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Euphausia superba Antarctic krill

Euphausia superbais commonly referred to as Antarctic krill. Difficulty in the aquarium: Experts only! Very hard to keep. Toxicity: Toxic hazard unknown.


Profilbild Urheber AndiV

„Krillicekils“. Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 3.0 über Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krillicekils.jpg#/media/File:Krillicekils.jpg

Antarktischer Krill, Eisalgen fressend. Die Eisoberfläche auf der linken Seite ist grün verfärbt. Dieses Bild ist mit einem ROV aufgenommen.


Uploaded by AndiV.

Image detail


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lexID:
8826 
AphiaID:
236217 
Scientific:
Euphausia superba 
German:
Antarktischer Krill 
English:
Antarctic Krill 
Category:
Other Crustaceans 
Family tree:
Animalia (Kingdom) > Arthropoda (Phylum) > Malacostraca (Class) > Euphausiacea (Order) > Euphausiidae (Family) > Euphausia (Genus) > superba (Species) 
Initial determination:
Dana, 1850 
Occurrence:
Zirkumpolar, Alaska (Western Atlantic), Antarctica, Australia, Barents Sea, Chile, Greenland, Gulf of California, Iceland, Kerguelen Islands, Peru, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetlands Island , Subantarctic Isles, Terre Adélie, the Falkland Islands 
Sea depth:
0 - 955 Meter 
Size:
0.79" - 2.36" (2cm - 6cm) 
Temperature:
-1,9 °F - 1,4 °F (-1,9°C - 1,4°C) 
Food:
Algae, Amphipods, cannibalism (preys on conspecifics), Copepods, Herbivorous, Phytoplankton, Plankton, Zooxanthellae / Light 
Difficulty:
Experts only! Very hard to keep 
Offspring:
Not available as offspring 
Toxicity:
Toxic hazard unknown 
CITES:
Not evaluated 
Red List:
Least concern (LC)  
Related species at
Catalog of Life:
 
Author:
Publisher:
Meerwasser-Lexikon.de
Created:
Last edit:
2020-04-06 20:35:38 

Info

Dana, 1850

Krill are small, basically translucent 2 inches (5 cm) long crustaceans that have a life span of about seven years. They go through five stages of changes during the three to four years it takes to reach adulthood. They can go 200 days without food and must continually swim or sink to the bottom. Swimming in dense clouds, they can sometimes number a half million more or less in one cubic yard. It is estimated there are hundreds of million metric tons of krill in the Antarctica.

There are 85 species that represent the term "Krill." They are difficult to locate and require processing within a half-hour after capture. Yet, Krill is highly sought after by many nations. But it is the Antarctic species Euphausia superb that the whale feeds upon, and is the most commonly known and utilized species.

Krill is half protein and very high in Vitamin A and is the worlds richest source of pure protein. Dried Krill is fed to many animals, e.g., cattle, fish, and poultry. They also contain high levels of fluoride in their shells and it is difficult to separate shell from flesh. Due to the processes involved in producing dried and freeze-dried foods their taste and nutritive value is not as good as fresh, live or frozen foods. Therefore, in my opinion, dry food including Krill, should be enhanced with a vitamin/mineral additive. Also, care should be exercised as to the amount fed at any one time. Dry foods begin decaying almost immediately upon contact with water, either leaching vitamins or going to waste.

Source: Saltcorner

Synonyms:
Euphausia antarctica Sars, 1883
Euphausia australis
Euphausia glacialis
Euphausia murrayi Sars, 1883

Classification: Biota > Animalia (Kingdom) > Arthropoda (Phylum) > Crustacea (Subphylum) > Multicrustacea (Superclass) > Malacostraca (Class) > Eumalacostraca (Subclass) > Eucarida (Superorder) > Euphausiacea (Order) > Euphausiidae (Family) > Euphausia (Genus) > Euphausia superba (Species)

Scientific paper

  1. Extracting Protein from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba), Qi, Xiang-Ming; Liao, E; Wang, Lu; Lin, Hong; Xue, Chang-Hu , 2015
  2. Assessment of mortality of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) escaping from a trawl, Krafft, Bjørn A.; Krag, Ludvig A. , 2015
  3. Extrusion of Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) meal and its effect on oil extraction, Yin, Fa-Wen; Liu, Xiao-Yang; Fan, Xin-Ru; Zhou, Da-Yong; Xu, Wen-Si; Zhu, Bei-Wei; Murata, Yoshi-Yuki , 2015
  4. Selectivity and two biomass measures in an age-based assessment of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Kinzey, Douglas; Watters, George M.; Reiss, Christian S. , 2015
  5. Measuring in situ krill tilt orientation by stereo photogrammetry: examples for Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Kubilius, Rokas; Ona, Egil; Calise, Lucio , 2015
  6. Screening of Microorganisms from Deep-Sea Mud for Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Fermentation and Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds, Sun, Jianan; Kan, Feifei; Liu, Pei; He, Shuai; Mou, Haijin; Xue, Changhu; Mao, Xiangzhao , 2015
  7. The effect of Cu2+ on arginine kinase from Euphausia superba: A computational simulation integrating unfolding and aggregation studies, Cheng, Juan-Ge; Si, Yue-Xiu; Lee, Jinhyuk; Zhao, Feng; Yang, Jun-Mo; Qian, Guo-Ying; Yin, Shang-Jun; Park, Yong-Doo , 2015
  8. Rheology and microstructure of heat-induced fluid gels from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein: Effect of pH, Wang, Yanchao; Chang, Yaoguang; Xue, Yong; Li, Zhaojie; Wang, Yuming; Xue, Changhu , 2015
  9. Optimization and evaluation of a novel technique for hydrolyzing Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) proteins, Wang, Ling-zhao; Xue, Chang-hu; Xue, Yong; Wang, Yu-ming; Li, Zhao-jie , 2015
  10. Preparation and anti-osteoporotic activities in vivo of phosphorylated peptides from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Wang, Yanchao; Wang, Shanshan; Wang, Jingfeng; Xue, Changhu; Chang, Yaoguang; Xue, Yong , 2015
  11. A transcriptome resource for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) exposed to short-term stress, Martins, Maria João F.; Lago-Leston, Asuncion; Anjos, Antonio; Duarte, Carlos M.; Agusti, Susana; Serrão, Ester A.; Pearson, Gareth A. , 2015
  12. How biological clocks and changing environmental conditions determine local population growth and species distribution in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): a conceptual model, Groeneveld, Jürgen; Johst, Karin; Kawaguchi, So; Meyer, Bettina; Teschke, Mathias; Grimm, Volker , 2015
  13. Phosphorylated peptides from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) prevent estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, xia, guanghua; Wang, jingfeng; tian, yingying; wang, yiming; zhao, yanlei; yu, zhe; wang, shanshan; Xue, Changhu , 2015
  14. Preparation of (3R, 3′R)-astaxanthin monoester and (3R, 3′R)-astaxanthin from Antarctic krill(Euphausia superbaDana), Zhang, Shasha; Sun, Xiaoyun; Liu, Daicheng , 2015
  15. Separation and characterization of acetone-soluble phosphatidylcholine from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil, Zhao, Jiao; Wei, Shanshan; Liu, Fei; Liu, Daicheng , 2014
  16. Determination of fluoride in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) using ion chromatography and its pretreatments selection, Zhao, Yan-Ling; Zhu, Lan-Lan; Sun, Yong; Zhou, De-Qing , 2014
  17. A photographic documentation of the development of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from egg to early juvenile, Jia, Zhongnan; Virtue, Patti; Swadling, Kerrie M.; Kawaguchi, So , 2014
  18. Purification and Characterization of Cold Adapted Trypsins from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Wu, Zhiqiang; Wang, Junren; Shang, Xianming; Yang, Zhaoqing; Jiang, Guoliang , 2014
  19. Interannual variability in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) density at South Georgia, Southern Ocean: 1997-2013, Fielding, S.; Watkins, J. L.; Trathan, P. N.; Enderlein, P.; Waluda, C. M.; Stowasser, G.; Tarling, G. A.; Murphy, E. J. , 2014
  20. A folding study of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) alkaline phosphatase using denaturants, Wang, Zhi-Jiang; Lee, Jinhyuk; Si, Yue-Xiu; Wang, Wei; Yang, Jun-Mo; Yin, Shang-Jun; Qian, Guo-Ying; Park, Yong-Doo , 2014
  21. Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Antarctic krillEuphausia superba, Candeias, Rui; Teixeira, Sara; Duarte, Carlos M; Pearson, Gareth A , 2014
  22. Purification of antimicrobial peptide from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) and its function mechanism, Ling Zhao, Bangzhong Yin, Qi Liu, Rong Cao, 2013
  23. Determination of biotin in Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) by high-performance TLC with different post-chromatographic derivatizations, Teo, Peishan; Liu, Daicheng , 2013
  24. Decreasing effect of fluoride content in Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) by chemical treatments, Jung, Hae Rim; Kim, Min-A; Seo, Yong-Soo; Lee, Yang-Bong; Chun, Byung-Soo; Kim, Seon-Bong , 2013
  25. Long-Term Effect of Photoperiod, Temperature and Feeding Regimes on the Respiration Rates of Antarctic Krill (<i>Euphausia superba</i>), Brown, Matthew; Kawaguchi, So; Candy, Steven; Yoshida, Toshihiro; Virtue, Patti; Nicol, Steve , 2013
  26. Stable isotopes identify an ontogenetic niche expansion in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, Polito, Michael J.; Reiss, Christian S.; Trivelpiece, Wayne Z.; Patterson, William P.; Emslie, Steven D. , 2013
  27. The overwintering of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba,from an ecophysiological perspective, Bettina Meyer, 2012
  28. Characterization of purified phospholipids from krill (Euphausia superba) residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide, Abdelkader Ali-Nehari, Byung-Soo Chun, 2012
  29. Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Three Products Derived from Wild-Caught Antarctic Krill ( Euphausia superba ), Parker, Robert W. R.; Tyedmers, Peter H. , 2012
  30. Effect of dietary fluoride derived from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), Bunji Yoshitomi; Ichiro Nagano, 2012
  31. Aqueous uptake and sublethal toxicity of p,p′-DDE in non-feeding larval stages of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Anita H. Poulsen; So Kawaguchi; Jussi V.K. Kukkonen; Matti T. Leppänen; Susan M. Bengtson Nash, 2012
  32. Behavioural sensitivity of a key Southern Ocean species (Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba) to p,p′-DDE exposure, Anita H. Poulsen; So Kawaguchi; Catherine K. King; Robert A. King; Susan M. Bengtson Nash, 2012
  33. Digestive enzymes characterization of krill (Euphausia superba) residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvents, Abdelkader Ali-Nehari; Seon-Bong Kim; Yang-Bong Lee; Byung-Soo Chun, 2012
  34. Characterization of oil including astaxanthin extracted from krill (Euphausia superba) using supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent as comparative method, Abdelkader Ali-Nehari; Seon-Bong Kim; Yang-Bong Lee; Hye-youn Lee; Byung-Soo Chun, 2012
  35. Close coupling between ammonium uptake by phytoplankton and excretion by Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, M.J. Whitehouse; A. Atkinson; A.P. Rees, 2011
  36. Extraction and characterisation of lipids from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Joseph C. Gigliotti; Matthew P. Davenport; Sarah K. Beamer; Janet C. Tou; J. Jaczynski, 2011
  37. Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of aggregations of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) around South Georgia, 1997-1999, Cox, M. J.; Watkins, J. L.; Reid, K.; Brierley, A. S. , 2011
  38. Survey of larval Euphausia superba lipid content along the western Antarctic Peninsula during late autumn 2006, Jennifer Putland; Tracey Sutton, 2011
  39. Alleviation of conditioned fear in mice fed with lipid extracts of Euphausia superba, Daisuke Yamada; Jiro Takeo; Wakako Seki; Keiji Wada; Masayuki Sekiguchi, 2011
  40. Sexual dimorphism in body shape of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and its influence on target strength, Kazuo Amakasu; Atsushi Ono; Masato Moteki; Takashi Ishimaru, 2011
  41. Extraction of Proteins with Low Fluoride Level from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) and Their Composition Analysis, Wang, Lingzhao; Xue, Changhu; Wang, Yuming; Yang, Bao , 2011
  42. Altered developmental timing in early life stages of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) exposed to p,p′-DDE, Anita H. Poulsen; So Kawaguchi; Matti T. Leppänen; Jussi V.K. Kukkonen; Susan M. Bengtson Nash, 2011
  43. Eugregarine infection within the digestive tract of larval Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba, Kunio T. Takahashi; So Kawaguchi; Masaki Kobayashi; Tatsuki Toda; Atsushi Tanimura; Mitsuo Fukuchi; Tsuneo Odate, 2011
  44. Validation and quantification of extractable age pigments for determining the age of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Angela F. McGaffin; Stephen Nicol; Patti Virtue; Yasuo Hirano; Tsuyoshi Matsuda; Itaru Uchida; Steven G. Candy; So Kawaguchi, 2011
  45. Growth performance of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed on practical diets with increasing levels of the Antarctic krill meal, Euphausia superba, reared in clear- versus green-water culture tanks, A.J.P. NUNES; M.V.C. SÁ; H. SABRY-NETO, 2011
  46. A Circadian Clock in Antarctic Krill: An Endogenous Timing System Governs Metabolic Output Rhythms in the Euphausid Species Euphausia superba, Teschke, Mathias; Wendt, Sabrina; Kawaguchi, So; Kramer, Achim; Meyer, Bettina; Nitabach, Michael N. , 2011
  47. Distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and ice krill (E. crystallorophias) off Adélie Land in austral summer 2008 estimated by acoustical methods, Kazuo Amakasu; Atsushi Ono; Daisuke Hirano; Masato Moteki; Takashi Ishimaru, 2011
  48. Population genetic variation of the Southern Ocean krill, Euphausia superba, in the Western Antarctic Peninsula region based on mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), Paola G. Batta-Lona; Ann Bucklin; Peter H. Wiebe; Tomaso Patarnello; Nancy J. Copley, 2011
  49. Euphausiid community structure and population structure of Euphausia superba off Adélie Land in the Southern Ocean during austral summer 2003, 2005 and 2008, Atsushi Ono; Masato Moteki; Kazuo Amakasu; Ryoji Toda; Naho Horimoto; Daisuke Hirano; Takashi Ishimaru; Graham W. Hosie, 2011
  50. Elucidation of Phosphatidylcholine Composition in Krill Oil Extracted fromEuphausia superba, Bjørn Winther; Nils Hoem; Kjetil Berge; Léon Reubsaet, 2011

External links

  1. SeaLifeBase (multi). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.
  2. Warum schwanken antarktische Krillbestände? (de). Abgerufen am 25.02.2022.
  3. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) (en). Abgerufen am 07.08.2020.

Pictures

Commonly

„Krillicekils“. Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 3.0 über Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krillicekils.jpg#/media/File:Krillicekils.jpg
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„Kilsheadkils“ von Image by User:Uwe kils. - Eigenes Werk. Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 3.0 über Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kilsheadkils.jpg#/media/File:Kilsheadkils.jpg
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„Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)“ von Krill666.jpg: Uwe Kils I am willing to give the image in 1700 resolution to Wikipedia Uwe Kils - Krill666.jpg. Lizenziert unter CC BY-SA 3.0 über Wikimedia Co
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