FIGURE 16 - uploaded by F. O. Zuloaga
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Menonvillea chilensis (Turcz.) B.D. Jacks. A, plant. B, flower. C, sepal. D, petal. E, nectar glands, stamens and ovary. F, fruit, dorsal view. G, seed. H, embryo. I, leaf trichome. From Ricardi et al. 1285 (CONC). Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B-F= 1 mm; G-H = 500 µm; H = 200 µm.
Source publication
Following the most recent phylogenetic analyses of Menonvillea, an updated taxonomic revision of the genus based on molecular and morphological data is presented here. Menonvillea currently includes 24 species distributed in Argentina and Chile. Three new sections, sects. Cuneata, Menonvillea, and Scapigera, are proposed. One subspecies is raised t...
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Citations
... scapigera and subsp. longipes) were included as separate taxa in the analyses because they occupy different habitats and are morphologically well differentiated (Salariato et al., 2014). All records were previously mapped using QGIS v.3.30.1"'s-Hertogenbosch" (Quantum GIS Development Team, 2023) for visual inspection, and in cases of specimens with no GPS coordinate but exact locality names, records were georeferenced using Google Earth Pro v.7.3.6.9345 ...
... Species distribution models were then projected employing future conditions of the five GCMs, and using the same threshold for binary presence-absence maps. Although no dispersal studies have been conducted for the genus, the presence of fruits with winged valves in these herbs (fruits formed by schizocarpic siliques that break at maturity into two 1-seeded indehiscent mericarps, Salariato et al., 2014) suggests possible wind dispersal (pterometeorochory), which is associated with short to moderate distances (approx. 2-15 m, Vittoz and Engler, 2007). ...
... Cuneata and Scapigera), and (2) species endemic to Chile mainly distributed along the central depression (between the Andes and the Chilean coast range) and extending to the coastal regions of the Chilean Matorral and the Atacama desert (included in sect. Menonvillea) (Salariato et al., 2014). In future projections, Andean species are generally more impacted by global warming, especially in mountain regions along the Central Andes between 21°S-28°S and the Southern Andes between 34°S-53°S, but also for the northern portion of the Southern Andes between 32°S-34°S under the SSP 5-8.5 scenario. ...
Climate change impact on species can be heterogeneous depending on their environments, exposure, and intrinsic characteristics. Likewise, global warming may have an uneven effect on lineages, depending on whether phylogenetic conservatism or divergence of ecological niches predominates during clade diversification, imposing a higher risk to species groups from certain regions, habitats and lineages. This study evaluates the impact of future climate change on Menonvillea, a genus with 24 species distributed along the Andes and contiguous regions of the Southern Cone. The impact on the main phylogenetic, ecological and biogeographic groups is evaluated, also analyzing the effect on its richness and phylogenetic diversity. Results show a strongly negative impact on most species of the genus. However, the greatest pressure seems to be recovered for high Andean species, mainly from the southern portion of the Southern Andes (between 34°S–53S°), and mostly included in Menonvillea sect. Cuneata. Richness appears to be more impacted in high Andean regions, and the loss of phylogenetic diversity is greater than expected at random. These results highlight the strong negative impact that climate change can induce on lineages distributed in the Andean-Patagonian region, and that show patterns of phylogenetic niche conservatism.
... Within the CES clade, Cremolobeae comprises three genera and 32 species: Cremolobus DC. (7 spp.), Menonvillea DC. (24 spp.), and Aimara Salariato & Al-Shehbaz (1 sp.). It is readily distinguished from Eudemeae (40 spp.) and Schizopetaleae (19 spp.) by a strong morphological synapomorphy: indehiscent schizocarpic silicles that split into 1-seeded and usually winged segments (Khanna & Rollins, 1965;Rollins, 1955;Salariato, Zuloaga, & Al-Shehbaz, 2014;Salariato et al., 2016). Fruit characters also divide the tribe into two main groups: mericarps with lateral compression in Aimara and Cremolobus, or with dorsal compression in Menonvillea (Salariato, Zuloaga, & Al-Shehbaz, 2013a). ...
... Scapigera), or fleshy/woody rhizome-like stems (e.g., Menonvillea sect. Cuneata) (Salariato, Zuloaga, & Al-Shehbaz, 2014), whereas perennial species of Cremolobus adapted to Andean forest show scandentclimbing habits (C. subscandens, C. bolivianus, and C. peruvianus). ...
Cremolobus is a genus of seven species distributed along the Andes from northern Argentina and Chile northward into Colombia, and it inhabits a variety of different environments from humid habitats, such as the Yungas in Bolivia and Argentina or the Andean Paramos in Colombia and Ecuador, to the arid regions of the Sechura Desert in Peru. This genus, together with Aimara and Menonvillea, form the South American tribe Cremolobeae, which is morphologically defined by the indehiscent and 1-seeded schizocarpic silicles. To date, phylogenetic analyses in the tribe were mainly focused on Menonvillea and Aimara, but there are no prior studies on Cremolobus. In this paper, we first studied the phylogenetic placement of Cremolobus within Cremolobeae using ribosomal nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F, trnH-psbA, rps16 intron) data, including a comprehensive sampling of taxa. We also analysed morphological variation among species, emphasizing habitat adaptation and characterizing main lineages within the genus. Additionally, we studied the biome/habitat preference by the species and main lineages of Cremolobus and other members of the tribe, as well as characterized their climatic niches along the environmental space. Results from our analyses support the monophyly of Cremolobus excluding C. subscandens and C. bolivianus, which are transferred here to the new genus Yunkia. Furthermore, species of Cremolobeae inhabit a wide diversity of habitats along the Andes that are associated with high ecomorphological diversity and, therefore, differing in this aspect from the related tribes Eudemeae and Schizopetaleae. Climatic niche comparison recovered low niche overlap between main lineages of the tribe, but high similarity among species of the same lineage, suggesting the presence of phylogenetic niche conservatism in the tribe. Systematic implications of these results, including a key distinguishing Yunkia from the remaining genera of Cremolobeae and a synopsis of its species, are also provided.
... Menonvillea DC., a genus of Brassicaceae with 24 species, is distributed primarily along the Andes of Argentina and Chile, with some taxa growing in southern Patagonia and others in the Atacama Desert and Chilean Matorral (Rollins 1955;Salariato et al. 2014). This genus, together with Aimara Salariato & Al-Shehbaz and Cremolobus DC., is included in tribe Cremolobeae, which forms with tribes Eudemeae and Schizopetaleae a South American endemic lineage shown by Salariato et al. (2016) to represent the first Brassicaceae lineage to colonize South America in the Early Miocene (around 18-20 Mya), diversifying around Early-Mid Miocene in the central and southern Andes and the Atacama-Sechura desert. ...
... Menonvillea is highly diversified morphologically, particularly in its habit, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Furthermore, the ecological range of the genus is remarkably wide, with species growing at high Andean elevations (up to 5300 m), in the dry coastal deserts of Atacama in Chile, or in the Patagonia Steppe in Argentina (Salariato et al. 2014). As shown by Salariato et al. (2013), Menonvillea includes three main lineages, corresponding to sects. ...
... Species occurrences used in this study have been mostly extracted from the taxonomic revision of the genus (Salariato et al. 2014) and included data from specimens deposited in . Subspecies of Menonvillea scapigera (subsp. ...
The study of how climatic niches change over evolutionary time has recently attracted the interest of many researchers. Different methodologies have been employed principally to analyze the temporal dynamics of the niche and specially to test for the presence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Menonvillea, a genus of Brassicaceae including 24 species, is distributed primarily along the Andes of Argentina and Chile, with some taxa growing in southern Patagonia and others in the Atacama Desert and the Chilean Matorral. The genus is highly diversified morphologically but also presents a remarkably wide ecological range, growing from the high Andean elevations, to the dry coastal deserts in Chile, or the Patagonia Steppe in Argentina. In this study, we used molecular phylogenies together with climatic data to study climatic niche evolution in the genus. The results show that the main climatic niche shifts in Menonvillea occurred between the sections Cuneata-Scapigera and sect. Menonvillea throughout the Mid-Late Miocene, and associated with the two main geographical distribution centers of the genus: the highlands of the central-southern Andes and the Atacama Desert-Chilean Matorral, respectively. Climatic niches in these lineages were mainly differentiated by the aridity and potential evapotranspiration, the minimum temperatures of the coldest month, and the temperature annual range and seasonality. Niche evolution in Menonvillea deviated from a Brownian motion process, with most of the climatic dimension best-fitting to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of multiple adaptive peaks. Our results also indicated that higher aridity levels and lower annual temperature ranges were associated with the evolution of the annual habit, as exemplified by the distribution of sect. Menonvillea. Finally, the results suggested that climatic niche evolution in Menonvillea exhibited some degree of phylogenetic niche conservatism, fundamentally within the two main lineages (sect. Menonvillea and sects. Cuneata-Scapigera).
... Protocols for extraction, amplification and DNA sequencing are described in Salariato et al. (2015b). The taxonomic circumscriptions of genera for Cremolobeae follow Khanna & Rollins (1965), Salariato et al. (2013) and Salariato, Zuloaga & Al-Shehbaz (2014), for Eudemeae follow Al-Shehbaz (1989a, b, 1990a, b, 2012b Salariato & Zuloaga (2015) and Salariato, Zuloaga & Al-Shehbaz (2015a), and for Schizopetaleae follow Rollins (1966), Al-Shehbaz (1989c) and Toro-N uñez et al. (2013Toro-N uñez et al. ( , 2015. Smelowskia calycina (Stephan) C.A.Mey. ...
... For biogeographical analyses of the CES clade, we defined five major areas along the Andes based on Olson et al. (2001), Weigend (2002) Khanna & Rollins (1965), Rollins (1966), Al-Shehbaz (1989a, b, c, 1990a, b, 1999, 2012b, Brako & Al-Shehbaz (1993), Al-Shehbaz et al. (2012, 2013, Salariato et al. (2014), Salariato et al. (2015a, b), Toro-N uñez et al. (2015) and Salariato & Zuloaga (2015). Analyses were conducted using the package Bio-GeoBEARS 0.2.1 (Matzke, 2013) implemented in R 3.1.2 ...
... MEDUSA requires a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree in which extant taxonomic diversity can be assigned to terminal clades to avoid the problem of unresolved, incomplete and/or non-randomly sampled lineages. Missing species (15 species) in our sample were added to terminal branches using taxonomic information from Khanna & Rollins (1965), Al-Shehbaz (1990a, b), Al-Shehbaz & Cano (2011), and Salariato et al. (2014Salariato et al. ( , 2015a and BEAST chronograms were pruned to include 54 terminals, preserving the maximum amount of phylogenetic resolution possible, but allowing us to assign species richness unambiguously to tip lineages (Supporting Information, Fig. S8). Analyses were conducted under a birth-death model and the AIC values corrected for small sample size (AICc) were used for model comparison. ...
Dated molecular phylogenetic trees show that the Andean uplift had a major impact on South American biodiversity. For many Andean groups, accelerated diversification (radiation) has been documented. However, not all Andean lineages appear to have diversified following the model of rapid radiation, particularly in the central and southern Andes. Here, we investigated the diversification patterns for the largest South American-endemic lineage of Brassicaceae, composed of tribes Cremolobeae, Eudemeae and Schizopetaleae (CES clade). Species of this group inhabit nearly all Andean biomes and adjacent areas including the Atacama-Sechura desert, the Chilean Matorral and the Patagonian Steppe. First, we studied diversification times and historical biogeography of the CES clade. Second, we analysed diversification rates through time, lineages and associated life forms. Results demonstrate that early diversification of the CES clade occurred in the early to mid-Miocene (c. 12-19 Mya) and involved the central Andes, the southern Andes and the Patagonian Steppe, and the Atacama-Sechura desert. The Chilean Matorral and northern Andes were colonized subsequently in the early Pliocene (4-5 Mya). Diversification of the CES clade was recovered as a gradual process without any evidence for rate shifts or rapid radiation, in contrast to many other Andean groups analysed so far. Diversification time/rates and biogeographical patterns obtained for the CES clade are discussed and compared with patterns and conclusions reported for other Andean plant lineages.
... The tribes Eudemeae, Cremolobeae, and Schizopetaleae are exclusively South American groups first shown to be monophyletic by Warwick et al. (2010). Tribe Cremolobeae is distributed from Colombia into southern Argentina and Chile, and its genera grow in the Andean highlands and from the dry coastal deserts of northern Chile to the semi-arid regions (matorral) of central Chile (Khanna and Rollins, 1965;Rollins, 1955;Salariato et al., 2014). The Schizopetaleae are primarily distributed across the southern Atacama Desert and the matorral of central Chile, with a few species in southern Peru and neighboring Andean highlands of Chile and Argentina (Al-Shehbaz, 1989c;Toro-Nuñez et al., 2013). ...
... Therefore, fruit morphology in the NCA lineage seems to be unreliable, especially in the delimitation of Brayopsis and Eudema. Fruits in the related South American tribes Cremolobeae and Schizopetaleae are more conserved than the SA clade of Eudemeae (Salariato et al., 2014;Al-Shehbaz, 1989c). ...
Tribe Eudemeae comprises a morphologically heterogeneous group of genera distributed along the Andes of South America from Colombia southward into southern Chile and Argentina. The tribe currently includes seven genera: Aschersoniodoxa, Brayopsis, Dactylocardamum, Delpinophytum, Eudema, Onuris, and Xerodraba, and exhibits a wide morphological diversification in growth habit, inflorescences, and fruits. However, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the tribe. We present here a molecular phylogeny of representative sampling of all genera, utilizing sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and chloroplast regions trnL-F, trnH-psbA, and rps16. Additionally, climatic niches of the tribe and its main lineages, along with the evolution of diagnostic morphological characters, were studied. All analyses confirmed the monophyly of Eudemeae, with the exception of Delpinophytum that was included with genera of the lineage I of Brassicaceae. Eudemeae is divided into two main lineages differentiated by their geographical distribution and climatic niche: the primarily north-central Andean lineage included Aschersoniodoxa, Brayopsis, Dactylocardamum, and Eudema, and the Patagonian and southern Andean lineage included Onuris and Xerodraba. Finally, ancestral-state reconstructions in the tribe generally reveal multiple and independent gains or losses of diagnostic morphological characters, such as growth form, inflorescence reduction, and fruit type. Relevant taxonomic implications stemming from the results are also discussed.
Background:
Here we present a revised species checklist for the Brassicaceae, updated from Warwick SI, Francis, A, Al-Shehbaz IA (2006), Brassicaceae: Species checklist and database on CD-ROM, Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 249─25. This update of the checklist was initiated, based on recent taxonomic and molecular studies on the Brassicaceae that have resulted in new species names, combinations and associated synonyms.
New information:
New data have been added indicating tribal affiliations within the family and where type specimens have been designated. In addition, information from many early publications has been checked and added to the database. The database now includes information on 14983 taxa, 4636 of which are currently accepted and divided into 340 genera and 52 tribes. A selected bibliography of recent publications on the Brassicaceae is included.
