Ben Ó Ceallaigh Neoliberalism and Language Shift Contributions to the Sociology of Language Edited by Ofelia García Francis M. Hult Founding editor Joshua A. Fishman Volume 115 Ben Ó Ceallaigh Neoliberalism and Language Shift Lessons from the Republic of Ireland Post-2008 ISBN 978-3-11-076886-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-076890-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-076892-3 ISSN 1861-0676 Library of Congress Control Number: 2022938845 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: sculpies/shutterstock Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents List of figures List of tables Abbreviations IX XI XIII Part 1: Foundations 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 Introduction 3 Language loss and macro-level social change 3 Book structure 5 Methodology 8 My personal background in the Gaeltacht 8 Methodological overview: Changing conceptions of LPP 9 Research sites and participants 11 Analysis of policy documents and quantitative data 16 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 Irish, Ireland, neoliberalism: Some background 18 Introduction 18 Irish-English language shift: A historical overview 18 Early state policy and the institutionalisation of the Gaeltacht 21 State withdrawal from the revitalisation project 24 Language policy during the Celtic Tiger 30 Neoliberalism: The emergence of a global hegemony 33 The Great Recession 37 Economic development in the Republic of Ireland – peaks and troughs over recent decades 38 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Part 2: Overt and covert Irish-language policy post-2008 3 3.1 3.2 Official Irish-language policy post-2008 43 Introduction 43 An Bord Snip Nua: The special group on public service numbers and expenditure programmes 44 VI 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 Contents The 20-year strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 The Gaeltacht Act 2012 50 Conclusion 60 47 4.6 Irish-language institutions: Covert policy and state retrenchment 62 Introduction 62 Údarás na Gaeltachta 63 The department of state responsible for the Gaeltacht 69 Foras na Gaeilge’s New Funding Model 71 Controversy surrounding the publication of the Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: 2006–2011 75 Conclusion 77 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Austerity and Irish-language media Introduction 79 Raidió na Gaeltachta 79 TG4 83 Print media 89 Conclusion 93 6 Neoliberalism and language policy in public and private spheres: Structural impediments 95 Introduction 95 New Public Management: Irish in the public service 95 Policy making under austerity 106 Neoliberalism and the formation of social attitudes 110 Conclusion 112 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 79 Part 3: Neoliberalism and the Gaeltacht – an ethnographic study 7 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 Quantitative background to Part 3 117 Introduction 117 Quantitative background 118 Demographic change 2006–2016 118 Irish-speaking demographics 2006–2016 Social class in the Gaeltacht 122 120 Contents 8 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.6 Effects of the post-2008 crisis on the Gaeltacht labour market 125 Construction 125 Deindustrialisation 127 The hospitality industry 131 Criticisms of the Foreign Direct Investment model Further implications of the decline in employment opportunities 140 Summer work for students 140 Community pride 141 Conclusion 142 9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.3 9.4 Migration 144 Introduction 144 Out-migration 144 Education and out-migration In-migration 152 Conclusion 155 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 VII 133 150 10 Tourism and the Gaeltacht post-2008: Uneasy bedfellows 10.1 Introduction 158 10.2 Tourism in Galway 161 10.3 Tourism in Donegal 164 10.4 Linguistic tourism 167 10.4.1 Summer language schools 167 10.5 The linguistic landscape – shifting terrain 171 10.6 Conclusion 175 11 Community responses to austerity 177 11.1 Introduction: Organised opposition to state policies 11.2 Guth na Gaeltachta 179 11.3 Dearg le Fearg 183 11.4 Reform of island transport links 187 11.4.1 The Oileáin Árann air service 187 11.4.2 The Toraigh ferry service 190 11.5 “Corporate Social Responsibility” and the Gaeltacht – fighting neoliberalism with neoliberalism? 191 11.6 Conclusion 193 158 177 VIII 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 Contents Cuts to other community projects 195 Community co-operatives 195 Pléaráca 198 Conclusion 202 13 Further observations on language use 204 13.1 Introduction 204 13.2 Language practices of young people: A family vignette 13.3 Additional explanations of language shift 208 13.3.1 Information and communications technology 208 13.3.2 Irish-language competence of young people 213 13.3.3 Reconstruction of youth identities 215 13.4 Conclusion 217 205 Part 4: Conclusion 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Summary and conclusion 223 Introduction 223 Summary of findings 223 International comparisons: Scottish Gaelic and Welsh The loss of the Gaeltacht and the threat of further recessions 232 The Covid pandemic 233 Conclusion: Language revitalisation in a time of crises Bibliography Index 285 239 229 236 List of figures Figure 1 Map of Ireland and the Gaeltacht 12 Figure 2 “English must be spoken at all times” – memo sent to staff in a factory in the Donegal Gaeltacht, 2021 136 Figure 3 “Ár nEisimircigh Ionúin” – the emigrants’ corner in a Donegal pub 147 Figure 4 A hotel in Galway, photographed first in 2015 and then again in 2016 171 Figure 5 A restaurant in Galway, bilingual in 2012 but English only in 2014 172 Figure 6 An official sign modified to include English 174 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768909-203 List of tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Comparison of enterprise promotion agencies’ budgets 2008–2015 Population change in the Galway Gaeltacht 2006–2016 120 Population change in the Donegal Gaeltacht 2006–2016 120 Daily speakers of Irish in the Gaeltacht 2006–2016 121 Daily speakers of Irish on a national level 2006–2016 121 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768909-204 63 Part 4: Conclusion 14 Summary and conclusion 14.1 Introduction This book has sought to address a significant deficit in LPP research to date – our limited understanding of how exactly economic forces drive language loss, a phenomenon often alluded to in the literature, but rarely explained in detail. Examining the relationship between neoliberalism and the vitality of Irish, I have investigated how economic developments since 2008 have affected Irishspeaking communities and Irish-language policy in the Republic of Ireland. Through doing so, it has become apparent that even in a state which is ostensibly committed to language revitalisation, dominant economic orthodoxies play a key role in shaping language policies, a point seldom discussed by LPP scholars. This conclusion will offer an overview of the key findings that emerged from this research and examine some international parallels. I will reflect on the implications of these findings for language revitalisation in Ireland, explore how the Covid pandemic may alter or exacerbate the picture presented above, and offer some general thoughts on the intersection of language loss and economic forces in a time of immense social, political and economic upheaval. 14.2 Summary of findings Writing five years after the 2008 crash, Williams stated that the question to be asked is whether or not such minority language groups are experiencing disproportionally more cutbacks and more than their due share of pain at the expense of collective gain. That is, is there anything particular about the nature of language policies and programmes that make them particularly vulnerable to the fiscal demands of austerity and budget reduction. (Williams 2013: 10) This book has taken up Williams’ challenge and endeavoured to answer this question by examining the ways in which the Great Recession and its consequences resulted in significant reforms of both overt and covert Irish-language policy, and how the socioeconomic disruptions of this period affected Irishspeaking communities in Galway and Donegal. It has explained that the neoliberal hegemony which has dominated global economic development for decades rejects many of the principles on which language revitalisation has traditionally been premised, and it is this that leaves such efforts so vulnerable to disproportionate suffering in an era of capitalist retrenchment. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768909-014 224 14 Summary and conclusion Adopting an expansive conception of ethnographic methodology, my fieldwork and interviews for this study were buttressed by policy analysis and use of extant quantitative data. This was described in Part 1, where I also presented an overview of Irish-English language shift and revitalisation efforts pre-2008 and discussed the nature of neoliberalism as an economic hegemony opposed to both social planning and redistributive economic policies – key components of almost all language revitalisation efforts. As was explained, the crisis of neoliberalism which began in 2008 was the second most severe in the history of industrial capitalism and was particularly bad in the Republic of Ireland, where all manner of public policy was rationalised as a result. In Part 2 I detailed the intense process of neoliberalisation that language revitalisation policies in the Republic underwent as a result of this crisis. Although having initially proposed many of the key reforms that were ultimately implemented in Irish-language policy since 2008, the report of An Bord Snip Nua – the main roadmap for the state’s austerity policies – has previously received very little attention in discussions of Irish LPP. As discussed in Chapter 3, this report and the Memorandum of Understanding agreed with the IMF, the European Central Bank and the European Commission “Troika” which supervised the running of the Irish economy between 2010–2013 fundamentally informed subsequent LPP developments. Indeed, two of the most significant reforms of overt Irish-language policy in the last several decades – the 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 and the Gaeltacht Act 2012 – were both introduced while the economy was under the direction of the Troika, a fact which even literature most critical of these policies fails to address. These trying economic circumstances clearly affected both the content and implementation of these and other policies – with the 20-Year Strategy being largely unimplemented since its introduction and the Gaeltacht Act being voted through the Dáil by the governing coalition despite significant disapproval from language groups and opposition parties. Although over 150 amendments were proposed to the bill that became the Gaeltacht Act, all of these were rejected by the government. Given that this legislation constituted an official response to the well-documented sociolinguistic crisis facing the Gaeltacht, the lack of engagement with such proposals does not bode well for the long-term viability of the language in its heartland communities, particularly when combined with the fraught nature of the Act’s implementation, an account of which was offered in 3.4. As Chapters 4 and 5 detailed, such challenges regarding “overt” language policy have been exacerbated by developments in “covert” policy (Shohamy 2006), not least the severe, disproportionate budgetary cutbacks that many Gaeltacht institutions received, including the Gaeltacht development authority 14.2 Summary of findings 225 ÚnaG, which lost 73.7% of its budget between 2008–2015. Tellingly, comparable non-Gaeltacht institutions such as Enterprise Ireland and the IDA were not targeted in anything like the same manner during this time. Austerity also left its mark on numerous other language support structures, seeing the closure of 13 of 19 language promotion groups and very damaging cuts to Irish-language media funding. Raidió na Gaeltachta and TG4 each saw audience numbers decline, seemingly related to budgetary contraction, which prompted numerous scheduling issues. The majority of print media in Irish became defunct after 2008, and the remaining publications are continuing to have their funding cut as of the time of writing. Overall, by 2017 capital expenditure on the Gaeltacht and islands was €10.9 million, having fallen from €75.7 million in 2008. This was the case despite total public expenditure reaching 90% of its 2008 level by 2018. Furthermore, proposed expenditure in this area for 2018–2027 is only slightly more than half the 2006–2016 spend, the severe post-2008 cuts that occurred during this time notwithstanding. Irish, however, continues to be taught as a compulsory subject in schools throughout the state and it must be noted that this aspect of language revitalisation policy did not receive significant cutbacks, as education budgets, while reduced, were not cut as severely as other sectors. Regardless, figures regarding Gaeltacht-specific expenditure clearly highlight the extent of state “rollback” in the field of language policy in the Republic of Ireland, a development eminently characteristic of neoliberal policy regimes (Peck and Tickell 2002). Another area in which austerity had indirect, but very significant implications for top-down language policies was in public service reform, as described in Chapter 6. In recent years an oft-repeated discourse amongst Irish speakers is that significant numbers of public servants are “opposed” to Irish and thus work to render top-down language policies ineffective. Such opinions are expressed in both popular and academic commentary. Challenging this belief as being overly simplistic, I offered a detailed study of the neoliberal “New Public Management” rationalisation measures implemented in the public sector since 2008. In contrast to common individualist accounts, this “unprecedented change for the Irish public service” (MacCarthaigh 2017: 161) was proposed as being a much more plausible, structural explanation for the failure of policies such as the Official Languages Act. The nonimplementation of the Act has increased significantly since 2008 (Coimisinéir Teanga 2017b), seemingly due to increased workloads and reduced resources meaning public servants simply have more pressing concerns than implementing Irish-language schemes. As neoliberalism is a hegemonic ideological force which conditions behaviour at both the individual and state level, various other ways in which this 226 14 Summary and conclusion ideology conflicts with key requirements of language revitalisation were also discussed in Chapter 6. Not only is neoliberalism fundamentally opposed to social planning (cf. Hayek 2006 [1944]), of which language planning is, of course, a form, but it also actively dismantles the sort of redistributive economic policies that are so often necessary to sustain linguistic minorities. Furthermore, the precarious living conditions neoliberalism generates for so much of the world’s population tend to turn people away from the pluralist values that are fundamental to arguments in favour of defending cultural diversity, a point well documented in sociological and political science literature on attitude formation (e.g., Inglehart 2018: 173–199). Building on the policy analysis presented in Part 2, the results of extensive ethnographic fieldwork, including 52 interviews, conducted in some of the strongest remaining “category A” Gaeltacht areas in Galway and Donegal were detailed in Part 3. In addition to examining the micro-level consequences of many of the macro-level policy reforms documented in the preceding chapters, discussion also focused on various socioeconomic consequences of the crisis not related to language policy per se, but with distinct implications for language vitality. Chief amongst these, perhaps, were transformations in the labour market, particularly the collapse of the construction sector, deindustrialisation and the closure of businesses in the hospitality industry, as examined in Chapter 8. In addition to the rise in unemployment caused by such developments, the closure of pubs and hotels has led to an increase in young people socialising outside the Gaeltacht, a trend obviously detrimental for language reproduction. With emigration having increased enormously throughout Ireland as a result of the recession, particularly in rural areas, peripheral communities such as the Gaeltacht areas of Galway and Donegal inevitably experienced significant population loss post-2008, as was seen in Chapter 9. The disproportionate emigration of the young adult cohort which is most likely to form families (making them crucial for the continued intergenerational transmission of Irish) was one particularly negative consequence of the recession in terms of community and linguistic vitality which I discussed. The tourist industry was also hit hard by the recession, with attendance at summer language colleges in particular falling sharply as disposable incomes declined – a troubling development considering that such colleges are one of the few segments of the Gaeltacht economy that is explicitly language-based. Tensions between tourism and language promotion could be seen elsewhere, too: evidence was presented which suggests that the recent increase in the use of English in the “linguistic landscape” of various Gaeltacht communities occurred as part of an attempt to attract tourists in light of reduced employment opportunities and supports for other sectors. This, of course, belies much of the 14.2 Summary of findings 227 contemporary LPP literature on minoritised languages being used in the tourism sector as a source of profit due to their indexing of “authenticity”. While drastic, the reduction of funding for the Gaeltacht did not go unchallenged. As seen in Chapter 11, many communities attempted to resist state policies through the anti-austerity campaigns of groups such as Guth na Gaeltachta. Although met with some success, the state was quick to clamp down on these efforts and the organisation was thus relatively short-lived. Furthermore, Guth na Gaeltachta received little solidarity from official Irish-language promotion groups who, in a classic example of divide and rule tactics, were preoccupied with (and seemingly fearful of being abolished under) the process of rationalisation they were undergoing at the same time (see 4.4). The disbanding of the Pléaráca arts and social outreach group (discussed in 12.2) was a further example of both the effects of the cutbacks and how dissent against official policy measures is treated in the Gaeltacht – a phenomenon echoed throughout many other areas of Irish society during the era of cutbacks (Harvey 2014). With state support for the Gaeltacht having fallen so severely post-2008, many communities and groups I witnessed attempted to overcome the difficulties this caused via recourse to unorthodox measures such as “Corporate Social Responsibility” grants and crowdfunding campaigns. Despite being another way in which community agency was exercised positively in the face of the cuts, by conceding almost entirely to neoliberal notions of the role of the state and seeing the maintenance of rural communities as a matter for corporate charity, not concerted policy, this tendency potentially sees communities sow the seeds of their own destruction. According with the widespread disruption detailed in this study, the 2016 census reported an 11.2% decrease in daily speakers of Irish in the Gaeltacht outside the education system since 2011, a drop which dramatically contrasts with the modest growth in the same category shown in the previous census. While this decline in the vitality of Irish is to a large degree the continuation of centuries of marginalisation, the immense social turmoil caused by the recession in a short time frame clearly exacerbated this trend, with the 2016 figures providing quantitative demonstration of this fact. Chapter 13 discussed some of the additional ways in which language shift was visible during my fieldwork, as well as some further factors exacerbating it, including increased use of information and communication technology, the reduced Irish-language competence of many young Gaeltacht people, and the weakening of Irish as a key identity marker – phenomena discussed discretely for the sake of clarity, but which are clearly intimately connected. The vast majority of Irish society, of course, suffered under austerity. So extensive were the cuts to Gaeltacht support schemes, however, that Machiavelli’s 228 14 Summary and conclusion infamous advice that “injuries should be done all together” is brought to mind (2003: 38). Referring to work by Klein (2007), Mirowski (2013) and Krugman (2015), it was argued that the Great Recession presented an instance of “punctuated equilibrium” whereby the state had the opportunity to radically intensify an incrementalist process of withdrawal from the sphere of language revitalisation which had been taking place over the preceding decades. While the reduction in support for the Gaeltacht was both severe and rapid, rather than demonstrating a particularly anti-Irish sentiment on behalf of the political class, I have argued that these cuts reflect the extent of neoliberal hegemony. In order to maintain economic growth, the “competition states” (Kirby and Murphy 2011) neoliberalism produces are constantly forced to vie with each other to demonstrate their suitability for capitalist investment (Block 2020 [1977]), and therefore generally have little interest in such “culturalist” spheres as language revitalisation, which, at best, are of limited interest to major investors. The fact that much of the Gaeltacht population, particularly in stronger Irish-speaking areas, is on the lower end of the class scale made them all the more likely to be affected disproportionately by the cuts, with research both in Ireland and internationally showing austerity hits more vulnerable sections of society hardest (Bisset 2015: 175–177; Varoufakis 2016). This class bias is, of course, itself another aspect of the internal logic of neoliberalism described in 2.6, whereby facilitating the increased opulence of those in the upper sections of the economic strata is seen as the most efficient way of enhancing the conditions of the worse off, who, it is assumed, will reap the benefits of trickle-down economics in their turn. In reminding us of these dynamics which are so key to the way neoliberal states work, the Irish case thus clearly illustrates the precarious position that minoritised languages that are dependent on state support can find themselves in during times of financial crisis. Despite the communities I conducted my fieldwork in having had high concentrations of relative deprivation before 2008 (see 7.2.3), “[r]elative poverty”, as Harbert et al. note, “does not in itself lead to language death unless a disruptive factor comes into play” (2009: 11). The Great Recession, of course, offers an example par excellence of a disruptive factor, and one which exacerbated previous socioeconomic marginalisation, acting as an ultimate cause for many of the proximate causes of recent language shift discussed throughout this book. While much literature on Irish-language revitalisation since 2008 has focused on linguistic issues (e.g., Lenoach, Ó Giollagáin and Ó Curnáin 2012; Ó hIfearnáin and Walsh 2018), as Edwards has stated “failure to fully come to grips with external facts, pressures and attitudes is tantamount to treating language in isolation – the cardinal sin committed in so many treatments [of LPP]” (2007: 116). With the greatest economic crisis in the history of the state occurring in the years after 2008, I have attempted to move away from the tendency 14.3 International comparisons: Scottish Gaelic and Welsh 229 to look at Irish-language policy “in isolation” and examine the wider structural issues that are of crucial importance to the success of almost all efforts to reverse language shift. In doing so, I have sought to avoid what Beck, Bonss and Lau (2003: 23) have termed “methodological nationalism”, defined as an “insistence on interpreting every social phenomenon within . . . the frame of reference of the nation-state”. In examining the various links between macroeconomic disruption and micro-level social change, it has become clear that such is the totalising nature of capitalism in the 21st century that the actions of a relatively small number of individuals in the boardrooms of various banking conglomerates and the offices of Wall Street can have profound consequences for language vitality in remote communities thousands of miles away. Although attention has been drawn to the role of transnational economic forces in determining the success or failure of language revitalisation efforts, this is not to imply a totally deterministic reading of the sociology of language. As is well-documented, the success of language revitalisation efforts invariably depends on a multitude of elements (Fettes 1997). This work does, however, add empirical weight to the great many allusions in LPP literature to the centrality of economic forces in driving language loss and endangerment, some of which were referenced in section 1.1. In doing so, it has echoed Engels’ contention that it is not, as people try here and there conveniently to imagine, that the economic position produces an automatic effect. Men make their history themselves, only in given surroundings which condition it and on the basis of actual relations already existing, among which the economic relations, however much they may be influenced by the other political and ideological ones, are still ultimately the decisive ones. (Engels 1894) While the success of Irish-language policy is most undeniably dependent on a host of various factors, in light of the findings demonstrated in this work, Engels’ position would appear to be of distinct relevance to the field of Irish LPP. 14.3 International comparisons: Scottish Gaelic and Welsh Detailed comparison with international examples has, regrettably, not been possible in a work of this length. Nonetheless, the data presented here certainly have parallels in other contexts. Considering the international nature of the crisis which began in 2008 and the near-universal adoption of austerity measures as a response, many other linguistic minorities inevitably experienced at least some of the same challenges as Irish speakers did. While there is very little detailed research about other cases, some nearby examples – Scottish Gaelic and 230 14 Summary and conclusion Welsh, both members of the same Celtic language family as Irish – are nonetheless worthy of mention. As a speaker of each of these languages, and having lived and worked in both Scotland and Wales during the research of this book, I have some knowledge of their situations. Although the cuts for Irish-language expenditure have been more severe than in these or any of the other examples I have heard of, this can readily be explained as resulting from the vigour with which the Republic of Ireland adopted neoliberal policies since the early 1990s and the severity of the austerity that this produced. Scottish Gaelic makes for an easy comparison with Irish due to the close linguistic relationship of the languages, their geographic proximity and the fact that Gaelic too has a small speaker base (some 57,375 speakers – 1.1% of the Scottish population according to the 2011 census). Also similar to the Irish case is the fact that the remaining Gaelic-speaking communities are remote, rural areas on the west coast, particularly in the Western Isles, although even there the language is in an extremely precarious situation. Echoing many of the developments discussed in Part 2 of this work, between 2010–2017 the budget for Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, the Western Isles council, was cut more severely than any other local authority in Scotland, when its funding was reduced by 29% in real terms. It was consequently classed as one of the most deprived councils in Scotland in a government report (Comhairle nan Eilean Siar n.d.: 1; Gannon et al. 2016: 51), which is particularly concerning in light of the very weak nature of all local government in Scotland (Bort, McAlpine and Morgan 2012; Wightman 2014; Rae, Hamilton and Faulds 2019). 16% of council staff were laid off between 2011–2018, a blow which was very damaging for an area where public sector employment is of great importance (Press and Journal 2018). Furthermore, those who are employed in the Western Isles receive some of the lowest rates of remuneration in Scotland, with wages dropping there and in just one other local authority area between 2009–2016 (Skills Development Scotland 2017: 60–61). The area also has “by far the lowest level of permanent employment of all 32 local authorities” (National Health Service n.d.: 25). Despite expenditure on the Gaelic television station comprising the largest section of the Gaelic budget, the channel’s 2020/21 annual report noted it faces a “severe funding challenge” (MG Alba 2021: 8; Scottish Government 2022). The £12.8 million it receives from the devolved Scottish Government comprises the totality of its budget since the Westminster government cut 100% of its £1 million contribution in 2015. While ostensibly ringfenced for protection from funding cuts, when inflation is accounted for, the budget of national Gaelic promotion body Bòrd na Gàidhlig decreased by 30% between 2008–2019 (Misneachd 2021). Accordingly, the Bòrd stated in its 2018–2023 corporate plan that financial pressures “continue to be a major test of our resilience” (Bòrd na 14.3 International comparisons: Scottish Gaelic and Welsh 231 Gàidhlig 2018: 12), an issue further exacerbating what was already a very challenging situation for the Gaelic-speaking community. While Welsh has a significantly larger community of speakers than either Irish or Scottish Gaelic (562,000 speakers in Wales as of 2011 – 19% of the population), and consequently a much greater deal of official protection, austerity measures have affected the language’s heartland communities in similar ways to those discussed above, with many crucial local services being cut (Tomos 2021). Funding for language-specific supports was also reduced during the period discussed in this work. The Welsh for Adults programme, for instance, was forced to cut €700,000 in the space of just four weeks in 2014 (Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg 2014), and the Welsh-medium television channel, S4C, also experienced cuts of “at least 36%”, which were seen as “severe and disproportionate” by the parliamentary committee which oversees the station (Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee 2017: 10). In a statement from the station in 2014 it was noted that they had already lost 25% of their staff as a result of these reductions (S4C 2014: 2). Although a much larger body than its Irish equivalent, the Welsh Language Commissioner’s office experienced cuts similar to those faced by the office of the Coimisinéir Teanga (see 6.2; 11.3), receiving a cut of 23% between 2014–2020. This meant that by 2019 “budget and resources were the highest risk to the organisation”, with vacant positions being left unfilled due to budgetary pressures, thereby increasing workloads for the remaining staff (Welsh Language Commissioner 2020: 46; Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee 2020). Reminiscent of the issues discussed in section 9.4, the structural inequities in the housing market which are so characteristic of neoliberalism are the source of much contention in Welshspeaking communities, as they are in Scotland as well (Anwyl 2021; The Guardian 2022; Mac a’ Bhàillidh 2022). Despite there likely being many parallels with other languages further afield and outside the Celtic language family, the lack of research done on this topic means it is unfortunately impossible to make any further comparative comments (although, as noted in 5.3, one of the very few academic articles addressing austerity and minoritised languages explains that Basque and Catalan broadcasting also received significant cuts). With many language revitalisation programmes dependent on some form of state support, a deeper understanding of how major economic fluctuations, including those caused by Covid (see 14.5), affect this provision in contexts outside Ireland would surely give us a better appreciation of the challenges that linguistic minorities are likely to face in the near future. It is, of course, only by first understanding the nature of these challenges that we can have any hope of overcoming them. 232 14 Summary and conclusion 14.4 The loss of the Gaeltacht and the threat of further recessions Irish, as Fishman noted (1991: 122), is in many ways exceptional for a language of its size, having an institutional support network that few other minoritised languages can hope for. The years since 2008 have seen an immense weakening of these supports, however, as the state in the Republic moved ever closer to the laissez-faire disinterest which characterises so many states’ attitudes to the fate of linguistic minorities within their territories. Nonetheless, despite the extensiveness of recent reforms, Irish still has an array of supports that leave it in a stronger position than many other languages with similarly sized speaker populations. If the neoliberalisation of Irish-language policy which was explored in this work continues, however, Irish may be an exceptional case no longer, becoming instead yet another example of the inability of most nationstates to adequately support endangered language communities (cf. Fishman 1991: 3). While the economy in the Republic of Ireland had returned to rapid growth by 2016, the structural challenges which caused such disruption for Irish-language revitalisation continue to loom large over this field. Indeed, the continuation of the trend towards state rollback from supporting revitalisation measures is likely to be the case. Further to planned expenditure on the Gaeltacht for 2018–2027 being much lower than the amount spent between 2006–2016, further periods of economic turmoil will quite probably see further cuts to state expenditure on social policy. As the following section discusses, although the long-term economic outcomes of the Covid crisis remain to be seen at the time of writing, it may well be the case that the costs associated with the pandemic result in further austerity. Even if that is avoided, though, whenever the next economic downturn occurs – and it is well-established in economics that another major crash will undoubtedly occur in due course – further cuts to institutions such as ÚnaG or the department responsible for the Gaeltacht could well leave them essentially defunct, being that they are now so much weaker than they were in 2007. Indicating the troubles that may lie ahead, as early as 2018 the IMF was issuing warnings about the state of the global economy, as protectionist trade policies began to take effect globally and the increase in consumer debt that helped overcome the Great Recession approached unsustainable levels (IMF 2018; see also IMF 2022). Furthermore, with language shift continuing apace, were another economic crisis to befall the state, cuts to Gaeltacht expenditure will be all the easier to justify as we approach a “post-Gaeltacht” era in which such communities are not significantly distinct linguistically from the rest of Ireland. Such a development is unlikely to be met with increased state support for language revitalisation elsewhere in the country. 14.5 The Covid pandemic 233 Nonetheless, despite the extent of the forces which minoritised the language historically and the magnitude of the threats currently stacked against it, Irish continues to be transmitted within its heartland communities, albeit tenuously. Many Gaeltacht activists continue to do extremely valuable work to support the language and its speakers. Moreover, there are still tens of thousands of “new speakers” of the language throughout the rest of Ireland, although the challenges of the Gaeltacht have distinct repercussions for these as well. While recent research on new speakers shows that the Gaeltacht is not universally seen as essential, as Hindley has noted, “much of the romantic appeal for learning Irish will die with the Gaeltacht” (1990: 253; see also O’Rourke and Walsh 2020: 176). Further to the end of this “romantic appeal”, the loss of these distinct linguistic communities – surely a tragedy for all who care about the language, regardless of whether their view “challenges the Fishmanian paradigm” (Ó hIfearnáin 2018: 163) – will see a key opportunity to learn the language outside of a classroom setting disappear. Such extra-curricular experience in Irish-speaking communities has been vital to the creation of many tens of thousands of new speakers of Irish over the last century, this author included. Even the more positive developments regarding overt Irish LPP which occurred towards the end of the writing of this book, such as the EU adopting Irish as a full working language and the strengthening of the Official Languages Act, are unlikely to have any great impact on the intergenerational transmission of Irish (cf. Dunbar 2011: 63). Indeed, they amount to exactly the sort of “higher order props” that have been for so long favoured in Ireland and elsewhere (Fishman 1991: 143, 380). With there being few examples internationally of languages that continue to be transmitted on a substantial scale once they are no longer spoken as a vernacular in any bounded territorial community (see, however, Hornsby and McLeod 2022), the long-term prospects for the survival of Irish therefore remain far from certain. 14.5 The Covid pandemic The global pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus is ongoing at the time of writing. While the long-term consequences of this are as yet unknown and further detailed research is required to fully understand how the pandemic affected the vitality of Irish, some points are worthy of mention. Coming on the tail of over a decade of austerity, these unprecedented events saw states rush to restrict economic activity, rather than revive it as was the case in previous crises. Shockingly, the immediate effects of the resulting economic disruption were even greater than after 2008, as “global output declined about three times as much as during the global financial crisis in half the time”, although the preservation of a 234 14 Summary and conclusion certain degree of financial stability has meant that the long-term “scarring” of this is expected to be less than during the Great Recession (IMF 2021: 43). Unlike the austerity measures so prominent previously, this crisis necessitated an enormous increase in state support policies in a very short period, with some commentators therefore believing that this moment may mark the emergence of a new phase in capitalism (Blakeley 2020). It must be remembered, though, that neoliberalism has always been committed to a strongly interventionist state, albeit one that operates to maintain capitalist social relations, and so these emergency intercessions are not necessarily the divergence that some have assumed (Šumonja 2021). As Covid restrictions began to relax in July 2021, the Irish government published its Economic Recovery Plan 2021, which politicians were anxious to announce as being the “opposite of austerity” (Irish Times 2021b). While this plan extended Pandemic Unemployment Payments for an additional six months, by the time they wind down the Central Bank estimated that some 100,000 people will have lost their jobs due to Covid (cf. 300,000 between 2008–2012). Although many of these were jobs likely to be lost over the coming years due to automation, the pandemic accelerated this trend greatly. Notable in the context of this study, the Economic Recovery Plan’s €3.5 billion stimulus includes an allocation of €0.2 billion “to address the significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism, cultural, sport, Gaeltacht and media sectors” (Government of Ireland 2021: 59), although how this will be allocated is unclear. Of course, as with the rest of the world, the Gaeltacht has suffered a great deal as a result of this crisis, and while additional investment is undoubtedly to be welcomed, it is almost certain that the funding it will receive under the Economic Recovery Plan 2021 will be insufficient to compensate for previous cuts. It is significant, however, that interest in Irish seemingly increased during lockdown (Conradh na Gaeilge 2021: 14), with many people suddenly having free time and a certain level of income support which allowed them to pursue post-material interests. A similar pattern was also visible in Wales, where numbers registered for taster courses run by the government-funded body Dysgu Cymraeg/Learn Welsh in 2020 were greater than the three previous years combined (Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee 2020: 16). Such developments offer a glimpse of one of the ways in which policies such as Universal Basic Income and Universal Basic Services could support minoritised languages enormously, and offer a stark contrast to the effects of precarity discussed in sections 3.4 and 6.4. In terms of the Gaeltacht economy, however, many of the challenges discussed throughout this work were exacerbated by the Covid crash. Not least amongst these were the issues faced by the tourism sector, which totally shut 14.5 The Covid pandemic 235 down for most of 2020 and 2021. Courses run by the summer colleges which saw such a decline in attendance during the Great Recession were cancelled both years, and supports offered by the state for those in the industry were widely derided as being inadequate. While the newly-granted permission to work remotely meant some Gaeltacht people could avoid the long commutes or emigration discussed above, this also increased demand for housing from non-Irish speakers relocating to rural areas, exacerbating the housing crisis which is a source of such concern in so many communities (RTÉ 2021). The accelerated move towards online communication that emerged during lockdown may also impact the use of Irish as a vernacular language negatively, based on the precedents described in section 13.3.1. While many learners and language enthusiasts surely enjoyed the increased availability of Irish-language events online, the majority of Irish speakers in the Gaeltacht are very unlikely to have sought out events purely due to them being in Irish, and as such will likely have defaulted to engaging with the vastly greater quantity of English-language content online. Although no link was made with the pandemic during discussion of the matter in Irish-language media, or in the reports of the Coimisinéir Teanga, an additional consequence of Covid-induced financial pressures for language policy would seem to be that the reduced revenue for county councils contributed to their neglect of Irish-language provision, as discussed in 6.2. Another sad fact of a virus more dangerous to the elderly is that it has, of course, been more lethal to Irish speakers in the Gaeltacht, considering the agegraded patterns of language use detailed in Chapter 13, a fact which is surely equally true for a huge number of the world’s minoritised languages. Needless to say, the overall lethality of the virus was itself amplified by the cuts to healthcare budgets that had been implemented in so many countries before the pandemic began. Notably, despite their new found “opposite of austerity” rhetoric, the government in the Republic was deeply reluctant to commit to an increase in the corporate tax rate from 12.5% to 15%, the international minimum which was proposed by the G7 and OECD at the same time as the Economic Recovery Plan 2021 was launched (Irish Times 2021c). Nonetheless, under much international and popular pressure in light of the Pandora Papers’ leak (which exposed again the enormous, systemic scale of tax avoidance by transnational corporations and high wealth individuals), they were later forced to concede to this 15% figure for companies that make over €750 million a year – itself a very low rate in comparison with pre-neoliberal trends (Irish Times 2021d). Despite this small positive step, however, the overall trend towards maintaining pre-Covid economic arrangements on a global scale is apparent in research done by Oxfam, which notes that “84% of the IMF’s COVID-19 loans were encouraging, and in 236 14 Summary and conclusion some cases requiring, countries to adopt austerity measures in the aftermath of the health crisis” (Oxfam 2021: 26). It would seem that reports of neoliberalism’s death from coronavirus have so far, then, been exaggerated. Considering the trajectory of global economic development before the pandemic, none of this is overly surprising, despite much vaunted claims about “building back better” and opinion polls showing majorities in many parts of the world not wanting to return to the pre-Covid status quo. Unless there is a significant escalation of working-class organisation and militancy in coming years, it would seem likely that any discussion of a move away from neoliberalism’s “essence” as a “utopia of endless exploitation” (Bourdieu 1998) is sure to remain in the realm of fantasy, with attendant social and sociolinguistic consequences worldwide. Nonetheless, despite having increased the fortunes of the richest enormously, the fact that the pandemic saw the implementation of so many measures which seemed to contradict the economic logic of the previous decade may have opened the door to increased expectations with regard to health care, eviction moratoriums, minimum income guarantees and so on. Such expectations may yet prompt the sort of movement building that is so urgently needed. When combined with the other catastrophes which are threatening communities all over the world, the pandemic and the measures needed to curb its spread may yet be one factor leading to a resurgence of grassroots organising which resists neoliberal dictates (Ó Ceallaigh 2022: 41–43). 14.6 Conclusion: Language revitalisation in a time of crises The vast extent of language loss occurring throughout the 21st century which was discussed in 1.1 is, of course, far from the only drastic challenge facing humanity at this juncture. Indeed, we currently face enormous, existential threats to the very future of our species – with runaway climate change, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and the risk of nuclear armageddon ranking high amongst these in the estimation of many analysts and international bodies. While the triumphalist ascendency of neoliberal capitalism was seriously challenged by the 2008 crash, and although policy makers have had to adopt some unprecedented measures in response to the Covid pandemic, neoliberalism remains dominant, albeit in an increasingly “zombified” form (Green and Lavery 2017: 79). International political developments since 2016, including Brexit and the resurgence of various nativist and fascist movements across the planet, have led commentators such as Blyth and Matthijs (2017: 218–219) to interpret the political crisis currently befalling neoliberalism as the lagged response to the economic 14.6 Conclusion: Language revitalisation in a time of crises 237 crisis of 2008. Indeed, the resultant tension between the economic compulsion of capitalism to globalise (cf. Friedman’s “golden straitjacket” [2000: 101–111]) and the political drive towards “neo-nationalism” which is currently present in many states (Blyth and Matthijs 2017: 222) is emerging as a fundamental conflict of our age. As many authors have described, the political turmoil resulting from this conflict is inherently linked not just to the Great Recession, but to the wider emergence of neoliberalism as a global hegemony over the last four decades (Blyth 2016; Inglehart 2018: 173–199). In the face of challenges of such immense proportions, the most powerful argument for being involved in language revitalisation is now surely that it requires us to challenge the “runaway civilization” (Fettes 1997; see also Giddens 2002) that is responsible for so many of the difficulties humanity currently faces. Without developing large-scale systemic solutions to our current crises as a matter of urgency, we face not just the continued loss of linguistic and ecological diversity on an extraordinary scale, but potentially the collapse of our very civilization. Unfortunately, a discussion of the sort of alternative political and economic models that may help overcome these major, totalising catastrophes as well as the challenges faced by speakers of minoritised languages has been beyond the scope of this work. Examples such as the “democratic confederalism” of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria offer a glimpse, however, of what a society based on direct democracy, environmentalism, feminism and explicit protection for linguistic minorities may look like (Jones 2018). In light of the findings of this study, it is clear that this topic is ripe for future research. Although language revitalisation is certainly a worthy cause in and of itself, as Audre Lorde reminds us “[t]here is no such thing as a single-issue struggle because we do not live single-issue lives” (2007 [1982]: 138), and so attempts to secure justice and recognition in the field of LPP will necessarily intersect with other areas of progressive social struggle. Indeed, without engaging with such wider struggles, as this work has attempted to show, the best efforts of language revitalisation advocates can have little hope of being effective long-term. Language revitalisation is therefore best understood as a “good problem” (Fishman 1991: 6), one whose resolution can contribute to solving the many other challenges we face. Without recognising this fact and acting accordingly, activist efforts at reversing language shift can only be destined to remain a hopelessly peripheral endeavour in an age of such enormous, intersectional crises, meaning that the mass extinction of linguistic diversity may thus come to be seen as just one more of the many melancholic characteristics that have so far defined the 21st century. Bibliography Activism.com. 2012. Don’t Destroy the Irish language Voluntary Sector. https://web.archive. org/web/20130517084212/http://www.activism.com/en_IE/petition/don-t-destroy-theirish-language-voluntary-sector/16962 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Allen, Kieran & Brian O’Boyle. 2013. Austerity Ireland: The Failure of Irish Capitalism. London: Pluto Press. Allen, Kieran. 2012. The model pupil who faked the test: Social policy in the Irish crisis. Critical Social Policy 32(3). 422–439. An Coimisiún um Athbheochan na Gaeilge. 1963. An Tuarascáil Dheiridh [The final report]. Dublin: Stationery Office. Anderson, Benedict. 1991 [1983]. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, revised edn. London: Verso. Anderson, Elizabeth, Ali Bakir & Eugenia Wickens. 2015. Rural Tourism Development in Connemara, Ireland. Tourism Planning and Development 12(1). 73–86. Anson, Brian. 1982. North West Donegal Gaeltacht: A Social and Environmental Study. Unpublished report for Údarás na Gaeltachta. Summary available online at http:// www.craiceailte.com/imleacan2/ansonbearla.htm (Accessed 16 September 2021) Anwyl, Llinos. 2021. Priced out Via Pinterest – Cottagecore and the Second Homes Crisis. Planet: The Welsh Internationalist 242. https://planetmagazine.org.uk/planet-online/ 242/llinos-anwyl (Accessed 30 April 2022) Appadurai, Arjun. 2005. Modernity at large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Bachrach, Peter & Morton S. Baratz. 1963. Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework. The American Political Science Review 57(3). 632–642. Bachrach, Peter & Morton S. Baratz. 1970. Power and Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bacon, Peter & Associates. 2009. Over-Capacity in the Irish Hotel Industry and Required Elements of a Recovery Programme. https://www.ihf.ie/documents/HotelStudyFinalRe port101109.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Bakan, Joel. 2005 [2004]. The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power, revised edn. London: Constable. Baker, Colin. 2011 [1993]. Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 5th edn. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Bank of Ireland. 2007. The Wealth of the Nation: Updated for 2007. http://www.finfacts.ie/ biz10/WealthNationReportJuly07.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Barry, Frank & Adele Bergin. 2017. Business. In William K. Roche, Philip J. O’Connell & Andrea Prothero (eds.), Austerity and Recovery in Ireland: Europe’s Poster Child and the Great Recession, 62–84. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BBC. 2010. Irish unveil tough four-year austerity plan. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business11829811 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Beck, Ulrich, Wolfgang Bonss & Christoph Lau. 2003. The Theory of Reflexive Modernization: Problematic, Hypotheses and Research Programme. Theory, Culture & Society 20(2). 1–33. Bergin, Osborn. 1911. Irish spelling: A Lecture. Dublin: Browne and Nolan Ltd. Berthon, Pierre, Leyland Pitt & Colin Campbell. 2019. Addictive De-Vices: A Public Policy Analysis of Sources and Solutions to Digital Addiction. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 38(4). 451–468. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768909-015 240 Bibliography Bew, Paul & Henry Patterson. 1982. Seán Lemass and the making of modern Ireland, 1945–66. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. Bisset, John. 2015. Defiance and Hope: austerity and the community sector in the Republic of Ireland. In Colin Coulter & Angela Nagle (eds.), Ireland Under Austerity: Neoliberal Crisis, Neoliberal Solutions, 171–191. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Blakeley, Grace. 2020. The Corona crash: How the pandemic will change capitalism. London: Verso. Block, David, John Gray & Marnie Holborow. 2012. Neoliberalism and Applied linguistics. New York: Routledge. Block, David. 2018a. Political Economy and Sociolinguistics: Neoliberalism, Inequality and Social Class. London: Bloomsbury. Block, David. 2018b. Inequality and Class in Language Policy and Planning. In James W. Tollefson & Miguel Pérez-Milans (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, 568–588. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Block, Fred. 2020 [1977]. The Ruling Class Does Not Rule. https://jacobinmag.com/2020/04/ ruling-class-capitalist-state-reform-theory (Accessed 5 March 2022). Blyth, Mark & Matthias Matthijs. 2017. Black Swans, Lame Ducks, and the mystery of IPE’s missing macroeconomy. Review of International Political Economy 24(2). 203–231. Blyth, Mark. 2013. Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Blyth, Mark. 2016. Policies to overcome stagnation: the crisis, and the possible futures, of all things euro. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 13(2). 215–228. Bohane, Caren. 2005. The Official Languages Act 2003. Cork Online Law Review 4. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/724adb_e8baf22f74ea4986be7414ece74af88e.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Bòrd na Gàidhlig. 2018. Bòrd na Gàidhlig Corporate Plan 2018–23. https://www.gaidhlig. scot/en/our-work/corporate/corporate-information/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Bort, Eberhard, Robin McAlpine & Gordon Morgan. 2012. The Silent Crisis: Failure and Revival in Local Democracy in Scotland. https://www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/so cial-welfare/pdfs/non-secure/s/i/l/silent-crisis-failure-and-revival-in-local-democracy-inscotland-summary-report.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. 8 December. Utopia of endless exploitation: The essence of neoliberalism. Le Monde diplomatique. https://mondediplo.com/1998/12/08bourdieu (Accessed 14 May 2022) Boyle, Richard. 2015. Public sector trends 2015 [State of the public service series, research paper no. 17]. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. Boyle, Richard. 2017. Public Sector Reform. In William K. Roche, Philip J. O’Connell & Andrea Prothero (eds.), Austerity and Recovery in Ireland: Europe’s Poster Child and the Great Recession, 214–231. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Breathnach, Proinnsias. 1986. Structural and functional problems of community development cooperatives in the Irish Gaeltacht. In Diarmuid Cearbhaill (ed.), The organisation and development of local initiative, 78–108. Galway: The International Society for the Study of Marginal Regions. Brennan, Sarah C. & James Wilson Costa. 2016. The Indexical Reordering of Language in Times of Crisis: Nation, Region, and the Rebranding of Place in Shetland and Western Ireland. Signs and Society 4(1). 106–137. Bibliography 241 Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos. 2010. The Global Financial Crisis, Neoclassical Economics, and the Neoliberal Years of Capitalism. Revue de la Régulation (7). https://journals.openedi tion.org/regulation/7729 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Brody, Hugh. 1974. Inishkillane: Change and decline in the west of Ireland. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Bruff, Ian. 2016. Neoliberalism and Authoritarianism. In Simon Springer, Kean Birch & Julie MacLeavy (eds.), The Handbook of Neoliberalism, 107–117. New York: Routledge. Bryman, Alan. 2008. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Buckley, Helen & Caroline O’Nolan. 2013. An examination of recommendations from inquiries into events in families and their interactions with State services, and their impact on policy and practice. Dublin: Department of Children and Youth Affairs. Byrne, Seán. 2018. An Plean Forbartha Náisiúnta agus an Ghaeltacht 2018–2027 [The National Development Plan and the Gaeltacht 2018–2027]. https://teachtaniar.eu/proxy/pdf/ anaili-s-ar-chaiteachas-an-rialtais-ar-an-ngaeltacht-agus-an-ghaeilge-leagan-deif22052018-g/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Cabras, Ignazio & Matthew Mount. 2015. Economic Development, Entrepreneurial Embeddedness and Resilience: The Case of Pubs in Rural Ireland. European Planning Studies 24(2). 254–276. Cabras, Ignazio & Matthew Mount. 2017. How third places foster and shape community cohesion, economic development and social capital: The Case of Pubs in Rural Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies 55(5). 71–82. Cairney, Paul. 2012. Understanding Public Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Callaghan, Niamh & Richard S. J. Tol. 2013. UK Tourists, the Great Recession and Irish Tourism Policy. Economic and Social Review 44(1). 103–116. Canagarajah, Sureash & Phiona Stanley. 2015. Ethical Considerations in Language Policy Research. In Francis Hult & David Cassels Johnson (eds.), Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide, 33–44. London: Wiley. Casado Del Río, Miguel Ángel, Josep Ángel Guimerà i Orts & Juan Carlos Miguel De Bustos. 2016. The impact of the cuts to regional public service broadcasters on the audiovisual industry: The Basque Country and Catalonia (2007–2014). Communication & Society 29(4). 9–27. Castells, Manuel. 2000. Information technology and global capitalism. In Anthony Giddens & Will Hutton (eds.), Global Capitalism, 52–74. New York: The New Press. CCCP. 2017. Request: What is required to save Gaeltacht Co-op’s [sic] and Community Development Companies. http://www.ccpb.ie/%C3%A9%C3%ADleamh (Accessed 12 September 2021) CEDRA. 2014. Energising Ireland’s rural economy: Report of the commission for the economic development of rural areas. https://www.teagasc.ie/media/website/rural-economy/ CEDRA_Report.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2007a. Gaeltacht – Galway. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2006re sults/Results2.aspx?Geog_Type=Gael&Geog_Code=26/27%20Galway (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2007b. Gaeltacht – Donegal. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2006re sults/Results2.aspx?Geog_Type=Gael&Geog_Code=33%20Donegal (Accessed 16 September 2021) 242 Bibliography Central Statistics Office. 2007c. Census 2006 Volume 9: Irish language. http://www.cso.ie/ en/media/csoie/census/census2006results/volume9/volume_9_irish_language_entire_ volume.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2012a. Daonáireamh na hÉireann 2011: Cainteoirí Gaeilge [Irish census 2011: Irish speakers]. http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/cen sus2011profile9/Profile_9_Irish_speakers_-_Combined_document.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2012b. Gaeltacht Area Galway. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Re sults.aspx?Geog_Type=GA&Geog_Code=03 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2012c. Gaeltacht Area Donegal. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2011/Re sults.aspx?Geog_Type=GA&Geog_Code=02 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2012d. Statistical Product - Profile 9 What we Know - A study of Education and Skills in Ireland: Tables CD964, CD965, CD959 & CD960. https://web.ar chive.org/web/20171025073536/http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Database/eirestat/Pro file%209%20What%20we%20Know%20-%20A%20study%20of%20Education%20and% 20Skills%20in%20Ireland/Profile%209%20What%20we%20Know%20-%20A%20study% 20of%20Education%20and%20Skills%20in%20Ireland_statbank.asp?SP=Profile%209% 20What%20we%20Know%20-%20A%20study%20of%20Education%20and%20Skills% 20in%20Ireland&Planguage=0 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017a. Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1. http://www.cso.ie/ en/media/csoie/newsevents/documents/census2016summaryresultspart1/Census2016 SummaryPart1.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017b. Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Gaeltacht Ghaeltacht Na Gaillimhe [sic] [Galway Gaeltacht]. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type= GAEL&Geog_Code=372FEC7C-DB30-4853-B7D4-BA6C2DCAF0F2 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017c. Census 2016 Sapmap Area: Gaeltacht Ghaeltacht Dhún Na Ngall [sic] [Donegal Gaeltacht] http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_ Type=GAEL&Geog_Code=865CD4F3-B2D8-4405-841E-0AB4CEA25B7B (Accessed 17 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017d. Census of Population 2016, E2021: Population of Islands off the Coast 2011 to 2016 by Islands, Census Year and Sex. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20190418044735/http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp? maintable=E2021&PLanguage=0 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017e. EA055: Irish Speakers Aged 3 Years and Over 2011 to 2016 by Sex, Frequency of Speaking Irish, Gaeltacht Areas, Age Group and Census Year. https://data.cso.ie/table/EA055 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2017f. Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 2. http://www.cso.ie/en/ media/csoie/newsevents/documents/census2016summaryresultspart2/Census_2016_ Summary_Results_%E2%80%93_Part_2.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2018a. Seasonally Adjusted Monthly Unemployment Rates. https://web.archive.org/web/20191114061450/https://statbank.cso.ie/multiquickt ables/quickTables.aspx?id=mum01 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Central Statistics Office. 2018b. Monthly Unemployment: April 2018. https://www.cso.ie/en/ releasesandpublications/er/mue/monthlyunemploymentapril2018/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Bibliography 243 Chaeyoon, Lim & James Laurence. 2015. Doing good when times are bad: Volunteering behaviour in economic hard times. British Journal of Sociology 66. 319–344. Chang, Ha-Joon. 2007. Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations & the Threat to National Prosperity. London: Random House. Chang, Ha-Joon. 2016. Owen Jones meets Ha-Joon Chang | The economic argument against neoliberalism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ti3rjogF_VU (Accessed 16 September 2021) Cheshire, Lynda & Geoffrey Lawrence. 2005. Neoliberalism, Individualisation and Community: Regional Restructuring in Australia. Social Identities 11(5). 435–445. Chomsky, Noam. 2012. How the World Works. London: Hamish Hamilton. CILAR. 1975. Report: Committee on Irish language Attitudes Research. Dublin: Stationery Office. Clarke, Tom & Anthony Heath. 2014. Hard times: The divisive toll of the economic slump. New Haven: Yale University Press. Clyne, Michael G. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact: English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coakley, Maurice. 2012. Ireland in the World Order: A History of Uneven Development. London: Pluto Press. Coimisinéir Teanga. 2013. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Annual Report 2012. http://coimisineir.ie/user files/files/Tuarascail_Bhliantuil_2012.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2014. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Annual Report 2013. http://coimisineir.ie/user files/files/Tuarascail_Bhliantuil_2013.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2015. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Annual Report 2014. http://coimisineir.ie/user files/files/Tuarascail_Bhliantuil_Iomlan_2014.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2017a. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Annual Report 2016. http://coimisineir.ie/ userfiles/files/24_05_17_Oifig_an_Choimisinear_Teanga_Tuarascail_Bhliantuil_Annual_ Report_2016.pdf?lang=GA (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2017b. Tráchtaireacht ar Chóras na Scéimeanna Teanga [Commentary on the system of language schemes]. https://www.coimisineir.ie/userfiles/files/Trachtair eacht-Leagan-Gaeilge.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2018. Ráiteas ón gCoimisinéir Teanga ar fhoilsiú: Tuarascáil Chomhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán ar Scéim Ghinearálta Bhille na dTeangacha Oifigiúla (Leasú), 2017 [Statement from the Language Commissioner on the publication of the report on the General Scheme of the Official Languages Bill (Amendment), 2017 by the Committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the Islands]. https://www.coimisineir.ie/userfiles/files/Raiteas_on_gCoimisineir_Teanga.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2019a. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Annual Report 2019. https://www.coimisi neir.ie/userfiles/files/CT_TuarascailBhliantuil2019.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2019b. Tuarascáil Faireacháin/Monitoring Report 2018. https://www.coi misineir.ie/userfiles/files/Tuarascail_Faireachain_2018.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Coimisinéir Teanga. 2021. Tuarascáil Faireacháin/Monitoring Report 2020/21. https://www.coi misineir.ie/userfiles/files/Tuarascail_Faireachain_2020-2021.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) 244 Bibliography Coimisiún na Gaeltachta. 1926. Report of Coimisiún na Gaeltachta. https://aran.library.nuigal way.ie/bitstream/handle/10379/2586/CnaGReport.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Coimisiún na Gaeltachta. 2002. Tuarascáil/Report. Dublin: Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and Islands. Cois Life. 2018. Ráiteas ó Cois Life [Statement from Cois Life]. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20210423083711/https://www.coislife.ie/raiteas-o-cois-life/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. n.d. Local Government and Communities Committee Draft Budget 2018-19 Submission from Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. https://archive2021.parliament. scot/parliamentarybusiness/currentcommittees/106441.aspx (Accessed 16 September 2021) Connacht Tribune. 2015. 27 August. White knight rides in to save Galway island school. https://connachttribune.ie/white-knight-rides-in-to-save-galway-island-school-098/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Connacht Tribune. 2017. 27 May. Grants will help Gaeltacht firms assess impact of Brexit. https://connachttribune.ie/grants-will-help-gaeltacht-firms-assess-impact-of-brexit-434/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Connolly, James. 1898. The Language Movement. https://www.marxists.org/archive/con nolly/1898/10/language.htm (Accessed 22 June 2022) Conradh na Gaeilge. 2013. Cén Fáth Go bhfoghlaimeodh aon státseirbhíseach an Ghaeilge a thuilleadh? [Why would any civil servant learn Irish anymore?] https://cnag.ie/ga/ nuacht/508-c%C3%A9n-f%C3%A1th-go-bhfoghlaimeodh-aon-st%C3%A1tseirbh%C3%ADseach-an-ghaeilge-a-thuilleadh.html (Accessed 16 September 2021) Conradh na Gaeilge. 2015. Céard é an scéal? Dearcthaí an Phobail i leith na Gaeilge [What’s the story? Public opinions on the Irish language]. Dublin: Conradh na Gaeilge. Conradh na Gaeilge. 2017. Investment in the Irish language and in the Gaeltacht from 2018 onwards – The case for additional funding. Version 5.0. https://cnag.ie/images/GaelV% C3%B3ta/24SA2017_Plean_MaoiniuBreise.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Conradh na Gaeilge. 2021. Céard é an scéal? [What’s the story?]: Public Opinions on the Irish Language. Annual Analysis 7. https://peig.ie/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/06NO2021_ Ce%CC%81ard-e%CC%81-an-Sce%CC%81al_RP-2.pdf (Accessed 14 April 2021) Cooper, Robert L. 1989. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooper, Vickie & David Whyte. 2017. The Violence of Austerity. London: Pluto Press. Cormack, Mike 2007. The Media and Language Maintenance. In Mike Cormack & Niamh Hourigan (eds.), Minority Language Media: Concepts, Critiques and Case Studies, 52–68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Costigan, Bosco & Seán Ó Curraoin. 1987. De Ghlaschloich an Oileáin: Beatha agus Saothair Mháirtín Uí Chadhain [Of the greenstone of the island: the life and works of Máirtín Ó Cadhain]. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnacht. Coughlan, Eileen. 2021. Identity, place and legitimate language: a comparative study of language attitudes among teenagers in two Irish-medium schools. Oxford: Unpublished PhD in the Department of Linguistics, University of Oxford. Coulter, Colin & Angela Nagle. 2015. Ireland under Austerity: Neoliberal Crisis, Neoliberal Solutions. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Crang, Mike & Ian Cook. 2007. Doing Ethnographies. Norwich: Geobooks. Bibliography 245 Crenson, Matthew A. 1971. The Un-politics of Air Pollution: A Study of Non-decision making in the Cities. London: Johns Hopkins Press. Creswell, John W. 2013 [2009]. Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th edn. London: SAGE. Cronin, Michael. 2011. An Ghaeilge agus cultúr na hInbhuanaitheachta [Irish and a culture of sustainability] in Breandán Mac Cormaic (ed.), Féiniúlacht, Cultúr agus Teanga i Ré an Domhandaithe [Identity, culture and language in an era of globalisation], 228–235. Dublin: Coiscéim. Crowe Horwath. 2013. Review of Funding for Public Service Broadcasters 23rd May 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603143001/https://dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communica tions/publications/Documents/71/Five%20Year%20Review%20of%20Funding%20of% 20Public%20Service%20Broadcasting.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Crowley, Frank. 2018. Why Project Ireland 2040 is doomed to fail. https://www.rte.ie/brain storm/2017/1206/925347-irelands-national-development-plan-is-doomed-for-failure/ (Accessed 9 May 2022) Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee. 2017. Outside the Box: The Future of S4C. https://senedd.wales/laid%20documents/cr-ld11157/cr-ld11157-e.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2021) Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee. 2019. Supporting and Promoting the Welsh Language. https://senedd.wales/media/hpbpjiga/cr-ld12636-e.pdf (Accessed 14 July 2021) Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee. 2020. Annual scrutiny of the Welsh Language Commissioner. https://record.assembly.wales/Committee/5706#C220662 (Accessed 14 July 2021) Culture, Welsh Language and Communications Committee. 2021. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Welsh language. https://senedd.wales/media/e1jpzqa3/cr-ld13874-e.pdf (Accessed 17 August 2021) Cunliffe, Daniel. 2021. Minority Languages in the Age of Networked Individualism: From Social Networks to Digital Breathing Spaces. In Huw Lewis & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation, 67–97. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-80189-2_3 Curtis, Liz. 1993 [1985]. Nothing but the same old story: The roots of anti-Irish racism, 3rd edn. London: Information on Ireland. Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. 2014. Lack of investment in the Welsh language: Welsh Government draft budget proposals for 2015-16. Response from Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (The Welsh Language Society). https://business.senedd.wales/documents/ s30197/FIN4%20-%2015-16WGDB17%20The%20Welsh%20Language%20Society.pdf (Accessed 9 September 2021) Dáil Éireann. 2010. Dáil Éireann debate – Wednesday, 7 Jul 2010. Question 110. Departmental Reports. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2010-07-07/59/?highlight% 5B0%5D=42&highlight%5B1%5D=full&highlight%5B2%5D=103&highlight%5B3%5D= part#s110 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Dáil Éireann. 2017. Dáil Éireann Debate, Tuesday – 11 April 2017. Question 470. Scéim na mBóithre Pobail [Community roads scheme]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/ques tion/2017-04-11/470/?highlight%5B0%5D=na (Accessed 16 September 2021) 246 Bibliography Dáil Éireann. 2018a. Straitéis 20 Bliain don Ghaeilge [The 20-Year strategy for the Irish Language]: Dáil Éireann Debate, Tuesday – 23 January 2018. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ ga/debates/question/2018-01-23/67/?highlight%5B0%5D=plean&highlight%5B1% 5D=gn%C3%83%C2%ADmh&highlight%5B2%5D=c%C3%83%C2%BAig&highlight% 5B3%5D=bliana&highlight%5B4%5D=na (Accessed 16 September 2021) Dáil Éireann. 2018b. Dáil Éireann debate – Wednesday, 28 Feb 2018 Vol. 966 No. 2 Other Questions: Maoiniú Údarás na Gaeltachta [Údarás na Gaeltachta funding]. https://www. oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2018-02-28/9/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Dáil Éireann. 2019. Aerfoirt Réigiúnacha [Regional airports]. Dáil Éireann Debate, Thursday – 21 February 2019. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/question/2019-02-21/10/?high light%5B0%5D=ceist&highlight%5B1%5D=ann&highlight%5B2%5D=f%C3%83%C2% B3s&highlight%5B3%5D=f%C3%83%C2%B3s&highlight%5B4%5D=ceist&highlight% 5B5%5D=ann&highlight%5B6%5D=ann (Accessed 16 September 2021) Daltún, Séamus. 2018. Tuairisc ar an anailís ar na meáin Ghaeilge atá maoinithe ag Foras na Gaeilge [Report on the analysis of the Irish-language media that are funded by Foras na Gaeilge]. https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ 6fa367509ddbfc41f29f514b21205cef.pdf (Accessed 26 July 2021) Del Percio, Alfonso, Mi-cha Flubacher & Alexandre Duchêne. 2017. Language and Political Economy. In Ofelia García, Nelson Flores & Massimiliano Spotti (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society, 55–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Delap, Breandán. 2008. Irish and the media. In Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín & Seán Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), A New View of the Irish Language, 152–163. Dublin: Cois Life. Delap, Breandán. 2015. Buille fill ar an teanga [A treacherous blow for the language]. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/treibh/buille-fill-ar-an-teanga-1.2479493 Accessed (Accessed 16 September 2021) Denvir, Gearóid. 2002. The Linguistic Implications of Mass Tourism in Gaeltacht Areas. New Hibernia Review/Iris Éireannach Nua: A Quarterly Record of Irish Studies 6(3). 23–43. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 2015. Aran Islands Air Service. https://web. archive.org/web/20201012223844/https://www.chg.gov.ie/aran-islands-air-service/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 2017. Amharcóir Pleanála Teanga [Language planning viewer]. https://dahg.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index. html?id=7090794ee2ca4b53bb785b84c2bd9ad80 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 2019. Treoirlínte Pleanála Teanga [Language planning guidelines]. https://assets.gov.ie/86337/c907b60a-5a0d-437483d9-aad86260c5bd.pdf (Accessed 11 April 2022) Department of Education and Skills. 2015. Projection of demand for full-time Third-level Education, 2015-2029. https://assets.gov.ie/26633/acbcc00c33334d7181ac f417963ab26e.pdf (Accessed 12 September 2021) Department of Finance. 2010. Infrastructure Investment Priorities 2010-2016: A Financial Framework. http://edepositireland.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/79898/infrastructure% 20investment%20priorites%202010-2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed 12 September 2021) Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. 2011. Public service reform, 17th November 2011. https://assets.gov.ie/35067/7f1d75ab9ccf47ab9ed13ae80e73b502. pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Bibliography 247 Department of the Taoiseach. 2015. 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010-2030 Progress Report: 2010-2015 Department of the Taoiseach. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20171024012519/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Irish_Language_Policy/20-Year_Strat egy_for_the_Irish_Language_2010_2030_Progress_Report_2010_2015_Department_of_ the_Taoiseach.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Deprez, Kas. 2000. Who wants to Save Oiléan Thoraigh [sic]. In Peter Wynn Thomas & Jayne Mathias (eds.), Developing Minority Languages: The Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Minority Languages (ICML), 464–475. Cardiff: Department of Welsh, Cardiff University. DIGI. 2014. DIGI Opening Statement to the Joint Committee on Transport and Communications 17th December 2014. https://wayback.archive-it.org/10702/20180504185644/https:// www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/committees/transport/archivesept2016transportandcommunications/Presentation-from-DIGI-to-JOC.docx (Accessed 17 September 2021) Domoff, Sarah E., Alison L. Miller, Neeaz Khalatbari, Megan H. Pesch, Kristen Harrison, Katherine Rosenblum & Julie C. Lumeng. 2017. Maternal beliefs about television and parental mediation in a low-income United States sample. Journal of Children and Media 11(3). 278–294. Dorian, Nancy C. 1977. The Problem of the Semi-Speaker in Language Death. Linguistics 15 (191). 23–32. Dorian, Nancy C. 1981. Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Dorian, Nancy C. 1999. Western Language Ideologies & Small Language Prospects. In Lenore A. Grenoble & Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.), Endangered languages: language loss and community response, 3–21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dorian, Nancy C. 2010 [1999]. Linguistic and ethnographic fieldwork. In Joshua A. Fishman & Ofelia García (eds.), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Vol. I), 2nd edn., 89–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Doyle, Aidan. 2015. A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dressler, Wolfgang U. 1996. Language death. In Rajendra Singh (ed.), Towards a Critical Sociolinguistics, 195–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Duchêne, Alexandre & Monica Heller. 2007. Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages. New York: Continuum. Duchêne, Alexandre & Monica Heller. 2012. Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit. New York: Routledge. Dukelow, Fiona. 2015. ‘Pushing against an open door’: Reinforcing the neo-liberal policy paradigm in Ireland and the impact of EU intrusion. Comparative European Politics 13(1). 93–111. Dunbar, Robert. 2003. Gaelic medium broadcasting, reflection on the legal framework from a sociolinguistic perspective. In John M. Kirk & Dónall P. Ó Baoill (eds.), Towards our goals in broadcasting, the press, the performing arts and the economy: minority languages in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland, 73–82. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. Dunbar, Robert. 2011. An tèid aig an lagh cleachdadh mion-chànain a bhrosnachadh? Achd na Gàidhlig agus achdan chànan eile fon phrosbaig [Can the law be used to promote minority language use? The Gaelic act and other language acts under examination]. In 248 Bibliography Richard A. V. Cox & Timothy Currie Armstrong (eds.), A’ Cleachdadh na Gàidhlig: Slatantomhais ann an dìon cànain sa choimhearsnachd [Using Gaelic: Criteria for language protection in the community], 51–72. Ostaig: Clò Ostaig. Dunbar, Robert. 2016. Language Legislation and Policy in the UK and Ireland: Different Aspects of Territoriality in a ‘Celtic’ Context. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights (23). 454–484. Dunmore, Stuart. 2019. Language Revitalisation in Gaelic Scotland: Linguistic Practice and Ideology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Dye, Thomas R. 1972. Understanding Public Policy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. 2003. Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edwards, John. 1984. Language diversity and identity. In Edwards, John (ed.), Linguistic Minorities, Policies and Pluralism, 277–310. London: Academic Press. Edwards, John. 2007. Language Revitalization and its Discontents: An essay and review of Saving languages: An introduction to language revitalization. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10(1). 101–120. Edwards, John. 2009. Language and Identity: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eisenlohr, Patrick. 2004. Language Revitalization and New Technologies: Cultures of Electronic Mediation and the Refiguring of Communities. Annual Review of Anthropology 33. 21–45 Engels, Friedrich. 1894. Marx-Engels Correspondence 1894: Engels to Borgius. https://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894/letters/94_01_25.htm (Accessed 16 September 2021) Enterprise Ireland. 2009. Annual Report & Accounts 2008. https://www.enterprise-ireland. com/en/Publications/Reports-Published-Strategies/Annual-Reports/2008-Annual-reporteng.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Enterprise Ireland. 2016. Annual Report & Accounts 2015. https://www.enterprise-ireland. com/en/Publications/Reports-Published-Strategies/Annual-Reports/2015-Annual-Reportand-Accounts-English.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Euromosaic. 1996. The Production and Reproduction of the Minority Language Groups in the European Union. Luxembourg: Euromosaic Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Eurostat. 2015. Tourism industries – employment. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Tourism_industries_-_employment#Jobs_are_less_stable_in_tour ism_than_in_the_rest_of_the_economy (Accessed 16 September 2021) Fáilte Ireland. 2016a. Tourism facts 2015. http://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/ WebsiteStructure/Documents/3_Research_Insights/3_General_SurveysReports/FailteIreland-s-tourism-facts-2015.pdf?ext=.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Fáilte Ireland. 2016b. Regional tourism performance in 2015. http://www.failteireland.ie/Fail teIreland/files/c4/c42b5249-242d-4860-b3b5-8720df101d4c.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Fennell, Deasún. 1981a. Can a shrinking linguistic minority be saved? Lessons from the Irish experience. In Einar Haugen, Derrick J. McClure & Derick Thomson (eds.), Minority Languages Today, 32–39. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Fennell, Deasún. 1981b. The Last Years of the Gaeltacht. The Crane Bag: Irish Language and Culture – an t-eagrán Gaelach [the Gaelic edition] 5(2). 8–11. Bibliography 249 Fetterman, David M. 1989. Ethnography Step by Step. London: SAGE. Fettes, Mark. 1997. Stabilizing what? An ecological Approach to Language Renewal. In Reyhner, Jon (ed.), Teaching Indigenous Languages, 301–318. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University. Financial Times. 2013. One Irish person emigrates every six minutes. https://www.ft.com/con tent/d27e950a-10bf-11e3-b291-00144feabdc0 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Fishman, Joshua A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Fishman, Joshua A. 2001. Can Threatened Languages be Saved? Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Fitzgerald, Garret. 1984. Estimates for Baronies of Minimum Level of Irish-Speaking Amongst Successive Decennial Cohorts: 1771-1781 to 1861–1871. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 84C. 117–155. Fóram Chois Fharraige um Pleanáil Teanga. 2016. Achoimre agus Moltaí Plean Teanga 2017–2023 [Summary and recommendations language plan 2017–2023]. https://www. coisfharraige.ie/cumann-forbartha/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PleanTeangaCF2016. pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Foras na Gaeilge. 2013. Réamhrá ar thuarascáil ar thórthaí an phróisis chomhairliúcháin maidir le seirbhís nuachta Gaeilge [Introduction to the report on the findings of the consultation process regarding an Irish-language news service]. http://www.forasna gaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Anail%C3%ADs-agus-molta%C3%AD-faoisheirbh%C3%ADs-nuachta.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Foras na Gaeilge. 2019. Tuairisc ar Chomhairliúchán Poiblí Fhoras na Gaeilge ar athbhreithniú ar earnáil na meán Gaeilge Clóite agus ar líne Meitheamh – Lúnasa 2019 [Report on Foras na Gaeilge’s public consultation on the review of the Irish-language print and online media sector June – August 2021]. https://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/comhairliuchan-arearnail-na-mean-tuarascail/ (Accessed 7 July 2021) Foras Teanga. 2009. The North/South Language Body Annual Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20171031041223/https://www. forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Tuarasc%C3%A1il-Bhliant%C3%BAil-% E2%80%93-An-Foras-Teanga-2008.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Foras Teanga. 2017. The North/South Language Body Annual Report and Accounts For the year ended 31 December 2016. http://www.forasnagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ 06d5a821e60cc329c5325959075b08d3.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Forbes. 2017. The World’s Biggest Public Companies. https://www.forbes.com/companies/zur ich-insurance-group/ (Accessed 16 September 2021) Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France, 1978–79. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Friedman, Milton. 2002 [1962]. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Friedman, Milton. 2007 [1970]. The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. In Walther C. Zimmerli, Marcus Holzinger & Klaus Richter (eds.), Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance, 173–178. Berlin: Springer. Friedman, Thomas. 2000. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. London: HarperCollins. Future of Media Commission. 2021a. Aighneacht don Choimisún [sic] Um Thodhchaí na Meán ó Cheardchumann na nIriseóirí RTE Raidió na Gaeltachta [Submission to the Future of Media Commission from the RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta Journalists’ Union]. 250 Bibliography https://futureofmediacommission.ie/wp-content/uploads/341.-Raidio-na-GaeltachtaUnion-of-Journalists.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2021) Future of Media Commission. 2021b. Comhar: Aighneacht don Choimisiún um Thodhchaí na Meán in Éirinn [Comhar: submission to the Future of Media in Ireland Commission]. https://futureofmediacommission.ie/wp-content/uploads/812.-Comhar.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2021) Gaelport.com. 2012. Gardener gagged by the state. Irish Daily Mail 17 July 2012. https://web. archive.org/web/20171224091854/http://www.gaelport.com/nuacht/Gardener-gaggedby-the-State/ (Accessed 24 July 2021) Gaelscéal. 2013. 20 February. Aighneas san Acadamh [Argument in the Acadamh]. https://cs. slu.edu/~scannell/gaelsceal/2013-02-20.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Gal, Susan. 1979. Language Shift: Social Determinants of linguistic change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press. Galway Advertiser. 2014. One thousand take part in Spiddal ‘Slán le Séan’ [sic] Irish language rights march. https://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/67348/one-thousand-take-partin-spiddal-sl%c3%a1n-le-s%c3%a9an-irish-language-rights-march (Accessed 24 July 2021) Galway County Council. 2013 [2008]. Gaeltacht Local Area Plan 2008-2018 Adopted 25th February 2008, Amendment and Extension Adopted 25th March 2013. http://www.gal way.ie/en/media/Gaeltacht%20LAP%202008%20-2018%20(Amended%2025%20March% 202013).pdf (Accessed 12 September 2021) Gamble, Andrew. 1994 [1988]. The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism, 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Gamble, Andrew. 2009. The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Gannon, Maria, Ailsa Burn-Murdoch, Andrew Aiton, Nick Bailey, Glen Bramley, Allan Campbell, Kayleigh Finnigan, Laura Gilman, Annette Hastings. 2017. The social impact of the 2017–18 local government budget. https://digitalpublications.parliament.scot/ResearchBriefings/ Report/2017/12/5/The-social-impact-of-the-2017-18-local-government-budget (Accessed 10 August 2021) Gao, Shaugh & Joseph Sung-Yul Park. 2015. Space and language learning under the neoliberal economy. L2 Journal 7(3). 78–96. García, Ofelia. 2012. Ethnic identity and language policy. In Bernard Spolsky (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, 79–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Garvin, Tom. 1987. Nationalist Revolutionaries of Ireland 1858–1928. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gathercole, Virginia C. Mueller & Enlli Môn Thomas. 2009. Bilingual First-Language Development: Dominant Language Takeover, Threatened Minority Language Take-Up. Bilingualism 12(2). 213–237. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana Press. Geertz, Clifford. 1988. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Gershon, Ilana. 2011. Un-Friend My Heart: Facebook, Promiscuity, and Heartbreak in a Neoliberal Age. Anthropological Quarterly 84(4). 865–894. Gershon, Ilana. 2016. “I’m not a businessman, I’m a business, man”: Typing the neoliberal self into a branded existence. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6(3). 223–246. Bibliography 251 Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late-modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Giddens, Anthony. 2002 [1999]. Runaway World: How Globalisation is Reshaping Our Lives, revised edn. London: Profile. Gille, Zsuzsa & Seán Ó Riain. 2002. Global Ethnography. Annual Review of Sociology. 281(1). 271–295. Giuliano, Paola & Antonio Spilimbergo. 2014. Growing up in a Recession. Review of Economic Studies 81(2). 787–817. Glynn, Irial & Philip J. O’Connell. 2017. Migration. In William K. Roche, Philip J. O’Connell & Andrea Prothero (eds.), Austerity and Recovery in Ireland: Europe’s Poster Child and the Great Recession, 290–310. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Glynn, Irial, Thomas Kelly & Piaras MacÉinrí. 2013. Irish Emigration in an Age of Austerity. https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/research/emigre/Emigration_in_an_Age_of_Austerity_ Final.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Gorter, Durk. 2006. Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Government of Ireland. 1965. White paper on the Restoration of the Irish language. Dublin: Stationery Office. Government of Ireland. 2003. Official Languages Act 2003. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ eli/2003/act/32/enacted/en/pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2006. Statement on the Irish Language 2006. Dublin: Stationery Office. Government of Ireland. 2009. Broadcasting Act 2009. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/ 2009/act/18/enacted/en/pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2010. 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030. Dublin: Stationery Office. Government of Ireland. 2011. Programme for Government 2011–2016. https://web.archive.org/ web/20190128115619/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Work_Of_The_Department/Pro gramme_for_Government/Programme_for_Government_2011-2016.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2012. Gaeltacht Act 2012 and Explanatory and Financial Memorandum. https://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/bills28/bills/2012/5312/b5312s.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2017a. Official Languages (Amendment) Bill 2017 General Scheme and Draft Heads of Bill. https://web.archive.org/web/20201010165343/https://www.chg.gov. ie/app/uploads/2015/07/official-language-amendment-bill-2017-general-scheme-anddraft-heads-of-bill.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2017b. Realising our Rural Potential: Action Plan for Rural Development. https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041659/https://www.chg.gov.ie/ app/uploads/2017/01/162404-rural-ireland-action-plan-web-2-1.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2018a. Plean Gníomhaíochta 2018–2022 [Action plan 2018–2022]. https://web.archive.org/web/20201010151026/https://www.chg.gov.ie/app/uploads/ 2018/06/ghaeltacht_report_screen.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Government of Ireland. 2018b. Project Ireland 2040: National Development Plan 2018–2027. http://www.per.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/NDP-strategy-2018-2027_WEB.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) 252 Bibliography Government of Ireland. 2021. Economic Recovery Plan 2021. https://assets.gov.ie/136523/ 03f31f12-10eb-4912-86b2-5b9af6aed667.pdf (Accessed 17 August 2021) Graeber, David. 2004. Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. Graeber, David. 2014 [2011]. Debt: The First 5,000 Years, revised edn. New York: Melvin House. Graeber, David. 2018. Bullshit Jobs: A Theory. London: Allen Lane. Gramsci, Antonio. 1992. Prison Notebooks. New York: Columbia University Press. Grasso, Maria T. & Marco Giugni. 2016. Protest participation and economic crisis: The conditioning role of political opportunities. European Journal of Political Research 55. 663–680. Green, Jeremy & Scott Lavery. 2017. After neoliberalisation? Monetary indiscipline, crisis and the state. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 43(1). 79–94. Greider, William. 1981. The Education of David Stockman. The Atlantic December 1981. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1981/12/the-education-of-davidstockman/305760/?single_page=true (Accessed 16 September 2021) Grenoble, Lenore A. & Lindsay J. Whaley. 1998. Toward a typology of language endangerment. In Lenore A. Grenoble & Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.), Endangered languages: language loss and community response, 22–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grenoble, Lenore A. 2011. Language ecology and endangerment. In Peter Austin & Julia Sallabank (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, 27–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grin, Francois. 1999. Market Forces, Language Spread and Linguistic Diversity. In Miklos Kontra, Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Tibor Varády (eds.) Language: A right and a resource: Approaching linguistic human rights, 169–186. Budapest: Central European University Press. Grin, Francois. 2006. Economic Considerations in Language Policy. In Thomas Ricento (ed.), An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, 77–94. Oxford: Blackwell. Gunther, Wilf. 1989. Language conservancy or: Can the anciently established British minority languages survive? In Durk Gorter, Jarich F. Hoekstra, Lammert G. Jansma & Jehannes Ytsma (eds.), Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages. Volume II: Western and Eastern European Papers, 53–68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Guth na Gaeltachta. 2010. Open letter to An Taoiseach and An Tánaiste about the future of the Gaeltacht. https://web.archive.org/web/20130709031701/http://guthnag.com/summary. html (Accessed 16 September 2021) Haase, Trutz & Jonathan Pratschke. 2017a. The 2016 Pobal HP Deprivation Index for Small Areas (SA): Introduction and Reference Tables. https://www.pobal.ie/Publications/Docu ments/The%202016%20Pobal%20HP%20Deprivation%20Index%20-%20Introduction% 2007.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Haase, Trutz & Jonathan Pratschke. 2017b. The 2016 Pobal HP Deprivation Index for Small Areas (SA): Introduction and Key Findings. http://trutzhaase.eu/wp/wp-content/uploads/ 1The-2016-SA-Pobal-HP-Deprivation-Index-Introduction-and-Key-Findings-26.ppt (Accessed 16 September 2021) Hall, Peter A. 1993. Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politics 25(3). 275–296. Harbert, Wayne, Sally McConnell-Ginet, Amanda Miller & John Whitman. 2009. Language and Poverty. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Bibliography 253 Harbert, Wayne. 2011. Endangered languages and economic development. In Peter K. Austin & Julia Sallabank (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, 403–422. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hardiman, Niamh & Aidan Regan. 2012. The politics of austerity in Ireland. Intereconomics 48 (1). 9–13. Harris, Carl. 2014. The impact of austerity on a British council estate. Psychologist 27(4). 250–253. Harrison, K. David. 2007. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World’s Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harvey, Brian. 2012. Downsizing the Community Sector: Changes in employment and services in the voluntary and community sector in Ireland, 2008-2012. https://www.ictu.ie/down load/pdf/downsizingcommunitysector.pdf (Accessed 16 September 2021) Harvey, Brian. 2014. Are we paying for that? Dublin: The Advocacy Initiative. Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harvey, David. 2007. Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 610. 22–44. Harvey, David. 2008. The Right to the City. New Left Review 53. 23–40. Harvey, David. 2012a. The urban roots of financial crises: reclaiming the city for anti-capitalist struggle. Socialist Register 48. https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/ 15644/12768 (Accessed 8 October 2021) Harvey, David. 2012b. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso. Hay, Colin. 2002. Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hayek, Friedrich. 1988. The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. New York: Routledge. Hayek, Friedrich. 2006 [1944]. The Road to Serfdom. New York: Routledge. Hayek, Friedrich. 2011 [1960]. The Constitution of Liberty: The definitive edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Healy, Tom. 2015. Emigration has taken its toll. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20191009214751/http://www.nerinstitute.net/blog/2015/07/03/emigration-has-taken-itstoll/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Heller, Monica & Bonnie S. McElhinny. 2017. Language, Capitalism, Colonialism: Toward a Critical History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Heller, Monica, Joan Pujolar & Alexandre Duchêne. 2014. Linguistic Commodification in Tourism. Journal of sociolinguistics 18 (4). 539–566. Heller, Monica. 2006. Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. New York: Continuum. Hicks, Davyth, Paola Baroni, Klara Ceberio Berger, Antton Gurrutxaga Hernaiz, Eleonore Kruse, Valeria Quochi, Irene Russo, Tuomo Salonen, Anneli Sarhimaa, Claudia Soria. 2018. Roadmap to Digital Language Diversity. http://www.dldp.eu/sites/default/files/docu ments/DLDP_Roadmap.pdf (Accessed 23 April 2022) Hill, Jane H. 1987. Women’s speech in modern Mexicano. In Susan U. Phillips, Susan Steele & Christine Tanz (eds.), Language, gender and sex in comparative perspective, 121–160. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hindley, Reg. 1990. The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary. New York: Routledge. Holmes, Janet. 2013 [1992]. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edn. New York: Routledge. 254 Bibliography Homburg, Vincent, Christopher Pollitt & Sandra van Thiel. 2007. Introduction. In Christopher Pollitt, Sandra van Thiel & Vincent Homburg (eds.), New Public Management in Europe: Adaptation and Alternatives, 1–9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hornberger, Nancy H. & David Cassels Johnson. 2011. The Ethnography of Language Policy. In Teresa L. McCarty (ed.), Ethnography and Language Policy, 273–289. New York: Routledge. Hornberger, Nancy H. 2006. Frameworks and Models in Language Policy and Planning. In Thomas Ricento (ed.), An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, 24–41. Oxford: Blackwell. Hornsby, Michael & Wilson McLeod. 2022. Transmitting Minority Languages: Complementary Reversing Language Shift Strategies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hult, Francis M. & David Cassels Johnson. 2015. Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide. London: Wiley. Hult, Francis M. 2010. Analysis of Language Policy Discourses Across the Scales of Space and Time. International journal of the sociology of language. 202. 7–24. Hyndman, Noel & Irvine Lapsley. 2016. New Public Management: The Story Continues. Financial Accountability & Management 32(4). 385–408. ICTU. 2011. Privatisation: Learning from the Eircom debacle. https://www.ictu.ie/download/ pdf/learning_from_the_eircom_debacle.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IDA. 2010. Annual Report & Accounts 2009. https://www.idaireland.com/IDAIreland/media/ docs/About-IDA/IDA-AR09-24-June(lr).pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IDA. 2016. Annual Report & Accounts 2015. https://www.idaireland.com/IDAIreland/media/ docs/About-IDA/annual_report_2015.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2010. Ireland: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding. https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/ irl/120310.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2012. Systemic banking crises database: An update. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ ft/wp/2012/wp12163.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2013. Ireland: Ninth Review under the Extended Arrangement, IMF Country Report No. 13/93. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr1393.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2016. The IMF’s Role in Ireland: Background Paper for the Independent Evaluation Office of the International Monetary Fund. https://ieo.imf.org/~/media/IEO/Files/evaluations/ completed/07-28-2016-the-imf-and-the-crises-in-greece-ireland-and-portugal/eac-bp-1602-04-the-imf-s-role-in-ireland-v5.ashx (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2018. A Decade after the Global Financial Crisis: Are We Safer? Global Financial Stability Report World Economic and Financial Surveys October 2018. https://www.imf.org/en/Pub lications/GFSR/Issues/2018/09/25/Global-Financial-Stability-Report-October-2018 (Accessed 17 September 2021) IMF. 2019. The Rise of Phantom Investments. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/ 2019/09/the-rise-of-phantom-FDI-in-tax-havens-damgaard.htm (Accessed 8 August 2021) IMF. 2021. After-effects of the Covid-19 pandemic: Prospects for medium-term economic damage. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/081/29821-9781513575025-en/ch02. xml (Accessed 8 August 2021) IMF. 2022. World Economic Outlook April 2022: War Sets Back the Global Recovery. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2022/04/19/world-economic-outlookapril-2022 (Accessed 25 April 2022) Bibliography 255 Indecon. 2016. Public Funding Review of Public Service Broadcasters. https://web.archive. org/web/20200603170132/https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publica tions/Documents/67/Annual%20Review%20of%20Public%20Funding%202015.PDF (Accessed 17 September 2021) Indecon. 2017. Public Funding Review of Public Service Broadcasters. http://opac.oireachtas. ie/AWData/Library3/CCAEdoclaid160518B_115854.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Indymedia.ie. 2009. The Phoenix on Colm McCarthy of An Bord Snip. http://www.indymedia. ie/article/93211 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Inglehart, Ronald. 2018. Cultural Evolution: People’s Motivations are Changing, and Reshaping the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Irish Examiner. 2012. 20 July. Opposition TDs stage walkout… over Gaeltacht. http://www.iri shexaminer.com/ireland/politics/opposition-tds-stage-walkout-over-gaeltacht-201372. html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Examiner. 2013. 24 September. 20% have less than €150 a month after bills. http://www. irishexaminer.com/ireland/20-have-less-than-150-a-month-after-bills-244077.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Independent. 2010. 22 December. Vow to triple our Irish speakers Government unveils its 20-year strategy. http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/vow-to-triple-our-irish-speakers26608582.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Independent. 2012. 17 November. The burning question: Why don’t we protest? https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-burning-question-why-dont-we-protest28902901.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Independent. 2014. 12 September. Pubs in crisis as over 2,000 locals call last orders. https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/news/pubs-in-crisis-as-over-2000-localscall-last-orders-30583527.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Independent. 2017. April. Rich List 2017. http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/richlist-2017/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Irish Independent. 2018. 15 March. ‘Lost decade’ is over as number in work looks to hit new high. https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/lost-decade-is-over-as-number-inwork-looks-to-hit-new-high-36706902.html (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2010. 18 November. TG4 paused for thought as it awaits post-budget fate. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/tg4-paused-for-thought-asit-awaits-post-budget-fate-1.678319 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2011a. 25 November. McGinley says €500,000 could be saved with no Údarás elections. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/mcginley-says-500-000could-be-saved-with-no-%C3%BAdar%C3%A1s-elections-1.16019 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2011b. 16 April. The smallest schools in Ireland. http://www.irishtimes.com/ news/the-smallest-schools-in-ireland-1.574073 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2015a. 25 September. Tender procedure for Aran Island air service cancelled. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/tender-procedure-for-aranisland-air-service-cancelled-1.2367197 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2015b. 16 July. Community in crisis: Extra teacher ‘vital’ to Inis Meáin. http://www. irishtimes.com/news/education/community-in-crisis-extra-teacher-vital-to-inisme%C3%A1in-1.2286218 (Accessed 16 September 2021) 256 Bibliography Irish Times. 2016a. 23 June. Arts now a ‘Frankenstein department’, says Sinn Féin. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/arts-now-a-frankensteindepartment-says-sinn-f%C3%A9in-1.2695535 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2016b. 3 August. State to buy almost 2,000 hectares in Dublin Mountains. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/state-to-buy-almost-2-000-hectares-indublin-mountains-1.2743804 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2017. 28 September. More Irish people still emigrating than moving back. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/more-irish-people-still-emigratingthan-moving-back-1.3236979 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2018a. 17 March. Give me a crash course in … Irish economic growth. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/give-me-a-crash-course-in-irisheconomic-growth-1.3429505 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2018b. 25 February. An Post takes 11,693 to court over nonpayment of TV licence in 2017. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/an-post-takes-11-693-to-courtover-nonpayment-of-tv-licence-in-2017-1.3405139 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2018c. 10 April. Government to invest €178m in Gaeltacht and Irish language. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/government-to-invest-178m-ingaeltacht-and-irish-language-1.3457467 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2018d. 19 January. Western community highlights loss of GAA players in bid to revitalise area. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/western-communityhighlights-loss-of-gaa-players-in-bid-to-revitalise-area-1.3361825 (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2018e. 29 January. Údarás supported employment in Gaeltacht regions returns to Celtic Tiger highs. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/%C3%BAdar%C3% A1s-supported-employment-in-gaeltacht-regions-returns-to-celtic-tiger-highs-1.3372129? mode=amp (Accessed 16 September 2021) Irish Times. 2020a. 17 October. Women ‘far from achieving gender equality’, says Citizens’ Assembly. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/women-far-fromachieving-gender-equality-says-citizens-assembly-1.4383153 (Accessed 14 April 2021) Irish Times. 2020b. 12 October. Local authorities say they will have to cut services over collapse in revenues. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/local-authorities-saythey-will-have-to-cut-services-over-collapse-in-revenues-1.4378106 (Accessed 26 July 2021) Irish Times. 2021a. 4 January. ‘We are down to the last penny’: Aran islanders on their pandemic year. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/we-are-down-tothe-last-penny-aran-islanders-on-their-pandemic-year-1.4449232 (Accessed 26 July 2021) Irish Times. 2021b. 1 June. Economic recovery plan ‘the opposite of austerity’, says Taoiseach. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/economic-recovery-plan-theopposite-of-austerity-says-taoiseach-1.4580899 (Accessed 17 August 2021) Irish Times. 2021c. 15 July. Ireland cannot be part of current global tax reform proposals, Donohoe says. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-cannot-be-partof-current-global-tax-reform-proposals-donohoe-1.4621213 (Accessed 17 August 2021) Irish Times. 2021d. 7 October. Ireland’s corporate tax rate set to rise to 15%, as part of global deal. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/ireland-s-corporate-tax-rate-set-to-riseto-15-as-part-of-global-deal-1.4693782 (Accessed 16 August 2021) Jackson, Alvin. 2010 [1999]. Ireland 1798-1998: War, Peace and Beyond, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Bibliography 257 Jaffe, Alexandra & Cedric Oliva. 2013. Linguistic Creativity in Corsican Tourist Context. In Sari Pietikäinen & Helen Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery, 95–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jaffe, Alexandra. 2007. Discourses of endangerment: Contexts and consequences of essentializing discourses. In Alexandre Duchêne & Monica Heller (eds.), Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages, 57–75. New York: Continuum. Johnson, David Cassels. 2010. Implementational and ideological spaces in bilingual education language policy. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 13(1). 61–79. Johnson, David Cassels. 2013. Language Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, Hywel. 2007. The implications of changes in the ages of Welsh speakers and their spatial distribution: translation from Welsh of paper in Gwerddon, 1(2). Jones, Owen. 2018. Kurdish Afrin is democratic and LGBT-friendly. Turkey is crushing it with Britain’s help. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/16/turkeydemocracy-kurdish-afrin-britain-syria-arming (Accessed 17 September 2021) Jordan, A. Grant & Jeremy John Richardson. 1987. British Politics and the Policy Process: An arena approach. London: Allen & Unwin. Judt, Tony. 2010. Ill fares the Land: A Treatise on Our Present Discontents. London: Penguin. Kalecki, Michał. 1943. Political aspects of full employment. The Political Quarterly 14(4). 322–330. Kaplan, Robert B. & Richard B. Baldauf Jr. 1997. Language Planning: From Practice to Theory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Kay, Adrian. 2005. A Critique of the use of Path Dependency in Policy Studies. Public Administration 83(3). 553–571. Kelly, Adrian. 2002. Compulsory Irish: Language and Education in Ireland 1870s-1970s. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. Kelly, Liz, Sheila Burton & Linda Regan. 1994. ‘Researching Women’s Lives or Studying Women’s Oppression? Reflections on what Constitutes Feminist Research’. In Mary Maynard & June Purvis (eds.), Researching Women’s Lives From A Feminist Perspective, 27–48. London: Taylor & Francis. Kelly-Holmes, Helen. 2013. ‘Translation in Progress’: Centralizing and Peripheralizing Tensions in the Practices of Commercial Actors in Minority Language Sites. In Sari Pietikäinen & Helen Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery, 118–132. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Khoo, Su-ming. 2006. Development education, citizenship and civic engagement at third level and beyond: Capacity building for development education in third level education. Policy and Practice: A Development Education Review – Special Issue on Citizenship 3. 26–39. King, Kendall A. & Adam C. Rambow. 2012. Transnationalism, migration and language education policy. In Bernard Spolsky (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy, 399–416. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. King, Kendall A. & Ling Wang. 2021. Family Language Policy and Language Transmission in Times of Change. In Huw Lewis & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation, 119–140. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. Kirby, Peadar & Mary Murphy. 2011. Globalisation and Models of State: Debates and Evidence from Ireland. New Political Economy 16(1). 19–39. 258 Bibliography Kirby, Peadar, Luke Gibbons & Michael Cronin. 2002. Introduction: The Reinvention of Ireland: A Critical Perspective. In Peadar Kirby, Luke Gibbons & Michael Cronin (eds.), Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society, and the Global Economy, 1–18. London: Pluto Press. Kirby, Peadar. 2010 [2002]. Celtic Tiger in Collapse: Explaining the Weaknesses of the Irish Model, 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Klein, Naomi. 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. London: Allen Lane. KOF. 2017. Index of Globalization. https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/ dual/kof-dam/documents/Globalization/rankings_2017.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Kornai, A. 2013. Digital language death. PLoS ONE 8(10). e77056–e77056. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pone.0077056. Krauss, Michael. 1992. The World’s Languages in Crisis. Language 68(1). 4–10. Krugman, Paul. 2015. The Austerity Delusion. http://www.theguardian.com/business/nginteractive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion (Accessed 17 September 2021) Kulick, Don. 1992. Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self, and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinean Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kunzlik, Peter. 2013. Neoliberalism and the European Public Procurement Regime. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 15. 283–356. Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. Lancee, Bram & Herman G. Van de Werfhorst. 2012. Income inequality and participation: A comparison of 24 European countries. Social science research 41(5). 1166–1178. Lee, J. J. 1989. Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lenoach, Ciarán, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin. 2012. An Chonair Chaoch: An Mionteangachas sa Dátheangachas [The blind alley: the minority language condition in bilingualism]. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Lenoach, Ciarán. 2012. An Ghaeilge Iarthraidisiúnta agus a Dioscúrsa [Post-traditional Irish and its discourse]. In Ciarán Lenoach, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin (eds.), An Chonair Chaoch: An Mionteangachas sa Dátheangachas [The blind alley: the minority language condition in bilingualism], 19-109. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Lin, Angel M. Y. 2015. Researcher Positionality. In Francis Hult & David Cassels Johnson (eds.), Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide, 21–32. London: Wiley. Lorde, Audre. 2007. Sister Outsider: Essays & Speeches by Audre Lorde. Berkeley: Crossing Press. Lowi, Theodore J. 1964. An American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory. World Politics 16(4). 677–715. Lukes, Steven. 1974. Power: A Radical View. London: Macmillan. Lumsden, Karen. 2009. ‘Don’t Ask a Woman to Do Another Woman’s Job’: Gendered Interactions and the Emotional Ethnographer. Sociology 43(3). 497–513. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0038038509103205. Lynch, Kathleen. 2012. On the Market: Neoliberalism and New Managerialism in Irish Education. Social Justice Series 12(5). 88–102. Mac a’ Bhàillidh, Màrtainn. 2022. The Highland Clearances, 2022. https://bellacaledonia.org. uk/2022/06/02/the-highland-clearances-2022/ (Accessed 10 June 2022) Mac Cóil, Liam. 2021. An Fhírinne Neamhráite [The unstated truth]. Comhar (January) 81 (1). https://comhar.ie/iris/81/1/an-fhirinne-neamhraite/ (Accessed 25 July 2021) Bibliography 259 Mac Cormaic, Breandán. 2011. Étrange défaite, nó an Chíor Tuathail Éireannach agus an Ghaeilge [Étrange défaite: the cultural context of the Irish economic crisis of 2008]. In Breandán Mac Cormaic (ed.), Leas na Gaeilge, Leas an Stáit [The good of Irish, the good of the state], 13–31. Dublin: Coiscéim. Mac Donnacha, Joe. 2014. The Death of a Language. http://www.drb.ie/essays/the-death-ofa-language (Accessed 17 September 2021) Mac Donnacha, Seosamh. 2008. TG4: Seirbhís Chraolacháin nó Seirbhís Phleanála Teanga? [TG4: a broadcasting service or a language planning service?]. In Eithne O’Connell, John Walsh & Gearóid Denvir (eds.), TG4@10: Deich mbliana de TG4 [TG4@10: ten years of TG4], 103–113. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnacht. Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait. 2005. The Irish language in Ireland: From Goídel to Globalisation. New York: Routledge. Mac Giolla Chríost, Diarmait. 2008. Micro-level Language Planning in Ireland. In Anthony J. Liddicoat & Richard B. Baldauf Jr. (eds.), Language Planning and Policy: Language Planning in Local Contexts, 75–94. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Mac Ionnrachtaigh, Feargal. 2013. Language, Resistance and Revival: Republican prisoners and the Irish language in the North of Ireland. London: Pluto Press. Mac Síomóin, Tomás. 2006. Ó Mharsa go Magla: Straitéis nua don Ghaeilge [From antiquarianism to revival: a new strategy for Irish]. Dublin: Coiscéim. MacCarthaigh, Muiris. 2017. Reforming the Irish public service: A multiple streams perspective. Administration 65(2). 145–164. Machiavelli, Niccolò. 2003. The Prince and other writings. New York: Barnes & Noble. Mackey, William F. 2001. The ecology of language shift. In Alwin Fill & Peter Mühlhäusler (eds.), The Ecolinguistics Reader, 67–74. London: Continuum. MacLeavy, Julie. 2012. The Lore of the Jungle: Neoliberalism and Statecraft in the Global‐Local Disorder. Area 44. 250–253. Magill. 2013. Why don’t Irish people protest more? https://magill.ie/comment/why-dont-irishpeople-protest-more (Accessed 17 September 2021) Malmendier, Ulrike & Stefan Nagel. 2011. Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk Taking? Quarterly Journal of Economics 126(1). 373–416. Marcus, George E. 1998. Ethnography Through Thick and Thin. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Marwick, Alice Emily. 2015. Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. New Haven: Yale University Press. McCabe, Connor. 2013 [2011]. Sins of the Father: The Decisions that Shaped the Irish Economy, 2nd edn. Dublin: The History Press Ireland. McCarthy, Colm, Donal McNally, Pat McLaughlin, Maurice O’Connell, William Slattery & Mary Walsh. 2009a. Report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes Volume I. Dublin: Government of Ireland Publications Office. McCarthy, Colm, Donal McNally, Pat McLaughlin, Maurice O’Connell, William Slattery & Mary Walsh. (2009b). Report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes Volume II: Detailed Papers. Dublin: Government of Ireland Publications Office. McCarty, Teresa L. 2011. Ethnography and Language Policy. New York: Routledge. McCarty, Teresa L. 2015. Ethnography in Language Planning and Policy Research. In Francis Hult & David Cassels Johnson (eds.), Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide, 81–93. London: Wiley. 260 Bibliography McCloskey, James. 2001. Guthanna in Éag: An mairfidh an Ghaeilge beo? / Voices Silenced: Has Irish a Future? Dublin: Cois Life. McColl Millar, Robert. 2005. Language, Nation and Power: An Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. McDonough, Terence. 2010. The Irish Crash in Global Context. World Review of Political Economy 1(3). 442–462. McLeod, Wilson. 2002. Language Planning as Regional Development? The Growth of the Gaelic Economy. Scottish Affairs 38. 51–72. McLeod, Wilson. 2022. Conclusion. In Michael Hornsby & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Transmitting Minority Languages: Complementary Reversing Language Shift Strategies, 357–368. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87910-5_14 McMahon, Timothy G. 2008. Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 18931910. New York: Syracuse University Press. Mediatique. 2020. Annual Review of Performance and Public Funding of Public Service Broadcasters, 2019: A report for the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. https://opac.oir eachtas.ie/Data/Library3/Documents%20Laid/2021/pdf/TCAGSMdocslaid030621_ 030621_152907.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Mendoza, Kerry-Anne. 2015. Austerity: The Demolition of the Welfare State and the Rise of the Zombie Economy. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications. Mercille, Julien & Enda Murphy. 2015. Deepening Neoliberalism, Austerity and Crisis: Europe’s Treasure Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. MG Alba. 2021. Annual report & statement of accounts 20/21. https://mgalba.com/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/MG-ALBA-Annual-Report-2020-21-2.pdf (Accessed 12 August 2021) Mills, Charles Wright. 2000 [1956]. The Power Elite. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mirowski, Phillip & Edward Nik-Khah. 2017. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information: The History of Information in Modern Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mirowski, Phillip. 2013. Never Let a Serious Crisis go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown. London: Verso. Misneachd. 2021. Empowering Gaelic Communities: A New Deal for Gaelic Language Community Development: Discussion paper. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kWBw6y_ OP_dskF9Yebt4dJeY4x-Ut9C5/view (Accessed 10 August 2021) Monbiot, George. 2016. How did we get into this mess? Politics, Equality, Nature. London: Verso. Montrul, Silvina A. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Moriarty, Máiréad. 2015. Globalizing Language Policy and Planning: An Irish Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2016. A cost-and-benefit approach to language loss. In Martin Pütz & Luna Filipović (eds.), Endangered Languages and Languages in Danger: Issues of documentation, policy, and language rights, 115–143. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2017. It’s still worth theorizing on LEL, despite the heterogeneity and complexity of the processes (Response to commentators). Language, 93(4). e306-e316. Muller, Janet. 2010. Language and Conflict in Northern Ireland and Canada: A Silent War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bibliography 261 Murphy, Mary P. & Fiona Dukelow. 2016. The Irish Welfare State in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Murphy, Mary P. 2014. Ireland: Celtic Tiger in Austerity – Explaining Irish Path Dependency. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 22(2). 132–142. Murray Charles. 1990. The Emerging British Underclass. Choice in Welfare Series No. 2. London: Institute of Economic Affairs. National Health Service. n.d. Strategic Health and Social Care Needs Assessment – epidemiological overview and service utilisation review. https://ijbwesternisles.scot/ap plication/files/3814/9451/7072/E_Item_5C_-_Part_1_of_2_Strategic_Health__Social_ Care_Needs_Assessment.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) National Treasury Management Agency. 2014. Review of RTÉ for the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20200624011955/https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/publications/Docu ments/71/NewERA%20Review%20of%20RT%C3%89.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) NERI. 2012. Quarterly Economic Facts. Dublin: NERI. Nettle, Daniel & Susan Romaine. 2000. Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Neville, Patricia. 2015. Organised Voluntarism in Ireland. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 27(2). 724–745. Ní Bhrádaigh, Emer & John A. Murray. 2006. On the Emergence of Entrepreneurial Activity – a longitudinal regional study 1891-2003. In Andrew Zacharakis (ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurial Research: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Entrepreneurship Conference, 516–530. Babson College, MA: Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship. Ní Bhrádaigh, Emer. 2007. Gaeltacht Entrepreneurship: An Opportunity for Integrated Development, Yet Peripheral in Many Ways. Irish Journal of Management 28(2). 221–226. Ní Chuaig, Neasa. 2021. Polasaí don oideachas Gaeltachta 2017-2020 sa chóras bunscolaíochta: Deiseanna agus dúshláin [The policy for Gaeltacht education 2017-2020 in the primary school system: Opportunities and challenges]. In T.J. Ó Ceallaigh & Muiris Ó Laoire (eds.), An Tumoideachas: Deiseanna agus dea-chleachtais [Immersion education: opportunities and good practices], 316–323. Dublin: An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta agus Gaelscolaíochta. Ní Dhoimhín, Hannah & Dónall P. Ó Baoill. 2016. Plean Teanga do Limistéar Pleanála Teanga Ghaoth Dobhair, Anagaire, Rann na Feirste agus Loch an Iúir [Language plan for the Gaoth Dobhair, Anagaire, Rann na Feirste and Loch an Iúir Language Planning Area]. http://mptiarthuaiscirt.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Plean-Teanga-do-LPT-GhaothDobhair-Anagaire-Rann-na-Feirste-agus-Loch-an-I%C3%BAir.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ní Ghearáin, Helena. 2018. ‘Bagairt’ na teagmhála teanga: creidimh an phobail i dtaca le meascadh na Gaeilge agus an Bhéarla [The ‘threat’ of language contact: community beliefs regarding the mixing of Irish and English]. In Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin & John Walsh (eds.), An Meon Folaithe: Idé-eolaíochtaí agus iompar lucht labhartha na Gaeilge in Éirinn agus in Albain [The covert attitude: ideologies and language practices of Irish and Scottish Gaelic speakers in Ireland and Scotland], 39–73. Dublin: Cois Life. Ní Mhianáin, Róisín. 2003. Idir Lúibíní: Aistí ar an Léitheoireacht agus ar an Litearthacht [Between brackets: essays on reading and literacy]. Dublin: Cois Life. Ní Thuairisg, Laoise. 2012. Ionaid Sealbhaithe Teanga na Breataine Bige: Eiseamláir don Ghaeltacht? [Welsh-language acquisition units: examples for the Gaeltacht?]. In Ciarán 262 Bibliography Lenoach, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin (eds.), An Chonair Chaoch: An Mionteangachas sa Dátheangachas [The blind alley: the minority language condition in bilingualism], 171–192. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Nic Craith, Máiréad & Hill, Emma. 2015. Relocating the Ethnographic Field: From Being There to Being There. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 24(1). 42–62. Niskansen, William A. 1971. Bureaucracy and Representative Government. Chicago: AldineAtherton. NUJ. 2017. NUJ calls for review of pay and contracts at RTÉ. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20201029103806/https://www.nuj.org.uk/news/nuj-calls-for-review-of-pay-andcontracts-at-rt/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Broithe, Éamonn. 2012. Scéim Labhairt na Gaeilge: Feidhm agus Mífheidhm [The Irishspeaking scheme: use and misuse]. In Ciarán Lenoach, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin (eds.), An Chonair Chaoch: An Mionteangachas sa Dátheangachas [The blind alley: the minority language condition in bilingualism], 237–268. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Ó Buachalla, Séamus. 1994. Structural inequalities and the State’s policy on the Irish language in the education system. Studies in Education 10(1). 1–6. Ó Cadhain, Máirtín. 1964. Mr Hill: Mr. Tara. Dublin: J.B. Houston. Ó Catháin, Máirtín. 2018. Géarchéim Chonamara: Tá lá an phíce imithe agus níl tada curtha ina áit [Conamara’s crisis: the day of the hayfork is gone and nothing is put in its place]. https://tuairisc.ie/gearcheim-chonamara-ta-la-an-phice-imithe-agus-nil-tada-curtha-inaait/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Ceallaigh, Ben. 2020. Plean Teanga do Limistéar Pleanála Teanga Oirthear Chathair na Gaillimhe – “An Bruach Thoir” [Language plan for the east Galway city language planning area – “The East Bank”]. https://udaras.ie/assets/uploads/2019/07/19-OirthearChathair-na-Gaillimhe-Leagan-Laghdaithe.pdf (Accessed 11 April 2022) Ó Ceallaigh, Ben. 2022. Economic disruption and language shift – some ethnographic data from Ireland after the 2008 crash. Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 6(21). 21–49. https://doi. org/10.2478/scp-2021-0002 Ó Clochartaigh, Trevor. 2013. Budget 2014: FG & Labour follow the cuts to Gaeltacht pioneered by FF – Ó Clochartaigh. https://web.archive.org/web/20171218042006/http://www.tre voroc.com/nuachtnews/fg-lo-ag-leanint-polasaithe-ciorruithe-don-ghaeltacht-a-thosaighfianna-filfg-labour-follow-the-cuts-to-gaeltacht-pioneered-by-ff-clochartaigh (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Conchubhair, Brian. 2009. Fin de Siècle na Gaeilge: Darwin, an Athbheochan agus Smaointeoireacht na hEorpa [The fin de siècle of Irish: Darwin, the revival and European thought]. Indreabhán: An Clóchomhar. Ó Croidheáin, Caoimhghin. 2006. Language from Below: The Irish language, Ideology and Power in 20th Century Ireland. Oxford: Peter Lang. Ó Cuaig, Seosamh. 2018a. Pobal ‘uirbeach’ is mó atá sa tír anois? Cleas leis an status quo a chosaint… [Predominantly urban communities in the country now? A trick to protect the status quo… ]. https://tuairisc.ie/pobal-uirbeach-is-mo-ata-sa-tir-anois-cleas-leis-anstatus-quo-a-chosaint/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Cuaig, Seosamh. 2018b. ‘Do chuala scéal do chéas gach ló mé’ – feall náisiúnta an leathanbhanda [‘I heard a story that tormented me each day’ – the national failure regarding broadband]. https://tuairisc.ie/do-chuala-sceal-do-cheas-gach-lo-me-feallnaisiunta-an-leathanbhanda/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Bibliography 263 Ó Cuív, Brian. 1951. Irish dialects and Irish-speaking districts: Three lectures. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Ó Cuív, Brian. 1969. Irish in the modern world. In Brian Ó Cuív (ed.), A View of the Irish Language, 122–132. Dublin: Stationery Office. Ó Curnáin, Brian. 2007. The Irish of Iorras Aithneach County Galway Volume I. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Ó Curnáin, Brian. 2009. Mionteangú na Gaeilge [The minoritisation of Irish]. In Brian Ó Catháin (ed.), Sochtheangeolaíocht na Gaeilge, Léachtaí Cholmcille XXXIX [The sociolinguistics of Irish, Colmcille lectures XXXIX], 90–153. Maigh Nuad: An Sagart. Ó Curnáin, Brian. 2012a. An Ghaeilge Iarthraidisiúnta agus an Phragmataic Chódmheasctha Thiar agus Theas [Post-traditional Irish and codemixed pragmatics in the west and south]. In Ciarán Lenoach, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin (eds.), An Chonair Chaoch: An Mionteangachas sa Dátheangachas [The blind alley: the minority language condition in bilingualism], 284–364. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Ó Curnáin, Brian. 2012b. An Chanúineolaíocht [Dialectology]. In Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin & Máire Ní Neachtain (eds.), An tSochtheangeolaíocht: Feidhm agus Tuairisc [Sociolinguistics: function and account], 83–109. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Curnáin, Brian. 2015. Cróineolaíocht na Gaeilge Iarthraidisiúnta i gConamara, 1950-2004 [The chronology of post-traditional Irish in Conamara, 1950-2004]. Éigse 39. 1–43. Ó Flatharta, Peadar, Siv Sandberg & Colin Williams. 2014. From Act to Action: Implementing Language Legislation in Finland, Ireland and Wales. http://doras.dcu.ie/19655/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Gadhra, Nollaig. 2000. Bearna agus na Forbacha [Bearna and na Forbacha]. In Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh, Liam Lillis Ó Laoire & Seán Ua Súilleabháin (eds.), Pobal na Gaeltachta: A Scéal agus a Dhán [The Gaeltacht community: its story and its fate], 265–288. Indreabhán: Raidió na Gaeltachta with Cló Iar-Chonnacht. Ó Gairbhí, Seán Tadhg. 2017. Súil Eile [Another look]. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr & Brian Ó Curnáin. 2016. Beartas Úr na nGael: Dálaí na Gaeilge san IarNua-Aoiseachas [A new deal for the Gaels: the conditions of Irish in post-modernity]. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr & Martin Charlton. 2015a. Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht [Update to the Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the use of Irish in the Gaeltacht]. https://www.udaras.ie/assets/up loads/2020/11/002910_Udaras_NuashonruI%C2%81_FULL_report_A4_FA.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr & Martin Charlton. 2015b. Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: Moltaí agus Beartais Fhéideartha [Update to the Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the use of Irish in the Gaeltacht: recommendations and possible policies]. http://www.soillse.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 4.2-Beartais-Nuashonr2.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr, Gòrdan Camshron, Pàdruig Moireach, Brian Ó Curnáin, Iain Caimbeul, Brian MacDonald & Tamás Péterváry. 2020. The Gaelic Crisis in the Vernacular Community: A Comprehensive Sociolinguistic Study of Scottish Gaelic. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr, Seosamh Mac Donnacha, Fiona Ní Chualáin, Aoife Ní Shéaghdha & Mary O’Brien. 2007a. Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa 264 Bibliography Ghaeltacht [Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the use of Irish in the Gaeltacht]. Dublin: Stationery Office. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr, Seosamh Mac Donnacha, Fiona Ní Chualáin, Aoife Ní Shéaghdha & Mary O’Brien. 2007b. Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: Príomhthátal agus Moltaí [Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Use of Irish in the Gaeltacht: main conclusion and recommendations]. Dublin: Stationery Office. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr. 2014a. From Revivalist to Undertaker: New Developments in Official Policies and Attitudes to Ireland’s ‘First Language’. Language Problems & Language Planning 38(2). 101–127. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr. 2014b. Unfirm Ground: A re-assessment of language policy in Ireland since Independence. Language Problems and Language Planning 38(1). 19–41. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr. 2016. Gnéithe de Stair Theorainn na Gaeltachta: Coimhlint Idir Dhá Riachtanas [Aspects of the history of the Gaeltacht boundaries: a conflict between two necessities]. In Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Brian Ó Curnáin (eds.), Beartas Úr na nGael: Dálaí na Gaeilge san Iar-Nua-Aoiseachas [A new deal for the Gaels: the conditions of Irish in post-modernity], 69–106. Indreabhán: Leabhar Breac. Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr. 2017. Ceansú na Gaeltachta i ndul i léig na Gaeilge [The pacification of the Gaeltacht and the decline of Irish]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRa-G2u6IFk (Accessed 13 September 2021) Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr. 2018. Tús áite d’fhealsúnacht na bhfoghlaimeoirí Gaeilge seachas do riachtanais an phobail Ghaelaigh i bplean nua an Rialtais [Primacy given to Irish learners instead of the necessities of the Gaelic community in the government’s new plan]. https://tuairisc.ie/tus-aite-dfhealsunacht-na-bhfoghlaimeoiri-gaeilge-seachas-doriachtanais-an-phobail-ghaelaigh-i-bplean-nua-an-rialtais/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó hAoláin, Pádraig. 2002. Regional Development and the Role of Údarás na Gaeltachta. In John McDonagh (ed.), Economy, Society and Peripherality: Experiences from the West of Ireland, 23–36. Dublin: Arlen House. Ó hÉallaithe, Donncha. 2004. From Language Revival to Language Survival. In Ciarán Mac Murchaidh (ed.), Who needs Irish? – Reflections on the Importance of the Irish Language Today, 159–192. Dublin: Veritas. Ó hÉallaithe, Donncha. 2017a. Athraímis na teorainneacha, ach ‘cultural appropriation’ a bheadh i stádas Gaeltachta do leithéid Chluain Dolcáin [Let’s change the boundaries, but it would be ‘cultural appropriation’ to give Gaeltacht status to the likes of Clondalkin]. http://tuairisc.ie/athraimis-na-teorainneacha-ach-cultural-appropriation-a-bheadh-istadas-gaeltachta-do-leitheid-chluain-dolcain/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó hÉallaithe, Donncha. 2017b. Daonáireamh 2016: Beidh a ndóthain le déanamh ag lucht pleanála teanga sna croícheantair Ghaeltachta [Census 2016: language planners will have their work cut out for them in the Gaeltacht heartlands]. http://tuairisc.ie/daonair eamh-2016-beidh-a-ndothain-le-deanamh-ag-lucht-pleanala-teanga-sna-croicheantairghaeltachta/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg & John Walsh. 2018. An Meon Folaithe: Idé-eolaíochtaí agus iompar lucht labhartha na Gaeilge in Éirinn agus in Albain [The covert attitude: ideologies and language practices of Irish and Scottish Gaelic speakers in Ireland and Scotland]. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg. 2010. Irish-speaking society and the state. In Martin J. Ball & Nicole Müller (eds.), The Celtic Languages, 2nd edn, 539–586. New York: Routledge. Bibliography 265 Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg. 2013. Family language policy, first language Irish speaker attitudes and community-based response to language shift. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 34(4). 348–365. Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg. 2018. The Ideological Construction of Boundaries Between Speakers, and Their Varieties. In Cassie Smith-Christmas, Noel P. Ó Murchadha, Michael Hornsby & Máiréad Moriarty (eds.), New Speakers of Minority Languages Linguistic Ideologies and Practices, 151–164. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ó hIfearnáin, Tadhg. 2022. Wider Community Stance and Irish-Speaking Families in the Gaeltacht. In Michael Hornsby & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Transmitting Minority Languages: Complementary Reversing Language Shift Strategies, 105–135. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87910-5_5 Ó Huallacháin, Colmán. 1991. The Irish Language in Society. Coleraine: University of Ulster. Ó Huallacháin, Colmán. 1994. The Irish and Irish: A sociolinguistic analysis of the relationship between a people and their language. Dublin: Irish Franciscan Provincial Office. Ó Laoire, Lillis. 2002. Ar Chreag i Lár na Farraige: Amhráin agus Amhránaithe i dToraigh [On a rock in the middle of the ocean: songs and singers in Toraigh]. Indreabhán: Cló IarChonnacht. Ó Laoire, Muiris. 2008. The Language Situation in Ireland. In Robert B. Kaplan & Richard B. Baldauf Jr. (eds.), Language planning and policy in Europe, vol. 3: The Baltic States, Ireland and Italy, 193–255. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Ó Murchú, Helen. 2003. Limistéar na Sibhialtachta: Dúshlán agus Treo d’Eagraíochtaí na Gaeilge [The area of civility: challenge and direction for Irish-language organisations]. Dublin: Coiscéim. Ó Murchú, Helen. 2008. More Facts about Irish volume 1 [extended electronic version]. https://web.archive.org/web/20191210122207/http://www.gaelport.com/MFAI2014B (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Murchú, Helen. 2014. More Facts About Irish, volume 2. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20191210122207/http://www.gaelport.com/MFAI2014B (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ó Murchú, Máirtín. 1970. Urlabhra agus Pobal/Language and Community. Dublin: Stationery Office. Ó Murchú, Máirtín. 2001. Cumann Buan-Choimeádta na Gaeilge: Tús an Athréimnithe [The society for the preservation of the Irish language: the beginning of the revival]. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Murchú, Máirtín. 2002. Ag Dul Ó Chion? Cás na Gaeilge 1952-2002 [In decline? The situation of Irish 1952-2002]. Dublin: Coiscéim. Ó Neachtain, Éamonn. 2014. The Irish Gaeltacht: the limitations of regional development and linguistic autonomy. In Levente Salat, Sergiu Constantin, Alexander Osipov & István Gergő Székely (eds.), Autonomy Arrangements around the World: A Collection of Well and Lesser Known Cases, 367–415. Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale. Ó Riagáin, Pádraig. 1996. Reviving the Irish language: 1893–1993: The first one hundred years. In Máiréad Nic Craith (ed.), Watching one’s tongue: Issues in Language Planning, 33–55. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Ó Riagáin, Pádraig. 1997. Language Policy and Social Reproduction: Ireland 1893–1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 266 Bibliography Ó Riagáin, Pádraig. 2008. Irish-language Policy 1922–2007: Balancing Maintenance and Revival. In Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín & Seán Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), A New View of the Irish Language, 55–65. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Torna, Caitríona. 2005. Cruthú na Gaeltachta, 1893-1922: Samhlú agus Buanú Chonstráid na Gaeltachta i rith na hAthbheochana [Creating the Gaeltacht, 1893–1922: imagining and perpetuating the construct of the Gaeltacht during the revival]. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Tuathaigh, Gearóid. 1990. The Development of the Gaeltacht as a Bilingual Entity. Occasional Paper No. 8. Dublin: Dublin Institute of Technology. Ó Tuathaigh, Gearóid. 2008. The State and the Irish Language. In Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín & Seán Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), A New View of the Irish Language, 26–42. Dublin: Cois Life. Ó Tuathaigh, Gearóid. 2011. An Stát, an Féiniúlacht [sic] Náisiúnta agus an Teanga: Cás na hÉireann [The state, national identity and the language: the case of Ireland]. In Breandán Mac Cormaic (ed.), Féiniúlacht, Cultúr agus Teanga i Ré an Domhandaithe [Identity, culture and language in an era of globalisation], 76–112. Dublin: Coiscéim. O’Connell, Eithne, John Walsh & Gearóid Denvir. 2008. TG4@10: Deich mbliana de TG4 [TG4@10: ten years of TG4]. Indreabhán: Cló Iar-Chonnacht. O’Connell, Philip J. 2017. Unemployment and Labour Market Policy. In William K. Roche, Philip J. O’Connell & Andrea Prothero (eds.), Austerity and Recovery in Ireland: Europe’s Poster Child and the Great Recession, 232–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press. O’Connor, Pat. 2008. The Irish Patriarchal State: Continuity and Change. In Maura Adshead, Peadar Kirby & Michelle Millar (eds.), Contesting the State: Lessons from the Irish Case, 142–164. Manchester: Manchester University Press. O’Donoghue, Cathal, Paul Kilgarriff & Mary Ryan. 2017. The Local Impact of the Economic Recovery. https://www.teagasc.ie/media/website/publications/2017/The-Local-Impactof-the-Economic-Recovery.pdf (Accessed 5 August 2021) O’Donoghue, Cathal. 2014. Introduction. In Cathal O’Donoghue, Ricky Conneely, Deirdre Frost, Kevin Heanue, Brian Leonard & David Meredith (eds.), Rural Economic Development in Ireland, 18–33. Carlow: Teagasc: The Irish Agriculture and Development Authority. O’Rourke, Bernadette & Joan Pujolar. 2013. From native speakers to “new speakers” – problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts. Histoire Épistémologie Langage, 35(2). 47–67. O’Rourke, Bernadette & John Walsh. 2020. New Speakers of Irish in the Global Context: New Revival? New York: Routledge. O’Toole, Ciara & Tina M. Hickey. 2017. Bilingual language acquisition in a minority context: using the Irish–English Communicative Development Inventory to track acquisition of an endangered language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20(2). 146–162. O’Toole, Fintan. 2010. Ship of Fools: How Stupidity and Corruption Sank the Celtic Tiger. London: Faber. O’Toole, Fintan. 2017. The smearing of Maurice McCabe. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ politics/fintan-o-toole-the-smearing-of-maurice-mccabe-1.2971456 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ochs, Elinor. 1986. Introduction. In Bambi B. Schieffelin & Elinor Ochs (eds.), Language Socialization Across Cultures, 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ochs, Elinor. 1993. Constructing social identity: A language socialization perspective. Research on Language and Social Interaction 26. 287–306. OECD. 2008. Ireland: Towards an Integrated Public Service. Paris: OECD Publishing. Bibliography 267 OECD. 2015. The Metropolitan Century: Understanding Urbanisation and its Consequences. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD. 2017. Trends in Industrial Disputes. http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Industrial-disputes. pdf (Accessed 1 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2013a. Committee of Public Accounts: Correspondence from Aidan Dunning, General Secretary Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509025911/https://www.oireachtas.ie/ parliament/media/committees/pac/correspondence/2013meetings/2013-meeting852305/ [PAC-R-937]-Correspondence-3A.1.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2013b. Joint Committee on Public Service Oversight and Petitions debate – Wednesday, 4 Dec 2013. Annual Report 2012: Discussion with An Coimisinéir Teanga [The Language Commissioner]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_commit tee_on_public_service_oversight_and_petitions/2013-12-04/2/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2014. An Fochoiste um an Straitéis 20 Bliain don Ghaeilge 2010–2030 agus Rudaí Gaolmhara, 23 January 2014. Straitéis 20 Bliain don Ghaeilge: An Coimisinéir Teanga [The subcommittee for the 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 and related matters, 23 January 2014, 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language: the Language Commissioner]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/an_fochoiste_ um_an_straiteis_20_bliain_don_ghaeilge_2010-2030_agus_rudai_gaolmhara/201401-23/2/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2016. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán debate – Tuesday, 4 Oct 2016. Athbhreithniú ar Acht na dTeangacha Oifigiúla 2003: An Coimisinéir Teanga [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands debate – Tuesday, 4 Oct 2016. Review of the Official Languages Act 2003: The Language Commissioner]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/comhchoiste_na_ gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/2016-10-04/2/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2017a. Report of the Joint Committee on the Future Funding of Public Service Broadcasting. Laid before both Houses of the Oireachtas 28 November 2017. https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_commu nications_climate_action_and_environment/reports/2017/2017-11-28_report-on-thefuture-funding-of-public-service-broadcasting_en.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2017b. Houses of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on Communications, Climate Action and Environment Report of the Joint Committee on the Future Funding of Public Service Broadcasting. http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/Future_Fund ing_of_PSB_REPORT_Laid_13_Dec_2017_104152.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2017c. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán: Ráitis Oscailte, Alan Esslemont, TG4, Cur i láthair. 26th September 2017 [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands: Opening Statement, Alan Esslemont, TG4, Presentation. 26th September 2017] https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/ dail/32/comhchoiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/submissions/2017/ 2017-09-26_raitis-oscailte-alan-esslemont-tg4-cur-i-lathair_en.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2017d. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán: Aitheasc maidir leis na hábhair: ‘Na dúshláin a bhaineann le craoltóireacht in Éirinn trí mheán na Gaeilge agus na dualgais atá ar TG4 faoin reachtaíocht’ agus ‘Soláthar fotheidil agus foscríbhinní as Gaeilge agus as Béarla’. 26 Meán Fómhair 2017 [The committee on the 268 Bibliography Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands: address regarding the matters: ‘the challenges of broadcasting through the medium of Irish and TG4’s obligations under the legislation’ and ‘provision of subtitles and captions in Irish and English’]. https://web.ar chive.org/web/20180509052728/https://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/commit tees/irishlanguage/TG4-Aitheasc.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2018a. Joint Committee on Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht debate – Wednesday, 9 May 2018. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/joint_commit tee_on_culture_heritage_and_the_gaeltacht/2018-05-09/3/?highlight%5B0%5D=f%C3% 83%C2%ADb%C3%83%C2%ADn&highlight%5B1%5D=f%C3%83%C2%ADb%C3%83% C2%ADn&highlight%5B2%5D=f%C3%83%C2%ADb%C3%83%C2%ADn (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2018b. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán díospóireacht – Dé Máirt, 20 Márta 2018 [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands debate – Tuesday 20 March 2018]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ ga/debates/debate/comhchoiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/2018-0320/1/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2018c. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán debate – Tuesday, 17 Apr [sic] 2018 [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands debate Tuesday 17 April 2018]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/debates/debate/ comhchoiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/2018-04-17/3/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2018d. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán díospóireacht – Tuesday 6 Mar [sic] 2018 [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands debate Tuesday 6 March 2018]. https://www.oireachtas.ie/ga/de bates/debate/comhchoiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/2018-03-06/3/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2019. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán: Tuarascáil ar na dúshláin a bhaineann le craoltóireacht na Gaeilge [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands: report on the challenges of broadcasting in Irish]. https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/comhchoiste_na_ gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_na_noilean/reports/2019/2019-06-11_tuarascail-ar-nadushlain-a-bhaineann-le-craoltoireacht-na-gaeilge_en.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2020a. Ráiteas tosaigh, Liam Mac Cóil, Scríbhneoir [Beginning statement, Liam Mac Cóil, writer]. https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/33/comh choiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_phobal_labhartha_na_gaeilge/submissions/ 2020/2020-12-10_raiteas-tosaigh-liam-mac-coil-scribhneoir_en.pdf (Accessed 25 July 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2021a. Committee of Public Accounts debate – Tuesday, 25 May 2021. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/committee_of_public_accounts/2021-0525/2/?highlight%5B0%5D=raidi%C3%83%C2%B3&highlight%5B1%5D=na&highlight% 5B2%5D=gaeltachta&highlight%5B3%5D=forbes&highlight%5B4%5D=raidi%C3%83% C2%B3&highlight%5B5%5D=na&highlight%5B6%5D=gaeltachta&highlight%5B7%5D=for bes (Accessed 25 July 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2021b. Comhchoiste na Gaeilge, na Gaeltachta agus Phobal Labhartha na Gaeilge debate – Wednesday, 21 Jul [sic] 2021 [The committee on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the islands: debate – Wednesday, 21 July 2021]. https://www.oireachtas. Bibliography 269 ie/en/debates/debate/comhchoiste_na_gaeilge_na_gaeltachta_agus_phobal_labhartha_ na_gaeilge/2021-07-21/3/ (Accessed 25 July 2021) Oireachtas Éireann. 2021c. Údarás na Gaeltachta Dáil Éireann Debate, Thursday – 6 May 2021. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-05-06/53/ (Accessed 30 August 2021) OLRS. 2014. Higher education in Ireland: For Economy and Society? https://web.archive.org/ web/20210423152916/https://webarchive.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/housesof theoireachtas/libraryresearch/spotlights/spotlight_higher_education_for_upload_ 155719.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) OLRS. 2016. The Irish Language: A Linguistic Crisis? https://web.archive.org/web/ 20180504034253/https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2016/201611-07_the-irish-language-a-linguistic-crisis_en.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Olsberg SPI & Nordicity. 2017. Economic Analysis of the Audiovisual Sector in the Republic of Ireland. https://web.archive.org/web/20201009162941/https://www.chg.gov.ie/app/up loads/2018/06/economic-analysis-of-the-audiovisual-sector-in-the-republic-of-ireland. pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Olsen-Reeder, Vincent Ieni. 2022. Creating Language Shift: Factors Behind the Language Choices of Māori Speakers. In Michael Hornsby & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Transmitting Minority Languages: Complementary Reversing Language Shift Strategies, 165–190. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87910-5_7 Ortner, Sherry B. 2010. Access: Reflections on studying up in Hollywood. Ethnography 11(2). 211–233. Oxfam. 2021. The Inequality Virus. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/han dle/10546/621149/bp-the-inequality-virus-250121-en.pdf (Accessed 17 August 2021) Parenti, Michael. 2016. The Face of Imperialism. New York: Routledge. Paskov, Marii & Caroline Dewilde. 2012. Income inequality and solidarity in Europe: Gini discussion paper 33. http://www.gini-research.org/system/uploads/379/original/DP_ 33_-_Paskov_Dewilde.pdf?1345621096 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Pavlenko, Aneta & Adrian Blackledge. 2004. Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Pearse, Padraic [Patrick] H. 1976 [1912]. The Murder Machine and Other Essays. Dublin: Mercier Press. Peck, Jamie & Adam Tickell. 2002. Neoliberalizing Space. Antipode 34. 380–404. Péterváry, Tamás, Brian Ó Curnáin, Conchúr Ó Giollagáin & Jerome Sheahan. 2014. Iniúchadh ar an gCumas Dátheangach: An sealbhú teanga i measc ghlúin óg na Gaeltachta – Analysis of Bilingual Competence: Language acquisition among young people in the Gaeltacht. Dublin: An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta agus Gaelscolaíochta. Phillips, Dylan & Catrin Thomas. 2001. The Effects of Tourism on the Welsh Language in Northwest Wales. Aberystwyth: University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. Phillips, Graham. 2017. Fragile areas in the Highlands & Islands. https://medium.com/@gp_ 50794/fragile-areas-in-the-highlands-islands-b3668dd87651 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Phillipson, Robert. 2008. The Linguistic Imperialism of Neoliberal Empire. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 5(1). 1–43. 270 Bibliography Pierson, Paul. 2002. Coping with permanent austerity: welfare state restructuring in affluent democracies. Revue Française de Sociologie: L’Europe Sociale en Perspectives 43(2). 369–406. Pietikäinen, Sari. 2013. Heteroglossic Authenticity in Sámi Heritage Tourism. In Sari Pietikäinen & Helen Kelly-Holmes (eds.), Multilingualism and the Periphery, 77–94. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Piller, Ingrid & Jinhyun Cho. 2013. Neoliberalism as Language Policy. Language in Society 42 (1). 23–44. Piotrowski, Jessica Taylor, Amy B. Jordan, Amy Bleakley & Michael Hennessy. 2015. Identifying Family Television Practices to Reduce Children’s Television Time. Journal of Family Communication 15(2). 159–174. Pobal.ie. 2017. Deprivation Indices. https://maps.pobal.ie/WebApps/DeprivationIndices/ index.html (Accessed 10 September 2021) Potowski, Kim. 2013. Language Maintenance and Shift. In Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron & Ceil Lucas (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, 321–339. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Powell, Kathy. 2017. Brexit positions: neoliberalism, austerity and immigration – the (im) possibilities of political revolution. Dialectical Anthropology 41(3). 225–240. Press and Journal. 2018. Revealed: The “staggering” true scale of council job cuts. https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen/1380355/revealed-thestaggering-true-scale-of-council-job-cuts/ (Accessed 10 August 2021) Putnam, Robert D. & Kristin A. Goss. 2002. Introduction. In Robert D. Putnam (ed.), Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, 3–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Rae, Alasdair, Ruth Hamilton & Allan Faulds. 2019. Too big to be local, too small to be strategic? Scotland’s Councils and the question of local government boundary reform. https://pure.strath.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/87071556/FEC_43_1_2019_RaeAHamil tonRFauldsA.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) Randma-Liiv, Tiina & Walter Kickert. 2017. The Impact of the Fiscal Crisis on Public Administration Reforms: Comparison of 14 European Countries. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 19(2). 155–172. Reuters. 2007. Zurich Fin’l unit settles U.S. market-timing case. http://www.reuters.com/arti cle/zurichfinancial-sec-idUSN0735226620070507 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Ricento, Thomas. 2000. Historical and theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4(2). 196–213. Ricento, Thomas. 2006. An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Ricento, Thomas. 2015. Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. RnaG. 2015. Interview on Raidió na Gaeltachta: Iris Aniar Dé Máirt 7 Aibreán 2015 [Tuesday April 7th 2015]. http://www.rte.ie/rnag/iris-aniar/programmes/2015/0407/692512-irisaniar-d-mirt-7-aibren-2015/?clipid=1849120 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Bibliography 271 Roberts, John Michael. 2014. New media and public activism: Neoliberalism, the state and radical protest in the public sphere. Bristol: Policy Press. Roche, William K., Philip J. O’Connell & Andrea Prothero. 2017. Austerity and Recovery in Ireland: Europe’s Poster Child and the Great Recession. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rojo, Luisa Martín. 2020. The “self-made speaker”: The neoliberal governance of speakers. In Luisa Martín Rojo & Alfonso Del Percio (eds.), Language and Neoliberal Governmentality, 162–189. New York: Routledge. Romaine, Susan. 2006. Planning for the survival of linguistic diversity. Language Policy 5(4). 443–475. Romaine, Susan. 2008. Irish in the Global Context. In Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín & Seán Ó Cearnaigh (eds.), A New View of the Irish Language, 11–25. Dublin: Cois Life. Rouse, Paul & Mark Duncan. 2015. Should public policy be guided by research? Evidently. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/should-public-policy-be-guided-byresearch-evidently-1.2178595 (Accessed 17 September 2021) Rowland, Hugh. 2016. An choimhlint idé-eolaíochta idir Misneach agus an LFM le linn chomóradh 50 bliain an Éirí Amach [The ideological conflict between Misneach and the LFM during the 50 year commemoration of the rising]. COMHARTaighde 2 (1). https://doi. org/10.18669/ct.2016.07 Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2009a. Press release: RTÉ radio keeps the nation talking! https://presspack.rte.ie/2006/ 05/18/press-release-rte-radio-keeps-the-nation-talking/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2009b. Annual Report & Group Financial Statements 2008. https://www.rte.ie/docu ments/about/annual_report_2008_eng.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2017. 32 jobs lost in Donegal as SLM Connect closes. https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/ 2017/1221/929099-jobs-losses-donegal/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2018a. Annual Report & Group Financial Statements 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20190526221234/https://www.rte.ie/annualreport/pdfs/RTE_Annual_Report_2017.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2018b. Laghdú 90% ar líon na mac léinn in ionaid Ghaeltachta an Acadaimh [90% decrease in the number of students in the Acadamh’s Gaeltacht centres]. https://www. rte.ie/news/nuacht/2018/0501/959563-laghdu-90-ar-lion-na-mac-leinn-in-ionaidghaeltachta-an-acadaimh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2018c. More turbulence over Aran Islands air route. https://www.rte.ie/news/analysisand-comment/2018/0610/969412-aer-arann/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) RTÉ. 2021. Why the housing crisis poses a threat to the Gaeltacht. https://www.rte.ie/news/ primetime/2021/1007/1252390-housing-crisis-gaeltacht/ (Accessed 13 May 2022) S4C. 2021. S4C written evidence to the Communities, Equality and Local Government Committee before evidence session 27. 3.2014. https://business.senedd.wales/docu ments/s25604/CELG4-10-14%20Paper%201.pdf (Accessed 10 August 2021) Saad-Filho, Alfredo & Deborah Johnston. 2006. Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader. London: Pluto Press. Saarikivi, Jaane & Heiko F. Marten. 2012. Introduction to the Special Issue: Political and Economic Obstacles of Minority Language Maintenance. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 11(1). 1–16. Sallabank, Julia. 2011. Language Endangerment. In Ruth Wodak, Barbara Johnstone & Paul Kerswill (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics, 496–512. London: SAGE. Savage, Mike. 2015. Social class in the 21st century. London: Penguin Books. 272 Bibliography Save Our Small Schools. 2012. About. https://ruralscoilnet.wordpress.com/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Scharf, Thomas. 2015. Between inclusion and exclusion in later life. In Keiran Walsh, Gemma M. Carney & Áine Ní Léime (eds.), Ageing through Austerity: Critical Perspectives from Ireland, 113–129. Bristol: Policy Press. Scott, Allen J. 2007. Capitalism and Urbanization in a New Key? The Cognitive-Cultural Dimension. Social Forces 85(4). 1465–1482. Scottish Government. 2022. Spending breakdown of Gaelic language projects and initiatives: FOI release. https://www.gov.scot/publications/foi-202200286004/ (Accessed 29 April 2022) Seanad Éireann. 2011. Seanad Éireann debate – Thursday, 24 Nov 2011 Vol. 211 No. 12, Adjournment Matters Oifig an Choimisinéara Teanga [The office of the Language Commissioner] https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2011-11-24/25/ #s26 (Accessed 13 September 2021) Seanad Éireann. 2017. Seanad Éireann debate - Thursday, 2 Feb 2017 Vol. 249 No. 14 Irish Language: Statements. https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2017-0202/12?highlight%5B0%5D=irish&highlight%5B1%5D=language&highlight%5B2%5D= statements (Accessed 13 September 2021) Seymour, Richard. 2020. The Twittering Machine. London: Verso. Shannon, Laura. 2016. Local and regional bodies in Ireland 2012–2016 [Local government research series, no. 12]. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. Share, Perry, Hilary Tovey & Mary P. Corcoran. 2007. A Sociology of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. Shohamy, Elana. 2006. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. New York: Routledge. Skills Development Scotland. 2017. Jobs and Skills in Scotland: The Evidence. https://www. skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/43852/jobs-and-skills-in-scotland-2017-mainreport.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2000. Linguistic Genocide in Education, or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Smith-Christmas, Cassie. 2014. Language and Integration: Migration to Gaelic-Speaking Areas in the Twenty-First Century. http://www.soillse.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Lan guage-and-Integration-Migration-to-Gaelic-Speaking-Areas-in-the-Twenty-First-Century. pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Sparke, Matthew. 2016. Health and the embodiment of neoliberalism: pathologies of political economy from climate change to austerity to personal responsibility. In Simon Springer, Kean Birch & Julie MacLeavy (eds.), The Handbook of Neoliberalism, 237–251. New York: Routledge. Spillane, Alison. 2015. The Impact of the crisis on Irish women. In Colin Coulter & Angela Nagle (eds.), Ireland Under Austerity: Neoliberal Crisis, Neoliberal Solutions, 151–170. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Spolsky, Bernard. 2009. Language Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Springer, Simon, Kean Birch & Julie MacLeavy (2016). The Handbook of Neoliberalism. New York: Routledge. Standing, Guy. 2014. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury. Bibliography 273 Steger, Manfred B. 2002. Robert Putnam, Social Capital and a Suspect called Globalization. In Scott L. McLean, David A. Schultz & Manfred B. Steger (eds.), Social Capital: Critical Perspectives on Community and “Bowling Alone”, 260–280. New York: New York University Press. Strubell, Miquel. 2001. Catalan a decade later. In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Can Threatened Languages Be Saved?, 260–283. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Šumonja, Miloš. 2021. Neoliberalism is not dead – On political implications of Covid-19. Capital & Class 45(2). 215–227. Sweeney, Paul. 2004. Selling Out? Privatisation in Ireland. Dublin: TASC/New Island. Szabla, Malgorzata & Jan Blommaert. Does context really collapse in social media interaction? Applied Linguistics Review 11(2). 251–279. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0119 Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1968. Sociological factors of language maintenance and language shift: a methodological approach based on European and African examples. In Joshua A. Fishman, Charles A. Ferguson & Jyotirindra Das Gupata (eds.), Language Problems of Developing Nations, 107–127. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1972. A contribution to the sociological study of language maintenance and language shift. In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Advances in the sociology of language, Vol. 2: Selected studies and applications, 365–376. The Hague: Mouton. Taft, Michael. 2016a. Rural Stagnation in the Marketplace. http://notesonthefront.typepad. com/politicaleconomy/2016/06/some-commentators-have-recently-challenged-theassertion-that-there-is-no-recovery-outside-dublin-dan-obrien-does-up-the.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Taft, Michael. 2016b. The Decade Long Income Recession. http://notesonthefront.typepad. com/politicaleconomy/2016/06/the-decade-long-income-recession.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) Taft, Michael. 2018. Austerity’s Hangover. https://notesonthefront.typepad.com/politicalecon omy/2018/01/austeritys-hangover.html (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2004. Splanc Deireadh na Gaeltachta [Last spark of the Gaeltacht]. https://www.you tube.com/watch?v=SELbYVMpTzo (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2009. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil 2008 [Annual report 2008]. https://d1og0s8nlbd0hm.cloud front.net/tg4-redesign-2015/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/TB2008-G.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2016a. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil 2015 [Annual report 2015]. https://d1og0s8nlbd0hm.cloud front.net/tg4-redesign-2015/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/TG4-Tuarascail-15-G.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2016b. Joint Committee on Communications, Climate Action and Environment: Public Consultation on Funding of Public Service Broadcasting in Ireland. 22nd November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180429152034/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/ media/committees/communicationsclimatechangenaturalresources/publicservicebroad casting/opening-statements/TG4-PaipearCulraComhchoisteOireachtais.docx (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2017. Anseo i lár an Ghleanna [Here in the middle of the glen]. https://web.archive.org/ web/20180428025622/http://www.tg4.ie/ga/clair/anseo-i-lar-an-ghleanna/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) TG4. 2018. Cáipéis Straitéise TG4 [TG4 strategy document]. https://d1og0s8nlbd0hm.cloud front.net/tg4-redesign-2015/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Tuairisc-TG4-2017_B%C3% 89ARLA.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) 274 Bibliography TG4. n.d. Background. https://www.tg4.ie/en/corporate/background/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) The Guardian. 2011. 1 February. Ireland’s ‘ghost hotels’ to be boarded up. https://www.the guardian.com/business/ireland-business-blog-with-lisa-ocarroll/2011/feb/01/irelandghost-hotels-closure-nama (Accessed 17 September 2021) The Guardian. 2022. 12 March. Hello £200k beach huts, goodbye primary school – the Welsh village hollowed out by second homes. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/ mar/12/abersoch-second-homes-holiday-wales Accessed 20 April 2022. The Times. 2021. 17 April. Don’t speak Irish, company that accepts gaeltacht [sic] grant tells staff. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dont-speak-irish-company-that-acceptsgaeltacht-grant-tells-staff-wmntxsvtr (Accessed 25 April 2022) Thejournal.ie. 2013a. What’s the future for Irish and do politicians want to preserve it? http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/irish-language-coimisineir-teanga-sean-o-cuirreain1215147-Dec2013/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Thejournal.ie. 2013b. Five years older and deeper in debt… So why don’t the Irish protest more? http://www.thejournal.ie/protests-ireland-why-1102930-Sep2013/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Thejournal.ie. 2014. More than 1,000 Irish pubs have had to shut down since 2007. http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-pubs-closing-1572963-Jul2014/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Thomas, Enlli Môn & Dylan Bryn Roberts. 2011. Exploring bilinguals’ social use of language inside and out of the minority language classroom. Language and Education 25(2). 89–108. Thompson, Edward Palmer. 1991. The Making of the English Working Class. London: Penguin. Tollefson, James W. 1991. Planning Language, Planning Inequality: Language Policy in the Community. London: Longman. Tollefson, James W. 2006. Critical theory in language policy. In Thomas Ricento (ed.), An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, 42–59. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Tomos, Angharad. 2021. Everything Must Change: Welsh Language Policy and Activism. In Daniel Evans, Kieron Smith & Huw Williams (eds.), The Welsh Way: Essays on Neoliberalism and Devolution, 150–161. Cardigan: Parthian. Tooze, Adam. 2018. Crashed: how a decade of financial crises changed the world. London: Penguin. Touraine, Alain. 1981. The Voice and the Eye: An analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tuairisc.ie. 2014a. Cóipeáil, comhtharlú nó comhcheilg? [Copying, coincidence or conspiracy?]. http://tuairisc.ie/coipeail-comhtharlu-comhcheilg/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2014b. Titim mhór ar éileamh ar choláistí samhraidh [Large fall in demand for summer colleges]. http://tuairisc.ie/titim-thubaisteach-ar-eileamh-ar-cholaistisamhraidh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2015a. ‘Mórcheisteanna’ ag Roinn na Gaeltachta faoi mholtaí i Staidéar Teanga a choimisiúnaigh ÚnaG [Department of the Gaeltacht has ‘big questions’ about recommendations in language study that ÚnaG commissioned]. http://tuairisc.ie/morch eisteanna-ag-roinn-na-gaeltachta-faoi-mholtai-i-staidear-teanga-a-choimisiunaigh-unag/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Bibliography 275 Tuairisc.ie. 2015b. Pléaráca Teoranta le scor ceal maoinithe [Pléaráca LTD to close due to lack of funding]. http://tuairisc.ie/plearaca-teoranta-le-scor-ceal-maoinithe/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016a. An caidreamh idir foireann agus bainistíocht an Údaráis ‘at an all-time low’ [The relationship between staff and management of Údarás ‘at an all-time low’]. http://tuairisc.ie/an-caidreamh-idir-foireann-agus-bainistiocht-an-udarais-at-an-all-timelow/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016b. Ardú pá d’fhoireann Údarás na Gaeltachta agus ‘comhstádas’ bainte amach acu [Pay rise for Údarás na Gaeltachta staff as they achieve ‘equal status’]. http://tuairisc.ie/ardu-pa-dfhoireann-udaras-na-gaeltachta-agus-comhstadas-bainteamach-acu/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016c. Plean do chóras nua chun taighde a dhéanamh faoi lucht éisteachta RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta caite i dtraipisí [Plan for a new system to research RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltacht listenership abandoned]. http://tuairisc.ie/plean-do-choras-nua-chun-taighdea-dheanamh-faoi-lucht-eisteachta-rte-raidio-na-gaeltachta-caite-i-dtraipisi/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016d. Córas á lorg ag RTÉ chun tabhairt faoi ‘easnamh mór’ taighde maidir le héisteoirí RnaG [RTÉ looking for a system to address the ‘large deficit’ of research regarding RnaG’s listenership]. http://tuairisc.ie/coras-a-lorg-ag-rte-chun-tabhairt-faoieasnamh-mor-taighde-maidir-le-heisteoiri-rnag/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016e. Díomá léirithe faoi ghearradh siar ar ábhar Gaeilge san Irish Times [Disappointment shown regarding cutbacks to Irish-language material in Irish Times]. https://tuairisc.ie/dioma-leirithe-faoi-ghearradh-siar-ar-abhar-gaeilge-san-irish-times/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016f. Óráid Uachtarán na hÉireann ag Cóisir Gaeilge Áras an Uachtaráin… [The president’s speech from the Áras an Uachtaráin Irish-language party… ]. https://tuairisc. ie/oraid-uachtaran-na-heireann-ag-coisir-gaeilge-aras-an-uachtarain/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016g. Amhras ar Uachtarán na hÉireann faoi thiomantas an státchórais don Ghaeilge [President doubtful about diligence of civil service towards Irish]. http://tuairisc.ie/amhras-ar-uachtaran-na-heireann-faoi-thiomantas-an-statchorais-donghaeilge/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016h. Deireadh á chur le riachtanas Gaeilge do phost an Uachtaráin in Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh [Irish-language requirement being abolished for job of president in National University of Ireland, Galway]. http://tuairisc.ie/deireadh-a-chur-le-riachtanasgaeilge-do-phost-an-uachtarain-in-ollscoil-na-heireann-gaillimh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016i. Indreabhán ar an tríú baile is measa in Éirinn maidir le luas leathanbhanda [Indreabhán the third worst town in Ireland regarding broadband]. http://tuairisc.ie/in dreabhan-ar-an-triu-hait-is-measa-in-eirinn-maidir-le-luas-leathanbhanda/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016j. Cuirfear deireadh leis an tseirbhís farantóireachta go Cill Rónáin ar an 1 Nollaig [Ferry service to Cill Rónáin will be stopped on December 1st]. http://tuairisc.ie/ cuirfear-deireadh-leis-an-tseirbhis-farantoireachta-go-cill-ronain-ar-an-1-nollaig/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2016k. ‘Ní féidir maoiniú a chur ar fáil do bhóithre Gaeltachta agus do phleananna teanga araon’ – Kyne [‘Funding cannot be made available for both Gaeltacht roads and 276 Bibliography language planning’ – Kyne]. https://tuairisc.ie/ni-feidir-maoiniu-a-chur-ar-fail-dobhoithre-gaeltachta-agus-do-phleananna-teanga-araon-kyne/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017a. Imní ar phríomhoidí Gaeltachta faoi easpa múinteoirí do chur i bhfeidhm an pholasaí oideachais Gaeltachta [Gaeltacht principals worried about lack of staff for implementing Gaeltacht education policy]. https://tuairisc.ie/imni-ar-mhuinteoirigaeltachta-faoin-easpa-muinteoiri-ata-a-gcur-ar-fail-do-chur-i-bhfeidhm-an-pholasaioideachais-gaeltachta/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017b. ‘Chinn an rialtas neamhaird a thabhairt ar an Stráitéis 20 Bliain agus tá sé in am tosú as an nua’ – Ó Cuív [‘The government decided to ignore the 20-Year Strategy and it is time to start anew’ – Ó Cuív]. http://tuairisc.ie/fisean-chinn-an-rialtasneamhaird-a-thabhairt-ar-an-straiteis-20-bliain-agus-ta-se-in-am-tosu-as-an-nua-o-cuiv/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017c. Coiste Gaeilge an Rialtais ag bun an tábla maidir le cruinnithe – figiúirí nua [Government Irish-language committee at bottom of table regarding meetings – new figures]. http://tuairisc.ie/coiste-gaeilge-an-rialtais-ag-bun-an-tabla-maidir-le-cruinnithefigiuiri-nua/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017d. Rinne Údarás na Gaeltachta agus Roinn na Gaeltachta ‘cinsireacht’ ar thuarascáil Ghaeltachta – Ó Giollagáin [Údarás na Gaeltachta and the Department of the Gaeltacht ‘censored’ Gaeltacht report – Ó Giollagáin]. http://tuairisc.ie/rinne-udaras-nagaeltachta-agus-roinn-na-gaeltachta-cinsireacht-ar-thuarascail-ghaeltachta/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017e. Titim 40% ar lucht éisteachta Raidió na Gaeltachta le trí bliana anuas [Decline of 40% in Raidió na Gaeltachta listeners in the last three years]. http://tuairisc. ie/titim-40-ar-lucht-eisteachta-raidio-na-gaeltachta-le-tri-bliana-anuas/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017f. Suim léirithe ag roinnt mhaith fostaithe in RTÉ RnaG agus Nuacht TG4 éirí as luath [Interest in early retirement expressed by large number of staff in RTÉ RnaG and TG4 news]. http://tuairisc.ie/suim-leirithe-ag-roinnt-mhaith-fostaithe-in-rte-rnag-agus-nuachttg4-eiri-as-luath/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017g. Ba í Gaeltacht na nDéise an t-aon cheantar inar tuairiscíodh fás i líon na gcainteoirí laethúla sa Daonáireamh. Cén fáth? [The Waterford Gaeltacht was the only area where an increase in daily speakers was registered in the Census. Why?]. https://tuairisc.ie/ba-i-gaeltacht-na-ndeise-an-t-aon-cheantar-inar-tuairisciodh-fas-i-lionna-gcainteoiri-laethula-sa-daonaireamh-cen-fath/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017h. Cláir chainte TG4 le cur ina dtost. An maith é? [TG4 chat shows to be cut. Is that good?]. https://tuairisc.ie/clair-chainte-tg4-le-cur-ina-dtost-an-maith-e/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017i. Aire Stáit na Gaeltachta chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar theip chóras earcaíochta Gaeilge an Stáit [Minister of State for the Gaeltacht to address failure of State’s Irish-language recruitment system]. http://tuairisc.ie/aire-stait-na-gaeltachtachun-aghaidh-a-thabhairt-ar-theip-choras-earcaiochta-gaeilge-an-stait/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017j. Níl Gaeilge líofa ag Ard-Rúnaí nua na Roinne Gaeltachta, ach socrú déanta cheana aici ‘chun líofacht a bhaint amach’ [New secretary of Gaeltacht Department cannot speak Irish, but has made decision ‘to achieve fluency’]. http://tuairisc.ie/nil-gaeilge- Bibliography 277 liofa-ag-ard-runai-nua-na-roinne-gaeltachta-ach-socru-deanta-cheana-aici-chun-liofachta-bhaint-amach/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017k. Físeán: Tá ag ‘éirí leis an Straitéis 20 Bliain’ a deir Aire Stáit na Gaeltachta, in ainneoin figiúirí daonáirimh [Video: ‘The 20-Year Strategy is succeeding’ says Minister of State for the Gaeltacht, despite census figures]. http://tuairisc.ie/fisean-ta-ag-eiri-leisan-straiteis-20-bliain-a-deir-aire-stait-na-gaeltachta-in-ainneoin-figiuiri-daonairimh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017l. Na 10 gceantar Gaeltachta is measa as agus na 10 gceantar Gaeltachta is fearr as… [The 10 worst off and the 10 best off Gaeltacht areas… ]. https://tuairisc.ie/na10-gceantar-gaeltachta-is-measa-as-agus-na-10-gceantar-gaeltachta-is-fearr-as/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017m. Cé mhéad foirgneamh folamh atá ag Údarás na Gaeltachta, cá bhfuil siad agus cén fhad atá siad le ligean? [How many Údarás na Gaeltachta buildings are empty, where are they and for how long are they to let?]. https://tuairisc.ie/ce-mheadfoirgneamh-folamh-ata-ag-udaras-na-gaeltachta-ca-bhfuil-siad-agus-cen-fhad-ata-siad-leligean/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017n. Ardú den chéad uair le 10 mbliana anuas ar dheontas na ‘mná tí’ fógartha ag Kyne [Increase for the first time in 10 years for the grants for women who host summer college students announced by Kyne]. http://tuairisc.ie/ardu-den-chead-uair-le-10mbliana-anuas-ar-dheontas-na-mna-ti-fogartha-ag-kyne/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017o. ‘Táimid inár n-aonar, ag snámh in aghaidh easa’ – tuismitheoirí ag íoc iad féin as an tríú múinteoir do scoil Ghaeltachta [‘We’re on our own, swimming against the tide’ – parents paying themselves for third teacher in Gaeltacht school]. https://tuairisc. ie/taimid-inar-n-aonar-ag-snamh-in-aghaidh-easa-tuismitheoiri-ag-ioc-iad-fein-as-an-triumuinteoir-do-scoil-ghaeltachta/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017p. ‘Teipfidh ar na pleananna teanga cheal maoinithe agus ceannaireachta’ – Ollamh [‘Language plans will fail due to lack of funding and leadership’ – professor]. https://tuairisc.ie/teipfidh-ar-na-pleananna-teanga-cheal-maoinithe-agusceannaireachta-ollamh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017q. Deimhnithe ag Roinn na Gaeltachta gur €100,00 a bheidh ar fáil do phleananna teanga [Department of the Gaeltacht confirm that €100,000 will be available for language plans]. https://tuairisc.ie/deimhnithe-ag-roinn-na-gaeltachta-gur-e100000a-bheidh-ar-fail-do-phleananna-teanga/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017r. Grúpaí pleanála teanga i dtrí cheantar Gaeltachta ag tacú leis an gcur chuige gan glacadh le maoiniú an Údaráis [Language planning groups in three Gaeltacht areas backing plan to refuse Údarás funding]. https://tuairisc.ie/diultu-no-glacadh-lemaoiniu-do-phlean-teanga-le-ple-i-ngaoth-dobhair-anocht/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017s. Iarracht Roinn na Gaeltachta géarchéim na pleanála teanga a réiteach á meas ag Fóram Chois Fharraige [Department of Gaeltacht’s efforts to resolve language planning crisis being assessed by Cois Fharraige forum]. https://tuairisc.ie/iarracht-roinnna-gaeltachta-gearcheim-na-pleanala-teanga-a-reiteach-a-meas-ag-foram-chois-fharraige/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017t. Ní chuirfidh an phleanáil teanga mar atá le saolré na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht – duine d’údair an Staidéir Theangeolaíoch [Language planning won’t add to lifespan of Irish in the Gaeltacht – one of the Linguistic Study’s authors]. https://tuairisc. 278 Bibliography ie/molta-ag-misneach-bliain-eiri-amach-na-ngael-a-dheanamh-de-bhliain-na-gaeilge/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2017u. Post fógartha ag an Roinn Talmhaíochta i gceartlár na Gaeltachta – ‘English essential, Irish desirable’ [Job announced by Department of Agriculture in heart of Gaeltacht – ‘English essential, Irish desirable’]. https://tuairisc.ie/post-fogartha-agan-roinn-talmhaiochta-i-gceartlar-na-gaeltachta-english-essential-irish-desirable/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018a. Níl feidhm ar bith le haon chuid den struchtúr a bhí in ainm is an Straitéis 20 Bliain don Ghaeilge a chur i gcrích – taighde nua [None of the structures that were meant to implement the 20-Year Strategy operational – new research]. https://tuairisc.ie/ nil-feidhm-ar-bith-le-haon-chuid-den-struchtur-a-bhi-in-ainm-is-an-straiteis-20-bliain-don -ghaeilge-a-chur-i-gcrich-taighde-nua/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018b. Gan aon chinneadh fós faoi cathain a thabharfar maoiniú breise d’Údarás na Gaeltachta [No decision yet regarding when extra funding will be given to Údarás na Gaeltachta]. https://tuairisc.ie/gan-aon-chinneadh-fos-faoi-cathain-a-thabharfar-maoiniu -breise-project-ireland-2040-dudaras-na-gaeltachta/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018c. Leath an méid airgid bhreise a mheas siad a bhí ag teastáil don Ghaeilge a fuair Roinn na Gaeltachta do 2018 [Department of the Gaeltacht received half the amount they thought necessary in 2018]. https://tuairisc.ie/leath-an-meid-airgid-breise-a-mheassiad-a-bhi-ag-teastail-don-ghaeilge-a-fuair-roinn-na-gaeltachta-do-2018/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018d. Deireadh le plé faoi chúrsaí nuachta am lóin ar Raidió na Gaeltachta agus ciorrú le déanamh ar ‘Nuacht a hAon’ [End to lunchtime discussion of news on Raidió na Gaeltachta as cuts are made to ‘News at One’]. https://tuairisc.ie/deireadh-le-ple-faoichursai-nuachta-am-loin-ar-raidio-na-gaeltachta-agus-ciorru-le-deanamh-ar-nuacht-ahaon/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018e. ‘Tá earnáil na foilsitheoireachta Gaeilge an-leochaileach agus tá gá le réimse beart’ – Príomhfheidhmeannach Fhoras na Gaeilge [‘Irish-language publishing is very vulnerable and a selection of measures are needed’ – Foras na Gaeilge CEO]. https://tuairisc.ie/ta-earnail-na-foilsitheoireachta-gaeilge-an-leochaileach-agus-ta-ga-lereimse-beart-priomhfheidhmeannach-fhoras-na-gaeilge/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018f. An Coimisinéir Teanga chun éirí as monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar scéimeanna teanga mar gur ‘cur amú acmhainní’ é [Language Commissioner to stop monitoring language schemes as it is a ‘waste of resources’]. https://tuairisc.ie/ancoimisineir-teanga-chun-eiri-as-monatoireacht-a-dheanamh-ar-sceimeanna-teanga-margur-cur-amu-acmhainni-e/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018g. Ardú i liúntas ‘mná tí’ na Gaeltachta curtha as an áireamh ag McHugh [Increase in grants for women who host summer college students ruled out by McHugh]. https://tuairisc.ie/ardu-i-liuntas-mna-ti-na-gaeltachta-curtha-as-an-aireamh-ag-mchugh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018h. ‘Is léir go bhfuil pobal na Gaeilge cloíte agus iad sásta cur suas le gach sórt masla’ – Cormac Ó hEadhra [‘Obvious that Irish speaking community is defeated as they are happy to accept every type of insult’ – Cormac Ó hEadhra]. https://tuairisc.ie/isleir-go-bhfuil-pobal-na-gaeilge-agus-iad-sasta-cur-suas-le-gach-sort-masla-cormac-oheadhra/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018i. Molta ag Misneach ‘Bliain Éirí Amach na nGael’ a dhéanamh de Bhliain na Gaeilge [Misneach recommend making ‘Year of the Uprising of the Gaels’ from the Year of Bibliography 279 Irish]. https://tuairisc.ie/molta-ag-misneach-bliain-eiri-amach-na-ngael-a-dheanamh-debhliain-na-gaeilge/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018j. Aersheirbhís Árann slán go dtí an fómhar seo chugainn agus conradh nua bronnta ar Aer Arann [Árann air service safe until next autumn as a Aer Arann receive new contract]. https://tuairisc.ie/aersheirbhis-arann-slan-go-dti-an-fomhar-seo-chugainnagus-conradh-nua-bronnta-ar-aer-arann/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018k. Scoilt mhór i measc phobal Thoraí faoin vótáil ar son glacadh leis an ‘Queen of Aran’ [Big split in Toraigh community over vote to accept ‘Queen of Aran’]. https://tuairisc.ie/scoilt-mhor-i-measc-phobal-thorai-faoin-votail-ar-son-glacadh-leis-anqueen-of-aran/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2018l. Gealltanas faoi bhád nua d’oileán Thoraí curtha sa Phlean Forbartha Náisiúnta ar an tuiscint nach mbeadh aon airgead breise ar fáil dó [Promise of new boat for Toraigh added to National Development Plan on understanding no extra money would be made available for it]. https://tuairisc.ie/gealltanas-faoi-bhad-nua-doilean-thoraicurtha-sa-phlean-forbartha-naisiunta-ar-an-tuiscint-nach-mbeadh-aon-airgead-breise-arfail-do/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2019a. ‘Tubaisteach’, ‘maslach’ ‘suarach’ agus ‘náireach’ – buiséad na Gaeilge do 2020 [‘Disastrous’, ‘insulting’, ‘pitiful’ and ‘shameful’ – the Irish-language budget for 2020]. https://tuairisc.ie/tubaisteach-maslach-suarach-agus-naireach-buisead-nagaeilge-do-2020/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2019b. ‘Cúngú agus tachtadh seachas fás agus bláthú’ – tuairimí faoi phlean Fhoras na Gaeilge do na meáin [‘Contraction and choking instead of growth and flourishing’ – opinions about Foras na Gaeilge’s plan for the media]. https://tuairisc.ie/ cungu-agus-tachtadh-seachas-fas-agus-blathu-tuairimi-faoi-phlean-fhoras-na-gaeilge-dona-meain-ghaeilge/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2019c. Ní ‘leithscéal’ an Breatimeacht gan reachtaíocht Ghaeilge a bheith foilsithe [Brexit no ‘excuse’ for not publishing Irish-language legislation]. https://tuairisc.ie/nileithsceal-an-breatimeacht-gan-reachtaiocht-ghaeilge-a-bheith-foilsithe/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021a. Foireann Údarás na Gaeltachta le méadú den chéad uair le breis is deich mbliana [Údarás na Gaeltacht staff to be increased for first time in more than ten years]. https://tuairisc.ie/foireann-udaras-na-gaeltachta-le-meadu-den-chead-uair-le-breis-isdeich-mbliana/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021b. An Rialtas chun toghchán Údarás na Gaeltachta a thabhairt ar ais [Government to reintroduce Údarás na Gaeltachta election]. https://tuairisc.ie/an-rialtaschun-toghchan-udaras-na-gaeltachta-a-thabhairt-ar-ais/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021c. Laghdú eile déanta ar an maoiniú a chuireann RTÉ ar fáil do sheirbhís nuachta TG4 [Another reduction in funding RTÉ provides for TG4 news]. https://tuairisc. ie/laghdu-eile-deanta-ar-an-maoiniu-a-chuireann-rte-ar-fail-do-sheirbhis-nuachta-tg4/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021d. ‘Níl seirbhís nuachta TG4 ag feidhmiú’ – ceannasaí TG4 [‘TG4 news service not functional’ – head of TG4]. https://tuairisc.ie/nil-seirbhis-nuachta-tg4-ag-feidhmiuceannasai-tg4/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021e. Gaeilge riachtanach do phost amháin as gach 500 sa státseirbhís le trí bliana anuas – figiúirí nua [Irish necessary for one job out of every 500 in civil service in last three years]. https://tuairisc.ie/gaeilge-riachtanach-do-phost-amhain-as-gach-500sa-statseirbhis-le-tri-bliana-anuas-figiuiri-nua/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) 280 Bibliography Tuairisc.ie. 2021f. Deireadh curtha ag Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh le riachtanas Gaeilge do phostanna riaracháin [National University of Ireland, Galway ends Irish requirement for administrative roles]. https://tuairisc.ie/deireadh-curtha-ag-ollscoil-na-heireann-gaillimhle-riachtanas-gaeilge-do-phostanna-riarachain/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Tuairisc.ie. 2021g. Gan gá le Gaeilge ag Leas-Uachtarán Comhionannais in Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh [Vice-president of equality in National University of Ireland, Galway does not need Irish]. https://tuairisc.ie/gan-ga-le-gaeilge-ag-leas-uachtarancomhionannais-in-ollscoil-na-heireann-gaillimh/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Turley, Gerard, Stephen McNena & Geraldine Robbins. 2018. Austerity and Irish Local Government Expenditure since the Great Recession. Administration 66(4). 1–24. Tusting, Karin & Janet Maybin. 2007. Linguistic ethnography and interdisciplinarity: Opening the discussion. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(5). 575–583. Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2009a. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil agus Cuntais 2008/Annual Report and Accounts 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20171218085514/http://www.udaras.ie/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/2009-Annual-Report-and-Accounts.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2009b. Táblaí 2008: Aguisín don Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Tables 2008: Appendix to the Annual Report. https://web.archive.org/web/20171024064313/http:// www.udaras.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/2008-Annual-Report-Tables.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2010. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil agus Cuntais 2009/Annual Report and Accounts 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20171218085514/http://www.udaras.ie/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/2009-Annual-Report-and-Accounts.pdf (Accessed 17 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2014. Ag Forbairt na Fiontraíochta ar Pháirc Ghnó Ghaoth Dobhair/ Enterprise Development on the Gaoth Dobhair Business Park. https://web.archive.org/ web/20171218091025/http://www.udaras.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Ag-Forbairtna-Fiontra%C3%ADochta-ar-Ph%C3%A1irc-Ghn%C3%B3-Ghaoth-Dobhair.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2015. Údarás na Gaeltachta: 2015 Review. https://www.udaras.ie/as sets/uploads/2021/02/End_of_Year_Review_2015_Raiteas.docx (Accessed 13 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2016a. Tuarascáil Bhliantúil agus Cuntais 2015/Annual Report and Accounts 2015. https://www.udaras.ie/assets/uploads/2021/02/Tuarascail-Bhliantuil2015-D.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2016b. Táblaí 2015: Aguisín don Tuarascáil Bhliantúil/Tables 2015: Appendix to the Annual Report. https://www.udaras.ie/assets/uploads/2021/02/Tuaras cail-Bhliantuil-Tablai-2015-D-1.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2016c. UK Digital Marketing company to create 125 jobs in Gaoth Dobhair, Co. Donegal. https://udaras.ie/en/news/uk-digital-marketing-company-tocreate-125-jobs-in-gaoth-dobhair-co-donegal/ (Accessed 13 September 2021) Údarás na Gaeltachta. 2017. Údarás na Gaeltachta: Athbhreithniú 2017 [Údarás na Gaeltachta: 2017 review]. https://www.udaras.ie/assets/uploads/2021/02/AthbhreithniuI%C2%81Deireadh-Bliana-2017-raI%C2%81iteas.pdf (Accessed 13 September 2021) Uí Chollatáin, Regina, Aoife Uí Fhaoláin & Ruth Lysaght. 2011. Tuarascáil ar straitéis úr maidir le Foras na Gaeilge i leith earnáil na meán Gaeilge clóite agus ar líne: Athláithriú agus athshealbhú teanga. https://web.archive.org/web/20201213043149/https://www.foras Bibliography 281 nagaeilge.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Tuarasc%C3%A1il-R.-U%C3%AD-Chollat% C3%A1in-2011.pdf (Accessed 25 July 2021) Uí Chollatáin, Regina. 2016. Language Shift and Language Revival in Ireland. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Sociolinguistics in Ireland, 176–197. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. UNESCO. 2018. UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger: Irish. http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php (Accessed 17 September 2021) UNESCO. n.d. Frequent Asked Questions on Endangered Languages. http://www.unesco.org/ new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/faq-on-endangered-languages/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Urla, Jacqueline. 2020. Towards an ethnography of linguistic governmentalities. In Luisa Martín Rojo & Alfonso Del Percio (eds.), Language and Neoliberal Governmentality, 211–221. New York: Routledge. Varoufakis, Yanis. 2016. And the Weak Suffer What They Must? Europe, Austerity and the Threat to Global Stability. London: Bodley Head. Verhaeghe, Paul. 2014. What about me? The struggle for identity in a market-based society. Melbourne: Scribe. Voicu, Malina, Ingvill C. Mochmann & Hermann Dülmer. 2016. Values, economic crisis and democracy. New York: Routledge. Wall, Maureen. 1969. The Decline of the Irish language. In Brian Ó Cuív (ed.), A View of the Irish Language, 81–90. Dublin: Stationery Office. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. World-systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press. Walsh, John & Wilson McLeod. 2008. An overcoat wrapped around an invisible man? Language legislation and language revitalisation in Ireland and Scotland. Language Policy 7(1). 21–46. Walsh, John. 2010. From Industrial Development to Language Planning – the Evolution of Údarás na Gaeltachta. In Helen Kelly-Holmes & Gerlinde Mautner (eds.), Language and the Market, 123–134. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Walsh, John. 2011a. Contests and Contexts: The Irish Language and Ireland’s socio-economic development. Oxford: Peter Lang. Walsh, John. 2011b. An Straitéis 20 Bliain Don Ghaeilge: Ní bheidh deis níos fearr ar fáil [The 20-Year Strategy for Irish: there won’t be a better chance available]. Comhar (February). 3–6. Walsh, John. 2011c. Fál ar an nGort tar éis na Foghla? Athneartú na Gaeilge agus Acht na dTeangacha Oifigiúla 2003 [Closing the stable door after the horse has bolted: the revitalisation of Irish and the Official Languages Act 2003]. Bliainiris 10. 88–130. Walsh, John. 2012a. Sainiú na Gaeltachta agus an Rialachas Teanga [Defining the Gaeltacht and language governance]. In Tadhg Ó hIfearnáin & Máire Ní Neachtain (eds.), An tSochtheangeolaíocht: Feidhm agus Tuairisc [Sociolinguistics: function and account], 177–194. Dublin: Cois Life. Walsh, John. 2012b. Language Policy and Language Governance: A Case-Study of Irish Language Legislation. Language Policy 11(4). 323–341. Walsh, John. 2014a. Pushing an open door? Aspects of Language Policy at an Irish University. In Virve-Anneli Vihman & Kristiina Praakli (eds.), Negotiating Linguistic Identity, 301–325. Oxford: Peter Lang. Walsh, John. 2014b. An ceart ag an gCoimisinéir. Comhar (January). 10–11. 282 Bibliography Walsh, John. 2021. The Governance of Irish in the Neoliberal Age: The Retreat of the State Under the Guise of Partnership. In Huw Lewis & Wilson McLeod (eds.), Language Revitalisation and Social Transformation, 311–342. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ward, Steven C. 2011. The machinations of managerialism: New public management and the diminishing power of professionals. Journal of Cultural Economy 4(2). 206–215. Warren, Carol A. B. & Jennifer Kay Hackney. 2000 [1988]. Gender Issues in Ethnography, 2nd edn. London: SAGE. Warren, Ron. 2005. Parental Mediation of Children’s Television Viewing in Low-Income Families. Journal of Communication 55(4). 847–863. Watson, Iarfhlaith. 2003. Broadcasting in Irish: Minority Language, Radio, Television and Identity. Dublin: Four Courts. Watson, Iarfhlaith. 2016. The Irish Language and the Media. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), Sociolinguistics in Ireland, 60–80. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Weller, Patrick, Herman Bavis & R. A. W. Rhodes. 1997. The Hollow Crown: Countervailing Trends in Core Executives. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Welsh Language Commissioner. 2020. Annual Report 2018-19. https://senedd.wales/laid% 20documents/gen-ld12792/gen-ld12792%20-e.pdf (Accessed 10 August 2021) Western Development Commission. 2018. Travelling from the Western Region to work in Dublin: How has it changed and why? https://www.wdc.ie/travelling-from-the-westernregion-to-work-in-dublin-how-has-it-changed-and-why/ (Accessed 17 September 2021) Whelan, Karl. 2013. Ireland’s Economic Crisis: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Journal of Macroeconomics 39(Part B). 424–440. Wightman, Andy. 2014. Renewing Local Democracy in Scotland. http://www.andywightman. com/docs/RenewingLocalDemocracy_final_v2.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) Wilkinson, Richard & Kate Picket. 2010. The Spirit Level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Williams, Colin H. 1991. Linguistic Minorities, Society and Territory. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Williams, Colin H. 2013. Minority Language Promotion, Protection and Regulation: The Mask of Piety. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, Colin H. 2014. The Lightening Veil: Language Revitalization in Wales. Review of Research in Education 38(1). 242–272. Williams, Glen & Delyth Morris. 2000. Language Planning and Language Use: Welsh in a Global Age. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Wilson, Gary N. 2011. Social change and language revitalization in the Isle of Man: A postmaterialist perspective. Language Documentation and Description 9. 58–74. Wolf, Nicholas M. 2014. An Irish-speaking Island: State, Religion, Community and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770-1870. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. World Bank. 2009. Reshaping Economic Geography. https://documents1.worldbank.org/cu rated/en/730971468139804495/pdf/437380REVISED01BLIC1097808213760720.pdf (Accessed 9 May 2022) Wright, Sue. 1996. Language and the State: Revitalization and Revival in Israel and Eire [sic]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Wright, Sue. 2016. Language Choices: Political and Economic Factors in Three European States. In Victor Ginsburg & Shlomo Weber (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language, 447–488. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bibliography 283 Yates, Simeon & Eleanor Lockley. 2018. Social Media and Social Class. American Behavioral Scientist 62(9). 1291–1316. Yates, Simeon, John Kirby & Eleanor Lockley. 2015. Digital Media Use: Differences and Inequalities in Relation to Class and Age. Sociological Research Online 20(4). 1–21. Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books. Index 20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 32, 47–50, 72, 78, 91, 96, 183 Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge [division of the National University of Ireland, Galway] 8, 13, 56, 86–87, 181 bail out, of banks 39, 53, 109–110, 150 Basque 88, 231 Brexit 131, 161, 236 broadband see internet Catalan 88, 142, 231 Catherine wheel model 84 Celtic Tiger, the – demographic change during and after 118–122 – growth and decline of 38–40 – language policy during 30–33 census – economic data 123–124 – Irish speakers 5, 11–12, 20, 22, 82, 120–122, 127 – population change 2006–2016 118–120 civic engagement 55–56, 183, 186, 196, 198, 200, 202 civil service see public service class 21, 34–35, 57, 107, 110, 122–124, 139, 142, 178, 210, 228 climate change see ecological crisis Coimisinéir Teanga, An [Language Commissioner, the] 31, 49, 53, 88, 95–106, 184, 187, 235 committee – Culture, Welsh Language and Communications 88, 231, 234 – for implementation of the 20-Year Strategy 50, 104 – for Public Accounts 81 – language planning 50–60 – local democracy in county council 201 – on Communications, Climate Action and Environment 84 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110768909-016 – on the Future Funding of Public Service Broadcasting 81 – on the Irish language, the Gaeltacht and the Islands 82, 89 community power debate 109 commuting 134, 144, 149, 206 competition state 38, 133, 194, 203, 228 Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Use of Irish in the Gaeltacht 32, 47–48, 50–51, 54, 75–77, 111, 219 Conradh na Gaeilge [The Gaelic League] 20, 74, 91, 95, 179, 186 Cork 209 county council 24, 47, 67–68, 102, 190, 201, 230 Covid 40, 102, 110, 128, 131, 135, 155, 161, 163, 169–170, 210, 231–236 democratic confederalism 237 democratic deficit 51, 67–68, 71, 74, 109, 190, 202 demography 118–122 Department – of Agriculture 59 – of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources 80 – of Education 28, 45, 62, 193 – of Finance 23, 25, 52, 70, 100 – of Public Expenditure and Reform 103 – of the Environment 101 – of the Taoiseach 49 Department responsible for the Gaeltacht – affects of austerity on 45–46, 52, 56, 69–71, 164, 169 – and island transport links 189 – and publication of the Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch 75–76 – and use of Irish in the public service 49, 104 – changes to department portfolio 30, 69 – establishment of 24 – suppressing dissent 180 286 Index ecological crisis 157, 236–237 education 5, 21, 23, 28, 51, 62–63, 126, 138, 150–152, 167–170, 193 educational inequality 123, 125, 130, 151 European Central Bank, the see Troika, the European Commission, the see Troika, the European Union (EU) 12, 32, 49, 102, 129, 156, 160, 179, 233 evidence-based policy making 48, 54, 77 exogamy 133, 153, 207, 212 Fianna Fáil 44, 98 Fine Gael 44, 51, 67, 98 Foreign Direct Investment 38, 66, 109, 133–140, 195 Gaeltacht see also class; Department responsible for – Act 2012 50–60 – borders 24 – categories A, B, C 11 – Commission 1926 23 – Commission 2002 31 – numbers of Irish speakers in 120–122 – origin of concept 21 Gaeltarra Éireann 24, 27, 129, 144 gender 15, 81, 126–127, 168, 205–207 globalisation 9, 35, 40, 88, 129, 144, 147 grants see also Foreign Direct Investment; Scéim Labhairt na Gaeilge; training and scholarships, funding for – and control of dissent 201 – Corporate “Social Responsibility” 193 – dependence of Irish on 108 – for housing 46 – for print media 89–93 – for students studying in the Gaeltacht 87 – from ÚnaG for local businesses 139 – proposed by Gaeltacht Commission 1926 22 – ÚnaG expenditure on capital 127 Hayek, Friedrich 33–34, 106–107 housing 22, 38, 46, 51, 102, 125, 150, 153, 156–157, 231, 235 incrementalism 29, 60 industrial action 38, 178 Industrial Development Agency (IDA) 63–64, 137 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 37, 39, 61, 102, 127, 224, 232, 235 internet 91–92, 127–130, 147, 208–213 Kerry 29, 80, 159, 173 language attitudes see language ideologies Language Commissioner, the see Coimisinéir Teanga, An language ideologies 110–112, 160, 186, 217, 219 language management 112 language planning process 51–53, 55–60, 67, 185, 195 see also Gaeltacht Act 2012 literacy rates in Irish 170, 209 local authority see county council Meitheal Forbartha na Gaeltachta [the Gaeltacht development working group] 200 Misneach 92, 178, 187 mortgage repayments 150 National Development Plan 2018–2027 65, 77, 191 National University of Ireland 8, 21, 45, 56, 86, 103 new speakers 8, 156, 176, 217, 233 North of Ireland 4, 71, 91, 180, 184, 186 Ó Cadhain, Máirtín 122, 159 OECD 99, 102, 147, 178, 235 Official Languages Act 31–32, 56, 95–106, 183, 233 path dependence 44, 47, 109 pay differentials 80–81, 83, 230 post-materialism 55, 95, 110–112, 123, 142, 182, 186, 194, 218, 234 precarity 55, 57, 88, 95, 110–112, 122–124, 149, 206, 210, 218, 234 Index public service – and implementation of language policies 49, 53, 106 – Public Service Reform Plan 67 – suppressing dissent 76 punctuated equilibrium 5, 29, 43, 71, 113 Randox 135 recommendation fatigue 77 satisficing 54 Scéim Labhairt na Gaeilge [the Irishspeaking scheme] 23, 46, 71, 75 schools 19–23, 26, 44, 47, 51, 62–63, 150–152, 154, 167–170, 193, 199–200, 211–212, 218, 225 see also education Scotland 79, 123, 153, 156, 165, 198, 216, 229–231 second face of power, the 28, 68, 109 social Darwinism 111 social media 208–213 287 social partnership 38, 45, 177–178 strike see industrial action trade unions 38, 45, 47, 66, 81, 129, 133, 137, 178, 181 training and scholarships, funding for 56, 64, 86–87 Troika, the 39, 43–44, 48, 52–54, 100, 108–110 trust, levels of 100, 110–111 unemployment blackspots 124 Universal Basic Income & Services 234 urbanisation 130–131, 147–148 voluntarism see civic engagement Wales 86, 142, 155–156, 198, 229–231, 234 wealth distribution 33, 36–37, 110–111, 156 World Bank, the 25, 37, 127, 130