Wild Food Plants and Trends in Their Use: From Knowledge and Perceptions to Drivers of Change in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Communities
2.3. Study Ethics, Approach and Sampling
2.4. Individual Interviews and Plant Identification
2.5. Focus Group Discussions
2.6. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Contextualizing WFPs in the Minangkabau and Mandailing Food Systems
3.2. Natural Food Environments as the Main Source of Wild Food Plants
3.3. Diversity of Wild Food Plants and Comparison of Knowledge between the Ethnic Groups
3.4. Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Wild Food Plants
3.5. Trends in the Use of Wild Food Plants and Drivers of Change
3.5.1. Factors of Availability
3.5.2. Livelihood and Lifestyle Factors
3.5.3. Factors Related to Food, Consumption and Health
3.5.4. Economic Factors
3.5.5. Factors Related to Processing/Multifunctionality
3.5.6. Factors Related to Knowledge and Skills
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of Wild Food Plants Diversity with Other Regions
4.2. Local Perceptions and Attitudes on Wild Food Plants
4.3. What Are the Reasons for the Decreased Use of Wild Food Plants?
4.4. What Motivates People to Continue Consumption of Wild Food Plants?
4.5. Need for an Integrated Approach for Sustainable Use of Wild Food Plants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Group | Total No. of WFPs | No. of WFPs in Minangkabau | No. of WFPs in Mandailing | No. of WFPs Unique to Minangkabau | No. of WFPs Unique to Mandailing | No. of WFPs Overlapping in Both |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Starchy staples | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Leafy vegetables | 27 | 22 | 23 | 4 | 7 | 16 |
Other vegetables | 29 | 25 | 22 | 7 | 4 | 18 |
Pulses | 6 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Nuts and seeds | 5 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Vitamin A rich plants | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Other fruits | 30 | 30 | 22 | 8 | 0 | 22 |
Total | 106 | 93 | 83 | 23 | 13 | 70 |
Theme | Reasons for Using Wild Vegetables More in the Past | Reasons for Underutilizing Selected Wild Vegetables Currently (Barriers) | Reasons for a Greater Use of Selected Wild Vegetables Currently (Motivations) |
---|---|---|---|
Availability | Easy to get (Mi, Ma) Still plenty of them (Mi) There were no other vegetables (Mi, Ma) Abundant forests (Mi, Ma) Spacious gardens (Mi) Collect their own (Ma) | Competitiveness (Mi, Ma) Not available in the market (Mi) Hard to get (Mi, Ma) Limited land (Mi) Not much available (Ma) | Can be obtained in the forest (Mi) Can be shared (Mi) There are no other vegetables (Mi) Land area available (Mi) Easy to get (Ma) At close range (Ma) |
Livelihood and lifestyle | Community collection (Mi) People were gardening more (Mi) People were often going to the forest (Ma) Many enthusiasts (Ma) | Reduced interest (Mi) Not everyone likes it (Ma) | Many enthusiasts (Mi, Ma) |
Food, consumption, health | People liked them (Mi) Food was needed every day (Ma) Healthy (Ma) | Taste disliked (Mi, Ma) Not consumed much (Ma) | People like them (Mi, Ma) These are required and eaten regularly (Mi, Ma) Rich in nutrients (Ma) |
Income, marketing, economy | They are free (Mi, Ma) | No need to buy (Mi, Ma) Good economic value (Mi) Source of income (Mi) | |
Multifunctionality/processing | Easy to grow (Mi) Easy processing (Mi) Traditional processing (Ma) | Need good care (Mi) Processing is not easy (Mi) | Good benefits (Mi) Multiple benefits (Ma) |
Knowledge and skills | Don’t know the taste (Mi) Don’t know that they can be consumed (Mi) Don’t know how to cook them (Ma) |
Theme | Reasons for Using Wild Fruits More in the Past | Reasons for Underutilizing Selected Wild Fruits Currently (Barriers) | Reasons for Greater Use of Selected Wild Fruits Currently (Motivations) |
---|---|---|---|
Availability | There were no other fruits (Mi, Ma) Seasonal (Mi, Ma) Many were available (Mi, Ma) Easy to collect or grow (Mi, Ma) People did not spray chemicals (Ma) Land was available (Ma) | Rare or extinct (Mi, Ma) Grow in the forest (Mi) They are only seasonal (Mi, Ma) Depends on the land (Mi) Hard to get (Mi, Ma) Decreasing from spraying agrichemicals (Ma) Not in the market (Ma) Difficult to cultivate (Ma) | There are no other fruits (Mi, Ma) Can be collected on your own (Mi) Easy to collect (Ma) Still plentiful (Ma) |
Livelihood and lifestyle | People often went to the forest (Mi) | Not a big interest (Mi) People are busy and lack of time (Ma) | Many enthusiasts (Mi) |
Food, consumption, health | People liked the taste (Mi, Ma) Natural and healthy (Ma) | Not so tasty (Mi) Taste preferences have changed (Ma) | They are tasty (Mi) Eaten every day (Mi) They are needed (Mi) Many people like it (Ma) Kids like them (Ma) |
Income, marketing, economy | Can be sold (Mi) Cheap to purchase (Mi, Ma) No need to buy (Ma) | Can be sold (Mi) No need to buy (Ma) | |
Multifunctionality/processing | Used also as a medicine (Mi) | Can be cooked according to taste (Mi) | |
Knowledge and skills | Don’t know how to cultivate them (Mi) We don’t know them (Mi) |
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Pawera, L.; Khomsan, A.; Zuhud, E.A.M.; Hunter, D.; Ickowitz, A.; Polesny, Z. Wild Food Plants and Trends in Their Use: From Knowledge and Perceptions to Drivers of Change in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Foods 2020, 9, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091240
Pawera L, Khomsan A, Zuhud EAM, Hunter D, Ickowitz A, Polesny Z. Wild Food Plants and Trends in Their Use: From Knowledge and Perceptions to Drivers of Change in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091240
Chicago/Turabian StylePawera, Lukas, Ali Khomsan, Ervizal A.M. Zuhud, Danny Hunter, Amy Ickowitz, and Zbynek Polesny. 2020. "Wild Food Plants and Trends in Their Use: From Knowledge and Perceptions to Drivers of Change in West Sumatra, Indonesia" Foods 9, no. 9: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091240