Macrofungi as Medicinal Resources in Uzbekistan: Biodiversity, Ethnomycology, and Ethnomedicinal Practices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Collection and Preservation of Medicinal Macrofungi Samples
2.3. Identification of the Medicinal Macrofungi
2.3.1. Morphological Observations
2.3.2. DNA Extraction, Amplification, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analyses
2.4. Data Collection
Species Name | Specimens | Host/Substrate | Origin | GenBank Acc. No. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. | YG/PS177 | Prunus vulgaris (Mill.) Schur | Uzbekistan | OR250340 | Present study |
Auricularia mesenterica | YG 087 | Prunus armeniaca L. | Uzbekistan | OR250341 | Present study |
Auricularia mesenterica | Haikonen 11208 | Rotten angiosperm trunk | United Kingdom | KP729287 | [62] |
Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. | YG 013 | Juglans regia L. | Uzbekistan | OR250343 | Present study |
Bjerkandera adusta | YG/PS15 | Populus alba L. | Uzbekistan | OR250342 | Present study |
Bjerkandera adusta | BRNM 771946 | dead hardwood | Brazil | KT305936 | [63] |
Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill | YG 027 | Acer tataricum subsp. Semenovii (Regel & Herder) A.E. Murray | Uzbekistan | OR250344 | Present study |
Cerrena unicolor | YG/PS16 | Crataegus turkestanica Pojark. | Uzbekistan | OR250345 | Present study |
Cerrena unicolor | FD-299 | Dead standing hardwood | USA | KP135304 | [64] |
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. | 351_YG20211004-1D | Juglans regia | Uzbekistan | OR250349 | Present study |
Fomes fomentarius | 349_YG20210406-8D | Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. | Uzbekistan | OR250348 | Present study |
Fomes fomentarius | YG-M155 | Unknown fallen wood | Uzbekistan | OR250347 | Present study |
Fomes fomentarius | YG-M200 | Betula tianschanica Rupr. | Uzbekistan | OR250346 | Present study |
Fomes fomentarius | Ff/25 | Unknown | Armenia | OL583672 | [65] |
Fomes fomentarius | YG/bot2 | Populus sp. | Uzbekistan | MT526299 | [33] |
Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk | YG20210406-3D | Acer saccharum Marshall | Uzbekistan | OR250350 | Present study |
Ganoderma adspersum | Ga-3 | Acacia sp. | Armenia | JN588585 | [66] |
Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. | 343_YG20210525-1D | Juglans regia | Uzbekistan | OR250351 | Present study |
Inonotus hispidus | JV0407/31 | Juglans sp. | Morocco | KF446596 | [67] |
Inonotus hispidus | YG/PS148 | Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. | Uzbekistan | MT526310 | [33] |
Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill | 334_YG20211005-1D | Salix alba Thunb. | Uzbekistan | OR250352 | Present study |
Laetiporus sulphureus | OLRIM1044 | Quercus robur L. | Sweden | EU840622 | [68] |
Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. | 326_YG_MU_1_1 | Platanus orientalis L. | Uzbekistan | OR250353 | Present study |
Lentinus tigrinus | 327_YG_MU_1_2 | Platanus orientalis | Uzbekistan | OR250355 | Present study |
Lentinus tigrinus | 328_YG_N2 | Salix sp. | Uzbekistan | OR250354 | Present study |
Lentinus tigrinus | 336_YG20210725-1D | Juglans regia | Uzbekistan | OR250356 | Present study |
Lentinus tigrinus | MG331_K4-2D | Quercus brantii Lindl. | Iran | MG208016 | [69] |
Sanghuangporus lonicerinus (Bondartsev) Sheng H. Wu, L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai | 337_YG20210629-1D | Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach | Uzbekistan | OR250357 | Present study |
Sanghuangporus lonicerinus | MG281 | Unknown | Iran | KU213574 | Unpublished |
Schizophyllum commune Fr. | YG 047 | Morus alba L. | Uzbekistan | OR250358 | Present study |
Schizophyllum commune | YG-G42 | Populus sp. | Uzbekistan | OR250359 | Present study |
Schizophyllum commune | biocode09-540 | Unknown | French Polynesia | MZ997086 | [70] |
Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. | YG-G57 | Juglans regia | Uzbekistan | OR250361 | Present study |
Stereum hirsutum | YG-G60 | Acer tataricum subsp. Semenovii | Uzbekistan | OR250360 | Present study |
Stereum hirsutum | H21575 | Quercus suber L. | Tunisia | KU973867 | [71] |
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd | YG-G11 | Crataegus turkestanica | Uzbekistan | OR250362 | Present study |
Trametes versicolor | YG-G45 | Juglans regia | Uzbekistan | OR250363 | Present study |
Trametes versicolor | MQN011 | Decayed wood | Nepal | AB811857 | [72] |
Coniophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst. | FP-104367 | Hardwood | USA | GU187510 | [73] |
Gomphidius roseus (Fr.) Oudem. | MB 95-038 | Pinus sylvestris L. | Germany | DQ534570 | [74] |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Species Diversity of Medicinal Basidiomycetes
3.2. Phylogenetic Placement of Collections of Medicinal Macrofungi from Uzbekistan
3.3. Substrate/Host Preferences of Medicinal Basidiomycetes in Study Area
3.4. Distribution of Medicinal Basidiomycetes by Areas of Uzbekistan
3.5. Taxonomic Treatment, Distribution, Ecology of Medicinal Macrofungi, and Their Uses in Ethnomedicine, Modern Medicine, and Other Fields
3.5.1. Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers., Mycologia Europaea 1: 97 (1822) (Table 3; Figure 4A)
3.5.2. Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 5: 38 (1879) (Table 3; Figure 4B)
Species/Family | Local Name | Used Method | Host Plants | Medicinal Uses | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethno Medicine | Modern Medicine | |||||
Auricularia mesenterica Auriculariaceae | Jigarrang quloq qo‘ziqorini | Edible, medicinal | Prunus vulgaris, Prunus armeniaca | Treats throat, cold, and fever, hemorrhoids, haemoptysis, and angina. Used against anxiety and fear | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [37,80,81,82,83,84,85,86] |
Bjerkandera adusta Phanerochaetaceae | Tutinsimon pukak | medicinal | Juglans regia, Juniperus sp., Populus alba | Treat uterine cancer | Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant | [37,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] |
Cerioporus squamosus Polyporaceae | Tangachali po‘kak, tangachasimon polipor | Edible, medicinal | Juglans regia | Pain reliever and in the treatment of joint diseases, tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis, dysfunction of the kidneys and bladder; oncology; gout; problems with the functioning of the pancreas; liver pathology; ulcer and gastritis | Antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant, immunomodulating, immunosuppressive | [37,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111] |
Cerrena unicolor Cerrenaceae | Tserrena birxil rangli, moxli labirent po‘kak | Medicinal | Acer tataricum subsp. semenovii, Crataegus turkestanica | Treatment of many human diseases. Tincture also used as an antiseptic | Anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimelanomic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant | [37,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122] |
Fomes fomentarius Polyporaceae | Haqiqiy buqoq zamburug‘i, Xaqiqiy pukak | Medicinal | Betula tianschanica, Juglans regia, Malus domestica | Bladder disorders, dysmenorrhoea, hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal disorders, hepatocirrhosis, oral ulcers, and inflammation. Esophagus, gastric, and uterus carcinoma | Anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiviral, antioxidant | [37,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135] |
Fomitopsis betulina Fomitopsidaceae | Oqqayin pukak zamburug‘, oqqayin fomitopsis | Medicinal | Betula tianschanica | Used as tinder and anesthetic, anti-fatiguing, soothing, and for immunoenhancing properties. Treatment of rectal cancer and stomach diseases; also used against various cancer types, as an immunoenhancing. Antiparasitic agent, and a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiseptic, antiviral, cytotoxic | [37,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143] |
Ganoderma applanatum Ganodermataceae | Tug‘ri pukak, Ayiq noni | Medicinal | Populus sp., Salix sp. | Reduces excess phlegm, pain, and fever; lowers blood glucose and improves immunity, hypertension, asthma, bronchitis, prostatitis, and mental disorders | Antiallergic, anticancer, antifibrotic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory | [8,9,37,124,126,130,144,145,146,147,148] |
Ganoderma adspersum Ganodermataceae | Pog‘anasimon ganoderma xilma-xil po‘kak | Medicinal | Acer saccharum | Treats neurasthenia, nervous diseases, hypertension, liver and cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the genitourinary system, diabetes, rheumatism, gastritis, ulcers, cancer and tumors | Antiatherosclerotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective | [37,66,130,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155] |
Grifola frondosa Grifolaceae | Jingalak grifola zamburug‘, qo‘chqorbosh zamburug‘ | Edible, medicinal | Quercus sp. | Treats cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. | Anti-aging, antiallergic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory, neuroprotective, nephroprotective | [37,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166] |
Inonotus hispidus Hymenochaetaceae | Yolli inonotus | Inedible, medicinal | Populus pruinosa Schrenk, Juglans regia, Morus alba | Used as anthelminthic, against diarrhea and for general internal cleaning. Treats heart, liver disease, stomach diseases and stomach-ache Used to wash external the sexual organs during menstruation and after birth to clean the body | Antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor, antiviral, immunomodulatory, immunostimulatory, hypolipidemic | [37,167,168,169,170,171,172,173] |
Laetiporus sulphureus Laetiporaceae | Kulrang-sarg‘ish po‘kak, Oltinrang po‘kak | Medicinal | Acer tataricum subsp. semenovii, Salix alba | Widely used for treatment of pyretic diseases, coughs, gastric cancer, and rheumatism. Burning fruit bodies is presumed to drive away mosquitoes and midges | Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, cytostatic, hypoglycemic and immunostimulative | [17,37,111,114,124,174,175] |
Lentinus tigrinus Polyporaceae | Chuqurchasimon pukak, bahorgi pukak zamburug‘ | Edible, medicinal | Salix sp., Platanus orientalis, Juglans regia | Used as food, medicine, brain tonic, and against anger. Powder taken in hot water relieves dry cough and asthma, arthritis, colds, fever, headache, hypertension, skin diseases, stomach-ache, and toothache | Anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory | [37,124,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183] |
Phellinus igniarius Hymenochaetaceae | Majnuntol pukak | Inedible, medicinal | Salix sp., Acer sp. | Used when endometrorrhagia, heart attack, or stroke, to reduce the risk of cancer, and decrease various inflammations | Antiangiogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective | [37,66,109,148,184,185,186,187,188,189] |
Sanghuangporus lonicerinus Hymenochaetaceae | Uchqat sangxuangporusi | Inedible, medicinal | Lonicera sp., Lonicera nummulariifolia | – | Antiproliferative, cytotoxic, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic, hepatoprotective | [37,185,186,190,191] |
Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllaceae | Oddiy jabrasimon zamburug‘ | Inedible, medicinal | Morus alba, Juglans regia, Celtis caucasica Willd., Populus sp. | Regulates blood pressure. Treats leucorrhea and breast inflammation | Analgesic, anti-constipation, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, chemoprotective, cosmeceutical agent, immunostimulating, neuroprotective, and wound healing properties | [37,111,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202] |
Stereum hirsutum Stereaceae | Soxta kurka dumi zamburug‘i, tukli pardali kurka | Inedible, medicinal | Juglans regia, Acer tataricum subsp. semenovii | Used to treat cancer, diabetes, and dyspepsia, and as antiseptic | Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-lipase, neuroprotective | [37,126,203,204,205,206,207,208] |
Trametes versicolor Polyporaceae | Turli-xil rangli pukak | Inedible, medicinal | Prunus sp., Juglans regia, Crataegus turkestanica | Used in liver disorders such as hepatitis, jaundice, and liver cancer as well as heart, gastric, and kidney disorders. Used in asthma, cough, fever, herpes, and in pathologies of the upper respiratory tract, urinary and digestive infections. Boosts immune functions, Treats chronic fatigue syndrome, Promotes increased energy | Anti-acetylcholinesterase, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunoregulatory, immunostimulatory | [37,124,208,209,210,211,212,213] |
3.5.3. Cerioporus squamosus (Huds.) Quél., Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa Media et Praesertim in Gallia Vigentium: 167 (1886) (Table 3; Figure 4C)
3.5.4. Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill, J. Mycol. 9 (2): 91 (1903) (Table 3; Figure 4D)
3.5.5. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 2: 237 (1849) (Table 3; Figure 4E)
3.5.6. Fomitopsis betulina (Bull.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han and Y.C. Dai., Fungal Diversity 80: 359 (2016) (Table 3)
3.5.7. Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk, Proceedings van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Section C 72: 273 (1969) (Table 3; Figure 4F)
3.5.8. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 5: 67 (1889) (Table 3)
3.5.9. Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, a Natural Arrangement of British Plants 1: 643 (Table 3)
3.5.10. Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst., Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 5: 39 (1879) (Table 3; Figure 5A)
3.5.11. Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill, Mycologia 12 (1): 11 (1920) (Table 3; Figure 5B)
3.5.12. Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr., Systema Orbis Vegetabilis 1: 78 (1825) (Table 3; Figure 5C)
3.5.13. Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél., Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa Media et Praesertim in Gallia Vigentium: 172 (1886) (Table 3)
3.5.14. Sanghuangporus lonicerinus (Bondartsev) Sheng H. Wu, L.W. Zhou and Y.C. Dai, Fungal Diversity 77: 340 (2015) (Table 3; Figure 5D)
3.5.15. Schizophyllum commune Fr., Observationes mycologicæ 1: 103 (1815) (Table 3; Figure 5E)
3.5.16. Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers., Observationes Mycologicae 2: 90 (1800) (Table 3; Figure 5F)
3.5.17. Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, Mycol. Writ. 6 (65): 1045 (1920) (Table 3)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SPG | Schizophyllan |
TCM | Traditional Chinese Medicine |
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Location | Altitude (m) | Locality | Forest Type | Habitat |
---|---|---|---|---|
Andijan Prov. | 1450 | 40.7686° N, 72.2364° E | Flood-plain and urban forest | Several trees (Salix sp., Populus spp., Malus spp., Prunus spp., Juglans sp., Vitis spp., and Morus spp.) |
Fergana Prov. | 400–1400 | 40.4568° N, 71.2874° E | Desert, flood-plain, urban and mountain forests | Trees and shrubs forests (Haloxylon spp., Tamarix spp., Populus spp., Salix spp., Rosa spp., Malus spp., Prunus spp., Lonicera spp., and Speria spp.) |
Jizzakh Prov. | 365–2000 | 40.4706° N, 67.5709° E | Zaamin State Reserve and Zaamin National Park | Juniper forest (Juniperus spp., Lonicera spp., and Prunus spp.) |
Namangan Prov. | 432–1600 | 41.0510° N, 71.0973° E | Urban and Mountain Forest | Trees and shrubs forests (Populus spp., Salix spp., Rosa spp., Malus spp., and Prunus spp.) |
Samarkand Prov. | 577–800 | 39.9208° N, 66.4271° E | Mountain Forest | Trees and shrubs mixed forests (Juniperus spp., Rosa spp., Lonicera spp., Crataegus spp., and Sorbus spp.) |
Tashkent Botanical Garden | 470–500 | 41.3448° N, 69.3107° E | Botanical garden | Several introduced trees and shrubs |
Tashkent Prov. | 1100–1800 | 41.2213° N, 69.8597° E | Ugam-Chatkal State National Natural Park | Trees and shrubs mixed forests (Juniperus spp., Crataegus spp., Lonicera spp., Salix spp., Juglans spp., Malus spp., Prunus spp., and Fraxinus spp.) |
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Gafforov, Y.; Rašeta, M.; Rapior, S.; Yarasheva, M.; Wang, X.; Zhou, L.; Wan-Mohtar, W.A.A.Q.I.; Zafar, M.; Lim, Y.W.; Wang, M.; et al. Macrofungi as Medicinal Resources in Uzbekistan: Biodiversity, Ethnomycology, and Ethnomedicinal Practices. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090922
Gafforov Y, Rašeta M, Rapior S, Yarasheva M, Wang X, Zhou L, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Zafar M, Lim YW, Wang M, et al. Macrofungi as Medicinal Resources in Uzbekistan: Biodiversity, Ethnomycology, and Ethnomedicinal Practices. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):922. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090922
Chicago/Turabian StyleGafforov, Yusufjon, Milena Rašeta, Sylvie Rapior, Manzura Yarasheva, Xuewei Wang, Liwei Zhou, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar, Muhammad Zafar, Young Woon Lim, Mengcen Wang, and et al. 2023. "Macrofungi as Medicinal Resources in Uzbekistan: Biodiversity, Ethnomycology, and Ethnomedicinal Practices" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090922