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Synonyms: Hypecoaceae Wilkomm & Lange
Common name: Fumitory Family.
Number of genera 18. Number of species 450.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or an intact or entire fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) simple; 1; 1-pistillate. Fruit pericarpium; simple; achene, or capsule (Fumaria, Platycapnos), or bilomentum (Hypecoum Spjut Fig. 14A&B & 4 families: Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Fumariaceae, Goodeniaceae); ceratium capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; with styles(s); at apex; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded (-U); 1-seeded (-U); less than 1 cm long, or from 5.1–10 cm long; 0.07–6 cm long; 2-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; in transection terete, or compressed; apex not beaked, or beaked; apex short beaked; dehiscent, or indehiscent. Dehiscent unit seed(s). Dehiscent regularly; actively, or passively; elastically; at apex; and shedding seeds; with replum, or without replum; fruit without centered partition attached to replum. Epicarp black, or brown (all shades), or green; dull; durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; smooth, or not smooth; reticulate, or ribbed, or rugose, or striate, or tuberculate; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent; a true aril; yellow, or blue; well developed, or vestigal; adnate to hilum; fleshy; of funicular origin; marginal, or basal; does not aid in seed explusion from fruit; fleshy. Seed minute; less than 1 mm long, or 1 to less than 5 mm long; 0.9–4 mm long; reniform, or circular, or oblong; in transection terete, or compressed, or lenticular, or triangular; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; dull, or shiny; surface smooth, or unsmooth; surface with discreet raised features; surface tuberculate; with crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle, or without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; with notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approaching each other, or without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades), or black; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum punctate. Raphe inconspicuous. Endosperm development nuclear; copious; soft, or fleshy; opaque; smooth; without starch; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed, or rudimentary; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.1–0.2 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; linear; linear; straight, or bent; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed, or moderately developed; not divaricate; 0.2–0.4 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle; 1 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle moderately developed, or well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Distribution
Pantemperate. New World, Old World. North America, Africa (tropical mountains and south).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
ASOA listed seeds, ISTA listed seeds.
ASOA listed seeds: -- Dicentra eximia (Ker Gawl.) Torr. -- Fumaria officinalis L. -- Last updated September 2008.
ISTA listed seeds: -- Fumaria officinalis L.w -- Symbols: aagricultural and vegetable seeds (Table 2A Part 1); ttree and shrub species (Table 2A Part 2); fflower, spice, herb, and medicinal seeds (Table 2A Part 3); wweed seeds. -- Last updated September 2008.
Accepted genera
Adlumia Raf. ex DC., nom. cons. -- Capnoides Mill. -- Ceratocapnos Durieu -- Corydalis DC., nom. cons. -- Cryptocapnos Rech. f. -- Cysticapnos Mill. -- Dactylicapnos Wall. -- Dicentra Bernh., nom. cons. -- Discocapnos Cham. & Schltdl. -- Fumaria L. -- Fumariola Korsh. -- Hypecoum L. -- Platycapnos (DC.) Bernh. -- Pseudofumaria Medik. -- Rupicapnos Pomel -- Sarcocapnos DC. -- Trigonocapnos Schltr.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 147. Gunn, C.R. 1980. Seeds and fruits of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. Seed Sci. Technol. 8:3–58.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182, Wood, C.E., Jr. 1974. A student's atlas of flowering plants: Some dicotyledons of eastern North America, 120 pp. Harper and Row, New York, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/index.html (January 2003): Species names with authors were found in GRIN, those without authors we not found in GRIN.
Illustrations
Acceptable. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed. Fruit illustration(s): Gunn (1980), Wood, Jr. Seed illustration(s): Gunn (1980). Embryo illustration(s): Gunn (1980).
• Fruit. 1 of 20. Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp.: dehisced fruit. • Seed. 2 of 20. Dicentra chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Walp.: seeds. • Seed. 3 of 20. Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem.: seeds. • Fruit. 4 of 20. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley: fruits. • Seed. 5 of 20. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley: seed. • Embryo. 6 of 20. Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex Britton et al.: embryo. • Embryo. 7 of 20. Ceratocapnos palaestina Boiss.: embryo. • Embryo. 8 of 20. Corydalis aurea Willd.: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 20. Corydalis mira (Batalin) C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang: embryo. • Embryo. 10 of 20. Cysticapnos vesicaria (L.) Fedde: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 20. Cysticapnos cracca (Cham. & Schltdl.) Liden: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 20. Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 20. Discocapnos mundtii Cham. & Schltdl.: embryo. • Embryo. 14 of 20. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley: embryo. • Embryo. 15 of 20. Fumariola turkestanica Korsh.: embryo. • Embryo. 16 of 20. Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook. f. & Thomson: embryo. • Embryo. 17 of 20. Platycapnos saxicola Willk.: embryo. • Embryo. 18 of 20. Rupicapnos africana (Lam.) Pomel subsp. africana: embryo. • Embryo. 19 of 20. Sarcocapnos enneaphylla (L.) DC.: embryo. • Embryo. 20 of 20. Trigonocapnos lichtensteinii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Liden: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
