Project “Biodiversity MARE Tricase”: A Species Inventory of the Coastal Area of Southeastern Salento (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Abstract

Biodiversity is a broad concept that encompasses the diversity of nature, from the genetic to the habitat scale, and ensures the proper functioning of ecosystems. The Mediterranean Sea, one of the world’s most biodiverse marine basins, faces major threats, such as overexploitation of resources, pollution and climate change. Here we provide the first multi-taxa inventory of marine organisms and coastal terrestrial flora recorded in southeastern Salento (Ionian Sea, Italy), realized during the project “Biodiversity MARE Tricase”, which provided the first baseline of species living in the area. Sampling was carried out by SCUBA and free diving, fishing gears, and citizen science from 0 to 70 m. Overall, 697 taxa were found between March 2016 and October 2017, 94% of which were identified to the species level. Of these, 19 taxa represented new records for the Ionian Sea (36 additional new records had been reported in previous publications on specific groups, namely Porifera and Mollusca Heterobranchia), and two findings represented the easternmost records in the Mediterranean Sea (Helicosalpa virgula and Lampea pancerina). For eight other taxa, our findings represented the only locality in the Ionian Sea, besides the Straits of Messina. In addition to the species list, phenological events (e.g., blooms, presence of reproductive traits and behaviour) were also reported, with a focus on gelatinous plankton. Our results reveal that even for a relatively well-known area, current biodiversity knowledge may still be limited, and targeted investigations are needed to fill the gaps. Further research is needed to understand the distribution and temporal trends of Mediterranean biodiversity and to provide baseline data to identify ongoing and future changes.

1. Introduction

Biodiversity is the most valuable resource on Earth [1]. In marine ecosystems, increased diversity of structural elements and functional traits are correlated with optimal resource use, which consequently increases and stabilizes energy and matter flows [2]. Conversely, biodiversity loss is associated with decreased productivity, recovery potential, and ecosystem stability [3]. Marine biodiversity provides key ecosystem goods and services such as food, raw materials, pharmaceuticals, genetic information, climate regulation, tourism, recreation, and many others [4]. Recent estimates (2011) of global ecosystem services ranged between US$125 and US$145 trillion/year, with coastal marine ecosystems as the most valuable biome, accounting for 22–27% of the total ecosystem services [5]. Nowadays, the importance of marine biodiversity is recognised by the scientific community, decision makers and citizens [6]. For instance, the European Union chose “Biodiversity is maintained” as the first descriptor of good environmental status in its Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC).

The Mediterranean Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, hosting more than 17,000 species, 20% of which are endemic [7]. This is particularly relevant considering that the Mediterranean Sea covers only 0.82% of the world’s ocean surface area [8]. Humans have benefited from Mediterranean marine ecosystems and their services for millennia, profoundly affecting their biodiversity [9]. Historically, coastal urbanisation pressure, habitat degradation and overexploitation of resources have been the main drivers of biodiversity changes [10]. However, following the industrial revolution and the demographic explosion of the last century, new threats have emerged, and these changes have dramatically accelerated [9]. Recent anthropogenic threats include industrial pollution, eutrophication, microplastics, and non-indigenous species [7]. Furthermore, climate change is altering the distribution, phenology and physiology of many animals, algae, and plants [11,12,13,14,15]. On the one hand, the gradual rise in global temperatures is promoting the spread of warm-water organisms in the Mediterranean, leading to the so-called process of “tropicalization” [16]. On the other hand, extreme thermal events, also called marine heatwaves, have already caused several mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea and will likely worsen in the future [13,17,18,19]. Although the Mediterranean basin is one of the most studied seas in the world, there are still important gaps in basic knowledge, such as taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and temporal trends of occurrence of most taxa [7,20]. There are many regional-scale databases, but the knowledge of local and small-scale biodiversity is lacking [21]. This gap hinders the reliable estimates of current changes in biodiversity patterns and the prediction of future scenarios. Hence, there is an urgent need for biodiversity data at a high taxonomic resolution, including species inventories and long-term data series [22,23].

The MARE Outpost was established in Tricase (southeastern Salento, Apulia, Italy) to monitor the local coastal and marine biodiversity and to investigate the phenology and behaviour of marine organisms [24,25]. The remarkable biological uniqueness of this stretch of coastline has been recognized since the 1970s [26,27] and was confirmed by recent findings [28]. Due to its naturalistic importance, Tricase Porto is included in a forthcoming Marine Protected Area that will extend from Otranto to Leuca [29]. Following the institution of the MARE Outpost, the project “Biodiversity MARE Tricase” was initiated to inventory the coastal and marine biodiversity of the area and promote public environmental knowledge and awareness [24].

In the last 50 years, several species lists have been published for the area, but they were all almost exclusively limited to specific taxonomic groups (Mollusca Heterobranchia, [30,31]; shell-bearing Mollusca [32]; Porifera [26,33,34]; Hydrozoa [35]; Polychaeta [36]; Macroalgae [37]), or specific habitats (e.g, caves, [38,39]).

The main aim of this work was to increase current knowledge on the biodiversity of the Central Mediterranean Sea, providing the first multi-taxa species inventory of the coastal area of the southeastern Salento peninsula (Ionian Sea). In addition to the species list, data on depth distribution and phenology are provided, with a special focus on gelatinous plankton.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Sites and Sampling Methods

Samplings were carried out on the southeastern coast of the Salento Peninsula, in the Otranto Channel (Ionian Sea), between March 2016 and October 2017. Samplings were mostly conducted in an area of ~33 km² (Figure 1), having as the northern boundary the latitude 39°59′30.7″ N, the southern boundary the latitude 39°54′13.5″ N, the western boundary the coastline, and the eastern boundary a bathymetric depth of 70 m (the depth limit for local fishermen). In addition to the area described above, four additional sites were investigated: Acquaviva’s cave, Bortone’s cave, Ciolo’s cave and the Castro’s mussel farm (Figure 1). The specific sampling location with coordinates (available for 63% of the specimens recorded) is provided in Supplementary Material.

The sampling area is characterised by different substrate and habitat types. A steep rocky substrate, mainly consisting of limestone bedrock, is found from the surface to about 18 m depth. At higher depths, the slope decreases and patches of coralligenous banks (up to 3 m high) alternate with sand and mud down to about 70 m [27]. The area is also characterised by many karst freshwater springs and marine karst caves [40].

Sampling activities focused on the following ecological categories: hard and soft bottom phyto- and zoobenthos, gelatinous zooplankton, nekton, and terrestrial coastal vegetation. Sampling was carried out by free diving to sample benthic organisms, gelatinous plankton, and nekton from 0 to 20 m; by SCUBA diving, to sample benthos and nekton between 0 and 45 m; with fishing gear (set nylon trammel nets, set monofilament gillnets, pole and line and long line) to sample nekton, benthos, and substrates from both catch and bycatch between 0 and 70 m; by citizen scientists (i.e., locals, bathers, divers, and fishermen) to sample between the intertidal and 20 m.

Sampling in SCUBA and free diving was mainly carried out using a visual collection technique [41]. Compared to traditional sampling methods (quadrats, transects, substrate scraping), this visually oriented technique is equivalent in terms of species yields, but it is advantageous in terms of processing time and effort [12]. Samples of specimens of visible size (>5 mm) were collected physically and/or photographically. In addition, pieces of rocky and biogenic substrate were collected for subsequent screening and sorting in the laboratory under a dissecting microscope (Leica MZ6) to search for sessile and vagile organisms. In target stations, soft sediment (detritus) was collected to search for vagile organisms (mainly molluscs).

Sampling with artisanal and recreational fishing gear involved the visually oriented collection of visible catch and bycatch, and the screening of pieces of rocky and biogenic substrate that were collected by the nets for subsequent screening and sorting in the laboratory.

Citizen scientists sampling involved the physical and/or photographical collection of specimens by members of the public, such as locals, tourists, bathers, spear fishers, diving shops, and local fish shops.

In situ and laboratory photos were taken using cameras: Canon Power-Shot D30, Sony Rx100, Nikon AW130, and Sony A7 II. Overall, 134 sampling sessions were carried out. For most of the collected organisms, phenological traits (i.e., seasonality, presence of reproductive structures, mating behaviour) were also noted by stereoscope/light microscope observation and recorded.

2.2. Organism Preservation and Species Identification

Specimens that could not be identified in situ or from photographic material were sampled and brought to the field station, where they were photographed in vivo, and fixed in EtOH and/or formalin 10% as reference material, following the protocol for “Invertebrate Specimen Processing Procedures: Methods of Fixation and Preservation” of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Preliminary identification of taxa was made using available taxonomic guides [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57] together with specific literature and original descriptions. Successively, samples and photographic materials were analysed by experienced taxonomists for accurate species identification. Nomenclature follows the World Register of Marine Species [58], and AlgaeBase [59], although authorities are only reported in tables (see below).

3. Results

3.1. General Description of Marine Biodiversity in the Area

The study area was characterized by rocky substrates from the surface to about 18 m. Below, the slope decreased, and rocky outcrops alternated with sand. In the supralittoral zone, Melarhaphe neritoides (Gastropoda) and Ligia italica (Isopoda) were abundant everywhere, along with algae such as Cladophora dalmatica and Cladophora laetevirens (Figure 2a). Algae such as Ellisolandia elongata and molluscs such as Lepidochitona caprearum and Patella rustica were common in the intertidal zone. The fucalean brown alga Ericaria amentacea was common in the infralittoral fringe (0–0.5 m), although it formed dense and continuous belts in a limited number of places. Algae such as Dictyota dichotoma (very common and abundant everywhere from 0 to 30 m), Jania rubens and species of the Laurencia complex (Laurencia cfr. obtusa, Laurencia glandulifera, Palisada perforata) were well represented in the upper infralittoral zone, from 0 to 3 m (Figure 2b). Then, from 3 to 13 m, the contribution of the Laurencia complex decreased, and other algae became abundant, such as Padina pavonica, Halimeda tuna and Flabellia petiolata (Figure 2c). Together with these algae, the sponges Sarcotragus spinosulus and Chondrosia reniformis were very common between 1 and 7 m.

At 14–18 m, coralligenous formations started. Calcareous algae such as Peyssonnelia heteromorpha, Peyssonnelia rosa-marina and Peyssonnelia squamaria, were very abundant in this habitat. Here, widespread sponges were Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis, Agelas oroides, Axinella cannabina, A. damicornis, A. polypoides, A. verrucosa and Acanthella acuta. Very abundant were the bryozoans Schizoretepora serratimargo, which formed large (>100 cm) bioconstructions in the upper mesophotic zone (40–60 m), Schizobrachiella sanguinea, and Adeonella pallasii. Patches of Posidonia oceanica were found from 15–18 m, interspersed with coralligenous formations (Figure 2d).

The Rio area was characterized by the presence of wastewater treatment plant discharges, so it was likely more eutrophic than its surroundings and hosted a different algal assemblage. In particular, Colpomenia sinuosa, Gelidium spinosum and Ellisolandia elongata were abundant (Figure 2e). In addition, Ericaria amentacea formed very dense belts in spring, with much longer fronds than in other areas.

The copious karst caves scattered around the coast hosted distinctive communities and high biodiversity. Very common species were Paractaea monodi, Herbstia condyliata (Brachyura), Polycyathus muellerae (Anthozoa) and Prostheceraeus giesbrechtii (Polycladida) feeding on Pycnoclavella sp. (Ascidiacea). In addition, a high diversity of encrusting and massive sponges such as Aplysina cavernicola, Fasciospongia cavernosa, and species of the genera Haliclona, Petrosia, and Plakina were found (Figure 2f).

3.2. Overall Species Inventory

Overall, we sampled and recorded 1032 specimens belonging to 697 taxa, 655 of which were identified at the species level (94% of taxa), 11 at the species complex level, 28 at the genus level, and 3 at the family level—538 taxa are firstly reported here, while 159 were reported in Micaroni et al. [30] and Costa et al. [33]. The complete list of species is reported in Table 1 and Supplementary Material Table S1; the list of recorded and identified specimens with additional metadata (depth, site, coordinates, substrate, sampling method, and notes) is reported in Table S2.

The most diverse phyla were Mollusca (144), Porifera (112), Chordata (108), Cnidaria (85), Arthropoda (62), Rhodophyta (52) and Annelida (33) (Figure 3a). Among Mollusca, the most diverse classes were Gastropoda (107) and Bivalvia (30), while the most diverse orders were Nudibranchia (29), Littorinimorpha (19), and Neogastropoda (19). Most Chordata belonged to the classes Actinopterygii (89, mostly Perciformes: 64) and Ascidiacea (9). Regarding cnidarians, most taxa belonged to the classes Hydrozoa (49) and Anthozoa (31) (Figure 3b).

Of all identified taxa, 55 represented new records for the Ionian Sea (36 of which were reported in Micaroni et al. [30] and Costa et al. [33]) (Table 1; Figure 3b, Figure 4 and Figure 5). Most of the new records belonged to the phyla Porifera (23, Costa et al., 2019), Mollusca (13), Cnidaria (7, of which 5 belonged to the class Anthozoa and 2 to the class Hydrozoa), Platyhelminthes (4, all from the order Polycladida), and Annelida (3). For other 8 taxa, our finding represented the only location in the Ionian Sea other than the Strait of Messina, considered by many authors to be a different biogeographical sector [16,60,61,62] (Table 1). Furthermore, records of Helicosalpa virgula (Chordata: Thaliacea) and Lampea pancerina (Ctenophora: Tentaculata) account for the easternmost sightings in the Mediterranean Sea (Table 1).

Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) was the taxonomic group with a higher proportion of new records on the total number of taxa, with 80% of the species found being new records for the Ionian Sea (4 out of 5 taxa), followed by Nemertea (50%, 1 out of 2), Thaliacea (33%, 1 out of 3), Heterobranchia (28%, 13 out of 47), Porifera (21%, 23 out of 112), and Anthozoa (16%, 5 out of 31) (Figure 3c). Similar results were found comparing the proportion of new records in this study to the total number of taxa found in the Italian Ionian Sea by the checklist of the Italian marine fauna [60,61], with Polycladida (Platyhelminthes), Nemertea, Anthozoa, Porifera, Thaliacea, and Heterobranchia being the taxa with the highest proportion of new records (Figure 6a).

The majority of taxa (48.8%) were recorded between 0 and 10 m, whereas 29.2% of taxa were sampled between 11 and 25 m and 21.9% from 26 to 70 m. The highest percentage of new records (10%) has been reported for the depth range 11–25 m (Figure 7).

For 63 of the taxa found, phenology traits were also reported. These included the presence of reproductive structures (31), the occurrence of seasonal organisms (25), and instances of reproductive behaviour (6) (Table 1 and Table S1).

Overall, we found 9 non-indigenous species (NIS), including two polychaetes (Lysidice collaris and Hydroides elegans), two crustaceans (Callinectes sapidus and Percnon gibbesi), two hydroids (Clytia linearis and Eudendrium merulum), and one ascidian, macroalga and ctenophore (Botrylloides niger, Caulerpa cylindracea and Mnemiopsis leidyi) (Table 1). None of these represent a new record for the area.

Most specimens were collected by SCUBA diving (32%), free diving (31%) and by artisanal fishers’ fishing gear (29%), while citizen science and recreational fishing gear, provided only 3% and 1% of the specimens, respectively. Regarding SCUBA and free diving, 79% of the specimens were collected physically either using the visual collection technique or by sampling substrate (biogenic substrate, pieces of rocks, and soft sediment), while the remaining 21% was only recorded photographically (mainly fish and organisms that could be identified only by the external morphology). Regarding sampling with fishing gears, most specimens were collected by set nylon trammel nets (63%), that were left 3–6 days in the water, and set monofilament gillnets (15%), that were left <24 h in the water (Table S2).

As for sampling substrate, most specimens we collected from rocky substrate (34%), coralligenous formations and rubble (22%), soft sediments including mud and sand (7%), while 9% were pelagic (Table S2).

Regarding the terrestrial near-shore vegetation, 81 species were found, 79 of which referred to the division Magnoliophyta and 2 to the division Polypodiophyta. Most species belonged to the order Asterales (16), Lamiales (13), Caryophyllales (10) and Poales (8). Regarding families, the most speciose ones were Asteraceae (13), Poaceae (8), Plantaginaceae (5), Apiaceae (4), and Crassulaceae (4). None of these species represent a new record for the area (Table S1).

3.3. Observations on Gelatinous Zooplankton

Gelatinous plankton blooms mostly occurred in spring and early summer, when complex communities developed. These communities were mainly composed of thaliaceans, scyphozoan and hydrozoan jellyfish, siphonophores, ctenophores, alciopid polychaetes and pterotracheid molluscs. Minor blooms involving fewer species also occurred throughout the year (Table 1 and Table S1).

Thaliaceans were very abundant in spring. Salpa fusiformis was the most abundant species and formed very dense blooms between March and April 2016; occasional isolated specimens were also found in autumn (November 2016). Salpa maxima bloomed later than S. fusiformis (April–May 2016). Isolate blastozooids of a rare helicosalpid (Helicosalpa virgula) were recorded on the 27 April 2016.

Regarding cnidarians, scyphozoan jellyfish mostly occurred in spring–summer. In 2016, Aurelia solida and Chrysaora hysoscella bloomed throughout April and May. Other scyphozoans were rarer, and only isolated specimens were found, and in particular Rhizostoma pulmo (February and June), and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (July–August). Regarding hydrozoan jellyfish, we found blooms of Aequorea forskalea and Oceania armata (April), and isolated specimens of Geryonia proboscidalis (April) and Olindias muelleri (September). Siphonophores were very common during the salp blooms in April and May, particularly Halistemma rubrum, Nanomia bijuga, Forskalia formosa, and Hippopodius hippopus.

As for ctenophores, the only blooming species was Mnemiopsis leidyi which occurred from November 2016 to January 2017. Other species were reported occasionally, including Leucothea multicornis (April–September), Lampea pancerina (April 2016, preying on Salpa fusiformis), and Cestum veneris (one specimen, May 2016).

Table 1. Complete list of marine species found during the project “Biodiversity MARE Tricase” with indication of depth or depth range (when multiple specimens were found) at which taxa were recorded during this study. For phenology, Rep. behav., reproductive behaviour; Rep. structures, reproductive structures. In the column New Record, * indicates a new record for the Ionian Sea, ‡ indicates that the only other record in the Ionian Sea is from the Messinian Strait, † indicates the easternmost record in the Mediterranean Sea, # indicates new species for science. For the records that were already reported in a separate publication, the reference is given at the end of the species name.

Taxa	Depth	Phenology	New Record
Kingdom BACTERIA
Phylum CYANOBACTERIA
Class CYANOPHYCEAE
Order NOSTOCALES
Family RIVULARIACEAE
Rivularia ind Roth ex Bornet & Flahault, 1886	0 m	-
Kingdom CHROMISTA
Phylum FORAMINIFERA
Class GLOBOTHALAMEA
Order ROTALIIDA
Family HOMOTREMATIDAE
Miniacina miniacea (Pallas, 1766)	30 m	-
Order TEXTULARIIDA
Family TEXTULARIIDAE
Textularia ind Defrance, 1824	25 m	-
Phylum RADIOZOA
Class POLYCYSTINA
Order COLLODARIA
Collozoum ind Haeckel, 1862 sensu Brandt, 1905	0–5 m	Occurrence (VI–VII)
Phylum OCHROPHYTA
Class PHAEOPHYCEAE
Order CUTLERIALES
Family CUTLERIACEAE
Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville	1 m	-
Zanardinia typus (Nardo) P.C.Silva	5 m	-
Order DICTYOTALES
Family DICTYOTACEAE
Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Dictyota cf. implexa (Desfontaines) J.V.Lamouroux	20 m	-
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	0–15 m	-
Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy	1–10 m	-
Order ECTOCARPALES
Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier	10 m	-
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link	1 m	-
Order FUCALES
Family SARGASSACEAE
Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin	1 m	-
Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville	20 m	-
Ericaria amentacea (C.Agardh) Molinari & Guiry	0–1 m	-
Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh	10 m	-
Order SPHACELARIALES
Family CLADOSTEPHACEAE
Cladostephus hirsutus (Linnaeus) Boudouresque & M.Perret-Boudouresque ex Heesch & al.	3 m	-
Family SPHACELARIACEAE
Sphacelaria sp.	20 m	-
Family STYPOCAULACEAE
Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau	10 m	-
Order SPOROCHNALES
Family SPOROCHNACEAE
Nereia filiformis (J.Agardh) Zanardini	40 m	-
Phylum CILIOPHORA
Class HETEROTRICHEA
Order HETEROTRICHIDA
Family FOLLICULINIDAE
Folliculinidae ind (T.S. Wright, 1859) Dons, 1934	70 m	-
Class OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA
Order SESSILIDA
Family ZOOTHAMNIIDAE
Zoothamnium niveum Ehrenberg, 1838	10 m	-	*
Kingdom PLANTAE
Phylum RHODOPHYTA
Class COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE
Order ERYTHROPELTALES
Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE
Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE
Order BONNEMAISONIALES
Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE
Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon	1 m	-
Order CERAMIALES
Family CALLITHAMNIACEAE
Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C.Agardh	0 m	-
Crouania attenuata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh	10 m	-
Family CERAMIACEAE
Ceramium cf. virgatum Roth	0 m	-
Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth	0 m	-
Gayliella mazoyerae T.O.Cho, Fredericq & Hommersand	2 m	-
Family DASYACEAE
Dasya rigidula (Kützing) Ardissone	20 m	-
Family DELESSERIACEAE
Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey	1 m	-
Family RHODOMELACEAE
Chondria sp. (Montagne)	0 m	-
Herposiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn	20 m	-
Laurencia cf. microcladia Kützing	20 m	-
Laurencia cf. obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing	1 m	-
Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) R.E.Norris	30 m	-
Osmundea truncata (Kützing) K.W.Nam & Maggs	0 m	-
Palisada perforata (Bory) K.W.Nam	2 m	-
Polysiphonia opaca (C.Agardh) Moris & De Notaris	0 m	-
Polysiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Vertebrata fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kuntze	1 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Xiphosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie & G.W.Saunders	0 m	-
Family WRANGELIACEAE
Wrangelia penicillata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh	10 m	-
Order CORALLINALES
Family CORALLINACEAE
Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders	0–1 m	-
Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne	10–18 m	-
Family LITHOPHYLLACEAE
Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie	0 m	-
Lithophyllum cf. incrustans Philippi	3 m	-
Lithophyllum stictiforme (J.E. Areschoug) Hauck	5–10 m	-
Tenarea tortuosa (Esper) Me.Lemoine	1 m	-
Titanoderma trochanter (Bory) Benhissoune, Boudouresque, Perret-Boudouresque & Verlaque	1 m	-
Family MASTOPORACEAE
Pneophyllum fragile Kützing	0 m	-
Order GELIDIALES
Family GELIDIACEAE
Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva	1 m	-
Family PTEROCLADIACEAE
Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand	0 m	-
Order GIGARTINALES
Family CYSTOCLONIACEAE
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Family GIGARTINACEAE
Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq	0 m	-
Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE
Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon	30 m	-
Schottera nicaeensis (J.V.Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg	1 m	-
Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE
Contarinia squamariae (Meneghini) Denizot	5 m	-
Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE
Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse	7–10 m	-
Order HALYMENIALES
Family HALYMENIACEAE
Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C.Agardh	15 m	-
Order NEMALIALES
Family GALAXAURACEAE
Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend	10 m	-
Family LIAGORACEAE
Liagora viscida (Forsskål) C.Agardh	0–2 m	-
Order NEMASTOMATALES
Family NEMASTOMATACEAE
Predaea ollivieri Feldmann	22 m	-
Family SCHIZYMENIACEAE
Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) F.Schmitz	3 m	Rep. structures (VIII)
Order PEYSSONNELIALES
Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE
Peyssonnelia heteromorpha (Zanardini) Athanasiadis	10 m	-
Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot	20 m	-
Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne ex J.Agardh	5–20 m	-
Order RHODYMENIALES
Family CHAMPIACEAE
Gastroclonium clavatum (Roth) Ardissone	1 m	-
Family RHODYMENIACEAE
Botryocladia sp.	30 m	-
Irvinea boergesenii (Feldmann) R.J.Wilkes, L.M.McIvor & Guiry	30 m	-
Phylum CHLOROPHYTA
Class PYRAMIMONADOPHYCEAE
Order PALMOPHYLLALES
Family PALMOPHYLLACEAE
Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst	4 m	-
Class ULVOPHYCEAE
Order BRYOPSIDALES
Family BRYOPSIDACEAE
Bryopsis cf. pennata J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Bryopsis cupressina J.V.Lamouroux	0 m	-
Family CAULERPACEAE
Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder	8–45 m	-
Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux	15 m	-
Family CODIACEAE
Codium bursa (Olivi) C.Agardh	8 m	-
Codium cf. vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje	5–10 m	-
Codium coralloides (Kützing) P.C.Silva	8–10 m	-
Family HALIMEDACEAE
Halimeda tuna (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux	10–25 m	-
Family UDOTEACEAE
Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin	10–15 m	-
Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zanardini) Børgesen	3 m	-
Order CLADOPHORALES
Family ANADYOMENACEAE
Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh	1–20 m	-
Family CLADOPHORACEAE
Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing	0 m	-
Cladophora dalmatica Kützing	0 m	-
Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing	0 m	-
Family VALONIACEAE
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh	2 m	-
Order DASYCLADALES
Family POLYPHYSACEAE
Acetabularia acetabulum (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva	3–10 m	-
Order ULVALES
Family ULVACEAE
Ulva linza Linnaeus	0 m	-
Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA
Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA
Order ALISMATALES
Family CYMODOCEACEAE
Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson	6 m	-
Family POSIDONIACEAE
Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile	10–22 m	-
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Phylum CTENOPHORA
Class TENTACULATA
Order CESTIDA
Family CESTIDAE
Cestum veneris Lesueur, 1813	3 m	Occurrence (V)	‡
Order CYDIPPIDA
Family LAMPEIDAE
Lampea pancerina (Chun, 1879)	3 m	Occurrence (IV)	‡†
Order LOBATA
Family BOLINOPSIDAE
Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865	1–5 m	Occurrence (XI–I)
Family LEUCOTHEIDAE
Leucothea multicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	0–3 m	Occurrence (IV–IX)
Phylum PORIFERA
Class CALCAREA
Order CLATHRINIDA
Family CLATHRINIDAE
Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	40 m	-
Order LEUCOSOLENIDA
Family SYCETTIDAE
Sycon raphanus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	70 m	-
Class DEMOSPONGIAE
Order AGELASIDA
Family AGELASIDAE
Agelas oroides (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20–42 m	-
Family HYMERHABDIIDAE
Hymerhabdia oxytrunca Topsent, 1904 [33]	20 m	-	*
Prosuberites longispinus Topsent, 1893 [33]	20 m	-
Order AXINELLIDA
Family AXINELLIDAE
Axinella cannabina (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–50 m	-
Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–35 m	-
Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862 [33]	10 m	-
Axinella verrucosa (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–40 m	-
Family RASPAILIIDAE
Didiscus stylifer Tsurnamal, 1969 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon cinctum Sarà, 1960 [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon coronula (Bowerbank, 1874) [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon gracile Bertolino, Calcinai & Pansini, 2013 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon major Sarà & Siribelli, 1960 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon obtusum Vacelet, 1969 [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon viride (Topsent, 1889) [33]	20 m	-
Raspaciona aculeata (Johnston, 1842) [33]	20 m	-
Raspailia (Raspailia) viminalis Schmidt, 1862 [33]	70 m	-	*
Family STELLIGERIDAE
Halicnemia geniculata Sarà, 1958 [33]	20 m	-	*
Order BIEMNIDA
Family RHABDEREMIIDAE
Rhabderemia gallica van Soest & Hooper, 1993 [33]	20 m	-	*
Rhabderemia minutula (Carter, 1876) [33]	20 m	-
Order BUBARIDA
Family BUBARIDAE
Bubaris carcisis Vacelet, 1969 [33]	20 m	-
Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Monocrepidium vermiculatum Topsent, 1898 [33]	20 m	-	*
Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 [33]	20 m	-	*
Family DESMANTHIDAE
Desmanthus incrustans (Topsent, 1889) [33]	20 m	-
Family DICTYONELLIDAE
Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862 [33]	25–30 m	-
Dictyonella incisa (Schmidt, 1880) [33]	10 m	-
Dictyonella obtusa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	22 m	-
Order CHONDRILLIDA
Family CHONDRILLIDAE
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 [33]	5–25 m	-
Order CHONDROSIIDA
Family CHONDROSIIDAE
Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 [33]	2–20 m	Spawning (VII)
Order CLIONAIDA
Family CLIONAIDAE
Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974 [33]	20 m	-	*
Cliona burtoni Topsent, 1932 [33]	20 m	-	*
Cliona celata Grant, 1826 [33]	5 m	-
Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) [33]	10 m	-
Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5–20 m	-
Cliothosa hancocki (Topsent, 1888) [33]	20 m	-
Spiroxya heteroclita Topsent, 1896 [33]	20 m	-
Spiroxya sarai (Melone, 1965) [33]	20 m	-
Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE
Diplastrella bistellata (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Diplastrella boeroi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019 [33]	20 m	-	#
Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Spirastrella regina Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2020 [33]	20 m	-	#
Order DICTYOCERATIDA
Family DYSIDEIDAE
Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814) [33]	20 m	-
Family IRCINIIDAE
Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	10 m	-
Sarcotragus foetidus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	5–10 m	-
Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	12 m	-
Family THORECTIDAE
Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5–20 m	-
Scalarispongia scalaris (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	10 m	-
Order HAPLOSCLERIDA
Family CHALINIDAE
Haliclona (Reniera) mediterranea Griessinger, 1971 [33]	5 m	-
Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai (Pulitzer-Finali, 1969) [33]	5 m	-
Haliclona (Soestella) mucosa (Griessinger, 1971) [33]	7 m	-	*
Haliclona (Soestella) valliculata (Griessinger, 1971) [33]	5 m	-	*
Family PETROSIIDAE
Petrosia (Petrosia) clavata (Esper, 1794) [33]	20 m	-
Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret, 1789) [33]	7–40 m	-
Petrosia (Strongylophora) pulitzeri Pansini, 1996 [33]	7 m	-	*
Petrosia (Strongylophora) vansoesti Boury-Esnault, Pansini & Uriz, 1994 [33]	5 m	-	*
Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE
Oceanapia perforata (Sarà, 1960) [33]	7 m	-	*
Order POECILOSCLERIDA
Family COELOSPHAERIDAE
Lissodendoryx (Anomodoryx) cavernosa (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Family CRAMBEIDAE
Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5 m	-
Family CRELLIDAE
Crella sp. Gray, 1867 [33]	20 m	-
Family ESPERIOPSIDAE
Ulosa digitata (Schmidt, 1866) [33]	10 m	-
Family HYMEDESMIIDAE
Hamigera hamigera (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	3 m	-
Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank, 1874) [33]	6 m	-
Phorbas dives (Topsent, 1891) [33]	20 m	-
Phorbas fictitius (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) [33]	20 m	-
Family MICROCIONIDAE
Clathria (Clathria) coralloides (Scopoli, 1772) [33]	70 m	-
Clathria (Clathria) toxistricta Topsent, 1925 [33]	70 m	-
Clathria (Clathria) toxivaria (Sarà, 1959) [33]	20 m	-
Family MYCALIDAE
Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Mycale (Mycale) massa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Order SUBERITIDA
Family HALICHONDRIIDAE
Axinyssa aurantiaca (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20 m	-
Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. panicea (Pallas, 1766) [33]	20 m	-
Halichondria (Halichondria) contorta (Sarà, 1961) [33]	10 m	-	*
Spongosorites intricatus (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Family SUBERITIDAE
Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	4–10 m	-
Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815) [33]	20 m	-
Terpios gelatinosus (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Order TETHYIDA
Family TETHYIDAE
Tethya aurantium (Pallas, 1766) [33]	20 m	-
Tethya citrina Sarà & Melone, 1965 [33]	20 m	-
Family TIMEIDAE
Timea stellata (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Timea unistellata (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Order TETRACTINELLIDA
Family ANCORINIDAE
Ancorina cerebrum Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-	*
Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	20 m	-
Jaspis incrustans (Topsent, 1890) [33]	20 m	-
Jaspis johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Stelletta grubii Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-
Stelletta mediterranea (Topsent, 1893) [33]	20 m	-	*
Stelletta stellata Topsent, 1893 [33]	20 m	-
Family CALTHROPELLIDAE
Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	-	-	*
Family GEODIIDAE
Erylus discophorus (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Geodia cydonium (Linnaeus, 1767) [33]	20 m	-
Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	20 m	-
Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20 m	-
Family PACHASTRELLIDAE
Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Triptolemma simplex (Sarà, 1959) [33]	20 m	-
Family TETILLIDAE
Tetilla sp. Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Family THOOSIDAE
Alectona millari Carter, 1879 [33]	20 m	-
Delectona madreporica Bavestrello, Calcinai, Cerrano & Sarà, 1997 [33]	20 m	-	*
Family VULCANELLIDAE
Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Order VERONGIIDA
Family APLYSINIDAE
Aplysina aerophoba (Nardo, 1833) [33]	20 m	-
Aplysina cavernicola (Vacelet, 1959) [33]	70 m	-
Family IANTHELLIDAE
Hexadella racovitzai Topsent, 1896 [33]	15 m	-
Class HOMOSCLEROMORPHA
Order HOMOSCLEROPHORIDA
Family OSCARELLIDAE
Oscarella cf. tuberculata (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	5–15 m	-	*
Family PLAKINIDAE
Corticium candelabrum Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-
Plakina dilopha Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-	*
Plakina reducta (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) [33]	20 m	-
Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-
Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-
Phylum CNIDARIA
Class ANTHOZOA
Order ACTINIARIA
Family ACTINIIDAE
Actinia mediterranea Schmidt, 1971	0 m	-
Anemonia viridis (Forsskål, 1775)	10 m	-
Condylactis aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1825)	28 m	-
Paranemonia cinerea (Contarini, 1844)	3 m	-	*
Family AIPTASIIDAE
Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831)	3 m	-
Exaiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829)	8 m	-
Family HALCAMPIDAE
Halcampoides purpureus (Studer, 1879)	4 m	-	*
Family HORMATHIIDAE
Calliactis parasitica (Couch, 1842)	20–50 m	-
Family PHYMANTHIDAE
Phymanthus pulcher (Andrès, 1883)	23 m	-	*
Order ALCYONACEA
Family ALCYONIIDAE
Alcyonium cf. coralloides (Pallas, 1766)	45 m	-	‡
Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766	60 m	-
Family CORALLIIDAE
Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family CORNULARIIDAE
Cornularia cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766)	5–70 m	-	*
Family GORGONIIDAE
Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887)	40 m	-
Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Esper, 1789)	30 m	-
Family PLEXAURIDAE
Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826)	55 m	-
Order ANTIPATHARIA
Family MYRIOPATHIDAE
Antipathella subpinnata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)	80 m	-
Order PENICILLARIA
Family ARACHNACTIDAE
Arachnanthus cf. oligopodus (Cerfontaine, 1891)	4 m	-
Order PENNATULACEA
Family PENNATULIDAE
Pteroeides griseum (Bohadsch, 1761)	70 m	-
Family VIRGULARIIDAE
Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776)	70 m	-	*
Order SCLERACTINIA
Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE
Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) cf. inornata (Duncan, 1878)	3 m	-
Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842)	70 m	-
Phyllangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)	40 m	-
Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959)	4 m	-
Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE
Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) europaea (Risso, 1826)	4–15 m	-
Family POCILLOPORIDAE
Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868)	15 m	-
Family SCLERACTINIA INCERTAE SEDIS
Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	8 m	-
Order SPIRULARIA
Family CERIANTHIDAE
Cerianthus membranaceus (Gmelin, 1791)	10–20 m	-
Order ZOANTHARIA
Family EPIZOANTHIDAE
Epizoanthus ind Gray, 1867	60 m	-
Family PARAZOANTHIDAE
Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862)	21 m	-
Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819)	60 m	-
Class HYDROZOA
Order ANTHOATHECATA
Family CORYNIDAE
Coryne pintneri Schneider, 1897	10–60 m	Rep. structures (VII)
Family EUDENDRIIDAE
Eudendrium merulum Watson, 1985	25 m	-
Eudendrium moulouyensis Marques, Peña Cantero & Vervoort, 2000	5 m	Rep. structures (IX)
Eudendrium racemosum (Cavolini, 1785)	20 m	-
Family OCEANIIDAE
Corydendrium parasiticum (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Oceania armata Kölliker, 1853	1 m	Medusa, Eggs (IV)	‡
Rhizogeton nudus Broch, 1910	3 m	-
Turritopsis dohrnii (Weismann, 1883)	2–70 m	Medusa (VII-IX)
Family PANDEIDAE
Amphinema rugosum (Mayer, 1900)	25 m	-
Family PENNARIIDAE
Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820	3 m	-
Family PROBOSCIDACTYLIDAE
Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady, 1859)	70 m	Medusa (VI)	*
Family TUBULARIIDAE
Ectopleura wrighti Petersen, 1979	20 m	-
Family ZANCLEIDAE
Halocoryne epizoica Hadzi, 1917	10–20 m	Medusa (VI)
Zanclea giancarloi Boero, Bouillon & Gravili, 2000	70 m	-
Order LEPTOTHECATA
Family AEQUOREIDAE
Aequorea forskalea Péron & Lesueur, 1810	0–5 m	Medusa (IV)
Family AGLAOPHENIIDAE
Aglaophenia elongata Meneghini, 1845	11–50 m	-
Aglaophenia kirchenpaueri (Heller, 1868)	50 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Aglaophenia octodonta (Heller, 1868)	1–5 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Aglaophenia tubiformis Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890	11 m	Rep. structures (V)
Family CAMPANULARIIDAE
Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767)	11 m	-
Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935)	5 m	-
Clytia linearis (Thorneley, 1900)	30 m	-
Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–4 m	-
Orthopyxis integra (MacGillivray, 1842)	0 m	-
Family HALECIIDAE
Halecium petrosum Stechow, 1919	5 m	-
Halecium pusillum Sars, 1856	3 m	-
Family HALOPTERIDIDAE
Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791)	3–11 m	-
Antennella siliquosa (Hincks, 1877)	15 m	-
Family HEBELLIDAE
Anthohebella parasitica (Ciamician, 1880)	1–2 m	-
Scandia gigas (Pieper, 1884)	10 m	-
Family KIRCHENPAUERIIDAE
Kirchenpaueria pinnata (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–20 m	-
Family LAFOEIDAE
Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848)	-	-
Family LAODICEIDAE
Laodicea undulata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1853)	45 m	-
Family PLUMULARIIDAE
Monotheca obliqua (Johnston, 1847)	2 m	-
Nemertesia ramosa (Lamarck, 1816)	70 m	-
Plumularia posidoniae (Picard, 1952)	12 m	-
Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–5 m	-
Family SERTULARELLIDAE
Sertularella ellisii (Deshayes & Milne Edwards, 1836)	3–60 m	Rep. structures (VI)
Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821)	70 m	-
Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub, 1901	50 m	-
Family SERTULARIIDAE
Dynamena disticha (Bosc, 1802)	2 m	-
Family SYNTHECIIDAE
Synthecium evansi (Ellis & Solander, 1786)	70 m	-
Order LIMNOMEDUSAE
Family GERYONIIDAE
Geryonia proboscidalis (Forsskål, 1775)	3 m	Medusa (IV)	‡
Family OLINDIIDAE
Olindias muelleri Haeckel, 1879	7 m	Medusa (IX)
Order SIPHONOPHORAE
Family AGALMATIDAE
Halistemma rubrum (Vogt, 1852)	0 m	Occurrence (IV)	*
Nanomia bijuga (Delle Chiaje, 1844)	5 m	Occurrence (IV)
Family FORSKALIIDAE
Forskalia formosa Keferstein & Ehlers, 1860	1–2 m	Occurrence (IV)	‡
Family HIPPOPODIIDAE
Hippopodius hippopus (Forsskål, 1776)	1 m	Occurrence (IV-V)
Family PRAYIDAE
Rosacea cymbiformis (Delle Chiaje, 1830)	0–5 m	Occurrence (IV-V)
Class SCYPHOZOA
Order CORONATAE
Family NAUSITHOIDAE
Nausithoe ind Kölliker, 1853	70 m	-
Order RHIZOSTOMEAE
Family CEPHEIDAE
Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778)	1 m	Medusa (VII)
Family RHIZOSTOMATIDAE
Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778)	2 m	Medusa (II; VI)
Order SEMAEOSTOMEAE
Family PELAGIIDAE
Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767)	0–2 m	Medusa (IV-V)
Family ULMARIDAE
Aurelia solida Browne, 1905	0–5 m	Medusa (IV-V)
Phylum HEMICHORDATA
Class GRAPTOLITHOIDEA
Order RHABDOPLEUROIDEA
Family RHABDOPLEURIDAE
Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018	70 m	-
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Class ASTEROIDEA
Order FORCIPULATIDA
Family ASTERIIDAE
Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816)	6 m	-
Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–15 m	-
Order PAXILLOSIDA
Family ASTROPECTINIDAE
Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758)	10–34 m	-
Order SPINULOSIDA
Family ECHINASTERIDAE
Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783)	60 m	-
Order VALVATIDA
Family CHAETASTERIDAE
Chaetaster longipes (Bruzelius, 1805)	70 m	-
Family GONIASTERIDAE
Peltaster placenta (Müller & Troschel, 1842)	45 m	-
Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE
Hacelia attenuata Gray, 1840	25 m	-
Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816)	10 m	-
Class CRINOIDEA
Order COMATULIDA
Family ANTEDONIDAE
Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck, 1816)	45 m	-
Class ECHINOIDEA
Order ARBACIOIDA
Family ARBACIIDAE
Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–12 m	-
Order CAMARODONTA
Family ECHINIDAE
Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816	50 m	-
Family PARECHINIDAE
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)	1–10 m	-
Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825)	34 m	-
Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE
Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816)	8 m	-
Order CIDAROIDA
Family CIDARIDAE
Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	70 m	-
Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845)	70 m	-
Order CLYPEASTEROIDA
Family FIBULARIIDAE
Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776)	18 m	-
Order DIADEMATOIDA
Family DIADEMATIDAE
Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845)	50 m	-
Class HOLOTHUROIDEA
Order HOLOTHURIIDA
Family HOLOTHURIIDAE
Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1791	7 m	-
Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823	2 m	-
Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823	4 m	-	‡
Order SYNALLACTIDA
Family STICHOPODIDAE
Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817)	60 m	-
Class OPHIUROIDEA
Order AMPHILEPIDIDA
Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE
Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard in O.F. Müller, 1789)	30–50 m	-
Order OPHIACANTHIDA
Family OPHIODERMATIDAE
Ophioderma longicaudum (Bruzelius, 1805)	10 m	-
Phylum CHORDATA
Class ACTINOPTERYGII
Order ANGUILLIFORMES
Family CONGRIDAE
Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758)	2–4 m	-
Family MURAENIDAE
Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758	8–11 m	-
Order ATHERINIFORMES
Family ATHERINIDAE
Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810	2 m	-
Atherina hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758	2 m	-
Order AULOPIFORMES
Family SYNODONTIDAE
Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–10 m	-
Order BELONIFORMES
Family BELONIDAE
Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1760)	1 m	-
Order CLUPEIFORMES
Family CLUPEIDAE
Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)	25 m	-
Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847	-	-
Family ENGRAULIDAE
Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–5 m	-
Order GADIFORMES
Family MERLUCCIIDAE
Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family PHYCIDAE
Phycis phycis (Linnaeus, 1766)	30 m	-
Order LOPHIIFORMES
Family LOPHIIDAE
Lophius ind Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Order MUGILIFORMES
Family MUGILIDAE
Chelon auratus (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827)	1 m	-
Order PERCIFORMES
Family APOGONIDAE
Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758)	5 m	-
Family BLENNIIDAE
Aidablennius sphynx (Valenciennes, 1836)	1 m	-
Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758)	0 m	-
Lipophrys trigloides (Valenciennes, 1836)	1 m	-
Microlipophrys canevae (Vinciguerra, 1880)	1 m	-
Parablennius gattorugine (Linnaeus, 1758)	8–11 m	-
Parablennius incognitus (Bath, 1968)	2 m	-
Parablennius rouxi (Cocco, 1833)	10 m	-
Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814)	0–3	-
Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892)	3 m	-
Family CARANGIDAE
Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	Sperm (XI)
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family CENTRACANTHIDAE
Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	7–25 m	Rep. behav. (IV)
Family GOBIIDAE
Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814	0–3	-
Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837	7 m	-
Gobius incognitus Kovačić & Sanda, 2016	1–11 m	-
Family LABRIDAE
Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–15 m	-
Labrus merula Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Symphodus doderleini Jordan, 1890	3 m	-
Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758)	25 m	-
Symphodus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Symphodus roissali (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Symphodus rostratus (Bloch, 1791)	5 m	-
Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	Rep. behav. (VI-VII)
Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–5 m	-
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Family MULLIDAE
Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Family POMACENTRIDAE
Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–20 m	Rep. behav. (VIII)
Family POMATOMIDAE
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)	-	-
Family SCARIDAE
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family SCIAENIDAE
Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758	23 m	-
Family SCOMBRIDAE
Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810)	-	-
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)	1 m	-
Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)	20 m	-
Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789	18 m	-
Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Family SERRANIDAE
Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758)	40 m	-
Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878)	30 m	-
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)	4 m	-
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	4–15 m	-
Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7–25 m	-
Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758)	2–18 m	-
Family SPARIDAE
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–10 m	-
Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792)	5–15 m	-
Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)	5–15 m	-
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827)	20 m	-
Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)	0–3	-
Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–3	-
Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758	2 m	-
Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–2 m	-
Family SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Family TRACHINIDAE
Trachinus araneus Cuvier, 1829	25 m	-
Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE
Tripterygion tripteronotum (Risso, 1810)	0–3	-
Family URANOSCOPIDAE
Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1758	30 m	-
Order PLEURONECTIFORMES
Family BOTHIDAE
Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809)	1–4 m	-
Family SOLEIDAE
Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Order SCORPAENIFORMES
Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family SCORPAENIDAE
Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833	3–15 m	-
Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810	20 m	-
Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758	16 m	-
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758	25 m	-
Family TRIGLIDAE
Chelidonichthys lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788)	-	-
Order TETRAODONTIFORMES
Family BALISTIDAE
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789	15 m	-
Order ZEIFORMES
Family ZEIDAE
Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758	67 m	-
Class ASCIDIACEA
Order APLOUSOBRANCHIA
Family CLAVELINIDAE
Pycnoclavella ind Garstang, 1891	15 m	-	*
Family DIDEMNIDAE
Diplosoma spongiforme (Giard, 1872)	1–60 m	-
Family POLYCITORIDAE
Polycitor crystallinus (Renier, 1804)	30 m	-
Family POLYCLINIDAE
Aplidium ind Savigny, 1816	15 m	-
Order PHLEBOBRANCHIA
Family ASCIDIIDAE
Ascidia mentula Müller, 1776	4 m	-
Order STOLIDOBRANCHIA
Family PYURIDAE
Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	5–30 m	-
Microcosmus ind Heller, 1877	20 m	-
Pyura tessellata (Forbes, 1848)	60 m	-
Family STYELIDAE
Botrylloides niger Herdman, 1886	1–3 m	-
Class ELASMOBRANCHII
Order MYLIOBATIFORMES
Family DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Order RAJIFORMES
Family RAJIDAE
Raja brachyura Lafont, 1871	20 m	-
Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758	67 m	Eggs (V)
Order TORPEDINIFORMES
Family TORPEDINIDAE
Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810	5 m	-
Class LEPTOCARDII
Family BRANCHIOSTOMATIDAE
Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774)	7–11 m	-
Class MAMMALIA
Order CETARTIODACTYLA
Family DELPHINIDAE
Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)	0 m	-
Class REPTILIA
Order TESTUDINES
Family CHELONIIDAE
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Class THALIACEA
Order SALPIDA
Family SALPIDAE
Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)†	3 m	Occurrence (IV)	*†
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804	0–5 m	Occurrence (III–IV)
Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775	0–5 m	Occurrence (IV–V)
Phylum NEMATODA
Class CHROMADOREA
Order RHABDITIDA
Family ANISAKIDAE
Anisakis ind Dujardin, 1845	-	-
Phylum ARTHROPODA
Class COLLEMBOLA
Family NEANURIDAE
Anurida maritima (Guérin-Méneville, 1836)	0 m	-
Class HEXANAUPLIA
Family SACCULINIDAE
Sacculina ind Thompson, 1836	1 m	-
Order LEPADIFORMES
Family LEPADIDAE
Lepas (Anatifa) pectinata Spengler, 1793	0 m	-
Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA
Family PENNELLIDAE
Pennella ind Oken, 1815	-	-
Class MALACOSTRACA
Order AMPHIPODA
Family CAPRELLIDAE
Caprella ind Lamarck, 1801	3–5 m	-
Phtisica marina Slabber, 1769	5 m	-
Pseudoprotella phasma (Montagu, 1804)	5 m	-
Family ISCHYROCERIDAE
Jassa marmorata Holmes, 1905	2 m	-
Family PHRONIMIDAE
Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775)	3 m	-
Order DECAPODA
Family ALPHEIDAE
Alpheus dentipes Guérin, 1832	-	Eggs (VI)
Synalpheus gambarelloides (Nardo, 1847)	-	-
Family CALAPPIDAE
Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758)	40–60 m	Eggs (II)
Family CARCINIDAE
Xaiva biguttata (Risso, 1816)	7 m	-
Family DIOGENIDAE
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818)	1 m	-
Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796)	70 m	-
Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827])	20–50 m	Eggs (VIII)
Diogenes pugilator (P. Roux, 1829) complex	7 m	-
Paguristes eremita (Linnaeus, 1767)	-	-
Family DORIPPIDAE
Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767)	60 m	-
Family DROMIIDAE
Dromia personata (Linnaeus, 1758)	5–50 m	Eggs (VIII)
Family EPIALTIDAE
Acanthonyx lunulatus (Risso, 1816)	1 m	-
Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787)	4 m	-
Pisa cf. armata (Latreille, 1803)	70 m	-
Pisa cf. nodipes Leach, 1815	60 m	-
Family ERIPHIIDAE
Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775)	2 m	Eggs (VIII)
Family GALATHEIDAE
Galathea squamifera Leach, 1814 [in Leach, 1813–1815]	5 m	-
Family GONEPLACIDAE
Goneplax rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family GRAPSIDAE
Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787)	0 m	Eggs (VI)
Family HOMOLIDAE
Homola barbata (Fabricius, 1793)	60 m	Eggs (VI)
Family INACHIDAE
Macropodia ind Leach, 1814 [in Leach, 1813–1815]	20 m	-
Family LEUCOSIIDAE
Ebalia edwardsii O.G. Costa, 1838 [in O.G. Costa & A. Costa, 1838–1871]	25 m	-
Ilia nucleus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Family MAJIDAE
Maja crispata Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	-	-
Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)	50 m	Eggs (VI;IX)
Neomaja goltziana (d’Oliveira, 1889)	-	-
Family PAGURIDAE
Cestopagurus timidus (P. Roux, 1830 [in P. Roux, 1828–1830])	5 m	-
Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	-	-
Family PALAEMONIDAE
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (H. Lucas, 1846)	5 m	-
Palaemon cf. serratus (Pennant, 1777)	1 m	Eggs (VI)
Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1836	0–1 m	-
Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto, 1821)	10 m	-
Family PALINURIDAE
Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)	70 m	-
Family PARTHENOPIDAE
Spinolambrus macrochelos (Herbst, 1790 [in Herbst, 1782–1790])	70 m	-
Family PENAEIDAE
Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775)	20 m	-
Family PERCNIDAE
Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)	1 m	-
Family PILUMNIDAE
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)	50 m	-
Pilumnus spinifer H. Milne Edwards, 1834	50 m	Eggs (V)
Pilumnus villosissimus (Rafinesque, 1814)	0 m	-
Family POLYBIIDAE
Liocarcinus vernalis (Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827])	0 m	-
Family PORTUNIDAE
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896	-	-
Portunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767)	2–30 m	-
Family PROCESSIDAE
Processa ind Leach, 1815 [in Leach, 1815–1875]	3 m	-
Family SCYLLARIDAE
Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803)	60 m	Eggs (VI)
Family STENOPODIDAE
Stenopus spinosus Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	3 m	-
Family XANTHIDAE
Paractaea monodi Guinot, 1969	5 m	-
Xantho granulicarpus Forest in Drach & Forest, 1953	0 m	-
Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1792)	0 m	-
Order ISOPODA
Family GNATHIIDAE
Gnathia ind Leach, 1814	-	-
Family IDOTEIDAE
Idotea metallica Bosc, 1802	0 m	-
Family LIGIIDAE
Ligia italica Fabricius, 1798	0 m	-
Order STOMATOPODA
Family SQUILLIDAE
Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES
Order POLYCLADIDA
Family EURYLEPTIDAE
Prostheceraeus giesbrechtii Lang, 1884	4–16 m	-	‡
Family PLANOCERIDAE
Planocera ceratommata (Palombi, 1936)	8 m	-	*
Family PSEUDOCEROTIDAE
Pseudoceros maximus-type A Lang, 1884	15 m	-	*
Pseudoceros velutinus (Blanchard, 1847)	2 m	-	*
Thysanozoon brocchii (Risso, 1818)	8 m	-	*
Class MONOGENEA
Order MAZOCRAEIDEA
Family HEXOSTOMATIDAE
Hexostoma thynni (Delaroche, 1811) Rafinesque, 1815	-	-
Phylum MOLLUSCA
Class BIVALVIA
Order ADAPEDONTA
Family HIATELLIDAE
Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Order ARCIDA
Family ARCIDAE
Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Barbatia barbata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE
Glycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795)	18 m	-
Family NOETIIDAE
Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Order CARDIIDA
Family CARDIIDAE
Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791)	18 m	-
Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791)	10 m	-
Family TELLINIDAE
Moerella donacina (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Peronaea planata (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Order CARDITIDA
Family CARDITIDAE
Cardita calyculata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Order GALEOMMATIDA
Family LASAEIDAE
Lasaea rubra (Montagu, 1803)	-	-
Order GASTROCHAENIDA
Family GASTROCHAENIDAE
Rocellaria dubia (Pennant, 1777)	2–5 m	-
Order LIMIDA
Family LIMIDAE
Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Limaria tuberculata (Olivi, 1792)	5 m	-
Order MYTILIDA
Family MYTILIDAE
Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Musculus costulatus (Risso, 1826)	-	-
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819	1 m	-
Order OSTREIDA
Family GRYPHAEIDAE
Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795)	4 m	-
Family PINNIDAE
Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758	3–20 m	-
Family PTERIIDAE
Pteria hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Order PECTINIDA
Family ANOMIIDAE
Anomia ephippium Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Family PECTINIDAE
Aequipecten opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Manupecten pesfelis (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758)	10 m	-
Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826)	50 m	-
Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Talochlamys multistriata (Poli, 1795)	-	-
Family SPONDYLIDAE
Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758	30 m	-
Order VENERIDA
Family VENERIDAE
Pitar mediterraneus (Aradas & Benoit, 1872)	60 m	-
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758	-	-
Class CEPHALOPODA
Order MYOPSIDA
Family LOLIGINIDAE
Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798	30 m	-
Order OCTOPODA
Family OCTOPODIDAE
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 complex	2–30 m	-
Order SEPIIDA
Family SEPIIDAE
Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758	5–30 m	-
Class GASTROPODA
Family CERITHIIDAE
Bittium latreillii (Payraudeau, 1826)	10 m	-
Bittium reticulatum (da Costa, 1778)	-	-
Cerithium lividulum Risso, 1826	1 m	-
Cerithium renovatum Monterosato, 1884 complex	-	-
Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 complex	1 m	-
Family SILIQUARIIDAE
Petalopoma elisabettae Schiaparelli, 2002	40 m	-
Family LIMAPONTIIDAE
Ercolania viridis (A. Costa, 1866) [30]	0 m	-	*
Family OMALOGYRIDAE
Ammonicera fischeriana (Monterosato, 1869)	-	-
Omalogyra cf. simplex (Costa O. G., 1861)	-	-
Family PATELLIDAE
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758	0 m	-
Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 complex	0 m	-
Family PLAKOBRANCHIDAE
Bosellia mimetica Trinchese, 1891 [30]	21 m	Eggs (VI)
Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) [30]	7 m	-
Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) [30]	10 m	-
Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853) [30]	7 m	-
Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE
Folinella excavata (Phillippi, 1836)	-	-
Order APLYSIIDA
Family APLYSIIDAE
Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 [30]	2 m	Rep. behav. (IX)
Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 [30]	3 m	Rep. behav. (VII)
Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803) [30]	10 m	Rep. behav. (II)
Order CEPHALASPIDEA
Family AGLAJIDAE
Aglaja tricolorata Renier, 1807 [30]	34 m	-
Family BULLIDAE
Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 [30]	10 m	-
Family HAMINOEIDAE
Haminoea ind Turton & Kingston [in Carrington], 1830 [30]	1–40 m	-
Weinkauffia turgidula (Forbes, 1844) [30]	40 m	-
Order LEPETELLIDA
Family FISSURELLIDAE
Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Emarginula sicula J.E. Gray, 1825	3 m	-
Family HALIOTIDAE
Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758	2–10 m	-
Family SCISSURELLIDAE
Scissurella costata d’Orbigny, 1824	-	-
Order LITTORINIMORPHA
Family APORRHAIDAE
Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family CALYPTRAEIDAE
Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829	20 m	-
Family CARINARIIDAE
Carinaria lamarckii Blainville, 1817	3 m	-
Family CASSIDAE
Semicassis undulata (Gmelin, 1791)	-	-
Family CHARONIIDAE
Charonia seguenzae (Aradas & Benoit, 1872)	11 m	-
Family CYMATIIDAE
Monoplex corrugatus (Lamarck, 1816)	10 m	-
Family CYPRAEIDAE
Luria lurida lurida (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Naria spurca spurca (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Family LITTORINIDAE
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)	0 m	Eggs (XI)
Family RISSOIDAE
Alvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884)	-	-
Alvania lineata Risso, 1826	-	-
Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826	-	-
Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)	-	-
Family RISSOINIDAE
Rissoina bruguieri (Payraudeau, 1826)	-	-
Family TONNIDAE
Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758)	20–60 m	-
Family VELUTINIDAE
Lamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family VERMETIDAE
Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) complex	-	-
Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758)	70 m	-
Order NEOGASTROPODA
Family BUCCINIDAE
Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family COLUMBELLIDAE
Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Family CONIDAE
Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791	2 m	-
Family COSTELLARIIDAE
Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)	4 m	-
Family FASCIOLARIIDAE
Fusinus fioritae Russo & Pagli, 2019	40 m	-
Tarantinaea lignaria (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Family MITRIDAE
Episcomitra zonata (Marryat, 1818)	-	-
Isara cornea (Lamarck, 1811)	-	-
Family MURICIDAE
Bolinus brandaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) complex	1–50 m	Eggs (VI–VII)
Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona e Bernardi, 1838)	50 m	-
Muricopsis cristata (Brocchi, 1814)	30 m	-
Ocinebrina cf. corallina/aegeensis	40 m	-
Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767)	0 m	-
Family NASSARIIDAE
Tritia corniculum (Olivi, 1792) complex	1 m	-
Tritia incrassata (Strøm, 1768) complex	1 m	-
Tritia pellucida (Risso, 1826)	5 m	-
Family PISANIIDAE
Aplus dorbignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) complex	-	-
Pisania striata (Gmelin, 1791)	20 m	-
Order NUDIBRANCHIA
Family AEOLIDIIDAE
Berghia coerulescens (Laurillard, 1832) [30]	1 m	-
Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) [30]	4 m	-
Family CALYCIDORIDIDAE
Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 [30]	30 m	-	*
Family CHROMODORIDIDAE
Felimare picta (Philippi, 1836) [30]	8–18 m	-
Felimare tricolor (Cantraine, 1835) [30]	14 m	-
Felimare villafranca (Risso, 1818) [30]	10 m	-
Felimida krohni (Vérany, 1846) [30]	40 m	-
Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827) [30]	40 m	-
Family DENDRODORIDIDAE
Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827) [30]	4 m	-
Family DISCODORIDIDAE
Peltodoris atromaculata Bergh, 1880 [30]	18–30 m	Eggs (VI)
Platydoris argo (Linnaeus, 1767) [30]	22 m	-
Family DORIDIDAE
Doris ocelligera (Bergh, 1881) [30]	40 m	-	*
Family DOTIDAE
Doto acuta Schmekel & Kress, 1977 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto cf. koenneckeri Lemche, 1976 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto paulinae Trinchese, 1881 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto pygmaea Bergh, 1871 [30]	0 m	Eggs (VII)	*
Family EUBRANCHIDAE
Eubranchus exiguus (Alder & Hancock, 1848) [30]	0 m	-	*
Family FACELINIDAE
Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) [30]	21 - 25 m	-
Facelina annulicornis (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) [30]	4 m	-	*
Family FIONIDAE
Fiona pinnata (Eschscholtz, 1831) [30]	0 m	Eggs (V)	*
Family FLABELLINIDAE
Calmella cavolini (Vérany, 1846) [30]	1 m	-
Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791) [30]	10 m	-
Family ONCHIDORIDIDAE
Onchidorididae ind Gray, 1827 [30]	70 m	-
Family PHYLLIDIIDAE
Phyllidia flava Aradas, 1847 [30]	23 m	-
Family POLYCERIDAE
Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835) [30]	70 m	-
Polycera quadrilineata (O. F. Müller, 1776) [30]	40 m	-
Family SAMLIDAE
Luisella babai (Schmekel, 1972) [30]	22 m	-
Family TRINCHESIIDAE
Trinchesia caerulea (Montagu, 1804) [30]	2 m	-
Family TRITONIIDAE
Tritonia manicata Deshayes, 1853 [30]	1 m	-
Order PLEUROBRANCHIDA
Family PLEUROBRANCHAEIDAE
Pleurobranchaea meckeli (Blainville, 1825) [30]	34 m	-
Order RUNCINIDA
Family RUNCINIDAE
Runcina adriatica T. E. Thompson, 1980 [30]	20–39 m	-	*
Runcina cf. brenkoae T. E. Thompson, 1980 [30]	2 m	-	*
Runcina cf. ornata (Quatrefages, 1844) [30]	20 m	-	*
Runcina ferruginea Kress, 1977 [30]	40 m	-
Order TROCHIDA
Family CALLIOSTOMATIDAE
Calliostoma conulus (Linnaeus, 1758)	4–60 m	-
Family COLLONIIDAE
Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family TROCHIDAE
Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777) complex	-	-
Jujubinus striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) complex	1 m	-
Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778)	0 m	-
Steromphala nebulosa (Philippi, 1849)	3 m	-
Family TURBINIDAE
Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	-	-
Order UMBRACULIDA
Family UMBRACULIDAE
Umbraculum umbraculum ([Lightfoot], 1786) [30]	1–3 m	-
Class POLYPLACOPHORA
Order CHITONIDA
Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE
Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)	20 m	-
Family CALLOCHITONIDAE
Callochiton septemvalvis (Montagu, 1803)	20 m	-
Family CHITONIDAE
Rhyssoplax olivacea (Spengler, 1797)	10 m	-
Family LEPIDOCHITONIDAE
Lepidochitona caprearum (Scacchi, 1836)	1 m	Eggs (V)
Phylum ANNELIDA
Order MYZOSTOMIDA
Family MYZOSTOMATIDAE
Myzostoma glabrum Graff, 1877	60 m	-	*
Order SIPUNCULA
Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE
Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum Leuckart, 1828	0–1 m	-
Class CLITELLATA
Order RHYNCHOBDELLIDA
Family PISCICOLIDAE
Branchellion torpedinis Savigny, 1822	-	-	*
Pontobdella muricata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Class POLYCHAETA
Family OPHELIIDAE
Armandia polyophthalma Kükenthal, 1887	7 m	-
Family ORBINIIDAE
Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1868)	18 m	-
Order AMPHINOMIDA
Family AMPHINOMIDAE
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766)	5–25 m	Eggs (VIII)
Order ECHIUROIDEA
Family BONELLIIDAE
Bonellia viridis Rolando, 1822	5–15 m	-
Order EUNICIDA
Family DORVILLEIDAE
Dorvillea rubrovittata (Grube, 1855)	35 m	-
Family EUNICIDAE
Leodice harassii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)	70 m	-
Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870	70 m	-
Lysidice ninetta Audouin & H Milne Edwards, 1833	15 m	-
Order PHYLLODOCIDA
Family HESIONIDAE
Psamathe fusca Johnston, 1836	70 m	-
Family NEREIDIDAE
Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae (Grube, 1840)	20 m	-
Family PHYLLODOCIDAE
Alciopini ind Ehlers, 1864	5 m	Occurrence (IV)
Family POLYNOIDAE
Harmothoe cf. impar (Johnston, 1839)	35 m	-
Harmothoe pagenstecheri Michaelsen, 1896	25 m	-	*
Lepidonotus clava (Montagu, 1808)	70 m	-
Family SIGALIONIDAE
Sigalion mathildae Audouin & Milne Edwards in Cuvier, 1830	7 m	-
Family SYLLIDAE
Paraehlersia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881)	20 m	-
Pseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863	70 m	-
Order SABELLIDA
Family SABELLIDAE
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791)	3–20 m	-
Family SERPULIDAE
Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) [nomen protectum]	60 m	-
Hydroides pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968	70 m	-
Protula ind Risso, 1826	10–70 m	-
Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Spirorbis ind Daudin, 1800	10 m	-
Vermiliopsis infundibulum (Philippi, 1844)	50–70 m	Eggs (VII)
Vermiliopsis labiata (O. G. Costa, 1861)	20 m	-
Vermiliopsis striaticeps (Grube, 1862)	18 m	-
Order TEREBELLIDA
Family CIRRATULIDAE
Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808)	18 m	-
Dodecaceria concharum Örsted, 1843	70 m	-
Family TEREBELLIDAE
Streblosoma ind M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872	35 m	-
Phylum NEMERTEA
Class HOPLONEMERTEA
Order POLYSTILIFERA
Family DREPANOPHORIDAE
Gibsonnemertes spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846)	70 m	-	*
Class PILIDIOPHORA
Order HETERONEMERTEA
Family LINEIDAE
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)	4 m	-
Phylum BRYOZOA
Class GYMNOLAEMATA
Order CHEILOSTOMATIDA
Family ADEONIDAE
Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867)	20 m	-
Reptadeonella violacea (Johnston, 1847)	30 m	-
Family AETEIDAE
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–5 m	-
Family BEANIIDAE
Beania magellanica (Busk, 1852)	70 m	-
Family BITECTIPORIDAE
Schizomavella ind Canu & Bassler, 1917	70 m	-
Family BUGULIDAE
Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)	50 m	-
Family CANDIDAE
Caberea boryi (Audouin, 1826)	20–30 m	-
Family CELLARIIDAE
Cellaria salicornioides Lamouroux, 1816	-	-
Family FLUSTRIDAE
Chartella ind Gray, 1848	70 m	-	*
Family HIPPALIOSINIDAE
Hippaliosina depressa (Busk, 1854)	10 m	-
Family MICROPORIDAE
Calpensia nobilis (Esper, 1796)	5–50 m	-
Family MYRIAPORIDAE
Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766)	10–70 m	-
Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE
Reteporella couchii (Hincks, 1878)	25 m	-
Reteporella grimaldii (Jullien, 1903)	20 m	-
Schizoretepora serratimargo (Hincks, 1886)	10–25 m	-
Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE
Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman, 1868)	10 m	-
Order CTENOSTOMATIDA
Family MIMOSELLIDAE
Mimosella gracilis Hincks, 1851	15 m	-
Family VESICULARIIDAE
Amathia semiconvoluta Lamouroux, 1824	-	-
Family WALKERIIDAE
Walkeria ind Fleming, 1823	30 m	-
Class STENOLAEMATA
Order CYCLOSTOMATIDA
Family FRONDIPORIDAE
Frondipora verrucosa (Lamouroux, 1821)	60 m	-
Phylum BRACHIOPODA
Class RHYNCHONELLATA
Order TEREBRATULIDA
Family MEGATHYRIDIDAE
Argyrotheca cuneata (Risso, 1826)	70 m	-

Table 1. Complete list of marine species found during the project “Biodiversity MARE Tricase” with indication of depth or depth range (when multiple specimens were found) at which taxa were recorded during this study. For phenology, Rep. behav., reproductive behaviour; Rep. structures, reproductive structures. In the column New Record, * indicates a new record for the Ionian Sea, ‡ indicates that the only other record in the Ionian Sea is from the Messinian Strait, † indicates the easternmost record in the Mediterranean Sea, # indicates new species for science. For the records that were already reported in a separate publication, the reference is given at the end of the species name.

Taxa	Depth	Phenology	New Record
Kingdom BACTERIA
Phylum CYANOBACTERIA
Class CYANOPHYCEAE
Order NOSTOCALES
Family RIVULARIACEAE
Rivularia ind Roth ex Bornet & Flahault, 1886	0 m	-
Kingdom CHROMISTA
Phylum FORAMINIFERA
Class GLOBOTHALAMEA
Order ROTALIIDA
Family HOMOTREMATIDAE
Miniacina miniacea (Pallas, 1766)	30 m	-
Order TEXTULARIIDA
Family TEXTULARIIDAE
Textularia ind Defrance, 1824	25 m	-
Phylum RADIOZOA
Class POLYCYSTINA
Order COLLODARIA
Collozoum ind Haeckel, 1862 sensu Brandt, 1905	0–5 m	Occurrence (VI–VII)
Phylum OCHROPHYTA
Class PHAEOPHYCEAE
Order CUTLERIALES
Family CUTLERIACEAE
Cutleria multifida (Turner) Greville	1 m	-
Zanardinia typus (Nardo) P.C.Silva	5 m	-
Order DICTYOTALES
Family DICTYOTACEAE
Dictyopteris polypodioides (A.P.De Candolle) J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Dictyota cf. implexa (Desfontaines) J.V.Lamouroux	20 m	-
Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	0–15 m	-
Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy	1–10 m	-
Order ECTOCARPALES
Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE
Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès & Solier	10 m	-
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link	1 m	-
Order FUCALES
Family SARGASSACEAE
Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin	1 m	-
Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville	20 m	-
Ericaria amentacea (C.Agardh) Molinari & Guiry	0–1 m	-
Sargassum vulgare C.Agardh	10 m	-
Order SPHACELARIALES
Family CLADOSTEPHACEAE
Cladostephus hirsutus (Linnaeus) Boudouresque & M.Perret-Boudouresque ex Heesch & al.	3 m	-
Family SPHACELARIACEAE
Sphacelaria sp.	20 m	-
Family STYPOCAULACEAE
Halopteris scoparia (Linnaeus) Sauvageau	10 m	-
Order SPOROCHNALES
Family SPOROCHNACEAE
Nereia filiformis (J.Agardh) Zanardini	40 m	-
Phylum CILIOPHORA
Class HETEROTRICHEA
Order HETEROTRICHIDA
Family FOLLICULINIDAE
Folliculinidae ind (T.S. Wright, 1859) Dons, 1934	70 m	-
Class OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA
Order SESSILIDA
Family ZOOTHAMNIIDAE
Zoothamnium niveum Ehrenberg, 1838	10 m	-	*
Kingdom PLANTAE
Phylum RHODOPHYTA
Class COMPSOPOGONOPHYCEAE
Order ERYTHROPELTALES
Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE
Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE
Order BONNEMAISONIALES
Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE
Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon	1 m	-
Order CERAMIALES
Family CALLITHAMNIACEAE
Callithamnion granulatum (Ducluzeau) C.Agardh	0 m	-
Crouania attenuata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh	10 m	-
Family CERAMIACEAE
Ceramium cf. virgatum Roth	0 m	-
Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth	0 m	-
Gayliella mazoyerae T.O.Cho, Fredericq & Hommersand	2 m	-
Family DASYACEAE
Dasya rigidula (Kützing) Ardissone	20 m	-
Family DELESSERIACEAE
Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey	1 m	-
Family RHODOMELACEAE
Chondria sp. (Montagne)	0 m	-
Herposiphonia secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn	20 m	-
Laurencia cf. microcladia Kützing	20 m	-
Laurencia cf. obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing	1 m	-
Osmundaria volubilis (Linnaeus) R.E.Norris	30 m	-
Osmundea truncata (Kützing) K.W.Nam & Maggs	0 m	-
Palisada perforata (Bory) K.W.Nam	2 m	-
Polysiphonia opaca (C.Agardh) Moris & De Notaris	0 m	-
Polysiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Vertebrata fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kuntze	1 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Xiphosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie & G.W.Saunders	0 m	-
Family WRANGELIACEAE
Wrangelia penicillata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh	10 m	-
Order CORALLINALES
Family CORALLINACEAE
Ellisolandia elongata (J.Ellis & Solander) K.R.Hind & G.W.Saunders	0–1 m	-
Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne	10–18 m	-
Family LITHOPHYLLACEAE
Amphiroa rigida J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie	0 m	-
Lithophyllum cf. incrustans Philippi	3 m	-
Lithophyllum stictiforme (J.E. Areschoug) Hauck	5–10 m	-
Tenarea tortuosa (Esper) Me.Lemoine	1 m	-
Titanoderma trochanter (Bory) Benhissoune, Boudouresque, Perret-Boudouresque & Verlaque	1 m	-
Family MASTOPORACEAE
Pneophyllum fragile Kützing	0 m	-
Order GELIDIALES
Family GELIDIACEAE
Gelidium spinosum (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva	1 m	-
Family PTEROCLADIACEAE
Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices & Hommersand	0 m	-
Order GIGARTINALES
Family CYSTOCLONIACEAE
Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux	2 m	-
Family GIGARTINACEAE
Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq	0 m	-
Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE
Phyllophora crispa (Hudson) P.S.Dixon	30 m	-
Schottera nicaeensis (J.V.Lamouroux ex Duby) Guiry & Hollenberg	1 m	-
Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE
Contarinia squamariae (Meneghini) Denizot	5 m	-
Family SPHAEROCOCCACEAE
Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse	7–10 m	-
Order HALYMENIALES
Family HALYMENIACEAE
Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C.Agardh	15 m	-
Order NEMALIALES
Family GALAXAURACEAE
Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman & R.A.Townsend	10 m	-
Family LIAGORACEAE
Liagora viscida (Forsskål) C.Agardh	0–2 m	-
Order NEMASTOMATALES
Family NEMASTOMATACEAE
Predaea ollivieri Feldmann	22 m	-
Family SCHIZYMENIACEAE
Platoma cyclocolpum (Montagne) F.Schmitz	3 m	Rep. structures (VIII)
Order PEYSSONNELIALES
Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE
Peyssonnelia heteromorpha (Zanardini) Athanasiadis	10 m	-
Peyssonnelia rosa-marina Boudouresque & Denizot	20 m	-
Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J.Agardh	0 m	-
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S.G.Gmelin) Decaisne ex J.Agardh	5–20 m	-
Order RHODYMENIALES
Family CHAMPIACEAE
Gastroclonium clavatum (Roth) Ardissone	1 m	-
Family RHODYMENIACEAE
Botryocladia sp.	30 m	-
Irvinea boergesenii (Feldmann) R.J.Wilkes, L.M.McIvor & Guiry	30 m	-
Phylum CHLOROPHYTA
Class PYRAMIMONADOPHYCEAE
Order PALMOPHYLLALES
Family PALMOPHYLLACEAE
Palmophyllum crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst	4 m	-
Class ULVOPHYCEAE
Order BRYOPSIDALES
Family BRYOPSIDACEAE
Bryopsis cf. pennata J.V.Lamouroux	1 m	-
Bryopsis cupressina J.V.Lamouroux	0 m	-
Family CAULERPACEAE
Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder	8–45 m	-
Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V.Lamouroux	15 m	-
Family CODIACEAE
Codium bursa (Olivi) C.Agardh	8 m	-
Codium cf. vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje	5–10 m	-
Codium coralloides (Kützing) P.C.Silva	8–10 m	-
Family HALIMEDACEAE
Halimeda tuna (J.Ellis & Solander) J.V.Lamouroux	10–25 m	-
Family UDOTEACEAE
Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin	10–15 m	-
Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zanardini) Børgesen	3 m	-
Order CLADOPHORALES
Family ANADYOMENACEAE
Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh	1–20 m	-
Family CLADOPHORACEAE
Chaetomorpha linum (O.F.Müller) Kützing	0 m	-
Cladophora dalmatica Kützing	0 m	-
Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing	0 m	-
Family VALONIACEAE
Valonia utricularis (Roth) C.Agardh	2 m	-
Order DASYCLADALES
Family POLYPHYSACEAE
Acetabularia acetabulum (Linnaeus) P.C.Silva	3–10 m	-
Order ULVALES
Family ULVACEAE
Ulva linza Linnaeus	0 m	-
Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA
Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA
Order ALISMATALES
Family CYMODOCEACEAE
Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson	6 m	-
Family POSIDONIACEAE
Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile	10–22 m	-
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Phylum CTENOPHORA
Class TENTACULATA
Order CESTIDA
Family CESTIDAE
Cestum veneris Lesueur, 1813	3 m	Occurrence (V)	‡
Order CYDIPPIDA
Family LAMPEIDAE
Lampea pancerina (Chun, 1879)	3 m	Occurrence (IV)	‡†
Order LOBATA
Family BOLINOPSIDAE
Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865	1–5 m	Occurrence (XI–I)
Family LEUCOTHEIDAE
Leucothea multicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	0–3 m	Occurrence (IV–IX)
Phylum PORIFERA
Class CALCAREA
Order CLATHRINIDA
Family CLATHRINIDAE
Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	40 m	-
Order LEUCOSOLENIDA
Family SYCETTIDAE
Sycon raphanus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	70 m	-
Class DEMOSPONGIAE
Order AGELASIDA
Family AGELASIDAE
Agelas oroides (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20–42 m	-
Family HYMERHABDIIDAE
Hymerhabdia oxytrunca Topsent, 1904 [33]	20 m	-	*
Prosuberites longispinus Topsent, 1893 [33]	20 m	-
Order AXINELLIDA
Family AXINELLIDAE
Axinella cannabina (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–50 m	-
Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–35 m	-
Axinella polypoides Schmidt, 1862 [33]	10 m	-
Axinella verrucosa (Esper, 1794) [33]	20–40 m	-
Family RASPAILIIDAE
Didiscus stylifer Tsurnamal, 1969 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon cinctum Sarà, 1960 [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon clavatum (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon coronula (Bowerbank, 1874) [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon gracile Bertolino, Calcinai & Pansini, 2013 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon major Sarà & Siribelli, 1960 [33]	20 m	-
Eurypon obtusum Vacelet, 1969 [33]	20 m	-	*
Eurypon viride (Topsent, 1889) [33]	20 m	-
Raspaciona aculeata (Johnston, 1842) [33]	20 m	-
Raspailia (Raspailia) viminalis Schmidt, 1862 [33]	70 m	-	*
Family STELLIGERIDAE
Halicnemia geniculata Sarà, 1958 [33]	20 m	-	*
Order BIEMNIDA
Family RHABDEREMIIDAE
Rhabderemia gallica van Soest & Hooper, 1993 [33]	20 m	-	*
Rhabderemia minutula (Carter, 1876) [33]	20 m	-
Order BUBARIDA
Family BUBARIDAE
Bubaris carcisis Vacelet, 1969 [33]	20 m	-
Bubaris vermiculata (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Monocrepidium vermiculatum Topsent, 1898 [33]	20 m	-	*
Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 [33]	20 m	-	*
Family DESMANTHIDAE
Desmanthus incrustans (Topsent, 1889) [33]	20 m	-
Family DICTYONELLIDAE
Acanthella acuta Schmidt, 1862 [33]	25–30 m	-
Dictyonella incisa (Schmidt, 1880) [33]	10 m	-
Dictyonella obtusa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	22 m	-
Order CHONDRILLIDA
Family CHONDRILLIDAE
Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 [33]	5–25 m	-
Order CHONDROSIIDA
Family CHONDROSIIDAE
Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 [33]	2–20 m	Spawning (VII)
Order CLIONAIDA
Family CLIONAIDAE
Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974 [33]	20 m	-	*
Cliona burtoni Topsent, 1932 [33]	20 m	-	*
Cliona celata Grant, 1826 [33]	5 m	-
Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) [33]	10 m	-
Cliona viridis (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5–20 m	-
Cliothosa hancocki (Topsent, 1888) [33]	20 m	-
Spiroxya heteroclita Topsent, 1896 [33]	20 m	-
Spiroxya sarai (Melone, 1965) [33]	20 m	-
Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE
Diplastrella bistellata (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Diplastrella boeroi Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2019 [33]	20 m	-	#
Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Spirastrella regina Bertolino, Costa & Pansini, 2020 [33]	20 m	-	#
Order DICTYOCERATIDA
Family DYSIDEIDAE
Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814) [33]	20 m	-
Family IRCINIIDAE
Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	10 m	-
Sarcotragus foetidus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	5–10 m	-
Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 [33]	12 m	-
Family THORECTIDAE
Fasciospongia cavernosa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5–20 m	-
Scalarispongia scalaris (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	10 m	-
Order HAPLOSCLERIDA
Family CHALINIDAE
Haliclona (Reniera) mediterranea Griessinger, 1971 [33]	5 m	-
Haliclona (Rhizoniera) sarai (Pulitzer-Finali, 1969) [33]	5 m	-
Haliclona (Soestella) mucosa (Griessinger, 1971) [33]	7 m	-	*
Haliclona (Soestella) valliculata (Griessinger, 1971) [33]	5 m	-	*
Family PETROSIIDAE
Petrosia (Petrosia) clavata (Esper, 1794) [33]	20 m	-
Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis (Poiret, 1789) [33]	7–40 m	-
Petrosia (Strongylophora) pulitzeri Pansini, 1996 [33]	7 m	-	*
Petrosia (Strongylophora) vansoesti Boury-Esnault, Pansini & Uriz, 1994 [33]	5 m	-	*
Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE
Oceanapia perforata (Sarà, 1960) [33]	7 m	-	*
Order POECILOSCLERIDA
Family COELOSPHAERIDAE
Lissodendoryx (Anomodoryx) cavernosa (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Family CRAMBEIDAE
Crambe crambe (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	5 m	-
Family CRELLIDAE
Crella sp. Gray, 1867 [33]	20 m	-
Family ESPERIOPSIDAE
Ulosa digitata (Schmidt, 1866) [33]	10 m	-
Family HYMEDESMIIDAE
Hamigera hamigera (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	3 m	-
Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank, 1874) [33]	6 m	-
Phorbas dives (Topsent, 1891) [33]	20 m	-
Phorbas fictitius (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Phorbas tenacior (Topsent, 1925) [33]	20 m	-
Family MICROCIONIDAE
Clathria (Clathria) coralloides (Scopoli, 1772) [33]	70 m	-
Clathria (Clathria) toxistricta Topsent, 1925 [33]	70 m	-
Clathria (Clathria) toxivaria (Sarà, 1959) [33]	20 m	-
Family MYCALIDAE
Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Mycale (Mycale) massa (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Order SUBERITIDA
Family HALICHONDRIIDAE
Axinyssa aurantiaca (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20 m	-
Halichondria (Halichondria) cf. panicea (Pallas, 1766) [33]	20 m	-
Halichondria (Halichondria) contorta (Sarà, 1961) [33]	10 m	-	*
Spongosorites intricatus (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Family SUBERITIDAE
Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	4–10 m	-
Protosuberites epiphytum (Lamarck, 1815) [33]	20 m	-
Terpios gelatinosus (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Order TETHYIDA
Family TETHYIDAE
Tethya aurantium (Pallas, 1766) [33]	20 m	-
Tethya citrina Sarà & Melone, 1965 [33]	20 m	-
Family TIMEIDAE
Timea stellata (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Timea unistellata (Topsent, 1892) [33]	20 m	-
Order TETRACTINELLIDA
Family ANCORINIDAE
Ancorina cerebrum Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-	*
Dercitus (Stoeba) plicatus (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	20 m	-
Jaspis incrustans (Topsent, 1890) [33]	20 m	-
Jaspis johnstonii (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Stelletta grubii Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-
Stelletta mediterranea (Topsent, 1893) [33]	20 m	-	*
Stelletta stellata Topsent, 1893 [33]	20 m	-
Family CALTHROPELLIDAE
Calthropella (Corticellopsis) stelligera (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	-	-	*
Family GEODIIDAE
Erylus discophorus (Schmidt, 1862) [33]	20 m	-
Geodia cydonium (Linnaeus, 1767) [33]	20 m	-
Penares euastrum (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	20 m	-
Penares helleri (Schmidt, 1864) [33]	20 m	-
Family PACHASTRELLIDAE
Pachastrella monilifera Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Triptolemma simplex (Sarà, 1959) [33]	20 m	-
Family TETILLIDAE
Tetilla sp. Schmidt, 1868 [33]	20 m	-
Family THOOSIDAE
Alectona millari Carter, 1879 [33]	20 m	-
Delectona madreporica Bavestrello, Calcinai, Cerrano & Sarà, 1997 [33]	20 m	-	*
Family VULCANELLIDAE
Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) [33]	20 m	-
Order VERONGIIDA
Family APLYSINIDAE
Aplysina aerophoba (Nardo, 1833) [33]	20 m	-
Aplysina cavernicola (Vacelet, 1959) [33]	70 m	-
Family IANTHELLIDAE
Hexadella racovitzai Topsent, 1896 [33]	15 m	-
Class HOMOSCLEROMORPHA
Order HOMOSCLEROPHORIDA
Family OSCARELLIDAE
Oscarella cf. tuberculata (Schmidt, 1868) [33]	5–15 m	-	*
Family PLAKINIDAE
Corticium candelabrum Schmidt, 1862 [33]	20 m	-
Plakina dilopha Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-	*
Plakina reducta (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) [33]	20 m	-
Plakina trilopha Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-
Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880 [33]	20 m	-
Phylum CNIDARIA
Class ANTHOZOA
Order ACTINIARIA
Family ACTINIIDAE
Actinia mediterranea Schmidt, 1971	0 m	-
Anemonia viridis (Forsskål, 1775)	10 m	-
Condylactis aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1825)	28 m	-
Paranemonia cinerea (Contarini, 1844)	3 m	-	*
Family AIPTASIIDAE
Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831)	3 m	-
Exaiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829)	8 m	-
Family HALCAMPIDAE
Halcampoides purpureus (Studer, 1879)	4 m	-	*
Family HORMATHIIDAE
Calliactis parasitica (Couch, 1842)	20–50 m	-
Family PHYMANTHIDAE
Phymanthus pulcher (Andrès, 1883)	23 m	-	*
Order ALCYONACEA
Family ALCYONIIDAE
Alcyonium cf. coralloides (Pallas, 1766)	45 m	-	‡
Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766	60 m	-
Family CORALLIIDAE
Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family CORNULARIIDAE
Cornularia cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766)	5–70 m	-	*
Family GORGONIIDAE
Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887)	40 m	-
Leptogorgia sarmentosa (Esper, 1789)	30 m	-
Family PLEXAURIDAE
Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826)	55 m	-
Order ANTIPATHARIA
Family MYRIOPATHIDAE
Antipathella subpinnata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)	80 m	-
Order PENICILLARIA
Family ARACHNACTIDAE
Arachnanthus cf. oligopodus (Cerfontaine, 1891)	4 m	-
Order PENNATULACEA
Family PENNATULIDAE
Pteroeides griseum (Bohadsch, 1761)	70 m	-
Family VIRGULARIIDAE
Virgularia mirabilis (Müller, 1776)	70 m	-	*
Order SCLERACTINIA
Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE
Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) cf. inornata (Duncan, 1878)	3 m	-
Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842)	70 m	-
Phyllangia americana mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)	40 m	-
Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959)	4 m	-
Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE
Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) europaea (Risso, 1826)	4–15 m	-
Family POCILLOPORIDAE
Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868)	15 m	-
Family SCLERACTINIA INCERTAE SEDIS
Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	8 m	-
Order SPIRULARIA
Family CERIANTHIDAE
Cerianthus membranaceus (Gmelin, 1791)	10–20 m	-
Order ZOANTHARIA
Family EPIZOANTHIDAE
Epizoanthus ind Gray, 1867	60 m	-
Family PARAZOANTHIDAE
Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862)	21 m	-
Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819)	60 m	-
Class HYDROZOA
Order ANTHOATHECATA
Family CORYNIDAE
Coryne pintneri Schneider, 1897	10–60 m	Rep. structures (VII)
Family EUDENDRIIDAE
Eudendrium merulum Watson, 1985	25 m	-
Eudendrium moulouyensis Marques, Peña Cantero & Vervoort, 2000	5 m	Rep. structures (IX)
Eudendrium racemosum (Cavolini, 1785)	20 m	-
Family OCEANIIDAE
Corydendrium parasiticum (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Oceania armata Kölliker, 1853	1 m	Medusa, Eggs (IV)	‡
Rhizogeton nudus Broch, 1910	3 m	-
Turritopsis dohrnii (Weismann, 1883)	2–70 m	Medusa (VII-IX)
Family PANDEIDAE
Amphinema rugosum (Mayer, 1900)	25 m	-
Family PENNARIIDAE
Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820	3 m	-
Family PROBOSCIDACTYLIDAE
Proboscidactyla ornata (McCrady, 1859)	70 m	Medusa (VI)	*
Family TUBULARIIDAE
Ectopleura wrighti Petersen, 1979	20 m	-
Family ZANCLEIDAE
Halocoryne epizoica Hadzi, 1917	10–20 m	Medusa (VI)
Zanclea giancarloi Boero, Bouillon & Gravili, 2000	70 m	-
Order LEPTOTHECATA
Family AEQUOREIDAE
Aequorea forskalea Péron & Lesueur, 1810	0–5 m	Medusa (IV)
Family AGLAOPHENIIDAE
Aglaophenia elongata Meneghini, 1845	11–50 m	-
Aglaophenia kirchenpaueri (Heller, 1868)	50 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Aglaophenia octodonta (Heller, 1868)	1–5 m	Rep. structures (IV)
Aglaophenia tubiformis Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890	11 m	Rep. structures (V)
Family CAMPANULARIIDAE
Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767)	11 m	-
Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935)	5 m	-
Clytia linearis (Thorneley, 1900)	30 m	-
Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–4 m	-
Orthopyxis integra (MacGillivray, 1842)	0 m	-
Family HALECIIDAE
Halecium petrosum Stechow, 1919	5 m	-
Halecium pusillum Sars, 1856	3 m	-
Family HALOPTERIDIDAE
Antennella secundaria (Gmelin, 1791)	3–11 m	-
Antennella siliquosa (Hincks, 1877)	15 m	-
Family HEBELLIDAE
Anthohebella parasitica (Ciamician, 1880)	1–2 m	-
Scandia gigas (Pieper, 1884)	10 m	-
Family KIRCHENPAUERIIDAE
Kirchenpaueria pinnata (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–20 m	-
Family LAFOEIDAE
Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848)	-	-
Family LAODICEIDAE
Laodicea undulata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1853)	45 m	-
Family PLUMULARIIDAE
Monotheca obliqua (Johnston, 1847)	2 m	-
Nemertesia ramosa (Lamarck, 1816)	70 m	-
Plumularia posidoniae (Picard, 1952)	12 m	-
Plumularia setacea (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–5 m	-
Family SERTULARELLIDAE
Sertularella ellisii (Deshayes & Milne Edwards, 1836)	3–60 m	Rep. structures (VI)
Sertularella gayi (Lamouroux, 1821)	70 m	-
Sertularella mediterranea Hartlaub, 1901	50 m	-
Family SERTULARIIDAE
Dynamena disticha (Bosc, 1802)	2 m	-
Family SYNTHECIIDAE
Synthecium evansi (Ellis & Solander, 1786)	70 m	-
Order LIMNOMEDUSAE
Family GERYONIIDAE
Geryonia proboscidalis (Forsskål, 1775)	3 m	Medusa (IV)	‡
Family OLINDIIDAE
Olindias muelleri Haeckel, 1879	7 m	Medusa (IX)
Order SIPHONOPHORAE
Family AGALMATIDAE
Halistemma rubrum (Vogt, 1852)	0 m	Occurrence (IV)	*
Nanomia bijuga (Delle Chiaje, 1844)	5 m	Occurrence (IV)
Family FORSKALIIDAE
Forskalia formosa Keferstein & Ehlers, 1860	1–2 m	Occurrence (IV)	‡
Family HIPPOPODIIDAE
Hippopodius hippopus (Forsskål, 1776)	1 m	Occurrence (IV-V)
Family PRAYIDAE
Rosacea cymbiformis (Delle Chiaje, 1830)	0–5 m	Occurrence (IV-V)
Class SCYPHOZOA
Order CORONATAE
Family NAUSITHOIDAE
Nausithoe ind Kölliker, 1853	70 m	-
Order RHIZOSTOMEAE
Family CEPHEIDAE
Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778)	1 m	Medusa (VII)
Family RHIZOSTOMATIDAE
Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri, 1778)	2 m	Medusa (II; VI)
Order SEMAEOSTOMEAE
Family PELAGIIDAE
Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767)	0–2 m	Medusa (IV-V)
Family ULMARIDAE
Aurelia solida Browne, 1905	0–5 m	Medusa (IV-V)
Phylum HEMICHORDATA
Class GRAPTOLITHOIDEA
Order RHABDOPLEUROIDEA
Family RHABDOPLEURIDAE
Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018	70 m	-
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Class ASTEROIDEA
Order FORCIPULATIDA
Family ASTERIIDAE
Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816)	6 m	-
Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758)	3–15 m	-
Order PAXILLOSIDA
Family ASTROPECTINIDAE
Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758)	10–34 m	-
Order SPINULOSIDA
Family ECHINASTERIDAE
Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783)	60 m	-
Order VALVATIDA
Family CHAETASTERIDAE
Chaetaster longipes (Bruzelius, 1805)	70 m	-
Family GONIASTERIDAE
Peltaster placenta (Müller & Troschel, 1842)	45 m	-
Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE
Hacelia attenuata Gray, 1840	25 m	-
Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816)	10 m	-
Class CRINOIDEA
Order COMATULIDA
Family ANTEDONIDAE
Antedon mediterranea (Lamarck, 1816)	45 m	-
Class ECHINOIDEA
Order ARBACIOIDA
Family ARBACIIDAE
Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–12 m	-
Order CAMARODONTA
Family ECHINIDAE
Echinus melo Lamarck, 1816	50 m	-
Family PARECHINIDAE
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)	1–10 m	-
Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825)	34 m	-
Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE
Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816)	8 m	-
Order CIDAROIDA
Family CIDARIDAE
Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	70 m	-
Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845)	70 m	-
Order CLYPEASTEROIDA
Family FIBULARIIDAE
Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776)	18 m	-
Order DIADEMATOIDA
Family DIADEMATIDAE
Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845)	50 m	-
Class HOLOTHUROIDEA
Order HOLOTHURIIDA
Family HOLOTHURIIDAE
Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1791	7 m	-
Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823	2 m	-
Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823	4 m	-	‡
Order SYNALLACTIDA
Family STICHOPODIDAE
Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817)	60 m	-
Class OPHIUROIDEA
Order AMPHILEPIDIDA
Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE
Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard in O.F. Müller, 1789)	30–50 m	-
Order OPHIACANTHIDA
Family OPHIODERMATIDAE
Ophioderma longicaudum (Bruzelius, 1805)	10 m	-
Phylum CHORDATA
Class ACTINOPTERYGII
Order ANGUILLIFORMES
Family CONGRIDAE
Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758)	2–4 m	-
Family MURAENIDAE
Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758	8–11 m	-
Order ATHERINIFORMES
Family ATHERINIDAE
Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810	2 m	-
Atherina hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758	2 m	-
Order AULOPIFORMES
Family SYNODONTIDAE
Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–10 m	-
Order BELONIFORMES
Family BELONIDAE
Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1760)	1 m	-
Order CLUPEIFORMES
Family CLUPEIDAE
Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)	25 m	-
Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847	-	-
Family ENGRAULIDAE
Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–5 m	-
Order GADIFORMES
Family MERLUCCIIDAE
Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family PHYCIDAE
Phycis phycis (Linnaeus, 1766)	30 m	-
Order LOPHIIFORMES
Family LOPHIIDAE
Lophius ind Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Order MUGILIFORMES
Family MUGILIDAE
Chelon auratus (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827)	1 m	-
Order PERCIFORMES
Family APOGONIDAE
Apogon imberbis (Linnaeus, 1758)	5 m	-
Family BLENNIIDAE
Aidablennius sphynx (Valenciennes, 1836)	1 m	-
Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus, 1758)	0 m	-
Lipophrys trigloides (Valenciennes, 1836)	1 m	-
Microlipophrys canevae (Vinciguerra, 1880)	1 m	-
Parablennius gattorugine (Linnaeus, 1758)	8–11 m	-
Parablennius incognitus (Bath, 1968)	2 m	-
Parablennius rouxi (Cocco, 1833)	10 m	-
Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814)	0–3	-
Parablennius zvonimiri (Kolombatovic, 1892)	3 m	-
Family CARANGIDAE
Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	Sperm (XI)
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family CENTRACANTHIDAE
Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	7–25 m	Rep. behav. (IV)
Family GOBIIDAE
Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814	0–3	-
Gobius geniporus Valenciennes, 1837	7 m	-
Gobius incognitus Kovačić & Sanda, 2016	1–11 m	-
Family LABRIDAE
Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–15 m	-
Labrus merula Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Symphodus doderleini Jordan, 1890	3 m	-
Symphodus mediterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758)	25 m	-
Symphodus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Symphodus roissali (Risso, 1810)	2 m	-
Symphodus rostratus (Bloch, 1791)	5 m	-
Symphodus tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	Rep. behav. (VI-VII)
Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–5 m	-
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Family MULLIDAE
Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Family POMACENTRIDAE
Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–20 m	Rep. behav. (VIII)
Family POMATOMIDAE
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)	-	-
Family SCARIDAE
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family SCIAENIDAE
Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758	23 m	-
Family SCOMBRIDAE
Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810)	-	-
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)	1 m	-
Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)	20 m	-
Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789	18 m	-
Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758	60 m	-
Family SERRANIDAE
Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758)	40 m	-
Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878)	30 m	-
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)	4 m	-
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	4–15 m	-
Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7–25 m	-
Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758)	2–18 m	-
Family SPARIDAE
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)	1–10 m	-
Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792)	5–15 m	-
Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)	5–15 m	-
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827)	20 m	-
Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)	0–3	-
Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–3	-
Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758	2 m	-
Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–2 m	-
Family SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Family TRACHINIDAE
Trachinus araneus Cuvier, 1829	25 m	-
Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE
Tripterygion tripteronotum (Risso, 1810)	0–3	-
Family URANOSCOPIDAE
Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1758	30 m	-
Order PLEURONECTIFORMES
Family BOTHIDAE
Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809)	1–4 m	-
Family SOLEIDAE
Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Order SCORPAENIFORMES
Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family SCORPAENIDAE
Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833	3–15 m	-
Scorpaena notata Rafinesque, 1810	20 m	-
Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758	16 m	-
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758	25 m	-
Family TRIGLIDAE
Chelidonichthys lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788)	-	-
Order TETRAODONTIFORMES
Family BALISTIDAE
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789	15 m	-
Order ZEIFORMES
Family ZEIDAE
Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758	67 m	-
Class ASCIDIACEA
Order APLOUSOBRANCHIA
Family CLAVELINIDAE
Pycnoclavella ind Garstang, 1891	15 m	-	*
Family DIDEMNIDAE
Diplosoma spongiforme (Giard, 1872)	1–60 m	-
Family POLYCITORIDAE
Polycitor crystallinus (Renier, 1804)	30 m	-
Family POLYCLINIDAE
Aplidium ind Savigny, 1816	15 m	-
Order PHLEBOBRANCHIA
Family ASCIDIIDAE
Ascidia mentula Müller, 1776	4 m	-
Order STOLIDOBRANCHIA
Family PYURIDAE
Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	5–30 m	-
Microcosmus ind Heller, 1877	20 m	-
Pyura tessellata (Forbes, 1848)	60 m	-
Family STYELIDAE
Botrylloides niger Herdman, 1886	1–3 m	-
Class ELASMOBRANCHII
Order MYLIOBATIFORMES
Family DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Order RAJIFORMES
Family RAJIDAE
Raja brachyura Lafont, 1871	20 m	-
Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758	67 m	Eggs (V)
Order TORPEDINIFORMES
Family TORPEDINIDAE
Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810	5 m	-
Class LEPTOCARDII
Family BRANCHIOSTOMATIDAE
Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774)	7–11 m	-
Class MAMMALIA
Order CETARTIODACTYLA
Family DELPHINIDAE
Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)	0 m	-
Class REPTILIA
Order TESTUDINES
Family CHELONIIDAE
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Class THALIACEA
Order SALPIDA
Family SALPIDAE
Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)†	3 m	Occurrence (IV)	*†
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804	0–5 m	Occurrence (III–IV)
Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775	0–5 m	Occurrence (IV–V)
Phylum NEMATODA
Class CHROMADOREA
Order RHABDITIDA
Family ANISAKIDAE
Anisakis ind Dujardin, 1845	-	-
Phylum ARTHROPODA
Class COLLEMBOLA
Family NEANURIDAE
Anurida maritima (Guérin-Méneville, 1836)	0 m	-
Class HEXANAUPLIA
Family SACCULINIDAE
Sacculina ind Thompson, 1836	1 m	-
Order LEPADIFORMES
Family LEPADIDAE
Lepas (Anatifa) pectinata Spengler, 1793	0 m	-
Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA
Family PENNELLIDAE
Pennella ind Oken, 1815	-	-
Class MALACOSTRACA
Order AMPHIPODA
Family CAPRELLIDAE
Caprella ind Lamarck, 1801	3–5 m	-
Phtisica marina Slabber, 1769	5 m	-
Pseudoprotella phasma (Montagu, 1804)	5 m	-
Family ISCHYROCERIDAE
Jassa marmorata Holmes, 1905	2 m	-
Family PHRONIMIDAE
Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775)	3 m	-
Order DECAPODA
Family ALPHEIDAE
Alpheus dentipes Guérin, 1832	-	Eggs (VI)
Synalpheus gambarelloides (Nardo, 1847)	-	-
Family CALAPPIDAE
Calappa granulata (Linnaeus, 1758)	40–60 m	Eggs (II)
Family CARCINIDAE
Xaiva biguttata (Risso, 1816)	7 m	-
Family DIOGENIDAE
Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818)	1 m	-
Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796)	70 m	-
Dardanus calidus (Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827])	20–50 m	Eggs (VIII)
Diogenes pugilator (P. Roux, 1829) complex	7 m	-
Paguristes eremita (Linnaeus, 1767)	-	-
Family DORIPPIDAE
Medorippe lanata (Linnaeus, 1767)	60 m	-
Family DROMIIDAE
Dromia personata (Linnaeus, 1758)	5–50 m	Eggs (VIII)
Family EPIALTIDAE
Acanthonyx lunulatus (Risso, 1816)	1 m	-
Herbstia condyliata (Fabricius, 1787)	4 m	-
Pisa cf. armata (Latreille, 1803)	70 m	-
Pisa cf. nodipes Leach, 1815	60 m	-
Family ERIPHIIDAE
Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775)	2 m	Eggs (VIII)
Family GALATHEIDAE
Galathea squamifera Leach, 1814 [in Leach, 1813–1815]	5 m	-
Family GONEPLACIDAE
Goneplax rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Family GRAPSIDAE
Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787)	0 m	Eggs (VI)
Family HOMOLIDAE
Homola barbata (Fabricius, 1793)	60 m	Eggs (VI)
Family INACHIDAE
Macropodia ind Leach, 1814 [in Leach, 1813–1815]	20 m	-
Family LEUCOSIIDAE
Ebalia edwardsii O.G. Costa, 1838 [in O.G. Costa & A. Costa, 1838–1871]	25 m	-
Ilia nucleus (Linnaeus, 1758)	7 m	-
Family MAJIDAE
Maja crispata Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	-	-
Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)	50 m	Eggs (VI;IX)
Neomaja goltziana (d’Oliveira, 1889)	-	-
Family PAGURIDAE
Cestopagurus timidus (P. Roux, 1830 [in P. Roux, 1828–1830])	5 m	-
Pagurus anachoretus Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	-	-
Family PALAEMONIDAE
Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (H. Lucas, 1846)	5 m	-
Palaemon cf. serratus (Pennant, 1777)	1 m	Eggs (VI)
Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1836	0–1 m	-
Pontonia pinnophylax (Otto, 1821)	10 m	-
Family PALINURIDAE
Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)	70 m	-
Family PARTHENOPIDAE
Spinolambrus macrochelos (Herbst, 1790 [in Herbst, 1782–1790])	70 m	-
Family PENAEIDAE
Penaeus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775)	20 m	-
Family PERCNIDAE
Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853)	1 m	-
Family PILUMNIDAE
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)	50 m	-
Pilumnus spinifer H. Milne Edwards, 1834	50 m	Eggs (V)
Pilumnus villosissimus (Rafinesque, 1814)	0 m	-
Family POLYBIIDAE
Liocarcinus vernalis (Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827])	0 m	-
Family PORTUNIDAE
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896	-	-
Portunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767)	2–30 m	-
Family PROCESSIDAE
Processa ind Leach, 1815 [in Leach, 1815–1875]	3 m	-
Family SCYLLARIDAE
Scyllarides latus (Latreille, 1803)	60 m	Eggs (VI)
Family STENOPODIDAE
Stenopus spinosus Risso, 1827 in [Risso, 1826–1827]	3 m	-
Family XANTHIDAE
Paractaea monodi Guinot, 1969	5 m	-
Xantho granulicarpus Forest in Drach & Forest, 1953	0 m	-
Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1792)	0 m	-
Order ISOPODA
Family GNATHIIDAE
Gnathia ind Leach, 1814	-	-
Family IDOTEIDAE
Idotea metallica Bosc, 1802	0 m	-
Family LIGIIDAE
Ligia italica Fabricius, 1798	0 m	-
Order STOMATOPODA
Family SQUILLIDAE
Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES
Order POLYCLADIDA
Family EURYLEPTIDAE
Prostheceraeus giesbrechtii Lang, 1884	4–16 m	-	‡
Family PLANOCERIDAE
Planocera ceratommata (Palombi, 1936)	8 m	-	*
Family PSEUDOCEROTIDAE
Pseudoceros maximus-type A Lang, 1884	15 m	-	*
Pseudoceros velutinus (Blanchard, 1847)	2 m	-	*
Thysanozoon brocchii (Risso, 1818)	8 m	-	*
Class MONOGENEA
Order MAZOCRAEIDEA
Family HEXOSTOMATIDAE
Hexostoma thynni (Delaroche, 1811) Rafinesque, 1815	-	-
Phylum MOLLUSCA
Class BIVALVIA
Order ADAPEDONTA
Family HIATELLIDAE
Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767)	1 m	-
Order ARCIDA
Family ARCIDAE
Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Barbatia barbata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE
Glycymeris bimaculata (Poli, 1795)	18 m	-
Family NOETIIDAE
Striarca lactea (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Order CARDIIDA
Family CARDIIDAE
Laevicardium crassum (Gmelin, 1791)	18 m	-
Papillicardium papillosum (Poli, 1791)	10 m	-
Family TELLINIDAE
Moerella donacina (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Peronaea planata (Linnaeus, 1758)	18 m	-
Order CARDITIDA
Family CARDITIDAE
Cardita calyculata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Order GALEOMMATIDA
Family LASAEIDAE
Lasaea rubra (Montagu, 1803)	-	-
Order GASTROCHAENIDA
Family GASTROCHAENIDAE
Rocellaria dubia (Pennant, 1777)	2–5 m	-
Order LIMIDA
Family LIMIDAE
Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Limaria tuberculata (Olivi, 1792)	5 m	-
Order MYTILIDA
Family MYTILIDAE
Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758)	2 m	-
Musculus costulatus (Risso, 1826)	-	-
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819	1 m	-
Order OSTREIDA
Family GRYPHAEIDAE
Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795)	4 m	-
Family PINNIDAE
Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758	3–20 m	-
Family PTERIIDAE
Pteria hirundo (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Order PECTINIDA
Family ANOMIIDAE
Anomia ephippium Linnaeus, 1758	20 m	-
Family PECTINIDAE
Aequipecten opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758)	20 m	-
Manupecten pesfelis (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758)	10 m	-
Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826)	50 m	-
Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Talochlamys multistriata (Poli, 1795)	-	-
Family SPONDYLIDAE
Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758	30 m	-
Order VENERIDA
Family VENERIDAE
Pitar mediterraneus (Aradas & Benoit, 1872)	60 m	-
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758	-	-
Class CEPHALOPODA
Order MYOPSIDA
Family LOLIGINIDAE
Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798	30 m	-
Order OCTOPODA
Family OCTOPODIDAE
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 complex	2–30 m	-
Order SEPIIDA
Family SEPIIDAE
Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758	5–30 m	-
Class GASTROPODA
Family CERITHIIDAE
Bittium latreillii (Payraudeau, 1826)	10 m	-
Bittium reticulatum (da Costa, 1778)	-	-
Cerithium lividulum Risso, 1826	1 m	-
Cerithium renovatum Monterosato, 1884 complex	-	-
Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 complex	1 m	-
Family SILIQUARIIDAE
Petalopoma elisabettae Schiaparelli, 2002	40 m	-
Family LIMAPONTIIDAE
Ercolania viridis (A. Costa, 1866) [30]	0 m	-	*
Family OMALOGYRIDAE
Ammonicera fischeriana (Monterosato, 1869)	-	-
Omalogyra cf. simplex (Costa O. G., 1861)	-	-
Family PATELLIDAE
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758	0 m	-
Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758 complex	0 m	-
Family PLAKOBRANCHIDAE
Bosellia mimetica Trinchese, 1891 [30]	21 m	Eggs (VI)
Elysia timida (Risso, 1818) [30]	7 m	-
Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804) [30]	10 m	-
Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853) [30]	7 m	-
Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE
Folinella excavata (Phillippi, 1836)	-	-
Order APLYSIIDA
Family APLYSIIDAE
Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 [30]	2 m	Rep. behav. (IX)
Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 [30]	3 m	Rep. behav. (VII)
Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803) [30]	10 m	Rep. behav. (II)
Order CEPHALASPIDEA
Family AGLAJIDAE
Aglaja tricolorata Renier, 1807 [30]	34 m	-
Family BULLIDAE
Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 [30]	10 m	-
Family HAMINOEIDAE
Haminoea ind Turton & Kingston [in Carrington], 1830 [30]	1–40 m	-
Weinkauffia turgidula (Forbes, 1844) [30]	40 m	-
Order LEPETELLIDA
Family FISSURELLIDAE
Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Emarginula sicula J.E. Gray, 1825	3 m	-
Family HALIOTIDAE
Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758	2–10 m	-
Family SCISSURELLIDAE
Scissurella costata d’Orbigny, 1824	-	-
Order LITTORINIMORPHA
Family APORRHAIDAE
Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family CALYPTRAEIDAE
Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)	50 m	-
Crepidula moulinsii Michaud, 1829	20 m	-
Family CARINARIIDAE
Carinaria lamarckii Blainville, 1817	3 m	-
Family CASSIDAE
Semicassis undulata (Gmelin, 1791)	-	-
Family CHARONIIDAE
Charonia seguenzae (Aradas & Benoit, 1872)	11 m	-
Family CYMATIIDAE
Monoplex corrugatus (Lamarck, 1816)	10 m	-
Family CYPRAEIDAE
Luria lurida lurida (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Naria spurca spurca (Linnaeus, 1758)	4 m	-
Family LITTORINIDAE
Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)	0 m	Eggs (XI)
Family RISSOIDAE
Alvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884)	-	-
Alvania lineata Risso, 1826	-	-
Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826	-	-
Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)	-	-
Family RISSOINIDAE
Rissoina bruguieri (Payraudeau, 1826)	-	-
Family TONNIDAE
Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758)	20–60 m	-
Family VELUTINIDAE
Lamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758)	3 m	-
Family VERMETIDAE
Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) complex	-	-
Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758)	70 m	-
Order NEOGASTROPODA
Family BUCCINIDAE
Euthria cornea (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family COLUMBELLIDAE
Columbella rustica (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Family CONIDAE
Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791	2 m	-
Family COSTELLARIIDAE
Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)	4 m	-
Family FASCIOLARIIDAE
Fusinus fioritae Russo & Pagli, 2019	40 m	-
Tarantinaea lignaria (Linnaeus, 1758)	1 m	-
Family MITRIDAE
Episcomitra zonata (Marryat, 1818)	-	-
Isara cornea (Lamarck, 1811)	-	-
Family MURICIDAE
Bolinus brandaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	30 m	-
Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) complex	1–50 m	Eggs (VI–VII)
Hirtomurex squamosus (Bivona e Bernardi, 1838)	50 m	-
Muricopsis cristata (Brocchi, 1814)	30 m	-
Ocinebrina cf. corallina/aegeensis	40 m	-
Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767)	0 m	-
Family NASSARIIDAE
Tritia corniculum (Olivi, 1792) complex	1 m	-
Tritia incrassata (Strøm, 1768) complex	1 m	-
Tritia pellucida (Risso, 1826)	5 m	-
Family PISANIIDAE
Aplus dorbignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) complex	-	-
Pisania striata (Gmelin, 1791)	20 m	-
Order NUDIBRANCHIA
Family AEOLIDIIDAE
Berghia coerulescens (Laurillard, 1832) [30]	1 m	-
Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) [30]	4 m	-
Family CALYCIDORIDIDAE
Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 [30]	30 m	-	*
Family CHROMODORIDIDAE
Felimare picta (Philippi, 1836) [30]	8–18 m	-
Felimare tricolor (Cantraine, 1835) [30]	14 m	-
Felimare villafranca (Risso, 1818) [30]	10 m	-
Felimida krohni (Vérany, 1846) [30]	40 m	-
Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827) [30]	40 m	-
Family DENDRODORIDIDAE
Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827) [30]	4 m	-
Family DISCODORIDIDAE
Peltodoris atromaculata Bergh, 1880 [30]	18–30 m	Eggs (VI)
Platydoris argo (Linnaeus, 1767) [30]	22 m	-
Family DORIDIDAE
Doris ocelligera (Bergh, 1881) [30]	40 m	-	*
Family DOTIDAE
Doto acuta Schmekel & Kress, 1977 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto cf. koenneckeri Lemche, 1976 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto paulinae Trinchese, 1881 [30]	2 m	-	*
Doto pygmaea Bergh, 1871 [30]	0 m	Eggs (VII)	*
Family EUBRANCHIDAE
Eubranchus exiguus (Alder & Hancock, 1848) [30]	0 m	-	*
Family FACELINIDAE
Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) [30]	21 - 25 m	-
Facelina annulicornis (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) [30]	4 m	-	*
Family FIONIDAE
Fiona pinnata (Eschscholtz, 1831) [30]	0 m	Eggs (V)	*
Family FLABELLINIDAE
Calmella cavolini (Vérany, 1846) [30]	1 m	-
Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791) [30]	10 m	-
Family ONCHIDORIDIDAE
Onchidorididae ind Gray, 1827 [30]	70 m	-
Family PHYLLIDIIDAE
Phyllidia flava Aradas, 1847 [30]	23 m	-
Family POLYCERIDAE
Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835) [30]	70 m	-
Polycera quadrilineata (O. F. Müller, 1776) [30]	40 m	-
Family SAMLIDAE
Luisella babai (Schmekel, 1972) [30]	22 m	-
Family TRINCHESIIDAE
Trinchesia caerulea (Montagu, 1804) [30]	2 m	-
Family TRITONIIDAE
Tritonia manicata Deshayes, 1853 [30]	1 m	-
Order PLEUROBRANCHIDA
Family PLEUROBRANCHAEIDAE
Pleurobranchaea meckeli (Blainville, 1825) [30]	34 m	-
Order RUNCINIDA
Family RUNCINIDAE
Runcina adriatica T. E. Thompson, 1980 [30]	20–39 m	-	*
Runcina cf. brenkoae T. E. Thompson, 1980 [30]	2 m	-	*
Runcina cf. ornata (Quatrefages, 1844) [30]	20 m	-	*
Runcina ferruginea Kress, 1977 [30]	40 m	-
Order TROCHIDA
Family CALLIOSTOMATIDAE
Calliostoma conulus (Linnaeus, 1758)	4–60 m	-
Family COLLONIIDAE
Homalopoma sanguineum (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Family TROCHIDAE
Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777) complex	-	-
Jujubinus striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) complex	1 m	-
Phorcus turbinatus (Born, 1778)	0 m	-
Steromphala nebulosa (Philippi, 1849)	3 m	-
Family TURBINIDAE
Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767)	-	-
Order UMBRACULIDA
Family UMBRACULIDAE
Umbraculum umbraculum ([Lightfoot], 1786) [30]	1–3 m	-
Class POLYPLACOPHORA
Order CHITONIDA
Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE
Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)	20 m	-
Family CALLOCHITONIDAE
Callochiton septemvalvis (Montagu, 1803)	20 m	-
Family CHITONIDAE
Rhyssoplax olivacea (Spengler, 1797)	10 m	-
Family LEPIDOCHITONIDAE
Lepidochitona caprearum (Scacchi, 1836)	1 m	Eggs (V)
Phylum ANNELIDA
Order MYZOSTOMIDA
Family MYZOSTOMATIDAE
Myzostoma glabrum Graff, 1877	60 m	-	*
Order SIPUNCULA
Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE
Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum Leuckart, 1828	0–1 m	-
Class CLITELLATA
Order RHYNCHOBDELLIDA
Family PISCICOLIDAE
Branchellion torpedinis Savigny, 1822	-	-	*
Pontobdella muricata (Linnaeus, 1758)	-	-
Class POLYCHAETA
Family OPHELIIDAE
Armandia polyophthalma Kükenthal, 1887	7 m	-
Family ORBINIIDAE
Phylo foetida (Claparède, 1868)	18 m	-
Order AMPHINOMIDA
Family AMPHINOMIDAE
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766)	5–25 m	Eggs (VIII)
Order ECHIUROIDEA
Family BONELLIIDAE
Bonellia viridis Rolando, 1822	5–15 m	-
Order EUNICIDA
Family DORVILLEIDAE
Dorvillea rubrovittata (Grube, 1855)	35 m	-
Family EUNICIDAE
Leodice harassii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)	70 m	-
Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870	70 m	-
Lysidice ninetta Audouin & H Milne Edwards, 1833	15 m	-
Order PHYLLODOCIDA
Family HESIONIDAE
Psamathe fusca Johnston, 1836	70 m	-
Family NEREIDIDAE
Ceratonereis (Composetia) costae (Grube, 1840)	20 m	-
Family PHYLLODOCIDAE
Alciopini ind Ehlers, 1864	5 m	Occurrence (IV)
Family POLYNOIDAE
Harmothoe cf. impar (Johnston, 1839)	35 m	-
Harmothoe pagenstecheri Michaelsen, 1896	25 m	-	*
Lepidonotus clava (Montagu, 1808)	70 m	-
Family SIGALIONIDAE
Sigalion mathildae Audouin & Milne Edwards in Cuvier, 1830	7 m	-
Family SYLLIDAE
Paraehlersia ferrugina (Langerhans, 1881)	20 m	-
Pseudosyllis brevipennis Grube, 1863	70 m	-
Order SABELLIDA
Family SABELLIDAE
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791)	3–20 m	-
Family SERPULIDAE
Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) [nomen protectum]	60 m	-
Hydroides pseudouncinata Zibrowius, 1968	70 m	-
Protula ind Risso, 1826	10–70 m	-
Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)	60 m	-
Spirorbis ind Daudin, 1800	10 m	-
Vermiliopsis infundibulum (Philippi, 1844)	50–70 m	Eggs (VII)
Vermiliopsis labiata (O. G. Costa, 1861)	20 m	-
Vermiliopsis striaticeps (Grube, 1862)	18 m	-
Order TEREBELLIDA
Family CIRRATULIDAE
Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808)	18 m	-
Dodecaceria concharum Örsted, 1843	70 m	-
Family TEREBELLIDAE
Streblosoma ind M. Sars in G.O. Sars, 1872	35 m	-
Phylum NEMERTEA
Class HOPLONEMERTEA
Order POLYSTILIFERA
Family DREPANOPHORIDAE
Gibsonnemertes spectabilis (Quatrefages, 1846)	70 m	-	*
Class PILIDIOPHORA
Order HETERONEMERTEA
Family LINEIDAE
Notospermus geniculatus (Delle Chiaje, 1828)	4 m	-
Phylum BRYOZOA
Class GYMNOLAEMATA
Order CHEILOSTOMATIDA
Family ADEONIDAE
Adeonella pallasii (Heller, 1867)	20 m	-
Reptadeonella violacea (Johnston, 1847)	30 m	-
Family AETEIDAE
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus, 1758)	0–5 m	-
Family BEANIIDAE
Beania magellanica (Busk, 1852)	70 m	-
Family BITECTIPORIDAE
Schizomavella ind Canu & Bassler, 1917	70 m	-
Family BUGULIDAE
Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)	50 m	-
Family CANDIDAE
Caberea boryi (Audouin, 1826)	20–30 m	-
Family CELLARIIDAE
Cellaria salicornioides Lamouroux, 1816	-	-
Family FLUSTRIDAE
Chartella ind Gray, 1848	70 m	-	*
Family HIPPALIOSINIDAE
Hippaliosina depressa (Busk, 1854)	10 m	-
Family MICROPORIDAE
Calpensia nobilis (Esper, 1796)	5–50 m	-
Family MYRIAPORIDAE
Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766)	10–70 m	-
Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE
Reteporella couchii (Hincks, 1878)	25 m	-
Reteporella grimaldii (Jullien, 1903)	20 m	-
Schizoretepora serratimargo (Hincks, 1886)	10–25 m	-
Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE
Schizobrachiella sanguinea (Norman, 1868)	10 m	-
Order CTENOSTOMATIDA
Family MIMOSELLIDAE
Mimosella gracilis Hincks, 1851	15 m	-
Family VESICULARIIDAE
Amathia semiconvoluta Lamouroux, 1824	-	-
Family WALKERIIDAE
Walkeria ind Fleming, 1823	30 m	-
Class STENOLAEMATA
Order CYCLOSTOMATIDA
Family FRONDIPORIDAE
Frondipora verrucosa (Lamouroux, 1821)	60 m	-
Phylum BRACHIOPODA
Class RHYNCHONELLATA
Order TEREBRATULIDA
Family MEGATHYRIDIDAE
Argyrotheca cuneata (Risso, 1826)	70 m	-

4. Discussion

Biodiversity is currently a central theme of global environmental policies and conservation strategies (e.g., EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive). However, a sound understanding of biodiversity should be considered at the foundation of any conservation policy. Despite that, our 18-month study showed that the knowledge of Mediterranean biodiversity can still be significantly improved.

This study provides the first species inventory (marine organisms and coastal flora) of the southeastern Salento coastal area and enriches the current basic knowledge information on the biodiversity of the Ionian and the central Mediterranean Sea. Overall, 696 taxa were identified, among which Mollusca, Porifera and Chordata were the most represented, accounting for more than half of the full species inventory. Despite that, the groups with the highest percentages of new records were Polycladida (Platyhelminthes), Nemertea, and Thaliacea, with the relative percentage of new records of 80%, 50% and 33%, respectively.

For some groups, these results reflect the knowledge gaps in their taxonomy and ecology. Some taxa are poorly studied and lack Mediterranean experts, leading to inaccurate estimates of species occurrence. Moreover, the scientific community nowadays tends to overlook descriptive research and biodiversity records [63]. For example, for polyclad platyhelminths and nemerteans, reference monographs for the Mediterranean Sea date back to the end of the 19th century, when they were studied in the Gulf of Naples [64,65]. Similarly, for the phylum Ctenophora, most of the records from Italy come from the Gulf of Naples and the Strait of Messina, the latter being the only location where most ctenophores have been reported in the Ionian Sea (Figure 6b) [66]. Some groups, like anthozoans, have been poorly surveyed in the Ionian Sea, which explains why one tenth of the species found by this study represented new records for the area [67]. For other groups (i.e., Heterobranchia and Porifera), the high proportion of new records and new species (sponges) likely reflects the lack of expert work in the area and the difficulty of taxonomic identification (for an in-depth discussion on these two groups, see [30,33]).

Comparing our species inventory with other works in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea, the results vary by taxonomic group. However, species inventories at a very small spatial scale, such as ours, are rare, so comparisons are made with caution. Regarding sponges, we reported 112 taxa, while Evcen & Cinar [68] reported 116 taxa of sponges for the whole coast of Turkey, and Voultsiadou et al. [69] reported 81 taxa for the Aegean Sea. The fact that the coastlines of these areas are about two orders of magnitude longer than our study area suggests that the southeastern Salento has a relatively high diversity of sponges, as suggested by Sarà [26]. Regarding hydrozoans, Morri et al. [70] reported 38 taxa for Lebanon, raising the total number of hydrozoans in the Levant Sea to 70. Morri & Bianchi [71] reported 31 taxa for the Aegean Islands of Kos, raising to 67 the number of hydroids known from the Aegean Sea and nearby areas. Also in this case, considering that these areas are several orders of magnitude larger than southeastern Salento, our finding of 48 taxa represents a relatively high number, suggesting a high diversity in the class Hydrozoa. Regarding anthozoans, Vafidis et al. [72] found 21 taxa belonging to the orders Actiniaria, Corallimorpharja, and Scleractinia in the northern Aegean Sea, while we reported 16 of them, which could be comparable considering the smaller area investigated by our study. Also for molluscs, our species list is comparable to the one realised by Giacobbe & Renda [73] for Capo D’Armi, Sicily. They reported 133 taxa, compared to 144 taxa found in our study. The higher number of our species could be explained by the broader area and depth range of our study. Finally, regarding bony fishes, our list only reports 89 species, while Al-Hassan & El-Silini [74] reported 201 species for the coast of Benghazi, Libya, and Saad [75] reported 224 species for the coast of Syria. These large differences can be related to the larger survey areas in Al-Hassan & El-Silini [74], and to the higher sampling effort focused specifically on this group of organisms.

Comparing our species number with the total number of species in the Mediterranean Sea [7], the groups with a proportionally higher number of species were Anthozoa (19%), Porifera and Echinodermata (16%), Osteichthyes (~14%) and Decapoda (13%) (

Table 2. Comparison of the results of this study with the total number of taxa in the Mediterranean Sea [7], Italian waters [60,61] and Italian Ionian Sea [60,61], for selected taxonomic groups. Numbers represent the number of taxa, while the percentage of taxa found by this study out of the total number of species known for the area is given in brackets. * this figure also includes Chondrichthyes.

	Our Study	Mediterranean Sea	Italian Waters	Italian Ionian Sea
Porifera	112	681 (16%)	509 (22%)	193 (58%)
Gastropoda	107	1564 (7%)	1155 (9%)	763 (14%)
Osteichthyes	89	* 650 (14%)	442 (20%)	351 (25%)
Macrophyte	88	1131 (8%)	949 (9%)	736 (12%)
Hydrozoa	49	457 (11%)	346 (14%)	171 (29%)
Decapoda	49	383 (13%)	293 (17%)	212 (23%)
Annelida	33	1172 (3%)	951 (3%)	577 (6%)
Anthozoa	31	164 (19%)	128 (24%)	40 (78%)
Bivalvia	29	400 (7%)	340 (9%)	227 (13%)
Echinodermata	24	154 (16%)	120 (20%)	77 (31%)

). Similarly, compared to the checklist for Italian waters, we recorded 24% of Anthozoa, 22% of Porifera, 20% of Echinodermata and Osteichthyes and 17% of Decapoda. Finally, compared to the checklist of the Italian Ionian Sea, we recorded 78% of Anthozoa, 58% of Porifera, 31% of Echinodermata, 29% of Hydrozoa and 25% of Osteichthyes (Table 2). However, it is important to emphasize that the known distribution for many marine taxa is directly related to the distribution of taxonomists and does not reflect the true distribution of the species [76,77]. Therefore, caution is needed in interpreting the numerical comparisons made in this and the previous paragraph.

Out of a total of 697 taxa, we reported only 9 NIS. Considering other areas of the Apulia region, this is a considerable low number of NIS [78]. NIS are often opportunistic species that proliferate in heavily impacted ecosystems [79]. The low numbers of NIS we reported in this study may reflect the overall good environmental conditions and lack of major anthropogenic disturbances in the Tricase coastal area.

Our results also depend on sampling methodologies. For instance, we reported only 32 species of annelids, while there are 152 taxa of hard-substrate polychaetes reported in the Otranto channel [36]. This was probably the result of not having performed ad hoc sampling, e.g., [80,81]. Importantly, this work is not intended to be an exhaustive inventory of species in the area, but a baseline. Future in-depth studies on single groups of fauna and flora will be necessary and will likely disclose further diversity of this stretch of coast.

Besides taxonomic groups, the highest proportion of new records was found within the group of gelatinous zooplankton (i.e., scyphozoan and hydrozoan jellyfish, siphonophores, thaliaceans, and ctenophores). Gelatinous plankton is often the dominant macrozooplankton of oceanic systems, and an important component of marine ecosystems, with particular significance for fisheries management and the tourism industry [82,83]. Despite its importance, gelatinous plankton remains one of the less studied and understood marine groups [84]. The reason lies mainly in the difficulty of sampling animals with fragile gelatinous bodies and in their irregular occurrence as adult forms, which makes it difficult to plan sampling campaigns [85,86]. Marine stations, such as the MARE Outpost, offer a significant advantage for the study of these organisms since they allow continuous surveillance of the coastal area and easy sampling by SCUBA and free diving. In addition, citizen science could also offer substantial help in the study of gelatinous plankton, as it can enable monitoring programs on large geographic and temporal scales, while increasing biodiversity awareness among the general public, e.g., [86,87,88,89,90,91].

Other taxonomic groups appeared to be relatively well studied, with no new records despite the high number of taxa reported. Among these, we found fishes (Osteichthyes), macroalgae, shelled molluscs, decapods (Crustacea), and echinoderms. Fishes are particularly well studied in the Mediterranean Sea, also because of their commercial interest [7,92]. Shelled molluscs are well-known partly due to contributions from amateur shell collectors, who far outnumber professional researchers [93].

Increased knowledge of species distribution and phenology is critical to understand the effects of climate change and human actions on ecosystems and assessing good environmental status, as required by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Therefore, long-term biodiversity monitoring and observation are needed to improve our knowledge of biodiversity changes. There is also a need for new taxonomists who can identify and research marine organisms [94]. Inspired by the seminal work of Salvatore Lo Bianco [95] in the Gulf of Naples, this work is an important addition to local and regional biodiversity knowledge and a baseline for future biodiversity monitoring in the Ionian and Mediterranean Sea.