Deep-sea dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) collected from off northeastern Brazil, with a review of the species reported from the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone

Villarins, Bárbara T.; Dario, Fabio Di; Eduardo, Leandro N.; Lucena-Frédou, Flávia; Bertrand, Arnaud; Prokofiev, Artem M.; Mincarone, Michael M.

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0004

Abstract

The Stomiiformes includes about 455 species of mostly mesopelagic fishes in the families Diplophidae, Gonostomatidae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, and Stomiidae. Here we report 55 species of the order collected during the ABRACOS (Acoustics along the BRAzilian COaSt) expeditions off northeastern Brazil, including islands and seamounts of Fernando de Noronha Ridge. Triplophos hemingi (Diplophidae), Pachystomias microdon and Melanostomias biseriatus (Stomiidae) are recorded for the first time in the western South Atlantic. Eustomias bibulbosus, Grammatostomias ovatus and Photonectes achirus (Stomiidae) are recorded for the first time in the South Atlantic. Eustomias minimus (Stomiidae), previously known from four poorly preserved specimens, is reported for the first time in the Atlantic. Occurrences of 18 species are confirmed or recorded for the first time in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone: Triplophos hemingi (Diplophidae), Gonostoma denudatum (Gonostomatidae), Aristostomias grimaldii, Astronesthes gudrunae, Bathophilus nigerrimus, Borostomias elucens, Eustomias bibulbosus, E. braueri, E. minimus, E. schmidti, Grammatostomias ovatus, G. dentatus, Leptostomias gladiator, Melanostomias biseriatus, M. bartonbeani, Pachystomias microdon, Photonectes achirus, and Photostomias goodyeari (Stomiidae). Diagnostic and distributional data for all species recorded are provided, with new anatomical information presented for Melanostomias bartonbeani and Grammatostomias ovatus. A checklist of the 108 species of Stomiiformes confirmed in Brazilian waters is also presented.

Keywords:
Fernando de Noronha Archipelago; Mesopelagic fishes; Rocas Atoll; Seamounts; Southwestern Tropical Atlantic

Resumo

Stomiiformes inclui cerca de 455 espécies válidas de peixes principalmente mesopelágicos, distribuídos nas famílias Diplophidae, Gonostomatidae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae e Stomiidae. Aqui, relatamos a ocorrência de 55 espécies de Stomiiformes coletadas durante as expedições ABRACOS (Acoustics along the BRAzilian COaSt) no nordeste do Brasil, incluindo as ilhas e montes submarinos da Cadeia de Fernando de Noronha. Triplophos hemingi (Diplophidae), Pachystomias microdon e Melanostomias biseriatus (Stomiidae) são registradas pela primeira vez no Atlântico Sul ocidental. Eustomias bibulbosus, Grammatostomias ovatus e Photonectes achirus (Stomiidae) são registradas pela primeira vez no Atlântico Sul. Eustomias minimus (Stomiidae), anteriormente conhecida a partir de quatro espécimes mal preservados, é reportada pela primeira vez no Atlântico. A ocorrência de 18 espécies é confirmada ou registrada pela primeira vez na Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira: Triplophos hemingi (Diplophidae), Gonostoma denudatum (Gonostomatidae), Aristostomias grimaldii, Astronesthes gudrunae, Bathophilus nigerrimus, Borostomias elucens, Eustomias bibulbosus, E. braueri, E. minimus, E. schmidti, Grammatostomias ovatus, G. dentatus, Leptostomias gladiator, Melanostomias biseriatus, M. bartonbeani, Pachystomias microdon, Photonectes achirus, e Photostomias goodyeari (Stomiidae). Dados diagnósticos e de distribuição de todas as espécies registradas são fornecidos, com novas informações anatômicas para Melanostomias bartonbeani e Grammatostomias ovatus. Uma lista preliminar das 108 espécies de Stomiiformes confirmadas em águas brasileiras também é apresentada.

Palavras-chave:
Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha; Atol das Rocas; Atlântico Sudoeste Tropical; Montes submarinos; Peixes mesopelágicos

INTRODUCTION

The Stomiiformes is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of fishes in the meso- and bathypelagic zones (Gjøsaeter, Kawaguchi, 1980Gjøsaeter J, Kawaguchi K. A review of the world resources of mesopelagic fish. FAO Fish Tech Pap. 1980; 193:123–34.; Marks et al., 2020Marks AD, Kerstetter DW, Wyanski DM, Sutton TT. Reproductive ecology of dragonfishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae) in the Gulf of Mexico. Front Mar Sci. 2020; 7(101):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00101
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00101... ). Although they vary in body shape, fishes of the order are mostly characterized by having serial luminescent organs of unique derived morphology, an elongate body (except in most members of the Sternoptychidae), the pectoral fins situated low on body, the mouth extending beyond eye in most groups, with the maxilla partly included into mouth gape, teeth present on the maxilla and premaxilla, and chin barbel present in some groups (Morrow, 1964aMorrow JE Jr. Suborder Stomiatoidea. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964a; p.71–77.; Harold, Weitzman, 1996Harold AS, Weitzman SH. Interrelationships of stomiiform fishes. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Interrelationship of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p.333–53.; Prokofiev, 2005Prokofiev AM. Systematics and phylogeny of the stomiiform fishes (Neoteleostei: Stomiiformes) from the Paleogene – Neogene of Russia and adjacent regions. J Ichthyol. 2005; 45(Suppl. 1):S89–S162.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.). Currently, the Stomiiformes comprises about 455 valid species commonly known as bristlemouths, lightfishes, hatchetfishes, and barbeled dragonfishes, in the families Diplophidae (10 species), Gonostomatidae (24), Phosichthyidae (24), Sternoptychidae (78), and Stomiidae (319), respectively (Fink, 1985Fink WL. Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes. Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich. 1985; 171:1–127. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415
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Species of the order are distributed throughout the world’s oceans (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Harold, Weitzman, 1996Harold AS, Weitzman SH. Interrelationships of stomiiform fishes. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Interrelationship of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p.333–53.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015aKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Order Stomiiformes. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015a. p.418–19.), but data on the species composition of the group and other aspects of its diversity are still scarce in the western South Atlantic. In the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, which includes a substantial portion of the western South Atlantic, about 100 species of the Stomiiformes were previously reported (Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
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https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ), but there are still doubts about the taxonomy, occurrence, and distribution of several of those species in the region.

In recent oceanographic cruises conducted during the ABRACOS (Acoustic along the BRAzilian COast) expeditions off northeastern Brazil and adjacent oceanic islands and seamounts, more than 9,000 specimens of mesopelagic fishes were collected, resulting in a significant increase of knowledge on the diversity and distribution of several deep-sea groups (e.g., Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222... ,cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... , 2021Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Martins JR, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Lima RS, Ménard F, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Distribution, vertical migration, and trophic ecology of lanternfishes (Myctophidae) in the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2021; 199:102695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102695
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.10... ; Mincarone et al., 2019Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Eduardo LN, Caires RA, Lucena-Frédou F, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Deep-sea manefishes (Perciformes: Caristiidae) from oceanic islands and seamounts off northeastern Brazil, with comments on the caristiids previously reported in Brazilian waters. Mar Biol Res. 2019; 15:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2019.1636281
https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2019.16... , 2020Mincarone MM, Martins JR, Di Dario F, Eduardo LN, Frédou T, Lucena-Frédou F, Bertrand A. Deep-sea smelts, pencil smelts, and barreleyes (Teleostei: Argentiniformes) from oceanic islands and seamounts off northeastern Brazil. Mar Biol Res. 2020; 16(10):762–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2021.1891806
https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2021.18... , 2021Mincarone MM, Afonso GVF, Di Dario F, Eduardo LN, Frédou T, Lucena-Frédou F, Bertrand A, Pietsch TW. Deep-sea anglerfishes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) from off northeastern Brazil, with remarks on the ceratioids reported from the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2021; 19(2):e200151. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0151
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http://doi.org/10.1643/i2020069... ). Here we report on new records and further distributional and anatomical information on the stomiiforms collected during the ABRACOS expeditions. In addition, we provide a checklist of the species of the group confirmed in the Brazilian Exclusive Econonic Zone (EEZ).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Specimens examined are part of a large collection of mesopelagic invertebrates and fishes made during the ABRACOS expeditions, carried out between 29 September and 21 October 2015 (ABRACOS 1 – AB1; Bertrand, 2015Bertrand A. ABRACOS cruise, RV Antea. 2015. http://doi.org/10.17600/15005600
http://doi.org/10.17600/15005600... ), and between 9 April and 10 May 2017 (ABRACOS 2 – AB2; Bertrand, 2017Bertrand A. ABRACOS 2 cruise, RV Antea. 2017. https://doi.org/10.17600/17004100
https://doi.org/10.17600/17004100... ). Both expeditions were conducted using the French RV Antea off northeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas states) and along the Fernando de Noronha Ridge, which includes the Rocas Atoll, the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, and associated seamounts. Sampling was conducted using micronekton (body mesh 40 mm, cod-end mesh 10 mm) and mesopelagic (body mesh 30 mm, cod-end mesh 4 mm) nets. Trawl depth was continuously recorded using a Scanmar depth sensor fitted to the upper part of the trawl mouth. Open-mouth nets were employed, but pre-established target depths were defined for each trawl according to the presence of an acoustic scattered layer or patches detected with a Simrad EK60 split-beam scientific echo sounder. At the target depths, trawling activity lasted for about 30 minutes at 2–3 kt. Therefore, collection of specimens most likely occurred at target depths, which are indicated as capture depths in the species accounts.

The survey comprised 82 fishing stations between the surface and 1,113 m depth (Fig. 1; Tab. 1), resulting in the collection of 3,113 specimens of the Stomiiformes out of a total of about 9,000 specimens of fishes. Among the stomiiforms collected, 2,220 were identified to species level and 893 were identified only to genus due to their small size and/or poor condition of preservation (S1). After capture, specimens were fixed in a 10% formalin solution and then preserved in 70% ethanol. Families and subfamilies were considered according to Kenaley, Stewart (2015aKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Order Stomiiformes. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015a. p.418–19.,eKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70.). Specimens were identified according to Regan, Trewavas (1929Regan CT, Trewavas E. The fishes of the families Astronesthidae and Chauliodontidae. Danish Dana Expedition 1920–22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama. Oceanogr Rep. 1929; 2(5):1–39. , 1930Regan CT, Trewavas E. The fishes of the families Stomiatidae and Malacosteidae. Danish Dana Expedition 1920–22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama. Oceanogr Rep. 1930; 2(6):1–146.), Grey, (1964)Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240., Schultz, (1964)Schultz LP. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.241–73., Gibbs (1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50., 1971Gibbs RH Jr. Notes on fishes of the genus Eustomias (Stomiatoidei, Melanostomiatidae) in Bermuda waters, with the description of a new species. Proc Biol Soc Wash. 1971; 84(29):235–44. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/44329
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part... ), Morrow (1964bMorrow JE Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964b; p.274–89.,cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.,dMorrow JE Jr. Family Stomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964d; p.290–310.), Morrow, Gibbs (1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511., 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ), Baird, (1971)Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128., Gibbs, Craddock, (1973)Gibbs RH Jr, Craddock JE. Eustomiascrucis (Stomiatoidei, Melanostomiatidae), a new species of deepsea fish from the eastern South Pacific, and contributions to the knowledge of Eustomias trewavasae Norman. Proc Biol Soc Wash. 1973; 86(13):153–61. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/44093
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part... , Gibbs et al., (1983Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... , 1984Gibbs RH Jr, Amaoka K, Haruta C. Astronesthes trifibulatus, a new Indo-Pacific stomioid fish (family Astronesthidae) related to the Atlantic A. similis. Japan J Ichthyol. 1984; 31(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5... ), Gomon, Gibbs, (1985)Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... , Parin, Borodulina (1995, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65., 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. , 2002Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Preliminary review of species group Astronesthes niger (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes) with description of six new species from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. J Ichthyol. 2002; 42(7):495–515., 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ), Clarke (1998Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) presently associated with Eustomias achirus Parin and Pokhilskaya with the description of five new species. Copeia. 1998; 1998(3): 676–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447797
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447797... , 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975... , 2000Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... , 2001Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Stomiidae), in the Indo-Pacific with the descriptions of twelve new species. Copeia. 2001; 2001(3):683–99. http://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0683:PFOTGE]2.0.CO;2
http://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2001)00... ), McEachran, Fechhelm, (1998)McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... , Harold, (2003)Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912., Keanaley, Hartel, (2005)Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... , Kenaley (2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... , 2009Kenaley CP. Revision of Indo-Pacific species of the loosejaw dragonfish genus Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae). Copeia. 2009: 2009(1):175–89. https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-07-224
https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-07-224... ), Liao et al., (2006)Liao Y-C, Chen L-S, Shao K-T. Review of the astronesthid fishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Astronesthinae) from Taiwan with a description of one new species. Zool Stud. 2006; 45(4):517–28. , Lima et al., (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... , Kenaley, Stewart (2015aKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Order Stomiiformes. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015a. p.418–19.,bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.,cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.,dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.,eKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70.,fKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Stomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015f. p.487–91.,gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.,hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.), Harold et al., (2015)Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68., Stewart, Kenaley (2015aKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Order Stomiiformes. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015a. p.418–19.,bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.) and Sutton et al., (2020)Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... . All specimens examined are deposited in the Fish Collection of the Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (NPM, Macaé, Brazil), except some specimens of the Sternoptychidae (Eduardo et al., 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ) and Chauliodontinae (Eduardo et al., 2020bEduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Mincarone MM, Soares APC, Le Loc’k F, Fredou T, Menard F, Bertrand A. Trophic ecology, habitat, and migratory behaviour of the viperfish Chauliodus sloani reveal a key mesopelagic player. Sci Rep. 2020b; 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222-8
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222... ), which were selected for biological analyses. Fin rays and vertebrae counts follow Hubbs, Lagler, (1958)Hubbs CL, Lagler KF. Fishes of the Great Lakes region. Cranbrook Inst Sci Bull. 1958; 26: 1–213. . Photophore terminology, barbel morphology, measurements, teeth and vertebrae counts for Eustomias Vaillant, 1884 follow Morrow, Gibbs, (1964)Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511. and Gibbs et al., (1983)Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... . Vertebrae counts were accessed through radiographs taken on a Faxitron LX-60 Digital x-ray cabinet. Radiographs were also used to confirm fin ray counts. Unless stated otherwise, gill raker count refers to the total number of rakers in the first gill arch. Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj, (2020)Sabaj MH. Codes for natural history collections in ichthyology and herpetology. Copeia. 2020; 108(3):593–669. https://doi.org/10.1643/ASIHCODONS2020
https://doi.org/10.1643/ASIHCODONS2020... .

FIGURE 1 |
Sampling stations (n = 80) of the ABRACOS 1 (squares; 29 September to 21 October 2015) and ABRACOS 2 (circles; 9 April to 10 May 2017) expeditions. Black symbols indicate stations with occurrence of Stomiiformes. Oceanic islands: RA, Rocas Atoll; FN, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.

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TABLE 1 |
Sampling stations conducted by French RV Antea off northeastern Brazil during the ABRACOS 1 (AB1) and ABRACOS 2 (AB2) expeditions. Only stations with occurrence of Stomiiformes are listed.

RESULTS

DIPLOPHIDAE

The Diplophidae as considered here includes ten valid species in the genera Diplophos Günther, 1873, Manducus Goode & Bean, 1896, and Triplophos Brauer, 1902 (Nelson, 2006Nelson JS. Fishes of the world. 4th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.). Fishes of the family are characterized by having an elongate body, two rows of photophores along the body (ventral and lateral series), dorsal adipose fin absent, chin barbel absent, dorsal-fin origin in advance of anal-fin origin, 10–15 dorsal-fin rays, 36–68 anal-fin rays, more than 61 vertebrae, teeth in premaxilla uniseral and biserial in lower jaw, presence of photophores on isthmus, one orbital photophore and IC 70–115 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Johnson, 1970Johnson RK. A new species of Diplophos (Salmoniformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific. Copeia. 1970; 1970(3):437–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270
https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270... ; Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.; Koeda, Ho, 2019Koeda K, Ho H-C. A new portholefish of the genus Diplophos (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa. 2019; 4702(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.15
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.... ).

Three species of the Diplophidae were previously reported in the Brazilian EEZ in the genera Diplophos and Manducus (Mukhacheva, 1978Mukhacheva VA. A review of the species of Diplophos Gunther (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes) and their vertical and geographical distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:10–27. ; Smith et al., 1991Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al., 2020cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ), all of which were identified among specimens examined in this study. In addition, the occurrence of a fourth species of the family, Triplophos hemingi (McArdle, 1901), is reported for the first time in Brazilian waters.

Diplophos Günther, 1873

Diagnosis.Diplophos can be distinguished in the Diplophidae by the presence of 10–15 dorsal-fin rays; 43–68 anal-fin rays; more than 74 vertebrae; IC 83–115; OA 78–97 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.; Koeda, Ho, 2019Koeda K, Ho H-C. A new portholefish of the genus Diplophos (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa. 2019; 4702(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.15
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.... ). Seven valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Diplophos australis Ozawa, Oda & Ida, 1990

(Fig. 2A)

FIGURE 2 |
A.Diplophos australis, NPM 4564, 99 mm SL; B.Diplophos taenia, NPM 4566, 129 mm SL; C.Manducusmaderensis, NPM 4530, 63 mm SL; D.Triplophos hemingi, NPM 4561, 196 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Diplophos australis is distinguished from congeners by the presence of 84–91 vertebrae; 12–13 gill rakers; 61–67 anal-fin rays; IV 41–44; OA 80–87; IC 99–105 (Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Koeda, Ho, 2019Koeda K, Ho H-C. A new portholefish of the genus Diplophos (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa. 2019; 4702(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.15
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.... ).

Geographical distribution. South Atlantic and South Pacific oceans, between 20ºS and 40ºS (Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ). In the South Atlantic, D. australis was reported from off Brazil, South Africa, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands (Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, the species was previously reported from off São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul States (Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). The specimens reported here, collected from off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago at depths between 780 and 850 m, represent the northernmost record of the species in the Atlantic Ocean (about 3º S; Fig. 3A).

Specimens examined. 3 (71–99 mm SL): NPM 4564, 2 (75–99 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4920, 1 (71 mm), AB2#44A.

Diplophos taenia Günther, 1873

(Fig. 2B)

Diagnosis.Diplophos taenia is distinguished from congeners by the presence of 90–100 vertebrae; 11–13 gill rakers; 56–72 anal-fin rays; IV 42–48; OA 85–97; IC 104–115 (Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.; Koeda, Ho, 2019Koeda K, Ho H-C. A new portholefish of the genus Diplophos (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa. 2019; 4702(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.15
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 40ºN and 55ºS (Mukhacheva, 1978Mukhacheva VA. A review of the species of Diplophos Gunther (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes) and their vertical and geographical distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:10–27. ; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015bKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Diplophidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.420–22.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, D. taenia is reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Ozawa et al., 1990Ozawa T, Oda K, Ida T. Systematics and distribution of the Diplophos taenia species complex (Gonostomatidae), with a description of a new species. Japan J Ichthyol. 1990; 37(2):98–115. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.37.98... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Previous records of the species in Brazilian waters were made off the northeastern coast (including oceanic islands), the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Montague and Davis seamounts), and off Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul States (Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Eduardo et al., 2020cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ). Additional records are also known off northeastern Brazil, outside the EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ). Larvae were reported along the Vitória-Trindade Chain and off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006., 2014; Stocco, Joyeux, 2015Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590
https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ). The specimens reported here were collected off the Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, and Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte States (including the seamounts), between depths of 25 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3A).

Specimens examined. 25 (42–129 mm SL): NPM 3291, 1 (76 mm), AB1#4; NPM 3292, 1 (51 mm), AB1#15; NPM 3293, 1 (46 mm), AB1#31; NPM 4562, 1 (100 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4563, 7 (49–106 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4566, 1 (129 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4567, 6 (42–73 mm), AB2#41B; NPM 4569, 1 (92 mm), AB2#49B; NPM 4614, 3 (49–77 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 6066, 3 (53–61 mm), AB2#45B.

Manducus Goode & Bean, 1896

Diagnosis.Manducus can be distinguished in the Diplophidae by the presence of 12–13 dorsal-fin rays; 36–59 anal-fin rays; IC 70–86; photophore series along lateral line (LLP) 65–78; total vertebrae 61–76 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Johnson, 1970Johnson RK. A new species of Diplophos (Salmoniformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific. Copeia. 1970; 1970(3):437–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270
https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270... ). Two valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Manducus maderensis (Johnson, 1890)

(Fig. 2C)

Diagnosis.Manducus maderensis differs from Manducus greyae (Johnson, 1970Johnson RK. A new species of Diplophos (Salmoniformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific. Copeia. 1970; 1970(3):437–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270
https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270... ) by the number of anal-fin rays (36–41 vs. 58–59); number of OA photophores (45–48 vs. 50–54); number of IC photophores (70–75 vs. 84–86); number of photophore series along lateral line (65–68 vs. 76–78); total vertebrae (61–63 vs. 76) (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Johnson, 1970Johnson RK. A new species of Diplophos (Salmoniformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific. Copeia. 1970; 1970(3):437–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270
https://doi.org/10.2307/1442270... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean, from 40ºN to 30ºS (Smith et al., 1991Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off United States to southeastern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Smith et al., 1991Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... , Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.). The species was previously recorded off Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States, and from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro States, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Rocas Atoll, and the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Davis Seamount) in Brazilian waters (Mukhacheva, 1978Mukhacheva VA. A review of the species of Diplophos Gunther (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes) and their vertical and geographical distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:10–27. ; Smith et al., 1991Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Additional records outside the Brazilian EEZ are known along the western South Atlantic (Smith et al., 1991Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.). Manducus maderensis is reported here based on specimens collected off the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 90 and 615 m (Fig. 3A).

Specimens examined. 3 (42–65 mm SL): NPM 3259, 1 (42 mm), AB1#22; NPM 4122, 1 (65 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4530, 1 (63 mm), AB2#49B.

Triplophos Brauer, 1902

Diagnosis.Triplophos can be distinguished in the Diplophidae by the trunk much shorter than tail; dorsal-fin origin well in advance of anal-fin origin; 10–11 dorsal-fin rays; 57–63 anal-fin rays; 9–10 pectoral-fin rays; 23–25 gill rakers; two rows of conspicuous photophores along the body; IC 68–70; OA 50–55; first 9 OA sightly lower than the remaining photophores of the series; additional head photophores above premaxilla and maxilla; presence of photophores on isthmus; maxilla with a short toothed portion, with 5–6 uniserial teeth; premaxilla with two rows of small teeth (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). A single valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Triplophos hemingi (McArdle, 1901)

(Fig. 2D)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific oceans, between 23ºN and 20ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Lloris, 1982Lloris D. Peces capturados, en el SO africano, durane la campana “Benguela II” (julio-septiembre 1980). Res Exp Cient. 1982; 10:3–15.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Randall, Lim, 2000Randall JE, Lim KKP. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull Zool (Suppl.). 2000; 8:569–667.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, reported from the Caribbean Sea and Suriname (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Saavedra-Díaz et al., 2004Saavedra-Díaz LM, Roa-Varón A, Acero A, Mejia LS. Nuevos registros ícticos en el talud superior del Caribe Colombiano (órdenes Albuliformes, Anguiliformes, Osmeriformes, Stomiiformes, Ateleopodiformes, Aulopiformes y Pleyronectiformes). Bol Invest Mar Cost. 2004; 33:181–207. ). The specimen of T. hemingi identified here was collected near the seamounts off Rio Grande do Norte State, between depths of 700 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3A), and represents the first record in the western South Atlantic.

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4561, 1 (196 mm), AB2#59A.

FIGURE 3 |
Records of species of Diplophidae (A), Gonostomatidae (B, C) and Sternoptychidae (D, E, F) collected during the ABRACOS expeditions off northeastern Brazil. Oceanic islands: RA, Rocas Atoll; FN, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.

GONOSTOMATIDAE

The Gonostomatidae includes 24 valid species in the genera Cyclothone Goode & Bean, 1883, Gonostoma Rafinesque, 1810, Margrethia Jespersen & Tåning, 1919, Sigmops Gill, 1883, and Zaphotias Goode & Bean, 1898, with a wide distribution in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern oceans (Gon, 1990aGon O. Gonostomatidae. In: Gon O, Heemstra PC, editors. Fishes of the Southern Ocean. Grahamstown: JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology; 1990a. p.116–22. ; Duhamel et al., 2014Duhamel G, Hulley P-A, Causse R, Koubbi P, Vacchi M, Pruvost P, Vigetta S, Irisson J-O, Mormède S, Belchier M, Dettai A, Detrich HW, Gutt J, Jones CD, Kock K-H, Lopez ALJ, Van de Putte AP. Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish. In: De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griffiths HJ, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte AP, Danis B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J, Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y, editors. Biogeographic atlas of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge: Scientific Committee on Antartic Research; 2014. p.328–62.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Koeda, Ho, 2019Koeda K, Ho H-C. A new portholefish of the genus Diplophos (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa. 2019; 4702(1):107–13. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.15
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.... ; Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ). Fishes of the family are characterized by having an elongate and laterally compressed body, at least one row of serial photophores, chin barbel and postorbital photophore absent, adipose fins present or absent, 16–67 anal-fin rays, and 12–16 branchiostegal rays (Harold, 1998Harold AS. Phylogenetic relationships of the Gonostomatidae (Teleostei: Stomiiformes). Bull Mar Sci, 1998; 62(3):715–41. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1998/00000062/00000003/art00001
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contenton... , 2003; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.). Gonostomatids also have the dorsal-fin origin near the middle of body or slightly posterior to it, one row of premaxillary teeth, and two rows of dentary teeth near the symphysis (Harold, 1998Harold AS. Phylogenetic relationships of the Gonostomatidae (Teleostei: Stomiiformes). Bull Mar Sci, 1998; 62(3):715–41. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1998/00000062/00000003/art00001
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contenton... , 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.).

Fourteen species in all the five currently recognized genera of the Gonostomatidae were previously reported in Brazilian waters (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49., 1974Mukhacheva VA. Cyclothones (gen. Cyclothone, fam. Gonostomatidae) of the world and their distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:189–254., 1978Mukhacheva VA. A review of the species of Diplophos Gunther (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes) and their vertical and geographical distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:10–27. ; Séret, Andreata, 1992Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Stocco, Joyeux, 2015Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590
https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Mincarone et al., 2017Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al., 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ; Tab. 2). Cyclothone signata Garman, 1899 was included in a list of Brazilian marine deep-sea fishes by Melo et al., (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... , likely based on NHMUK 1969.6.26.254-257 (four specimens collected near the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago). However, records of the species in the Atlantic require verification, since they actually may refer to C. alba Brauer, 1906 (Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ). Here we also report for the first time on the occurrence of Gonostoma denudatum Rafinesque, 1810 in the Brazilian EEZ.

Cyclothone Goode & Bean, 1883

Diagnosis.Cyclothone can be distinguished in the Gonostomatidae by the absence of adipose fin; dorsal- and anal-fin origins about opposite; 12–15 dorsal-fin rays; 16–21 anal-fin rays; 29–35 vertebrae; maxillary teeth close-set, subequal, increasing in size posteriorly; vomerine teeth present or absent, palatine teeth only in an anterior patch; photophores present or absent, SO and isthmus series always absent; when present, photophores along the body in ventral and lateral series, OP 2, OA 6–10; caudal glands present or absent; anus closer to pelvic-fin than to anal-fin origin, or midway between origin of those fins (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1964Mukhacheva VA. On the genus Cyclothone (Gonostomidae, Pisces) in the Pacific Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1964; 73:93–138., 1974Mukhacheva VA. Cyclothones (gen. Cyclothone, fam. Gonostomatidae) of the world and their distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:189–254.; Badcock, 1982Badcock J. A new species of the deep-sea fish genusCyclothoneGoode & Bean (Stomiatoidei, Gonostomatidae) from the tropical Atlantic. J Fish Biol. 1982; 20(2):197–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03920.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982... ; Nazarkin, 2015Nazarkin MV. Fossil bristlemouth Cyclothone mukhachevae sp. nov. (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae) from the Neogene of western Sakhalin, Russia. Paleontol J. 2015: 49:162–75. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030115020045
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003103011502004... ). A total of 13 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Remarks. Nine species of Cyclothone were previously reported in the Brazilian EEZ (Tab. 2). Unfortunately, all collected specimens were severely damaged and could not be identified at the species level (S1).

Gonostoma Rafinesque, 1810

Diagnosis.Gonostoma can be distinguished in the Gonostomatidae by the anal opening close to the anal-fin origin; anal-fin origin in advance of, or opposite to, dorsal-fin origin; absence of elongate rays in dorsal and anal fins; head and trunk longer than tail; 15–18 gill-rakers; no photophores on isthmus; no minute photophores on body or head; two rows of conspicuous photophores along the body (lateral and ventral series); first 5–6 IV forming an arch; upper jaw teeth in a single row, with a series of long, slender, subequal teeth interspaced with shorter teeth (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). Two valid species (Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Miya, Nishida, 2000Miya M, Nishida M. Molecular systematics of the deep-sea fish genus Gonostoma (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae): two paraphyletic clades and resurrection of Sigmops. Copeia. 2000; 2000(2):378–89. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0378:MSOTDS]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)0... ; Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Gonostoma atlanticum Norman, 1930

(Fig. 4A)

FIGURE 4 |
A.Gonostomaatlanticum, NPM 4615, 61 mm SL; B.Gonostoma denudatum, NPM 6519, 122 mm SL; C.Margrethiaobtusirostra, NPM 3384, 27 mm SL; D.Sigmops bathyphilus, NPM 4764, 155 mm SL; E.Sigmops elongatus, NPM 3182, 173 mm SL; F.Zaphotiaspedaliotus, NPM 4407, 62 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Gonostoma atlanticum differs from Gonostoma denudatum by the absence of adipose fin (vs. adipose fin present); 5–6+11=16–17 gill rakers (vs. 5+10=15); teeth present on vomer (vs. teeth absent on vomer); first 1 or 2 AC photophores elevated and the others at the same level (vs. first 2 AC elevated and the following 2 AC below the others) (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 48ºN and 36ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Clarke, 1974Clarke TA. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid fishes in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Fish Bull. 1974; 72(2):337–51. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-aspects-ecology-stomiatoid-fishes-pacific-ocean-near-hawaii
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-a... ; Nakabo, 2002Nakabo T. Fishes of Japan: with pictorial keys to the species. Tokyo: Tokai University Press: 2002. ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Burton, Lea, 2019Burton EJ, Lea RN. Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species. Zookeys, 2019; 887:1–119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.887.38024
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.887.3802... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the Atlantic Ocean, reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil, the species was previously recorded off Pará, Maranhão, and Rio Grande do Norte States, and off the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Additional records are also known off northeastern and southeastern Brazil, outside the country’s EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Stocco, Joyeux, 2015Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590
https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Gonostoma atlanticum is reported here based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte (including seamounts), Pernambuco, and Paraíba States, the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 130 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3B).

Specimens examined. 67 (19–68 mm SL): NPM 3498, 2 (damaged), AB1#14; NPM 4532, 3 (51–57 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4612, 5 (30–59 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4615, 13 (45–68 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4617, 9 (46–67 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4619, 15 (39–57 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4779, 5 (49–59 mm), AB2#35; NPM 4780, 1 (50 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4781, 7 (41–56 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4897, 3 (53–60 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4927, 2 (46–58 mm), AB2#21; NPM 5064, 1 (19 mm), AB2#28; NPM 5940, 1 (49 mm), AB2#16.

Gonostoma denudatum Rafinesque, 1810

(Fig. 4B)

Diagnosis. See Gonostoma atlanticum.

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean from 40ºN to 40ºS (apparently more common in the eastern Atlantic), including the Mediterranean Sea (De Groot, Nijssen, 1971De Groot SJ, Nijssen H. Notes on the fishes collected by the R.V. “Tridens” on the north west African shelf, 19-25 Janurary 1969. Bijdr Dierkd. 1971; 41(1):3–09.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Golani, 1996Golani D. The marine ichthyofauna of the eastern Levant – history, inventory, and characterization. Isr J Zool. 1996; 42(1):15–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00212210.1996.10688830
https://doi.org/10.1080/00212210.1996.10... ; Santos et al., 1997Santos RS, Porteiro FM, Barreiros JP. Marine fishes of the Azores. An annotated checklist and bibliography. Arquipelago Life Mar Sci. 1997; (Suppl. 1):1–244. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1561
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1561... ; Bordes et al., 1999Bordes F, Uiblein F, Castillo R, Barrera A, Castro JJ, Coca J, Gomez J, Hansen K, Hernandez V, Merrett N, Miya M, Moreno T, Perez F, Ramos A, Sutton T, Yamaguchi M. Epi- and mesopelagic fishes, acoustic data, and SST images collected off Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, during cruise “La Bocaina 04-97”. Inf Téc Inst Canario Cienc Mar. 1999; 5:1–45. Available from: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports/59/
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Lipej, Dulčić, 2010Lipej L, Dulčić J. Checklist of the Adriatic Sea fishes. Zootaxa. 2010; 2589:1–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.... ; Béarez et al., 2017Béarez P, Pruvost P, Feunteun E, Iglésias SP, Francour P, Causse R, De Mazieres J, Tercerie S, Bailly N. Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium. 2017; 41(4):351–71. https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414-006
https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414... ; Bayhan, Ergüden, 2019Bayhan YK, Ergüden D. First record of Gonostoma denudatum, Rafinesque 1810 (Family: Gonostomatidae) from Mersin Bay (Northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey). Turk J Marit Marine Sci. 2019; 5(1):64–68. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/trjmms/issue/48946/595962
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/trjmms/i... ; Elbaraasi et al., 2019Elbaraasi H, Elabar B, Elaabidi S, Bashir A, Elsilini O, Shakman E, Azzurro E. Updated checklist of bony fishes along the Libyan coast (southern Mediterranean Sea). Mediterr Mar Sci. 2019; 20(1):90–105. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.15570
https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.15570... ; Bariche, Fricke, 2020Bariche M, Fricke R. The marine ichthyofauna of Lebanon: An annotated checklist, history, biogeography, and conservation status. Zootaxa. 2020; 4775(1):1–157. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4775.1.... ; Akbora et al., 2020Akbora HD, Ayas D, Soydemir Çiftçi N. The presence of bristlemouth Gonostoma denudatum (Rafinesque, 1810), from the coast of Northern Cyprus (Northeastern Mediterranean). Mar Sci Technol Bull. 2020; 9(1):42–45. http://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.667602
http://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.667602... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Gonostoma denudatum is reported for the first time in Brazilian waters based on one specimen collected near the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, at 440 m depth (Fig. 3B).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 6519, 1 (122 mm), AB2#40A.

Margrethia Jespersen & Tåning, 1919

Diagnosis.Margrethia can be distinguished in the Gonostomatidae by the presence of adipose fin; dorsal-fin origin in advance of anal-fin origin; anterior rays of the dorsal- and anal-fin elongated; 14–16 pectoral-fin rays; 15–16 dorsal-fin rays; 21–26 anal-fin rays; no photophores on isthmus; a single row of large and irregular ventral photophores; SO absent; BR 10–13; OP 3; IV 13–16; AC 13–17 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1976Mukhacheva VA. Systematics and distribution of Bonapartia Goode et Bean and Margrethia Jespersen et Taning (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:73–91. ; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). Two valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Margrethia obtusirostra Jespersen & Tåning, 1919

(Fig. 4C)

Diagnosis.Margrethia obtusirostra differs from M. valentinae Parin, 1982 by having the last photophores of the anterior AC group above the anal-fin base (vs. last photophores of the anterior AC group behind the anal-fin base); last 2 IV displaced ventrally (vs. last 2 IV in a straight line with anterior IV) (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, from 43ºN to 45ºS, except the eastern Pacific Ocean (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Bordes et al., 1999Bordes F, Uiblein F, Castillo R, Barrera A, Castro JJ, Coca J, Gomez J, Hansen K, Hernandez V, Merrett N, Miya M, Moreno T, Perez F, Ramos A, Sutton T, Yamaguchi M. Epi- and mesopelagic fishes, acoustic data, and SST images collected off Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, during cruise “La Bocaina 04-97”. Inf Téc Inst Canario Cienc Mar. 1999; 5:1–45. Available from: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports/59/
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.; Fricke et al., 2018Fricke R, Mahafina J, Behivoke F, Jaonalison H, Léopold M, Ponton D. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Madagascar, Southwestern Indian Ocean, with 158 new records. Fishtaxa. 2018; 3(1):1–432. https://www.biotaxa.org/ft/article/view/3-1
https://www.biotaxa.org/ft/article/view/... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, known from off Canada to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, the species was previously reported from off Bahia to Rio de Janeiro States and off Rio Grande do Sul State (Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.), with additional records off the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, outside the Brazilian EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Larvae were also recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). The specimen of M. obtusirostra examined here was collected off the Rocas Atoll, at 525 m depth (Fig. 3B).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 3384, 1 (27 mm), AB1#22.

Sigmops Gill, 1883

Diagnosis. The genus was reappraised by Miya, Nishida, (2000)Miya M, Nishida M. Molecular systematics of the deep-sea fish genus Gonostoma (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae): two paraphyletic clades and resurrection of Sigmops. Copeia. 2000; 2000(2):378–89. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0378:MSOTDS]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)0... , who included in Sigmops five species previously allocated in Gonostoma: Sigmops bathyphilus (Vaillant, 1884), S. ebelingi (Grey, 1960), S. elongatus (Günther, 1878), S. gracilis (Günther, 1878), and S. longipinnis (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.). Sigmops can be distinguished in the Gonostomatidae by the absence of elongate rays in dorsal and anal fins; head and trunk nearly as long as tail; no photophores on isthmus; two rows (lateral and ventral) of photophores; SO present; OA 11–21; IC 32–43; first 4–6 IV forming an arch or an ascending line; palatine teeth uniserial; upper jaw teeth in a single row, with a series of long, slender, subequal teeth interspaced with shorter teeth (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ).

Sigmops bathyphilus (Vaillant, 1884)

(Fig. 4D)

Diagnosis.Sigmops bathyphilus can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of adipose fin; anal-fin origin in line with dorsal-fin origin; 10–14 pectoral-fin rays; 11–15 dorsal-fin rays; 7–9 pelvic-fin rays; 21–26 anal-fin rays; 28–32 gill rakers; no photophores on isthmus; two rows (lateral and ventral) of minute and obscure photophores; IC 32–38; OA 14–16, in an irregular row (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.; Coad, 2018aCoad BW. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Coad BW, Reist JD, editors. Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Can Data Rep Fish Aquat Sci. 2018a; 1287:302–04.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal between 70ºN and 45ºS, except the western Indian Ocean (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.; Béarez et al., 2017Béarez P, Pruvost P, Feunteun E, Iglésias SP, Francour P, Causse R, De Mazieres J, Tercerie S, Bailly N. Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium. 2017; 41(4):351–71. https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414-006
https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Greenland, Canada, United States, the Bermudas and the Caribbean Sea, and off Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Here we report on one specimen of S. bathyphilus collected off Rio Grande do Norte State, near the seamounts of the region, between depths of 700 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3C).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4764, 1 (155 mm), AB2#59A.

Sigmops elongatus (Günther, 1878)

(Fig. 4E)

Diagnosis.Sigmops elongatus can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of adipose fin; anal-fin origin in line with dorsal-fin origin; paired fins short; 10–13 pectoral-fin rays; 12–15 dorsal-fin rays; 28–32 anal-fin rays; 6 pelvic-fin rays; 19–21 gill rakers; two rows (lateral and ventral) of conspicuous photophores; OP 3; OA 13–15; AC 20–24; IC 41–43; first 1–2 OA elevated; first 5–6 IV forming an arch; presence of a large luminous gland behind ORB; presence of 2 infracaudal and 1–2 supracaudal luminous glands; adult size larger than 200 mm SL (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal between 65ºN and 45ºS, including the Mediterranean Sea (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Nakabo, 2002Nakabo T. Fishes of Japan: with pictorial keys to the species. Tokyo: Tokai University Press: 2002. ; Román et al., 2000Román E, Alemany F, Carbonell A. First record of Gonostoma elongatum Günther, 1878 (Osteichthyes: Gonostomatidae) in the North-western Mediterranean. Boll Soc Hist Nat Balears. 2000; 43:27–31. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71775056.pdf
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71775056... ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015cKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015c. p.421–35.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). In Brazilian waters, the species was previously reported from off Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul States, including the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha and Trindade and Martin Vaz archipelagos (Mukhacheva, 1972Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Mincarone et al., 2017Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Larvae were also recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Specimens of S. elongatus examined here were collected off Rio Grande do Norte (including seamounts), Paraíba, and Pernambuco States, the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 70 and 984 m (Fig. 3C).

Specimens examined. 41 (45–207 mm SL): NPM 3182, 3 (49–173 mm), AB1#51; NPM 3284, 1 (45 mm), AB1#14; NPM 4539, 4 (93–198 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4540, 4 (90–205 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4542, 5 (134–190 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4543, 3 (186–192 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4544, 9 (51–184 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4546, 5 (164–207 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4547, 2 (128–190 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4548, 2 (186–196 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4783, 2 (47–78 mm), AB2#56C; NPM 5056, 1 (49 mm), AB2#28.

Zaphotias Goode & Bean, 1898

Diagnosis.Zaphotias can be distinguished in the Gonostomatidae by the absence of adipose fin; anal-fin origin in advance of dorsal-fin origin; anteriormost anal-fin rays greatly elongated; 14–16 pectoral-fin rays; 17–20 dorsal-fin rays; no photophores on isthmus; a single row of conspicuous ventral photophores; SO present; BR 11–13; upper jaw teeth in a single row, with 10–12 long teeth and 2–4 small teeth in each interspace (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1976Mukhacheva VA. Systematics and distribution of Bonapartia Goode et Bean and Margrethia Jespersen et Taning (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:73–91. ). A single valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Zaphotias pedaliotus (Goode & Bean, 1896)

(Fig. 4F)

Diagnosis. As for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Atlantic and Indian oceans, from 43ºN to 40ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1976Mukhacheva VA. Systematics and distribution of Bonapartia Goode et Bean and Margrethia Jespersen et Taning (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:73–91. ; Schaefer et al., 1986aSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Gonostomatidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986a. p.247–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Quéro et al., 1990aQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Gonostomatidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.283–92. ; Porteiro et al., 1999Porteiro FM, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Santos RS. Deep-sea pelagic fishes from the Azores (eastern North Atlantic) deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Breviora. 1999; 507:1–42. ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Bernal et al., 2020Bernal A, Toresen R, Riera R. Mesopelagic fish composition and diets of three myctophid species with potential incidence of microplastics, across the southern tropical gyre. Deep Sea Res 2 Top Stud Oceanogr. 2020; 179:104706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104706
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.1047... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was recorded from off Canada to northeastern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, the species was previously recorded off Maranhão State, the Rocas Atoll, and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Fernando de Noronha archipelagos (Mukhacheva, 1976Mukhacheva VA. Systematics and distribution of Bonapartia Goode et Bean and Margrethia Jespersen et Taning (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:73–91. ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Zaphotias pedaliotus is herein recorded from off Rio Grande do Norte State (near the seamounts), Paraíba State, Rocas Atoll, and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, based on specimens collected between depths of 130 and 984 m (Fig. 3C).

Remarks. Until recently, this species was usually recognized as Bonapartia pedaliota Goode & Bean, 1896, including in Brazilian waters (e.g., Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ). However, Bonapartia Goode & Bean, 1896 is a junior homonym of Bonapartia Büttikofer, 1896 (Aves: Pycnonotidae). The species should therefore be recognized in Zaphotias Goode & Bean, 1898 (Sangster, 2021Sangster G. The correct genus name of Bonapartia pedaliota (Teleostei: Gonostomatidae). Zootaxa. 2021; 5068(4):595–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5068.4.9
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5068.4.... ).

Specimens examined. 141 (37–81 mm SL): NPM 4229, 47 (37–72 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4392, 28 (42–71 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4407, 3 (53–62 mm), AB2#56B; NPM 4408, 23 (40–81 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4409, 6 (58–61 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4423, 29 (49–71 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4529, 1 (56 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4611, 1 (damaged), AB2#59A; NPM 5059, 2 (57–60 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 6106, 1 (damaged), AB2#44B.

STERNOPTYCHIDAE

The Sternoptychidae comprises meso- and bathypelagic fishes distributed in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern oceans (Schultz, 1964Schultz LP. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.241–73.; Gon, 1990bGon O. Sternoptychidae. In: Gon O, Heemstra PC, editors. Fishes of the Southern Ocean. Grahamstown: JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology; 1990b. p.123–26. ; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Duhamel et al., 2014Duhamel G, Hulley P-A, Causse R, Koubbi P, Vacchi M, Pruvost P, Vigetta S, Irisson J-O, Mormède S, Belchier M, Dettai A, Detrich HW, Gutt J, Jones CD, Kock K-H, Lopez ALJ, Van de Putte AP. Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish. In: De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griffiths HJ, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte AP, Danis B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J, Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y, editors. Biogeographic atlas of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge: Scientific Committee on Antartic Research; 2014. p.328–62.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.). The family includes 78 valid species in 10 genera and two subfamilies: Maurolicinae, with the genera Araiophos Grey, 1961, Argyripnus Gilbert & Cramer, 1897, DanaphosBruun, 1931Bruun AF. On some new fishes of the family Gonostomatidae. Preliminary note. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist Foren Kjøbenhavn. 1931; 92:285–91., Maurolicus Cocco, 1838, Sonoda Grey, 1959, ThorophosBruun, 1931Bruun AF. On some new fishes of the family Gonostomatidae. Preliminary note. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist Foren Kjøbenhavn. 1931; 92:285–91., and Valenciennellus Jordan & Evermann, 1896; and Sternoptychinae, with the genera Argyropelecus Cocco, 1829, Polyipnus Günther, 1887, and Sternoptyx Hermann, 1781 (Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ). Species of the Sternoptychidae are typically small and characterized in the Stomiiformes by the pseudobranch present, ventral photophores series united in groups of two or more photophores, and chin barbel absent (Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Fifteen species of the Sternoptychidae were reported in Brazilian waters, in the genera Argyripnus, Argyropelecus, Maurolicus, Polyipnus, Sternoptyx, and Valenciennellus (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Séret, Andreata, 1992Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Mincarone et al., 2017Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al., 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ; Tab. 2). An undescribed species of Polyipnus was also reported off the central coast of Brazil (Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ). Maurolicus javanicus Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993 and M. muelleri (Gmelin, 1789) were also reported from off the north and northeastern coasts of Brazil (Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ), but according to Rees et al., (2020)Rees DJ, Poulsen JY, Sutton TT, Costa PAS, Landaeta MF. Global phylogeography suggests extensive eucosmopolitanism in mesopelagic fishes (Maurolicus: Sternoptychidae). Scient Rep. 2020; 10:e20544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528-7
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528... the distribution of these species is likely restricted to the eastern Indian Ocean and the Arctic Circle, respectively. Therefore, the occurrence of those species in Brazilian waters needs confirmation. All sternoptychids collected during the ABRACOS expeditions, listed below, were previously reported in Brazilian waters.

Maurolicinae

Members of the Maurolicinae can be recognized in the Sternoptychidae by an elongate body, not extremely compressed laterally, dorsal blade absent, and 19–27 anal-fin rays (Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.).

Valenciennellus Jordan & Evermann, 1896

Diagnosis.Valenciennellus can be distinguished in the Maurolicinae by the eyes moderately tubular and directed upwards; 7–8 dorsal-fin rays; 24–25 anal-fin rays; AC in 3 to 6 groups; BR 6 (Bruun, 1931Bruun AF. On some new fishes of the family Gonostomatidae. Preliminary note. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist Foren Kjøbenhavn. 1931; 92:285–91.; Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ). Two valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Valenciennellustripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871)

(Fig. 5A)

FIGURE 5 |
A.Valenciennellustripunctulatus, NPM 3301, 29 mm SL; B.Argyropelecus aculeatus, NPM 4133, 82 mm SL; C.Argyropelecusaffinis, NPM 4089, 53 mm SL; D.Argyropelecus gigas, NPM 4090, 88 mm SL; E.Argyropelecushemigymnus, NPM 3203, 26 mm SL; F.Argyropelecus sladeni, NPM 4102, 60 mm SL; G.Sternoptyx diaphana, NPM 4160, 28 mm SL; H. Sternoptyx pseudobscura, NPM 4103, 51 mm SL; I. Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana, NPM 4160, 59 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Valenciennellustripunctulatus differs from V. carlsbergiBruun, 1931Bruun AF. On some new fishes of the family Gonostomatidae. Preliminary note. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist Foren Kjøbenhavn. 1931; 92:285–91. by the AC in 4 to 6 (typically 5) groups (vs. AC in 3 groups), and 5 OA photophores (vs. 2) (Bruun, 1931Bruun AF. On some new fishes of the family Gonostomatidae. Preliminary note. Vidensk Meddel Naturhist Foren Kjøbenhavn. 1931; 92:285–91.; Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal between 55ºN and 44ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Lipej, Dulčić, 2010Lipej L, Dulčić J. Checklist of the Adriatic Sea fishes. Zootaxa. 2010; 2589:1–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, V. tripunctulatus was previously reported off Pará, Maranhão, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul States, also in the vicinities of the Fernando de Noronha, Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and Trindade and Martin Vaz archipelagos (Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Additional records in the western Atlantic outside the Brazilian EEZ are also known (Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Larvae were recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Specimens of V. tripunctulatus examined here were collected off Pernambuco State, Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 45 and 537 m (Fig. 3D).

Specimens examined. 19 (23–32 mm SL): NPM 3285, 7 (23–28 mm), AB1#51; NPM 3301, 3 (29–30 mm), AB1#15; NPM 3302, 3 (28 mm), AB1#14; NPM 3303, 2 (23–29 mm), AB1#22; NPM 4243, 1 (32 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4438, 1 (31 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4439, 2 (damaged), AB2#46A.

Sternoptychinae

Members of the Sternoptychinae can be recognized in the Sternoptychidae by the body extremely compressed laterally, presence of dorsal blade and 11–19 anal-fin rays (Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.).

Argyropelecus Cocco, 1829

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus can be distinguished in the Sternoptychinae by the eyes tubular, directed upwards; dorsal blade with several spines anterior to dorsal-fin rays; abdominal keel developed; post-abdominal spines present; AB 12; SAB 6; SP 2; PAN 4 (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128., 1986Baird RC. Tribe Sternoptychini. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p.255–59.). A total of 10 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850

(Fig. 5B)

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus aculeatus differs from congeners by the presence of denticles in the SC photophores; PAN, AN and SC in separated groups; two post-abdominal spines with different sizes, the posterior one markedly larger than the anterior; posteriormost abdominal keel scale slanting forward; dorsal blade height and width approximately equal; 9–10 dorsal-fin rays; lower jaw with a pair of canine teeth (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 43ºN and 40ºS (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off the United States to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). In the Brazilian EEZ, A. aculeatus was previously reported from off the northeast to southeast coast, including the Rocas Atoll and the Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos (Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ). Larvae were also recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Specimens of A. aculeatus examined here were collected off Rio Grande do Norte (including seamounts), Paraíba, and Pernambuco States, in addition to the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 430 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3D).

Specimens examined. 43 (30–82 mm SL): NPM 4112, 6 (32–46 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4113, 1 (46 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4114, 1 (45 mm), AB2#60B; NPM 4120, 1 (42 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4125, 1 (48 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4131, 22 (34–82 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4133, 1 (82 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4142, 1 (36 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4187, 9 (30–67 mm), AB2#56C.

Argyropelecus affinis Garman, 1899

(Fig. 5C)

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus affinis differs from congeners by the PAN, AN and SC not distinctly separated in groups, organized in a nearly straight line; dorsal blade reduced, its height less than one-third of its length; ventral keel scales not extending below abdominal photophores; laterally directed postorbital spine absent (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128., 1986Baird RC. Tribe Sternoptychini. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p.255–59.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 43ºN and 35ºS (Norman, 1939Norman JR. Fishes. The John Murray expedition 1933–34. Scient Rep, John Murray Exped. 1939; 7(1):1–116.; Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Vélez, 2009Vélez J. Stomiiformes. In: Nakaya K, Yabe M, Imamura H, Romero Camarena M, Yoshida M, editors. Deep-sea fishes of Peru. Tokyo: Japan Deep Sea Trawlers Association; 2009. p.118–31.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Uyeno, Aizawa, 1983Uyeno T, Aizawa M. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983. p.137–41.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, A. affinis was previously reported off the northeastern coast and adjacent oceanic islands (Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ), with additional records in the western Atlantic outside the Brazilian EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). The specimens examined here were collected from off the Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte States, including seamounts, and off the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 50 and 850 m (Fig. 3D).

Specimens examined. 378 (28–78 mm SL): NPM 4089, 31 (28–68 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4094, 7 (45–61 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4110, 24 (45–59 mm), AB2#48A; NPM 4111, 4 (damaged), AB2#42A; NPM 4134, 2 (53–65 mm), AB2#60B; NPM 4135, 27 (33–68 mm), AB2#45B; NPM 4180, 46 (33–78 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4210, 14 (44–65 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4211, 210 (35–73 mm), AB2#35; NPM 4426, 11 (48–57 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4428, 1 (48 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4436, 1 (39 mm), AB2#21.

Argyropelecus gigas Norman, 1930

(Fig. 5D)

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus gigas differs from congeners by the PAN, AN, and SC not distinctly separated in groups; dorsal blade developed, its height more than one-third its length; a prominent, laterally directed, postorbital (sphenotic) spine near the postero-dorsal margin of the eye (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 65ºN and 40ºS (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Randall, Lim, 2000Randall JE, Lim KKP. A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. Raffles Bull Zool (Suppl.). 2000; 8:569–667.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, reported from off Greenland to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Afonso et al., 2018Afonso NR, Coad BW, Sawatzky CD, Reist JD. Distributional records for marine fishes of Artic Canada. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1287. Winnipeg: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region; 2018. Available from: https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.860626/publication.html
https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.86... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters the species was previously reported off Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul States (Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ). Additional records in the western Atlantic outside the Brazilian EEZ are also known (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Specimens of A. gigas examined here were collected off Rio Grande do Norte State, near the seamounts, and the Rocas Atoll, between depths of 610 and 700 m (Fig. 3E).

Specimens examined. 9 (78–91 mm SL): NPM 4090, 2 (78–88 mm), AB2#35; NPM 4096, 5 (84–90 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4132, 2 (83–91 mm), AB2#60B.

Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829

(Fig. 5E)

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus hemigymnus differs from congeners by the PAN, AN and SC in separated groups; AN series length shorter than the gap between AC and SC; a single post-abdominal spine with serrated margins; an elongated, slender posterior body trunk; 8 dorsal-fin rays (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 66ºN and 60ºS, including the Mediterranean Sea (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Elbaraasi et al., 2019Elbaraasi H, Elabar B, Elaabidi S, Bashir A, Elsilini O, Shakman E, Azzurro E. Updated checklist of bony fishes along the Libyan coast (southern Mediterranean Sea). Mediterr Mar Sci. 2019; 20(1):90–105. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.15570
https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.15570... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Greenland to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Argyropelecus hemigymnus was also reported along almost the entire Brazilian coast, and off Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al., 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ). Larvae were recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Specimens of A. hemigymnus examined here were collected off Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Rio Grande do Norte States (including the seamounts), and off the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 260 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3E).

Specimens examined. 53 (8–31 mm SL): NPM 3201, 7 (8–20 mm), AB1#15; NPM 3202, 3 (27–30 mm), AB1#14; NPM 3203, 5 (21–26 mm), AB1#22; NPM 3204, 11 (16–22 mm), AB1#26; NPM 3999, 2 (11–13 mm), AB1#52; NPM 4136, 4 (14–28 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4137, 3 (23–26 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4138, 2 (26–31 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4139, 1 (25 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4140, 5 (22–28 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4188, 2 (17–21 mm), AB2#56C; NPM 4429, 1 (22 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4432, 5 (19–22 mm), AB2#46A; NPM 4456, 1 (21 mm), AB2#46B; NPM 5734, 1 (15 mm), AB2#52B.

Argyropelecus sladeni Regan, 1908

(Fig. 5F)

Diagnosis.Argyropelecus sladeni differs from congeners by the PAN, AN and SC in separated groups; denticles in SC photophores absent; two post-abdominal spines with similar sizes; a long, outwardly hooked upper preopercular spine; lower jaw teeth uniform in size; dorsal blade low, its height about three or more times its length; 9–10 dorsal-fin rays (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 60ºN and 41ºS (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Orlov, Tokranov, 2019Orlov AM, Tokranov AM. Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Prog Oceanogr. 2019; 176:e102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102143
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.10... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Uyeno, Aizawa, 1983Uyeno T, Aizawa M. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983. p.137–41.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, the species was previously reported off Pará, Rio Grande do Norte, and Bahia States, in addition to the Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Larvae were recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). The specimens of A. sladeni examined here were collected off Rio Grande do Norte State, including seamounts, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 50 and 850 m (Fig. 3E).

Specimens examined. 14 (32–65 mm SL): NPM 4091, 1 (41 mm), AB2#48A; NPM 4102, 1 (60 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4106, 2 (51–64 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4116, 1 (54 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4141, 2 (39–40 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4182, 6 (32–61 mm), AB2#45B; NPM 4427, 1 (65 mm), AB2#44A.

Sternoptyx Hermann, 1781

Diagnosis.Sternoptyx can be distinguished in the Sternoptychidae by the body extremely compressed; eyes not tubular; dorsal blade with one spine; anterior margin of dorsal blade serrated; abdominal keel developed; post-abdominal spines present; AB 10; BR 3; I 5; PO externally indistinct and ventral to orbit (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ). Four valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781

(Fig. 5G)

Diagnosis.Sternoptyx diaphana differs from congeners by the SAN slightly elevated, its height less than half the distance between the ventral body margin and its midline; posterior margin of AN and ventral margin of the anal-fin base forming a narrow V shaped line; body depth larger than standard length; 9–11 dorsal-fin rays, usually less than 11; 28 vertebrae, occasionally 27 or 29 (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 55ºN and 55ºS (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Uyeno, Aizawa, 1983Uyeno T, Aizawa M. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983. p.137–41.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). The species was previously recorded off Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul States in Brazilian waters, in addition to the Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Séret, Andreata, 1992Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Pinheiro et al., 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ). Larvae were recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Sternoptyx diaphana is reported here based on specimens collected off Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte States, including the seamounts, in addition to the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 130 and 1,113 m (Fig. 3F).

Specimens examined. 1,046 (11–43 mm SL): NPM 4152, 95 (14–43 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4154, 2 (27–28 mm), AB2#56B; NPM 4155, 3 (26–31 mm), AB2#35; NPM 4156, 12 (19–35 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4157, 80 (14–35 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4158, 10 (23–29 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4160, 91 (13–38 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4161, 17 (16–42 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4167, 23 (18–33 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4185, 1 (21 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4186, 466 (15–33 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4189, 1 (22 mm), AB2#56C; NPM 4215, 65 (11–36 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4231, 173 (14–34 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4327, 2 (12–17 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4453, 1 (26 mm), AB2#44B; NPM 4506, 3 (17–32 mm), AB2#60B; NPM 5011, 1 (15 mm), AB2#53B.

Sternoptyx pseudobscura Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.

(Fig. 5H)

Diagnosis.Sternoptyx pseudobscura differs from congeners by the SAN distinctly elevated, positioned higher or near mid-trunk line; posterior anal-fin pterygiophores nearly as long as the anterior ones; 9–11 dorsal-fin rays; usually 29 vertebrae, occasionally 27, 28, 30 or 31 (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128., 1986Baird RC. Tribe Sternoptychini. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ sea fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p.255–59.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Badcock, Baird, 1980Badcock J, Baird RC. Remarks of systematics, development, and distribution of the hatchetfish genus Sternoptyx (Pisces, Stomiatoidei). Fish Bull (Wash DC). 1980; 77(4):803–20. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/1979/774/badcock.pdf
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/... ; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and temperate waters, between 40ºN and 40ºS (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1977Borodulina OD. A new species of hatchetfish, Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes) from the waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Vopr Ikhtiol. 1977; 17(5):938–41., 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Quéro et al., 1990bQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Sternoptychidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.275–82. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Uyeno, Aizawa, 1983Uyeno T, Aizawa M. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983. p.137–41.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Milkova et al., 2016Milkova V, Hanke G, Gillespie G, Fong K, Boutillier J, Bedard J. Range records for ten species of stomiiform, aulopiform, and myctophiform fishes in British Columbia, Canada. Northwest Nat. 2016; 97:113–23. https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN15-11.1
https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN15-11.1... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). In Brazilian waters, S. pseudobscura was previously reported off the northeastern coast and adjacent oceanic islands, and from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro States, with additional records outside the Brazilian EEZ off the northeast and south regions (Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020aEduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). The species is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 520 and 1,113 m off Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte States, including the seamounts, in addition to the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Fig. 3F).

Specimens examined. 58 (13–58 mm SL): NPM 4101, 4 (46–54 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4103, 1 (51 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4104, 4 (36–51 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4108, 15 (22–59 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4117, 2 (30–45 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4153, 5 (39–45 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4159, 12 (17–56 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4214, 1 (55 mm), AB2#60B; NPM 4468, 14 (13–42 mm), AB2#44A.

Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana Borodulina, 1977Borodulina OD. A new species of hatchetfish, Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes) from the waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Vopr Ikhtiol. 1977; 17(5):938–41.

(Fig. 5I)

Diagnosis.Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana differs from congeners by the SAN slightly elevated; body depth approximately equal to SL; SAN photophore height 33–50% body depth; posterior ACB photophore adjacent to or adjoining the anal-fin base; 9–13 dorsal-fin rays, usually 11 or 12; 30–32 vertebrae, rarely 29 (Borodulina, 1978Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Badcock, Baird, 1980Badcock J, Baird RC. Remarks of systematics, development, and distribution of the hatchetfish genus Sternoptyx (Pisces, Stomiatoidei). Fish Bull (Wash DC). 1980; 77(4):803–20. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/1979/774/badcock.pdf
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/... ; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in the Southern Hemisphere to 50º S, with a few records in the North Atlantic, between 15ºN and 20ºN (Badcock, Baird, 1980Badcock J, Baird RC. Remarks of systematics, development, and distribution of the hatchetfish genus Sternoptyx (Pisces, Stomiatoidei). Fish Bull (Wash DC). 1980; 77(4):803–20. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/1979/774/badcock.pdf
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/... ; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Harold et al., 2015Harold AS, Stewart AL, Roberts CD. Family Sternoptychidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.446–68.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported off Brazil, in Rio Grande do Norte and Rio de Janeiro States, and near the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 822 and 984 m off the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Fig. 3F).

Specimens examined. 3 (42–59 mm SL): NPM 4166, 1 (59 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4467, 2 (42–46 mm), AB2#44A.

PHOSICHTHYIDAE

The Phosichthyidae is a family of meso- and bathypelagic fishes with a wide distribution in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans (Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.). A total of 24 species are recognized in the genera Ichthyococcus Bonaparte, 1840, Phosichthys Hutton, 1872, Pollichthys Grey, 1959, Polymetme McCulloch, 1926, Vinciguerria Jordan & Evermann, 1896, Woodsia Grey, 1959, and Yarrella Goode & Bean, 1896 (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ). Phosichthyids are characterized by an elongate and laterally compressed body, with two rows of serial photophores, photophores present on isthmus, and chin barbel absent (Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.). Except for Polymetme and Yarrella, the species of Phosichthyidae have two orbital photophores (suborbital and postorbital) (Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.).

Nine species of the Phosichthyidae were previously reported in Brazilian waters, in the genera Ichthyococcus, Phosichthys, Pollichthys, Polymetme, and Vinciguerria (Gorbunova, 1972Gorbunova NN. Systematics, distribution and biology of the fishes of the genus Vinciguerria (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:70–109.; Krefft, 1983Krefft G. Taxonomy and distribution of the fish-genus Ichthyococcus (Bonaparte, 1841) (Photichthyidae Weitzman, 1974) in the Atlantic Ocean. Invest Pesq. 1983; 47(2):295–309.; Haimovici et al., 1994Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... ; Vasconcelos-Filho et al., 1996Vasconcelos-Filho AL, Guedes DS, Acioli FD. Peixes coletados pela Expedição JOPS – II “Victor Hensen” no Nordeste do Brasil. Trab Oceanog Univ Fed PE. 1996; 24:145–56. ; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Mincarone et al., 2004Mincarone MM, Consulim CEN, Kitahara MV, Lima AT, Lima e Silva CM, Neves RD, Soto JMR, Souza Filho MB. Report on the demersal fishes sampled by onboard observers off Southern Brazil. Mare Magnum. 2004; 2(1–2):127–44.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... , 2019Bonecker ACT, Castro MS, Costa PG, Bianchini A, Bonecker SLC. Larval fish assemblages of the coastal area affected by the tailings of the collapsed dam in Southeast Brazil. Reg Stud Mar Sci. 2019; 32:100848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100848
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.1008... ; Perez et al., 2013Perez JAA, Pereira BN, Pereira DA, Schroeder R. Composition and diversity patterns of megafauna discards in the deep-water shrimp trawl fishery off Brazil. J Fish Biol. 2013; 83(4):804–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12141
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12141... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... , 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ; Mincarone et al., 2017Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Tab. 2). Melo et al., (2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... : 201) included Polymetme corythaeola (Alcock, 1898) in a list of Brazilian deep-sea fishes. However, as far as we were able to check, there is no confirmed records of that species in the Brazilian EEZ. The record of Haimovici et al., (1994)Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... of P. corythaeola in southern Brazil actually refers to P. thaeocoryla Parin & Borodulina, 1990 (Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.). All species of the Phosichthyidae identified in the ABRACOS expeditions and listed below were previously reported for Brazilian waters.

Ichthyococcus Bonaparte, 1840

Diagnosis.Ichthyococcus is distinguished in the Phosichthyidae by the relatively small mouth, reaching to about mid-eye; premaxilla excluded from mouth gape; jaw teeth uniserial and closely spaced; two ORB (1 anterior to eye and 1 mid-ventral or posterior to it); anal-fin base well behind dorsal-fin base; adipose fin present; 10–15 dorsal-fin rays; 13–17 anal-fin rays; eyes tubular and somewhat upward directed; two rows of serial photophores (ventral and lateral series); BR 11–13; IV 25–28; VAV 9–14; AC 12–14; OA 23–31 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Mukhacheva, 1980Mukhacheva VA. A review of the genus Ichthyococcus Bonaparte (Photichthyidae). Vopr Ikhtiol, 1980; 20(6):771–86. ; Fujii, 1983aFujii E. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983a. p.132–36.). Seven valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Ichthyococcus polli Blache, 1964

(Fig. 6A)

FIGURE 6 |
A.Ichthyococcuspolli, NPM 4119, 51 mm SL; B.Phosichthys argenteus, NPM 4560, 64 mm SL; C.Pollichthys mauli, NPM 3290, 38 mm SL; D.Vinciguerria nimbaria, NPM 3305, 27 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Ichthyococcus polli differs from congeners by the presence of the abdominal adipose fin; interorbital space 7.5–10.0% HL; body depth 26.9–31.9% SL; 20–27 gill-rakers; SO present; IV photophores in a straight line, only 8th IV elevated; AC in a straight line; OA 28–29; VAV 11–13; IC 50–53 (Mukhacheva, 1980Mukhacheva VA. A review of the genus Ichthyococcus Bonaparte (Photichthyidae). Vopr Ikhtiol, 1980; 20(6):771–86. ; Fujii, 1983aFujii E. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983a. p.132–36.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean, between 44ºN and 20ºS (Krefft, 1983Krefft G. Taxonomy and distribution of the fish-genus Ichthyococcus (Bonaparte, 1841) (Photichthyidae Weitzman, 1974) in the Atlantic Ocean. Invest Pesq. 1983; 47(2):295–309.; Quéro et al., 1990cQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Photichthyidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990c. p.343–48. ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, previously recorded off United States, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil (off Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago) (Blache, 1963Blache PJ. Ichthyococcuspolli nov. sp. (Gonostomidae), poisson téléostéen bathypélagique nouveau de l’Atlantique tropical africain. Bull Mus Natl Hist Nat. 1963; 35(5):468–72. ; Mukhacheva, 1980Mukhacheva VA. A review of the genus Ichthyococcus Bonaparte (Photichthyidae). Vopr Ikhtiol, 1980; 20(6):771–86. ; Fujii, 1983aFujii E. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983a. p.132–36.; Krefft, 1983Krefft G. Taxonomy and distribution of the fish-genus Ichthyococcus (Bonaparte, 1841) (Photichthyidae Weitzman, 1974) in the Atlantic Ocean. Invest Pesq. 1983; 47(2):295–309.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). Ichthyococcus polli is reported here based on specimens collected off Paraíba State, Rio Grande do Norte State (near the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 110 and 1,113 m (Fig. 7A).

FIGURE 7 |
Records of species of Phosichthyidae (A), Astronesthinae (B, C), Chauliodontinae (D), Stomiinae (E), and Malacosteinae (F) collected during the ABRACOS expeditions off northeastern Brazil. Oceanic islands: RA, Rocas Atoll; FN, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.

Specimens examined. 14 (41–72 mm SL): NPM 3258, 1 (41 mm), AB1#14; NPM 4148, 1 (69 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4149, 1 (51 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4150, 7 (44–59 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4151, 1 (72 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4339, 1 (50 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4410, 1 (53 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4926, 1 (53 mm), AB2#52A.

Phosichthys Hutton, 1872

Diagnosis.Phosichthys is a monotypic genus distinguished in the Phosichthyidae by the presence of two ORB (one anterior to eye and one mid-ventral or posterior to it); eyes not tubular; lower jaw teeth uniserial; teeth on vomer and palatine; dorsal-fin origin posterior to pelvic-fin origin; dorsal adipose fin present; dorsal-fin base and dorsal adipose-fin base much shorter than anal-fin base; 12–13 dorsal-fin rays; 23–26 anal-fin rays; 15–18 gill rakers; IC 57–58; AC 16–18 (Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Phosichthys argenteus Hutton, 1872

(Fig. 6B)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Cincumglobal in the Southern Hemisphere, except the eastern Pacific Ocean (Quéro et al., 1990cQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Photichthyidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990c. p.343–48. ; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.; Balushkin, 2017Balushkin AV. Findings of the silver lightfish Phosichthys argenteus (Phosichthyidae) at the Pulkovo Ridge (South-Central Pacific). J Ichthyol. 2017; 57(6):821–26. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945217060029
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521706002... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was recorded off Brazil (from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul States), Uruguay, and off the Malvinas Islands (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.). Phosichthys argenteus is reported here based on one specimen collected at 63 m depth off Rio Grande do Norte State, near the seamounts (Fig. 7A).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4560, 1 (64 mm), AB2#35.

Pollichthys Grey, 1959

Diagnosis.Pollichthys is a monotypic genus that can be distinguished in the Phosichthyidae by the presence of two ORB (one anterior to eye and one mid-ventral or posterior to it); eyes not tubular; premaxillary teeth uniserial; 15–17 gill rakers; pseudobranchiae absent; pelvic-fin origin in advance of dorsal-fin origin; anal-fin base length more than twice the dorsal-fin base length; 10–12 dorsal-fin rays; 22–30 anal-fin rays; photophores present on isthmus; ORB 2; OP 3; SO present; IC 47–50; OA 19–21 (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Pollichthys mauli (Poll, 1953)

(Fig. 6C)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, western and central Pacific, and western Indian oceans, between 47ºN and 36ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Quéro et al., 1990cQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Photichthyidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990c. p.343–48. ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Fricke et al., 2009Fricke R, Mulochau T, Durville P, Chabanet P, Tessier E, Letourneur Y. Annotated checklist of the fish species (Pisces) of La Réunion, including a red list of threatened and declining species. Stuttg Beitr Naturkd A. 2009; 2:1–168. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Schmitter-Soto et al., 2000Schmitter-Soto JJ, Vásquez-Yeomans L, Aguilar-Perera A, Curiel-Mondragón C, Vázques JAC. Lista de peces marinos del Caribe Mexicano. Anal Inst Biol Univ Nac Auto Mexico (Zool.). 2000; 71(2):143–77. Available from: http://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/zoo/article/view/7237
http://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/zoo/ar... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil, Pollichthys mauli was previously recorded from off Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul States (Vasconcelos-Filho et al., 1996Vasconcelos-Filho AL, Guedes DS, Acioli FD. Peixes coletados pela Expedição JOPS – II “Victor Hensen” no Nordeste do Brasil. Trab Oceanog Univ Fed PE. 1996; 24:145–56. ; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.), and near the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Montague and Davis seamounts; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ). Larvae were recorded between Bahia and São Paulo States, including the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Goçalo et al., 2011Goçalo CG, Katsuragawa M, Silveira ICA. Patterns of distribution and abundance of larval Phosichthyidae (Actinopterygii, Stomiiformes) in southeastern Brazilian waters. Braz J Oceanogr. 2011; 59(3):213–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592011000300002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759201100... ; Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... ). Pollichthys mauli is reported here based on one specimen collected between depths of 75 and 525 m off Rio Grande do Norte State (Fig. 7A).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 3290, 1 (38 mm), AB1#25.

Vinciguerria Jordan & Evermann, 1896

Diagnosis.Vinciguerria can be distinguished in the Phosichthyidae by the presence of two ORB (one anterior to eye and one mid-ventral or posterior to eye); eyes round or slightly tubular; teeth uniserial in upper jaw and biserial on anterior portion of lower jaw; pseudobranchiae absent; pelvic-fin origin in advance of dorsal-fin origin; anal-fin base length similar to or slightly shorther than dorsal-fin base; dorsal adipose fin present, above posterior portion of anal; 12–16 dorsal-fin rays; 12–17 anal-fin rays; photophores present on isthmus; OP 3; IC 39–48; OA 18–25; 14–36 gill rakers (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Gorbunova, 1972Gorbunova NN. Systematics, distribution and biology of the fishes of the genus Vinciguerria (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:70–109.; Johnson, Feltes, 1984Johnson RK, Feltes RM. A new species of Vinciguerria (Salmoniformes: Photichthyidae) from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, with comments on the depauperacy of the Red Sea mesopelagic fish fauna. Fieldiana Zool (New Series). 1984; 22:1–35.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). Five valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Vinciguerria nimbaria (Jordan & Williams, 1895)

(Fig. 6D)

Diagnosis.Vinciguerria nimbaria differs from congeners by the eyes not tubular, lateral; interorbital width broad; 6–10 small teeth on premaxilla; SO present; IV 21–24; IC 45–46; 17–26 gill rakers; 13–15 dorsal-fin rays; 13–16 anal-fin rays; 9–11 pectoral-fin rays; 7 pelvic-fin rays; dorsal-adipose fin origin near vertical through end of anal-fin base; 39–44 vertebrae (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Gorbunova, 1972Gorbunova NN. Systematics, distribution and biology of the fishes of the genus Vinciguerria (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:70–109.; Schaefer et al., 1986bSchaefer S, Johnson RK, Babcock J. Photichthyidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: MacMillan; 1986b. p.243–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 48ºN and 45ºS (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Quéro et al., 1990cQuéro JC, Njock JC, de la Hoz MM. Photichthyidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990c. p.343–48. ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015dKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Phosichthyidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015d. p.436–45.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Grey, 1964Grey M. Family Gonostomatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr., Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.78–240.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazilian waters, V. nimbaria was recorded off Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and from off Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul States, in addition to the Trindade and Martin Vaz and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos, and the Vitória-Trindade Chain, near the Montague Seamount (Gorbunova, 1972Gorbunova NN. Systematics, distribution and biology of the fishes of the genus Vinciguerria (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:70–109.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86., Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... , 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ). Larvae were recorded from Bahia to São Paulo States, including the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Goçalo et al., 2011Goçalo CG, Katsuragawa M, Silveira ICA. Patterns of distribution and abundance of larval Phosichthyidae (Actinopterygii, Stomiiformes) in southeastern Brazilian waters. Braz J Oceanogr. 2011; 59(3):213–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592011000300002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759201100... ; Bonecker et al., 2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... , 2019Bonecker ACT, Castro MS, Costa PG, Bianchini A, Bonecker SLC. Larval fish assemblages of the coastal area affected by the tailings of the collapsed dam in Southeast Brazil. Reg Stud Mar Sci. 2019; 32:100848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100848
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.1008... ; Stocco, Joyeux, 2015Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590
https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ). Vinciguerria nimbaria is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 50 and 780 m off Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Pernambuco States, and from the vicinities of the Rocas Atoll (Fig. 7A).

Specimens examined. 22 (17–49 mm SL): NPM 3305, 1 (27 mm), AB1#14; NPM 3385, 8 (21–32 mm), AB1#12; NPM 3386, 1 (21 mm), AB1#20; NPM 3387, 3 (18–25 mm), AB1#31; NPM 3388, 3 (17–21 mm), AB1#26; NPM 4568, 2 (31–38 mm), AB2#49B; NPM 4618, 1 (21 mm), AB1#36; NPM 4623, 1 (22 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4765, 2 (49 mm), AB2#16.

STOMIIDAE

The Stomiidae is a family of meso- and bathypelagic fishes with a wide distribution in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern oceans (Fink, 1985Fink WL. Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes. Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich. 1985; 171:1–127. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415... ; Gon, 1990cGon O. Stomiidae. In: Gon O, Heemstra PC, editors. Fishes of the Southern Ocean. Grahamstown: JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology; 1990c. p.127–33. ; Duhamel et al., 2014Duhamel G, Hulley P-A, Causse R, Koubbi P, Vacchi M, Pruvost P, Vigetta S, Irisson J-O, Mormède S, Belchier M, Dettai A, Detrich HW, Gutt J, Jones CD, Kock K-H, Lopez ALJ, Van de Putte AP. Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish. In: De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griffiths HJ, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte AP, Danis B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J, Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y, editors. Biogeographic atlas of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge: Scientific Committee on Antartic Research; 2014. p.328–62.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015eKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70.). It is the most diverse family of the Stomiiformes, with a total of 28 genera and about 319 valid species (Fink, 1985Fink WL. Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes. Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich. 1985; 171:1–127. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415... ; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ). The family is generally regarded as monophyletic (e.g., Fink, 1985Fink WL. Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes. Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich. 1985; 171:1–127. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415... ; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015eKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70.), but subfamilies within the assemblage are likely not monophyletic and are sometimes treated as distinct families (e.g., Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Parin, Borodulina, 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Prokofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010... , 2015Prokofiev AM. New species of Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) from the Canary Basin with notes on E. parri. J Ichthyol. 2015; 55(1):125–27. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945215010142
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521501014... , 2020Prokofiev AM. On some little-known Melanostomiidae with the description of a new species of Eustomias. J Ichthyol. 2020; 60(3):345–54. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945220030121
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294522003012... ). Here we follow Kenaley, Stewart, (2015e)Kenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70., who provisionally recognized six subfamilies of stomiid fishes: Astronesthinae, Chauliodontinae, Idiacanthinae, Malacosteinae, Melanostomiinae, and Stomiinae. In general, members of the Stomiidae have an elongated body, mouth large to extremely large, teeth often fang-like, sometimes small, no true gill rakers in adults, two rows of photophores along the body, and a chin barbel often ornate and associated with the hyoid apparatus present in most species (Kenaley, Stewart, 2015eKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Family Stomiidae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015e. p.469–70.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.).

At least 50 species of the Stomiidae were previously reported in Brazillian waters, in the genera Aristostomias Zugmayer, 1913, Astronesthes Richardson, 1845, Bathophilus Giglioli, 1882, Chauliodus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Echiostoma Lowe, 1843, Eustomias Vaillant 1884, FlagellostomiasParr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. , Grammatostomias Goode & Bean, 1896, Heterophotus Regan & Trewavas, 1929, Idiacanthus Peters, 1877, Leptostomias Gilbert, 1905, Malacosteus Ayres, 1848, Melanostomias Brauer, 1902, Photonectes Günther, 1887, Photostomias Collett, 1889, Stomias Cuvier, 1816, and Thysanactis Regan & Trewavas, 1930 (Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; Parin, Novikova, 1974Parin NV, Novikova NS. Taxonomy of viperfishes (Chauliodontidae, Osteichthyes) and their distribution in the world ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:255–315. ; Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Gibbs et al., 1983Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; Gomon, Gibbs, 1985Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; Séret, Andreata, 1992Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; Haimovici et al., 1994Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... ; Parin, Borodulina, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65., 1997Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Review of the “Astronesthes cyaneus species group” (Astronesthidae), with description of two new species. J Ichthyol. 1997; 37(9):737–48. , 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. ; Parin et al., 1999Parin NV, Borodulina OD, Hulley PA. A review of the Astronestes boulengeri species group (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes), with description of two new species. J Ichthyol. 1999; 39(8):557–70. ; Clarke, 2000Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... ; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Mincarone et al., 2004Mincarone MM, Consulim CEN, Kitahara MV, Lima AT, Lima e Silva CM, Neves RD, Soto JMR, Souza Filho MB. Report on the demersal fishes sampled by onboard observers off Southern Brazil. Mare Magnum. 2004; 2(1–2):127–44.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Mincarone et al., 2017Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... , 2020cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Klautau et al., 2020Klautau AGCM, Cintra IHA, Rotundo MM, Carvalho-Filho A, Caires RA, Marceniuk AP. The deep-sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian north coast. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2020; 18(3):e200030. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0030
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Tab. 2). Here we report on 10 new records of stomiid fishes in the Brazilian EEZ: Aristostomias grimaldii Zugmayer, 1913, Astronesthes gudrunae Parin & Borodulina, 2002, Bathophilus nigerrimus Giglioli, 1882, Borostomias elucens (Brauer, 1906), Eustomias bibulbosusParr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. , E. minimusClarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975... , Grammatostomias ovatusProkofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010... , Melanostomias biseriatus Regan & Trewavas, 1930, Pachystomias microdon (Günther, 1878), and Photonectes achirus Regan & Trewavas, 1930. Occurrences of Eustomias braueri Zugmayer, 1911, E. schmidti Regan & Trewavas, 1930, Grammatostomias dentatus Goode & Bean, 1896, Leptostomias gladiator (Zugmayer, 1911), Melanostomias bartonbeaniParr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. and P. goodyeari Kenaley & Hartel, 2005, are also confirmed for Brazilian waters. Records of Idiacanthus fasciola Peters, 1877, Aristostomias polydactylus Regan & Tewavas, 1930, Bathophilus altipinnis Beebe, 1933, and Eustomias metamelas Gomon & Gibbs, 1985 in the Brazilian EEZ (UF 190899, MNRJ 30734, MCZ 132776, and MNRJ 30807, respectively) require verification, but those species likely occur in the region given their wide distribution in the Atlantic (Gomon, Gibbs, 1985Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Stewart, Kenaley, 2015aStewart AL, Kenaley CP. Subfamily Idiacanthinae. In: Roberts CD, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015a. p.521–23.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.).

Astronesthinae

Members of the Astronesthinae can be recognized in the Stomiidae by an elongated body; mouth large; barbel present on chin; absence of scales; dorsal-fin origin well in advance of anal-fin origin; dorsal adipose fin present, except in the genus Rhadinesthes Regan & Trewavas, 1929; ventral adipose fin often present in front of anal fin; 9–21 dorsal-fin rays; 12–28 anal-fin rays (Stewart, Kenaley, 2015bStewart AL, Kenaley CP. Subfamily Astronesthinae. In: Roberts CD, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015b. p.471–86.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.).

Astronesthes Richardson, 1845

Diagnosis.Astronesthes can be distinguished in the Astronesthinae by the dorsal-fin origin above or behind the pelvic-fin origin; anal-fin origin after the posterior end of the dorsal-fin base; 11–22 anal-fin rays; both dorsal and ventral adipose fins present; premaxillary teeth fang-like; maxillary teeth closely set and comb-like; ceratohyal teeth absent (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50.; Nakayama et al., 2021Nakayama N, Ohashi S, Tanaka F. A new species of Astronesthes (Actinopterygii, Stomiidae, Astronesthinae) snaggletooth from the tropical western Pacific, with comments on the occurrence of Astronesthes luetkeni Regan and Trewavas in Japanese waters. Ichthyol Res. 2021; 69:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-021-00813-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-021-00813... ). A total of 48 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Astronesthes atlantica Parin & Borodulina, 1996

(Fig. 8A)

FIGURE 8 |
A.Astronesthesatlantica, NPM 4019, 32 mm SL; B.Astronesthes gemmifer, NPM 4799, 146 mm SL; C.Astronesthesgudrunae, NPM 4802, 111 mm SL; D.Astronesthes richardsoni, NPM 3194, 71 mm SL; E.Astronesthessimilus, NPM 4811, 75 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Astronesthes atlantica differs from congeners by the low counts of widely spaced photophores in the IC (26–28) and OA (13–14; usually 13) series; AC 7–8; IP and PV in a straight line; last photophore of VAL behind anal-fin origin and last VAV; 14–17 dorsal-fin rays; 13–15 anal-fin rays; 7–8 pectoral-fin rays (Parin, Borodulina, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Tropical and subtropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean, between 35ºN and 40ºS (Parin, Borodulina, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and off French Guiana and Brazil (Parin, Borodulina, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65.). In Brazilian waters, the species was reported off Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Trindade and Martin Vaz archipelagos, with additional records outside the Brazilian EEZ in the western Atlantic (Parin, Borodulina, 1996Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Astronesthes atlantica is reported here based on specimens collected off the Rocas Atoll, between depths of 90 and 525 m (Fig. 7B).

Specimens examined. 2 (31–32 mm SL): NPM 4019, 1 (32 mm), AB1#22; NPM 4824, 1 (31 mm), AB2#49B.

Astronesthes gemmifer Goode & Bean, 1896

(Fig. 8B)

Diagnosis.Astronesthes gemmifer differs from congeners by the presence of four fangs and two additional teeth on the premaxilla; serial photophores closely spaced; last 5–6 VAL and VAV above anal-fin base; IV forming an arch below the pectoral-fin base; IC 62–70; OA 42–48; posterior part of elongated terminal bulb of chin barbel black ventrally (Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. , 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, Indian, and central Pacific oceans, between 62ºN and 40ºS (Gibbs, 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; Parin, Borodulina, 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.). In Brazil, A. gemmifer was reported off Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, with additional records outside the Brazilian EEZ off Rio Grande do Sul State (Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Astronesthes gemmifer is reported here based on one specimen collected off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, at 430 m depth (Fig. 7B).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4799, 1 (146 mm), AB2#41A.

Astronesthes gudrunae Parin & Borodulina, 2002

(Fig. 8C)

Diagnosis.Astronesthes gudrunae differs from congeners by the AC with 1–2 elevated photophores; IV forming an arch below the pectoral-fin base; the presence of an aggregation of luminous tissue above the pectoral-fin, larger than eye and longitudinally oriented; three luminous spots on upper jaw, the first largest and anterior to orbit; IC 51–53; OA 32–33; PV 2 and 3 at the same level; chin barbel without a terminal bulb (Parin, Borodulina, 2002Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Preliminary review of species group Astronesthes niger (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes) with description of six new species from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. J Ichthyol. 2002; 42(7):495–515.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Previous records of Astronesthes gudrunae are mostly restricted to the North Atlantic, south to 40º N, including the Caribbean Sea, with a single record in the eastern North Atlantic, at 22°1’N, 32°8’W (Parin, Borodulina, 2002Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Preliminary review of species group Astronesthes niger (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes) with description of six new species from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. J Ichthyol. 2002; 42(7):495–515., 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Astronesthes gudrunae is reported for the first time in the Brazilian EEZ based on one specimen collected off Rocas Atoll, at 610 m depth (Fig. 7B), which also represents the southernmost record of the species known so far (about 3º S).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4802, 1 (111 mm), AB2#53A.

Astronesthes richardsoni (Poey, 1852)

(Fig. 8D)

Diagnosis.Astronesthes richardsoni differs from congeners by the pelvic-fin origin well in advance of the dorsal-fin origin; anal-fin base approximately equal to dorsal-fin base; IV series in a linear row; IC 55–60; PV 15–17; OV 14–16; OA 33–37; 2–3 palatine teeth; postorbital luminous organ small; a ring of luminous spots on the cheek; chin barbel without terminal bulb (Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. , 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean, between 60ºN and 30ºS (Gibbs, 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. ; Afonso et al., 2018Afonso NR, Coad BW, Sawatzky CD, Reist JD. Distributional records for marine fishes of Artic Canada. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1287. Winnipeg: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region; 2018. Available from: https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.860626/publication.html
https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.86... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Canada to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Gibbs, 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Coad, 2018bCoad BW. Family Stomiidae. In: Coad BW Reist JD, editors. Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Can Data Rep Fish Aquat Sci. 2018b; 1287:307–15.). In Brazil, A. richardsoni was reported from off Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte States, and off Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos. Additional records in the western South Atlantic are known outside the Brazilian EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Gibbs, 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; Parin, Borodulina, 2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. , 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Astronesthes richardsoni is reported here based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State, the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 25 and 800 m (Fig. 7B).

Specimens examined. 10 (22–132 mm SL): NPM 3194, 2 (49–71 mm), AB1#9; NPM 4800, 1 (132 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4801, 1 (122 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4805, 1 (31 mm), AB2#41B; NPM 4812, 2 (91–111 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4813, 1 (22 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4814, 1 (31 mm), AB2#40A.

Astronesthes similus Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124.

(Fig. 8E)

Diagnosis.Astronesthes similus differs from congeners by the anal-fin base longer than the dorsal-fin base; 11–12 dorsal-fin rays; 6 pectoral-fin rays; BR 20–21; OA 39–41; IC 59–63; AC in a straight line; only two filaments on the terminal bulb of the chin barbel (Gibbs et al., 1984Gibbs RH Jr, Amaoka K, Haruta C. Astronesthes trifibulatus, a new Indo-Pacific stomioid fish (family Astronesthidae) related to the Atlantic A. similis. Japan J Ichthyol. 1984; 31(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5... ; Parin, Borodulina, 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ).

Geographical distribution. Western Atlantic, between 43ºN and 27ºS, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. ; Gibbs et al., 1984Gibbs RH Jr, Amaoka K, Haruta C. Astronesthes trifibulatus, a new Indo-Pacific stomioid fish (family Astronesthidae) related to the Atlantic A. similis. Japan J Ichthyol. 1984; 31(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). In Brazil, the species is reported off the northeastern region (Eduardo et al., 2020cEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ), from off Bahia to Rio de Janeiro States (Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.), and in the Vitória-Trindade Chain (Davis Seamount; Pinheiro et al., 2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ). Records outside the Brazilian EEZ in the vicinities of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Trindade and Martin Vaz archipelagos are also known (Gibbs et al., 1984Gibbs RH Jr, Amaoka K, Haruta C. Astronesthes trifibulatus, a new Indo-Pacific stomioid fish (family Astronesthidae) related to the Atlantic A. similis. Japan J Ichthyol. 1984; 31(1):5–14. https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5
https://doi.org/10.11369/jji1950.31.5... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Astronesthes similus is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 90 and 1,113 m off Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte States (Fig. 7B).

Specimens examined. 10 (36–75 mm SL): NPM 3423, 1 (40 mm), AB1#34; NPM 4811, 2 (53–75 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4822, 7 (36–48 mm), AB2#59B.

Borostomias Brauer, 1906

Diagnosis.Borostomias can be distinguished in the Astronesthinae by the presence of 8 or more short and widely spaced maxillary teeth; gill teeth in groups of 2–4; ceratohyal teeth absent; dorsal-fin origin close to pelvic-fin origin; photophore series in continuous rows (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50.). Six valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Borostomias elucens (Brauer, 1906)

(Fig. 9A)

FIGURE 9 |
A.Borostomiaselucens, NPM 4299, 196 mm SL; B.Heterophotus ophistoma, NPM 4400, 223 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Borostomias elucens can be distinguished from congeners by the fang-like premaxillary teeth; 13–16 anal-fin rays; ventral adipose fin absent; chin barbel with spherical terminal bulb, without filaments; AC 12–14, forming and arch behind anal-fin base; VAV 14–15; VAL 18 or less (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Cincumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Yamamoto, 1982Yamamoto E. Astronesthidae. In: Okamura O, Amaoka K, Mitani F, editors. Fishes of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Tosa Bay. The intensive research of unexploited fishery resources on continental slopes. Tokyo: Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association; 1982. p.79–81.; Gibbs, 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Shinohara et al., 2005Shinohara G, Sato T, Aonuma Y, Horikawa H, Matsuura K, Nakabo T, Sato K. Annotated checklist of deep-sea fishes from the waters around the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Deep-sea fauna and pollutants in the Nansei Islands. Monographs of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 2005; 29:385–452.; Liao et al., 2006Liao Y-C, Chen L-S, Shao K-T. Review of the astronesthid fishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Astronesthinae) from Taiwan with a description of one new species. Zool Stud. 2006; 45(4):517–28. ; Tatsuta et al., 2014Tatsuta N, Imamura H, Nakaya K, Kawai T, Abe T, Sakaoka K, Takagi S, Yabe M. Taxonomy of mesopelagic fishes collected around the Ogasawara Islands by the T/S Oshoro-Maru. Mem. Fac. Eng. Kyushu Univ. 2014; 56(1):1–64.; Wang et al., 2019Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Chen Z, Ying Y, Li Z, Xu D, Liu Z, Zhou M. Vertical distribution and diel migration of mesopelagic fishes on the northern slope of the South China sea. Deep Sea Res 2 Top Stud Oceanogr. 2019; 167:128–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.05.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.05.0... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, off French Guiana, and off northeastern Brazil outside the EEZ (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Regan, Trewavas, 1929Regan CT, Trewavas E. The fishes of the families Astronesthidae and Chauliodontidae. Danish Dana Expedition 1920–22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama. Oceanogr Rep. 1929; 2(5):1–39. ; Fujii, 1983bFujii E. Family Astronesthidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983b. p.144–48.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Borostomias elucens is therefore reported for the first time in the Brazilian EEZ based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State (including the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 650 and 1,113 m (Fig. 7C).

Specimens examined. 45 (46–299 mm SL): NPM 4299, 6 (96–196 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4300, 8 (54–288 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4302, 4 (91–299 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4303, 3 (72–164 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4391, 14 (46–284 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4399, 13 (47–278 mm), AB2#53A.

Heterophotus Regan & Trewavas, 1929

Diagnosis.Heterophotus is a monotypic genus that can be distinguished in the Astronesthinae by the postorbital organ as long as the eye; ventral photophores in irregular groups of 1–5; IP 1–11; PV 32–35; VAV 13–14; OV 33–36; VAL 16–20; AC 13–15; 31–35 closely spaced and erect (not slanting) maxillary teeth; gill arch teeth in groups of 2; ceratohyal teeth absent; 14–20 palatine teeth; 12–17 anal-fin rays; 11–13 dorsal-fin rays; ventral adipose fin absent; chin barbel with flattened white tip without terminal filaments; tip of snout not upturned (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Heterophotus ophistoma Regan & Trewavas, 1929

(Fig. 9B)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic (Gibbs, 1964Gibbs RH Jr. Family Astronesthidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr, Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.311–50., 1990aGibbs RH Jr. Astronesthidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990a. p.300–07. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Czudaj et al., 2020Czudaj S, Giesemann A, Hoving H-J, Koppelmann R, Lüskov F, Möllmann C, Fock HO. Spatial variation in the trophic structure of micronekton assemblages from the eastern tropical North Atlantic in two regions of differing productivity and oxygen environments. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2020; 163:103275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103275
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.10327... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ), Indian (Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... , Shcherbachev et al., 1986Shcherbachev YN, Parin NV, Pakhorukov NP, Piotrovsky AS. Mesobenthic and mesobenthopelagic fishes from submarine rises in the western Indian Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1986, 121:195-214.), and central and western Pacific oceans (Clarke, 1974Clarke TA. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid fishes in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Fish Bull. 1974; 72(2):337–51. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-aspects-ecology-stomiatoid-fishes-pacific-ocean-near-hawaii
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-a... ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Liao et al., 2006Liao Y-C, Chen L-S, Shao K-T. Review of the astronesthid fishes (Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Astronesthinae) from Taiwan with a description of one new species. Zool Stud. 2006; 45(4):517–28. ; Shinohara et al., 2009Shinohara G, Narimatsu Y, Hattori T, Ito M, Takata Y, Matsuura K. Deep-sea fauna and pollutants off Pacific coast of northern Japan. Natl Mus Nat Sci Monogr. 2009; 39:683–735. ; Fricke et al., 2011Fricke R, Kulbicki M, Wantiez L. Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttg Beitr Naturkd A. 2011; 4: 341–463. Available from: https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061070
https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is known from off United States to northeastern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Regan, Trewavas, 1929Regan CT, Trewavas E. The fishes of the families Astronesthidae and Chauliodontidae. Danish Dana Expedition 1920–22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama. Oceanogr Rep. 1929; 2(5):1–39. ; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Fujii, 1983bFujii E. Family Astronesthidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983b. p.144–48.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil the species was previously reported from off Maranhão State, and the Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos (Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Klautau et al., 2020Klautau AGCM, Cintra IHA, Rotundo MM, Carvalho-Filho A, Caires RA, Marceniuk AP. The deep-sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian north coast. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2020; 18(3):e200030. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0030
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0... ; Marceniuk et al., 2021Marceniuk AP, Caires RA, Carvalho-Filho A, Klautau AGCM, Santos WCR, Wosiacki WB, Montag L, Rotundo MM. Teleostei fishes of the north coast of Brazil. Rev CEPSUL Biodivers Conserv Mar. 2021; 10:e2021006. https://doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.vol10.1969e2021006
https://doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.v... ). Heterophotus ophistoma is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 430 and 1,030 m off Rio Grande do Norte State (including the seamounts), and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Fig. 7C).

Specimens examined. 8 (96–253 mm SL): NPM 4304, 1 (211 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4326, 1 (207 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4398, 2 (219–253 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4400, 2 (218–223 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4401, 1 (216 mm), AB2#44A.

Chauliodontinae

Members of the Chauliodontinae can be recognized in the Stomiidae by the dorsal-fin origin well in advance of the pelvic-fin origin, shortly behind head; very long fang-like teeth on both jaws extending well beyond opposite jaw when mouth is closed; dorsal and ventral adipose fin present, dorsal adipose fin large, angular, distinctly placed posteriorly on body; body long, slender, compressed, marked with scale-like hexagonal patterns, each hexagonal cell containing 1 or 2 photophores; 5–7 dorsal-fin rays, the first one elongated, second one with a red photophore on tip; anal fin short, 10–13 rays, below dorsal adipose fin; chin barbel short to absent (Morrow, 1964bMorrow JE Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964b; p.274–89.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Stewart, 2015Stewart AL. Subfamily Chauliodontinae. In: Roberts CD, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.492–93.). A single genus (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Chauliodus Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Diagnosis. Same as for the subfamily. Nine valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Chauliodus sloani Bloch & Schneider, 1801

(Fig. 10)

FIGURE 10 |
Chauliodus sloani, NPM 3287, 167 mm SL. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Chauliodus sloani differs from congeners by the presence of an approximately round postorbital organ; dorsal-fin origin over 4–10 OV; fourth premaxillary tooth longer than the third; predorsal length 17–28% SL; PV 17–23; VAV 22–28; AC 9–13; IC 62–69; OV 17–22; VAL 22–28; OA 41–48 (Morrow, 1964bMorrow JE Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964b; p.274–89.; Parin, Novikova, 1974Parin NV, Novikova NS. Taxonomy of viperfishes (Chauliodontidae, Osteichthyes) and their distribution in the world ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:255–315. ; Gibbs, 1986aGibbs RH Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986a. p.230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Stewart, 2015Stewart AL. Subfamily Chauliodontinae. In: Roberts CD, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.492–93.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 65ºN and 45ºS, including the Mediterranean Sea (Parin, Novikova, 1974Parin NV, Novikova NS. Taxonomy of viperfishes (Chauliodontidae, Osteichthyes) and their distribution in the world ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:255–315. ; Gibbs, 1986aGibbs RH Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986a. p.230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Bilecenoglu et al., 2002Bilecenoglu M, Taskavak E, Mater S, Kaya M. Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa. 2002; 113(1):1–194. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.113.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.113.1.1... ; Vélez, 2009Vélez J. Stomiiformes. In: Nakaya K, Yabe M, Imamura H, Romero Camarena M, Yoshida M, editors. Deep-sea fishes of Peru. Tokyo: Japan Deep Sea Trawlers Association; 2009. p.118–31.; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Lipej, Dulčić, 2010Lipej L, Dulčić J. Checklist of the Adriatic Sea fishes. Zootaxa. 2010; 2589:1–92. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2589.1.... ; Duhamel et al., 2014Duhamel G, Hulley P-A, Causse R, Koubbi P, Vacchi M, Pruvost P, Vigetta S, Irisson J-O, Mormède S, Belchier M, Dettai A, Detrich HW, Gutt J, Jones CD, Kock K-H, Lopez ALJ, Van de Putte AP. Chapter 7. Biogeographic patterns of fish. In: De Broyer C, Koubbi P, Griffiths HJ, Raymond B, d’Udekem d’Acoz C, Van de Putte AP, Danis B, David B, Grant S, Gutt J, Held C, Hosie G, Huettmann F, Post A, Ropert-Coudert Y, editors. Biogeographic atlas of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge: Scientific Committee on Antartic Research; 2014. p.328–62.; Stewart, 2015Stewart AL. Subfamily Chauliodontinae. In: Roberts CD, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015. p.492–93.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, 1964bMorrow JE Jr. Family Chauliodontidae. In Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964b; p.274–89.; Parin, Novikova, 1974Parin NV, Novikova NS. Taxonomy of viperfishes (Chauliodontidae, Osteichthyes) and their distribution in the world ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:255–315. ; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Mecklenburg et al., 2018Mecklenburg CW, Lynghammar A, Johannesen E, Byrkjedal I, Christiansen JS, Dolgov AV, Karamushko OJ, Meckenburg TA, Møller PR, Steinke D, Wienerroither RM. Marine fishes of the Arctic region. Volume I. CAFF Monit Ser Rep. 2018; 28:1–454. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11374/2116
http://hdl.handle.net/11374/2116... ; Coad, 2018bCoad BW. Family Stomiidae. In: Coad BW Reist JD, editors. Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Can Data Rep Fish Aquat Sci. 2018b; 1287:307–15.; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). In Brazil, C. sloani was previously recorded off Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul States, in addition to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Parin, Novikova, 1974Parin NV, Novikova NS. Taxonomy of viperfishes (Chauliodontidae, Osteichthyes) and their distribution in the world ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:255–315. ; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al., 2008Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247
https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al., 2020bEduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Mincarone MM, Soares APC, Le Loc’k F, Fredou T, Menard F, Bertrand A. Trophic ecology, habitat, and migratory behaviour of the viperfish Chauliodus sloani reveal a key mesopelagic player. Sci Rep. 2020b; 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222-8
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222... ). Larvae were recorded off Rio de Janeiro State (Bonecker, Castro, 2006Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Bonecker et al., 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn
http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ). Chauliodus sloani is reported here based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 90 and 1,030 m (Fig. 7D).

Remarks. In addition to the 57 specimens reported here, 247 specimens of C. sloani collected in the ABRACOS expeditions were dissected in a study addressing the trophic ecology, vertical migration, and functional role of the species (Eduardo et al., 2020bEduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Mincarone MM, Soares APC, Le Loc’k F, Fredou T, Menard F, Bertrand A. Trophic ecology, habitat, and migratory behaviour of the viperfish Chauliodus sloani reveal a key mesopelagic player. Sci Rep. 2020b; 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222-8
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222... ).

Specimens examined. 57 (55–241 mm SL): NPM 3286, 1 (184 mm), AB1#22; NPM 3287, 1 (167 mm), AB1#14; NPM 4386, 11 (154–238 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4389, 5 (84–153 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4396, 2 (140–146 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4397, 2 (96–114 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4420, 5 (96–196 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4421, 9 (131–210 mm), AB2#35; NPM 4422, 15 (83–241 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4447, 2 (90–219 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4448, 3 (144–184 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4921, 1 (55 mm), AB2#40A.

Stomiinae

Members of the Stomiinae can be recognized in the Stomiidae by an elongated to very elongated body; snout short; both the dorsal- and anal-fins about opposite to each other, located far behind the pelvic-fin; a long chin barbel, ending in a terminal swelling with either small filaments or appendages; 5–6 rows of closely spaced, scale-like, hexagonal cells; photophores present on each hexagonal cell; adipose fins absent (Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015fKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Stomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015f. p.487–91.). A single genus (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Stomias Cuvier, 1816

Diagnosis. Same as for the subfamily. A total of 11 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Stomias danae Ege, 1933

(Fig. 11A)

FIGURE 11 |
A.Stomias danae, NPM 4768, 95 mm SL; B.Stomiaslongibarbatus, NPM 4598, 173 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Stomias danae differs from congeners by the chin barbel stem with 2 filaments at base; terminal bulb of chin barbel without filaments; palatine with 2 teeth; 16–18 dorsal-fin rays; 20–21 anal-fin rays; six rows of hexagonal cells dorsal to lateral series of photophores; one photophore per hexagon cell in the upper two rows, usually 2–3 in the third row, and usually 3–5 in the fourth and fifth rows; total vertebrae 60–62 (Morrow, 1964dMorrow JE Jr. Family Stomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964d; p.290–310.; Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.).

Geographical distribution. Known from a few records in the western South Atlantic, western Indian and central Pacific oceans (Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; Clarke, 1974Clarke TA. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid fishes in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Fish Bull. 1974; 72(2):337–51. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-aspects-ecology-stomiatoid-fishes-pacific-ocean-near-hawaii
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-a... ; Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ). In the western South Atlantic, the species is known from one record off Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago (Brazil), and two records off northeastern Brazil, outside the country’s EEZ (Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Gibbs, 1969Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Stomias danae is reported here based on one specimen collected off Paraíba State, at 800 m depth (Fig. 7E).

Specimen examined. 1. NPM 4768, 1 (95 mm), AB2#21.

Stomias longibarbatus (Brauer, 1902)

(Fig. 11B)

Diagnosis.Stomias longibarbatus differs from congeners by an extremely elongated chin barbel, 6–11 times longer than head length and up to 75% SL; body length 20-35 times body depth; IC>170; OA>135; VAV 58–73; total vertebrae 164–172 (Morrow, 1964dMorrow JE Jr. Family Stomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964d; p.290–310.; Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015fKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Stomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015f. p.487–91.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 43ºN and 38ºS (Shcherbachev, Novikova, 1976Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Gibbs, 1986bGibbs RH Jr. Family Stomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986b. p.229–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... , 1990bGibbs RH Jr. Stomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990b. p.296–99.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015fKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Stomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015f. p.487–91.; Cherel et al., 2020Cherel Y, Romanov EV, Annasawmy P, Thibault D, Ménard F. Micronektonic fish species over three seamounts in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res II: Top Stud Oceanogr. 2020; 176:104777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104777
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.1047... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off United States, the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, and Uruguay (McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil, S. longibarbatus was reported from off the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). It is reported here based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State (near the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 260 and 1,020 m (Fig. 7E).

Specimens examined. 5 (173–390 mm SL): NPM 4390, 1 (390 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4598, 1 (173 mm), AB2#56B; NPM 4599, 1 (272 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4600, 1 (304 mm), AB2#58A; NPM 4601, 1 (267 mm), AB2#52B.

Malacosteinae

Members of the Malacosteinae can be recognized in the Stomiidae by the body moderately elongate; scales absent; snout short; mouth large to extremely large, jaws longer than skull; skin between mandibles absent, except in Pachystomias Günther, 1887; dorsal-fin origin over anal-fin origin and located far behind pelvic-fin origin; adipose fins absent; chin barbel present in most species, simple, without a complex distal tip; pectoral fin present or absent; 14–28 dorsal-fin rays; 17–32 anal-fin rays; caudal fin small, forked; one or more accessory orbital photophores anterior to orbit that often produces red light. Three genera (Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Aristostomias Zugmayer, 1913

Diagnosis.Aristostomias can be distinguished in the Malacosteinae by the chin barbel present; pectoral-fin present; snout longer than eye diameter; 2 pairs of nostrils on either side of head; two rows of conspicuous photophores (lateral and ventral series) separated in groups (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; Goodyear, Gibbs, 1986Goodyear RH, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg, Macmillan; 1986. p.235–36.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Six valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Aristostomias grimaldii Zugmayer, 1913

(Fig. 12A)

FIGURE 12 |
A.Aristostomiasgrimaldii, NPM 4659, 79 mm SL; B.Aristostomias tittmanni, NPM 4662, 76 mm SL; C.Malacosteusniger, NPM 4331, 124 mm SL; D.Pachystomias microdon, NPM 4592, 150 mm SL; E.Photostomiasatrox, NPM 4575, 67 mm SL; F.Photostomias goodyeari, NPM 4590, 64 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Aristostomias grimaldii differs from congeners by the presence of 7–10 pectoral-fin rays; 14–16 PV photophores in close-set groups (5 groups of 2–4 photophores each); luminous dots between eye and postorbital organ; barbel ending in a thickened terminal region with a poorly defined bulb (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, eastern Indian, and central Pacific oceans, between 43ºN and 35ºS (Porteiro et al., 1999Porteiro FM, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Santos RS. Deep-sea pelagic fishes from the Azores (eastern North Atlantic) deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Breviora. 1999; 507:1–42. ; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Goodyear, 1990Goodyear RH. Malacosteidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.338–40.; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off the United States, Suriname, French Guiana, and Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Fujii, 1983cFujii E. Family Malacosteidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983c; p.155–56.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Aristostomias grimaldii is reported for the first time in the Brazilian EEZ based on five specimens collected between depths of 260 and 850 m off Rio Grande do Norte State, near the seamounts, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Fig. 7F).

Specimens examined. 5 (65–86 mm SL): NPM 4622, 4 (65–86 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4659, 1 (79 mm), AB2#56C

Aristostomias tittmanni Welsh, 1923

(Fig. 12B)

Diagnosis.Aristostomias tittmanni differs from congeners by the presence of 6–7 pectoral-fin rays; 15–19 PV photophores in 5–6 close-set groups of 2–4 photophores each; luminous dots between eye and postorbital organ; barbel with a well-defined bulb (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Porteiro et al., 1999Porteiro FM, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Santos RS. Deep-sea pelagic fishes from the Azores (eastern North Atlantic) deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Breviora. 1999; 507:1–42. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Béarez et al., 2017Béarez P, Pruvost P, Feunteun E, Iglésias SP, Francour P, Causse R, De Mazieres J, Tercerie S, Bailly N. Checklist of the marine fishes from metropolitan France. Cybium. 2017; 41(4):351–71. https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414-006
https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2017-414... ; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ) and Pacific oceans (Pequeño, 1989Pequeño G. Peces de Chile: Lista sistemática revisada y comentada. Rev Biol Mar. 1989; 24(2):1–132. Available from: https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-77.pdf
https://revbiolmar.uv.cl/escaneados/322-... ; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Canada, United States, French Guiana, and northeastern Brazil (off Maranhão State) (McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Ramírez et al., 2019Ramírez JM, Vázquez-Bader AR, Gracia A. Ichthyofaunal list of the continental slope of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys. 2019; 846:117–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846.31944
https://dx.doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.846... ). Aristostomias tittmanni is reported here based on four specimens collected off Paraíba State, the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 50 and 800 m (Fig. 7F).

Specimens examined. 4 (32–76 mm SL): NPM 3278, 1 (39 mm), AB1#12; NPM 4595, 1 (32 mm), AB2#45B; NPM 4596, 1 (37 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4662, 1 (76 mm), AB2#42A.

Malacosteus Ayres, 1848

Diagnosis.Malacosteus can be distinguished in the Malacosteinae by the presence of the pectoral fin; a single nostril on either side of head; snout shorter than eye diameter; chin barbel absent; serial photophores reduced in size and arranged in groups; a small postorbital organ behind eye; suborbital organ large and comma-shaped (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; Kenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Two valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848

(Fig. 12C)

Diagnosis.Malacosteus niger can be distinguished from M. australisKenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... by IP 3–5 in 3–5 groups (vs. IP 4–8 in 3–7 groups); PO 5.8–11.9% upper jaw length in males (vs. PO 3.7–6.4% upper jaw length in males); PO 2.8–8.1% upper jaw length in females (vs. PO 2.5–4.4% upper jaw length in females) (Kenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 66ºN and 40ºS (Goodyear, 1990Goodyear RH. Malacosteidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.338–40.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Kenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off Greenland to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Fujii, 1983cFujii E. Family Malacosteidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983c; p.155–56.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Kenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... ; Coad, 2018bCoad BW. Family Stomiidae. In: Coad BW Reist JD, editors. Marine fishes of Arctic Canada. Can Data Rep Fish Aquat Sci. 2018b; 1287:307–15.; Afonso et al., 2018Afonso NR, Coad BW, Sawatzky CD, Reist JD. Distributional records for marine fishes of Artic Canada. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1287. Winnipeg: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region; 2018. Available from: https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.860626/publication.html
https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.86... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil the species was previously reported from off the northeastern region and from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro States, in addition to the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Olivar et al., 2017Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Records outside the Brazilian EEZ are also known off the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Kenaley, 2007Kenaley CP. Revision of the stoplight loosejaw genus Malacosteus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with description of a new species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere and Indian Ocean. Copeia. 2007; 2007(4):886–900. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7... ). Malacosteus niger is reported here based on 43 specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State (including the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 550 and 1,113 m (Fig. 7F).

Specimens examined. 43 (63–181 mm SL): NPM 4328, 10 (76–181 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4331, 2 (106–124 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4332, 1 (102 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4333, 15 (71–111 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4336, 2 (128–134 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4337, 9 (65–181 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4338, 3 (63–125 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4442, 1 (67 mm), AB2#52A.

Pachystomias Günther, 1887

Diagnosis.Pachystomias can be distinguished in the Malacosteinae by the very large and crescent-shaped suborbital organ, red or orange in fresh specimens; body depth about 13.8-20.0% SL; two nostrils on either side of head; a small postorbital organ below eye; mouth floor, i.e., the membrane between the mandibular symphysis and the hyoid, present; chin barbel without terminal bulb, its length shorter than head length in adults but about equal to 50% SL in juveniles; teeth uniserial in jaws, curved; 5–6 pectoral-fin rays, reduced in length; dorsal- and anal-fin bases approximately equal in length, anal-fin origin just posterior to dorsal-fin origin; photophores in both ventral and lateral series with long spaces separating them into clearly distinct groups (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A single valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Pachystomias microdon (Günther, 1878)

(Fig. 12D)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, from 58ºN to 40ºS (Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Stevenson et al., 2009Stevenson DE, Kenaley CP, Raring N. First records of rare mesopelagic fishes from the Gulf of Alaska. Northwest Nat (Olymp Wash). 2009; 90(1):24–34. https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-90.1.24
https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-90.1.2... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015gKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Malacosteinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015g. p.524–30.; Orlov, Tokranov, 2019Orlov AM, Tokranov AM. Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Prog Oceanogr. 2019; 176:e102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102143
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.10... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Love et al., 2021Love MS, Bizzarro JJ, Cornthwaite AM, Frable BW, Maslenikov KP. Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska – Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa. 2021; 5053:1–285. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off Canada to the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ). Pachystomias microdon is reported for the first time in the western South Atlantic based on nine specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State (including the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago in the Brazilian EEZ, between depths of 610 and 1,030 m (Fig. 7F).

Specimens examined. 9 (39–181 mm SL): NPM 4587, 1 (168 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4588, 2 (173–176 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4589, 1 (181 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4591, 1 (85 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4592, 1 (150 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4594, 2 (39–109 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4625, 1 (155 mm), AB2#41A.

Photostomias Collett, 1889

Diagnosis.Photostomias can be distinguished in the Malacosteinae by the pectoral fin present only in larvae and transformed juveniles up to about 27 mm SL, absent in large juveniles and adults; pelvic-fin origin well before midlength of body, greatly elongate, 36.8–52.3% SL; 6 pelvic-fin rays, proximal ray flattened and separate from remaining five elongate rays; halves of each pelvic-fin ray fused together along their anterior margins for most of their length; pelvic fins attached near base to pelvic girdle by a thin membrane; chin barbel absent; one row of photophores on each side of isthmus (Morrow, 1964cMorrow JE Jr. Family Malacosteidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964c; p.523–49.; Fink, 1985Fink WL. Phylogenetic interrelationships of the stomiid fishes. Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich. 1985; 171:1–127. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56415... ; Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Seven valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Photostomias atrox (Alcock, 1890)

(Fig. 12E)

Diagnosis.Photostomias atrox differs from congeners by the presence of three pairs of basibranchial tooth patches; 22–26 dorsal-fin rays; 26–30 anal-fin rays; sum of dorsal- and anal-fin rays 47–55, usually 50-54; male PO moderate to large in specimens greater than 60 mm, 72.1–197.2% fleshy orbit, 16.7–46.6% jaw length; AO large in specimens greater than 60 mm, 9.2–37.8% fleshy orbit, 2.1–9.6% jaw length (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical waters, except the eastern Pacific Ocean (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Kenaley, 2009Kenaley CP. Revision of Indo-Pacific species of the loosejaw dragonfish genus Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae). Copeia. 2009: 2009(1):175–89. https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-07-224
https://doi.org/10.1643/CI-07-224... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off the United States to Brazil (Kaneley, Hartel, 2005; Hartel et al., 2008Hartel KE, Kenaley CP, Galbraith JK, Sutton TT. Additional records of deep-sea fishes from off greater New England. Northeast Nat. 2008; 15(3):317–34. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194-15.3.317
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194-15.3.3... ). In Brazil the species was recorded off the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, with additional records outside the EEZ off the north portion of the country and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Photostomias atrox is reported here based on one specimen collected off Pernambuco, at 680 m depth (Fig. 7F).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4575, 1 (67 mm), AB2#16.

Photostomias goodyeari Kenaley & Hartel, 2005

(Fig. 12F)

Diagnosis.Photostomias goodyeari differs from congeners by the presence of three pairs of basibranchial tooth patches; 26–31 dorsal-fin rays, 30–33 anal-fin rays, sum of dorsal- and anal-fin rays 56–63, usually 57–61; male PO small to moderate in specimens larger than 60 mm, 54.5–103.2% fleshy orbit, 9.6–24.8% jaw length; male AO moderate in specimens larger than 60 mm, 11.2–25.1% fleshy orbit, 2.3–4.4% jaw length (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean, between 40ºN and 5ºS (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Hartel et al., 2008Hartel KE, Kenaley CP, Galbraith JK, Sutton TT. Additional records of deep-sea fishes from off greater New England. Northeast Nat. 2008; 15(3):317–34. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194-15.3.317
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194-15.3.3... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was reported from off the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Suriname, and northern Brazil, outside the EEZ (Kenaley, Hartel, 2005Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7
https://doi.org... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ). Photostomias goodyeari was included in a list of Brazilian deep-sea fishes by Melo et al., (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... , without reference to voucher specimens. The occurrence of the species is therefore confirmed in the Brazilian EEZ based on one specimen collected off Rio Grande do Norte State, between depths of 600 and 860 m (Fig. 7F).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4590, 1 (64 mm), AB2#39.

Melanostomiinae

Members of the Melanostomiinae can be recognized in the Stomiidae by the body relatively elongate; snout short; mouth large to extremely large; chin barbel usually present, ranging from very short to longer than body, barbel simple to complex; skin between lower jaws present in all species; dorsal-fin origin usually opposite to anal-fin origin (except in Eustomias and Flagellostomias), both fins located far behind the pelvic fin; dorsal adipose fin absent, except in Chirostomias Regan & Trewavas, 1930; scales absent, body without hexagonal patterns; suborbital and postorbital light organs usually present, preorbital luminous organ absent; photophores in 2 continuous rows along flanks and ventral portion of the body (Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Nelson et al., 2016Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.). Sixteen genera (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Bathophilus Giglioli, 1882

Diagnosis.Bathophilus can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the absence of teeth on vomer; premaxilla with fixed teeth followed by a series of depressible teeth; suborbital organs reduced or absent; base of pelvic fin high on body, about near midlateral portion of body; dorsal- and anal-fin bases similar in length; presence of small photophores in the entire body (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Barnett, Gibbs Jr., 1968Barnett MA, Gibbs Jr RH. Four new stomiatoid fishes of the genus Bathophilus with a revised key to the species of Bathophilus. Copeia. 1968; 1968(4):826–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850
https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850... ; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A total of 19 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Bathophilus nigerrimus Giglioli, 1882

(Fig. 13A)

FIGURE 13 |
A.Bathophilusnigerrimus, NPM 4593, 84 mm SL; B.Bathophilus pawneei, NPM 4572, 124 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Bathophilus nigerrimus differs from congeners by the pelvic-fin origin below the body midline; 16–26 free pelvic-fin rays; a single group of 31–57 pectoral-fin rays; 13–15 dorsal- and anal-fin rays; about 22–24 photophores in lateral series (OV 12–13, VAL 9–12); about 33-35 photophores in ventral series (IP 4–5, PV 12–13, VAV 11–13, AC 3–6) (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Barnett, Gibbs Jr., 1968Barnett MA, Gibbs Jr RH. Four new stomiatoid fishes of the genus Bathophilus with a revised key to the species of Bathophilus. Copeia. 1968; 1968(4):826–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850
https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850... ; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Santos et al., 1997Santos RS, Porteiro FM, Barreiros JP. Marine fishes of the Azores. An annotated checklist and bibliography. Arquipelago Life Mar Sci. 1997; (Suppl. 1):1–244. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1561
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1561... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; Tsagarakis et al., 2021Tsagarakis K, Agius Darmanin S, Al Mabruk SAA, Auriemma R, Azzurro E, Badouvas N, Bakiu R, Bariche M, Battaglia P, Betti F, Borme D, Cacciamani R, Calì F, Corsini-Foka M, Crocetta F, Dalyan C, Deidun A, Digenis M, Domenichetti F, Dragičević B, Dulčić J, Durucan F, Guy-Haim T, Kesici NB, Lardi P-I, Manitaras Y, Michailidis N, Piraino S, Rizgalla J, Siapatis A, Soldo A, Stipa MG, Terbiyik Kurt T, Tiralongo F, Tsiamis K, Vella A, Vella N, Zava B, Gerovasileiou V. New records of rare species in the Mediterranean Sea (October 2021). Mediterr Mar Sci. 2021; 22(3):627–52. http://doi.org/10.12681/mms.26669
http://doi.org/10.12681/mms.26669... ), western Pacific (Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.) and Indian oceans (Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Fricke et al., 2018Fricke R, Mahafina J, Behivoke F, Jaonalison H, Léopold M, Ponton D. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Madagascar, Southwestern Indian Ocean, with 158 new records. Fishtaxa. 2018; 3(1):1–432. https://www.biotaxa.org/ft/article/view/3-1
https://www.biotaxa.org/ft/article/view/... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off United States to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.). Batophilus nigerrimus is reported here for the first time in the Brazilian EEZ based on two specimens collected off Rocas Atoll, between depths of 90 and 610 m (Fig. 14A). The likely occurrence of the species in Brazilian waters was previously mentioned by Bonecker, Castro (2006: 90) based on its wide distribution in the western Atlantic.

Specimens examined. 2 (84–95 mm SL): NPM 4593, 1 (84 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4628, 1 (95 mm), AB2#49B.

Bathophilus pawneei Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124.

(Fig. 13B)

Diagnosis.Bathophilus pawneei differs from congeners by the pelvic-fin origin close to, but slightly below, the body midline; 12–15 pelvic-fin rays; 2 pectoral-fin rays (rarely 1) in a single group; 14–17 dorsal-fin rays; 15–18 anal-fin rays; usually a small luminous spot behind the pelvic fin, and sometimes another luminous spot on the shoulder region; about 24–29 photophores in the lateral series (OV 11–14, VAL 13–15); about 36–42 photophores in the ventral series (IP 5, PV 12–15, VAV 13–15, AC 6–7) (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Barnett, Gibbs Jr., 1968Barnett MA, Gibbs Jr RH. Four new stomiatoid fishes of the genus Bathophilus with a revised key to the species of Bathophilus. Copeia. 1968; 1968(4):826–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850
https://doi.org/10.2307/1441850... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, from 45ºN to 27ºS (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Clarke, 1974Clarke TA. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid fishes in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Fish Bull. 1974; 72(2):337–51. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-aspects-ecology-stomiatoid-fishes-pacific-ocean-near-hawaii
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-a... ; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Shinohara et al., 2009Shinohara G, Narimatsu Y, Hattori T, Ito M, Takata Y, Matsuura K. Deep-sea fauna and pollutants off Pacific coast of northern Japan. Natl Mus Nat Sci Monogr. 2009; 39:683–735. ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off the United States to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. ; Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil the species was reported from off Fernando de Noronha and Saint Peter and Saint Paul archipelagos (Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ), with additional records outside the Brazilian EEZ off the Rio de Janeiro State (Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.). Bathophilus pawneei is reported here based on specimens collected off the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 430 and 610 m (Fig. 14A).

FIGURE 14 |
Records of species of the Melanostomiinae (A–F) collected during the ABRACOS expeditions off northeastern Brazil. Oceanic islands: RA, Rocas Atoll; FN, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago.

Specimens examined. 4 (30–124 mm SL): NPM 4571, 1 (81 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4572, 1 (124 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4928, 2 (30–32 mm), AB2#53B.

Eustomias Vaillant, 1884

Diagnosis.Eustomias can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the trunk slender, mouth large, snout tapering and longer than eye, upper jaw protrusible; three pairs of basibranchial teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatine; anal-fin origin well in advance of the dorsal-fin origin; anal-fin base distinctly longer than the dorsal-fin base; 0–13 pectoral-fin rays, lacking free rays; notochord forming a U-shaped or S-shaped bend behind head, with anterior 6 or 7 vertebrae incomplete; chin barbel with great anatomical variation (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A total of 128 valid species in 11 subgenera (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Eustomias bibulbosus Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124.

(Fig. 15A)

Diagnosis.Eustomias bibulbosus differs from congeners by the presence of 3 well developed pectoral-fin rays; long chin barbel (60–85% SL), with two terminal bulbs separated by a long interspace; distal bulb usually 0.9–1.6% SL; terminal filament long (22–33% SL), rarely with 1 or 2 branches; chin barbel stem darkly pigmented; lower jaw about as long as upper jaw and not upturned at tip; deep groove on belly absent; preorbital and suborbital organs absent (Gibbs et al., 1983Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ).

Geographical distribution. Previous records are restricted to the western North Atlantic, between 40ºN and 13ºN (Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ), with records off United States, Bermudas and Suriname (Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. ; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Gibbs et al., 1983Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Eustomias bibulbosus is therefore reported for the first time in the South Atlantic based on one specimen collected off Pernambuco State in the Brazilian EEZ, at 680 m depth (Fig. 14B).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4642, 1 (87 mm), AB2#16.

Eustomias braueri Zugmayer, 1911

(Fig. 15B)

FIGURE 15 |
A.Eustomias bibulbosus, NPM 4642, 87 mm SL; B.Eustomias braueri, NPM 4816, 56 mm SL; C.Eustomias brevibarbatus, NPM 4646, 95 mm SL; D.Eustomias enbarbatus, NPM 4819, 60 mm SL; E.Eustomias minimus, NPM 4881, 69 mm SL; F.Eustomias schmidti, NPM 4882, 68 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Eustomias braueri differs from congeners by the presence of 9–16 pectoral-fin rays; 8 pelvic-fin rays; chin barbel length approximately equal to head length, 12–17% SL; one ovoid terminal bulb at the chin barbel with two anterior filaments; chin barbel stem darkly pigmented; a series of luminous spots on lower side of body that resembles large photophores; lower jaw about as long as upper jaw and not upturned at tip; wide ventral groove extending from isthmus to behind pectoral-fin base present; preorbital and suborbital organs absent (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic and western North Pacific oceans, between 40ºN and 30ºS (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1974Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. A review of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:316–68.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Tatsuta et al., 2014Tatsuta N, Imamura H, Nakaya K, Kawai T, Abe T, Sakaoka K, Takagi S, Yabe M. Taxonomy of mesopelagic fishes collected around the Ogasawara Islands by the T/S Oshoro-Maru. Mem. Fac. Eng. Kyushu Univ. 2014; 56(1):1–64.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Menezes et al., (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. included the species in a list of Brazilian marine fishes based on Morrow, Gibbs, (1964)Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511., but that record is outside the country’s EEZ, off the northeastern region. Melo et al., (2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... : 208), in turn, regarded the species as “not confirmed” in Brazil. Therefore, occurrence of E. braueri is confirmed in the Brazilian EEZ based on one specimen collected off Pernambuco State, at 680 m depth (Fig. 14B).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4816, 1 (56 mm), AB2#16.

Eustomias brevibarbatus Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124.

(Fig. 15C)

Diagnosis.Eustomias brevibarbatus differs from congeners by the presence of two long and free pectoral-fin rays; barbel length 13–33% SL; chin barbel usually with two terminal bulbs separated by a short interspace (0.1–1.5% SL); anterior portion of distal bulb with distinctive black pigment; short terminal filament (0.3–2.5% SL) bifurcated or trifurcated near its base; barbel stem lightly to moderately pigmented; deep ventral groove on belly absent; preorbital and suborbital organs absent (Gomon, Gibbs, 1985Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Western Atlantic, between 35ºN and 25ºS, reported from off the United States to southeastern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Gomon, Gibbs, 1985Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.). In Brazil the species was reported from off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rio de Janeiro State, with additional records in the western South Atlantic outside the country’s EEZ (Gomon, Gibbs, 1985Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Eustomias brevibarbatus is reported here based on specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte State (near the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago between depths of 90 and 1,030 m (Fig. 14B).

Specimens examined. 6 (85–128 mm SL): NPM 4643, 1 (87 mm), AB2#49A; NPM 4644, 1 (85 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4645, 1 (128 mm), AB2#50A; NPM 4646, 1 (95 mm), AB2#49B; NPM 4689, 1 (85 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 5013, 1 (102 mm), AB2#54B.

Eustomias enbarbatus Welsh, 1923

(Fig. 15D)

Diagnosis.Eustomias enbarbatus differs from congeners by the presence of 3–4 (usually 3) well developed pectoral-fin rays; chin barbel 27.5–34.9% SL, with one terminal bulb; one filament before the terminal bulb, which ends in a branched stem or in a group of short filaments; deep groove on belly absent (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1974Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. A review of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:316–68.; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off the United States to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.). The species was recorded in Brazilian waters off Saint Peter and Saint Paul and Trindade and Martin Vaz archipelagos (Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Eustomias enbarbatus is reported here based on specimens collected between depths of 680 and 780 m off the Pernambuco State and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Fig. 14C).

Specimens examined. 3 (54–60 mm SL): NPM 4818, 1 (54 mm), AB2#16; NPM 4819, 2 (55–60 mm), AB2#42A.

Eustomias minimus Clarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975...

(Fig. 15E)

Diagnosis.Eustomias minimus differs from congeners by the presence of 2 pectoral-fin rays; chin barbel with a single, simple and thin branch arising from the stem, branch length barely half that of distal barbel; terminal filaments of the chin barbel simple and short, not or barely reaching beyond bulb tip (Clarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975... ).

Geographical distribution. Previously known from four poorly preserved specimens, including the holotype, collected in the central and western equatorial Pacific (Clarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975... ). Eustomias minimus is reported for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean based on one specimen collected off the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago in the Brazilian EEZ, at 780 m depth (Fig. 14C).

Remarks. Morphometric and meristic data of the specimen examined are within the ranges reported for the species (Clarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975
https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975... ), except for the barbel length, which is slightly shorter (7.5% SL) than in the original description (11–12.7% SL).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4881, 1 (69 mm), AB2#42A.

Eustomias schmidti Regan & Trewavas, 1930

(Fig. 15F)

Diagnosis.Eustomias schmidti differs from congeners by the presence of two pectoral-fin rays bound together in black tissue; chin barbel short, about 7–17% of SL; a distinct chin barbel anatomy, with three branches arising from the stem: the medial branch is stout, bulbous and with distal filaments, barely reaching to barbel tip, the lateral branches taper distally, extending well beyond end of barbel; terminal bulb of chin barbel unpigmented and long, occupying most of distal barbel, tightly constricted distally into a spheroidal terminal section, and with a terminal filament or single-based group of filaments arising ventrally from this constriction; deep ventral groove on belly relatively short, extending to PV 4–6; anal-fin base approximately twice as long as dorsal-fin base; postorbital photophore and barbel photophore probably glows green or blue (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Clarke, 2000Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic and Pacific oceans, between 40ºN and 40ºS (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1974Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. A review of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:316–68.; Bekker et al., 1975Bekker VE, Shcherbachev YN, Tchuvasov VM. Deep-sea pelagic fishes of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Puerto Rican Trench. Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1975; 100:289–336.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic the species is reported from off the United States to the Caribbean Sea, with a single record off southeastern Brazil, outside the country’s EEZ (Clarke, 2000Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... ; Menezes et al., 2003Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Melo et al., (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... also included E. schmidti in a list of deep-sea fishes of Brazil, without providing information on voucher specimens or locality data. Therefore, the occurrence of E. schmidti is confirmed in Brazilian waters based on one specimen collected off the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, at 850 m depth (Fig. 14C).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4882, 1 (68 mm), AB2#42A.

Grammatostomias Goode & Bean, 1896

Diagnosis.Grammatostomias can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the anal-fin origin below the dorsal-fin origin; adipose fin absent; 4–11 pectoral-fin rays, free from membrane, some of them bearing a mass of luminous tissue; premaxillary teeth with 2 large fangs followed by 7–16 smaller teeth; teeth on vomer absent; 2–4 palatine teeth in a single row; conspicuous line or loop of blue luminous tissue on flank (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). Four valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Grammatostomias dentatus Goode & Bean, 1896

(Fig. 16A)

FIGURE 16 |
A.Grammatostomiasdentatus, NPM 3184, 114 mm SL; B.Grammatostomias ovatus, NPM 3191, 67 mm SL; C.Leptostomiasgladiator, NPM 4782, 83 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Grammatostomias dentatus differs from congeners by the luminous tissue on both sides of body forming a distinct line from the operculum to beyond the pelvic-fin base; 5 pectoral-fin rays; PV 15–16 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. North Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific oceans (Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Fricke, 2011; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic the species is reported from off the United States and Bermudas, between 43ºN and 28ºN (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Melo et al., (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... included G. dentatus in a list of deep-sea fishes of Brazil, without providing information on voucher specimens or locality data. Previously known records of the species in the South Atlantic are actually outside the Brazilian EEZ (ISH 1364-1968; ISH 762-1966). Therefore, the occurrence of G. dentatus is confirmed in Brazilian waters based on one specimen collected off Pernambuco State, at depths between 45 and 200 m (Fig. 14D).

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 3184, 1 (114 mm), AB1#51.

Grammatostomias ovatus Prokofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010...

(Fig. 16B)

Diagnosis.Grammatostomias ovatus differs from congeners by the luminous tissue on flank always longer than deep, forming an elongate circle with a wavy outline, ending far in advance of the pelvic-fin origin; 6–9 pectoral-fin rays; first pectoral-fin ray isolated and heavily pigmented, remaining rays unpigmented, with masses of luminescent tissue, enormously developed on the second ray; PV 17–18 (Prokofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010... ; Prokofiev, unpubl. data).

Geographical distribution. The species was recently described based only on the holotype from the Canary Basin (Prokofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010... ), but additional specimens are also known from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, between 20ºN and 4ºN (Prokofiev, unpub. data). Grammatostomias ovatus is therefore reported for the first time in the South Atlantic based on one specimen collected off Pernambuco State in the Brazilian EEZ, between depths of 45 and 200 m (Fig. 14D).

Remarks.Menezes et al., (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. included a morphologically similar species, G. circularis Morrow, 1959, in a checklist of Brazilian marine fishes based on Morrow, Gibbs, (1964)Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511., who actually did not record the species in the Brazilian EEZ. Melo et al., (2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... : 208), in turn, considered the occurrence of G. circularis as not confirmed in Brazilian waters. In the description of G. ovatus, Prokofiev, (2014)Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109
https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010... indicated that the species could be distinguished from G. circularis by the number of pectoral-fin rays (6 vs. 9). Examination of additional specimens of G. ovatus indicates that the number of pectoral-fin rays is variable in the species (6–9). However, G. circularis is still distinct from G. ovatus in the shape of the luminous loop on the flank, which is nearly circular in the former (e.g., Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.). The degree of elongation of the luminous loop in G. ovatus is also somewhat variable, but it is always longer than deep in that species instead of almost as long as deep in the case of G. circularis. The luminous tissue associated with the pectoral-fin rays of G. ovatus is also conspicuously more developed than in G. circularis, even though some ontogenetic variation in this character might be expected. In summary, the additional specimens of G. ovatus examined after its description in 2014 supports the distinction between that species and G. circularis; the occurrence of the later in Brazilian waters has not yet been confirmed.

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 3191, 1 (67 mm), AB1#51.

Leptostomias Gilbert, 1905

Diagnosis.Leptostomias can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by a very long and slender body, maximum depth around 10% SL or less; anal-fin origin below the dorsal-fin origin, adipose fin absent; 10–12 pectoral-fin rays; 20–29 anal-fin rays; 16–22 dorsal-fin rays; one tooth on each side of vomer; one or two pairs of teeth on basibranchials; PV 36 or more; VAV 20–24 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A total of 12 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Leptostomias gladiator (Zugmayer, 1911)

(Fig. 16C)

Diagnosis.Leptostomias gladiator differs from congeners by the long chin barbel, 30–75% SL, the stem with 1–2 filaments near its base; terminal bulb of chin barbel not split, bearing one or more minute filaments or tubercles at tip; 19–22 dorsal-fin rays; 23–29 anal-fin rays; head small, 10.0–13.4% SL; PV 39–44; VAV 20–22; AC 11–13 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Circumglobal, between 56ºN and 45ºS, except the western Indian and western Pacific oceans (Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Porteiro et al., 1999Porteiro FM, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Santos RS. Deep-sea pelagic fishes from the Azores (eastern North Atlantic) deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Breviora. 1999; 507:1–42. ; Bañón et al., 2010Bañón R, Villegas-Ríos D, Serrano A, Mucientes G, Arronte JC. Marine fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): An updated checklist. Zootaxa. 2010; 2667(1):1–27. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2667.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2667.1.... ; Fricke et al., 2014Fricke R, Allen GR, Andréfouet S, Chen W-J, Hamle MA, Laboute P, Mana R, Tan HH, Uyeno D. Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of Madang District, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Ocean, with 820 new records. Zootaxa. 2014; 3832(1):1–247. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3832.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3832.1.... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Orlov, Tokranov, 2019Orlov AM, Tokranov AM. Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Prog Oceanogr. 2019; 176:e102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102143
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.10... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off United States to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Menezes et al., (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003. included L. gladiator in a list of Brazilian marine fishes based on records outside the country’s EEZ (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ). The occurrence of the species in Brazilian waters was later considered as “not confirmed” by Melo et al., (2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... : 208). Therefore, occurrence of L. gladiator is confirmed in the Brazilian EEZ based on one specimen collected off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, at 780 m depth (Fig. 14D). One additional specimen, collected off Rio de Janeiro State in Brazilian waters (MNRJ 30806), is also known.

Specimen examined. 1: NPM 4782, 1 (83 mm), AB2#42A.

Melanostomias Brauer, 1902

Diagnosis.Melanostomias can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the dorsal and anal fins placed posteriorly in the body, near the caudal-fin base; anal-fin origin below dorsal-fin origin; pectoral fin without isolated rays; 3–7 (usually 5) pectoral-fin rays; 13–18 dorsal-fin rays; 16–21 anal-fin rays; jaw teeth long and depressible; 8 teeth on premaxilla; 4–5 teeth on maxilla; two pairs of teeth on basibranchials; palatine with 5 teeth; vomer with 1 tooth on each side; postorbital organ large; chin barbel present; body depth larger than 10% SL (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1978Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. On the taxonomy and distribution of the mesopelagic fish genus Melanostomias Brauer (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:61–86. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A total of 18 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Melanostomias bartonbeani Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124.

(Fig. 17A)

FIGURE 17 |
A.Melanostomiasbartonbeani, NPM 4609, 185 mm SL; B.Melanostomias biseriatus, NPM 4603, 177 mm SL; C.Melanostomiastentaculatus, NPM 3181, 201 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Melanostomias bartonbeani differs from congeners by the chin barbel length 17–33% SL; terminal end of chin barbel with masses of opaque material filling much of the membrane on both sides of the axis; barbel tip unpigmented, about 5 times longer than wide; relatively large, white spots on head; 12–16 dorsal-fin rays; 16–20 anal-fin rays; PV 22–26; VAV 12–16; AC 8–11; IC 55–60; OV 22–25; VAL 11–14 (Parr, 1927Parr AE. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Astronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of the species. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll. 1927; 3(2):1–124. ; Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1978Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. On the taxonomy and distribution of the mesopelagic fish genus Melanostomias Brauer (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:61–86. ; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; specimens examined herein).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic and Indian oceans, between 70ºN and 40ºS (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; De Groot, Nijssen, 1971De Groot SJ, Nijssen H. Notes on the fishes collected by the R.V. “Tridens” on the north west African shelf, 19-25 Janurary 1969. Bijdr Dierkd. 1971; 41(1):3–09.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species was previously reported off Greenland, Canada, United States, Bermudas and Uruguay (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McAllister, 1990McAllister DE. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus. 1990; 64:1–310. ; Møller et al., 2010Møller PR, Nielsen JG, Knudsen SW, Poulsen JY, Sünksen K, Jørgensen OA. A checklist of the fish fauna of Greenland waters. Zootaxa. 2010; 2378:1–84. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.1
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2378.1.... ; Nión et al., 2016Nión H, Ríos C, Meneses P. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. 2nd ed. Montevideo: Dinara; 2016.). The species was reported in Brazilian waters by Melo et al., (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... likely based on one specimen collected off Espírito Santo State (MNRJ 30905). The occurrence of M. bartonbeani is therefore corfirmed in the Brazilian EEZ based on two specimens collected off Paraíba State and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 90 and 780 m (Fig. 14E).

Remarks. Morphometric and meristic data of the two specimens examined are within the ranges reported for the species (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ), except for the barbel length, which is longer (26–33% SL) than previously indicated (17–24% SL).

Specimens examined. 2 (50–185 mm SL): NPM 3422, 1 (50 mm), AB1#34; NPM 4609, 1 (185 mm), AB2#42A.

Melanostomias biseriatus Regan & Trewavas, 1930

(Fig. 17B)

Diagnosis.Melanostomias biseriatus differs from congeners by the chin barbel length, about 20–40% SL; barbel with a slender stem and a flattened distal tip terminating in a prominent ovoid bulb; length of the expanded distal part of the chin barbel about 10 times longer than wide; the distal tip of chin barbel bears two narrow flattened wings with a row of small and discrete opaque luminous bodies on each side; PV 27–30; OV 26–28 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. North Atlantic, between 35º and 5º N, and a single record in the North Pacific Ocean (Gibbs, 1960Gibbs RH Jr. The Stomiatoid fish genera Eustomias and Melanostomias in the Pacific, with descriptions of two new species. Copeia. 1960; 1960(3):200–03. https://doi.org/10.2307/1439656
https://doi.org/10.2307/1439656... ; Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off the United States to French Guiana, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Bekkker et al., 1975; Fujii, 1983dFujii E. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Uyeno T, Matsuura K, Fujii E, editors. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center; 1983d. p.149–54.; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Melanostomias biseariatus is therefore reported for the first time in the western South Atlantic based on two specimens collected between depths of 610 and 680 m off Pernambuco State and the Rocas Atoll, in the Brazilian EEZ (Fig. 14E). Two additional specimens collected outside the Brazilian EEZ off north South America (MCZ 132252) and off northeastern Brazil (ISH 665-1966) likely represent further records of the species in the western South Atlantic.

Specimens examined. 2 (29–177 mm SL): NPM 4603, 1 (177 mm), AB2#53A; NPM 4815, 1 (29 mm), AB2#16.

Melanostomiastentaculatus (Regan & Trewavas, 1930)

(Fig. 17C)

Diagnosis.Melanostomias tentaculatus differs from congeners by the chin barbel not flattened, slender, its length about 2–3 times in HL or 25% to 50% SL; barbel with one or two pale elongated terminal bulbs, with very small terminal filaments; main stem of chin barbel extended as a free tentacle along the bulb; 5–7 pectoral-fin rays; anal-fin origin just posterior to dorsal-fin origin; PV 25–27; OV 24–26 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1978Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. On the taxonomy and distribution of the mesopelagic fish genus Melanostomias Brauer (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:61–86. ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ).

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific oceans (Parin, Pokhilskaya, 1978Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. On the taxonomy and distribution of the mesopelagic fish genus Melanostomias Brauer (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:61–86. ; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Vinnichenko, 1997Vinnichenko VI. Russian investigations and deep-water fishery on the Corner Rising Seamount in subarea 6. NAFO Sci Counc Stud. 1997; 30:41–49. ; Bordes et al., 1999Bordes F, Uiblein F, Castillo R, Barrera A, Castro JJ, Coca J, Gomez J, Hansen K, Hernandez V, Merrett N, Miya M, Moreno T, Perez F, Ramos A, Sutton T, Yamaguchi M. Epi- and mesopelagic fishes, acoustic data, and SST images collected off Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, during cruise “La Bocaina 04-97”. Inf Téc Inst Canario Cienc Mar. 1999; 5:1–45. Available from: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports/59/
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facreports... ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Tatsuta et al., 2014Tatsuta N, Imamura H, Nakaya K, Kawai T, Abe T, Sakaoka K, Takagi S, Yabe M. Taxonomy of mesopelagic fishes collected around the Ogasawara Islands by the T/S Oshoro-Maru. Mem. Fac. Eng. Kyushu Univ. 2014; 56(1):1–64.; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Carneiro et al., 2019Carneiro M, Martins R, Reiner F, Batista I. Ichthyofauna of Portugal: taxonomic diversity, common and scientific names of marine fishes. Vol. 1. Lisboa: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera; 2019. Available from: https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/publicacoes.site/Ictiofauna-de-Portugal-VOL1.pdf
https://www.ipma.pt/resources.www/docs/p... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported from off the United States to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Parin et al., 1974Parin NV, Andriashev AP, Borodulina OD, Tchuvasov VM. Midwater fishes of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 98:70–140.; Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Moore et al., 2003Moore JA, Hartel KE, Craddock JE, Galbraith JK. An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeast Nat. 2003; 10(2):159–248. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0159:AALODF]2.0.CO;2
https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2003)0... ; McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). In Brazil the species was previously reported off Maranhão State and the east coast to about 8ºS (McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Melanostomias tentaculatus is reported here based on specimens collected off the Pernambuco State and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, between depths of 45 and 800 (Fig. 14E).

Specimens examined. 4 (182–201 mm SL): NPM 3181, 1 (201 mm), AB1#51; NPM 4604, 1 (182 mm), AB2#40A; NPM 4605, 1 (194 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4607, 1 (188 mm), AB2#21.

Photonectes Günther, 1887

Diagnosis.Photonectes can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the dorsal and anal fins opposed, rays covered with black skin in some species, leaving only tips of rays visible; 0–3 pectoral-fin rays; lower jaw longer than upper jaw and strongly curved upwards; lower jaw teeth uniserial; retroarticular with a process directed backwards; vomer with one or two pairs of teeth, rarely toothless; postorbital organ well-developed; some species with white luminous tissue on top of head and/or in shoulder region, others with blue luminous tissue in spots on head, inside mouth or in bands or stripes along body; 48–67 vertebrae (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Gibbs, 1986cGibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiidae. In: Smith MM, Heemstra PC, editors. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. Johannesburg: Macmillan; 1986c. p.236–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82858-... ; Klepadlo, 2011Klepadlo C. Three new species of the genus Photonectes (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae) from the Pacific Ocean. Copeia. 2011; 2011(2):201–10. https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-10-184
https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-10-184... ; Flynn, Klepadlo, 2012Flynn AJ, Klepadlo C. Two new species of Photonectes (Teleostei: Stomiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, and a re-examination of P. achirus. Mem Mus Victoria. 2012; 69:259–67. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.04
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.0... ; Kenaley, Stewart, 2015hKenaley CP, Stewart AL. Subfamily Melanostomiinae. In: Roberts AL, Stewart AL, Struthers CD, editors. The fishes of New Zealand, vol. 2. Wellington: Te Papa Press; 2015h. p.494–520.; Prokofiev, 2016Prokofiev AM. New species of the genus Photonectes (Melanostomiidae) with blue luminous tissue on the body. J Ichthyol. 2016; 56:613–15. https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521604010X
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521604010... , 2019Prokofiev AM. Materials for revision of the genus Photonectes (Melanostomiidae). J Ichthyol. 2019; 59(4):449–76. https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521904012X
https://doi.org/10.1134/S003294521904012... ; Prokofiev, Klepadlo, 2019Prokofiev AM, Klepadlo C. Two new species of Photonectes with blue luminous tissue on body, and a re-examination of P. mirabilis (Teleostei: Stomiidae). Zootaxa. 2019; 4590 (2):270–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.2.4
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.2.... ; Prokofiev, Frable, 2021Prokofiev AM, Frable BW. A new species ofPhotonectesfrom the Pacific Ocean off Oahu, Hawaii with a revised identification key for the genus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae). Ichthyol Herpetol. 2021; 109(3):720–27. https://doi.org/10.1643/i2020148
https://doi.org/10.1643/i2020148... ). A total of 29 valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Photonectes achirus Regan & Trewavas, 1930

(Fig. 18A)

FIGURE 18 |
A.Photonectesachirus, NPM 4629, 79 mm SL; B.Thysanactis dentex, NPM 4639, 138 mm SL. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Diagnosis.Photonectes achirus differs from congeners by the absence of the pectoral fin; IV 31–36; one pair of luminous organs inside mouth; chin barbel length 70–80% HL, with a small terminal bulb and a terminal appendage with a secondary, small, bulb at its tip; presence of blue luminous tissue in a midventral band extending from the pectoral region to the pelvic fin, with short transverse streaks alternating with serial photophores, and in patches under OV-1 and OV-2 photophores, on sides of isthmus, under the lower jaw, above the posterior end of the maxilla, between the eyes, and above the occipito-vertical articulation; BR 6–8 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Flynn, Klepadlo, 2012Flynn AJ, Klepadlo C. Two new species of Photonectes (Teleostei: Stomiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, and a re-examination of P. achirus. Mem Mus Victoria. 2012; 69:259–67. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.04
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.0... ; Prokofiev, Klepadlo, 2019Prokofiev AM, Klepadlo C. Two new species of Photonectes with blue luminous tissue on body, and a re-examination of P. mirabilis (Teleostei: Stomiidae). Zootaxa. 2019; 4590 (2):270–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.2.4
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.2.... ; Prokofiev, Frable, 2021Prokofiev AM, Frable BW. A new species ofPhotonectesfrom the Pacific Ocean off Oahu, Hawaii with a revised identification key for the genus (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae). Ichthyol Herpetol. 2021; 109(3):720–27. https://doi.org/10.1643/i2020148
https://doi.org/10.1643/i2020148... ).

Geographical distribution. Known from a few records in the western and central Pacific and western North Atlantic oceans, off United States and in the Caribbean Sea (McEachran, Fechhelm, 1998McEachran JD, Fechhelm JD. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, Volume 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. Austin: University of Texas Press; 1998. https://doi.org/10.7560/752061
https://doi.org/10.7560/752061... ; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Mundy, 2005Mundy BC. Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Mus Bull Zool. 2005; 6:1–703. ; Klepadlo, 2011Klepadlo C. Three new species of the genus Photonectes (Teleostei: Stomiiformes: Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae) from the Pacific Ocean. Copeia. 2011; 2011(2):201–10. https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-10-184
https://doi.org/10.1643/CG-10-184... ; Flynn, Klepadlo, 2012Flynn AJ, Klepadlo C. Two new species of Photonectes (Teleostei: Stomiidae) from the Indo-Pacific, and a re-examination of P. achirus. Mem Mus Victoria. 2012; 69:259–67. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.04
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.0... ). Photonectes achirus is reported for the first time in the South Atlantic based on three specimens collected off Rio Grande do Norte (including the seamounts) and Paraíba States in the Brazilian EEZ, between depths of 70 and 800 m (Fig. 14F).

Remarks. Two specimens listed as Photonectes sp. (NPM 6867, 26–29 mm; AB2#42A) in the Supplementary Material S1 likely represent P. achirus, but their identification could not be confirmed at species level due to their extremely small sizes.

Specimens examined. 3 (33–79 mm SL): NPM 4629, 1 (79 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4695, 1 (33 mm), AB2#21; NPM 4924, 1 (damaged), AB2#28.

Thysanactis Regan & Trewavas, 1930

Diagnosis.Thysanactis can be distinguished in the Melanostomiinae by the dorsal and anal fins placed posteriorly on body, anal-fin origin slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin; first pectoral-fin ray long and isolated, ending in 5–6 filaments, followed by 10–11 additional pectoral-fin rays; chin barbel short, similar in length to head length, ending in a round terminal bulb covered with filaments; IP 20; PV 31–32; VAV 14–16; OV 30–32; VAL 14–16; AC 11–12 (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). A single valid species (Fricke et al., 2022Fricke R, Eschmeyer W, Van der Lann R. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, species, references. San Francisco: California Academy of Science; 2022. Available from: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/re... ).

Thysanactis dentex Regan & Trewavas, 1930

(Fig. 18B)

Diagnosis. Same as for the genus.

Geographical distribution. Atlantic, eastern Indian, and western and central Pacific oceans (Morrow, Gibbs, 1964Morrow JE Jr, Gibbs RH Jr. Family Melanostomiatidae. In: Bigelow BH, Cohen DM, Dick MM, Gibbs RH Jr, Grey M, Morrow JE Jr., Schultz LP, Walters V, editors. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 4 Soft-Rayed Bony Fishes: Orders Isospondyli and Giganturoidei: Argentinoids, Stomiatoids, Pickerels, Bathylaconids, Giganturids. Mem Sears Found Mar Res. 1964; p.351–511.; Clarke, 1974Clarke TA. Some aspects of the ecology of stomiatoid fishes in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. Fish Bull. 1974; 72(2):337–51. Available from: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-aspects-ecology-stomiatoid-fishes-pacific-ocean-near-hawaii
https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/some-a... ; Gibbs, Barnett, 1990Gibbs RH Jr, Barnett MA. Melanostomiidae. In: Quéro JC, Hureau JC, Karrer C, Post A, Saldanha L, editors. Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic, Clofeta. Paris: UNESCO, SEI, JNICT; 1990. p.308–37.; Hutchins, 2001Hutchins JB. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Rec West Aust Mus. 2001(Suppl.); 63:9–50. https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.63.2001.009-050
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.... ; Aizawa, 2002Aizawa M. Stomiiformes. In: Nakabo T, editor. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Eng ed. Tokyo: Tokai University Press; 2002. p.305–46.; Harold, 2003Harold AS. Order Stomiiformes. In: Carpenter KE, editor. The living marine resources of the western central Atlantic. Volume 2. Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Spec Ident Guid Fish Purp, ASIH Spec Publ 5. Rome: FAO; 2003. p.881–912.; Fricke et al., 2011Fricke R, Kulbicki M, Wantiez L. Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttg Beitr Naturkd A. 2011; 4: 341–463. Available from: https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi:010061070
https://www.documentation.ird.fr/hor/fdi... ; Sutton et al., 2020Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en
https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ). In the western Atlantic, the species is reported between 18ºN and 7ºS, from the Caribbean Sea to Brazil, where it was recorded off the northeastern region (Eduardo et al., 2018aEduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840
https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich, 2018Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ). Thysanactis dentex is reported here based on specimens collected from off Rio Grande do Norte State (including the seamounts), the Rocas Atoll, and the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, at depths between 90 and 1,113 m (Fig. 14F).

Specimens examined. 40 (43–150 mm SL): NPM 3281, 1 (52 mm), AB1#12; NPM 3282, 1 (50 mm), AB1#14; NPM 3421, 1 (damaged), AB1#22; NPM 4626, 2 (68–92 mm), AB2#41A; NPM 4627, 8 (67–131 mm), AB2#44A; NPM 4632, 3 (137–145 mm), AB2#52A; NPM 4633, 1 (135 mm), AB2#39; NPM 4635, 1 (94 mm), AB2#59B; NPM 4636, 1 (81 mm), AB2#54B; NPM 4637, 3 (132–145 mm), AB2#28; NPM 4638, 2 (113–145 mm), AB2#59A; NPM 4639, 2 (46–138 mm), AB2#52B; NPM 4640, 1 (51 mm), AB2#44B; NPM 4641, 1 (90 mm), AB2#42A; NPM 4649, 9 (43–55 mm), AB2#49B; NPM 4694, 2 (115–150 mm), AB2#50A.

DISCUSSION

Scientific expeditions conducted off the Brazilian coast in recent decades contributed significantly to the understanding of the deep-sea, especially the taxonomic composition and geographic distribution of different groups of fishes (Séret, Andreata, 1992Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; Figueiredo et al., 2002Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al., 2005Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al., 2007Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Mincarone et al., 2008Mincarone MM, Nielsen JG, Costa PAS. Deep-sea ophidiiform fishes collected on the Brazilian continental slope, between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2008; 1770:41–64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1770.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1770.1.... ; Costa, Mincarone, 2010Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Lins Oliveira et al., 2015Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Melo et al., 2020Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ). With the total number of 108 species of the Stomiiformes confirmed in the Brazilian EEZ, including 90 species previously recorded (Tab. 2), the order might be regarded as one of the most well-known groups of deep-sea fishes in the western South Atlantic. However, knowledge on deep-sea fishes in general remains highly unsatisfactory in the region (Irigoien et al., 2014Irigoien X, Klevjer TA, Røstad A, Martinez U, Boyra G, Acuña JL, Bode A, Echevarria F, Gonzalez-Gordillo JI, Hernandez-Leon S, Agusti S, Asknes DL, Duarte CM, Kaartvedt S. Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nat Commun. 2014; 5:3271. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4271... ; Reis et al., 2016Reis RE, Albert JS, Di Dario F, Mincarone MM, Petry A, Rocha LA. Fish Biodiversity and conservation in South America. J Fish Biol. 2016; 89:12–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13016
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13016... ; St. Jonh et al., 2016). One example of this is that, among the 12 new records for the Brazilian EEZ presented here, seven are also new for the western South Atlantic, the South Atlantic, or even the Atlantic.

Phosichthyidae is the least diverse family of the Stomiiformes in the Brazilian EEZ. Of the eigth species of the family confirmed for the region, four were identified here (Tab. 2). The second most well represented family of the Stomiiformes in the Brazilian EEZ is the Sternoptychidae, with 15 confirmed species, followed by the Gonostomatidae, with 14 species. Nine species of the Gonostomatidae were recorded here, including Gonostoma denudatum, a new record for the region. In the Sternoptychidae, there is also a likely new species of Polyipnus from off the central coast of Brazil that still lacks formal description (Lima et al., 2011Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ). However, of the 18 new or confirmed records of stomiiforms presented here for Brazilian waters based on specimens we examined, 16 are members of the highly diverse Stomiidae. When the 50 additional species of the Stomiidae previously reported for the Brazilian EEZ are also considered, a total of 66 species of the family is confirmed for the region (Tab. 2). Our collections also include at least five species of Eustomias and one species of Melanostomias that likely represent new species awaiting formal description.

These results reinforce the vast amount of information still necessary for a more comprehensive knowledge of the deep-sea diversity of the western South Atlantic to emerge, even in relatively well-known families as the Stomiidae. The new records and geographic range extensions uncovered here based on just two collecting expeditions also highlight the need for additional mesopelagic surveys along the Brazilian coast.

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TABLE 2 |
Confirmed records of Stomiiformes in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the French oceanographic fleet for funding the at-sea survey ABRACOS and the officers and crew of the RV Antea for their contribution to the success of the operations. This study could not have been carried out without the support of the team members of the BIOIMPACT (UFRPE) and LIZ (NUPEM/UFRJ) labs. We thank Alexei Orlov (P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology) and Sergei Evseenko (in memorian) for providing literature. Thanks, are also due to Alfredo Carvalho-Filho and an anonymous reviewer for insightful comments and suggestions to the manuscript. CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – PROTAX 443302/2020) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) provided scholarships to Bárbara Villarins. CNPq Research Grants were provided to Flávia Lucena-Frédou, and Michael Mincarone (grants 308554/2019–1 and 314644/2020–2, respectively). Artem Prokofiev is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00026). The NPM Fish Collection is supported by FUNBIO (grant 104/2016 – “Pesquisa Marinha e Pesqueira”) and FAPERJ (grant E–26/210.290/2021). This study is a contribution to the LMI TAPIOCA, CAPES/COFECUB program (88881.142689/2017–01), and EU H2020 TRIATLAS project (grant agreement 817578). This is part of the study conducted by the first author to obtain the BSc Degree in Biological Sciences at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). We are especially grateful to members of the examination board, Cristiano Moreira (MNRJ) and Luciano Fischer (NUPEM/UFRJ) for comments and suggestions.

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ADDITIONAL NOTES

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Villarins BT, Di Dario F, Eduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Bertrand A, Prokofiev AM, Mincarone MM. Deep-sea dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) collected from off northeastern Brazil, with a review of the species reported from the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2022; 20(2):e220004. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0004

Edited-by

Luiz Osmar

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
08 July 2022
Date of issue
2022

History

Received
17 Jan 2022
Accepted
16 May 2022

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Station	Date	Hour		Net	Coordinates		Target Depth (m)
Station	Date	Initial	Final	Net	Initial	Final	Target Depth (m)
AB1#04	2 Oct 2015	14:00	14:30	Micro	03°54’26”S 32°20’21”W	03°53’17”S 32°19’25”W	90
AB1#09	4 Oct 2015	21:17	21:47	Meso	03°28’14”S 32°45’37”W	03°27’35”S 32°46’42”W	105
AB1#12	5 Oct 2015	21:24	21:54	Meso	03°56’19”S 33°30’41”W	03°56’36”S 33°32’00”W	130
AB1#14	6 Oct 2015	21:40	22:26	Meso	03°59’58”S 34°03’22”W	03°57’42”S 34°04’52”W	510
AB1#15	7 Oct 2015	11:34	12:14	Meso	03°44’02”S 33°59’58”W	03°43’07”S 34°01’17”W	537
AB1#20	7 Oct 2015	21:13	21:37	Meso	03°45’19”S 33°53’11”W	03°44’32”S 33°54’05”W	60
AB1#22	8 Oct 2015	21:32	22:12	Meso	04°07’43”S 33°47’27”W	04°07’00”S 33°48’59”W	525
AB1#25	11 Oct 2015	21:30	21:54	Meso	05°48’08”S 34°57’07”W	05°46’38”S 34°57’30”W	75
AB1#26	12 Oct 2015	12:48	13:08	Meso	06°09’13”S 34°34’35”W	06°09’49”S 34°33’45”W	560
AB1#31	13 Oct 2015	21:24	21:54	Meso	06°44’04”S 34°26’23”W	06°44’47”S 34°25’59”W	50
AB1#34	14 Oct 2015	21:30	22:00	Meso	07°11’26”S 34°15’56”W	07°12’06”S 34°15’19”W	90–100
AB1#36	15 Oct 2015	21:47	22:17	Meso	07°36’08”S 34°20’15”W	07°36’44”S 34°19’23”W	60
AB1#51	19 Oct 2015	22:09	23:35	Meso	08°56’29”S 34°29’03”W	08°59’07”S 34°28’37”W	45–200
AB1#52	20 Oct 2015	11:44	11:24	Meso	09°03’55”S 34°48’05”W	09°01’54”S 34°48’11”W	570
AB2#16	14 Apr 2017	21:53	22:39	Micro	07°36’15”S 33°59’30”W	07°36’49”S 33°57’19”W	680
AB2#21	16 Apr 2017	11:25	12:12	Micro	06°50’21”S 34°18’24”W	06°48’24”S 34°20’30”W	>800
AB2#28	18 Apr 2017	22:33	23:10	Micro	05°37’02”S 34°47’07”W	05°38’02”S 34°49’55”W	70/130
AB2#35	20 Apr 2017	22:35	23:15	Micro	04°19’37”S 35°29’52”W	04°18’32”S 35°32’20”W	630
AB2#39	24 Apr 2017	21:49	22:37	Micro	04°52’27”S 34°35’23”W	04°50’53”S 34°51’05”W	650–800
AB2#40A	26 Apr 2017	10:43	11:06	Micro	03°31’21”S 32°31’40”W	03°31’31”S 32°30’41”W	440
AB2#41A	26 Apr 2017	21:44	22:06	Micro	03°19’59”S 32°24’42”W	03°19’32”S 32°25’05”W	430
AB2#41B	26 Apr 2017	23:16	23:31	Micro	03°19’16”S 32°25’42”W	03°19’14”S 32°25’11”W	25
AB2#42A	27 Apr 2017	12:23	12:26	Micro	03°15’28”S 31°48’29”W	03°15’28”S 31°50’41”W	780
AB2#42B	27 Apr 2017	14:52	15:26	Micro	03°15’44”S 31°48’59”W	03°15’26”S 31°48’23”W	50
AB2#44A	28 Apr 2017	12:44	13:17	Micro	03°52’53”S 32°17’33”W	03°52’13”S 32°16’28”W	<850
AB2#44B	28 Apr 2017	14:47	15:02	Micro	03°52’18”S 32°17’58”W	03°52’46”S 32°18’20”W	130
AB2#45B	28 Apr 2017	22:53	23:15	Meso	04°14’19”S 32°12’52”W	04°14’23”S 32°07’00”W	50
AB2#46A	29 Apr 2017	11:20	11:45	Meso	04°08’31”S 32°18’15”W	04°08’57”S 32°17’29”W	360
AB2#48A	30 Apr 2017	10:30	10:58	Micro	04°25’05”S 32°57’52”W	04°25’25”S 32°56’56”W	505
AB2#49A	30 Apr 2017	21:17	21:52	Micro	04°10’38”S 33°16’07”W	04°10’58”S 33°15’04”W	770–1020
AB2#49B	30 Apr 2017	23:27	23:56	Micro	04°10’34”S 33°15’34”W	04°10’10”S 33°16’36”W	90
AB2#50A	1 May 2017	10:48	11:29	Micro	03°49’01”S 32°35’56”W	03°47’33”S 32°36’51”W	615
AB2#52A	2 May 2017	11:47	12:18	Micro	03°43’16”S 33°25’10”W	03°42’14”S 33°24’36”W	822–984
AB2#52B	2 May 2017	14:00	14:30	Micro	03°41’56”S 33°23’29”W	03°42’34”S 33°22’36”W	385
AB2#53A	2 May 2017	22:08	22:40	Micro	03°48’59”S 33°59’17”W	03°50’06”S 33°58’47”W	610
AB2#53B	2 May 2017	23:57	00:27	Micro	03°49’47”S 33°57’42”W	03°48’28”S 33°57’44”W	65
AB2#54B	3 May 2017	03:11	13:47	Micro	03°45’17”S 34°41’04”W	03°44’39”S 34°40’05”W	830–1030
AB2#56B	4 May 2017	12:19	02:52	Micro	03°57’44”S 35°24’22”W	03°56’23”S 35°24’41”W	260
AB2#56C	4 May 2017	14:03	14:34	Micro	03°58’47”S 35°23’04”W	03°58’33”S 35°22’25”W	260
AB2#58A	5 May 2017	11:58	02:29	Micro	03°56’54”S 36°06’14”W	03°57’57”S 36°09’28”W	520
AB2#59A	5 May 2017	21:57	22:37	Micro	03°38’02”S 36°31’46”W	03°38’36”S 36°17’50”W	700–1113
AB2#59B	5 May 2017	00:00	00:26	Micro	03°38’36”S 36°22’38”W	03°38’08”S 36°23’46”W	110
AB2#60B	6 May 2017	12:49	13:19	Micro	03°31’43”S 36°21’20”W	03°31’47”S 36°22’26”W	700–670

Species	References
DIPLOPHIDAE
Diplophos australis Ozawa, Oda & Ida, 1990	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Diplophos taenia Günther, 1873	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Pinheiro et al. (2015)Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Eduardo et al. (2020c)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Manducus maderensis (Johnson, 1890)	Mukhacheva (1978)Mukhacheva VA. A review of the species of Diplophos Gunther (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes) and their vertical and geographical distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:10–27. ; *Smith et al.* (1991)Smith DG, Hartel KE, Craddock JE. Larval development, relationships, and distribution of Manducus maderensis, with comments on the transformation of M. greyae (Pisces, Stomiiformes). Breviora. 1991; 491:1–17.; Figueiredo et al. (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al.(2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Pinheiro et al. (2015)Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Triplophos hemingi (McArdle, 1901)	This study
GONOSTOMATIDAE
Cyclothone acclinidens Garman, 1899	*Bonecker et al.* (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Melo et al. (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al. (2020)**Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484...
Cyclothone alba Brauer, 1906	Séret, Andreata (1992)Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; *Bonecker et al.(2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... ; 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al.* (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al. (2020)**Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484...
Cyclothone braueri Jespersen & Tåning, 1926	Séret, Andreata (1992)Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; *Bonecker et al.* (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Cyclothone microdon (Günther, 1878)	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Cyclothone obscura Brauer, 1902	Mukhacheva (1974)Mukhacheva VA. Cyclothones (gen. Cyclothone, fam. Gonostomatidae) of the world and their distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:189–254.
Cyclothone pallida Brauer, 1902	*Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al.* (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al. (2020)**Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484...
Cyclothone parapallida Badcock, 1982	*Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Cyclothone pseudopallida Mukhacheva, 1964Mukhacheva VA. On the genus Cyclothone (Gonostomidae, Pisces) in the Pacific Ocean. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1964; 73:93–138.	Mukhacheva (1974)Mukhacheva VA. Cyclothones (gen. Cyclothone, fam. Gonostomatidae) of the world and their distribution. Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:189–254.; *Bonecker et al.* (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Gonostoma atlanticum Norman, 1930	Mukhacheva (1972)Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Gonostoma denudatum Rafinesque, 1810	This study
Margrethia obtusirostra Jespersen & Tåning, 1919	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Sigmops bathyphilus (Vaillant, 1884)	Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Sigmops elongatus (Günther, 1878)	Mukhacheva (1972)Mukhacheva VA. On systematics, distribution and biology of the Gonostoma species (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:205–49.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al.(2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Mincarone et al. (2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Zaphotias pedaliotus (Goode & Bean, 1896)	Mukhacheva (1976)Mukhacheva VA. Systematics and distribution of Bonapartia Goode et Bean and Margrethia Jespersen et Taning (Gonostomatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:73–91. ; *Eduardo et al.* (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
STERNOPTYCHIDAE
Maurolicinae
Argyripnus atlanticus Maul, 1952	*Braga et al.* (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Lima et al.(2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Maurolicus stehmanni Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Pinheiro et al. (2015)Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Melo et al. (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... , Rees et al. (2020)**Rees DJ, Poulsen JY, Sutton TT, Costa PAS, Landaeta MF. Global phylogeography suggests extensive eucosmopolitanism in mesopelagic fishes (Maurolicus: Sternoptychidae). Scient Rep. 2020; 10:e20544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528...
Maurolicus weitzmani Parin & Kobyliansky, 1993	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Rees et al.* (2020)**Rees DJ, Poulsen JY, Sutton TT, Costa PAS, Landaeta MF. Global phylogeography suggests extensive eucosmopolitanism in mesopelagic fishes (Maurolicus: Sternoptychidae). Scient Rep. 2020; 10:e20544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77528...
Valenciennellus tripunctulatus (Esmark, 1871)	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Sternoptychinae
Argyropelecus aculeatus Valenciennes, 1850	Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al. (2020a)Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Argyropelecus affinis Garman, 1899	Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; *Eduardo et al.* (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Eduardo et al. (2020a)Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Argyropelecus gigas Norman, 1930	Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; *Bernardes et al.* (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco, 1829	Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al. (2020a)Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Argyropelecus lychnus Garman, 1899	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Argyropelecus sladeni Regan, 1908	Baird (1971)Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; *Menezes et al.* (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Polyipnus clarus Harold, 1994	*Lins Oliveira et al.* (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Polyipnus laternatus Garman, 1899	*Lins Oliveira et al.* (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Polyipnus sp.	*Lima et al. (2011)*Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1....
Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann, 1781	Baird (1971)Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; Borodulina (1978)Borodulina OD. Materials on the systematics and distribution of the oceanic hatchetfishes genera Argyropelecus and Sternoptyx (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol im P P Shirshova Akad Nauk SSSR. 1978; 111:28–60.; Séret, Andreata (1992)Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Lins Oliveira et al. (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al. (2020a)Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Melo et al. (2020)Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; Pinheiro et al. (2020)**Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ; this study
Sternoptyx pseudobscura Baird, 1971Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.	Baird (1971)Baird RC. The systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (family Sternoptychidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1971; 142(1):1–128.; *Menezes et al.* (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Braga et al.(2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Lima et al. (2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al. (2020a)Eduardo LN, Bertrand A, Mincarone MM, Santos LV, Frédou T, Assunção RV, Silva A, Ménard F, Schwamborn R, Le Loc’h F, Lucena-Frédou F. Hatchetfishes (Stomiiformes: Sternoptychidae) biodiversity, trophic ecology, vertical niche partitioning and functional roles in the western tropical Atlantic. Prog Oceanogr. 2020a; 187:102389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102389 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.10... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana Borodulina, 1977Borodulina OD. A new species of hatchetfish, Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana (Sternoptychidae, Osteichthyes) from the waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Vopr Ikhtiol. 1977; 17(5):938–41.	Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; *Lima et al.(2011)Lima AT, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Nunan GWA, Mincarone MM. Fishes of the family Sternoptychidae (Stomiiformes) collected on the Brazilian continental slope between 11° and 23°S. Zootaxa. 2011; 2742:34–48. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.2 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2742.1.... ; Lins Oliveira et al.* (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Mincarone et al. (2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
PHOSICHTHYIDAE
Ichthyococcus australis Mukhacheva, 1980Mukhacheva VA. A review of the genus Ichthyococcus Bonaparte (Photichthyidae). Vopr Ikhtiol, 1980; 20(6):771–86.	Krefft (1983)Krefft G. Taxonomy and distribution of the fish-genus Ichthyococcus (Bonaparte, 1841) (Photichthyidae Weitzman, 1974) in the Atlantic Ocean. Invest Pesq. 1983; 47(2):295–309.; *Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Ichthyococcus ovatus (Cocco, 1838)	*Bonecker et al.* (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Ichthyococcus polli Blache, 1964	Krefft (1983)Krefft G. Taxonomy and distribution of the fish-genus Ichthyococcus (Bonaparte, 1841) (Photichthyidae Weitzman, 1974) in the Atlantic Ocean. Invest Pesq. 1983; 47(2):295–309.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Phosichthys argenteus Hutton, 1872	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Pollichthys mauli (Poll, 1953)	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Goçalo et al. (2011)Goçalo CG, Katsuragawa M, Silveira ICA. Patterns of distribution and abundance of larval Phosichthyidae (Actinopterygii, Stomiiformes) in southeastern Brazilian waters. Braz J Oceanogr. 2011; 59(3):213–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592011000300002 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759201100... ; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ); Pinheiro et al. (2015)Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Polymetme thaeocoryla Parin & Borodulina, 1990	*Haimovici et al.* (1994)Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... ; Mincarone et al. (2004)Mincarone MM, Consulim CEN, Kitahara MV, Lima AT, Lima e Silva CM, Neves RD, Soto JMR, Souza Filho MB. Report on the demersal fishes sampled by onboard observers off Southern Brazil. Mare Magnum. 2004; 2(1–2):127–44.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Lins Oliveira et al. (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Mincarone et al.(2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Vinciguerria nimbaria (Jordan & Williams, 1895)	Gorbunova (1972)Gorbunova NN. Systematics, distribution and biology of the fishes of the genus Vinciguerria (Pisces: Gonostomatidae). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1972; 93:70–109.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al.(2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Goçalo et al. (2011)Goçalo CG, Katsuragawa M, Silveira ICA. Patterns of distribution and abundance of larval Phosichthyidae (Actinopterygii, Stomiiformes) in southeastern Brazilian waters. Braz J Oceanogr. 2011; 59(3):213–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592011000300002 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-8759201100... ; Bonecker et al. (2012Bonecker ACT, Katsuragawa M, Castro MS, Gomes EAP, Namiki CAP, Zani-Teixeira ML. Larval fish of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazil. Check List. 2012; 8(6):1280–91. https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280 https://doi.org/10.15560/8.6.1280... , 2014Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... , 2019Bonecker ACT, Castro MS, Costa PG, Bianchini A, Bonecker SLC. Larval fish assemblages of the coastal area affected by the tailings of the collapsed dam in Southeast Brazil. Reg Stud Mar Sci. 2019; 32:100848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100848 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.1008... ); Pinheiro et al. (2015Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... , 2020Pinheiro HT, Macena BCL, Francini-Filho RB, Ferreira CEL, Albuquerque FV, Bezerra NPA, Carvalho-Filho A, Ferreira RCP, Luiz OJ, Mendonça SA, Nunes DM, Pimentel CR, Soares-Gomes A, Viana DL, Hazin FHV, Rocha LA. Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago, mid-Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: New records and a species database. J Fish Biol. 2020; 94(4):1143–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14484... ); Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Vinciguerria poweriae (Cocco, 1838)	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Stocco, Joyeux (2015)Stocco LB, Joyeux J-C. Distribution of fish larvae on the Vitória-Trindade chain, southwestern Atlantic. Check List. 2015; 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590 https://doi.org/10.15560/11.2.1590... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
STOMIIDAE
Astronesthinae
Astronesthes atlantica Parin & Borodulina, 1996	Parin, Borodulina (1996)Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Revision of the Astronesthes indicus species group (Astronesthidae), with descriptions of five new species. J Ichthyol. 1996; 36(8):551–65.; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study
Atronesthes barbata Kner, 1860	Kner (1860)Kner R. Über einige noch unbeschriebene Fische. Sitzungsber Kaiserl Akad Wiss, Math-Naturwiss Cl: 1860; 39(4):531–46. ; Parin, Borodulina (2002)Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Preliminary review of species group Astronesthes niger (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes) with description of six new species from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. J Ichthyol. 2002; 42(7):495–515.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Astronesthes boulengeri Gilchrist, 1902	*Parin et al. (1999)*Parin NV, Borodulina OD, Hulley PA. A review of the Astronestes boulengeri species group (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes), with description of two new species. J Ichthyol. 1999; 39(8):557–70.
Astronesthes gemmifer Goode & Bean, 1896	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Astronesthes gudrunae Parin & Borodulina, 2002	This study
Astronesthes haplophos Parin & Borodulina, 2002	Parin, Borodulina (2003)Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Astronesthes illuminata Parin, Borodulina & Hulley, 1999	*Parin et al. (1999)*Parin NV, Borodulina OD, Hulley PA. A review of the Astronestes boulengeri species group (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes), with description of two new species. J Ichthyol. 1999; 39(8):557–70.
Astronesthes macropogon Goodyear & Gibbs, 1970	Parin, Borodulina (1997)Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Review of the “Astronesthes cyaneus species group” (Astronesthidae), with description of two new species. J Ichthyol. 1997; 37(9):737–48. ; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Braga et al.(2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Mincarone et al. (2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Astronesthes micropogon Goodyear & Gibbs, 1970	Parin, Borodulina (2003)Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Astronesthes richardsoni (Poey, 1852)	Parin, Borodulina (2000Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Redescriptions and new data on the distribution of six rare and poorly known species of the mesopelagic fish genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae). J Ichthyol. 2000; 40(S1):S15–S30. , 2003Parin NV, Borodulina OD. Phylogeny, systematics, and zoogeography of the mesopelagic genus Astronesthes (Astronesthidae, Stomiiformes). J Ichthyol. 2003; 43(8):557–76. ); Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study
Astronesthes similus Parr, 1927	*Braga et al.* (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Pinheiro et al. (2015)Pinheiro HT, Mazzei E, Loura RL, Amado-Filho GM, Carvalho-Filho A, Braga AC, Costa PAS, Ferreira BP, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR, Francini-Filho RB, Gasparini JL, Macieira RM, Martins AS, Olavo G, Pimentel CR, Rocha LA, Sazima I, Simon T, Teixeira JB, Xavier LB, Joyeux J-C. Fish biodiversity of the Vitória-Trindade seamount chain, southwestern Atlantic: An updated database. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(3):1–38. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118180 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.011... ; Eduardo et al. (2020c)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Lucena-Frédou F, Martins JR, Afonso GVF, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A. Length-weight relationship of twelve mesopelagic fishes from the western tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2020c; 36(6):845–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.14084... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Borostomias elucens (Brauer, 1906)	This study
Heterophotus ophistoma Regan & Trewavas, 1929	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Klautau et al.* (2020)Klautau AGCM, Cintra IHA, Rotundo MM, Carvalho-Filho A, Caires RA, Marceniuk AP. The deep-sea teleost fish fauna of the Brazilian north coast. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2020; 18(3):e200030. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0030 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0... ; Marceniuk et al., (2021)**Marceniuk AP, Caires RA, Carvalho-Filho A, Klautau AGCM, Santos WCR, Wosiacki WB, Montag L, Rotundo MM. Teleostei fishes of the north coast of Brazil. Rev CEPSUL Biodivers Conserv Mar. 2021; 10:e2021006. https://doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.vol10.1969e2021006 https://doi.org/10.37002/revistacepsul.v... ; this study
Chauliodontinae
Chauliodus danae Regan & Trewavas, 1929	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Chauliodus minimus Parin & Novikova, 1974	Parin, Novikova (1974)Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. A review of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:316–68.; *Bernardes et al.* (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Chauliodus schmidti Ege, 1948	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Chauliodus sloani Bloch & Schneider, 1801	Parin, Novikova (1974)Parin NV, Pokhilskaya GN. A review of the Indo-Pacific species of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiatidae, Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974; 96:316–68.; *Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Lins Oliveira et al. (2015)Lins Oliveira JE, Nóbrega MF, Garcia Jr J, Sampaio CLS, Di Dario F, Fischer LG, Mincarone MM. Biodiversidade marinha da Bacia Potiguar/RN. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.0244 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5066.024... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Eduardo et al. (2020b)Eduardo LN, Lucena-Frédou F, Mincarone MM, Soares APC, Le Loc’k F, Fredou T, Menard F, Bertrand A. Trophic ecology, habitat, and migratory behaviour of the viperfish Chauliodus sloani reveal a key mesopelagic player. Sci Rep. 2020b; 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77222... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Stomiinae
Stomias affinis Günther, 1887	*Haimovici et al.* (1994)Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... ; Figueiredo et al. (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Braga et al. (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Bonecker et al. (2014)Bonecker ACT, Namiki CAP, Castro MS, Campos PN. Catálogo dos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento dos peixes da Bacia de Campos. Série Zoologia: Guias e manuais de Identificação. Curitiba: Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; 2014. Available from: http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn http://books.scielo.org/id/q7vqn... ; Mincarone et al. (2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Stomias boa (Risso, 1810)	Shcherbachev, Novikova (1976)Shcherbachev YN, Novikova NS. Materials on distribution and taxonomy of the mesopelagic fishes of the family Stomiatidae (Osteichthyes). Tr Inst Okeanol Akad Nauk SSSR. 1976; 104:92–112.; Gibbs (1969)Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Stomias colubrinus Garman, 1899	Séret, Andreata (1992)Séret B, Andreata JV. Deep-sea fishes collected during cruise MD-55 off Brazil. Cybium. 1992; 16(1):81–100.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Stomias danae Ege, 1933	Gibbs (1969)Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy, sexual dimorphism, vertical distribution, and evolutionary zoogeography of the bathypelagic fish genus Stomias (family Stomiatidae). Smithson Contrib Zool, 1969; 31:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.31... ; *Menezes et al.* (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Stomias longibarbatus (Brauer, 1902)	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study
Idiacanthinae
Idiacanthus atlanticus Brauer, 1906	*Figueiredo et al.* (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Mincarone et al.(2004)Mincarone MM, Consulim CEN, Kitahara MV, Lima AT, Lima e Silva CM, Neves RD, Soto JMR, Souza Filho MB. Report on the demersal fishes sampled by onboard observers off Southern Brazil. Mare Magnum. 2004; 2(1–2):127–44.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Malacosteinae
Aristostomias grimaldii Zugmayer, 1913	This study
Aristostomias tittmanni Welsh, 1923	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study
Aristostomias xenostoma Regan & Trewavas, 1930	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Malacosteus niger Ayres, 1848	*Braga et al.* (2007)Braga AC, Costa PAS, Lima AD, Nunam GW, Olavo G, Martins AS. Padrões de distribuição de teleósteos epi- e mesopelágicos na costa central (11–22°S) brasileira. In: Costa PAS, Olavo G, Martins AS, editors. Biodiversidade da fauna marinha profunda na costa central brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2007. p.63–86.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Olivar et al. (2017)Olivar PM, Hulley AP, Castellón A, Emelianov M, López C, Tuset VM, Contretas T, Molí B. Mesopelagic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic: Biogeographical and vertical patterns. Prog Oceanogr. 2017; 151:116–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12... ; Mincarone et al. (2017)Mincarone MM, Martins AS, Costa PAS, Braga AC, Haimovici M. Peixes marinhos da Bacia de Campos: uma revisão da diversidade. In: Curbelo-Fernandez MP, Braga AC, editors. Comunidades demersais e bioconstrutores: caracterização ambiental regional da Bacia de Campos, Atlântico Sudoeste. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2017. p.187–216. ; Eduardo et al. (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Pachystomias microdon (Günther, 1878)	This study
Photostomias atrox (Alcock, 1890)	Kenaley, Hartel (2005)Kenaley CP, Hartel KE. A revision of Atlantic species of Photostomias (Teleostei: Stomiidae: Malacosteinae), with a description of a new species. Ichthyol Res, 2005; 52(3):251–63. https://doi.org /10.1007/s10228-005-0281-7 https://doi.org... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Photostomias goodyeari Kenaley & Hartel, 2005	*Melo et al. (2020)*Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Photostomias guernei Collett, 1889	Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Melanostomiinae
Bathophilus brevis Regan & Trewavas, 1930	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Sutton et al. (2020)*Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en...
Bathophilus nigerrimus Giglioli, 1882	This study
Bathophilus pawneei Parr, 1927	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Sutton et al. (2020)*Sutton TT, Hulley PA, Wienerroither R, Zaera-Perez D, Paxton JR. Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and southeast Atlantic Ocean. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO; 2020. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0365en... ; this study
Echiostoma barbatum Lowe, 1843	*Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias arborifer Parr, 1927	*Gibbs et al.* (1983)Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias bibulbosus Parr, 1927	This study
Eustomias bigelowi Welsh, 1923	Clarke (2000)Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2...
Eustomias braueri Zugmayer, 1911	*Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Eustomias brevibarbatus Parr, 1927	Gomon, Gibbs (1985)Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; *Menezes et al.* (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Eustomias curtifilis Clarke, 2000Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2...	Clarke (2000)Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias enbarbatus Welsh, 1923	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study
Eustomias filifer (Gilchrist, 1906)	*Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias fissibarbis (Pappenheim, 1914)	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Eustomias ignotus Gomon & Gibbs, 1985	Gomon, Gibbs (1985)Gomon JR, Gibbs RH Jr. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1985; 409:1–58. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.409... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias longibarba Parr, 1927	*Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias macronema Regan & Trewavas, 1930	Clarke (2000)Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2...
Eustomias minimus Clarke, 1999Clarke TA. Pelagic fishes of the genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae) similar to Eustomias dendriticus Regan and Trewavas with the description of seven new species. Copeia. 1999; 1999(4):1002–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975 https://doi.org/10.2307/1447975...	This study
Eustomias posti Gibbs, Clarke & Gomon, 1983	*Gibbs et al.* (1983)Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias satterleei Beebe, 1933	Clarke (2000)Clarke TA. Review of nine species of North Atlantic Eustomias, subgenus Dinematochirus (Pisces: Stomiidae), with the description of two new species. Copeia. 2000; 2000(1):96–111. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0096:RONSON]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00...
Eustomias schmidti Regan & Trewavas, 1930	*Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Eustomias spherulifer Gibbs, Clarke & Gomon, 1983	*Gibbs et al.* (1983)Gibbs RH Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithson Contrib Zool. 1983; 380:1–139. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380 https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.380... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Eustomias tetranema Zugmayer, 1913	Costa, Mincarone (2010)Costa PAS, Mincarone MM. Ictiofauna demersal. In: Lavrado HP, Brasil ACS, editors. Biodiversidade da região oceânica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e ictiofauna demersal. Rio de Janeiro: Sag Serv; 2010. p.293–373.; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Melanostomiinae
Flagellostomias boureei (Zugmayer, 1913)	*Bernardes et al.* (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Grammatostomias dentatus Goode & Bean, 1896	*Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Grammatostomias ovatus Prokofiev, 2014Prokofiev AM. Grammatostomiasovatus sp. nova (Melanostomiidae). Vopr Ikhtiol. 2014; 54(6):483–84. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875214040109 https://doi.org/10.7868/S004287521404010...	This study
Leptostomias gladiator (Zugmayer, 1911)	*Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Leptostomias longibarba Regan & Trewavas, 1930	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Melanostomias bartonbeani Parr, 1927	*Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Melanostomias biseriatus Regan & Trewavas, 1930	This study
Melanostomias niger Gilchrist & von Bonde, 1924	*Haimovici et al.* (1994)Haimovici M, Martins AS, Figueiredo JL, Vieira PC. Demersal bony fish of the outer shelf and upper slope of the Southern Brazil Subtropical Convergence ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1994; 108:59–77. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108059... ; Figueiredo et al. (2002)Figueiredo JL, Santos AP, Yamaguti N, Bernardes RA, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: levantamento com rede de meia-água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2002.; Bernardes et al. (2005)Bernardes RA, Figueiredo JL, Rodrigues AR, Fischer LG, Vooren CM, Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.; Haimovici et al. (2008)Haimovici M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Bernardes RA, Fisher LG, Vooren CM, Santos RA, Rodrigues AR, Santos S. Prospecção pesqueira de espécies demersais com rede de arrasto-de-fundo na região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Série Documentos Revizee. São Paulo: Edusp; 2008. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247 https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3461.0247... ; Melo et al. (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Melanostomias tentaculatus (Regan & Trewavas, 1930)	Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100... ; this study
Melanostomias valdiviae Brauer, 1902	*Menezes et al. (2003)Menezes NA, Buckup PA, Figueiredo JL, Moura RL. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.; Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Photonectes achirus Regan & Trewavas, 1930	This study
Photonectes mirabilis Parr, 1927	Bonecker, Castro (2006)Bonecker ACT, Castro MS. Atlas de larvas de peixes da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; 2006.; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; *Melo et al.* (2020)**Melo MRS, Caires RA, Sutton TT. The scientific explorations for deep-sea fishes in Brazil: the known knowns, the known unknowns, and the unknown unknowns. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC, editors. Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2020. p.153–216. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_7 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.100...
Thysanactis dentex Regan & Trewavas, 1930	*Eduardo et al.* (2018a)Eduardo LN, Mincarone MM, Villarins BT, Frédou T, Lira AS, Bertrand A, Lucena-Frédou F. Length-weight relationships of eleven mesopelagic fishes from oceanic islands of the southwestern tropical Atlantic. J Appl Ichthyol. 2018a; 35(2):605–07. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13840... ; Judkins, Haedrich (2018)**Judkins DC, Haedrich RL. The deep scattering layer micronektonic fish faunas of the Atlantic mesopelagic ecoregions with comparison of the corresponding decapod shrimp faunas. Deep-Sea Res I: Oceanogr Res Pap. 2018; 136:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2018.04.00... ; this study

Brasil

Brasil

Deep-sea dragonfishes (Teleostei: Stomiiformes) collected from off northeastern Brazil, with a review of the species reported from the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone

Abstract

Resumo

INTRODUCTION

MATERIAL AND METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

ADDITIONAL NOTES

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Edited-by

Publication Dates

History