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A revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis (Parmeliaceae) in eastern North America
Abstract and Figures
A taxonomic revision of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis in eastern North America is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU data, extensive field observation and analyses of chemical and morphological data. Each species is described, illustrated with photographs, and the distribution in the region is mapped. An identification key is also presented. Eleven species are recognized: H. afrorevoluta, H. appalachensis, H. britannica, H. cryptochlora, H. horrescens, H. kauffmaniana, H. minarum, H. mcmulliniana, H. revoluta, H. showmanii and H. spumosa. Extensive discussion of prior studies is provided, particularly with respect to the delimitation of H. afrorevoluta and H. revoluta. Hypotrachyna kauffmaniana is described from the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and separated from H. afrorevoluta and H. revoluta by its ascending secondary lobes and pustulose soralia that are primarily confined to the secondary lobes. Hypotrachyna horrescens is shown to correspond to a taxon with narrow lobed, small thalli with ciliate isidia. Hypotrachyna mcmulliniana is described from material collected throughout southeastern North America that is chemically identical to H. horrescens but differs in having larger thalli and sparsely ciliate isidia. Hypotrachyna appalachensis is described to accommodate material previously referred to H. minarum but that differs in the production of 4,5-di-O-methylhiascic acid in high concentrations (vs. absent or present as a trace in H. minarum). Hypotrachyna britannica is reported for the first time from North America.
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... However, this status should be reviewed in light of these new records. As pointed out by Lendemer and Allen (2020) it has long been overlooked because it resembles other pustulose species and often grows intermixed as scattered thalli in corticolous communities crowded with numerous other blue-grey foliose lichen species. It was mentioned in a list of lichens for Ontario by Newmaster and Ragupathy (2012) without specimen citation and there seems to be no basis for its inclusion since no other specimens from the province are known to exist. ...
... It can be recognized by its blue-grey thallus with adnate lobes, maculate lobe tips and coarse, laminal pustules that initiate as small bumps in the upper cortex and inflate to become bubble-like to 0.1-0.5 mm in diameter with constricted bases, congregating into clusters which eventually break down into coarse shingle-like fragments (Lendemer & Allen 2020). In Ontario, the species is most likely to be confused with Hypotrachyna revoluta (Flot.) ...
... Hypotrachyna revoluta can be distinguished from H. showmanii in producing farinose soredia which are mainly confined to lobe tips that are often elongate and ascending, whereas H. showmanii produces esorediate pustules over its entire thallus . Like H. showmanii, H. afrorevoluta produces pustules but they break down becoming sorediate as they erode and flake off to reveal the black lower cortex, whereas pustules formed on H. showmanii are esorediate (though if crushed or pressed after collecting may appear sorediate) and do not flake off to reveal the lower cortex (Lendemer & Allen 2020). In addition, the lobe tips of H. afrorevoluta are emaculate and often revolute, whereas those of H. showmanii are maculate and not revolute (Hinds & Hinds 2007). ...
Noteworthy records of forty-three lichens and allied fungi are presented based on recent collections from Ontario, Canada. Three species, Agonimia borysthenica, Arthonia subconveniens (on Ricasolia quercizans) and Lecanographa abscondita are reported for the first time from North America. Eleven species, Erythricium aurantiacum (on Physcia millegrana), Hypotrachyna showmanii, Leptogium arsenei, Opegrapha rupestris (on Bagliettoa), Pronectria tibellii (on Cladonia pocillum), Punctelia missouriensis, Thelidium zwackhii, Tremella imshaugiae (on Imshaugia aleurites), Verrucaria bryoctona, Vezdaea schuyleriana and Vouauxiella lichenicola (on Lecanora) are reported for the first time from Canada. Eleven species, Absconditella sphagnorum, Agonimia gelatinosa, Didymocyrtis xanthomendozae (on Xanthomendoza hasseana), Distopyrenis americana, Lichenochora obscuroides (on Phaeophyscia pusilloides and P. sciastra), Paranectria oropensis (on Lecanora and P. rubropulchra), Pertusaria sommerfeltii, Raesaenenia huuskonenii (on Bryoria fuscescens), Stereocaulon depreaultii, Thrombium epigaeum and Trichonectria rubefaciens (on Aspicilia) are reported as new to Ontario. Details on 18 additional rare or otherwise rarely collected species new to various counties and districts of the province are also provided. These include: Abrothallus microspermus (on Flavoparmelia caperata), Ahtiana aurescens, Athelia arachnoidea (on Physcia millegrana), Blennothallia crispa, Chaenothecopsis brevipes (on Inoderma byssaceum), C. rubescens (on I. byssaceum), Cladonia dimorphoclada, Corticifraga fuckelii (on Peltigera evansiana), Didymocyrtis cladoniicola (on Cladonia), Hypotrachyna revoluta, Lepra panyrga, Marchandiomyces corallinus (on Parmelia squarrosa and Physcia thomsoniana), Muellerella hospitans (on Bacidia rubella), Refractohilum peltigerae (on Peltigera evansiana), Reichlingia leopoldii, Sarcosagium campestre, Steinia geophana and Vezdaea acicularis.
... Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate a probable generic origin in the neotropical region, where the split of the major Hypotrachyna clades occurred between the Eocene and Oligocene, with South America being the main centre of diversification, represented by c. 120 species (Sipman et al. 2009;Cubas et al. 2018). The Hypotrachyna clade includes a sensu stricto group and several well-supported clades recognized as the subgenera Cetrariastrum (Canêz 2005;Martins et al. 2008;Benatti 2012;Lendemer & Allen 2020). Parmelinopsis is a genus that was previously segregated from Parmelina Hale by Elix & Hale (1987), encompassing species with a white medulla, emaculated thallus, narrow and apically truncated laciniae, simple marginal cilia, simple to dichotomous rhizines, cylindrical to bifusiform conidia (c. ...
... The Cerrado is characterized by a patchy landscape with frequently burned areas which have poor or absent lichenized mycobiota, since it takes c. 20 years for significant coverage and diversity to develop again (Marcelli et al. 1998). Species of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis are especially frequent in these environments (Jungbluth 2006); however, their diversity may be underestimated due to the lack of studies based on morphology and molecular tools (Lendemer & Allen 2020). ...
This study describes a new species of Hypotrachyna subgenus Parmelinopsis from the south-eastern Cerrado (Brazilian savannah), a biodiversity hotspot. The species is especially common in open vegetation, including urban environments. Hypotrachyna neohorrescens sp. nov. is morphologically and chemically similar to H. horrescens . Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses of the nuITS and mtSSU regions revealed that H. neohorrescens is a distinct species and closely related to the North American H. mcmulliniana , differing by the size of the laciniae and ascospores.
... Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta is chemically similar to H. revoluta (Florke) Hale in producing gyrophoric acid and members of the hiascic acid aggregate (Knudsen & Lendemer 2005). However, it differs from H. revoluta in having larger thalli and laminal pustules that become erose and usually erode patches of the upper layers of the thallus to reveal the black lower cortex (Hinds & Hinds 2007, Tripp & Lendemer 2020b). In contrast, H. revoluta produces farinose soredia which develop near the tips of the upper surface of often elongate revolute lobes (Ertz et al. 2008, Sipman et al. 2009). ...
... In adjacent Michigan it was proposed as a rare and endangered species by Fryday and Wetmore (2002). A single specimen examined during this study produced apothecia (Fig. 12A) previously not seen in North American material (Tripp & Lendemer 2020b (Gilbert et al. 2009b, Wieczork et al. 2017 12D. NOTES. ...
One-hundred and sixty-three new or noteworthy lichens and allied fungi are reported from Ontario based on new collections. The lichens Lecanora atromarginata, L. gisleriana, Rhizocarpon ridescens and Sclerococcum griseisporodochium are new to North America. The reported species new to Canada are: Abrothallus bertianus, Absconditella trivialis, Agonimia opuntiella, Diploschistes gypsaceus, Ephebe solida, Heterodermia japonica, Minutoexcipula tuckerae, Peltula bolanderi, Placynthium petersii, Protothelenella sphinctrinoides, Pycnora praestabilis, Thelopsis melathelia, Toninia tecta and Verrucaria quercina. Sixty-one taxa reported new to Ontario include: Abrothallus peyritschii, A. usneae, Agonimia tristicula, Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga, Arthrorhaphis citronella, Bachmanniomyces uncialicola, Baeomyces placophyllus, Biatora printzenii, Bilimbia lobulata, Calicium lucidum, Caloplaca stillicidiorum, Cetraria nigricans, Chaenothecopsis australis, Cystocoleus ebeneus, Dactylospora lobariella, Dendriscocaulon intricatulum, Dermatocarpon schaechtelinii, Enchylium conglomeratum, Endocarpon pulvinatum, Gyrographa gyrocarpa, Henrica theleodes, Heterodermia neglecta, Homostegia piggotii, Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta, H. revoluta, Lathagrium auriforme, Lecanora appalachensis, Lecanora epibryon, Lecanora orae-frigidae, Lecidea lapicida, Lecidella wulfenii, Lempholemma radiatum, Lepraria oxybapha, Lichenoconium usneae, Lichenomphalia umbellifera, Lichenostigma elongata, Lopadium coralloideum, Ophioparma lapponica, Pertusaria bryontha, P. coriacea, P. globularis, Phylliscum demangeonii, Plectocarpon lichenum, Polycauliona stellata, Porpidia flavicunda, Pseudosagedia chlorotica, Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides, Rostania ceranisca, Sclerophora farinacea, Scytinium schraderi, Solorina bispora, Sphaerellothecium minutum, Sticta beauvoisii, S. fuliginosa, Tetramelas papillatus, Tremella cetrariicola, Umbilicaria lyngei, Usnea ceratina, Xanthomendoza fulva and Xylographa opegraphella. Details on additional rare or otherwise rarely collected species new to explored counties and districts are also provided. These include: Acarospora bullata, Ahtiana aurescens, Amygdalaria panaeola, Anaptychia crinalis, Arctoparmelia incurva, Arthonia diffusella, Baeomyces carneus, Blastenia ferruginea, Buellia badia, Calicium abietinum, Caloplaca saxicola, Cetraria aculeata, Chaenotheca stemonea, Chaenothecopsis perforata, Cliostomum griffithii, Cyphobasidium hypogymniicola, Dermatocarpon dolomiticum, Dibaeis baeomyces, Flavocetraria nivalis, Fuscopannaria leucosticta, Heppia adglutinata, Heterodermia hypoleuca, H. obscurata, Hyperphyscia syncolla, Hypogymnia vittata, Immersaria athroocarpa, Inoderma byssaceum, Lecanora epanora, Lepraria cryophila, Leproplaca chrysodeta, Leptogium rivulare, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Lichenostigma cosmopolites, Lithothelium hyalosporum, Lobaria scrobiculata, Lobothallia alphoplaca, Lopadium disciforme, Melanelixia albertana, M. subargentifera, Melanohalea halei, M. subolivacea, Muellerella erratica, Mycoblastus alpinus, Mycoglaena myricae, Myelochroa obsessa, Ovicuculispora parmeliae, Pannaria tavaresii, Parmotrema hypotropum, P. reticulatum, P. stuppeum, Peltigera venosa, Pertusaria superiana, Phacopsis oxyspora var. oxyspora, Physcia americana, Physcia tenella, Physconia grumosa, Placidium arboreum, Polychidium muscicola, Porina scabrida, Porpidia degelii, Pseudocyphellaria holarctica, Pseudoschismatomma rufescens, Psoroma hypnorum, Punctelia appalachensis, P. stictica, Rhizocarpon eupetraeum, Rinodina pachysperma, Sarea difformis, Scytinium gelatinosum, Scytinium intermedium, Sphaerophorus fragilis, S. globosus, Stictis radiata, Synalissa ramulosa, Syzygospora physciarcearum, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, Thyrea confusa, Toninia aromatica, Tremella everniae, Umbilicaria arctica, U. hirsuta, U. proboscidea, U. torrefacta, Usnea glabrescens and Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla.
... Despite their abundance, important ecological function, and broad application as bioindicators (Hawksworth, 1971;Nash & Gries, 2002), the typifications of names for many widespread, important, and threatened taxa remain unsettled. For instance, the types of several Parmeliaceae names presumed to have been deposited in the US Herbarium appear to be lost (Lendemer & Allen, 2020). The corticolous crustose lichen Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) ...
A lectotype is designated for the name of the iconic and well-known macrolichen Ramalina menziesii Taylor from among a suite of largely overlooked syntypes deposited in the Thomas Taylor Herbarium at the Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University. Lectotypes are also selected for the synonyms of R. menziesii: Chlorodictyon foliosum, Ramalina reticulata (≡ Lichen reticulatus Noehd., nom. illeg.) and R. retiformis. The place of publication of L. reticulatus Noehd. is discussed in detail. The case highlights the surprising degree to which the application of names for taxa that have been extensively studied and are widely known outside a narrow specialist field, can remain unresolved.
... Yet, substantial knowledge gaps remain as the majority of areas have not been intensively inventoried and many subsets of diversity have not been fully revised or investigated (Lendemer 2020). Indeed, detailed study of even supposedly well understood groups routinely leads to the discovery of additional previously overlooked taxa (e.g., Lendemer & Allen 2020). ...
Capronia harrisiana, a lichenicolous fungus on the tripartite foliose lichen Crocodia aurata, is described as new to science. Although the host species is widespread in many areas of the world, no species of Capronia has previously been reported from Crocodia aurata, and Capronia harrisiana appears to be endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains in southeastern North America. The new species is characterized by 50–120 µm wide ascomata, 40–95 µm long setae, (1–)3-septate, pale brown, 11.9–15.7 × 4.4–5.8 µm ascospores, and an I+ red hymenium. An updated key to the lichenicolous species of Capronia is provided.
... The relationship between morphological plasticity and environmental conditions is well known in lichens (Gueidan & Lendemer 2015, Harris 1971, Sojo et al. 1997, Vondrák et al. 2018, Weber 1977. As was carried out in this study, molecular data are often required to evaluate whether mophotypes are different species or the variants of the same species with different phenotypes (e.g., Lendemer & Allen 2020, Lendemer & Ruiz 2015, McMullin et al. 2016. ...
Calogaya saxicola (≡ Caloplaca saxicola) is reported for the first time from the Queen Elizabeth Islands in the Canadian High Arctic. The report is based on an unusual form with inconspicuous or absent lobes and clustered apothecia forming hemispherical mounds. It was identified using a molecular phylogenetic analysis of ITS nrDNA sequence data. Our analysis recovered the sequence in the C. saxicola group, within a clade of sequences assigned to C. saxicola s. str. in previous studies.
Species-focused conservation requires a thorough understanding of species’ distributions. Delineating a species’ distribution requires taxonomic knowledge and adequate occurrence data. For plants and fungi, herbaria represent a valuable source of large-scale occurrence data. Advances in digital technology mean that data from many herbarium collections worldwide are now easily accessible. However, species concepts can change over time requiring herbarium records to be re-examined and databases updated, which does not always occur synchronously across all collections. Therefore, non-critical use of these data can promote inaccuracies in understanding species distributions. Taxonomic revisions are common in understudied organisms, such as lichens. Here, we illustrate how changing taxonomy and non-critical acceptance of online data affects our understanding of disjunct distributions, using the lichen Brodoa oroarctica (Krog) Goward as an example. Defining the distribution of the arctic lichen B. oroarctica is confounded by changing taxonomy and uncertainty of herbarium records that pre-date taxonomic revisions. We review the distribution of this species in the literature and in aggregate occurrence databases, and verify herbarium specimens that represent disjunct occurrences in eastern North America to present an updated account of its distribution and frequency in eastern North America. We show that knowledge of changing species taxonomy is essential to depicting accurate species distributions.
The survey of eight Russian species of the genus Hypotrachyna is presented, including H. afrorevoluta, H. cirrhata, H. endochlora, H. koyaensis, H. laevigata, H. pseudosinuosa, H. revoluta, and H. sinuosa. Descriptions of the species, data on their ecology, distribution in Russia and in the world, and a key to species are provided.
Seven lichen species, Arthonia vinosa Leight., Caloplaca chalybaea (Fr.) Müll.Arg., Pertusaria
alboatra Zahlbr., P. labuensis A.W.Archer & Elix, P. neilgherrensis (Müll.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi
& P.Srivast., Rhizocarpon ridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. and Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Flörke)
I.Schmitt & Lumbsch, are reported from Australia for the first time. New state, territory and
oceanic island records are provided for 50 other taxa.
The distinguishing features of Ropalospora viridis and Fuscidea pusilla are discussed. The geographic distributions of the two species in eastern North America are revised: although both species have an Appalachian-Great Lakes distribution they have somewhat differing biogeographic tendencies. Fuscidea pusilla is a rare species of the northern boreal forests with disjunct populations in the central Appalachian Mountains, whereas R. viridis is common and widespread throughout the Appalachian Mountains and their outliers with disjunct populations in the Great Lakes. Color illustrations of both species are provided.
Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on lichens and fungi have focused largely on alpine and subalpine habitats, and have not investigated the potential impact on narrowly endemic species. Here, we estimate the impacts of climate change on high-elevation, endemic lichens in the southern Appalachians, a global diversity hotspot for many groups of organisms, including lichens. We conducted extensive field surveys in the high elevations of the region to accurately document the current distributions of eight narrowly endemic lichen species. Species distribution modeling was used to predict how much climatically suitable area will remain within, and north of, the current range of the target species under multiple climate change scenarios at two time points in the future. Our field work showed that target species ranged from extreme rarity to locally abundant. Models predicted over 93 % distributional loss for all species investigated and very little potentially suitable area north of their current distribution in the coming century. Our results indicate that climate change poses a significant threat to high-elevation lichens, and provide a case study in the application of current modeling techniques for rare, montane species.
Acarospora intercedens and A. radicata are placed in synonymy with A. socialis. A. peltastica and A. utahensis are placed in synonymy with A. strigata. Thelocarpon albomarginatum is placed in synonymy with A. washingtonensis. A neotype is selected for A. peltastica. A lectotype is selected for A. strigata. Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta is reported as new to North America.
Hypotrachyna showmanii Hale has been found to be widely distributed in eastern North America. It contains 5-0-methylhiascic acid, other members of the hiascic acid complex, and gyrophoric acid in the medulla, not "horrescens" unknowns and just traces of gyrophoric acid as previously reported. The status of the species, and its relationship to other pustulose species of Hypotrachyna and Parmelinopsis is discussed. A key to the pustulose Hypotrachyna and Parmelinopsis species in eastern North America is provided.
Southern Ontario is the most densely populated region in Canada. As a result, urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture are extensive. Few ecosystems in the region have been unaltered, and second-growth forests now dominate the remaining natural landscape. To better understand the lichen diversity in these second-growth forests, we inventoried 24 distinct vegetation communities in the Copeland Forest Resources Management Area (1780 ha) located between Barrie and Orillia in September and October 2011, recording 154 species in 79 genera. One species, Lecidea sarcogynoides, was collected for the first time in Canada and is reported for the first time in north America; one additional species, Micarea micrococca, was collected for the first time in Ontario and is reported for the first time in Canada; three species that have previously been collected in Ontario—Bellemerea cinereorufescens, Phlyctis speirea, and Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla—are reported for the first time in the province; and Candelariella lutella was collected and is reported for the second time in Ontario and the third time in Canada. in addition, six species with a provincial status rank of S1 (critically imperilled) or S2 (imperilled) were located: Arthonia byssacea, Arthonia ruana, Chaenothecopsis pusiola, Cresponea chloroconia, Pachyphiale fagicola, and Placynthiella uliginosa. Our results show that second-growth forests can be important refugia for lichen diversity. The majority of the lichen diversity within the Copeland Forest was contained in a small number of sites (6 of 24). This suggests that management strategies should integrate lichen diversity by targeting species-rich areas. We found that sites with a high variation in: canopy closure, tree species, tree age, moisture, and the presence of snags had the highest lichen diversity. Forest managers in southern Ontario can use our results to identify species-rich areas on their properties.
A worldwide key, based on the literature and specimens from SP herbarium, is presented for all 25 currently accepted species of Parmelinopsis.
Biogeographical studies of lichens used to be complicated because of the large distribution ranges of many species. Molecular systematics has revitalized lichen biogeography by improving species delimitation and providing better information about species range limitations. This study focuses on the major clade of tropical parmelioid lichens, which share a chemical feature, the presence of isolichenan in the cell wall, and a morphological feature, microscopic pores in the uppermost layer. Our previous phylogenetic studies revealed that the largest genus in this clade, Hypotrachyna, is polyphyletic with a clade mainly distributed in South and East Asia clustering distant from the core of the genus. To divide the Hypotrachyna clade into monophyletic groups and to reevaluate morphological and chemical characters in a phylogenetic context, we sampled ITS, nuclear large subunit (nuLSU) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA sequences from 77 species. We are erecting the new genus Remototrachyna for a core group of 15 former Hypotrachyna species. The segregation of Remototrachyna from Hypotrachyna receives support from morphological and chemical data, as well from maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of the DNA. We used a likelihood approach to study the geographic range evolution of Remototrachyna and Bulbothrix, which are sister groups. This analysis suggests that the ancestral range of Remototrachyna was restricted to India and that subsequent long-distance dispersal is responsible for the pantropical occurrence of two species of Remototrachyna.
Unlabelled:
RAxML-VI-HPC (randomized axelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing) is a sequential and parallel program for inference of large phylogenies with maximum likelihood (ML). Low-level technical optimizations, a modification of the search algorithm, and the use of the GTR+CAT approximation as replacement for GTR+Gamma yield a program that is between 2.7 and 52 times faster than the previous version of RAxML. A large-scale performance comparison with GARLI, PHYML, IQPNNI and MrBayes on real data containing 1000 up to 6722 taxa shows that RAxML requires at least 5.6 times less main memory and yields better trees in similar times than the best competing program (GARLI) on datasets up to 2500 taxa. On datasets > or =4000 taxa it also runs 2-3 times faster than GARLI. RAxML has been parallelized with MPI to conduct parallel multiple bootstraps and inferences on distinct starting trees. The program has been used to compute ML trees on two of the largest alignments to date containing 25,057 (1463 bp) and 2182 (51,089 bp) taxa, respectively.
Availability:
icwww.epfl.ch/~stamatak
Leprocaulon beechingii is described as new to science based on collections from exposed rock outcrops in the southern Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America. Taxonomic placement in Leprocaulon, and delimitation from other members of the genus with usnic acid, is supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU sequence data. The species is readily recognized by its occurrence on non-calcareous rocks, normandinoides-type placodioid thallus, and the production of usnic acid and zeorin.
000 new field collections generated, the park checklist now includes 920 species, a 129% increase over estimates made two decades ago. Nearly a quarter of the lichens reported in the park are known from only a single occurence whereas only 7% of the lichens are known from 20 or more occurences. An assessment of commonness/rarity for all 920 species indicates that nearly half of the park's lichens should be considered to be infrequent, rare, or exceptionally rare. We assessed the distributions of all 920 species and found that 54 are endemic to the southeastern United States, 30 are endemic to the southern Appalachians, and eight occur nowhere else than within the confines of the national park. We discuss biogeographical affinities of the park's lichen biota as a whole, delimiting six regional "floristic" connections. Our 11 years of research have resulted in the discovery of several species presumed to be extinct or near-extinct. We make one new combination (Fuscopannaria frullaniae) and describe five species as new to science, each commemorating National Park Service staff instrumental to the completion of the study: Heterodermia langdoniana, Lecanora darlingiae, Lecanora sachsiana, Leprocaulon nicholsiae, and Pertusaria superiana.
In preparation for updating Mason E. Hale's "List of Epithets in the Parmelioid Genera," we have identified 27 species epithets that need transfer into generic segregates from Parmelia s. lato. Most of these epithets were retained in Parmelia when other members of their groups were transferred into one of the more than thirty generic segregates described or resurrected in the past twenty-five years. New combinations are proposed in ten genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae: Flavoparmelia, Hypotrachyna, Myelochroa, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, Parmelinopsis, Parmeliopsis, Parmotrema, Punctelia, and Rimeliella.
Parmelia araucana Adler & Calvelo is described as a new species in the genus Parmelia Ach. sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycetes). The distribution area of six species of Parmeliaceae sensu stricto is extended as follows: Parmelinopsis subfatiscens, new to South America; Bulbothrix imshaugii and Hypotrachyna bogotensis, new to Argentina; Flavoparmelia gerlachei, new to Tierra del Fuego province; Punctelia stictica, new to Rió Negro province; the presence of Flavocetraria nivalis subsp. nivalis in Argentina is confirmed. All species are described.
Hypotrachyna virginica was long considered to be an endemic Appalachian macrolichen until it was recently reported from the Caribbean. Here we show that Neotropical material identified as H. virginica is morphologically distinct from that species and instead is conspecific with H. exsecta, a species widespread in the Paleotropics. Both species have also previously been confused with H. laevigata, which is widespread in the Americas and Europe. A revision of the three species is presented, including descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and global IUCN red-list assessments.
The title compound has been
isolated, characterized and the structure confirmed by total synthesis.
A new checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi occurring in the continental United States and Canada is presented. It contains 3,580 lichen species and an additional 219 species of lichenicolous and allied fungi, for a total of 3,799 species in 477 genera. The following taxa are reported as new to North America: Arthonia linitae, Buellia adjuncta, Buelliella physciicola, Cornutispora intermedia, Diploschistes candidissimus, Epicladonia simplex, Fulgensia bracteata subsp. deformis, Graphium aphthosae, Homostegia piggotii, Leproloma membranaceum var. chrysodectoides, Lettauia cladoniicola, Lichenostigma maureri, Melaspilea epigena, Nectria lecanodes, Polycoccum vermicularium, Sphaerulina dolichotera, Thelotrema suecicum, Vouauxiella lichenicola, and Xanthoria fulva. Also, three new combinations are proposed: Lecanora albella var. rubescens (Imshaug & Brodo) Lumbsch, Lichinella melamphylla (Tuck.) Essl., and Lichinella minnesotensis (Fink) Essl.
The pantropical genus Cetrariastrum ( = Everniastrum Hale) has its center of diversity in the highlands of northern South America and of Mesoamerica but it also occurs in the mountains of southern Africa and southern Asia. It was probably differentiated in Gondwanaland, but tropical-island disjunctions reveal the efficacy of long-distance dispersal for a few of its commonest species. Two species earlier thought to belong to it but endemic to a xeric region of southeastern South America differ in having exceptionally thick upper cortices riddled with special algae-containing chambers, an apparent adaptation to their harsh habitat. They form the new genus Concamerella. Both Cetrariastrum and Concamerella have secondary-product chemistries characterized by β-orcinol depsidones and fatty acids. Excluding the fatty acids, 17 known compounds are reported from the former and seven from the latter, based upon the thin-layer chromatographic analyses of 415 specimens. Three species earlier included in Everniastrum are assigned to Parmotrema or Hypotrachyna. Cetrariastrum consists of 23 species; 22 of these comprise four that are new, six that are validations of older names and 12 that are new combinations.
The high-mountain ascomycetous lichen flora of the spruce-fir zone of the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee and southwestern Virginia includes 178 fruticose and foliose species in 37 genera and 20 families, of which seven (4% of the species) are endemic to the Appalachian Mountains and 18 (10%) occur in North America north of Mexico, essentially only in the Appalachians, but are disjunct elsewhere as in Japan, Mexico or the American tropics. The overall distribution patterns of these lichens, which share phytogeographic relationships with both northern and southern floristic elements, support existing evidence that the southern Appalachians served as a refugium during the Tertiary Era. The continuously more moist, cooler climate characteristic of the higher elevations favors the maintenance of lichens restricted in North America north of Mexico to high-mountain areas of the southern Appalachians. Usnea confusa Asah., previously known only from Japan, is new to North America, and Parmelia producta (Hale) Dey is a new combination. The secondary natural product chemistry and keys to families, genera and species of high-mountain fruticose and foliose lichens are provided.
A new lichen, Hypotrachyna showmanii Hale (Parmeliaceae) is described. It has been collected in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia.
Though the Appalachian Mountains of southwestern Virginia, USA, are known to represent a major 'hotspot' of biodiversity for North America, no significant survey of overall lichen diversity has been conducted in the region thus far. Presented here is a list of 221 distinct taxa of lichens, lichenicolous fungi, and 'lichen allies' collected during the 2008 Hugo L. Blomquist Bryological and Lichenological Foray in the mountains of southwestern Virginia. Collections were made from diverse habitats, primarily in the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area (MRNRA), and yielded 41 potential state records. Particularly noteworthy collections include: Sphaerellothecium coniodes (a lichenicolous fungus that was not previously known to exist in North America), Hypotrachyna lividescens (a primarily neotropical macrolichen that has not previously been reported from North America), Pycnora praestabilis (a lignicolous crust not previously reported from any other location in eastern North America), Heterodermia erecta (a foliose lichen previously known in the world only from a single small region of Georgia/North Carolina), and Psilolechia clavulifera (a crustose lichen taxon previously reported from only one other location in eastern North America). The sheer diversity of lichens, along with the number of rare and/or potentially endangered taxa, highlights the need for continued preservation efforts in MRNRA and the southern Appalachian Mountains in general.
A key to forty-one species in ten parmelioid genera [Bulbothrix (4 spp.), Canoparmelia (1 sp.), Hypotrachyna (7 spp.), Myelochroa (1 sp.), Parmelina (2 spp.), Parmelinopsis (1 sp.), Parmotrema (18 spp.), Relicina (2 spp.), Rimelia (3 spp.) and Xanthoparmelia (2 spp.)] from New Caledonia is provided, in addition to brief taxonomic descriptions as well as notes on distribution. Five of the forty-one species are endemic to New Caledonia, and thirteen are new records for the island. Several old names used in the literature are clarified.
The genera Hypotrachyna (Vainio) Hale and Pseudoparmelia Lynge are emended to include species previously accommodated in the genus Parmelina Hale. Pseudoparmelia endochromatica sp. nov., P. singularis sp. nov., Xanthoparmelia glomerulala sp. nov., X. karamojae sp. nov., and X. meruensis sp. nov. are described. The following combinations are proposed: Hypotraehyna afrorevoluta (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., H. aurulenta (Tuck.) comb, nov., H. damaziana (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., H. horrescens (Taylor) comb, nov., H. meyeri (Zahlbr.) comb, nov., H. minarum (Vainio) comb, nov., H. spathulata (Kurok.) comb, nov., H. spumosa (Asah.) comb, nov., H. swinscowii (Hale) comb, nov., Parmotrema vividum (Krog & Swinscow) comb, nov., Pseudoparmelia chlorea (Stizenb.) comb, nov., P. simplicior (Hale) comb, nov., P. usambarensis (Steiner & Zahlbr.) comb, nov., P. wallichiana (Taylor) comb, nov., Xanthoparmelia interrupta (Stizenb.) comb, nov., and X. kiboensis (Dodge) comb. nov. Xanthoparmelia cylindriloba Knox is reduced to synonymy with X. kiboensis.
ARKANSAS: Jefferson Co., Pine Bluff Arsenal, vicinity of Refuge Woods unit, 2
- Winston Co
- Bankhead National
- Corinth Forest
- Glade
Winston Co., Bankhead National Forest, Corinth
Glade, 13 May 2017, on sandstone, J.C. Lendemer
52004 (NY). ARKANSAS: Jefferson Co., Pine Bluff
Arsenal, vicinity of Refuge Woods unit, 2. Dec.
1999, D.M. Ladd 22029 (NY). DELAWARE: New Castle
Co., Blackbird State Forest, Cypress Complex
Tract, 16. Mar. 2013, on Acer, J.C. Lendemer
35821 (NY). FLORIDA: Clay Co., Gold Head Branch
State Park, 28. Nov. 1992, on Ceratiola, R.C. Harris
29077 (NY). Duval Co., Big Talbot Island State Park,
ca. 0.7 mi S of northern boundary of park, 17 Dec.
1987, on Lyonia branch, W.R. Buck 15505 (NY).
Apalachicola National Forest, along FSR101B to Hickory Landing Recreation Area
- Franklin Co
Franklin Co., Apalachicola National Forest, along
FSR101B to Hickory Landing Recreation Area, 1
Hodges 11255 (NY). MARYLAND: Wicomico Co., Nassawango Creek TNC Preserve, E shore of tributary to Nassawango Creek
- R C Harris
Dec. 1988, R.C. Harris 23229 (NY). Okaloosa Co.,
along Antioch Rd./CR 4, 1.2 mi W of FL85, 5 May
1990, R.C. Harris 25228 (NY). Volusia Co., Blue
Spring State Park, 9-10 Dec. 1988, on fallen
Quercus branch, R.C. Harris 23781 (NY). GEORGIA:
McIntosh Co., Harper Lake Park, 29 Mar. 2013, on
Lyonia, R.D. Rosentreter 17772 (NY). Warren Co.,
Sandy Grove Road granitic outcrop, 7 Jun. 2014,
on Vaccinium, M.F. Hodges 11255 (NY). MARYLAND:
Wicomico Co., Nassawango Creek TNC Preserve, E
shore of tributary to Nassawango Creek, 17 Sept.
2013, on log, N. Noell 14-C (NY). Worcester Co.,
Nassawango Creek TNC Preserve, E shore of Beech
Island Run, 19 Sept. 2013, on Taxodium, J.C.
Lendemer 38072 (NY). MISSISSIPPI: Pearl River Co.,
10 mi E of Poplarville, 14 Jun. 1939, G.T. Johnson
2527 (NY). Stone Co., near McHenry, 14 Jun. 1939,
G.T. Johnson 2548 (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Avery
Co., Grandfather Mountain, Calloway Peak, 1972,
on Picea, J.P. Dey 1754 (NY). Bladen Co., Jones Lake
State Park, Salters Lake Natural Area, 1 Oct. 2016,
Glade, vicinity of confluence of Gin Creek and
North Fork Creek, 13 May 2017, on Prunus, J.C.
Lendemer et al. 52074 (NY). Tuscaloosa Co., Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park, 30 Jan. 2016, on
rock, V. Charny 20160130-31 (NY). Winston Co.,
Bankhead National Forest, Sipsey Wilderness Area,
N-facing slopes above S shore of the Sipsey River 1.1
Lendemer et al. 52390 (NY)
mi N of confluence with Caney Creek, 17 May 2017,
on sandstone in overhang, J.C. Lendemer et al. 52390
(NY). CONNECTICUT: New London Co., Pachaug State
Forest, E of Green Falls Pond, 28 Jan. 2017, on rock,
C.J. Raithel 449 (NY). DELAWARE: New Castle Co.,
Blackbird State Forest, Cypress Complex Tract, 16
Cape Henlopen State Park
- Sussex Co
Sussex Co., Cape Henlopen State Park, 27 Apr. 2012,
on Ilex, J.C. Lendemer 32087 & B.P. Hodkinson (NY).
FLORIDA: Bay Co., N of FL20, 1.2 mi E of US231, 1
Gadsden Co., along CR269, 0.2 mi N of FL12
- Escambia Co
- Along Pineville Rd
Escambia Co., along Pineville Rd.~2 mi W of
CR97A at Brushy Creek, 8 Dec. 1992, R.C. Harris
31960 (NY). Gadsden Co., along CR269, 0.2 mi N of
FL12, 1 Dec. 1994, on Quercus, R.C. Harris 35669
(NY). Jefferson Co., E of SR59, 8.4 mi S of Wacissa,
R.C. Harris 32498-B (NY)
- Hamilton Co
Hamilton Co., Bee Haven Bay, 15 Dec. 1993, R.C.
Harris 32498-B (NY). Lafayette Co., Along CR355A,
West Point Wildlife Management Area
- Troup Co
Troup Co., West Point Wildlife Management Area,
11 May 2014, on Pinus, M. Hodges 10963 (NY).
Chattahoochee National Forest, slopes above W shore of tributary to Cooper Creek
- Union Co
Union Co., Chattahoochee National Forest, slopes
above W shore of tributary to Cooper Creek, 9 Jan.
2019, on fallen branch, J.C. Lendemer 57940 & E.
LOUISIANA: Livingston Parish, rest area near mile post 12 on Hwy
- Letcher Co
Letcher Co., Bad Branch Nature Preserve, 14 Sept.
1991, on Betula, R.C. Harris 27024 (NY). LOUISIANA:
Livingston Parish, rest area near mile post 12 on
Hwy. 12E, Dec. 1995, on Pinus, J.P. Dey 25385 (NY).
MARYLAND: Prince Georges Co., Cedarville State
Forest, 12 Oct. 1996, on Quercus, J.G. Guccion
2370B-15 (NY). Wicomico Co., Nassawango Creek
TNC Preserve, Wicomico-2 Tract, 14 Oct. 2013, on
Quercus, J.C. Lendemer et al. 38192 (NY). Worcester
Co., Nassawango Creek TNC Preserve, Laws Tract,
17 Oct. 2013, on hardwood, N. Noell et al. 241 (NY).
NEW JERSEY: Burlington Co., Wharton State Forest, E
of Atsion, 23 Jun. 2003, on fallen branch, J.C.
Lendemer 968 & L.H. Smith II (NY). Mercer Co.,
Mercer County Park, N shore of Lake Mercer, 26
Grandfather Mountain, Raven Rocks, 1972, on rock
Mar. 1932, G.P. Anderson s.n. (NY). NORTH CAROLINA:
Avery Co., Grandfather Mountain, Raven Rocks,
1972, on rock, J.P. Dey 1880 (NY). Beaufort Co.,
Beaufort-Martin County Line, Rte. 17, 21 Nov.
1981, on Pinus, C.F. Reed 113549 (NY). Bladen Co.,
Jones Lake Park, 1 Oct. 2016, on Diospyros, Z.M.
Muscavitch 360 (NY). Buncombe Co., Black Mountains, Potato Knob, 1972, on rock, J.P. Dey 668 (NY).
Camden Co., Dismal Swamp State Park, S side of Kim Saunders Ditch
- Buncombe Co
- Blackstock Black Mountains
- Knob
Buncombe Co., Black Mountains, Blackstock Knob,
1972, on Picea, J.P. Dey 1266 (NY). Camden Co.,
Dismal Swamp State Park, S side of Kim Saunders
Ditch, 10 Dec. 2003, on Magnolia, J.C. Lendemer
20148 & S. Williams (NY). Clay Co., Nantahala
National Forest, along Buck Creek Rd., 1.2 mi NNW
of US64, 9 Oct. 1998, on rock, R.C. Harris 42726
(NY). Currituck Co., Pine Island Audubon Sanctuary, 10 Dec. 2014, on Quercus, J.C. Lendemer 44391
Lendemer 44109 & E. Tripp (NY); Black Mountains, Balsam Cone, 1972, on rock
Great
Smoky Mountains National Park, Thermo Knob,
1972, on Abies, J.P. Dey 3997 (NY). Stokes Co.,
Hanging Rock State Park, 1973, on bark, J.P. Dey
7231 (NY). Surry Co., Pilot Mountain State Park,
1973, on rock, J.P. Dey 7181 (NY). Transylvania Co.,
Blue Ridge Parkway, Devil's Courthouse, 16 Mar
1971, on Abies, S. Nakanshi 351 (NY). Tyrrell Co.,
Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, E of
Nodwell Rd., 10 Dec. 2012, on Acer, J.C. Lendemer
et al. 34655 (NY). Washington Co., Bull Neck
Swamp, 23 Mar. 2013, on Lyonia, J.C. Lendemer et
al. 36347 (NY). Wilkes Co., Stone Mountains State
Park, 23 Sept. 1993, on Pinus, R.C. Harris 30768
(NY). Yancey Co., Mount Mitchell State Park,
Balsam Mountain Nature Trail, 1 Oct. 2014, on
Abies, J.C. Lendemer 44109 & E. Tripp (NY); Black
Mountains, Balsam Cone, 1972, on rock, J.P. Dey
1226 (NY). OHIO: Vinton Co., Vinton Furnace
Experimental Forest, Watch Rock, 22 Mar. 2017,
on rock, J.C. Lendemer et al. 50304 (NY). SOUTH
CAROLINA: Berkeley Co., Francis Marion National
Forest, Wallace Swamp, 5 Dec. 2013, on Magnolia,
R.C. Harris 60032 (NY). Charleston Co., Francis
Marion National Forest, Wambaw Swamp, 1 Dec.
2013, on Lyonia, J.C. Lendemer et al. 40160 (NY).
Oconee Co., Sumter National Forest, E-facing slopes above Hell Hole Creek
- Greenville Co
Greenville Co., Ceasars Head State Park, 14 Mar.
1997, on rock, R.C. Harris 40017 (NY). Oconee Co.,
Sumter National Forest, E-facing slopes above Hell
Hole Creek, 16 Apr. 2019, on Acer, J.C. Lendemer
58534 (NY). Pickens Co., Lookout Trail to Eastatoe
Creek National Heritage Preserve, 27 Sept. 1989, on
Klmia, R.C. Harris 24803 (NY). Richland Co., Fort
Jackson Army Base, Skyline Drive Scenic Area, 13
Cherokee National Forest, Bald River Wilderness, W-facing slopes above Bald River Falls
Mar. 2018, on sandstone, J.C. Lendemer 55201 & E.
Tripp (NY). Monroe Co., Cherokee National Forest,
Bald River Wilderness, W-facing slopes above Bald
River Falls, 14 Dec. 2017, on rock, J.C. Lendemer
54392 & E. Tripp (NY, fertile). Polk Co., Cherokee
National Forest, Big Frog Wilderness Area, E-slopes
of Bark Legging Lead, 16 Dec. 2017, on Robinia, J.C.
Lendemer 54469 & E. Tripp (NY). Sevier Co., Great
Smoky Mountains National Park, Sweet Ridge of
Sugarland Mountain, 28 Mar. 2016, on fallen Picea,
J.C. Lendemer 47291 (NY);
Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, vicinity of canal bridge over Jericho Ditch
Apr. 2012, on Liquidambar, J.C. Lendemer 31626 &
B.P. Hodkinson (NY). Smyth Co., Mount Rodgers,
1972, on dead conifer, J.P. Dey 5701 (NY). Southampton Co., near Sedley, 17 Aug. 1947, C.F. Reed
9091-B (NY). Suffolk City, Dismal Swamp National
Wildlife Refuge, vicinity of canal bridge over Jericho
Ditch, 12 Dec. 2009, on Fagus, J.C. Lendemer 20436