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Synonyms: Acalyphaceae Juss. ex Menge; Androstachyaceae Airy Shaw; Antidesmataceae Loudon; Aporosaceae Lindl. ex Planch.; Bertyaceae J. Agardh; Bischofiaceae Airy Shaw; Crotonaceae J. Agardh; Hippomanaceae J. Agardh; Hymenocardiaceae Airy Shaw; Micrantheaceae J. Agardh; Paivaeusaceae A. Meeuse; Peraceae Klotzsch; Phyllanthaceae Martinov; Picrodendraceae Small, nom. cons.; Porantheraceae Hurus.; Pseudanthaceae Endl.; Putranjivaceae Meisn.; Ricinocarpaceae Hurus.; Scepaceae Lindl.; Stilaginaceae C. Agardh; Tithymalaceae Vent.; Treviaceae Lindl. (Trewiaceae Lindl., orth. var.); Uapacaceae Airy Shaw
Common name: Spurge Family.
Number of genera 321. Number of species 7550.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a partial fruit (a segment of an entire fruit), or an incomplete fruit with epicarp absent and mesocarp exposed, or an incomplete fruit with epicarp and mesocarp absent and endocarp exposed, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound, or simple; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels nearly separate to base. Fruit pericarpium; simple, or schizocarp; berry, or capsule, or drupe (Drypetes, but not Spjut), or samara (Hymenocardia acida Tul., but not Spjut); coccarium (Manihot esculentus Crantz, Spjut Fig.21 C-D); polospermatium capsule (Austrobuxus carunculatus (Baill.) Airy Shaw, Spjut Fig. 41C-D & 2 families Ctenolophonaceae (listed as Hugoniaceae), Euphorbiaceae), or loculicidal capsule (not Spjut), or ceratium capsule (not Spjut), or silique capsule (not Spjut), or septicidal capsule (not Spjut); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; berry indehiscent; berry without central placental mass; with persistent central column (maybe 3-winged or 3-ridged), or without persistent central column; valves diverging from top of central column (resembling umbrella ribs), or not diverging at top of central column; with styles(s); at apex; 1-seeded to many-seeded; 1-seeded (-many); 2- 3-carpellate (-4-many); with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels separating at style; without sterile carpels; sulcate; in transection angled, or terete, or flat; apex not beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; actively, or passively; elastically, or explosively; with valves coiling, or twisting; linearly; by ventral sutures, or dorsal sutures; at apex, or base; without replum. Epicarp durable; glabrous (without hairs), or not glabrous (with hairs); hairs scattered; hairs not glandular; with armature, or without armature; with spines; without armature glochidiate; smooth, or not smooth; warted (at least); without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp present, or absent. Endocarp present, or absent; not separating from exocarp; thin, or woody, or bony; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent (Phyllanthoideae); an arillike structure. Arillike structure falling with seed a caruncle (brownish-white, white, small, large, hard); micopylar caruncle. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long to 50+ mm long; 1–80 mm long; in transection compressed, or lenticular, or terete, or triangular; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without apparent food reserves (rarely); with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; shiny, or dull; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or discreet raised features, or merged raised features; surface grooved, or pitted; surface papillate, or tuberculate; surface 1- ridged, or reticulate, or striate, or rugose; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous, or pubescent; without glandular pubescence; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black, or blue; membranous, or crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum larger than punctate. Raphe conspicuous; texture as testa; shorter than seed. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; fleshy, or fleshy-soft; smooth; without starch (assumed); with oils and proteins (often poisonous); without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; completely filling testa (no food reserve), or partially filling testa (with food reserve), or nearly filling testa (trace or scanty food reserve); 0.7–1 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear; with spatulate cotyledons, or investing cotyledons (slightly); straight, or C-shaped, or arcuate, or J-shaped, or U-shaped; oblique to seed length; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.5–0.9 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–7 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle, or partially concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous, or not foliaceous; thin, or massive; flat, or once-folded; smooth, or corrugate; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight; not thickened.
Distribution
Cosmopolitan. New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia Major, Asia Minor, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Airy Shaw noted drupe for Drypetes, Picradendron, Stilago, and Uapaca. Spjut did not record this fruit. Read Corner (1976). Radcliffe-Smith (1991) from page 73: "The regma is generally trilocular, and is a schizocarpic fruit in which three kinds of dehiscence virtually takes place simultaneously 1) septifragal, or separtion of the 3 mericarps or cocci from the main axis, usually leaving a persistent 3-winged or -ridged columnella; 2) septicidal, or separation of the 3 mericarps from each other; and 3) loculicidal, or dehiscent of the mericarps themselves along a median suture line, this releasing the seeds. The latter phase of the dehiscence may be complete, as in Phyllanthus, resulting in 2 separate valves per mericarp, or it may only be partial, as in most other genera, leaving the pair of valves still joined together at one end". Fruit tardily dehiscent as in Pseutolochnostylis, irregularly dehiscent as in Margaritaria, or completely indehiscent and drupaceous as in Drypetes etc. Hymenocardia fruit bilocular, flattened, 2-winged & dehisces septifragally into 2 indehiscent winged mericarps. Before dehiscence, fruit resembles fruit of Ulmaceae. Stillingia upper part of fruit dehisces, but lower part does not.
Weed information
1 or more USA state noxious weeds.
USA states and territories with listed noxious weeds: Alabama (AL), Alaska (AK), Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Colorado (CO), Connecticut (CT), Florida (FL), Hawaii (HI), Idaho (ID), Illinois (IL), Iowa (IA), Kansas (KS), Louisiana (LA), Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), Minnesota (MN), Mississippi (MS), Missouri (MO), Montana (MT), Nebraska (NE), Nevada (NV), New Mexico (NM), New York (NY), North Dakota (ND), Ohio (OH), Oregon (OR), Puerto Rico (PR), South Dakota (SD), Texas (TX), Utah (UT), Washington (WA), Wisconsin (WI), Wyoming (WY).
USA state and territory noxious weeds: -- Caperonia castaneifolia (L.) A. St.-Hil.: USA state noxious weed: LA°. -- Euphorbia cyparissias L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●°, CT●, MA●. -- Euphorbia dentata Michx.: USA state noxious weed: ID●, LA°. -- Euphorbia esula L.: USA state noxious weed: AK●°, AZ●°, CA●°, CO●°, HI●°, IA●°, ID●°, IL°, KS●°, MA●, MI●°, MN●°, MO°, MT●°, ND●°, NE●°, NM●, NV●°, NY°, OH°, OR●°, SD●°, UT●°, WA●°, WI●°, WY●°. -- Euphorbia heterophylla L.: USA state noxious weed: LA°, PR●. -- Euphorbia myrsinites L.: USA state noxious weed: CO●°, OR●, WA●. -- Euphorbia oblongata Griseb.: USA state noxious weed: CA●, WA●. -- Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq. (=Euphorbia heterophylla L.): USA state noxious weed: FL●. -- Euphorbia ×pseudovirgata (Schur) Soo (=Euphorbia esula nothosubsp. pseudovirgata (Schur) Govaerts): USA state noxious weed: ●°. -- Euphorbia serrata L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●, HI°. -- Euphorbia terracina L.: USA state noxious weed: CA●. -- Jatropha gossypiifolia L.: USA state noxious weed: PR●. -- Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.: USA state noxious weed: AL●. -- Phyllanthus urinaria L.: USA state noxious weed: AL●. -- Ricinus communis L.: USA state noxious weed: TX°. -- Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. (=Triadica sebifera (L.) Small): USA state noxious weed: FL●, MS●, PR●. -- Triadica sebifera (L.) Small: USA state noxious weed: TX●. -- Symbols: ªaquatic weed; ●terrestrial weed; °weed in seed. -- Last updated September 2008.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Acalypha virginica L. -- Caperonia castaneifolia (L.) A. St.-Hil. -- Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small -- Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small -- Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small -- Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small -- Croton capitatus Michx. -- Croton setiger Hook. -- Croton L. spp. -- Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. -- Eremocarpus setiger (Hook.) Benth. = Croton setiger Hook. -- Euphorbia corollata L. -- Euphorbia cyparissias L. -- Euphorbia dentata Michx. -- Euphorbia esula L. -- Euphorbia falcata L. -- Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm. = Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small -- Euphorbia helioscopia L. -- Euphorbia heterophylla L. -- Euphorbia lathyris L. -- Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. -- Euphorbia maculata L. = Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small -- Euphorbia marginata Pursh -- Euphorbia nutans Lag. = Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small -- Euphorbia oblongata Griseb. -- Euphorbia prostrata Aiton = Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small -- Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq. = Euphorbia heterophylla L. -- Euphorbia serrata L. -- Euphorbia L. spp. -- Euphorbia supina Raf. = Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small -- Ricinus communis L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Acalypha indica L.w -- Aleurites fordii Hemsl. = Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw-- Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. -- Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. -- Antidesma platyphyllum H. Mann -- Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. -- Croton bonplandianus Baill.w -- Croton sparsiflorus Morong = Croton bonplandianus Baill. -- Croton tiglium L. -- Endospermum peltatum Merr. -- Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam. -- Euphorbia esula L.w -- Euphorbia exigua L.w -- Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klotzsch -- Euphorbia helioscopia L.w -- Euphorbia heterophylla L.w -- Euphorbia lathyris L.w -- Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit.w -- Euphorbia marginata Pursh -- Euphorbia milii Des Moul. -- Euphorbia peplus L.w -- Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq. = Euphorbia heterophylla L.-- Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch -- Euphorbia segetalis L.w -- Euphorbia terracina L.w -- Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Mull. Arg. -- Hura crepitans L. -- Jatropha curcas L. -- Jatropha gossypiifolia L.w -- Manihot glaziovii Mull. Arg. -- Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.w -- Phyllanthus niruri L.w -- Ricinus communis L.a -- Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.-- Triadica sebifera (L.) Small = Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.-- Vernicia cordata (Thunb.) Airy Shaw -- Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw-- Vernicia montana Lour. -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Acalypha L. -- Acidocroton Griseb. -- Acidoton Sw., nom. cons. -- Actephila Blume -- Adelia L., nom. cons. -- Adenochlaena B. Boivin ex Baill. -- Adenocline Turcz. -- Adenopeltis Bertero ex A. Juss. -- Adenophaedra (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. -- Adriana Gaudich. -- Aerisilvaea Radcl.-Sm. -- Afrotrewia Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Agrostistachys Dalzell -- Alchornea Sw. -- Alchorneopsis Müll. Arg. -- Aleurites J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. -- Algernonia Baill. -- Alphandia Baill. -- Amanoa Aubl. -- Amperea A. Juss. -- Amyrea Leandri -- Andrachne L. -- Androstachys Prain, nom. cons. -- Angostylis Benth., nom. cons. -- Annesijoa Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Anomalocalyx Ducke -- Anomostachys (Baill.) Hurus. -- Anthostema A. Juss. -- Antidesma L. -- Aparisthmium Endl. -- Apodiscus Hutch. -- Aporosa Blume -- Argomuellera Pax -- Argythamnia P. Browne -- Aristogeitonia Prain -- Ashtonia Airy Shaw -- Astrocasia B. L. Rob. & Millsp. -- Astrococcus Benth. -- Austrobuxus Miq. -- Avellanita Phil. -- Baccaurea Lour. -- Baliospermum Blume -- Baloghia Endl. -- Benoistia H. Perrier & Leandri -- Bernardia Mill. -- Bertya Planch. -- Beyeria Miq. -- Bischofia Blume -- Blachia Baill., nom. cons. -- Blotia Leandri -- Blumeodendron (Müll. Arg.) Kurz -- Bocquillonia Baill. -- Bonania A. Rich. -- Borneodendron Airy Shaw -- Bossera Leandri -- Botryophora Hook. f., nom. cons. -- Breynia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., nom. cons. -- Bridelia Willd., nom. cons. -- Calycopeplus Planch. -- Canaca Guillaumin -- Caperonia A. St.-Hil. -- Caryodendron H. Karst. -- Cavacoa J. Léonard -- Celianella Jabl. -- Cephalocroton Hochst. -- Cephalomappa Baill. -- Chaetocarpus Thwaites, nom. cons. -- Chamaesyce Raf. -- Chascotheca Urb. -- Cheilosa Blume -- Chiropetalum A. Juss. -- Chlamydojatropha Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Chondrostylis Boerl. -- Chonocentrum Pierre ex Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Choriceras Baill. -- Chrozophora A. Juss., nom. cons. -- Cladogelonium Leandri -- Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span. -- Claoxylon A. Juss. -- Claoxylopsis Leandri -- Cleidiocarpon Airy Shaw -- Cleidion Blume -- Cleistanthus Hook. f. ex Planch. -- Clutia L. -- Cnesmone Blume -- Cnidoscolus Pohl -- Cocconerion Baill. -- Codiaeum A. Juss., nom. cons. -- Colliguaja Molina -- Conceveiba Aubl. -- Cordemoya Baill. -- Croizatia Steyerm. -- Croton L. -- Crotonogyne Müll. Arg. -- Crotonogynopsis Pax -- Ctenomeria Harv. -- Cubanthus (Boiss.) Millsp. -- Cyrtogonone Prain -- Cyttaranthus J. Léonard -- Dalechampia L. -- Dalembertia Baill. -- Dendrothrix Esser -- Deutzianthus Gagnep. -- Dichostemma Pierre -- Dicoelia Benth. -- Didymocistus Kuhlm. -- Dimorphocalyx Thwaites -- Discocarpus Klotzsch -- Discoclaoxylon (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Discocleidion (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Discoglypremna Prain -- Dissiliaria F. Muell. ex Baill. -- Distichirhops Haegen -- Ditaxis Vahl ex A. Juss. -- Ditta Griseb. -- Dodecastigma Ducke -- Doryxylon Zoll. -- Droceloncia J. Léonard -- Drypetes Vahl -- Duvigneaudia J. Léonard -- Dysopsis Baill. -- Elaeophorbia Stapf -- Elateriospermum Blume -- Endadenium L. C. Leach -- Endospermum Benth., nom. cons. -- Enriquebeltrania Rzed. -- Epiprinus Griff. -- Erismanthus Wall. ex Müll. Arg. -- Erythrococca Benth. -- Euphorbia L. -- Excoecaria L. -- Fahrenheitia Rchb. & Zoll. ex Müll. Arg. -- Flueggea Willd. -- Fontainea Heckel -- Garcia Rohr -- Gavarretia Baill. -- Givotia Griff. -- Glochidion J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., nom. cons. -- Glycydendron Ducke -- Grimmeodendron Urb. -- Grossera Pax -- Gymnanthes Sw. -- Haematostemon (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Hamilcoa Prain -- Hevea Aubl. -- Heywoodia Sim -- Hieronyma Allemão, nom. cons. -- Hippomane L. -- Homalanthus A. Juss., nom. cons. -- Homonoia Lour. -- Hura L. -- Hyaenanche Lamb. -- Hylandia Airy Shaw -- Hymenocardia Wall. ex Lindl. -- Jablonskia G. L. Webster -- Jatropha L., nom. cons. prop. -- Joannesia Vell. -- Kairothamnus Airy Shaw -- Keayodendron Leandri -- Klaineanthus Pierre ex Prain -- Koilodepas Hassk. -- Lachnostylis Turcz. -- Lasiococca Hook. f. -- Lasiocroton Griseb. -- Lautembergia Baill. -- Leeuwenbergia Letouzey & N. Hallé -- Leidesia Müll. Arg. -- Leptonema A. Juss. -- Leptopus Decne. -- Leucocroton Griseb. -- Lingelsheimia Pax -- Lobanilia Radcl.-Sm. -- Loerzingia Airy Shaw -- Longetia Baill. -- Mabea Aubl. -- Macaranga Thouars -- Maesobotrya Benth. -- Mallotus Lour. -- Manihot Mill. -- Manihotoides D. J. Rogers & Appan -- Manniophyton Müll. Arg. -- Maprounea Aubl. -- Mareya Baill. -- Mareyopsis Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Margaritaria L. f. -- Martretia Beille -- Megistostigma Hook. f. -- Meineckia Baill. -- Melanolepis Rchb. ex Zoll. -- Mercurialis L. -- Micrandra Benth., nom. cons. -- Micrandropsis W. A. Rodrigues -- Micrantheum Desf. -- Micrococca Benth. -- Microstachys A. Juss. -- Mildbraedia Pax -- Mischodon Thwaites -- Moacroton Croizat -- Monadenium Pax -- Monotaxis Brongn. -- Moultonianthus Merr. -- Myladenia Airy Shaw -- Myricanthe Airy Shaw -- Nealchornea Huber -- Necepsia Prain -- Neoboutonia Müll. Arg. -- Neoguillauminia Croizat -- Neoholstia Rauschert -- Neoroepera Müll. Arg. & F. Muell. -- Neoscortechinia Pax -- Neoshirakia Esser -- Neotrewia Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Nothobaccaurea Haegen -- Octospermum Airy Shaw -- Oldfieldia Benth. & Hook. -- Oligoceras Gagnep. -- Omphalea L., nom. cons. -- Ophellantha Standl. -- Ophthalmoblapton Allemão -- Oreoporanthera Hutch. -- Ostodes Blume -- Pachystroma Müll. Arg. -- Pachystylidium Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Pantadenia Gagnep. -- Paradrypetes Kuhlm. -- Paranecepsia Radcl.-Sm. -- Parapantadenia Capuron -- Parodiodendron Hunz. -- Pausandra Radlk. -- Pedilanthus Neck. ex Poit., nom. cons. -- Pentabrachion Müll. Arg. -- Pera Mutis -- Petalodiscus (Baill.) Pax -- Petalostigma F. Muell. -- Philyra Klotzsch -- Phyllanthus L. -- Picrodendron Griseb., nom. cons. -- Pimelodendron Hassk. -- Piranhea Baill. -- Plagiostyles Pierre -- Platygyna P. Mercier -- Plukenetia L. -- Podadenia Thwaites -- Podocalyx Klotzsch -- Pogonophora Miers ex Benth. -- Poilaniella Gagnep. -- Polyandra Leal -- Poranthera Rudge -- Protomegabaria Hutch. -- Pseudagrostistachys Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Pseudanthus Sieber ex A. Spreng. -- Pseudolachnostylis Pax -- Ptychopyxis Miq. -- Putranjiva Wall. -- Pycnocoma Benth. -- Reutealis Airy Shaw -- Reverchonia A. Gray -- Richeria Vahl -- Richeriella Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Ricinocarpos Desf. -- Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. -- Ricinus L. -- Rockinghamia Airy Shaw -- Romanoa Trevis. -- Sagotia Baill., nom. cons. -- Sampantaea Airy Shaw -- Sandwithia Lanj. -- Sankowskya P. I. Forst. -- Sapium Jacq., nom. cons. -- Sauropus Blume -- Savia Willd. -- Scagea McPherson -- Schinziophyton Hutch. ex Radcl.-Sm. -- Sclerocroton Hochst. -- Sebastiania Spreng. -- Securinega Comm. ex Juss., nom. cons. -- Seidelia Baill. -- Senefeldera Mart. -- Senefelderopsis Steyerm. -- Sibangea Oliv. -- Spathiostemon Blume -- Speranskia Baill. -- Sphaerostylis Baill. -- Sphyranthera Hook. f. -- Spirostachys Sond. -- Spondianthus Engl. -- Stachyandra J.-F. Leroy ex Radcl.-Sm. -- Stachystemon Planch. -- Stillingia Garden ex L. -- Strophioblachia Boerl. -- Sumbaviopsis J. J. Sm. -- Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler -- Symphyllia Baill. -- Synadenium Boiss. -- Syndyophyllum Lauterb. & K. Schum. -- Tacaruna Huft -- Tannodia Baill. -- Tapoides Airy Shaw -- Tetracoccus Engelm. ex Parry -- Tetraplandra Baill. -- Tetrorchidium Poepp. -- Thecacoris A. Juss. -- Thyrsanthera Pierre ex Gagnep. -- Tragia L. -- Tragiella Pax & K. Hoffm. -- Trevia L. -- Triadica Lour. -- Trigonopleura Hook. f. -- Trigonostemon Blume, nom. cons. -- Uapaca Baill. -- Vaupesia R. E. Schult. -- Vernicia Lour. -- Voatamalo Capuron ex Bosser -- Wetria Baill. -- Whyanbeelia Airy Shaw & B. Hyland -- Wielandia Baill. -- Zimmermannia Pax -- Zimmermanniopsis Radcl.-Sm.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 736. Radcliffe-Smith, A. 1986. A review of the family Euphorbiaceae. In: F.J. Evans, ed., Naturally occurring phorbol esters, pp. 63–85. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida; Krockmal, A. 1952. Seeds of weedy Euphorbia species and their indentification. Weeds 1:243–255; Murley, M.R. 1945. Distribution of Euphorbiaceae in Iowa, with seed keys. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 19:415–427.
General references
Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R. and J.V. Dennis. 1976. World guide to tropical drift seeds and fruits, 240 pp. The New York Times Book Co., New York, Gunn, C.R. and C.A. Ritchie. 1988. Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1719:1–313, Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Schopmeyer, C.S. 1974. Seeds of Woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450:1–883, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or fruit incomplete, or fruit incomplete, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): Radcliffe-Smith (1986), Cronquist, Wood, Jr., Roosmalen. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn & Dennis. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn & Dennis. Seed illustration(s): Murley (1945), Gunn & Ritchie, Krochmal (1951), Schopmeyer, Wood, Jr., LeMaout & Decaisne, Gunn & Dennis. Embryo illustration(s): Martin, Corner, LeMaout & Decaisne, Schopmeyer.
• Seed. 1 of 42. Acalypha virginica L.: seeds. • Fruit. 2 of 42. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: fruit. • Seed. 3 of 42. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: seed. • Fruit. 4 of 42. Androstachys johnsonii Prain: fruit. • Seed. 5 of 42. Androstachys johnsonii Prain: seed. • Fruit. 6 of 42. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.: fruit. • Fruit. 7 of 42. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.: fruits with exocarp removed. • Seed. 8 of 42. Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.: seed. • Fruit. 9 of 42. Bridelia tenufolia Müll. Arg.: fruit. • Seed. 10 of 42. Bridelia tenufolia Müll. Arg.: seed. • Fruit. 11 of 42. Croton gossypiifolius Vahl: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 12 of 42. Croton gossypiifolius Vahl: seeds. • Fruit. 13 of 42. Euphorbia alcicornis Baker: fruit. • Seed. 14 of 42. Euphorbia alcicornis Baker: seeds. • Seed. 15 of 42. Hura polyandra Baill.: seed. • Fruit. 16 of 42. Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv.: fruit. • Seed. 17 of 42. Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv.: seeds. • Seed. 18 of 42. Jatropha acanthophylla Loefgr.: seed. • Fruit. 19 of 42. Manihot esculenta Crantz: fruit. • Seed. 20 of 42. Manihot esculenta Crantz: seeds. • Fruit. 21 of 42. Pedilanthus aphyllus Boiss.: fruit. • Seed. 22 of 42. Pedilanthus aphyllus Boiss.: seeds. • Fruit. 23 of 42. Aporosella chacoensis (Morong) Spreng.: fruit. • Seed. 24 of 42. Aporosella chacoensis (Morong) Spreng.: seeds. • Seed. 25 of 42. Phyllanthus emblica L.: seeds. • Seed. 26 of 42. Ricinus communis L.: seeds. • Fruit. 27 of 42. Sebastiania klotzschiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.: fruit. • Seed. 28 of 42. Sebastiania klotzschiana (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg.: seeds. • Seed. 29 of 42. Suregada lanceolata (Willd.) Kuntzee: seeds. • Embryo. 30 of 42. Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq.: embryo. • Embryo. 31 of 42. Acalypha indica L.: embryo. • Embryo. 32 of 42. Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach.) Müll. Arg.: embryo. • Embryo. 33 of 42. Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng.: embryo. • Embryo. 34 of 42. Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss.: embryo. • Embryo. 35 of 42. Croton hirtus L'Hér.: embryo. • Embryo. 36 of 42. Croton lobatus L.: embryo. • Embryo. 37 of 42. Euphorbia aleppica L.: embryo. • Embryo. 38 of 42. Euphorbia heterophylla L.: embryo. • Embryo. 39 of 42. Euphorbia terracina L.: embryo. • Embryo. 40 of 42. Macaranga triloba (Thunb.) Müll. Arg.: embryo. • Embryo. 41 of 42. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.: embryo. • Embryo. 42 of 42. Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
