972) Class Echinoidea 69 Caenopedina depressa Koehler, 1927 70 Clypeaster (Coronanthus) Mortensen, 1948 patriformis Synonym of Clypeaster Karuppaiyan (2007) pateriformis Mortensen, 1948 (subgeneric subdivision of Clypeaster not accepted by scientific community) 71 Clypeaster (Stolonoclypus) Ravenel, 1848 prostratus Synonym of Clypeaster Karuppaiyan (2007) prostratus Ravenel, 1848 72 Clypeaster (Stolonoclypus) subdepressus Synonym of Clypeaster Karuppaiyan (2007) (Gray, 1825) subdepressus (Gray, 1825) 73 Colobocentrotus atratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonym of Colobocentrotus Bell (1887), Clark & Rowe (1971), (Podophora) atratus James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, (Linnaeus, 1758) 2007) 74 Diadema savignyi (Michelin, 1845) Author misnomer Sastry et al. (2004), Raghunathan & Diadema savignyi (Audouin, Venkataraman (2012) 1809) 75 Dorocidaris lorioli Koehler Synonym of Stylocidaris Koehler (1927), James (1983b) lorioli (Koehler, 1927) 76 Echinolampas castanea Alcock, 1893 Subjective junior synonym Alcock (1893b), Sastry (2007) of Echinolampas ovata (Leske, 1778) 77 Echinometra oblonga (Blainville, 1825) Synonym (accepted as Sastry (2005, 2007), Sadhukhan & subspecies rank) Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Rao & Echinometra mathaei Kumar (2014), Mishra et al. (2015) oblonga (Blainville, 1825) 78 Hemiaster vanus Koehler, 1914 Synonym (transferred to Sastry (2007) Holanthus) of Holanthus vanus (Koehler, 1914) 79 Heterocentrotus mammillatus (Linnaeus, Emendation of Sastry (2007) 1758) Heterocentrotus mamillatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 80 Laganum depressum L. Agassiz, 1841 Nomen dubium Koehler (1927), Sastry (2007) Synonym of Jacksonaster Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2007), depressum (L. Agassiz, Venkatraman et al. (2013) 1841) (Genus transfer) ......continued on the next page 50 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 81 Nacospatangus (Pseudomaretia) alta (A. Agassiz, 1864) Original name is Maretia alta A. Agassiz, 1864 Synonym (transferred to Anderson (1894) in Sastry 2007, Rao Nacospatangus) of et al. (2009) Nacospatangus alta (A. Agassiz, 1864) 82 Paraster gibberulus (L. Agassiz in L. Synonym of Schizaster Clark & Rowe (1971), Karuppaiyan Agassiz & Desor, 1847) gibberulus L. Agassiz in L. (2007) Agassiz & Desor, 1847 83 Peronella lessueuri (L. Agassiz, 1841) Emendation of Peronella lesueuri Agassiz, 1841) Sastry (2007) (L. 84 Poriocidaris purpurata (Thomson, 1872) Synonym (Genus transfer) of Döderlein (1906), Sastry (2007) Histocidaris purpurata (Thomson, 1872) 85 Prionocidaris brevicollis (de Meijere) Synonym of Stylocidaris Koehler (1927), brevicollis (de Meijere, Sastry (2005) 1904) 86 Prionocidaris verticillata (Lamarck, 1816) Synonym of Plococidaris Clark HL (1925), James (1983b, verticillata (Lamarck, 1816) 1989), Sastry (1997) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (2002, 2007), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Raghunathan et al. (2013) 87 Salenia sculpta Koehler, 1927 Synonym of Bathysalenia Koehler (1927), Sastry (2005, 2007) sculpta (Koehler, 1927) 88 Salenocidaris miliaris Mortensen, 1939 89 Stomopneusts variolaris (Lamarck, 1816) Emendation Stomopneustes (Lamarck, 1816) 90 Schizaster (Paraster) compactus Koehler (1914) Original name is Paraster compactus (Koehler, 1914) Synonym Sastry (2007) (transferred to Schizaster) of Schizaster compactus (Koehler, 1914) Class Holothuroidea 91 Acaudina irania (Heding) Synonym of Acaudina James (1969) leucoprocta (H.L. Clark, 1938) 92 Actinocucumis typicus Ludwig, 1875 Emendation Actinocucumis Ludwig, 1875 93 Amphideima Vaney, 1905 94 Anapta dubiosa Koehler & Vaney, 1905 95 Ankyroderma brevicaudatum Koehler & Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. Vaney, 1905 brevicaudata (Koehler & (1983), Sastry (2007) Vaney, 1905) 96 Ankyroderma contortum Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 contorta (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905) investigatoris var. James (1983b), Indica Synonym of Salenocidaris Sastry (2007) miliaris indica Mortensen, 1939 Koehler of Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, variolaris 2012a), Rao & Kumar (2014) of Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1985), typica Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007) & Synonym of Orphnurgus Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry glaber Walsh, 1891 (2005, 2007) Synonym of Dactylapta Koehler & Vaney (1905) dubiosa (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 51 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 97 Ankyroderma Vaney, 1905 98 Ankyroderma musculus var. acutum Koehler Synonym of Molpadia acuta Koehler & Vaney (1905) & Vaney, 1905 (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) 99 Ankyroderma musculus var. undulatum Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905) Koehler & Vaney, 1905 undulata (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) 100 Ankyroderma polymorphum Koehler & Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Vaney, 1905 polymorpha (Koehler & (2007) Vaney, 1905) 101 Bathyplotes assimilis Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Bathyplotes Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 natans (M. Sars, 1868) (2007) 102 Bathyplotes papillosus Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Bathyplotes Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 natans (M. Sars, 1868) (2007) 103 Benthodytes glutinosaPerrier R., 1896 104 Benthophyces fragilis Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Benthogone Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 fragilis (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905) 105 Benthothuria cristatusKoehler 1905 106 Benthothuria distortus Synonym of Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Benthothuria distorta (2007) Koehler & Vaney, 1905 107 Bohadschia graeffei (Semper, 1868) Synonym of Pearsonothuria Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, graeffei (Semper, 1868) 2012a), Sastry (2007), Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 108 Bohadschia tenuissima (Semper, 1868) Synonym of Bohadschia Clark & Rowe Mukhopadhyay (1988), vitiensis (Semper, 1868) (2007), Kumar (2012) 109 Chondrocloea beselli Jäger Original name is Synapta beselii Jaeger, 1833 Synonym of Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry Synapta maculata (Chamisso (2007) & Eysenhardt, 1821) 110 Cladolabes acicula (Semper, 1867) Emendation of Cladolabes (Semper, 1867) 111 Cucumaria ardens Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of Havelockia Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry ardens (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1908) 112 Cucumaria alcocki Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of Pseudocnus Koehler & Vaney (1908), James alcocki (Koehler & Vaney, (1983b) 1908) 113 Cucumaria ariana Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of Havelockia Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry ariana (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1908) 114 Cucumaria forbesi Bell, 1886 Synonym of Aslia forbesi (Bell, 1886) intermedium Koehler & References & Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry concolor (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905) Synonym of Benthodytes Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. typica Théel, 1882 (1983), Sastry (2007) Vaney, Synonym of Benthothuria Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry cristata Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905 (1971), Sastry Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, aciculus 2007) Koehler & Vaney (1908) ......continued on the next page 52 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 115 Cucumaria frauenfeldi Ludwig, 1882 Synonym of Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007) Roweia frauenfeldi frauenfeldi (Ludwig, 1882) 116 Cucumaria turbinata (Hutton, 1879) taxon inquirendum 117 Cucumaria inflexa Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of Mitsukuriella Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry inflexa (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1908) 118 Deima blakei Théel, 1886 Synonym of Deima validum Théel, 1879 119 Deima validum Théel, 1879 Alternate representation of Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) Deima validum validum Théel, 1879 120 Euriplastes obscura Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Synonym of Enypniastes Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry eximia Théel, 1882 (2007), Soota et al. (1983) 121 Euphronides bifurcata Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Psychropotes Koehler & Vaney (1905) 1905 verrucosa (Ludwig, 1893) 122 Filithuria elegans Koehler & Vaney, 1905 123 (1995), Mukhopadhyay Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) fuscocinerea It might be an alternate James (1991), Sastry (2007) Jaeger, 1833 representation of Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger, 1833 124 Holothuria (Metriatyla) ocellata Jaeger, Original name is Bohadschia Mukhopadyay (1988), Sastry (2007) 1833 ocellata Jaeger, 1833 It might be an alternate name 125 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla Lesson1830 It might be an alternate Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, 2007), Soota et al. (1983), representation of Mukhopadhyay & Samanta (1983), Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla James (1989), Kandan (1994), Sastry et al. (2004), Rao & Sastry (2007) Lesson, 1830 126 Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868 Alternate representation of James (1969, 1983b), Sadhukhan & Holothuria (Thymiosycia) Raghunathan (2012a ), Kumar arenicola Semper, 1868 (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 127 Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833 Alternate representation of Bell (1887), James (2001), Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, Jaeger, 1833 2012a), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Kumar (2012), Venkataraman & Padmanaban (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014), Kumar & Geetha (2013) 128 Holothuria cadelli Bell, 1887 Alternate representation of Bell (1887) Holothuria (Theelothuria) cadelli Bell, 1887 129 Holothuria coluber Semper, 1868 Alternate representation of Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) Raghunathan et al. (2013), Rao & coluber Semper, 1868 Kumar (2014) 130 Holothuria difficilis Semper, 1868 Alternate representation of Koehler & Vaney (1908), Kumar Holothuria (Platyperona) (2012) difficilis Semper, 1868 Mukhopadhyay (1988), Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry validum (2005, 2007) Synonym of Koehler & Vaney (1905), Soota et al. Pseudostichopus elegans (1983), Sastry (2007) (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 53 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 131 Holothuria edulis Lesson, 1830 It might be an alternate representation of Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830 James, (2001), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) 132 Holothuria exilis Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Nomen dubium Alternate Representation of Holothuria (Stauropora) exilis Koehler & Vaney, 1908 133 Holothuria fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980 Alternate representation of James (2001) Holothuria (Microthele) fuscogilva Cherbonnier, 1980 134 Holothuria glaberrima Risso, 1826 Nomen dubium 135 Holothuria hilla Lesson, 1830 It might be Holothuria (Fistulatia) hilla Lesson, 1830 Synonym of Holothuria James (1969, 1983b, 2001), (Mertensiothuria) hilla Raghunathan & Venkataraman Lesson, 1830 (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012) 136 Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) Alternate representation of Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), Holothuria (Thymiosycia) James (1969, 1983b, 2001), impatiens (Forskål, 1775) Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 137 Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) It might be an alternate representation of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) 138 Holothuria lineate Ludwig, 1875 Alternate representation of Bell (1887) Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 139 Holothuria lubrica Selenka. Alternate representation of Koehler & Vaney (1908) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica Selenka, 1867 140 Holothuria maculata Brandt. It might be Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908) Holothuria (Microthele) maculata Brandt, 1835 unaccepted 141 Holothuria marmorata Saville-Kent, 1893 Nomen dubium 142 Holothuria moebii Ludwig, 1883 Alternate representation of James (1983b), Kumar (2012) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) moebii Ludwig, 1883 143 Holothuria nobilis (Selenka, 1867) It might be an alternate James (2001), Sadhukhan & representation of Holothuria Raghunathan (2012a) Kumar (2012), (Microthele) nobilis Rao & Kumar (2014) (Selenka, 1867) 144 Holothuria ocellata (Jaeger, 1833) Synonym of Bohadschia Gopalakrishnan This might be Holothuria (Holothuria) ocellata Jaeger, 1833 (2012) ocellata Jaeger, 1833 Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1983b), Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2005, 2007) Koehler & Vaney (1904) James (1969, 2001), Raghunathan & Venkataraman (2012), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2012a), Kumar (2012), Kumar & Geetha (2013), Rao & Kumar (2014) Clark & Rowe (1971), Satyamurti (1976) (1969), Kumar ......continued on the next page 54 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 145 Holothuria pervicax Selenka, 1867 Alternate representation of James (1983b, 2001), Sadhukhan & Holothuria (Stauropora) Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar pervicax Selenka, 1867 (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 146 Holothuria prompta Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of (Stauropora) Ludwig, 1875 147 Holothuria remollescens Lampert, 1885 Alternate representation of Koehler & Vaney (1908), James Holothuria (Thymiosycia) (1983b) remollescens Lampert, 1885 148 Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833 It might be an alternate representation of Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 149 Leptopentacta typica (Theel) Synonym of Leptopentacta James (1969) imbricata (Semper, 1867) 150 Ocnus javanicus Sluiter, 1880 Synonym of Leptopentacta Kumar (2012) imbricata (Semper, 1867) 151 Oneiriphanta conservata Koehler & Vaney, Emendation of Oneirophanta Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 conservata Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905 152 Ophnurgus invalidus Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Orphnurgus Koehler & Vaney (1905) glaber Walsh, 1891 1905 Emendation of Orphnurgus invalidus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 153 Pelopatides dissidens Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Paelopatides Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 1910 dissidens Koehler & Vaney, 1910 154 Pelopatides gelatinosus (Walsh, 1891) 155 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Pelopatides insignis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Emendation of Paelopatides insignis (2007) Koehler & Vaney, 1905 156 Pelopatides modestus Koehler & Vaney, Emendation of Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 Paelopatides modestus (2007) Koehler & Vaney, 1905 157 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Pelopatides mammillatus Koehler & Vaney, Emendation of Paelopatides mammillatus (2007) 1905 Koehler & Vaney, 1905 158 Pelopatides mollis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Emendation of Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Paelopatides mollis Koehler (2007) & Vaney, 1905 159 Pelopatides ovalis (Walsh, 1891) Emendation of Koehler & Vaney (1905), James Paelopatides ovalis (Walsh, (1983b), Sastry (2007) 1891) 160 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Pelopatides verrucosus Koehler & Vaney, Emendation of Paelopatides verrucosus (2007) 1905 Koehler & Vaney, 1905 161 Peniagone stabilis Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Emendation of Paelopatides (Walsh, 1891) References Holothuria Koehler & Vaney (1908), Clark & modesta Rowe (1971), James (1983b), Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1983b, 2001), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a), Kumar (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry gelatinosus (2007) Peniagone unidentifiable Koehler & Vaney (1905) Synonym of Psychroplanes rigida (Théel, 1882) ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 55 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 162 Peniagone expansa Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Synonym of Psychroplanes Koehler & Vaney (1905) rigida (Théel, 1882) 163 Peniagne obscura Koehler & Vaney, 1905 164 Pentacta quadrangularis (Lesson) taxon inquirendum Original name is Holothuria (Holothuria) quadrangularis Lesson, 1830 165 Phyllophorus (Phyllophorella) Chang, 1935 166 Phyllophorus celer Koehler & Vaney, 1908 Synonym of Phyllophorus Koehler & Vaney (1908), Sastry (Phyllothuria) celer Koehler (2002, 2007) & Vaney, 1908 167 Phyllophorus Vaney, 1908 168 Plesiocholochirus armatus (Marenzeller Emendation of Kumar (2012) von, 1881) Plesiocolochirus armatus (Marenzeller von, 1881) 169 Protankyra innominata Ludwig It might be Synapta innominata Ludwig, 1875 Synonym of pseudodigitata 1867) 170 Protankyra timida Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Synonym of Rynkatorpa Koehler & Vaney (1905), James timida (Koehler & Vaney, (1983b), Sastry (2007) 1905) 171 Pseudostichopus occultatus var. plicatus Synonym Pseudostichopus Koehler & Vaney, 1905 (Sluiter, 1901) 172 Psolidium complanatum Cherbonnier, 1969 Psolidium (Semper, misnomer 173 Psychropotes minutusKoehler 1905 174 Stichopus japonicus Selenka, 1867 Synonym of Apostichopus James (1969) japonicus (Selenka, 1867) 175 Stichopus variegates Semper, 1868 Synonym of Stichopus Bell (1887), Koehler & Vaney (1908), James (1969), Clark & Rowe (1971), horrens Selenka, 1867 Mukhopadhyay (1991), Sastry (2002), Sastry et al. (2004), Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a) Rao & Kumar (2014) 176 Synallactes wood-masoni Walsh, 1891 Original name is Pannychia wood-masoni Walsh, 1891 Synonym of Amphigymnas (Walsh, 1891) 177 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Synallactes pellucidus Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Bathyplotes pellucidus (2007) 1906 (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) 178 Synaptula striata (Sluiter, 1887) Synonym of Synaptula recta Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, (Semper, 1867) 2005, 2007), Kumar (2012) 179 Thyone herdmani (Pearson) Synonym of Havelockia James (1969) versicolor (Semper, 1867) intermedius References Nomen dubium Koehler & Vaney (1905) Satyamurti (1976) spiculata Alternate representation of Sastry (2007), Kumar (2012) Phyllophorella spiculata (Chang, 1935) Koehler & & Synonym of Neothyonidium Koehler & Vaney (1908), intermedium (Koehler & Mukhopadhyaya & Samanta (1983), Sastry (2007) Vaney, 1908) Protankyra Sastry (2007), Koehler & Vaney (Semper, (1908), James (1969, 1983b), Soota et al. (1983) of Koehler & Vaney (1905) peripatus complanatum Kumar (2012) 1867) Author Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry Vaney, Synonym of Psychropotes minuta (2007) Koehler & Vaney, 1905 Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry woodmasoni (2007), Soota et al. (1983) ......continued on the next page 56 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks 180 Trachythyone alcocki(Koehler & Vaney) Synonym of Pseudocnus Soota et al. (1983), James (1983b), Original name is Cucumaria alcocki alcocki (Koehler & Vaney, Sastry (2007) Koehler & Vaney, 1908 1908) 181 Trochostoma albicansThéel, 1886 Synonym of Hedingia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry albicans (Théel, 1886) (2007) Deichmann, 1938 182 Trochostoma andamanense Walsh, 1891 Synonym of Walsh (1891) in Sastry 2007, Koehler Molpadia andamanensis & Vaney (1905), James (1983b), (Walsh, 1891) Soota et al. (1983), Sastry (2007) 183 Trochostoma concolor Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905) 1905 concolor (Koehler & Vaney, 1905) 184 Trochostoma ecalcareum Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 ecalcarea (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905) 185 Trochostoma elongatum Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), James 1905 elongata (Koehler & Vaney, (1983b), Sastry (2007) 1905) 186 Trochostoma granulatum Ludwig, 1893 187 Trochostoma pauperum Koehler & Vaney, Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905), Sastry 1905 paupera (Koehler & Vaney, (2007) 1905) Class Ophiuroidea 188 Amphiodia caullery (Koehler, 1897) 189 Amphiophiura (Studer) 190 Amphioplus intermedius (Koehler, 1905) Alternate representation of James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) Amphioplus (Amphioplus) intermedius (Koehler, 1905) 191 Amphiura dispar Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Amphioplus Koehler (1897, 1899), dispar (Koehler, 1897) (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 192 Amphiura famula Koehler, 1910 Synonym of Amphioplus Koehler (1910) in Sastry 2007 famula (Koehler, 1910) 193 Amphiura lorioli (Koehler, 1897) Alternate representation of Koehler (1897), Sastry (2007) Amphiura (Amphiura) lorioli (Koehler, 1897) 194 Asteromorpha flosculus (Alcock) Misnomer Original name is Asteroschema Alcock, 1893 (Dictenophiura) References Synonym of Molpadia Koehler & Vaney (1905) granulata (Ludwig, 1893) Synonym of Amphioplus Koehler (1897), Sastry (2007) (Unioplus) caulleryi (Koehler, 1897) stellata Synonym of (Dictenophiura) (Studer, 1882) Ophiura Sastry (2005, 2007) stellata James Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) flosculus Ophiura Clark & Rowe (1971) stellata 195 Dictenophiura stellata (Studer, 1882) Synonym of (Dictenophiura) (Studer, 1882) 196 Gymnopelta indica Koehler Misnomer of Koehler (1922), Sastry (2002, 2005, Ophioconis indica Koehler, 2007) 1897 ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 57 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 197 Macrophiothrix propingua (Linnaeus) It might be an emendation of Sastry (1997) Macrophiothrix propinqua (Lyman, 1861) as well as author misnomer 198 Ophiacantha abnormis Lyman, 1879 Synonym of Ophiotreta Sastry (2005, 2007) stimulea (Lyman, 1878) 199 Ophiacantha gratiosa Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b) Ophiotreta stimulea (Lyman, 1878) 200 Ophiacantha vestita Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Ophiopristis Koehler (1897, 1899), vestita (Koehler, 1897) (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 201 Ophiactis acosmeta H.L. Clark, 1938 Synonym of Ophiactis Sastry (2007) macrolepidota MarktannerTurneretscher, 1887 202 Ophiactis flexuosa var. Perplexa Koehler Misnomer Sastry (2007) Original name is Ophiactis perplexa Koehler, 1897 203 Ophiactis maculosa von Martens, 1870 Synonym of Ophiactis Sastry (2007) savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) 204 Ophiarachnella megaloplax Bell Original name is Pectinura megaloplax Bell, 1884 Synonym of Ophiarachnella Sastry (2007) gorgonia (Müller & Troschel, 1842) 205 Ophiocamax rugosa Koehler, 1904 Synonym of Ophiocamax Sastry (2005, 2007) vitrea Lyman, 1878 206 Ophiocentrus dilatatus (Koehler, 1905) Synonym of Ophiocentrus Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) dilatata (Koehler, 1905) 207 Ophiochiton modestusKoehler, 1897 Synonym of Amphioplus Koehler (1897, 1899), modestus (Koehler, 1897) (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 208 Ophiocoma brevipes Peters, 1851 Alternate representation of Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1969, Ophiocoma (Breviturma) 1982, 1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Raghunathan & Venkataraman brevipes Peters, 1851 (2012), Rao & Kumar (2014) 209 Ophiocoma dentata Müller & Troschel, Synonym of Ophiocoma James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005), 1842 (Breviturma) dentata Müller Sadhukhan & Raghunathan (2011a, 2012a) & Troschel, 1842 210 Ophiocoma doederleini de Loriol, 1899 Alternate representation of Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007), Sastry et Ophiocoma (Breviturma) al. (2004) doederleini de Loriol, 1899 211 Ophiocoma lubrica Koehler, 1898 Synonym of scolopendrina 1816) 212 Ophiocormus compsus A.M. Clark, 1968 Synonym of Ophiodyscrita Sastry (2004, 2007) The original name is Ophiostegastus acosmeta H.L. Clark, 1938 compsus A.M. Clark, 1968 213 Ophioelegans cincta (Müller & Troschel, Synonym of 1842) cincta cincta Troschel, 1842 214 Ophioglypha radiata Lyman, 1878 James James Ophiocoma Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007 (Lamarck, Ophiolepis Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2002, Müller & 2005, 2007) Synonym of Amphiophiura Koehler (1897, 1899) radiata (Lyman, 1878) ......continued on the next page 58 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 215 Ophioglypha stellata Studer, 1882 Synonym of (Dictenophiura) (Studer, 1882) 216 Ophiomitra rudis Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Ophioplinthaca Koehle (1899), Sastry (2007) rudis (Koehler, 1897) 217 Ophiomusium elegans Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Ophiosphalma Koehler (1897, 1899), elegans (Koehler, 1897) (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) 218 Ophiomusium fimbriatum Koehler, 1922 Synonym of Ophiosphalma Sastry (2007) fimbriatum (Koehler, 1922) 219 Ophionereis dubia (Müller & Troschel, Alternate representation of Clark & Rowe (1971), Sastry (2005, 1842) Ophionereis dubia dubia 2007) (Müller & Troschel, 1842) 220 Ophiopeza custos Koehler, 1897 Synonym of Ophioplax Koehler (1897, 1899), James (1983b), Sastry (2002, 2005, 2007) custos (Koehler, 1897) 221 Ophiosphalma planum (Lyman, 1878) Synonym of Ophiosphalma Koehler (1897), Sastry (2007) armigerum (Lyman, 1878) 222 Ophiostigma formosa Lütken, 1872 Synonym of Dougaloplus Koehler (1899) in Sastry 2007 echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) 223 Ophioteichus nodosa Duncan, 1887 Misnomer of Ophiolepis James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) nodosa Duncan, 1887 224 Ophiothrix nereidina (Lamarck, 1816) Synonym of Macrophiothrix Bell (1888), Raghunathan Venkataraman (2012) nereidina (Lamarck, 1816) 225 Ophiothrix stelligera Lyman Synonym of Ophiothrix Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005, James (Ophiothrix) ciliaris (1983b) (Lamarck, 1816) 226 Ophiothrix (Lamarck) (Keystonea) nereidina Synonym of Macrophiothrix Clark & Rowe (1971), James (1989), nereidina (Lamarck, 1816) Sastry (1999) in Sastry 2005, Sastry (1997, 2002, 2005, 2007) 227 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) variegata Duncan, Misnomer of 1887 Ophiothrix Duncan, 1887 Ophiura Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007 stellata James Sastry (2007) variegata 228 Ophiothrix (Placophiothrix) fumaria Müller Misnomer of Ophiothrix Sastry (2007) & Troschel, 1840 fumaria Müller & Troschel, 1840 229 Ophiothrix Grube, 1868 230 Ophiothrix accedens Koehler, 1930 Alternate representation of James (1969, 1985), Sastry (2007) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) accedens Koehler, 1930 231 Ophiothrix diligens Koehler, 1898 Alternate representation of James (1983b) Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) diligens Koehler, 1898 232 Ophiothrix savignyi (Müller & Troschel, Alternate representation of Sadhukhan et al. (2012) 1842) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) 233 Ophiothrix trilineata Lütken, 1869 (Placophiothrix) & striolata Synonym of Macrophiothrix Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2007 striolata (Grube, 1868) Alternate representation of Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005, James Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) (1983b), Sastry (2001) trilineata Lütken, 1869 ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 59 TABLE 4. (Continued) No. Species Remarks References 234 Ophiothrix vitrea Döderlein, 1896 Alternate representation of Koehler (1898) in Sastry 2005, James Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) (1983b) vitrea Döderlein, 1896 235 Ophiura forbesi Duncan Original name is Ophioglypha forbesi Duncan, 1879 Synonym of Aspidophiura James (1983b), Sastry (2005, 2007) forbesi (Duncan, 1879) 236 Ophiura irrorata (Lyman, 1878) Alternate representation of Sastry (2007) Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata irrorata (Lyman, 1878) TABLE 5. List of omitted echinoderm species. Sl.No. Omitted species names References Reasons Mentioned Lat. 06° 57’ N; Long. 79° 33’ E falls in Sri Lankan territory Asteroidea 1 Brisinga panopla Fisher, 1906 Koehler (1909) 2 Brisinga parallela Koehler, 1909 Koehler (1909), Sastry Reported Lat. 6° 57’ N; Long. 79° 33’ (2007) E falls in Sri Lanka 3 Ceramaster mortenseni (Koehler, 1909) Koehler (1909), Sastry Reported Lat. 13° 29’ N; Long. 95° 29’ (2007) E falls off middle Andaman 4 Astropecten sp. Karuppaiyan (2007) Reported only genus level Sastry (2007) Reported only genus level Crinoidea 5 Decametrocrinus sp. Echinoidea 6 Brisaster indicus Koehler, 1914 Koehler (1914) Not accepted by WoRMS (editor Kroh, Andreas) based on juvenile specimens 7 Clypeaster sp.1. Karuppaiyan (2007) Reported only genus level 8 Clypeaster sp.2. Karuppaiyan (2007) Reported only genus level Holothuroidea 9 Bohadschia sp. James (2001) Reported only genus level 10 Cucumaria sp. Sastry (2007) Reported only genus level 11 Phyllophorus (Phyllophorella) sp. Sastry (2007) Reported only genus level 12 Protankyra sp. Sastry (2007) Reported only genus level Ophiuroidea 13 Ophiocreas sp. Koehler. Koehler (1899) Reported only generic level and this genus already included in the accepted list 14 Trichaster acanthifer Döderlein, 1927 Sastry (2002) Mentioned Lat. 13° 47’ 30” N; Long. 98° 15’ 30” E not fall in Indian territory 15 Ophiothrix sp. Sastry (2007) Reported only genus level 16 Dougaloplus sp. Karuppaiyan (2007) Reported only genus level 17 Asteronyx sp. Karuppaiyan (2007) Reported only genus level ......continued on the next page 60 · Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press SAMUEL ET AL. TABLE 5. (Continued) Sl.No. Omitted species names References Reasons 18 Ophiothela venusta (de Loriol, 1900) Sadhukhan & Expert Dr. Sabine stöhr reviewed this Raghunathan (2011b) publication and disproved it as Ophiocoma sp. based on the reported key character 1 tentacle scale which conflicts with the images clearly show 2 and does not fit with Ophiothela 19 Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) Sadhukhan & Dr. Sabine stöhr commented that this Raghunathan (2011b) species probably of juvenile Ophiocoma sp. that still lacks disc granules and Tooth papillae are interpreted as infradental papillae 20 Ophiopteron vitiensis (Koehler, 1927) Sadhukhan et al. (2012) Dr. Sabine stöhr reviewed this as Ophiothela sp. 21 Ophionereis degeneri (A.H. Clark, 1949) Sadhukhan et al. (2012) Dr. Sabine stöhr reviewed this as Ophiocoma sp. 22 Ophiothrix savignyi (Muller and Troschel, Sadhukhan et al. (2012) 1842) Dr. Sabine stöhr reviewed this as Ophiothela cf. danae 23 Ophiothrix (Theophrix) pusilla (Lyman, 1874) Sadhukhan et al. (2012) Dr. Sabine stöhr reviewed this as Ophiothela cf. danae 24 Heterometra crenulata (P.H.Carpenter, 1882) Sadhukhan & Dr. Charles Messing reviewed this paper and suggested based on image Raghunathan (2012b) that it is likely to be Himerometra robustipinna (Carpenter, 1881) 25 Amphimetra molleri (A. H. Clark, 1908) Sadhukhan & Dr. Charles Messing commented that Raghunathan (2012b) this is not any species of Amphimetra by setting the point Amphimetra species have only ten arms (rarely 11 or 12) but specimen in the figure appears to have over 20 arms (with at least 7 on one ray) including division series of four ossicles. 26 Cenometra bella (Hartlaub, 1890) Sadhukhan & Dr. Charles Messing commented that Raghunathan (2012b) this is most likely Phanogenia typical by setting the point lack of characteristic rounded processes on the sides of the division series ossicles, and the paired aboral tubercles on the cirri for Cenometra bella 27 Comanthus alternans (P. H. Carpenter, 1881) a Sadhukhan & Dr. Charles Messing commented that synonym of Clarkcomanthus alternans Raghunathan (2012b) this is most likely Phanogenia typica (Carpenter, 1881) based on the ossicles have typical concave sides, the division series beyond the second tend to give rise to an undivided arm and another division series in alternating fashion, and the habitat described is that of P. typica. Clarkcomanthus alternans generally sits completely exposed ......continued on the next page ECHINODERMS OF INDIA Zootaxa 4354 (1) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 61 TABLE 5. (Continued) Sl.No. Omitted species names References Reasons 28 Petasometra clarae (Hartlaub, 1890) Nigam et al. (2016) Dr. Charles Messing commented that this appears from the images most likely Cenometra bella. The authors state that “The outer borders of the division series are smooth, without lateral processes.” However, lateral processes characteristic of C. bella are clearly visible in figure 2e. 29 Ophiura sp. Stöhr et al. (2012) Reported only genus level The names of echinoid Caenopedina depressa Koehler, 1927, sea cucumbers Holothuria (Stauropora) exilis Koehler & Vaney, 1908, Holothuria glaberrima Risso, 1826, Holothuria marmorata Saville-Kent, 1893 and Peniagne obscura Koehler & Vaney, 1905 are nomina dubia. Nomina dubia are more problematic than synonyms and they should be either removed from the checklists or labelled explicitly so as to alert the non-taxonomic users of the checklists (Dayrat 2011). Two species, Pentacta quadrangularis (Lesson) reported by Satyamurti (1976) and Cucumaria turbinata (Hutton, 1879) reported by Mukhopadhyay (1988) and Sastry (2007) are taxon inquirendum. Likewise, Dictyaster wood-masoni (Asteroidea) is an undescribed species placed under nomen nudum status (a non-available name). There has been a steep increase in collection and documentation of samples from voyages and research world over. A ‘taxonomic increase’ could be attributed to (i) genuine increase in knowledge because of discovery of new species or obtaining data on the known species or (ii) an artificial increase in species number due to debates in adopted methodology, disagreements or problems among taxonomists (Padial & Riva 2006). Another reason for taxonomic inflation arises from the fact that subspecies are raised to species as a result, a change in species concept rather than new discoveries occur (Nick et al. 2004). Some of the species description from India have not been revised or revisited since their original description and only changes in generic names, as reported globally, have been applied to them, thus rendering the status of such species as uncertain. The current work points out taxonomic inflation attributed primarily by synonymies, emendations and alternative representation and, provides a revised checklist updated till February 2017. An accurate checklist aids in appropriate resource allocation for conservation of the biodiversity though taxonomy has many other functions besides biodiversity conservation. Illustrating the case with diversity of echinoderms in India, the current study calls for periodic taxonomic updates and development of a national repository of chronologically updated species list for all taxa. Acknowledgements The study was undertaken as a part of the study on “Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Integration Network (CoMBINe)”, by the Coastal and Marine Resources Conservation Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Chennai. Authors are thankful to Dr Sabine stöhr, Dr Charles G. Messing and Dr Gustav Paulay for their suggestions, comments and untiring work taken on identification of ophiuroids, holothuroids and crinoids. References Alcock, A. (1893a) Natural History notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator Commander C.F. Oldham, R.N. Commanding. Series 2, No 7. 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