Fossil Fruits of Ceratophyllum from the Upper Eocene and Miocene of South China
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Ceratophyllum cf. muricatum Chamisso
3.2. Ceratophyllum demersum L.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Achene Shape | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | L/W Ratio | Surfaces Ornament | Length of Stylar Spine (mm) | Length of Basal Spine (mm) | Facial Spines | Marginal Wing | Lateral Spines | Occurrence | Age | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceratophyllum cf. muricatum | elliptic to suborbicular | 3.6 | 3.2 | 1.1 | granular | 0.9 | 2.7–3.8 | − | + | 2 | Guangdong, China | late Eocene | This paper |
C. demersum | ovate | 3.42–4.68 | 2.09–2.80 | 1.48–1.79 | tuberculate, with striated grooves | 0.22–2.79 | 0.15–1.35 | − | − | − | Guangxi, China | Miocene | This paper |
C. lesii | elliptical | 2.1 | 1 | 2.1 | smooth | incomplete | 4.2 | − | + | − | Northern Mexico | Late Cretaceous | [6] |
C. furcatispinum | / | 4.8 | 1.8 | 2.7 | / | 2.3 | / | − | + | 9–10 | Montana, USA | Paleocene | [7] |
C. muricatum subspecies incertum | elliptical | 3.4 | 2.2 | 1.65 | smooth | 1.8 | 3.3 | − | − | 8–11 | Tennessee, USA | Eocene | [7] |
C. aff. muricatum | ellipsoidal | 3 | 2.2 | 1.4 | smooth | 1.5 | / | − | − | 12 | Tibet, China | middle Eocene | [8] |
C. zaisanicum | elliptic | 4.0 | 2.7 | 1.48 | finely rugose | / | / | − | − | 9–19 | Kazakhstan | early Oligocene | [11] |
C. tenuicarpum | oblong | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | narrow | + | Siberia, Russia | Oligocene | [11] |
C. submersum | elliptic | 2.7–3.5 | 1.7–2.6 | 1.44 | smooth, rarely slightly rugose | / | / | − | − | − | Rostov, Russia; Odessa, Ukraine | Oligocene –Pliocene | [11] |
C. echinatum | elliptical | 5.0 | 3.6 | 1.6 | not sure | 4.1 | 3.1 | − | + | 10–11 | Nevada, USA | Miocene | [7] |
C. spinulosum | wide-elliptic | / | / | / | / | − | − | − | wide | + | Siberia, Russia | Miocene | [11] |
C. miocenicum | obovate | 2.0–2.1 | 1.8–1.9 | 1.11 | smooth or slightly rugose | − | − | − | narrow, toothed | − | Rostov, Russia; Odessa, Ukraine | Miocene | [11] |
C. tanaiticum | elliptic | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | fimbriate | − | Ukraine | Miocene | [11] |
C. pannonicum | elliptic | 3.0–3.8 | 2.0–2.7 | 1.45 | finely rugose | + | / | / | wide | 10–18 | Ukraine | Miocene | [11] |
C. pannonicum | / | 3 (without stylus) | 2.3 | 1.3 | tuberculate | / | / | + | − | 4–5 | Klettwitz, Germany | Middle Miocene | [12] |
C. sinjanum | / | 6–8 | 2.5–3 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | Sinj, Croatia | Middle Miocene | [29] |
C. demersum | ovate to elliptical | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 1.3 | papillae or are smooth | 5.9 | 5.2 | − | − | − | Yunnan, China | Late Miocene | [17] |
C. demersum | elliptic | 3.6–4.1 | 2.1–2.8 | 1.6 | rugose | + | + | − | − | − | Siberia, Voronezh, Rostov, Russia | Miocene, Pliocene | [11] |
C. tenuicarpum | oblong oval | 3.1–4.9 | 1.6–2.5 | / | / | / | / | − | / | − | Siberia, Russia | Miocene to Pliocene | [10] |
C. protanaiticum | oblong | / | / | / | / | − | − | − | wide, with irregular margin | + | Voronezh Region, Russia | Pliocene | [11] |
C. platyacanthum | oblong | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | + | + | Bashkortostan, Russia | Pliocene | [11] |
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Xu, S.; Song, H.; Xiang, H.; Liu, W.; Quan, C.; Jin, J. Fossil Fruits of Ceratophyllum from the Upper Eocene and Miocene of South China. Biology 2022, 11, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111614
Xu S, Song H, Xiang H, Liu W, Quan C, Jin J. Fossil Fruits of Ceratophyllum from the Upper Eocene and Miocene of South China. Biology. 2022; 11(11):1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111614
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Shenglan, Hanzhang Song, Helanlin Xiang, Weiqiu Liu, Cheng Quan, and Jianhua Jin. 2022. "Fossil Fruits of Ceratophyllum from the Upper Eocene and Miocene of South China" Biology 11, no. 11: 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111614