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Distribution of Salmo species in Anatolia: S. coruhensis (1) S. rizeensis (2) S. abanticus (3) S. caspius (4) S. tigridis (5) S. euphrataeus (6) S. okumusi (7) S. chilo (8) S. opimus (9) S. platycephalus (10) S. labecula (11) S. kottelati (12) S. cf. coruhensis (13) S. cf. rizeensis (14).
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Salmo kottelati sp. n., is described from Alakır Stream (Mediterranean basin) in Turkey. It is distinguished
from other Anatolian Salmo species by a combination of the following characters (none unique
to the species): general body colour greenish to silvery in life; 7–9 parr marks along lateral line; four
dark bands on flank absent in both sexes;...
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... As it is conveniently located at the intersection of three major biodiversity hotspots, namely: Caucasian, Mediterranean and Irano-Anatolia, Türkiye harbors a high genetic and morphological diversity across a wide range of taxa (Noroozi et al. 2019). So far, the rich diversity of Anatolian trouts has been mostly revealed by the examination of morphological characters (Tortonese 1955;Behnke 1968;Turan et al. 2010Turan et al. , 2011Turan et al. , 2012Turan et al. , 2014aTuran et al. , 2014bTuran et al. , 2017Turan et al. , 2022 and more recently based on the joint use of genetic and morphological characters (Turan et. al. 2010Kaya, 2020). ...
... In addition to Anatolian samples, globally recognized Salmo lineages were included as references in the genetic analyses. From these references 3 specimens of Danubian lineage samples included in the genetic analysis (1 specimen provided from the Kuban River, Russia, has been treated as S. labrax based on Turan et al. (2014b) who have previously reported the distribution of the species from the northwest Caucasia in Russia to the Danube River and 2 specimens from the Sevan River, Armenia were treated as S. ischchan (thus Danubian reference). The rest of the reference samples included 2 specimens from S. marmaratus from Svenica and Trebuscica in Slovenia; 3 specimens from Atlantic fish origin of Babeau hatchery in France (unidentified species), 2 specimens of S. obtusirostris from Studenčica in Bosna and Herzegovina, 3 specimens of Adriatic lineage samples (unidentified species) from Alfios and Kalamos in Greece and 1 specimen from Ohrid-Drin-Skadar in Albania, respectively. ...
The taxonomic status of native trout species of the Marmara and Aegean Sea drainages is evaluated and three species, Salmo duhani , S. coruhensis and S. brunoi sp. nov. , are recognized. Salmo brunoi , a new species, is described from the Nilüfer River, a tributary of the Susurluk River. It is distinguished by a general brownish body color in life; few black spots (fewer than 60) on the body, generally scattered on the back and the upper part of the flank, rarely in the median part; few (fewer than 40) and small (smaller than pupil) red spots on the body, scattered on the median part and lower half of the flank; a number of black and red spots not increasing with size in both sexes; a long adipose fin (adipose-fin height 8–9% SL); a short distance between adipose-fin and caudal-fin (12–14% SL); and a short anal fin (anal-fin height 12–15% SL). Salmo brunoi sp. nov. is separated from the rest of the Marmara and Aegean trouts of Anatolia based on genome-wide distributed 187.385 unlinked SNP markers. According to the best of the authors’ knowledge, whole genome data is used for the first time here to characterize a new species of trout.
... P. abanticus, a new minnow species, is found in the Lake Abant basin (Filyos River drainage), which is a very important area with three endemic species, Salmo abanticus, G. kızılırmakensis and A. turani. (Kaya, 2020;Turan et al., 2014Turan et al., , 2016Turan et al., , 2017. The new species, P. abanticus, differed from other Phoxinus species by its minimum 3.40% genetic distance value (Table 2). ...
Phoxinus abanticus, a new species, is described from the Lake Abant basin. It is distinguished from Phoxinus species in Türkiye and adjacent waters by the presence of fewer lateral line scales (60–69, vs. 75–91 in Phoxinus colchicus, 75–90 in Phoxinus strandjae); a deeper caudal peduncle (caudal peduncle depth: 1.8–2.3 times in length, vs. 2.4–2.9 in P. colchicus; 2.5–3.2 in P. strandjae); the absence of scales in the breast of males (vs. present); and ventral body reddish in nuptial colouration pattern for male (vs. brackish). The new species, P. abanticus, is also distinguished from its closest relative, P. strandjae, by a minimum of 3.40% genetic distance in the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene.
... In Turkey, trouts of the genus Salmo occupy streams and rivers in Black Sea, Marmara Sea, western Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Tigris, Euphrates and Kura river drainages. Native trout diversity has been revealed in the last decade in research by Turan et al. (2010Turan et al. ( , 2011Turan et al. ( , 2012Turan et al. ( , 2014aTuran et al. ( , 2014bTuran et al. ( , 2017Turan et al. ( , 2020, Turan and Bayçelebi (2021), and . To date, seventeen species have been recorded: S. abanticus, restricted to Lake Abant basin; S. caspius from the Kura River drainage in Caspian Sea basin; S. rizeensis and S. coruhensis, two sympatric species from the rivers of northern Anatolia draining to the Black Sea; S. duhani from Susurluk River drainage in Marmara Sea basin; S. pelagonicus from Karamenderes drainage, Aegean basin; S. tigridis from Tigris River drainages; S. platycephalus, S. labecula, S. opimus, S. chilo and S. kottelati from rivers and streams in the Mediterranean basin; and S. okumusi, S. euphrataeus, S. munzuricus, S. baliki and S. fahrettini from the Euphrates River drainage in the Persian Gulf basin (Tortonese 1955;Behnke 1968;Turan et al. 2010Turan et al. , 2011Turan et al. , 2012Turan et al. , 2014aTuran et al. , 2014bTuran et al. , 2017Turan et al. , 2020Turan and Bayçelebi 2021;. ...
... Native trout diversity has been revealed in the last decade in research by Turan et al. (2010Turan et al. ( , 2011Turan et al. ( , 2012Turan et al. ( , 2014aTuran et al. ( , 2014bTuran et al. ( , 2017Turan et al. ( , 2020, Turan and Bayçelebi (2021), and . To date, seventeen species have been recorded: S. abanticus, restricted to Lake Abant basin; S. caspius from the Kura River drainage in Caspian Sea basin; S. rizeensis and S. coruhensis, two sympatric species from the rivers of northern Anatolia draining to the Black Sea; S. duhani from Susurluk River drainage in Marmara Sea basin; S. pelagonicus from Karamenderes drainage, Aegean basin; S. tigridis from Tigris River drainages; S. platycephalus, S. labecula, S. opimus, S. chilo and S. kottelati from rivers and streams in the Mediterranean basin; and S. okumusi, S. euphrataeus, S. munzuricus, S. baliki and S. fahrettini from the Euphrates River drainage in the Persian Gulf basin (Tortonese 1955;Behnke 1968;Turan et al. 2010Turan et al. , 2011Turan et al. , 2012Turan et al. , 2014aTuran et al. , 2014bTuran et al. , 2017Turan et al. , 2020Turan and Bayçelebi 2021;. Recent genomic studies on the diversity of Salmo genus have concurred in the obvious, the recognition of the species diversity in the genus Salmo (Guinand et al. 2021;Segherloo et al. 2021). ...
The taxonomic status of the resident and anadromous trout species native to the Kura and Aras river drainages is evaluated, and three resident species are recognised in the upper reaches of Kura and Aras drainages in Turkey. Salmo murathani, new species, is described from slow flowing tributaries of the Aras River. It is distinguished by the general body color dark greyish in life; the numerous black spots on body, present on the back and on the middle and upper parts of the flank, and on the anterior part of the lower flank in males and females larger than about 230 mm SL; the number of black spots increases with size, in both males and females; and various meristic and morphometric characters. Salmo araxensis, new species, is described from fast flowing tributaries of the Aras River. It is distinguished by the general body color greyish to brownish in life; only few black spots on the body, restricted to the back and the upper part of the flank, their number not increasing with size in both sexes; and various meristic and morphometric characters. Salmo ardahanensis, new species, is described from head waters of the Kura River. It is distinguished by the general body color dark brownish in life; the roundish black spots on the body, scattered on the back, and the middle and upper parts of the flank in most specimens, rarely restricted to the back and the upper part of the flank; in females, the black spots are few, restricted to the back and the upper part of the flank; the number of black spots increases slightly with size in males; the adipose fin is large, almost reaching to caudal-fin base in males larger than about 170 mm SL; and various meristic and morphometric characters.
... The taxonomy of brown trout is still controversial. According to the literature 16 trout species described inhabiting Turkey (Turan et al., 2009;Turan et al., 2014a;Turan et al., 2014b;Turan et al., 2017;Turan & Bayçelebi, 2020;Çiçek et al., 2020;Turan & Aksu, 2021;Turan et al., 2021). Despite the presence of these species in almost all cold streams and rivers in Turkey, due to their economic importance, overfishing has caused a serious decline in populations. ...
... Some of the studies that have been carried out are only on morphometry and some are only molecular-based (Turan et al., 2014a;Turan et al., 2017;Tougard et al., 2018). Generally, new species were described in Salmo taxonomy with morphometric observation (Behnke, 1968;Bardakci et al., 1994;Turan et al., 2014b;Turan et al., 2017;Turan & Bayçelebi, 2020). However, it has been observed that some molecular studies conducted in recent years either support or do not support morphometric studies. ...
Bu çalışmada, Terme Deresi’ndeki (Samsun-Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi) Salmo sp. populasyonunun genetik ve morfometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplamda 50 örnek morfometrik analizlerde kullanılmıştır ve dijital kumpas kullanılarak örneklerden 31 adet geleneksel morfometrik ölçüm alınmıştır. Morfometrik değerlendirmelere ilave olarak mtDNA (cyt b ve Kontrol Bölgesi) ve nDNA (Gh2c1) gen bölgeleri moleküler çalışmalarda kullanılmıştır. Moleküler çalışmalar için 10 adet örneğin kaudal yüzgeç dokularından DNA elde edilmiştir. Cyt b gen bölgesinin 991 bazlık, Kontrol Bölgesi’nin 974 ve Gh2c1 gen bölgesinin 538 baz çiftlik kısmı elde edilmiştir (Erişim numaraları: MW871594-cyt b, MZ055401-Kontrol Bölgesi ve MZ055402-Gh2c1 bölgesi). Ayrıca GenBank veri tabanından alınmış olan Salmo türleri ile Salmo salar (LC012541-Dış grup) filogenetik analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre Karadeniz Bölgesi için yeni bir kayıt olan Salmo fahrettini moleküler ve morfometrik analizler ile tanımlanmıştır.
... Kuru 1975;Geldiay and Balık 2007). Further studies based on morphology (Turan et al. 2012(Turan et al. , 2014a(Turan et al. , 2014b(Turan et al. , 2017 and genetic-aided morphology (Turan et al. 2010(Turan et al. , 2011 of Anatolian trout have revealed a much more complex species structure. Overall, fourteen species have been identified in Anatolia within the last decade. ...
In an effort to reveal the Euphrates trout taxonomy, the Karasu River, which is one of the eastern drainages of the river, was investigated and three independent populations were identified. Result revealed that two populations belonged to Salmo munzuricus , which was known only in Munzur River, while the other population belonged to an unnamed species. Salmo baliki , a new species, is described from the Murat River, a drainage of Euphrates River. It differs from Salmo species in adjacent water by the combination of the following characters: a grayish body; commonly one, rarely two pale black spots behind eye and on cheek; two to seven black spots on opercle; a few black spots on back and upper part of flank, missing on predorsal area; few to numerous large irregular-shaped red spots in median, upper and lower part of flank, surrounded by a large irregular-shaped white ring; the number of black and red spots not increasing in parallel with size; maxilla short and narrow; adipose-fin medium size, no or rarely one or two red spot its posterior edge; 107–118 lateral line scales; 24–28 scales rows between dorsal-in origin and lateral line; 18–22 scale rows between lateral line and anal–fin origin; maxilla length 7.7–9.1% SL in males, 8.2–9.6 in females. Finally, the genetic study of the Cyt b mitochondrial gene confirmed the morphological data, suggesting the separation of S. baliki from other Salmo species.
... Among taxonomy-oriented ichthyologists, focusing mainly on morphology, many species have been described; Kottelat and Freyhof (2007) reviewed the published nomenclature and reached a total number of 28 nominal species. This number has been augmented by more than fifteen additional species during the last 15 years (Delling and Doadrio 2005;Turan et al. 2009Turan et al. , 2010Turan et al. , 2011Turan et al. , 2012Turan et al. , 2014aTuran et al. , 2014bDelling 2010;Doadrio et al. 2015). Among more molecular oriented scientists, this part of the Salmo genus diversity is most often simply referred to as brown trout, Salmo trutta or the "brown trout complex" (Sanz 2018). ...
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) is composed of numerous geographical forms in the wild and a multitude of stocks reared in hatcheries. One of the practices impacting this species is hatchery rearing and domestication. Thousands of hatcheries are producing domestic trout which are frequently released in the wild without real knowledge of the origin and genetic composition of the strains and of the receiving populations. The present study contains an analysis of the genetic structure (using twelve microsatellites) of 26 hatchery strains from Europe (Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, France, Italy and Spain) and one from North America (Minnesota). Several new observations improved our knowledge on this domestic part of S. trutta. First, a cross-border commercial strain of the North Atlantic lineage occupies most of European hatcheries and the American one, as a probable consequence of intensive exchanges of broodstock materials over time. In addition to the common Europe-wide commercial Atlantic strain, local strains stemming from domesticated regional wild fish also occur. Second, the level of genetic polymorphism of most hatchery strains is high to very high, likely reflecting genetic admixture counteracting expected losses of diversity through random genetic drift and domestication. This study emphasizes the value of identifying the genetic composition of hatchery stocks used for releases. It further stresses the need for caution when stocking a common stock across the whole geographical range of a species, with risks for reducing the intraspecific genetic diversity and local adaptation.
... In taxonomic examination and evaluation of fish specimens, they were benefited lots of studies [16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Morphometric characters were measured by a digital caliper (Dasqua ® ) with 0.01 mm precision and recorded in Microsoft ® Excel ® according to methods informed in some studies [22,[26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
In this study, fish species living in the Elekçi River, which poured from the borders of Fatsa District of Ordu Province to the Black Sea, were revised as taxonomic. Samplings were taken from Elekçi River using an electroshock device from six predetermined stations in 2018. According to the results, three of the nine fish species were identified as two native and one non-native new record species for Elekçi River for the first time. These native species are Alburnoides fasciatus and Neogobius fluviatilis, belonged to two families (Leuciscidae and Gobiidae), respectively. However, other sampled species were found also to be Capoeta banarescui, Barbus tauricus (Cyprinidae), Rhodeus amarus (Acheilognothidae), Alburnus derjugini, Squalius cephalus (Leuciscidae) and Ponticola turani (Gobiidae) from four families. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Salmonidae) was the only unnatural species found in Elekçi River in this study.
... The taxonomic species diversity of peri-Mediterranean and Near East brown trout is still not well understood, and new species are expected to be discovered and/or resurrected from the westernmost tip of the trout distribution area in Morocco [1,2], across the Iberian peninsula [3], Italy, the Balkans (reviewed in Kottelat and Freyhof [4]) and Greece [5]. Similarly, new trout species were recently described in the territory of Turkey in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Persian Gulf river drainages [6][7][8][9][10][11], presently encompassing 12 species. However, several authors have already recognized the taxonomic diversity of this region's brown trout ( [9,12,13] and references therein). ...
... Similarly, new trout species were recently described in the territory of Turkey in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Persian Gulf river drainages [6][7][8][9][10][11], presently encompassing 12 species. However, several authors have already recognized the taxonomic diversity of this region's brown trout ( [9,12,13] and references therein). Among these for Invitrogen FITC-Streptavidin) and superimposed using Adobe Photoshop software, version CS5. ...
Salmonids are extremely important economically and scientifically; therefore, dynamic developments in their research have occurred and will continue occurring in the future. At the same time, their complex phylogeny and taxonomy are challenging for traditional approaches in research. Here, we first provide discoveries regarding the hitherto completely unknown cytogenetic characteristics of the Anatolian endemic flathead trout, Salmo platycephalus, and summarize the presently known, albeit highly complicated, situation in the genus Salmo. Secondly, by outlining future directions of salmonid cytogenomics, we have produced a prototypical virtual karyotype of Salmo trutta, the closest relative of S. platycephalus. This production is now possible thanks to the high-quality genome assembled to the chromosome level in S. trutta via soft-masking, including a direct labelling of repetitive sequences along the chromosome sequence. Repetitive sequences were crucial for traditional fish cytogenetics and hence should also be utilized in fish cytogenomics. As such virtual karyotypes become increasingly available in the very near future, it is necessary to integrate both present and future approaches to maximize their respective benefits. Finally, we show how the presumably repetitive sequences in salmonids can change the understanding of the overall relationship between genome size and G+C content, creating another outstanding question in salmonid cytogenomics waiting to be resolved.
... Alburnus hohenackeri, Blicca bjoerkna, Gobio artvinicus, Neogobius fluviatilis and Rhodeus amarus were recorded for the first time in the upper reaches of Aras River in Turkey by the observed samples. Turan et al. (2012Turan et al. ( , 2014aTuran et al. ( , 2014bTuran et al. ( , 2017Turan et al. ( , 2020 showed that there is a high diversity within Salmonids in Anatolia. The presence of five trout species in Turkish Mediterranean tributaries and four species in Euphrates River drainages encouraged us to compare the trout population of Kura-Aras River systems in detail. ...
In the present study, the actual fish fauna of the upper Kura and Aras river drainages in Turkey were reexamined. The distribution and latest taxonomic status of the species were assessed. The study area comprises the upper part of Kura and Aras river drainages, in Turkey. Overall, 32 sampling sites were prospected between 2004-2018 to inventory fish species in the area and a total of 33 species were recognized, five of which are recorded for the first time from the Turkish part of upper Aras river drainage, namely Alburnus hohenackeri, Blicca bjoerkna, Gobio artvinicus, Neogobius fluviatilis and Rhodeus amarus.
... With a high diversity, they are also found in almost all cold streams and rivers of Turkey. Turan et al. (2010Turan et al. ( , 2011Turan et al. ( , 2012Turan et al. ( , 2017, Turan et al. (2014a) and Turan et al. (2014b) The Salmo populations of the Euphrates River have been studied by Turan et al. (2017) and Turan et al. (2014a), who described three species, S. okumusi, S. munzuricus and S. euphrataeus. Here, a new species of trout from the northern drainages of the Euphrates River is described. ...
Salmo fahrettini, a new species, is distributed in the northern tributaries of the Euphrates River. It differs from other Salmo species in adjacent waters by a combination of the following characters: a greyish body; one black spot behind the eye and on the cheek; three to six black spots on the opercle; numerous black spots on the back (missing on the predorsal area), flank and middle part of body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; red spots in the median part of the body, surrounded by a roundish white ring; short and narrow maxilla; increase in the number of black and red spots with an increase in size; adipose fin medium size, no or rarely one red spot at its posterior edge; 109–116 lateral line scales; 27–30 scale rows between dorsal‐fin origin and lateral line; 20–23 scale rows between the lateral line and anal‐fin origin; maxilla length 8.8–10.0% standard length in males, 8.8–9.6 in females.
