Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

What Is Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

Oral hairy leukoplakia is a viral infection that affects the mouth lining. The Epstein-Barr virus causes the condition. White, hairy-looking patches on the tongue characterize oral hairy leukoplakia. 

Who Gets Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

Oral hairy leukoplakia is most commonly seen in people with a weakened immune system such as in individuals with transplant recipients, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and individuals undergoing chemotherapy. An individual with a compromised immune system is more susceptible to developing the condition. The condition can also occur in people with healthy immune systems particularly those who have poor oral hygiene and who smoke. Oral hairy leukoplakia is more commonly seen in males than females and affects people over the age of 30 years.

What Are the Causes of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

The Epstein-Barr virus causes oral hairy leukoplakia. This virus also causes infectious mononucleosis. The virus infects the tongue epithelium where the Langerhans cells are few or absent. 

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

Oral hairy leukoplakia is characterized by raised, white patches on the tongue, inside the cheeks, or on the roof of the mouth. The white patches can be scrapped off. It may be sensitive and cause discomfort on touching. The other signs and symptoms are as follows:

• Irregular white or greyish patches on the sides of the tongue or inside of the cheeks.
• The patches may have a hairy appearance.
• The patches may be present on one side or both sides of the tongue.
• There may be no pain or inflammation in the affected area.
• There may be no bleeding or ulceration in the affected area.
• The patches can be permanent and cannot be removed with a toothbrush.
• The patches can cause discomfort to the patient or there may be taste changes.

How Can Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Be Diagnosed?

The healthcare provider such as a dentist or oral surgeon may diagnose the condition by a visual examination of the mouth. The characteristic appearance of raised, white, or hairy patches on the tongue and the lining of the mouth is sufficient to make the diagnosis of the condition. The diagnostic tests are as follows:

• Biopsy: The healthcare provider may perform a biopsy by taking a small sample of tissue from the affected area and examining it under a microscope. It helps in diagnosing the condition. 
• Blood Tests: The dentist may prescribe blood tests to detect the presence of Epstein-Barr virus.

How Can Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Be Treated?

The healthcare provider may treat the condition by managing the underlying cause leading to a weakened immune system. The specific treatment for oral hairy leukoplakia includes:

• Managing Underlying Conditions: The healthcare provider may manage the underlying condition such as organ transplantation, HIV, or chemotherapy. It may help in improving an individual immune system. 
• Antiviral Medications: The dentist may prescribe antiviral medications such as Acyclovir, Famciclovir, or Valacyclovir. These medications inhibit virus replication.
• Good Oral Hygiene: Maintaining good oral hygiene including flossing daily, brushing teeth twice a day, and using antiseptic mouthwash can reduce the risk of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. 
• Regular Dental Checkups: Regular dental checkups are essential in monitoring the progression of the condition.

What Are the Complications of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia?

The complications of oral hairy leukoplakia are as follows:

• Increased risk of developing oral infections.
• Difficulty eating or swallowing.
• The condition may cause psychological distress or embarrassment.

Conclusion:

Oral hairy leukoplakia is a white hairy-like patch present on the sides of the tongue and inside cheeks. The condition is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. The condition is more common in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV. Regular dental check-ups and maintenance of good oral hygiene can prevent the development of the condition.

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