Arch. Protistenkd. 139 (1991): 21-37
Gustav Fischer Verlag lena
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden. University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake - from Peat Bog to Lake
By MIRKO CVIJAN & RADOJE LAUSEVIC
With one Figure and 2 Plates
Key words: Peat bog; Lake; Desmids; Floristical composition; Successions
Summary
The investigation of the floristical composition of algae in Vlasinsko lake was done in August, 1989. In this
paper special attention is given to the desmids as one of the most abundant and heterogenous group of algae in
today's lake as well as in the once existed peat bog. The authors followed the successive changes in the desmid's
composition in the passed period of 83 years: at the time when the peat bog had existed, as well as during the
formation of Vlasinsko lake, to the time when the lake has been formed. Considerable increase in the number of the
once peat bog desmids and the presence of 28 new taxa was observed. The presence of a large number of floating
peat islands, especially in the shallow, southern part of the lake noticed in 1989, contributes to the hypothesis of
regeneration of peat bog.
Introduction
Vlasinsko lake was formed when existent peat bog has been floated by the water. It was the
largest peat bog in Serbia since the construction of the dam on the river Vlasina in 1949.
The algae of this locality have been investigated at the time when the peat bog had existed
(KOSANIN 1908, 191Oa, 1910b; DORDEVIC 1910; KATIC 1910; MILOVANOVIC 1960), as well as
during the formation of Vlasinsko lake (MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1953, 1956), to the time when
the lake has already been formed (MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1958; MILOVANOVIC 1973).
We carried out an investigation during August, 1989 with the aim to analyse the floristical
composition of algae in Vlasinsko lake. The list of all determinated taxa is given in CVIJAN &
LAUSEVIC (in press). In this paper special attention is given to the desmids as one of the most
abundant and heterogeneous group of algae in today's lake as well as in the once existed peat bog.
The obtained results gave us the possibility of a comparative study on the successive changes in
the desmids compositions in the passed period of 83 years.
Material and Methods
Samples of algae from phytoplankton (by pulling the plankton net No. 23 from the bottom to the surface and by
towing in the surface level), benthos and periphyton were collected from 30 places. The collected material was
preserved immediately in 4 % formaldehyde.
Samples for physico-chemical analysis of water were collected from north (near the dam), central and south part
of the lake (Fig. 1) from different depths (I, 5, and 10 m). Analysis has been done in Belgrade research station
according to Standard Methods (1985). The transparency was measured with a Secchi disc.
The algological material was examined by using the optical microscope (Diastar™ photomicroscope). The most
of algae were investigated directly from collected material, except the diatoms which were prepared by standard
method with sulphuric acid.
22
M. CVIJAN
&
R. LAUSEVIC
VLASINSKO LAKE
D':SIQNATJON
TYPE OF"
OF
SAMPLES
9
SAWPLI:$
.. _
d,
21 ..
29 ..
2!J.
27,
30,
7.
to,
~
t7,
PHYTOPLANCTON
22,24.26_
DA.",
20.
Q ..
••
t..
CI:NTIER,
SOUTH
t t..
15 ..
.ENTHOS
2..
5 ..
180.,10.
20,
PERJPHYTON
2.
DAN.. CENTER
SOUTH
FOR PHIS'ICOCHEWICAL
ANALVSIS
t
N
~
------
o
1km
Fig. 1. Vlasinsko lake with designated places where the samples have been taken.
Results and Discussion
Vlasina plateau is at the altitude of 1,219 m. The central part of the plateau has a rather long
depression known as the Vlasina mud. Its longitudinal axis is 6.5 km with an incline of 23.1 min
the direction of south-north and 10-12 m in the direction of west-east.
The peat bog was flooded through the period of 5 years (from 1949 to 1954). Today's lake has
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
23
Table I. Results of physical and chemical analysis of the water of the Vlasinsko Lake at sampling points in August,
1989
-Sampling point
and depth
Dam
(I m)
Dam
(5m)
Dam
(10m)
Center
(I m)
Center
(5 m)
Center
(10m)
South
(I m)
South
(5 m)
Wat. temp. (0C)
pH
Transparency (m)
Conductivity (~S/cm)
Caz + (mgll)
Mg z+ (mg/I)
Na+ + K+ (mgll)
Cl- (mg/I)
HC03 - (mgll)
C0 3Z- (mg/l)
S042- (mgll)
NH4+ (mgll)
NO z- (mg/I)
N0 3 - (mgll)
KMn04 (mgll)
Oz (mgll)
BODs (mgll Oz)
20.0
5.8
4
74
16.03
13.97
38.43
77.99
73.21
0
10.60
0.15
0
0
2.88
9.36
1.73
19.8
5.8
4
81
16.03
3.04
24.18
15.60
73.21
0
19.76
0.05
0
3.08
4.88
10.60
2.71
17.0
5.8
4
81
14.03
2.43
40.45
55.30
48.81
0
11.57
0.06
0
3.60
3.20
5.34
0.99
22.0
5.6
3.5
77
15.03
3.04
73.26
106.35
61.01
0
7.71
0.08
0
1.54
4.40
9.20
2.52
18.8
5.6
3.5
75
13.03
1.82
54.19
57.43
61.01
0
3.37
0.10
0
4.62
4.32
9.20
0.74
16.0
5.8
3.5
79
14.03
14.58
24.9
52.47
61.01
0
19.76
0.19
0
5.85
4.80
1.72
0.65
22.0
5.6
4.5
79
15.03
4.86
103.39
86.50
0
84
13.50
0.03
0
7.71
4.62
7.72
0.29
21.0
5.6
4.5
94
14.0
5.4
42.6
45.3
85.4
0
12.0
0.1
0
4.6
2.4
8.2
1.9
a total surface of 15.2 km 2 , with volume about 150 X 106 m3 . The length of the lake is 8 km, the
average width is 2.5 km (Fig. 1), the maximal depth is 25 m (near the dam at the northern part of
the lake), the average depth is 13 m. The southern part of the lake is shallow - the average depth
is 5 m. Accumulation is used by hydro-electric power plant, for recreational purposes and
angling.
In this past Vlasinsko mud was very rich in water. Today's lake gets its water from many
tributaries while through an artificial channel water enters the lake from other river basin.
The climate is of a typical continental one with much atmospheric precipitation. The west
coast of the lake is covered by pastures, while the east coast is partly covered by wood, mainly
pine trees.
In August, 1989, we collected algological material from 30 places (Fig. 1). At the time when
we took the samples the chemical composition of the water has characteristics as shown in Table
1. In comparison with obtained results for Vlasinsko lake (MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1953,
Plate I. Actinotaenium clevei val. gelidum (Fig. I), Actinotaenium turgidum (Fig. 2), Closterium kiitzingii (Fig. 3),
Closterium navicula (Fig. 4), Closterium striolatum var. attenuatum (Fig. 5), Closterium turgidum (Fig. 6),
Cosmarium botrytis (Fig. 7), Cosmarium connatum (Fig. 8), Cosmarium formosulum var. formosulum (Fig. 9),
Cosmarium granatum (Fig. \0), Cosmarium humile val. humile fo. humile (Fig. 11), Cosmarium phaseolus
(Fig. 12), Cosmarium portianum (Fig. 13), Cosmarium reniforme (Fig. 14), Cosmarium tetraophthalmum
(Fig. 15), Cosmarium trilobulatum var. trilobulatum (Fig. 16), Cosmoastrum laponicum (Fig. 17), Cosmoastrum
muticum (Fig. 18). (Skala in )m~
Plate 2. Cosmoastrum politrichum (Fig. I), Desmidium schwartzii (Fig. 2), Euastrum denticulatum (Fig. 3),
Euastrum oblongum (Fig. 4), Euastrum verrucosum (Fig. 5), Micrasterias papilifera (Fig. 6), Micrasterias
thomasiana var. thomasiana (Fig. 7), Mierasterias truncata fo. semitruncata (Fig. 8), Netrium digitus var.
lamellosum (Fig. 9), Netrium digitus fo. ventricosum (Fig. 10), Spondilosium planum (Fig. 11), Staurastrum
aculeatum (Fig. 12), Staurastrum gracile val. gracile (Fig. 13), Staurastrum furcigerum (Fig. 14), Staurodesmus
convergens (Fig. 15), Staurodesmus dejectus var. dejectus (Fig. 16), Staurodesmus dickei val. dickei (Fig. 17),
Xanthidium cristatum (Fig. 18). (Skala in )m~
N
....
co
,....
........
....
~I
~l
25
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
~I.~
50
",.,,.,..1\... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
""
"'"'
:\'.J
'\"",",u,ww"""...u
3
2
-----.
50
20
13
--
10
10
16
Plate II
14
17
15
26
M. CVIJAN
&
R. LAUSEVIC
Table 2. Floristical composition of the desmids: of Vlasina peat bog in the periods from 1906 to 1910 (Column 1)
and from 1947 to 1948 (Column 2); of Vlasinsko lake in the periods from 1949 to 1954 (Column 3), from 1955 to
1964 (Column 4) and in August 1989 (Column 5)
2
3
4
5
Desmidiaceae
Actinotaenium TElL. 1954
Actinotaenium clevei (LUND.) TElL. var. clevei
[= Penium clevei LUND.)
Actinotaenium colpopelta (BREB.)
Compere [= Cosmarium viride (CORDA) ex JOSH.]
Actinotaenium cucurbita (BREB.) TElL.
[= Cosmarium cucurbita BREB.; C. cucurbita f. latius W. et G. S. WEST]
Actinotaenium cucurbitinum (Blss.) TElL.
[= Cosmarium cucurbitinum (Blss.) LDTKEM.]
Actinotaenium cucurbitinum var. cucurbitinum
f minus (W. et G. S. WEST) TElL.
[= Penium cucurbitinum BISSET f. minor W. et G. S. WEST]
Actinotaenium curtum (BREB.) TElL. var. curtum
[= Penium curtum BREB. var. obtusatum W. et. G. S. WEST]
Actinotaenium gelidum (WlTTR.) Rut.
Actinotaenium turgidum (BREB.) TEll..
[= Cosmarium turgidum BREB.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Arthrodesmus EHR. 1838
Arthrodesmus incus (BREB.) HASS. var. indentatus W. et G. S. WEST f. brevicornus
Closterium NITZSCH. 1817
Closterium abruptum WEST
Closterium acerosum (SCHR.) EHR.
Closterium acutum BREB. var. linea (PERTY) WEST et WEST
[= C. linea PERTY)
Closterium archerianum CLEVE
Closterium attenuatum EHR.
Closterium baileyanum BREB. var. alpinum (VIR.) GRONBL.
Closterium closterioides (RALFs) LOUIS et PEETERS
var. closterioides r= Penium closterioides RALFs;
P. libellula (FOCKE) ex NORDST.;
P. libellula var. interruptum W. et. G. S. WEST]
Closterium closterioides var. intermedium (RoY et Blss.) RUZICKA
[= Peniurn libellula var. intermedium ROY et Blss]
Closteriurn cornu EHR.
Closterium cynthia DE NOT
Closterium dianae EHR.
Closteriurn didymotocum RALFS
Closterium directurn ARCH.
Closterium ehrenbergii MENEGH.
Closterium gracile BREB.
Closterium intermedium RALFS
Closterium jenneri RALFS
Closterium juncidurn RALFS
Closterium juncidurn var. brevior (RABENH.) ROY
Closterium juncidurn var. elongaturn Roy
Closterium kiitzingii BREB.
Closterium leibleinii KOTZ.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
27
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
Table 2 (continued)
Closterium lineatum ERR.
Closterium lunula (MOLL.) NITzscR.
Closterium lunula var. biconvexum SCHMIDLE
Closterium lunula var. massarti (DE WILD.) KRIEG.
Closterium moniliferum (BORY) EHR.
Closterium navicula (BREB.) LOTKEM.
Closterium navicula var. crassum (W. et. G. S. WEST) GRONBL.
[= Penium navicula var. crassum W. et. G. S. WEST;
P. navicula var. inflatum W. et. G. S. WEST]
Closterium navicula (BREB.) LOTKEM. var. navicula
[= Penium navicula BREB. J
Closterium parvulum NAG.
Closterium pritchardianum ARCH.
Closterium pronum BREB. var. pronum
Closterium ralfsii BREB. var. hybridum RABENH.
Closterium rostratum EHR.
Closterium setaceum EHR.
Closterium strigosum BREB.
Closterium striolatum ERR.
Closterium striolatum ERR. var. rectum (W. WEST) KRIEG.
Closterium toxon W. WEST
Closterium tumidulum GAY
Closterium turgidum ERR.
Closterium ulna FOCKE
Closterium venus KOTZ.
2
3
4
5
+
- -
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
- -
-
+
+
+
+
-
- - -
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
- - - -
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Cosmarium CORDA 1834
Cosmarium sp.
Cosmarium abruptum LUND.
Cosmarium amoenum (BREB.) RALFS var. mediolaeve NORDST.
Cosmarium angulosum BREB. var. angulosum
Cosmarium anisochondrum NORDST.
Cosmarium annulatum (NAG.) DE BARY
[= Disphintium annulatum NAG.]
Cosmarium bioculatum BREB.
Cosmarium bioculatum var. depressum (SCHAARSCHM.) SCHMIDLE
[= C. bioculatum f. depressa SCHAAR.]
Cosmarium bioculatum var. hians W. et. G. S. WEST
Cosmarium biretum (BREB.) RALFS
Cosmarium blyttii WILLE
Cosmarium boeckii WILLE
Cosmarium botrytis (MENEGR.) RALFS
Cosmarium botrytis var. gemmiferum (BREB.) NORDST.
Cosmarium botrytis vaT. mediolaeve W. WEST
Coslnarium botrytis vaT. tumidum WOLLE
Cosmarium brebissonii (MENEGH.) RALFs
Cosmarium broomei (THWAlTES) RALFS
Cosmarium caelatum RALFS
Cosmarium caelarum vaT. 'specwbile (DE NOT.) NORDST.
Cosmarium calcaerum WITTR.
Cosmarium canaliculatum W. ct. G. S. WEST
Cosmarium circulare REINSCH.
Cosmarium connatum (BREB.) RALFS
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
28
M. CVIJAN & R. LAUSEVIC
Table 2 (continued)
2
Cosmarium conspersum RALFS
Cosmarium contractum KIRCHN.
[= C. contractum var. jakobseni (RoY) WEST et WEST]
Cosmarium contractum var. ellipsoideum (ELFV.) W. et G. S. WEST
Cosmarium crenatum RALFS
Cosmarium cruciatum BREB.
Cosmarium cucumis (CORDA) RALFS
Cosmarium cucumis var. helvetica NORDST.
Cosmarium cyclicum LUND.
Cosmarium cyclicum var. nordstedtianum (REINSCH.) W. et G. S. WEST
Cosmarium depressum (NAG.) LUND.
Cosmarium difficile LOTKEM.
Cosmarium elegantissimus LUND.
Cosmarium everettensse WOLLE
Cosmarium fontigenum NORDST.
Cosmarium formosulum HOFF. var. formosulum
Cosmarium globosum BULHN.
Cosmarium gostyniense (RACIB.) GRONBL.
[= C. abruptum f. gostyniense RACIB.]
Cosmarium granatum BREB.
Cosmarium hammeri REINSCH. var. homalodermum (NORDST.) WEST et WEST
Cosmarium hammeri var. protuberans WEST et WEST
Cosmarium holmiense LUND. var. integrum LUND.
Cosmarium humile (GAY) NORDST. var. humile fo. humile PAL.-MoRDv.
Cosmarium humile var. striatum (BOLDT) SCHMIDLE
Cosmarium impressulum ELFV.
Cosmarium isthmochondrum NORDST.
Cosmarium kitchellii WOLlE
Cosmarium laeve RABENH.
Cosmarium laeve var. septentrionale WILLE
Cosmarium lundellii DELP. var. corruptum (TURN.) W. et. G. S. WEST
Cosmarium margaritiferum (TuRP.) RALFS
Cosmarium meneghinii BREB.
Cosmarium meneghinii f. rotundata RACIB.
Cosmarium moniliforme (TURP.) RALFS
Cosmarium naegelianum BREB.
Cosmarium nasutum NORDST.
Cosmarium nasutum var. xranulatum NORDST.
Cosmarium nitidullum DE NOT
Cosmarium notabile BREB.
Cosmarium novae-semliae WILLE
Cosmarium obtusatum SCHMIDLE
[= Cosmarium undulatum CORDA var. obtusatum SCHMIDLE]
Cosmarium ochthodes NORDST.
Cosmarium ochthodes var. amoebum WEST
Cosmarium orbiculatum RALFS
Cosmarium ornatum RALFS
Cosmarium pachydermum LUNDL.
Cosmarium pachydermum var. aetiopicum W. WEST
Cosmarium phaseolus BREB.
Cosmarium phaseolus var. elevatum NORDST.
Cosmarium polygonum (NAG.) ARCH.
Cosmarium polymorphum NORDST.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
3
4
5
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
29
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
Table 2 (continued)
Cosmarium portianum ARCH.
Cosmarium praemorsum BR~.
Cosmarium prominulum RACIB.
Cosmarium prominulum var. subundulatum W. et. G. S. WEST
Cosmarium pseudobromei WOLLE
Cosmarium pseudonitidulum NORDST. var. validum W. et. G. S. WEST
Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum LUND.
Cosmarium pseudopyramidatum var. stenonotum NORDST.
Cosmarium punctulatum BREB.
Cosmarium punctulatum var. subpunctulatum (NORDST.) BORG.
Cosmarium pygmaeum ARCH.
[== C. schliepacheanum GRUN.]
Cosmarium pyramidatum BREB.
Cosmarium pyramidatum var. angustatum W. et G. S. WEST
Cosmarium quadratulum (GA v) DE TONI
Cosmarium quadratum RALFS
Cosmarium radiosum WOLLE
var. montanum RAClB.
Cosmarium ralfsii BR~.
Cosmarium rectangulare GRUN. var. cambrense (TuRN.) W. et G. S. WEST
Cosmarium reinschii ARCH.
Cosmarium reniforme (RALFS) ARCH.
Cosmarium repandum NORDST.
Cosmarium retusiforme (WILLE) GUTW.
Cosmarium sexnotatum GUTW.
var. tristriatum (LOTK.) SCHMIDLE
Cosmarium simplicius (W. et G. S. WEST) GRONBL.
[== C. elegantissimus var. simplicius W. et G. S. WEST]
Cosmarium speciosum LUND.
Cosmarium speciosum var. rostafinskii (GUTW.) W. et G. S. WEST
[== C. rostafinskii GUTW.]
Cosmarium speciosum var. simplex NORDST.
Cosmarium sportella BR~.
Cosmarium striolatum NAG.
Cosmarium striolatum var. intermedia W. KRIEG
Cosmarium subcoslatum NORDST. f. minor W. WEST
Cosmarium subcrenatum HANTZ.
Cosmarium subcucumis SCHMIDLE
Cosmarium subprotumidum NORDST.
Cosmarium subretusiforme W. et G. S. WEST
Cosmarium subspeciosum NORDST. var. validum NORDST.
Cosmarium subtumidum NORDST.
Cosmarium succisum W. WEST
Cosmarium tenue ARCH.
Cosmarium tetragonum (NAG.) ARCH.
Cosmarium tetragonum var. lundellii COOKE
Cosmarium tetraophthalmum (KOTZ.) RALFS
Cosmarium tetraophthalmum var. pyramidatum STROM
Cosmarium titophorum NORDST.
Cosmarium trilobulatum REINSCH.
Cosmarium trilobu.latum REINSCH. var. trilobulatum
Cosmarium truncatellum PERTY
Cosmarium tumidum LUND.
Cosmarium turneri Roy
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
2
3
4
5
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
- -
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
- -
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
-
30
M. CYIJAN & R. LAUSEYIC
Table 2 (continued)
2
Cosmarium
Cosmarium
Cosmarium
Cosmarium
Cosmarium
Cosmarium
unduLatum CORDA
unduLatum Yar. crenuLatum (NAG.) WITTR.
unduLatum Yar. minutum WITTR.
venustum (BREB.) ARCH.
venustum f minus WILLE
wittrockii LUND.
3
4
5
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
Cosmoastrum PAL.-MoRDY. 1976 (= Staurastrum MEYEN)
Cosmoastrum aLtemans (BREB.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum aLtemans BREB.]
Cosmoastrum brebissonii (ARCH.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum brebissonii ARCH.]
Cosmoastrum cumbricum (WEST) PAL.-MORDY.
Cosmoastrum dilatatum (EHR.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum dilatatum EHR.]
Cosmoastrum echinatum (BREB.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum echinatum BREB.]
Cosmoastrum gLadiosum (TURN.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum gLadiosum TURN. J
Cosmoastrum Lapponicum (SCHMIDLE) PAL.-MORDY.
Cosmoastrum muticum (BREB.) PAL.-MoRDY.
[= Staurastrum muticum BREB.]
Cosmoastrum orbicuLare (RALFS) PAL.-MoRDY.
[= Staurastrum orbicuLare (EHR.) RALFS]
Cosmoastrum orbicuLare (RALFS) PAL.-MoRDY.
yar. ralfsii (W. et G. S. WEST) PAL.-MORDY.
Cosmoastrum poLytrichum (PERTY) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum poLytrichum (PERTY) RABENH.]
Cosmoastrum punctuLatum (BREB.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum punctuLatum BREB. J
Cosmoastrum pyramidatum (G. WEST) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum pyramidatum G. WEST]
Cosmoastrum teLiferum (RALFS) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum teLiferum RALFS I
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
- -
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
Cylindriastrum PAL.-MoRDY. 1976 (= Staurastrum
subgen. Cylindriastrum TURNER;
Staurastrum subgen. Prostaurastrum HIRANO
sect. Cylindriastrum TURNER emend. HIRANO; Staurastrum MEYEN)
Cylindriastrum capituLum (BREB.) PAL.-MoRDY.
[= Staurastrum capituLum BREB.]
Cylindriastrum meriani (REINSCH.) PAL.-MORDY.
[= Staurastrum meriani REINSCH.]
Desmidium AG. 1824
Desmidium
Desmidium
Desmidium
Desmidium
Desmidium
aptogonum BREB.
baileyi (RALFS) NORDST.
quadranguLatum RALFS
swartzii AG ..
swartzii Yar. quadranguLatum (RALFS) Roy
-
+
- + +
-
-
Euastrum EHR. 1832
Euastrum affine RALFS
-
+
+
31
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
Table 2 (continued)
2
Euastrum ansatum RALFS
Euastrum ansatum var. didelliforme DUCELL.
Euastrum ansatum var. pyxidatum DELP.
Euastrum ansatum var. rhomboidale DUCELL.
Euastrum bidentatum NAG.
Euastrum binale (TURP.) EHR.
Euastrum binale var. gutwinskii (SCHMIDLE) HOMF.
[= Euastrum binale f. gutwinski SCHMIDLE]
Euastrum crassangulatum BORGES.
Euastrum cuneatum J ENN .
Euastrum denticulatum GAY
Euastrurn didelta RALFS
Euastrum dubium NAG.
Euastrum elegans (BREB.) KUTZ.
Euastrum erosum LUND.
Euastrum insulare (WITTR.) Roy
Euastrum oblongum (GREV.) RALFS
Euastrum pinnatum RALFS
Euastrum sublobatum BREB.
Euastrum turneri W. WEST
Euastrum verrucosum EHR.
Euastrum verrucosum var. alatum WOLLE
+
+
-
-
3
4
5
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
- +
+ +
+ +
+
- +
- +
+ +
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
-
+
Hyalotheca EHR. 1840
Hyalotheca dissilens (SMITH) BREB.
Hyalotheca dissilens f. minor DELP.
+ + +
+ +
Micrasterias AG. 1827
Micrasterias apiculata (EHR.) MENEGH.
Micrasterias crux-melitensis (EHR.) HASS.
Micrasterias denticulata BRED.
Micrasterias denticulata var. angulosa (HANTZSCH) W. et G. S. WEST
Micrasterias fimbriata RALFS
[= M. apiculata var. fimbriata NORDST.J
Micrasterias papillifera BREB.
Micrasterias papillifera var. glabra NORDST.
Micrasterias rotata (GREV.) RALFS
Micrasterias sol (EHR.) KUTZ.
Micrasterias sol var. ornata NORDST.
Micrasterias thomasiana ARCH.
Micrasterias thomasiana var. notata (NORDST.) GRONBL.
[= M. denticulata var. notata NORDST.]
Micrasterias truncata (CORDA) BREB.
Micrasterias truncata var. semiradiata (NAG.) WOLLE
Micrasterias truncata var. bahusiensis WITTR.
Micrasterias truncata var. crenata (BREB.) GRONBL.
[= M. crenata BREB.]
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
- -
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
- - -
+
+
Pachyphorium PAL.-MORDV. 1976 (= Cosmarium CORDA)
Pachyphorium obsoletum (HANTZSCH) PAL.-MORDV.
[= Cosmarium obsoletum (HANTZSCH) REINSCH]
Pachyphorium taxichondriforme PAL.-MORDV.
[= Cosmarium taxichondriforme EICHL. et GUTW.]
- - +
+
+
+
32
M. CVIJAN
&
R. LAU§EVIC
Table 2 (continued)
2
Pachyphorium taxichondrum PAL.-MORDV.
[= Cosmarium taxichondrum LUND.]
-
3
4
+
+
5
+
Penium BREB. 1844
Penium
Penium
Penium
Penium
Penium
Penium
Penium
anullatus NAG.
cylindrus (EHR.) BREB.
margaritaceum (EHR.) BREB.
minutum (RALFS) CLEVE var. tumidum WILLE
phymatosporum NORDST.
spinospermum JOSH.
spirostriolatum BARKER
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
Pleurotaenium NAG. 1849
Pleurotaenium sp.
Pleurotaenium coronatum (BREB.) RABENH. var. nodulosum (BREB.) W. WEST
Pleurotaenium coronatum var. fluctuatum W. WEST
Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii (BREB.) DE BARY
Pleurotaenium ehrenbergii var. elongatum W. WEST
Pleurotaenium eugeneum (TURN.) W. et G. S. WEST
[= P. eugeneum var. scoticum W. et G. S. WEST]
Pleurotaenium maximum (REINSCH.) LUND
[= P. trabecula (EHR.) ex NAG. var. maximum (REINSCH.) ROLL.]
Pleurotaenium minutum (RALFS) DELP.
Pleurotaenium ovatum NORDST.
Pleurotaenium rectum DELP. var. rectissimum (W. et G. S. WEST) GRi.\NBL.
Pleurotaenium rectum var. rectum
Pleurotaenium strangulata COOKE et WILLE
Pleurotaenium trabecula (EHR.) NAG.
Pleurotaenium truncatum (BREB.) NAG.
Pleurotaenium truncatum var. granulatum
(BREB.) NAG.
Pleurotaenium turgida (BREB.) LUND.
Pleurotaenium turgida var. ornata SCHMIDLE
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
Sphaerozosma CORDA 1835
Sphaerozosma vertebratum (BREB.) RALFS
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
+
Raphidiastrum PAL.-MoRDV. 1976 (= Staurastrum
subgen. Raphidiastrum TURNER; Staurastrum
subgen. Prostaurastrum HIRANO sect.
Raphidiastrum TURNER emend. HIRANO; Staurastrum MEYEN pro p.)
Raphidiastrum avicula (BREB.) PAL.-MORDV.
[= Staurastrum avicula BREB.]
Raphidiastrum avicula (BREB.) PAL.-MORDV.
var. subarcuatum (WOLLE) PAL. -MORDV .
[= Staurastrum subarcuatum WOLLE]
Raphidiastrum cristatum (NAG.) PAL.-MoRDV.
[= Staurastrum cristatum NAG.j
Raphidiastrum lunatum (RALFS) PAl .-MORDV.
[= Staurastrum lunatum RALFS 1
Raphidiastrum lunatum var. planctonicum (W. et G. S. WEST) PAL.-MORDv.
[= Staurastrum lunatum var. planctonicum W. et G. S. WEST]
Raphidiastrum monticulosum (BREB.) PAL.-MORDv.
[= Staurastrum monticulosum BREB.]
-
+
33
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
Table 2 (continued)
2
3
4
5
Spondylosium BREB. 1844
+
+
Spondylosium papillosum W. et G. S. WEST
Spondylosium planum (WOLLE) W. et G. S. WEST
Staurastrum MEYEN 1828
+
Staurastrum sp.
Staurastrum aculeatum (EHR.) MENEGH.
Staurastrum amoenum HILSE
Staurastrum arcuatum NORDST.
Staurastrum basidentatum BORGE
Staurastrum brachiatum RALFS
Staurastrum brevispina var. retusum BORGE
Staurastrum commutatum (KUTZ.) RABENH.
Staurastrum cosmarioides NORDST.
Staurastrum crassium var. espinulosa LUND.
Staurastrum dejectum var. directum RALFS
Staurastrum dejectum BREB. var. lunatum RALFS
Staurastrum dickei RALFS var. circularis (TURN.) CROAS.
[= Staurastrum dickei var. circulare TURN.]
Staurastrum dickei var. rhomboideus (G. WEST) LILLIER
[= Staurastrum dickei var. rhomboideum G. WEST]
Staurastrum erasum BREB. var. espinulosa LUND.
Staurastrumfurcatum (EHR.) BREB.
Staurastrum furcigerum BREB.
Staurastrumfurcigerum f. armigerum (BREB.) NORDST.
[= Staurastrum pseudofurcigerum REINSCH.J
Staurastrum furcigerum f. eustephanum (EHR.) NORDST.
Staurastrum gracile RALFS var. gracile
Staurastrum gracile var. nanum WILLE
Staurastrum grallatorium NORDST.
Staurastrum griffithsianum (NAG.) ARcH.
Staurastrum inflexum BREB.
Staurastrum intricatum DELP.
Staurastrum longipes (NORDST.) TElL.
[= Staurastrum paradoxum MEYEN var. longipes NORDST.]
Staurastrum manfeldtii DELP.
Staurastrum margaritaceum (EHR.) MENEGH.
Staurastrum orbiculare var. denticulatum NORDST.
Staurastrum ornatum (BOLDT) TURN.
Staurastrum pentacladum WOLLE
Staurastrum polymorphum BREB.
Staurastrum sebaldii REINSCH
Staurastrum sebaldi RALFS var. ornatum NORDST.
Staurastrum sexcostatum BREB. var. productum G. WEST
Staurastrum spongiosum BllB. var. perbifidum WEST
Staurastrum spongiosum var. griffithsianum (NAG.) LAGERH.
Staurastrum subcruciatum COOKE et WILLE
+
+
+
+
+
Staurodesmus TElL. 1948 (= Arthrodesmus EHR.,
Staurastrum MEYEN, Cosmarium CORDA)
Staurodesmus bifidum (BREB.) TEll..
[= Arthrodesmus bifidus BREB.]
Arch. Protistenkd. Bd. 139. 1-4
+ +
34
M. CVIJAN & R. LAUSEVIC
Table 2 (continued)
2
Staurodesmus brevispina (BREB.) CROASD.
[== Staurastrum brevispinum BREB.]
Staurodesmus connatus (LUND.) THOM.
[== Staurastrum connatum (LUND.) Rov et Blss]
Staurodesmus convergens (EHR.) TElL
[== Arthrodesmus convergens (EHR.) RALFS]
Staurodesmus corniculatus (LUND.) TElL.
[== Staurastrum corniculatum LUND.]
Staurodesmus dejectus (BREB.) TElL.
[== Staurastrum dejectum BREB. J
Staurodesmus dejectus var. apicularis (BREB.) TElL.
[== Staurastrum apiculatum BISSET]
Staurodesmus dickiei (RALFS) LILLIER
[== Staurastrum dickiei RALFS]
Staurodesmus extensus (BORGE) TElL. var. extensus
Staurodesmus glaher (EHR.) TElL.
[== Staurastrum glabrum (EHR.) RALFS]
Staurodesmus incus (BREB.) TElL.
[== Arthrodesmus incus HASS 1
Staurodesmus indentatus (G. WEST) TElL.
[== Arthrodesmus incus HASS var. indentatus WEST]
Staurodesmus o'mearii (ARCH.) TElL.
[== Staurastrum o'mearii ARCH.]
Staurodesmus pterosporus (LUND.) BOURR.
[== Staurastrum pterosporum LUND.]
Staurodesmus triangularis (LAGERH.) TElL. var. triangularis
Staurodesmus validus (G. WEST) THOM.
[== Arthrodesmus incus var. validus WEST]
3
4
5
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Teilingia BOURR. 1964 (== Sphaerozosma CORDA)
Teilingia excavata (RALFS) BOURR.
[== Sphaerozosma excavatum RALFS]
+
Tetmemorus RALFS 1844
Tetmemorus brebissonii (MENEGH.) RALFS
[== Penium brebissonii (MENEGH.) RALFS]
Tetmemorus granulatus (BREB.) RALFS
[== T. granulatus f. minor NORDST.]
Tetmemorus granulatus var. attenuatus WEST
Tetmemorus laevis (KUTZ.) RALFS
Tetmemorus laevis (KUTZ.) ex RALFS var. minutus (DE BARV) W. KRIEG
[== Tetmemorus minutus DE BARV]
+
Xanthidium EHR. 1837
Xanthidium sp.
Xanthidium antilopaeum (BREB.) KUTZ.
Xanthidium antilopaeum var. dimasum NORDST.
Xanthidium antilopaeum var. laeve SCHMIDLE
Xanthidium cristatum BREB.
Xanthidium fasciculatum EHR.
Xanthidium smithii ARCH. var. octocorne (EHR.) PAL.-MoRDV.
[== Arthrodesmus octocornis EHR.]
-
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
35
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
Table 2 (continued)
2
3
4
5
Gonatozygaceae
Gonatozygon DE BARY 1856
Gonatozygon
Gonatozygon
Gonatozygon
Gonatozygon
brebissonii DE BARY
kinahani (ARCH.) RABENH.
monotaenium DE BARY var. pilosellum NORDST.
pilosum WOLLE
+
+
+ +
+
+
Mesotaeniaceae
Cylindrocystis MENEGH. 1838
Cylindrocystis brebissonii MENEGH.
Cylindrocystis crassa DE BARY
Cylindrocystis roseola TURN.
Mesotaenium NAG. 1849
Mesotaenium mirificum ARCH.
Netrium NAG. 1849
Netrium digitus (EHR.) ITZIGS. et ROTHE
Netrium digitus
var. lamellosum (BREB.) GRONBL.
Netrium digitus
fo. ventricosum (LAGERH.) KOSSINSK.
Netrium interruptum (BREB.) LUTKEM.
Netrium interruptum
vaL minor (BORGE) W. KRIEG
Netrium naegelii (BREB.) W. et G. S. WEST
Spirotaenia BREB. 1848
Spirotaenia eboracensis G. WEST
1956, 1958) pH value shows significant increase (transition from slight alkaline to acid reaction of
water). The values pH 5.6-5.8 approach to the value for previous peat bog (pH 5.5).
The desmids is the most abundant and herterogeneous group of algae in Vlasinsko lake
(CVIJAN & LAU§EVIC, in press) with the total of 71 taxa which were found (Table 2., Col. 5). The
dominance of following genera was ascertained: Cosmarium, Staurastrum, Euastrum, Micrasterias, Cosmoastrum and Xanthidium. Some of them are shown on Plate 1 and Plate 2. The most
abundant is Cosmarium phaseolus (Plate 1, Fig. 12). The found desmids are most heterogeneous
in the southern shallow part of the lake, with a many floating peat islands.
Comparative analysis of the floristical composition of the desmids for the period of 1906 to
1989 shows some interesting changes.
In the period of peat bog existence there has been noticed the presence of 236 taxa (Table 2,
Col. 1) from 1906 to 1910 (KATIC 1910; .f)ORDEVIC 1910; KO§ANIN 1908, 191Oa, 191Ob) and 204
taxa (Table 2, Col. 2) from 1947 -1948 (MILOVANOVIC 1960), in all 329 different taxa. Only 110
taxa are common for this two periods. Different research approach and aims and successive
changes in floristical composition cause these differences (MILOVANOVIC 1960). A characteristic
relationship among the genera Cosmarium - Staurastrum - Closterium, with the prevailing
dominance by the species of the genus Cosmarium has been discovered (MILOVANOVIC 1960).
The great number of species from the genera Micrasterias, Xanthidium and Desmidium are
specifically found in Vlasinska peat bog in contrast to other mountain peat bogs in Serbia where
3*
36
M. CVIJAN
&
R. LAU§EVIC
only a few species have been found. Floristical composition of desmids indicates that the peat bog
is of postglacial origin, that it has connections with the arctic regions and similar neighbouring
habitats of Europe. The social composition of desmids determine the Vlasinska peat bog as a
representative of the typical transitional peat bog (MILOVANOVIC 1960).
In the period during which the lake was being formed (from 1949 to 1954), the characteristic
peat bog flora of desmids had completely disappeared. Only a small number of individual species
from a limited number of taxa remained. There has been established the presence of 16 taxa
(Table 2, Col. 3) in the littoral zone and on the parts of the peat bog not covered by water
(MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1953, 1956, 1958; MILOVANOVIC 1960). Their presence in the open
lake's area are purely accidental. The main reasons why the once rich flora of desmids has come
to extinction are the changes in the physical and chemical composition of the water (transition
from slight acid to slight alkaline), thermic state, water movements, the complete disappearance
of characteristic peat bog macrophytes vegetation, etc. (MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1953).
In the period of stabilization of the lake's ecosystem (from 1955 to 1964) on some places there
again appeared a considerable number of desmids from the earlier boggy waters from the
following genera: Desmidium, Pleurotaenium, Staurastrum and Xanthidium (Tab.2, Col. 4).
Small parts of the peat bog have become formed again in places alongside the lake. Those places
have a specific flora of macrophytes (MILOVANOVIC & ZIVKOVIC 1958; MILOVANOVIC 1973).
Our investigations in 1989 show a considerable increase in the number of the desmids from the
earlier boggy waters. The total of 46 taxa are common for the former peat bog and today's lake;
only 8 taxa are common for the lake from its appearance and 24 taxa are new for the algal flora
(Table 2). These fact indicates the considerable changes in floristical composition of Vlasinsko
lake from the period of its appearance and the process of slow regeneration of the once reach
desmid flora. In contribution to the hypothesis of regeneration of peat bog is the presence of a
large number of floating peat islands, especially in the southern part of the lake, as noticed at the
time of our investigations.
It is difficult to predict the future changes in Vlasinsko lake (in floristical and specially
algological composition). We can speculate that in the very near future with a plan of a huge
touristic complex this economically under-developed and poorly inhabited region of Vlasinsko
lake will undoubtedly change. It is of great interest and value to continue the investigations in the
future, and to evaluate the ecological effects of different environment.
Literature
BLAZENCIC, J., et al. (1985): Bibliografija radova 0 algama i algoloskim istraZivanjima u SR Srbiji od 1947 do 1980
godine (Bibliography about algae and algological investigations in Serbia in the period from 1947 to 1980).
Glasnik Instituta za botaniku i Botanicke baste Univerziteta u Beogradu XIX: 233-266.
CVIJAN, M., & LAU§EVIC, R. (1991): Floristical sutdy of algae of Vlasinsko lake (Yugoslavia). Glasnik
Prirodnjackog Muzeja, Tom B 46 (in press).
DORDEVIC, P. (1910): Desmidiacee Vlasinskog blata. "Spomenik" Srpske Kraljevske akademije, prvi razred 8:
1-13.
KATIc, D. (1910): Vlasinska tresava i njezina proslost - fitogeografska i paleobotanicka studija. "Spomenik"
Srpske Kraljevske Akademije. prvi razred 8: 14-56.
KOSSINSKAJA, C. C. (1952): Flora sporovih rastenii SSSR, Tom II (I): Moskva, Leningrad.
- (1962): Flora sporovih rastenii SSSR, Tom V (I): Moskva, Leningrad.
KOSANIN, N. (1908): Aige Vlasinskog blata - prethodno saopstenje, Nastavnik XX (II): 3-7.
- (19IOa): Vlasina - biljno-geografska studija. "Glas" Srpske Kraljevske Akademije LXXXI: 85-186.
- (1910b): Elementi Vlasinske flore (Algae. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta et Phanerogamae). Muzej Srpske zemlje 10:
3-42.
KRIEGER, W., & GERLOV, J. (1962): Die Gattung Cosmnrium. Weinheim.
MILOVANOVIC, D. & ZIVKOVIC, A. 1953): Prva saopstenja 0 ispitivanju planktonske produkcije u novom baraznom
jezeru na Vlasini (First report on plankton production in the new lake formed by the Vlasina darn. Periodicum
biologorurn IIIB (7): 266- 267.
Desmids of Vlasinsko Lake
37
(1956): Limnoloska ispitivanja barafnog jezera na Vlasini (Limnological studies of the artificial lake on
Vlasina). Zbornik radova Instituta za ekologiju i biogeografiju Beograd 7 (5): 1-47.
(1958): Novi prilog proucavanju planktonske produkcije u baraZnom jezeru na Vlasini (An additonal study of
plankton production in the lake Vlasina). Zbomik radova Bioloskog instituta NR Srbije Beograd 2 (7): 1-12.
MILANOVIC, D. 1960): Desmidiaceae sfagnumskih tresava Srbije. II. (Revizija i dopuna flore Desmidiaceae
Vlasinske tresave). [Desmidiaceae in the Sphagnum peat-mosses in Serbien. II. (Revision and Supplement at the
Flora Desmidiaceae in the Peat-mosses at Vlasina)]. Glasnik Prirodnjackog muzeja Beograd. Ser. B 15:
131-152.
(1973): Phytoplankton of the Vlasina lake during the period 1949-1964. Archives of biological sciences.
Beograd 25: (3-4): 177-194.
PALAMAR-MoRDVINCEVA, A. M. (1982): Opredelitelj presnovodnih vodoraslej SSSR, Vip. 11 (2): Leningrad.
PRESCOT, G. W. et a!. (1972): North American Flora. n (6). The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
Lincoln.
- (1981): Synopsis of North American Desmids. II (3). Lincoln.
RUZICKA, J. (1977): Die Desmidiaceen Mitteleuropas 1 (I). Stuttgart.
- (1981): Die Desmidiaceen Mitteleuropas. 1 (2). Stuttgart.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Sixteenth ed. Am. Pub!. Health Ass. Washington,
1985.
Author's address: Dr. MIRKO CVIJAN, RADOJE ,CIVE~UAL
of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, University
Radoje Lausevic