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– Diorygma pruinosum (Eschw.) Kalb.,Staiger & Elix, occurrence in Rio Grande do Sul . Scale bar = 1 mm.
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Background and aims – The corticolous microlichens are the greatest group of lichens in the world and also the least known. For this reason intensive studies on this group are seriously needed. Based on this necessity, the main objective of this paper is to present new
records of corticolous microlichen species for South America, Brazil, the Southe...
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Based on further study of collections of Graphidaceae originating from Sri Lanka, thirteen new species are described: Acanthothecis aurantiacodiscus G. Weerakoon, Lücking & Lumbsch, differing from A. socotrana in the corticate thallus, larger and broader ascomata with orange disc, and larger ascospores; Chapsa isidiata G. Weerakoon, Lücking & Lumbs...
Citations
... Therefore, lichens can also be characterized by their substrates: saxicolous lichens grow on rocks, lignicolous lichens grow on wood stripped of bark, terricolous lichens grow on soil, muscicolous lichens grow on mosses, foliicolous lichens grow on leaves of vascular plants and corticolous lichens grow on the barks of vascular plants [22]. Corticolous microlichens are the biggest known group of lichens, however they are the least known [6]. Due to their restriction to the barks of trees, epiphytic lichens are useful bio-indicators of their environment's health [9], particularly with atmospheric quality [15]. ...
... Global species richness of lichen fungi has been estimated at 28,000 taxa (Feuerer and Hawksworth 2007;Kirk et al. 2008;Lücking et al. 2009;Jaklitsch et al. 2016), with approximately 19,500 known . Many studies have shown that corticolous microlichens are the most diverse component of tropical lichen communities, with many species yet to be discovered, and these lichens also provide important ecosystem services (Cáceres et al. 2008a;Käffer et al. 2015;Koch et al. 2013;Lücking et al. 2009;Menezes et al. 2011;Xavier-Leite et al. 2015). ...
Together with Graphidaceae and Trypetheliaceae, Pyrenulaceae forms part of the "big three", the three most speciose, chiefly tropical microlichen families. Microlichens are the most diverse component of tropical lichen communities, with numerous species still to be discovered. Following previous analyses of Graphidaceae and Trypetheliaceae, here we present a global species richness estimate for Pyrenulaceae, using a recently devised method based on a global grid system. We refined this approach by using an iterative adjustment to estimate mean predicted grid range per species from a grid frequency histogram. We also adjusted a previously implemented randomization approach to estimate error margins. Our results showed a global estimate for Pyrenulaceae of (395–)441(–453) species world-wide, 307 of which are currently known, thus an overall predicted increase of over 40%. This includes 416 known and predicted tropical and 25 known, exclusively temperate species, the latter assumed to remain unchanged. While the robustness of the global prediction depends on accurately setting grid sampling scores, individual predicted grid richness varies according to additional factors such as evolutionary history. In addition to undescribed species contribution to predicted richness, we hypothesize that species delimitation studies in presumably widespread taxa will reveal refined species concepts with narrower ranges, thus further increasing estimated global richness. The comparison of predicted richness values for the three families Graphidaceae, Trypetheliaceae and Pyrenulaceae with regard to their evolutionary ages highlights this rather robust method as a promising tool to circumvent sampling and knowledge bias when assessing speciation and diversification patterns.
... Studies about the relation between functional traits of lichen communities and impacts of land use, disturbances or climate change, were usually mostly related to forest ecosystems (Aragón et al., 2019;Benítez et al., 2018;Nelson et al., 2015;Koch et al., 2013;Cáceres et al. 2008;Ellis and Coppins, 2006), but are recently being also developed in urban areas (Koch et al., 2019;Matos et al. 2019;Port et al., 2018;Pinho et al., 2016;Munzi et al., 2014). In Brazil, much of the knowledge about lichens is related to species composition and taxonomy, with several new species being described each year (Aptroot and Cáceres, 2018;Lucheta et al., 2018;Feuerstein et al., 2016;Lücking et al., 2017;Käffer et al., 2015). There are only few ecological studies that assess lichen communities and their relationships with environmental changes in Brazil (Cáceres et al., 2007Koch et al., 2016;Käffer et al., 2016), including adopting a functional approach (Koch et al., 2013(Koch et al., , 2019Cáceres et al., 2008). ...
Lichens are widely used to assess the consequences of human activities, including urbanization, which has strong influence on the structure of their communities. Our hypothesis is that increasing human population density and modifying land use and cover cause structural and functional changes in lichen communities. The main objective of this study was to evaluate changes in lichen species composition and functional patterns along a gradient of urbanization in southern Brazil. The study was carried out in nine sites, classified a priori according to the matrix where they were inserted, as rural, suburban and urban, in which the lichen community was sampled in 10 phorophytes using the rubber band method. Several environmental variables and lichen functional traits were quantified. The sites inserted in the rural matrix were characterized by phorophytes with higher bark pH, higher percentage of agriculture areas in the vicinity of the sampling sites, and by the following functional groups: loosely attached crustose thalli, Trentepohlia photobiont, reproduction by thallus fragmentation and apothecia. The sites located in the urban matrix showed greater demographic density, vehicular fleet, percentage of urban and open fields coverage, foliose narrow lobed thalli, photobiont Chlorococcoid algae and reproduction by soredia. Regarding lichen functional patterns, sites located in the rural matrix presented higher species richness, functional richness, evenness and diversity. Based on our results, we showed that urbanization has a strong influence on lichen communities, since it has affected both species composition and functional patterns, besides species richness. The combined use of species composition, richness, functional composition and functional indexes proved to be effective in obtaining detailed information on the changes suffered by lichen communities and can be used as a tool to evaluate the environmental quality in urban environments.
... Leptogium austroamericanum, L. cyanescens and L. cyanizum are isidiate species whereas L. diaphanum has flattened lobules on the lamina. distribution in Brazil: First record to Mato grosso do Sul, but previously mentioned to rio grande do Sul (Käffer et al. 2015) and São Paulo (Cunha 2007). Notes: Leptogium fusisporum is characterized by a thallus composed of lacinuloid branches, with both upper and lower surfaces wrinkled, and the most pronounced wrinkles along the lobes length. ...
The diversity of Leptogium has been underestimated in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Nine species are being reported for the first time to the state, including L. microcarpum, as new record to Brazil; and L. cyanizum, as new record to the American continent. Furthermore, L. hondae, L. moluccanum var. denticulatum and L. quilombensis are proposed as new to science. The first key to species of Leptogium is provided for this region, which can also be used for surrounding regions in Brazil.
... Notes: Leptogium brebissonii has ridged upper surface, isidia granular to short cylindrical, transversely septate ascospores, 57-75 × 5(-7) μm, 7-10 cells (galloway and Jørgensen 1995, M.J. Kitaura, unpublished data (Käffer et al. 2015). ...
... Notes: Leptogium coralloideum i s characterized by the wrinkled and isidiate upper surface. The apothecia have paraplectenchymatous subhymenial tissue with various layers and thalline exciple cortex constituted by one layer of cells (Verdon 1992 (Käffer et al. 2015). ...
... Description: See Kitaura et al. (2015). Known distribution to RS: Porto Alegre (Käffer et al. 2011) and Santana do Livramento (Käffer et al. 2015). ...
Specimens of leptogium collected in ten localities from the State of Rio Grande do Sul were studied. Sixteen species were found of 28 records mentioned to the state, which represents around 57% of the Leptogium diversity known for Rio Grande do Sul. leptogium exaratum is proposed as a new species. Leptogium atlanticum, L. milligranum and L. vesiculosum are reported for the first time to the state. The lectotype of l. javanicum is reported here and detailed descriptions are provided to the examined specimens. An identification key is showed with all the 28 mentioned species of Leptogium. It is the first published taxonomic key for Leptogium from Rio Grande do Sul, the State with the highest diversity of this genus in Brazil.
... We used the following literature to compile these records: Adenesky Filho et al. Hertel (1950), Höfling and Camargo (1999), ), Kaehler et al. (2005, Käffer et al. (2015), Keller and Tressens (2005), Kersten (2006), Kersten and Kuniyoshi (2009), Kersten and Rios (2013), Kersten and Silva (2001), Kersten and Silva (2002), Kersten and Silva (2005), Kersten and Silva (2006) (2006), Rodrigues et al. (2014), Rogalski (2002), Rogalski andZanin (2003), Rosanelli (2007), Santos (2008), Sazima and Sazima (1999), Sazima et al. (1995), Schutz-Gatti (2000), Silva and Pôrto (2013), Silva and Pôrto (2015), Siqueira Filho (1998), Siqueira Filho and Leme (2006), Siqueira Filho and Machado (2001), Smith and Downs (1977), Snow and Snow (1986), Sota and Morbelli (1985), Spielmann and Marcelli (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, Staudt et al. (2012), Tressens et al. (2008), Valebella and Sager (2010), Varassin (2002), Varassin and Sazima (2012), Vasconcelos (2017), Vidal (2013), Vieira (2009), Waechter (1986, Waechter (1992), Waechter (1998), Wolowski et al. (2013), Yañez et al. (2011), Zandoná and Catharino (2015), Zanella (2013), Zanella et al. (2016), Zanotti et al. (2012) and Zorzanelli et al. (2017). ...
Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest.
Key words: abundance; Atlantic Forest; biodiversity data set; biodiversity hotspot; epiphyte; phorophyte;
presence/absence; tropical forest.
No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section in the journal are published
electronically as Supporting Information in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/
ecy.2541/suppinfo.
... Since its description (Harris et al. 2000), Lecanora thysanophora has been found in many localities in Eurasia and South America (Guttova & Palice 2004, Kinalioglu 2010, Han et al. 2011, Muchnik & Śliwa 2013, Zduńczyk & Kukwa 2014, Käffer et al. 2015. Lecanora thysanophora has been reported from the Korean Peninsula by Aptroot & Moon (2014) from Prov. ...
Fifteen lichen species are reported as new to Korea. These are mainly azonal arctic-alpine or tropical taxa as well as boreal species of microlichens. Rinodina badiexcipula, hitherto only known from North America, is first reported for Eurasia. Rhizocarpon timdalii is new to Asia. Boreoplaca ultrafrigida, Cryptothecia subnidulans, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Immersaria athroocarpa, Lecidea fuscoatra, Ochrolechia mahluensis, Rhabdodiscus inalbescens, Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides, R. saanaёnse, Rimularia limborina, Rinodina tephraspis, Sarcogyne endopetrophila, and Septotrapelia usnica as well as the four genera Boreoplaca, Cryptothecia, Immersaria, and Rhabdodiscus are new to Korea. New localities are given for 22 species. A sorediate morph of the pantropical Enterographa leucolyta was occasionally observed together with the more common esorediate specimens.
Neue Flechtenfunde aus Korea-I. Hauptsächlich arktisch-alpine und tropische Arten.-Herzogia 31: 965-981. Fünfzehn Flechten werden neu für Korea publiziert. Es handelt sich überwiegend um azonal verbreitete arktisch-alpine oder tropische Krustenflechten. Rinodina badiexcipula, bislang nur aus Nordamerika bekannt, wird erstmalig für Eurasien angegeben. Rhizocarpon timdalii ist neu für Asien. Boreoplaca ultrafrigida, Cryptothecia subnidulans, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Immersaria athroocarpa, Lecidea fuscoatra, Ochrolechia mahluensis, Rhabdodiscus in albescens, Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides, R. saanaёnse, Rimularia limborina, Rinodina tephraspis, Sarcogyne endope trophila und Septotrapelia usnica sowie die vier Gattungen Boreoplaca, Cryptothecia, Immersaria und Rhabdodiscus sind neu für Korea. Neue Fundorte werden für 22 Arten angegeben. Soredöse Individuen von Enterographa leucolyta wurden gelegentlich zusammen mit den häufigeren nicht sorediösen Belegen beobachtet.
... Apesar de liquens cortícolas possuírem uma importância como indicador de qualidade ambiental, pouco é conhecido e descrito sobre esses organismos no Brasil, especialmente na fitofisionomia da floresta Ombrófila Mista do sul do país (Käffer et al., 2015). Nesta fitofisionomia, uma das espécies mais presentes na paisagem é a espécie arbórea Araucaria angustifolia que possui uma relevância ecológica e, historicamente, oferece benefícios para populações humanas (Medeiros, 2005). ...
... Apesar de liquens cortícolas possuírem uma importância como indicador de qualidade ambiental, pouco é conhecido e descrito sobre esses organismos no Brasil, especialmente na fitofisionomia da floresta Ombrófila Mista do sul do país (Käffer et al., 2015). Nesta fitofisionomia, uma das espécies mais presentes na paisagem é a espécie arbórea Araucaria angustifolia que possui uma relevância ecológica e, historicamente, oferece benefícios para populações humanas (Medeiros, 2005). ...
... Larecaja, between tipuani and Guanay, 15°31'24"S, 67°58'06"W, 1200 m, Preandean amazon forest, 24 November 2011, MK 10417 (lPB, uGDa). *Herpothallon echinatum aptroot, lücking & Will-Wolfthis widespread lichen has been recorded in australia, India, Indonesia, Norfolk Islands, Papua New Guinea, taiwan, thailand and in the Neotropics so far known from Brazil, Costa rica, the Galapagos Islands and Floridalücking et al. 2011;Jagadeesh ram & Sinha 2011;Bungartz et al. 2013;McCarthy 2014, Cáceres et al. 2014akäffer et al. 2015).Specimens examined (all corticolous). BOlIVIa. ...
Records of 48 species belonging to the order Arthoniales from Bolivia are presented. Cryptothecia rosae-iselae Flakus & Kukwa and Lecanactis minuta Ertz, Flakus & Kukwa are described as new to science. Thirty-seven species are reported for the first time from Bolivia, seven of which, Alyxoria apomelaena, Cryptothecia darwiniana, C. groenhartii, C. megalocarpa, Herpothallon furfuraceum, Lecanographa uniseptata, and Opegrapha subvulgata, are new to South America. This raises the number of Arthoniales known from the country up to 72. Two new combinations are proposed: Alyxoria apomelaena (A. Massal.) Ertz for Opegrapha apomelaena A. Massal. and Myriostigma napoense (Kalb & Jonitz) Kukwa for Cryptothecia napoensis Kalb & Jonitz. Cresponea melanocheiloides is the second species of the genus shown to contain a xantholepinone. Cresponea melanocheiloides is reported as new to Costa Rica and Panama, Cryptothecia megalocarpa as new to the Netherlands Antilles and Guyana and C. striata is new to Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana and the Netherlands Antilles. Distribution data are reported for each species, with taxonomic remarks provided for new and some problematic taxa.
