Polar Biol (1992)12:559-585 © Springer-Verlag1992 Biogeographic traits and checklist of Antarctic demosponges M. Sarfi, A. Balduzzi, M. Barbieri, G. Bavestrello and B. Burlando Istituto di Zoologia dell'UniversitY, Via Balbi 5, 1-16126 Genova, Italy Received 26 March 1991; accepted 30 March 1992 Summary. The biogeography of Antarctic demosponges has been studied by dividing Antarctic and circumantarctic areas into geographic entities, and then assigning to these entities all recorded species according to literature reports. Correspondence analysis ordination based on the presence or absence of species shows the existence of a distinct Antarctic Faunistic Complex (AFC), including continental Antarctica, most of the Antarctic and circumantarctic islands and the Magellan area. Such a result has enabled us to drawup a checklist of 352 Antarctic demosponge species. Investigation of within-AFC patterns indicates that the continent is a highly homogeneous area, establishing closer relationships with the Scotia Arc and to a lesser extent with the Magellan region. 'The AFC has low specific affinities with the other circumantarctic regions (South Africa, temperate Australia and New Zealand), whereas at the generic level relationships appear more pronounced. This biogeographic pattern may lead us to suppose a common Gondwanian origin :for Antarctic and circumantarctic sponge faunas, followed by differentiation due to Gondwana fragmentation. Antarctica moved towards polar latitudes and became progressively isolated, only maintaining active interchanges with South America. Climatic changes possibly induced intense processes of speciation in the Antarctic demosponge fauna, thus contributing to its differentiation. In biogeographic studies, sponges are an important element for characterizing faunal areas and tracing their histories, since they have sessile adults and larval stages with a short dispersal range. A first attempt to outline a biogeographic pattern for the Antarctic sponge fauna was made by Burton (1932), who found no marked differences between Graham Land (Antarctic Peninsula) and Ross Sea faunas, and a high degree of faunistic affinity between Antarctica and some of the surrounding lands (Scotia Arc, Falkland, Kerguelen and southern South America). Koltun (1970) carried out a more comprehensive investigation of the Antarctica sponge fauna by considering data on about 300 sponge species, which allowed him to define some basic biogeographic traits: (a) a high level of specific endemism coupled with a negligible generic endemism rate; (b) circumpolar distribution of many Antarctic sponges, with relatively few species showing a restricted distribution; (c) closer faunistic relationship with South America and the Falkland Islands, than with Australia and New Zealand. After this work, several other monographs on the sponge fauna of Antarctic and circumantarctic areas were published, thus demanding a reexamination of faunistic affinities among these areas. We therefore considered the updated record of Antarctic and circumantarctic demosponge faunas in order to highlight a distinctive Antarctic faunistic area and to reconstruct its affinities and possible origins. Introduction Sponges are an important element of the Antarctic biota, as suggested by their species diversity and by the finding of sponge-dominated communities in several Antarctic areas (Barthel et al. 1990; Dayton et al. 1970; Di Geronimo et al., in press). In Antarctic benthic environments, at about 100m depth, sponges can reach biomass values of 2,400 g/mq, which are comparable with the largest scores of tropical areas (Beliaev and Ushakov 1957). Correspondence to: A. Balduzzi Material and methods This study is based on the subdivision of a southernmost portion of the Southern hemisphere into geographic entities representing antarctic, circumantarctic and neighbouring areas (Fig. 1, Table 1). These entities do not generally represent biogeographic areas as recognized by other authors, but are simply a set of geographic ranges to be compared, whilst keeping to a minimum a priori assumptions about affinity patterns. Sea areas pertaining to the Antarctic continent have been divided into nine sector entities (Fig. 1) each of about 40° longitudinal range. 560 terms of endemism rates and shared species and genera in pairwise comparisons. Multivariate statistical analysis has been carried out on a desktop computer using the SAS package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). f:A SG ss \ GO BO VS SA E~ HE KE 5/ Fig. 1. Map of the considered geographic entities. Abbreviations as in Table 1 Sectors have been numbered eastwards starting from the one including the Greenwich meridian, and have been arranged in such a way as to make the two sides of the Antarctic Peninsula fall in different entities. This is the same pattern utilized by Rogick (1965) for bryozoans. Most circumantarctic islands and archipelagos have been treated as distinct entities, whereas some Antarctic coastal islands (such as Balleny Islands, South Shetland, etc.) have been included in coastal sectors. Besides Antarctic and circumantarctic regions, the following extra-Antarctic entities have been considered: South Africa (including the coasts of Namibia); Tasmania (including Australian coasts pertaining to the Bass Strait); New Zealand; Vema Seamount (a submerged plateau in the South-eastern Atlantic); Magellan region (coasts of South America and related islands, excluding Falkland, south of 39~ on the Pacific side and south of the Rio de la Plata on the Atlantic side). Except for Vema Seamount, all of these latter entities roughly correspond to biogeographic provinces. The distribution of demosponges among the above geographic entities has been reconstructed using records of species from the following papers: Barthel et al. (1990); Bergquist (1968, 1970); Bergquist and Warne (1980); Bergquist and Fromont (1988); BouryEsnault and Van Beveren (1982); Broendsted (1926); Burton (1929, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1938); Carter (1872, 1875, 1877, 1879); Dendy (1924); Desqueyroux (1975); Desqueyroux-Faundez (1989); Desqueyroux and Moyano (1987); Hentschel (1914); Kirkpatrick (1907a, b, 1908); Koltun (1964, 1976); Lendenfeld (1907a, b); L6vi (1956, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1969); Ridley (1881); Ridley and Dendy (1886, 1887); Sar/t (1978); Sarg et al. (1990); Sollas (1886, 1888);Tanita (1959); Thiele (1905); Topsent (1901, 1902, 1907, 1908, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917); Uriz (1984, 1987, 1988); Vacelet and Arnaud (1972); Wiedenmayer (1989). The list of species obtained has been revised by updating the nomenclature and eliminating synonymies. Koltun (1964, 1976) and Desqueyroux and Moyano (1987) have been utilized as a base for the Antarctic and Magellan fauna, respectively, but original references have been used to solve taxonomic or distributional problems. Data about presence-absence of species within entities have been summarized by the ordination technique of correspondence analysis (Benz6cri et al. 1982), also testing the significance of axes by Lebart's (1975) tables. Affinities among entities have also been evaluated in Results The adopted geographic subdivision results in a total of 27 entities (Table 1), whilst the demosponge record from these entities amounts to 817 species and 224 genera. Records are unequally distributed among entities, not only due to the variable extension of these geographic areas, but also because sampling efforts have not been uniformly distributed throughout the Antarctic Ocean. For example, among the extensive continental sectors, number 7 is completely devoid of records and is thus excluded from any analysis, whilst numbers 1 and 5 show much fewer species than some circumantarctic islands. The correspondence analysis made on all species and entities exhibits a pattern consisting of a single cluster and some outliers (Fig. 2A). The cluster includes the Antarctic sectors, the Magellan area and all eircumantarctic islands but Campbell. New Zealand and Tasmanian entities are separated from the cluster along the first axis, showing a certain degree of reciprocal affinity. Conversely, South Africa and Vema Seamount are more distantly and independently separated along the second axis, thus appearing faunistically distinct from the other regions. Campbell Island separates from the cluster in the direction of New Zealand, which is its closest neighbour. Among the eight species recorded from Campbell, seven are in common with New Zealand whereas only three are shared with Antarctic entities. The group of clustered entities enables us to delimit a distinct Antarctic demosponge fauna, referred to henceforth as the Antarctic Faunistic Complex (AFC), and also allows us to compile an updated checklist of Antarctic species (Table 2). A provisional version of this checklist has been published in the Reports of the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (Balduzzi et al. 1991). Intra-AFC structuring has been explored through correspondence analysis of AFC entities and related species only. Contrary to the former comprehensive correspondence analysis, overall differences are more shaded and biases arise from considering all entities, due to comparing highly unequal numbers of species. Hence, a selection has been made excluding those entities showing less than 60 species, based on the existence of a gap between about 30 and 60 in the numbers of recorded species per entity (Table 1). After elimination of the less informative entities, correspondence analysis on Antarctic and neighbouring entities has been repeated, obtaining virtually the same pattern as in the comprehensive analysis (Fig. 2B), that is an AFC cluster plus outliers. This indicates that entity elimination, whilst ridding the analysis of noisy data, leads to no appreciable loss of information. In the correspondence analysis ordination of AFC entities (Fig. 2C), continental sectors are clustered, whereas South Georgia, Falkland and Magellan progressively 561 Table 1, Geographic entities considered in this ~;tudy, with abbreviations and numbers of recorded species and genera of Demospongiae. Entities falling in the Antarctic Faunistic Complex, as defined later in the text, are marked with an asterisk ('~) Entity Abbrev. Species Continental Antarctica * sector 1 * sector 2 * sector 3 * sector 4 * sector 5 * sector 6 * sector 7 * sector 8 * sector 9 CONT C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 205 4 63 117 74 125 5 98 4 46 69 49 69 5 80 106 49 59 Circumantarctic islands * Tristan da Cunha * Gough * Bouvet * Prince Edward-Marion * Crozet * Kerguelen * Heard * Macquarie Campbell * Falkland * South Orkney * South Georgia * South Sandwich TC GO BO EM CR KE HE MQ CA FA SO SG SS 6 4 1 19 7 95 21 17 8 77 8 73 5 5 4 1 14 7 59 17 14 7 50 7 50 4 Neighbouring areas Vema Seamount South Africa (incl. Namibia) Tasmania and South Australia New Zealand * Magellan (excl. Falkland) VS SA TA NZ MG 26 194 120 271 150 24 88 67 126 65 * Antarctic Faunistic Complex AFC 352 127 separale from the cluster along the first axis, and Kerguelen lies far away along the second axis. This pattern recalls geographic topology, though the clustering of continental entities makes ordination spacing not proportional to geographic distance, thus emphasizing the homog:.,neity of the Antarctic continental sponge fauna. Relationships within the continent have been further investigated by correspondence analysis on continental sector entities and related fauna. Results indicate greater affinitie~ among sector numbers 2, 3, 4 and 9, whereas numbers 5 and 8 separate along either of the first two axes (Fig. 2D). The two latter entities are those which maximally s h o ~ the influence of their neighbouring circumantarctic or e~tra-Antarctic areas (see Fig. 1). This clearly appears in the ordination of AFC and neighbourhoods (Fig. 2B), where within the AFC cluster C5 is drawn towardi New Zealand, and in the analysis devoted to AFC entities (Fig. 2C), where C8 is slightly drawn towards South Georgia. Bas~z,d on the distribution of AFC species in the entities and in other extra-AFC areas, faunistic patterns have been constructed for each AFC entity, for AFC as a whole, and for cont nental Antarctica (i.e. all continental sectors taken as a wh:,le). Entities with less than 60 species have been set apart. The patterns consist of the percentage rates of local endemi~ms, of AFC endemisms where meaningful, of Genera continental endemisms where meaningful, and of the percentage of species shared in pairwise comparisons among AFC entities, between AFC and extra-AFC entities, and between AFC entities and major world oceanic areas (Figs. 3, 4). Faunistic patterns have been constructed in the same way for genera, though in this case a particular use of the term 'endemism' has been made. The recognition of true endemic genera would have required deriving the world distribution of all AFC genera, which is beyond the aims of this paper. Hence, the term 'endemism' refers here to those genera which have been found in a particular entity only among the considered ones, thus disregarding their possible occurrence elsewhere. For the same reason, at the generic level, no pairwise affinity between entities and world oceanic areas has been estimated. The homogeneity of the AFC is reflected in the fact that in each of its entities local endemisms are fewer than Antarctic endemisms (Fig. 3), whilst in continental sectors continental endemisms are intermediate between the former two endemism rates (Fig. 4). Species affinities in pairwise comparisons are always higher among AFC entities than between AFC and extra-AFC entities (Figs. 3, 4), while the continental sectors in particular show highest species affinities with each other, intermediate affinities with other AFC entities and lowest affinities with extraAFC entities (Fig. 4). 562 Tlc5 oNZ CA MG GO NZ KE ~ ~ A .vs B c8 ~ + FA .,.....c8 ~ c 9 MO .C9 .c3 .c5 .c2 C4 C D Fig. 2A-D. Correspondence analysis ordinations, based on the presence or absence of species within entities. (A) All considered entities; (B) all entities with more than 60 species; (C) Antarctic Faunistic Complex entities with more than 60 species;(D) Antarctic continental sectors with more than 60 species. In all graphs x = first axis, y=second axis; in (A) positive coordinate values have been taken to the left and below the origin to highlight ordination similarity with (B). Variance explained by the axes: (A) I: 10.1%, II: 9.59%; (B) I: 19.6%, II: 18%; (C) I: 26.5%, II: 17.8%; (D) I: 25.8%, II: 25.2%. All plotted axes are significant (P<0.05) according to Lebart's (1975) tables Conversely, at the generic level no affinity drop occurs in pairwise comparisons between AFC and extra-AFC entities (Figs. 3, 4). This has also been verified by statistically comparing (Kruskal-Wallis test), for each AFC entity, the numbers of taxa (species or genera) shared with each other AFC entity and those shared with each extraAFC entity, always finding significant differences for species (P < 0.05) and no difference for genera. Among the world ocean areas, the AFC shows the highest affinities with West Atlantic and East Pacific faunas (Fig. 3). This is also the case for singular continental sectors and circumantarctic entities (Figs. 3, 4). Discussion A major question has been first addressed in this paper, namely the possibility of a posteriori delimiting an Antarctic sponge fauna. A result has been achieved through correspondence analysis ordination, which separates a group of Antarctic and circumantarctic areas from neighbouring regions, thus showing the existence of a distinct Antarctic Faunistic Complex (AFC). The use of presenceabsence data in this analysis could introduce some distortion, since regional variations in species density are overlooked. However, estimating local densities of Antarctic 563 Continental Antarctica South Georgia I.e. ~ , a.e. ~ I.e. a.e. MG FA KE CONT MG FA KE SA TA NZ SA TA NZ .- EP CONT SG FA KE SA TA NZ wP I 205 species 98 genera EA "* WAy" EA 0 0 40 6'0 8'0 EP WP 73 species IN L 9 50 genera mm I I AR 100 C-- I,e. a,e. EP m WP IN i AR Magellan 0 Falkland Islands 20 40 60 80 100 " 150 species IN EA WA AR L 0 65 genera 20 I.e. a.e. CONT SG MG KE CONT 8G MG FA I 40 60 80 100 Antarctic Faunistic Complex Kerguelen Islands I.e. a.e. (excl. Falkland) $ATA ~ ~ b SA TA NZ Eml ~'9 IN EA WA l i i l l AR 50 genera /I : i n : 0 20 40 60 80 95 species WP 77 species 100 0 i WP II 352 specks IN EP I EP WP IN EA WA AR EP 59 genera EA II WA i 127 genera AR 20 20 40 60 80 100 [ 40 60 mmspecies N N g e n e r a 80 100 I Fig. 3. Percentage affinity patterns at specific and generic levels of the demosponge faunas pertaining to continental Antarctica (all sectors considered as a whole), to each non-continental AFC entity with morv. than 60 species, and to the Antarctic Faunistic Complex. The first 1we bar pairs (first one in the AFC graph) refer to endemism rates (see: text for the meaning of 'endemic' genera): i.e.=local endemisms, a.e. = AFC endemisms. The other bars refer to percentage of taxa shared with other entities (abbreviations as in Table 1), and with major oceanic subdivisions: EP = East Pacific, WP = West Pacific, IN=Indian, EA=East Atlantic and Mediterranean, WA = West Atlantic, AR = Arctic sponge populations is impossible since samplings are scattered and in most cases no information about biomass is given. However, the obtained ordination patterns show a good ~verall agreement with previous biogeographic analyses of the Antarctic ocean (Hedgpeth 1970; Koltun 1970; White 1984), and should therefore be considered as only mb:.imally biased. Demarcation of the AFC emphasizes the individuality and honlogeneity of the demosponge fauna throughout a wide w(}rld area including Antarctic and subantarctic waters. '!?his is confirmed by the clearcut difference between the high endemism rate of the AFC as a whole, compare:l to the low rates of within-AFC local endemisms. The most important northward outspreading of the AFC is the inclusion of the Magellan area, indicating a much stronger affinity of Antarctica with southern South America than with other continents. Outside this very particular area, the incorporation of most circumantarctic islands in the AFC makes the northern boundary roughly coincide with the Antarctic Convergence, though Tristan da Cunha and Gough are situated beyond this to the north. Information about the sponge fauna along the Convergence is very scarce since all entities but Kerguelen include less than 25 species. However, since the Kerguelen entity remains within the AFC cluster even after elimination of entities with a few species, it is reasonable to think that outside southern South America the AFC at least 564 I.e. c.e. a.e. C2 C4 C5 C8 C9 SG I KE SA TA NZ 63 species 46 genera 1 0 20 40 60 EP WP IN EA WA AN ] j 80 I,e, l c.e. ~ ! "t L SG LE KE SA TA NZ i L i EP WP IN EA WA AR 117 species 69 genera i i i i 20 40 60 80 I.e. c.e. a.e, c2 c3 c4 c8 c9 C2 C3 C4 C5 C9 SG MG FA KE SG $A TA NZ i "9 1 20 40 49 genera i ~ i i 20 4O 6O 80 60 80 100 100 C9 I.e. , ~ c.e. a.e. L. L c2 C3 C4 C5 r L, SG MG FA KE ,,,, L L L i sA I,, TA ~................................... NZ i EP WP IN L, EA ~= WA 125 species 69 genera i 9 0 100 KE i 74 species ._ C8 I.e, c.e. a.e. EP WP IN EA WA AR C2 l,,,,,,,,~, C3 [ C5 L C9 0 100 i a.e. o C5 SA TA NZ C4 C3 C2 0 wP 80 species 40 60 80 106 species 1 IN EA WA 49 genera 20 ~ 100 f 59 genera II J 0 20 40 60 80 100 Fig. 4. Percentage affinitypatterns at specificand generic levelsof the demospongefaunas pertaining to the Antarctic continental sectors with more than 60 species. Symbols and bars as in Fig. 3, with the followingaddition: c.e.= continental endemisms reaches the Antarctic Convergence. In this respect, the AFC results are largely coincident with Hedgpeth's (1970) Antarctic Region, the main differences being such entities as Magellan and Kerguelen which belong to a Subantarctic Region in Hedgpeth's scheme. The analysis of the relationships among AFC entities, aimed at delineating biogeographic patterns on a finer scale, has been necessarily restricted to a subset of more informative entities, excluded areas being considered as too scarcely explored for this purpose. This analysis clearly shows that the continent is homogeneous with respect to the rest of the AFC, and hence does not seem to confirm the distinction of two biogeographic subunits, West and East, recognized in the Antarctic continent by various authors (Ekman 1935; Knox 1970; Andriashev 1965; Kussakin 1967). Also, the differences in species numbers between the Western and Eastern continent, noticed for sponges by Koltun (1970), now appear to be contradicted by the large number of species recorded by Barthel et al. (1990) from the Weddell sea. Apart from the continent, no other grouping of AFC entities is supported by our data, although future research might better define the position of poorly known entities, or even modify current opinions about the most investigated ones. However, a particular mention is due to the geographically-consistent ordination pattern of Magellan, Falklands and South Georgia, pointing to the continental sector C8 which includes part of the Antarctic Peninsula. A first-rank topic of Antarctic biogeographic studies seems confirmed here, namely the existence of faunal exchanges between Antarctica and South America via the Scotia Arc, also proposed by Knox and Lowry (1977) as one of the mechanisms of origin and dispersal of the Antarctic marine fauna. The influence of this process probably spreads far northwards on both sides of South America, as witnessed by the fact that the East Pacific and West Atlantic are 565 the wcJ'ld oceanic portions showing maximum affinity with the AFC. The homogeneity of the continent is noteworthy, but an expansion of the analysis also reveals some differentiation. For example, of the two entities including the Antarctic Peninsula (C8 and C9) only C8 shows a moderately higher affinity with the Scotia Arc. Such a difference is not ikely to be a biogeographic issue, but rather a conseq~;ence of the fact that in C8 many samplings have been made along the coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula, wherea_~ most of the C9 records are from the Weddell Sea. Another sector showing peculiar affinities is C5, whose fauna is slightly more similar than the rest of the continent to that ~f the relatively proximal entity of New Zealand. NotwitiLstanding such a connection, New Zealand falls definitely outside the AFC, indicating that the Antarctic demosl:,~nge fauna does not support the hypothesis of Udvarc y (1987), who considers New Zealand as a province of his Antarctic Realm. At ~:he generic level, the affinities of the AFC with South ~!~friea,Tasmania and New Zealand are decisively more ir~Lportant than at the species level. Moreover, New Zealand and South Africa, and to a lesser extent Tasmania and Sol.LthAustralia, show a high percentage of endemic species, zomparable to that of the AFC. Such a coexistence of both high specific endemism rates and generic homogeneity suggests a common Gondwanian origin of these sponge ~aunas. After Gondwana fragmentation, by the end of the Mesozo:c, land masses pertaining to the Antarctic Continent m:~ved towards polar latitudes, thus experiencing progres!ive climatic changes. This probably caused the rise of ~ew selective pressures which could have triggered intense !',peciation processes, also favoured by geographic isolatio~,~t. Yet, a permanent connection with South America was guaranteed by the Antarctic Peninsula, which is actually a portion of the Andean Orogen. This tectonic connection is probably mirrored in the Magellan fauna being ir~:zorporated within the AFC. In conclusion, what we obse~rve today would be the relic of the Gondwanian sponge paleofauna at the generic level and the predominant e~:'.ct of vicariance at the specific level. The homogeneity of the AFC is primarily underlined by the longitudinal distribution range of many of its species, of which nearly a half covers, although discontinuously, 200 ~ or more. Within the domain of the Antarct~: continental shelf, these wide distributions raise no problem, since, as stressed by Koltun (1970), the shelf shows a fair degree of environmental uniformity. Hence, it is quite ,~:onceivable that species can diffuse from place to place, tt:~us colonizing huge areas within time intervals shorter than any reasonable estimate of species duration. The ~ame cannot be said for a consistent number of species which occur both in the continent and in cireumantarctic islands or in different islands only. Most of these species have been sampled at depths roughly corresponding to the continental shelf and upper slope, no information existing about their presence at deeper levels. Starting from this premise, a suite of hypotheses can be advanced to account for these wide-range, apparently disjunct distributions. Firstly, if one admits that these areas are really disconnected by intervening abyssal sea bottoms, then some long-distance dispersal mechanism must be hypothesized. The West Wind Drift is generally considered to be a main homogenizing factor of the Antarctic fauna (White 1984), but the existence in sponges of short-living lecithotrophic larvae argues against the fitting of this model to Porifera. However, a dispersal role could be played by floating propagules such as buds or small sponge body fragments, a mechanism already proposed by Burton (1932) to account for some correspondence between sponge distributions and oceanic current systems. Secondly, as many shelf sponge species are supposed to be eurybathic elements (Koltun 1970), one could think that most Antarctic sponge species actually colonize abyssal domains, possibly with low population densities. Hence their ranges, appearing disjunct as judged from coastal sampling data, would be on the contrary continuous. A main consequence of such a hypothesis is that the northern boundary of the Antarctic sponge fauna should be imagined as a fuzzy contour penetrating far beyond the Antarctic Convergence, possibly reaching with its extreme fringes to the Arctic Ocean. The existence of bipolarlydistributed sponge species (Koltun 1970) is fairly in line with this hypothesis. Finally, a possibility that cannot be discarded is that the supposed wide-range species could actually be complexes of cryptic species, highly conservative from a morphological point of view but genetically well separated. This assumption is supported by the recent discovery of a number of species complexes in allozymic studies of sponge genetic variability (Sol6-Cava and Thorpe 1986, 1990; Sol6-Cava et al. 1991; Bavestrello and Sarfi 1992). Based on the present knowledge, little can be said as to which of the above hypotheses should be considered valid, though the most reasonable explanation is probably a combined one. Therefore, even though this study has shown that the current level of knowledge of the Antarctic demosponge fauna enables us to draw a reliable biogeographic picture, much remains to be learnt about the dispersal mechanisms and the genetic structure of sponge populations before a real understanding of the origin and evolution of sponge faunas can be achieved. Acknowledgements. We thank G. Pulitzer-Finalifor his help in the analysis of synonymies,and M. Pansini and R. Pronzato for their suggestionsand help in bibliographicresearch. We are also grateful to the anonymous referees, whose criticism resulted in a definite improvementofthe text.This workhas been supportedby the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA). Table 2. Checklist and distribution of the demosponges of the Antarctic Faunistic Complex. Synonyms used in the reference literature are indicated in parentheses. Abbreviations for geographic entities as in Table 1, and for the references as follows: Ba: Barthel et al. (1990) [Weddel Sea]; Be: Bergquist (1968, 1970), Bergquist and Warne (1980), Bergquist and F r o m o n t (1988) [New Zealand]; Bo: Boury-Esnault and Van Beveren (1982) [Kerguelen-Heard]; DI: Desqueyroux (1975), Desqueyroux-Faflndez (1989) [Antarctic Peninsula]; D2: Desqueyroux and Moyano (1987) [review on Magellan area]; K: Kottun (1964, 1976) [review on Antarctic continent and islands]; LI: L6vi (1956, 1964) [Kerguelen]; L2: L6vi (1963, 1967) [South Africa]; L3: L6vi (1969) [Vema Seamount]; S: Sarfi et al. (1990) [Terra Nova Bay]; U: Uriz (1984, 1987, 1988) [Namibia]; V: Vacelet and Arnaud (1972) [Adblie Land]; W: Wiedenmayer (1989) [Tasmanian province] Antarctic faunistic area Continental sectors C1 C2 C3 - I l I I I C4 Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities Non-continental entities C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO M G F A CR K E HE EM BO G O TC M Q C A References N Z TA SA VS Homosclerophorida 1. Oscarella lobularis (Schmidt, 1862) . . . . . . . I - K 2. Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880 . . . . . . . . I I I I I - I I - ! Ba, Be, Bo, D2, K 3. Plakina monolopha Schulze, 1880 . . . . . . . . - I - I - I - I - Ba, Be, - K K, Astrophorida 4. Cladothenea andriashevi Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 5. Geodia magellani (Sollas, 1886) . . . . . . . . . I D2 I 6. Geodinella vestigifera Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . - - I I I - Be, K - Ba, 7. Monosyringa longispina (Lendenfeld, 1907) . . . . . I I I K 8. Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 . . . . . . . . I I 9. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . 10. Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) . . . . I (Pachastrella, compressa antarctica) 11. Poecillastra schulzii . . . . I I (Sollas, 1886) . . . . . . . . . 12. Stelletta crater Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Stelletta purpurea Ridley, 1884 . . . . . . . . . . | - - I Bo, I K K Be, K I I I I I Be, K I I (M yriastr a) 14. Stelletta maori Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Stelletta phrissens Sollas, 1886 . . . . . . . . . 16. Stelletta clarella De Laubenfels, 1930 . . . . . . 17. Thenea delicata (Sollas, 1886) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K, L2, U I I I - Be, K, L2 I Be, K - D2 - D2 Bo, K S Epipolasida 18. Jaspis novaezealandiae D e n d y , 1924 . . . . . . . . . - I Re !(_ | 19. Cinachyra coactifera L e n d e n f e l d , 1907 (Tetilla) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. Cinachyra barbata Sollas, 1886 . . . . . . . . . 21. Cinachyra antarctica ( C a r t e r , 1872) . . . . . . . . 22. Tetilla metaclada ( L e n d e n f e l d , 1907) . . . . . 23. Tetilla leptoderma Sollas, 1886 . . . . . . . . . . 24. Tetilla coronida S o l l a s , 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bo, L1 I - I I I I - ! ! - I I I I I I I I ! ! I I I Ba, Bo, D 1 , K , S - Ba, D 1 , K , V ! - ! - I I I I - Ba, K I I Bo, D 1 , D 2 , K , S I I Bo, K Hadromerida 25. Aaptos unispiculus ( C a r t e r , 1880) . . . . . . . . 26. Ateryia acanthoxa K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . . 27. Cliona euryphylla T o p s e n t , 1888 . . . . . . . . 28. Cliona chilensis T h i e l e , 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. Cliona platei (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - D2 - ! K I - I . i . . . . . . . . I . Be -- D2 . (C liono psis) D2 30. Cliona diversityla S a r a , 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Cliona azzaroliae S a r a , 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. Cliothosa hancocki ( T o p s e n t , 1887) . . . . . . . 33. Latrunculia biformis K i r k p a t r i c k , 1908 . . . . . 34. Latrunculia carlinae Boury-Esnault & Van B e v e r e n , 1982 . . . . . . . . 35. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley & Dendy, 1886. 36. Latrunculia brevis R i d l e y & D e n d y , 1886 . - I ! ! ! - (lendenfeldi, antarctica, bocagei ) 37. Polymastia isidis T h i e l e , - I I - I 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38., Polymastia invaginata K i r k p a t r i c k , 1907 . . . . . 39. Proteleia burtoni K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . . - D2 - D2 D2 - ! K | - - I I ! I ! I ! I I I l L Bo _ Ba, D1, K I I I - I I _ ! I I - - I I I I I - I Ba, Be, Bo, D 2 , K , U I Ba, Bo, D1, D 2 , K , U Ba, Bo, D 1 , D 2 , K , V K Table 2 (continued) oo Antarctic faunistic area Continental sectors C1 Hadromerida (continued) 40. Pseudosuberites hyalinus (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) 41. Pseudosuberites digitatus Thiele, 1905.. 42. Pseudosuberites melanos de Laubenfels, 1934 . .. 43. Pseudosuberites antarcticus (Carter, 1876) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. Pseudosuberites sulcatus Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 45. Pseudosuberites mollis Ridley & Dendy, 1887 . C3 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 I I I I - I I I (Suberites) 46. Pseudosuberites nudus Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 47. Rhizaxinella australiensis Hentschel, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. Sphaerotylus schoenus Kirkpatrick, 1908 . . . . . (schoenus vanhoffeni, capitatus) 49. Sphaerotylus capitatus Non-continental entities C2 I I I I I I I - I I - I I I I I I SO M G F A CR KE HE EM BO G O TC M Q C A N Z TA SA VS I I - I - I I I I Ba, D1, I D2 I D2 I I I I I I I I I I - K, U Ba, Bo, K, U, V Ba, Be, Bo, D1, D2, K - I Ba, Bo, K Ba, K I I I SG SS References Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities I I I K I Ba, K (Vosmaer, 1885) . . . . . . (capitatus vanhoffeni) 50. Sphaerotylus borealis antarcticus Kirkpatrick, I I I - Ba, Bo, K, U 1908 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (antarcticus) 51. Stylocordyla borealis I I I I - I I I I I I I - I I I Ba, D1, K, V (Loven, 1868) . . . . . . . . (stipitata) 52. Suberites microstomus Ridley & Dendy, 1887 . 53. Suberites montiniger Carter, 1880 . . . . . . . . . 54. Suberites strongylatus Sar~i, 1978. . . . . . . . . . . 55. Suberites punturatus Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 56. Suberites caminatus Ridley & Dendy, 1887. I - I I - I I - I Ba, Bo, D1, K, V I Ba, Bo I I I K I D2 I I I I I I - D2 - Ba, Bo, K 57. Suberites ruber Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. Tentorium semisuberites (Schmidt, 1870) . . . . . . . Suberites caminatus pp.) 59. Tentorium papillatum (Kirkpatrick, 1908) . . . . - - I I I I I - I D2 I I I I -- I I I - I - Ba, Bo, K - Ba, Bo Axinellida 60. Axinectya mariana (Ridley & D e n d y , 1887) (Axinella) 61. Axinella crinita Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Axinella egregia (Ridley, 1881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Ba, Bo, I K D2 - D2 (Pseudaxinella) 63. Bubaris antarctica K o l t u n , 1954 . . . . . . . . . (Axinella) I I 64. Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) . . . . 65. Eurypon miniaceum Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 66. Hemiastrella digitata Burton, 1929 . . . . . . . . . 6% Higginsia papillosa Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 68. Homaxinella flagelliformis (Ridley & D e n d y , 1886) . . . . . . . . I - I I I Be, Bo, D2, K I - I I - Bo, U D2 (Raspailia) I I I I I I l I I I I I ! I - I K - I Bo, D1, K, L1, V D2 I l - I I I I - I - I - I - Ba, - Ba, Bo, K K, Bo Be, K - I I I - - I - D2, K , V Halichondrida 76. Eumastia attenuata Topsent, 1915 . . . . . . . . D2, K I 69. Homaxinella balfourensis (Ridley & D e n d y , 1886) . . . . . . . . 70. Plicatellopsis flabellata Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 71. Plicatellopsis fragilis K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . . 72. Raspailia irregularis Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . (Eurypon miniaceum pp.) 73. Raspaxilla phakellina Topsent, 1913 . . . . . . . . . 7 4 . Rhabderemia coralloides D e n d y , 1924 . . . . . . . . . 75. Thieleia rubiginosa (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (H ymeniacidon) Ba, D2, K - - I K S, U Table 2 (continued) Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities A n t a r c t i c faunistic area C o n t i n e n t a l sectors C1 C2 C3 H a l i c h o n d r i d a (continued) 77. Halichondria cristata Sarfi, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 78. Halichondria hentscheli K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . . 79. Halichondria panicea Pallas, 1766 . . . . . . . . . 80. Haliehondria variabilis (Ridley, 1884) . . . . . . . . 81. H ymeniacidon torquata Topsent, 1916 . . . . . . . . 82. Hymeniacidon fernandezi Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . 83. Hymeniacidon N o n - c o n t i n e n t a l entities C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO MGFA CR KE HE EM BO GO TC MQCA NZ TA References SA VS D2 i Ba, K . . . I . I I I . I . - I I I I I I . . - I - i . I I I I . I - I . . . I - Be, Bo, K, L1 I - K Ba, K . Bo, D2, K I longistylus D e s q u e y r o u x , 1972 . . . . 84. Hymeniacidon centrotyla Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 85. Hymeniacidon insuta K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . . 86. Hymeniacidon kerguelensis Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87. Leucophlaeus oxiparvus Sarfi, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 88. Leucophaleus membranaceus Sar~i, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89. Leucophlaeus flexuosus Sar/t, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . 90. Spongosorites compacta Sar~i, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 91. Sponoosorites ineisa Sar~i, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . i D2 K m - K II ! ! ! Bo, K - i D2 D2 D2 D2 D2 Poecilosclerida 92. Acanthorhabdus fragilis Burton, 1929 . . . . . . . . . 93. Acheliderma topsenti Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 94. Anomomycale titubans (Schmidt, 1870) . . . . . . . 95. Artemisina jovis D e n d y , 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96. Artemisina apollinis (Ridley & D e n d y , 1886) I - I - I N i Ba, K K - Bo I I I i I ! i Be, K Bo, D1, K 97. Artemisina plumosa ( H e n t s c h e l , 1914) . . . . . 98. I Ko!tun, ! 964 .... 99. ! I ! | - - Ba, D1, K -~..z, K .... - K ! ! ! ! ! Ba, K I - K ! K ! Axociella rameus Ba, K - ! ! - ! ! ! ! ! ! I I I ! I I I Axociella fiabellata ( T o p s e n t , 1916) . . . . . . . 105. - I Asbestopluma obae Koltun, 1964 ......... 104. I Asbestopluma calyx Koltun, 1964 ........ 103. - I Hentschel, 1914 ...... 102. ! Asbestopluma belgicae ( T o p s e n t , 1902) . . . . . . . 101. I Asbestopluma callithrix Hentschel, 1914 ...... 100. i Artemisina tubulosa Ba, K Axociella nidificata ( K i r k p a t r i c k , 1907) . . . . Biemna polyphylla L6vi, 1963 ............... 107. Biemna chilensis T h i e l e , 1905 ............... 108. Bipocillopsis nexus Koltun, 1964 ......... 109. Cercidochela lankesteri Kirkpatrick, 1907 ..... 1 I0. Chondrocladia clavata Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . Ba, D1, K, S ! 106. ! - - I - | ! ! I ! I I ~ - L2 Bo, D1, D2, K ! - - ! Ba, K I I Ba, D1, K ! - ! ! l Be, B o , K - 111. Chondrocladia antarctica H e n t s c h e l , 1914 ............... 112. K I Chondrocladiafatimae Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren 1982 ........ 113. Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 ........ 114. - ! K ! - ! -9- K ! - K ! - K Clathria pauper ! I ! - | I Ba, D2, K -- Clathria microxa Desqueyroux, 120. - Cladorhiza tridentata Broendsted, 1926 ..... 119. ! Cladorhiza mani Ridley & Dendy, 1887 . 118. Bo Bo g Koltun, 1964 ......... 117. - Cladorhiza moruliformis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . 116. ! Chondropsis chaliniformis ( C a r t e r , 1886) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115. .... Chondrocladia nani 1972 .... - ! I ! D2 Clathria terraenovae Dendy, 1924 ......... (Dictyociona) - - ! ! - Be, Bo, K Table 2 (continued) Antarctic faunistic area Continental sectors C1 C2 C3 C4 Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities N o n - c o n t i n e n t a l entities C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO MGFA CR KE H E E M BO G O T C MQCA N Z TA References SA VS Poecilosclerida (continued) 121. Clathria " elastica" Sarfi 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (non C. elastica L~vi, 1963) 122. Clathria lipochela Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 123. Clathria spinifera Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124. Coelosphaera D2 I - I I I D2, K I D2 I appendiculata antarctica Koltun, 1976 . . . . . . . . 125. Coelosphaera #lobosa Bergquist, 1961 . . . . . . . 126. Crella stylifera Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 127. Crellina tubifex Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 128. Desmacella vestibularis (Wilson, 1904) . . . . . . . . K I - - I - - I - I I (Tylodesma) Be, K I K - - Bo, I I I I 129. DesmaceUa alba (Wilson, 1904) . . . . . . . . (Tylodesma) 130. Desmacidon nebulosum Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 131. Desmacidon fruticosa (Montagu, 1818) . . . . . . 132. Desmacidon ramosa Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . . . . I no ! - - I - I - I - I I I K, L2 - I Ba, K, L2, D2 K I D2 I - D2, K, U Bo - - (Plumocolumella, ramosus) 133. Dictyociona discreta (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 134. Dolichocantha macrodon Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 135. Echinoclathria contexta Sarh, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 136. Echinoclathria atlantica Sarfi, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 137. Ectyodoryx antarctica (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . 138. Ectyodoryx ramilobosa (Topsent, 1916) . . . . . . . K I - I I I I - D2 K - Ba, K, V U 139. Ecryodoryx nobilis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 140. 141. (paupertas nobile) Ectyodoryx anacantha - rlentscnel, - I I - I I 1~14 ...... I I Ectyodoryx plumosa Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 142. I I I I I I I Ectyomyxilla kerguelensis Hentschel, - Bo, K - Ba, K - K 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Crellomyxilla, Myxilla) 143. Ectyomyxilla mariana - I - l Be, Bo, L1, L2 I (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) 144. (Crellomyxilla) Ectyomyxilla tenuissima Bo, K (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 145. Ectyomyxilla chilensis I - D2, L2 ! - Bo, D1, D2, K, L1, U (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 146. (Crellomyxilla, M yxilla) Ectyonancora panis I I I l - I I I -- Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 147. Esperiopsis villosa 148. (Carter, 1874) . . . . . . . . Esperiopsis varia Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149. Esperiopsis heard! - I I ! | I - - Bo - K - D2 I Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 150. | - Esperiopsis symmetrica Bo I Ridley & Dendy, 1886. I 151. Esperiopsis scoriae K - Topsent, 1915 . . . . . . . . 152. K Esperiopsis rugosa Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 153. (Amphilectus) Esperiopsis profunda I I I I - l Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . 154. I ! l -- | - I I - i I i ! - Ba, Bo, K, U K _ Esperiopsis fucorum (Esper, 1974) . . . . . . . . . 155. 156. 157. (Amphilectus) Esperiopsis edwardii (Bowerbank, 1866) . . . . Guitarra antarctica var. novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ([imbriata) Guitarra fimbriata Carter, 1874 . . . . . . . . . 158. I Homoeodictya microchela Topsent, - I - I I I - I a i l - I - K I Be, D 2 ! Be, K ! I I ! Ba, Be, L2 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (lsodictya) - I I - I - I - K Table 2 (continued) Antarctic faunistic area C o n t i n e n t a l sectors C1 Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities N o n - c o n t i n e n t a l entities C2 C3 C4 C5 1 I 1 I C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO MGFA CR KE HE EM BO GO TC MQCA NZ TA References SA VS Poecilosclerida (continued) 159. Hoplakithara dendyi Kirkpatrick, 1908 . . . . . 160. I Ba, K Hymedesmia mariondufresni B o u r y E s n a u l t & V a n Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161. - H ymedesmia irritans (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 162. - I D2 I I D2 H ymedesmia 9aussiana Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 164. Bo Hymedesmia laevis Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 163. I - K Hymedesmia antarctica (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . 165. (simillima antarctica) H ymedesmia unguifera I 1 I Burton, 1929 . . . . . . . . . 166. | . . . . . . - K K K m (. I 1 - K Hymenancora exioua 1 - K InflateUa beUi (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I I 1 I l 170. Inflatella latrunculioides (Ridley & D e n d y , 1887) 171. Inflatella coelosphaeroides K o l t u n , 172. lophon chelifer Ridley 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - l - l I Ba, Bo, K, S, U, V Ba, K 1 Ba, K & D e n d y , 1886 . . . . . . . 173. Bo, - Hymenancora tufa (Kirkpatriek, 1907) . . . . 169. I I (Kirkpatriek, 1907) . . . . 168. I Hymenancora rhaphidophora Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 167. I 1 I Bo, L2, U lophon unicornis Topsent, 1907 . . . . . . . . (spatulatus) 174. Iophon abnormalis I I 1 I - 1 I 1 1 I l I l Ridley & D e n d y , 1886 . 175. Iophon aceratus 176. Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . Iophon laminalis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . . . . . . . Bo, D1, K, S, V l K 1 ! I I I - I Ba, K K 177. Iophon proximum (Ridley, 1881) . . . . . . . . 178. Iophon radiatus Topsent, 1901 . . . . . . . . !79. I oph~n !ae::i::ty!::~ Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . 180. Iotrochota somovi (Koltun, 1964) . . . . . . . . I I (M yxichela) I I I - I I I I I I I I I - Be, Bo, D2, K, L2, U Ba, Bo, K I Be, K (Iotaota) 181. Isodictya cavicornuta Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . 182. Isodictya dufresni Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 183. Isodictya erinacea (Topsent, 1916) . . . . . . . 184. Isodictya cactoides (Kirkpatrick, 1908) . . . . 185. Isodictya verrucosa (Topsent, 1913) . . . . . . . 186. Isodietya delicata megachela (Thiele, 1905) 187. lsodictya toxophila Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 188. Isodictya obliquidens (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . 189. Isodictya antarctica (Kirkpatrick, 1908) . . . . 190. lsodictya setiJera (Topsent, 1901) . . . . . . . 191. lsodictya kerguelensis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 192. Kirkpatrickia coulmani (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . 193. Kirkpatrickia variolosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . 194. Lissodendoryx paucispinata (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) . . . . . . . . 195. Lissodendoryx complicata (Hansen, 1885) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196. Lissodendoryx styloderma Hentschel, 1914. 197. Lissodendoryx flabellata Burton, 1929 . . . . . . . . . 198. Lissodendoryx innominata Burton, 1929 199. Lissodendoryx fusca (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 200. Megaciella pilosa (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) I - l . . . - l I l . Ba, K - I I Bo I I I I I I I I I Ba, D1, K, S, V I K I I I - I I - I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ba, Be, K I I D1, K I I Ba, K I Ba, K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - Bo - I I I I I Ba, K, V I Ba, K I I - Ba, Bo, D1, K, L1, V I K,V I Ba, K Bo Bo I | I -- I . Ba, K I I K,V I Ba, K Bo, K I Ba, Bo, K Table 2 (continued) N o n - c o n t i n e n t a l e nt i t i e s C o n t i n e n t a l sectors C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS, S O MGFA References Neighbouring extra-Antarctic en tities A n t a r c t i c faunistic a r e a CR KE HE EM BO GO TC MQCA NZ TA SA VS Poecilosc/erida (continued) 201. Meliiderma stipitata (Ridley & D e n d y , 1886) 202. - - Burton, 1934 . . . . . . . . . 203. I I D2, K - K - I I I I - - I I - - I I I | -- Ba, D2, K _ M ycale mammiformis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) 206. Mycale tridens 207. Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . Mycale tenuis Sar~t, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208. Mycale doellojuradoi Burton, 1940 . . . . . . . . . 209. I Mycate magellanica (Ridley, 188l) . . . . . . . . 205. K - Mycale tylotornota K o l t u n , 1964 . . . . . . . . 204. I I Microciona basispinosa - K I - I I - I I - - - I Ba, D2, K I D2 I D2 I Ba, D2, K M ycale gaussiana Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . - ! ! I I -- | I 210. Mycale profunda Koltu n, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 21 I. - K MycaIefibrosa Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 212. Mycale macrochela 213. Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . M ycale diminuta Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214. M yxilla novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 . . . . . . . . . 215. Myxilla pistiUaris 216. Topsent, 1917 . . . . . . . . Myxilla mollis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . . . . . . . . . - I - - | ! -- - Bo, D1 -- K D2 I - I - - ! I I - l - l I I I l l I - - Be, K - K - Ba, Bo, D1, 217. Myxilla decepta K i r k p a t r i c k , 1907 . . . . . 218. Topsent, 1916 . . . . . . . . 219. - ! ! I l I l - I I l - Ba, K I Ba, K I Ba, K l M yxilla basimucronata Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 222. - Myxilla insolens Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 221. l MyxiUa asigmata Topsent, 1901 . . . . . . . . 220. K Myxilla elongata - I Bo, K M yxilla lissostyla Burton, 1938 . . . . . . . . . ! I Ba, D1, K K 223. MyxiUa australis (Topsent, 1901) . . . . . . . (incrustans australis) - I 224. Myxilla calieifnrmi~ Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 225. Myxilla verrucosa B u r t o n , 1932 . . . . . . . . . 226. Myxodoryx hanitschi (Kirkpatrick, 1908) . . . . 227. Ophlitaspongia mutans Sar~i, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 228. Ophlitaspongia membranacea Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I I I I Ba, D1, K, S I - i t - l I D2 I D2 Ba, D1, K i D2 (thielei) D1, D2, K I - I - I I I I I I I i - 229. Oxymycale acerata (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . (M ycale) I I I I 230. Oxytedania bifaria Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231. Phelloderma radiatum Ridley & D e n d y , 1887 . 232. Phorbas areolata (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Anchinoe, Hymedesmia) Ba, Bo, D 1 , D 2 , K , L1, S , V I D2 K - I I l - l I D1, D2, K, V I 233. Phorbas acanthochela (Koltun, 1964) . . . . . . . . (Anchinoe) i K,S I 234. Phorbas leptochela (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . (Anchinoe) - I Bo, i K 235. Phorbas longurioides (Burton, 1932) . . . . . . . . (Hymedesmia, Anchinoe) Bo, K I 236. Phorbas glaberrima (Topsent, 1917) . . . . . . . (Anchinoe) 237. Plocamia gaussiana Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 238. Plumocolumella cribroporosa Burton, 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239. Plumocolumella meandrina (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240. Pronax domini Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 241. Pronax pustulosa (Carter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242. Pseudanchinoe papillosa (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Clathria) I I I I I I I I I I -- ! Ba, K -- K I Ba, K I K,V ! i i - . . . Bo . ! L2 D2 Table 2 (continued) Oo N o n - c o n t i n e n t a l entities Continental sectors C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 I - I C6 C8 C9 SG I I I SS SO MGFA References Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities Antarctic faunistic area CR KE HE E M BO G O T C MQCA N Z TA SA VS Poecilosclerida (continued) 243. Pseudanehinoe toxifera (Topsent, 1913) . . . . . . . 244. Pseudomyxilla multidentata BouryEsnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I - - Ba, D1, K I Bo I 245. Pytheas crassa Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . (Crella) I I I I - I I I I - I Ba, Bo, K 246. Rhaphidophlus toxipraeditus (Topsent, 1913) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( C lat hria) I 247. Rhaphidophlus paucispiculus Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248. Spanioplon werthi (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . (Acanthoxa) - - I . . . . I I I Ba, K I I D1, D2, K I Bo, I 249. Stylopus longurius antarcticus (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (H ymedesmia) ! ! I K,V I 250. Stylopus fristedti Topsent, 1917 . . . . . . . . (H ymede smia ) 1 K - 251. Stylotella aominata (Ridley, 1884) . . . . . . . . (H ymeniacido n) 252. StyloteUopsis antarcticus Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . 253. Stylotellopsis amabilis Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 254. Tedania laminariae Sara, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . 255. Tedania inflata Sarfi, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256. Tedania charcoti Topsent, 1908 . . . . . . . . 257. Tedania fueyensis Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 258. Tedania trirhaphis Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 259. Tedania pectinicola Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . K I I - I Be, Bo, K K I D2, K I D2 D2 l - I I - I I I I I I I I I - Ba, Bo, D1, D2, K, L1 D2 I - l Ba, I I - D2 K 260. Tedania armata Sarfi, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261. Tedania tenuicapita Ridley, 1881 . . . . . . . . . 262. Tedania vanhoeffeni Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . 263. Tedania spinata (Ridley, 1881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264. Tedania corticata Sar~i, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265. Tedania lanceta Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266. Tedania gracilis (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . 267. Tedania tantula (Kirkpatrick, 1908) . . . . 268. Tedania oxeata Topsent, 1916 . . . . . . . . 269. Tedania mucosa Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270. Tedania patagonica (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) 271. Tedania excavata Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . D2 D2 I I Ba, Bo, K I I I D2, K - D2 K ! I K,V I I I I I I - I I I I I - I I Ba, K, V I Ba, D1, K D2 Bo, ! K D2 Petrosida 272. Petrosia hispida Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . . . . . . . (Haliclona) I I Bo, K, U 273. Xestospongia fistulata (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . (Pachypellina} I K I 274. Xestospongia aulopora (Schmidt) . . . . . . . . . . . D2 Haplosclerida 275. Adocia conica (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276. Adocia tenella (Topsent, 1916) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! I - I I K D1, K 277. Amphimedon decurtata (Sar~i, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . (Pachychalina) D2 278. Amphimedon validissima (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Pachychalina, Dasychalina) 279. Amphimedon magellanica (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . (Pachychalina) 280. Amphimedon paradisus Desqueyroux-Fa6ndez, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D2, K D2 DI Table 2 (continued) Non-continental entities Continental sectors C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO M G F A References Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities Antarctic faunistic area CR KE HE EM BO G O TC MQCA NZ TA SA VS Haplosclerida (continued) 281. Amphimedon anomala (Sara, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . D2 I (P achychalina) 282. Amphimedon maresi (Sarfi, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . 284. Callyspongia communis (Carter, 1881) . . . . . . . . 285. Callyspongia fusifera (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 286. Callyspongia fortis Ridley, 1881 . . . . . . . . . 287. Callyspongia gaussiana (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . - I - (Broendsted, 1924) . . . . (Haliclona) 288. Callysponoia ramosa D2 I (P achychalina) 283. Callyspongia conica Be - D2 I - I I I I I I I - D2 D2 - K - (Gray, 1843) . . . . . . . . . (Cladochalina) 289. GeUius kerguelensis I Be, K, W I - (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . (Gelliodes, Calyx) 290. Gellius bidens Topsent, I I I I I I I Ba, Bo, K I 1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (H aliclona, Plumocolumella) 291. Gellius latisigmae l I I I Ba, K, V Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . Bo I 292. Gellius constans Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982 . . . . . . . . 293. Gellius flagellifer Ridley & Dendy, 1886 . . . . . . . (Adocia, Si#madocia) 294. Gellius calyx Ridley & I - I I - I I - I - Bo I Dendy, 1887 . . . . . . . . . (Haliclona) 295. Gellius carduus Ridley I I I - I - 1 l I I - I I Be, Bo, K, L3, U Ba, K & Dendy, 1886 . . . . . . . (Adocia) I l l l Bo, K 296. Gellius cucurbitiformis Kirkpatrick, 1907 . . . . . (Adocia) I l l I D1, K, V - 297. Gellius flabelliformis P.id!ey & Dendy: ~ . ~ (Orina) Bo, U 298. Haliclona pedunculata (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) (Reniera) - ! Bo, K, V i 299. Haliclona similis (Ridley & Dendy, 1887) . . . . . . 300. Haiiclona sordida (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 301. Haliclona spongiosissima (Topsent, 1908) . . . . . . . 302. Haliclona chilensis (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 303. Haliclona bilamellata Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . - - I I Bo, K, L1 i D2 I D1, K I (Reniera) 304. Haliclona altera (Topsent, 1901) . . . . . . . 305. Haliclona divulgata Koltun, 1964 . . . . . . . . . 306. Haliclona texta Sani, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307. Haliclona eterospiculata (Sarh, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . I - I I I - l I I D2 I I Ba, D1, D2, K D1, K Bo, K D2 i (Reniera) D2 308. Haliclona topsenti (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Reniera, foraminosa) 309. Haliclona gemina Sarh, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310. Haliclona tylotoxus (Hentschel, 1914) . . . . . I - ! - ! ! - | Bo, D1, D2, K, L1, U D2 ! - - ! K 311. H aliclona ionobilis (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 312. Haliclona variabilis (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Reniera fortior) ! ! - D2 i i - D2 313. Haliclona delicata (Sars 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Reniera) - i i D2, U 314. Haliclona macropora (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Reniera) 315. Haliclona virens Topsent, 1908 . . . . . . . . I - ! - I -- D2 D2, K i 316. Haliclona penieillata (Topsent, 1908) . . . . . . . 317. Haliclona bifacialis Sani, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . K i - D2 Table 2 (continued) Continental sectors C1 C2 C3 C4 Non-continental entities C5 C6 C8 C9 SG SS SO MGFA References Neighbouring extra-Antarctic entities Antarctic faunistic area CR KE HE EM BO G O TC M Q C A NZ TA SA VS Haplosclerida (continued) 318. Haliclona algicola (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . (Reniera) 319. Haliclona proletaria (Topsent, 1908) . . . . . . . 320. Haliclona dancoi (Topsent, 1902). . . . . . . . . . . 321. Haliclona nodosa (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 322. Haliclonissa sacciformis (Burton, 1932) . . . . . . . . I I l l I K -- i - l I - Ba, K I K I I (H aliclona) I 323. Haliclonissa verrucosa Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 324. Hemigellius pilosus (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . l (Haliclona) | 325. HemigeUius pachyderma Burton, 1932 . . . . . . . . . 326. Hemigellius fimbriatus (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . (Gellius rudis, Haliclona rudis) 327. Microxina simplex (Topsent, 1916) . . . . . . . 328. Microxina benedeni (Topsent, 1901) . . . . . . . 329. Orina phakelloides (Kirkpatrick, 1907) . . . . D2 i l I Bo, U I Ba, K I K -- D1, K I I - I I - l I I I I Ba, Bo, D1, K, V I I Ba, K i I (Haliclona, Gellius) i i i I I I I l ! I I - - Ba, D1, Ba, K I 330. Orina spongiosa (Topsent, 1916) . . . . . . . (Haliclona) 331. Sigmadocia glacialis I I I l I l K K (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Haliclona, Adocia, Gellius) 332. Sigmadocia tubuloramosus (Dendy, I I l l I 1924) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333. Fagocia arcuarius (Topsent, 1913) . . . . . . . . . . . (Calyx) l l | I I I I l I I I l I I - Ba, Be, Bo, D1, K, U Be Ba, D1, K, S Dictyoceratida 334. Dysidea oculata (Burton, 1929) . . . . . . . . - I K I D2 (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . 336. Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 18t4) . . . . . . 337. I I I I - Dysidea tenuifibra Euryspongia repens 339. (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . Hyrtios arenosa (Thiele, 1905) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340. U D2 (Burton, 1932) . . . . . . . . 338. Bo, D2 (Oligoceras) Hyrtios vinciguerrae K I (Sarfi, 1978) . . . . . . . . . . D2 (Oligoceras) 341. Ircinia variabilis D2, K I Schmidt, 1862 . . . . . . . . 342. Ircinia clavata Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343. Sponoia cerebralis Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 344. Spongia hispida Lamarck, 1814 . . . . . . . 345. Spongia maoellanica Thiele, 1905 . . . . . . . . . 346. Spongionella pulchella (Soverby, 1804) . . . . . . . D2 D2 I . . . . D2, W I D2, K I Bo I Dendroceratida 347. 348. Aplysilla rosea (Barrois, 1876) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (sulphurea) Dendrilla antarctica I Topsent, 1905 . . . . . . . . I Dictyodendrilla membranosa (Pallas) . . . . . . . (Dendrilla) 350. Halisarca magellanica - - I I I Bo, K, U, W I D1 I I 349. I I I Topsent, 1901 . . . . . . . . 351. I - I I I I I I -- - Ba, Bo, D1, D2 Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 . . . . . . . I I I I - I - I I Bo, K, U Verongida 352. Aplysina minima Hentschel, 1914 . . . . . . I I K K 584 References Andriashev AP (1965) A general review of the Antarctic fish fauna. In: Oye P van, Meighem J van (eds) Biogeography and ecology of Antarctica. Junk, The Hague, pp 491-550 Balduzzi A, Barbieri M, Bavestrello G, Sarfi M (1991) Check-list of Antarctic and circumantarctic Demospongiae. 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