Laurales

Avocado - Persea Americana Mill. The Avocado is a fruit and was introduced into the Philippines from tropical America around the 16th century. It is very common on Mt. Banahaw. It is a seasonal fruit, which contains over 20 percent fat, and more protein content than any other fresh fruit. The parts we use in our herbal formulas are the leaves and bark. The leaves and bark are used in domestic medicines because of the pectoral, stomachic, emmengague, resolutive, and antiperiodic properties ascribed to them.

Magnoliales Myristica frugifera Range for Myristica frugifera: Found on the islands of Luzon, Leyte and Mindoro. It is known from five collections. Canellales Tasmannia sp. http://www.diemenpepper.com/plant.html - paki tingin na lang to kung ito ba un...hehehehe

Piperales

Magnoliids Canellales Winteraceae Tasmannia piperita Laurales Hernandiaceae Gyrocarpus americanus Hernandia nymphaefolia Hernandia ovigera Illigera celebica lligera luzonensis

Illigera megaptera Lauraceae 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Actinodaphne apoensis Actinodaphne bicolor Actinodaphne dolichophylla Actinodaphne intermedia Actinodaphne multiflora Actinodaphne samarensis . Actinodaphne tayabensis

Alseodaphne Nees 1. Alseodaphne longipes 2. Alseodaphne philippinensis 3. Alseodaphne ramosii Beilschmiedia Nees 1. Beilschmiedia 2. Beilschmiedia 3. Beilschmiedia Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw 1. Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis . Cassytha Linnaeus 1. Cassytha filiformis Cinnamomum Schaeffer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cinnamomum anacardium Cinnamomum Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomum cebuense Cinnamomum celebicum Cinnamomum ebaloi Cinnamomum griffithii Cinnamomum iners Cinnamomum lanaoense

10. Cinnamomum loheri Merr 11. Cinnamomum mercadoi 12. Cinnamomum mendozai 13. Cinnamomum myrianthum 14. Cinnamomum nanophyllum 15. Cinnamomum oblongum 16. Cinnamomum oroi 17. Cinnamomum perglabrum 18. Cinnamomum rupestre 19. Cinnamomum sancticaroli 20. Cinnamomum sandkuhlii 21. Cinnamomum trichophyllum 22. Cinnamomum utile 23. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Cryptocarya R Brown 1. Cryptocarya acuminata 2. Cryptocarya ampla 3. Cryptocarya beilschmidiifolia 4. Cryptocarya cagayanensis 5. Cryptocarya crassinervia 6. Cryptocarya densiflora 7. Cryptocarya erectinervia 8. Cryptocarya euphlebia 9. Cryptocarya ferrea 10. Cryptocarya griffithiana 11. Cryptocarya infectoria 12. Cryptocarya intermedia 13. Cryptocarya laevigata 14. Cryptocarya lancilimba 15. Cryptocarya laurifolia 16. Cryptocarya loheri 17. Cryptocarya lucida 18. Cryptocarya mackinnoniana 19. Cryptocarya mindanaensis 20. Cryptocarya oblongata 21. Cryptocarya oligocarpa 22. Cryptocarya palawanensis 23. Cryptocarya parvifolia 24. Cryptocarya samarensis

25. Cryptocarya teysmanniana 26. Cryptocarya todayensis 27. Cryptocarya tomentosa 28. Cryptocarya triplinervis 29. Cryptocarya vidalii 30. Cryptocarya zamboangensis 1. Cryptocarya crebrinervia 2. Cryptocarya hypsineura Dehaasia Blume 1. Dehaasia cairocan 2. Dehaasia incrassata 3. Dehaasia purpurea Endiandra R Brown 1. Endiandra coriacea 2. Endiandra laxiflora Eusideroxylon Teijsmann & Binnendijk 1. Eusideroxylon zwageri Iteadaphne philippinensis Elmer =Alseodaphne philippinensis Lindera Thunberg 1. Lindera apoensis Litsea Lamarck 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Litsea albayana Litsea anomala Litsea baruringensis Litsea catubigensis Litsea collina Litsea cordata Litsea diospyrifolia Litsea elliptica Litsea firma Litsea fulva

10. Litsea garciae 11. Litsea globifera 12. Litsea glutinosa 13. Litsea grandis 14. Litsea hutchinsonii 15. Litsea ilocana 16. Litsea leytensis 17. Litsea luzonica 18. Litsea macgregorii 19. Litsea micrantha 20. Litsea microphylla 21. Litsea oblongifolia 22. Litsea perfulva 23. Litsea philippinensis 24. Litsea plateaefolia 25. Litsea quadrangularis 26. Litsea quercoides 27. Litsea rubicunda Kosterm., Reinwardtia 7 (1968) 351; --Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 4 (1989) 164. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Tioman, Borneo and the Philippines (check where?) 28. Litsea segregata Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 721; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 197. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Primary forests, c. 1000m. 29. Litsea tomentosa Blume, Bijdr. 11 (1826) 566; --Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 4 (1989) 165. Litsea membranacea Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 380; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 195. Myanmar(?), Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao. Primary forests at low and medium altitudes. 30. Litsea urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2724; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 197. Type: LUZON: Isabela, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta), Surigao. Photos 31. Litsea vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 139; EPFP 2 (1923) 197. Type: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province. Forests, up to 1700m. 32. Litsea varians (Blume) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1900) 143. Litsea cinerea (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 193; --Actinodaphne cinerea Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1795. --Type: Elmer 12947 (iso in L*, MO*, NA*, NY*, U*, US*). Palawan Litsea wenzelii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 358; EPFP 2 (1923) 197. -Type: Wenzel 626 (iso in MO*, US*). Leyte: Sumatra, Philippines. PALAWAN, LEYTE. Forests, forested ridges, 500-600m. (habitat notes as in L. cinerea (Elmer) Merr., and L. wenzelii Merr., sec. Merr., 1923); L. wenzelii is perhaps too close to L. luzonica (Blume) Fern.-Villar

33. Litsea velutina Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2726; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 197. Type: MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta), Forests, c. 1500m. 34. Litsea whitfordii Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 197. Type: MINDORO, LEYTE. Forests at low altitudes. Ined. Names 1. Litsea sulitii Kosterm., ined. Based on PNH 6436 Sulit & Conese (L*). Samar: Mt Kanrangan, vicinity of km post 67 near road, altitude c. 200m, 20 May 1948. This name is not in IPNI Machilus Nees = Persea Neolitsea (Bentham) Merrill Photos 1. Neolitsea incana Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1794; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 191. Type: Elmer 13184. PALAWAN (Mt Pulgar =Thumb Peak). Dense thicket at the summit, altitude c.1300m. 2. Neolitsea lanceolata Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 397; EPFP 2 (1923) 191. Type: BS 30231 Ramos. Catanduanes: Mt Mariguidon, forest near summit, 27 Nov 1917. LUZON: Tayabas east coast, CATANDUANES. Mossy forests, probably at or above 900m. 3. Neolitsea megacarpa Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 349; EPFP 2 (1923) 191. Type: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet. Mossy forests, altitude 22002400m. 4. Neolitsea microphylla Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 57; EPFP 2 (1923) 191. Type: LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Bataan, MINDORO. Mossy forests, altitude 1200-2400m. 5. Neolitsea paucinervia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 398; EPFP 2 (1923) 191. Type: BS 23316 Ramos. Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Kililibong, mossy forest, 17 Aug 1915. LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon. Mossy forests at or above 1000m. 6. Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 261; EPFP 2 (1923) 192; -Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 4 (1989) 168; --Litsea villosa Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851) 349. Neolitsea vulcanica Elmer, ined. Based on Elmer 15752. Peninsular Malaysia to the Moluccas. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, MINDORO, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Mossy forests, altitude 9002000m. Photos 7. Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 57; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 192; -- Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 4 (1989) 169, Fig. 10; --Litsea

zeylanica Nees, Amoen. Bot. Bonn. 1 (1823) 58, t. 5. India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Zambales, Batangas, LEYTE. Medium altitude forests. Nothaphoebe Blume No Photos 1. Nothaphoebe leytensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 190; --Persea leytensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 383. Type: Nothaphoebe surigaoensis (Elmer) Kosterm. Name not in IPNI, possibly ined. Persea surigaoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2728. Type: PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Surigao, DINAGAT. Lowland forests. 2. Nothaphoebe umbelliflora (Blume) Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1851) 328; -- Kochummen, Tree Fl. Mal. 4 (1989) 172; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan. Nothophoebe malabonga (Blanco) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 358; EPFP 2 (1923) 189; --Alseodaphne malabonga (Blanco) Kosterm., J. Sc. Res., Indonesia 1 (1952) 125; --Ajovea malabonga Blanco. Fl. Filip. (1837) 233. Type: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Banka, Java, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Isabela (Palanan), Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forest. Persea Gaertner Photos 1. Persea americana Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768); --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 211; EPFP 2 (1923) 188. Native of tropical America. Widely cultivated for its edible fruits. Photos 2. Persea curranii (Merr.) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 6 (1962) 191; --Machilus curranii Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 349; EPFP 2 (1923) 189. Type: FB 18080 Curran. LUZON: Benguet (Mt Pulag). High montane cloud forest, altitude 2400-2700m. 3. Persea philippinensis (Merr.) Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 384; --Machilus philippinensis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) suppl. 56; EPFP 2 (1923) 189. Type: LUZON: Mountain Province, Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, MINDORO. Ridge forests, alt. 800-2300m. 4. Persea thunbergii (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kosterm., Comm. For. Res. Inst. Bogor 57 (1957) 35; -- Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 30. Type: Japan, Taiwan, extreme N Philippines. BATAN: Mt Iraya. In thickets, alt. 300m

Phoebe Nees Photos 1. Phoebe glabrifolia Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 140; EPFP 2 (1923) 189. Type: BS 17552 Ramos. SAMAR, BASILAN. Low and medium altitude primary forests. 2. Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 262; EPFP 2 (1923) 189; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan.. LUZON: Isabela, Aurora, Quezon, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN (Taytay), PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO.

Magnoliales Annonaceae Alphonsea Hooker filius & Thomson No Photos 1. Alphonsea sessiliflora Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 233 (1915). Anaxagorea A St. Hilaire Photos 1. Anaxagorea luzonensis A Gray, Bot. Wilkes US Explor. Exped. (1854) 27; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 158. Photos. Also Photos of A. javanica (a synonym?). 2. Anaxagorea radiata C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 66, 74; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 158. Artabotrys R Brown No Photos 1. Artabotrys cumingiana Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 92; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. Type: Artabotrys cumingiana Vidal var. subglabra Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1705. Type: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Low and medium altitude forests. 2. Artabotrys luteus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 290; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. Type: Artabotrys cumingiana Vidal var. reticulata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1706.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

Type: LUZON: Quezon, CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Forests up to 1100m. Artabotrys cagayanensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 384; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. Type: LUZON: Cagayan. Forested slopes at low altitudes. Artabotrys corniculatus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 150; EPFP 2 (1923) 173, under synonymy of A. suaveolens; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 258, under A. suaveolens; -- Unona corniculata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 469; ed. 2 (1845) 326; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 240. Type: Artabotrys rolfei Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 39; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 173, under synonymy of A. suaveolens. Type: Artabotrys monogynus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 383; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 173. Type: BS 26826 Edao. LUZON: Zambales. Lowland forest. Artabotrys suaveolens Blume, Fl. Jav. Annon. (1828) 62, t. 30; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 173; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 256, f. 12 & 13. India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia to the Moluccas. LUZON: Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BASILAN, MINDANAO. In dry thickets and in second growth forests at low altitudes. Artabotrys uncinatus (L.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 234; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 206; EPFP 2 (1923) 173. Native of Sri Lanka and S India. Nonnaturalized. Occasionally cultivated. LUZON to MINDANAO. Artabotrys vidaliana Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1707; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 173. Type: Elmer 13007 PALAWAN. Low altitude forest, altitude c. 150m. Invalid Name:

1.

Artabotrys stolonifer Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3684. no Latin descr. Cananga (A de Candolle) Hooker filius & Thomson Photos

1. Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 130; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 324. Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 612 (1892) 41; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 208; EPFP 2 (1923) 158. E tropics from India to N Queensland. Planted in most of the tropics. Throughout the Philippines in cultivation, occurring in some forested areas up to an altitude of 800m. Photos. Canangium Baillon = Cananga Cyathocalyx Champion ex Hooker filius & Thomson

No Photos 1. Cyathocalyx acuminatus C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 66, 74; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 173. Type: RS Williams 2143. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests. 2. Cyathocalyx apoensis (Elmer) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 239; -Drepananthus apoensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1708; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 174. Syntypes: Drepananthus convocarii Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 40. Type: BS 84112 Ramos & Convocar. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Asiga River, in damp forest, altitude c. 1000m, 23 Apr 1931. LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao (Mt Apo), Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong; Asiga River). Low and mdium altitude forests, ascending to 900m. 3. Cyathocalyx crassipetalus R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders -- Syst. Bot. 31(2): 291 (286, 288, 292-293; figs. 1, 2a-b, 5-6). 2006 [9 Jun 2006] Type Information Dutierin et al. 105, Samar: Mt. Coneoul, 1969-5-, holotype L 2 sheets; PNH 117088 4. Cyathocalyx globosus Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 17; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 174. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Bataan, Rizal, Quezon. In primary forests at low and medium altitudes. 5. Cyathocalyx philippinensis (Merr.) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 239; --Drepananthus philippinensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 137; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Type: LUZON: Camarines, MINDORO, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Medium altitude forests. 6. Cyathocalyx samarensis R.J.Wang & R.M.K.Saunders -- Syst. Bot. 31(2): 293 (front cover, 288, 294-296; figs. 2e-f, 7-8). 2006 [9 Jun 2006] D. Madulid et al. 1457, Samar: Bo. Sta Rosa, East Samar, 1971-5-, holotype L PNH 118420, annotated "vel 1" isotype L PNH 118420, no annotation 7. Cyathocalyx (apparently no formal combination yet under this genus) Drepananthus longiflorus C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 201; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Cyathostemma Griffith No Photos 1. Cyathostemma glabrum (Span.) Jessup ex Utteridge, Blumea 45 (2000) 385; -Uvaria glabra Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 162. Type: N Australia and Malesia: Timor; Philippines: PALAWAN. 2. Cyathostemma micranthum (A DC) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 225; --Uvaria micrantha (A DC) Hook. f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 103; --

EPFP 2 (1923) 155. Type: Myanmar and the Andaman Isls through Malesia into N Australia. Philippines: LUZON: Batangas, Sorsogon, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Puerto Galera), PALAWAN (Taytay), PANAY. Low altitude thickets and open forests, on or near the seashore. Dasymaschalon (Hooker filius & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms Photos 1. Dasymaschalon clusiflorum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 237; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175; --Unona clusiflora Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 1. Type: Merrill 2521(NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, 11-14 June 1903. Dasymaschalon clusiflorum var. megalanthum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 237; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Type: FB 10686 Curran (L*, iso). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Caramoan peninsula, June 1908. Dasymaschalon oblongatum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 237; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Type: Merrill 9703 (L*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, May 1914. BABUYAN ISLS to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Common in forests and thickets at low and medium altitudes, sometimes on limestone, ascending to 1300m in the Cordillera Highlands of N Luzon. Photos. 2. Dasymaschalon scandens Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 238; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. --Type: Merrill 9277 (not seen). Palawan: Taytay-Bantolan trail, forested slopes, c. 150m, May 1913. PALAWAN (Taytay; Puerto Princesa). Low and medium altitude forests. Desmos Loureiro No Photos 1. Desmos chinensis Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 352; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 266; -- Desmos cochinchinensis Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 158, non Lour., Fl. Cochin. (1790) 352. Type: E Himalayas, S China, Hainan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines. PALAWAN, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low and medium altitude thickets and forests. Drepananthus Maingay ex Hooker filius = Cyathocalyx sect. Drepananthus Scheffer Enicosanthum Beccari

Photos 1. Enicosanthum gigantifolium (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 277; -Polyalthia gigantifolia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 246; EPFP 2 (1923) 160. Type: 2. Enicosanthum grandifolium (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 277; -Polyalthia grandifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 291; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160. Type: Borneo and the Philippines: N LUZON (Cagayan) to MINDANAO and PALAWAN. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Photos. 3. Enicosanthum klemmei (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 277; --Polyalthia klemmei Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1735; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 161. Type: Borneo and the Philippines: N LUZON to MINDANAO and PALAWAN. 4. Enicosanthum mindanaense (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 278; -Polyalthia mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1734; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 161. Type: There are possibly some other Polyalthias (q.v.) referable to this genus. Check Airy Shaw (1939). Fissistigma Griffith Photos 1. Fissistigma fulgens (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 131; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 353. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines. 2. Fissistigma latifolium (Dunal) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 132; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 359. var. xxxx. Fissistigma rufum (C Presl) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 136; EPFP 2 (1923) 174. Extra-Philippine distribution? LUZON: Isabela, Laguna, Bataan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDORO, MINDANAO. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Friesodielsia Steenis No Photos 1. Friesodielsia auriculata (Elmer) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 358; --Oxymitra auriculata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1725; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Type: PANAY, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong). Lowland and medium altitude forests. 2. Friesodielsia bakeri (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 358; --Oxymitra bakeri Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 259; EPFP 2 (1923) 175. Type: LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, ALABAT, CATANDUANES. Lowland damp forest.

3. Friesodielsia glauca (Hook.f. & Thomson) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 358; -Oxymitra glauca Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 146; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: Whitford 1484. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, Borneo, C Philippines. NEGROS. Lowland dipterocarp forest. 4. Friesodielsia lagunensis (Elmer) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 360; --Oxymitra lagunensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 293; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: LUZON: Pangasinan, Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Lowland and medium altitude forests. 5. Friesodielsia lanceolata (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 360; --Oxymitra lanceolata Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 260; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: BS 15342 Ramos. LEYTE. Lowland and medium altitude forests. 6. Friesodielsia longiflora (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 360; --Oxymitra longiflora Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 134; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: Clemens 689 MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao del Sur. Forests along streams, altitude c. 700m. 7. Friesodielsa mindorensis (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 360; --Oxymitra mindorensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 455; EPFP 4 (1925) 248. Type: 8. Friesodielsia multinervia (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 360; --Oxymitra multinervia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 388; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: BS 30456 Ramos. CATANDUANES. Lowland forests. 9. Friesodielsia obtusifolia (Elmer) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra obtusifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 294; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong). 10. Friesodielsia oligophlebia (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra oligophlebia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 250; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: BS 35068 Ramos & Pascasio (US*, iso). Bucas Grande: dry forest at low altitude, 10 June 1919. BUCAS GRANDE. Dry forest at low altitude. 11. Friesodielsia paucinervia (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra paucinervia Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 135; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong). Forest, altitude 700-1200m. 12. Friesodielsia philippinensis (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra philippinensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 261; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: LUZON: Cagayan, PALAWAN. Lowland forests. 13. Friesodielsia platyphylla (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra platyphylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 388; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: FB 26360 Mabesa LUZON: Laguna. Forests, altitude 400-500m. 14. Friesodielsia pubescens (Merr.) Steen., Blumea 12 (1964) 361; --Oxymitra pubescens Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 267; EPFP 2 (1923) 176. Type: BS 13870 Ramos. Jan 1912. LUZON: Cagayan. Lowland forests.

Goniothalamus Hooker filius & Thomson Photos 1. Goniothalamus amuyon (Blanco) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 264; EPFP 2 (1923) 169. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Batangas, NEGROS, BOHOL, MINDANAO. Forests at low and medium altitudes. 2. Goniothalamus catanduanensis Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 39. --Type: BS 75183 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo; iso in NY*). Catanduanes: Simamla, low altitude. LUZON: Camarines Sur (Mt Potianai; Agosais), CATANDUANES (Simamla; Dakulangpatag). Along streams and forested slopes, low altitude to 900m. 3. Goniothalamus copelandii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 262; EPFP 2 (1923) 169. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forests, c. 900m. 4. Goniothalamus dolichopetalus Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 221; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. var. dolichopetalus MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao. Forests at low and medium altitudes. var. basilensis Ban, Bot. Zhurn. 59 (1974) 671. -Type: FB 24681Tecson (NY*, holo). Basilan. BASILAN. Forests at low altitude. 5. Goniothalamus elmeri Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 13; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. var. elmeri N LUZON to MINDANAO. A common, rather variable, widely distributed species in forests at low and medium latitudes. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Ban, , Bot. Zhurn. 59 (1974) xxx. Photos. 6. Goniothalamus gitingensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1710; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 170. SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting), MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forested ridge, c.1350m. Goniothalamus gigantifolius Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 263; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. BASILAN. Forests, c. 160m. Flowers unknown. 7. Goniothalamus lancifolius Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 385; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. LUZON: Cagayan, Pangasinan. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 8. Goniothalamus longistylus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 386; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. LUZON: Aurora (Mt Dingalan). Forests at low and medium altitudes. 9. Goniothalamus mindorensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 453; EPFP 4 (1925) 248. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Bacauan, near Pinamalayan). On forested slopes, c. 700m. 10. Goniothalamus obtusifolius Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 9; EPFP 2 (1923) 170. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Bongabong), PALAWAN, MINDANAO: Agusan. Dry forests at low altitudes. 11. Goniothalamus panayensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 251; EPFP 2 (1923) 171. Type: BS 35290 Martelino & Edao (not seen). Panay: Aklan prov. (formerly part of Capiz prov.), Libacao, in forest, June 1919. PANAY: Aklan (Libacao

and Mt Salibongbong). Forests at low and medium altitudes. Accoring to Merrill, distinctly allied to G. amuyon. 12. Goniothalamus philippinensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 135; EPFP 2 (1923) 171. var. philippinensis LUZON: Tayabas, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta). Forests at low and medium altitudes. var. ramosii Ban, Bot. Zhurn. 59 (1974) 660. --Type: BS 19470 Ramos & Edao (NY*, holo). Mindanao: Davao prov., Mt Mayo. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Mayo). 13. Goniothalamus puncticulifolius Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 383; EPFP 2 (1923) 171. --Type: BS 39660 Ramos. MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Paluan). Dry forests at low altitudes. 14. Goniothalamus suluensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 393. --Type: BS 44350 Ramos & Edao (NY*, iso). Tawi-tawi: Along Malum River near mangrove swamp. TAWI-TAWI. Known only from the type collection. 15. Goniothalamus trunciflorus Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 10; EPFP 2 (1923) 171. Type: Whitford 774 (not seen). Luzon: Quezon prov., Infanta, Tinuan (=Tignoan) River, in hill forest, altitude 120m, 6 Sept 1904. LUZON: Quezon (Infanta). Forests at low altitudes. Insufficiently known: 1. Goniothalamus epiphyticus Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1711; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 170. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta). Terrestrial on forested ridges, and pseudoepiphytic in the mossy forest, 900-1500m. According to Merrill (1923, l.c.), a species of uncertain status of which the flowers are unknown; perhaps not distinct from G. elmeri Merr. 2. Goniothalamus sibuyanensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 171. SIBUYAN. Forests, c. 300m. Flowers unknown, and thus a species of uncertain status. Apparently allied to G. elmeri Merr. Possible ined. names: 1. Goniothalamus oblongipetalum Merr., This name is not in IK! Griffithianthus Merrill = Neouvaria; Enicosanthum Haplostichanthus F Mueller Photos 1. Haplostichanthus heteropetala (Merr.) Heusden, Blumea 39 (1994) 224; -Papualthia heteropetala Merr., PJS 14 c (1919) Bot. 389; EPFP 2 (1923) 163. -

-Type: BS 32853 Ramos (holo in PNH, lost; lecto (selected by Heusden, 1994) in K, isolectotype in US*). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Burgos. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, S Luzon and Bicol. In dry forests at low altitude; on riverbank in forest. 2. Haplostichanthus lanceolata (Vidal) Heusden, Blumea 39 (1994) 226; -Papualthia lanceolata (Vidal) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 242; EPFP 2 (1923) 163; --Polyalthia lanceolata Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 170; --Type: Cuming 450 (K, holo; iso G, L, 2 sheets*, MO*, NY fragm.). Photos. o Papualthia bakeri Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3069. --Type: Elmer 17775 (holo, PNH, lost; lecto K, chosen by Heusden (1994); isolecto in A, F, G, K, L*, MO*, NY*, U*, US*). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Makiling. o Papualthia boholensis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 479. --Type: BS 43095 Ramos (holo, PNH, lost; lecto: K, chosen by Heusden, 1994; isolecto in A, G, US*). Bohol: Valencia, damp forest, alt. 300- 600m. o Papualthia loheri (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 242; EPFP 2 (1923) 163; --Polyalthia loheri Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 268. --Type: FB 18437 (Holo, PNH, lost; iso, US*). Luzon: Culasing Mt, in dipterocarp forest. o Polyalthia loheri Merr. var. cagayanensis Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 269. --Type: BS 13948 Ramos (holo, PNH, lost; lecto: L chosen by Heusden (1994); isolecto B, G, K, NY). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta). o Papualthia longipes Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 323. --Type: BS 45281 Ramos & Edano (holo PNH, lost; lecto NY*, chosen by Heusden, 1994). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran (Cabulig River), in damp forest at low altitudes. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna (Mt Makiling), Batangas, Sorsogon, POLILLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES, ROMBLON, BOHOL (Valencia), LEYTE, SAMAR, SIARGAO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta). In primary forest, up to 600m altitude. o Papualthia reticulata (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 242; EPFP 2 (1923) 164;--Polyalthia reticulata Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 292; --Type: Elmer 7272 (holo PNH, lost; lecto (chosen by Heusden, 1994) in NY*). Leyte: Palo. o Papualthia samarensis Merr., PJS 9 c (1916) Bot. 180; EPFP 2 (1923) 164. --Type: BS 24180 Ramos (holo, PNH, lost; lecto, chosen by Heusden, in K; isolectotypes in A, US*). Samar: Catubig River at Camaniwan, in damp forest at low altitudes. o Papualthia sympetala (C Robinson) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 242; EPFP 2 (1923) 164; --Unona sympetala C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911)

Bot. 203; --Type: BS 10352 MacGregor (Holo, PNH, lost; lecto in B, chosen by Heusden, 1994). Polillo. Dubious species: 1. Papualthia tenuipes (Merr.) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 243; EPFP 2 (1923) 164; --Polyalthia tenuipes Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 269. --Type: BS 13472 Foxworthy & Ramos (holo, PNH, lost). Luzon: Quezon prov., Kabibihan. In forest at low altitudes, non Polyalthia tenuipes Merr. (1922) from Borneo. LUZON: Quezon. In forests at low and medium altitudes. No material identified as this species nor its type could be traced by Heusden. Meiogyne Miquel No Photos 1. Meiogyne cylindrocarpa (Burck) Heusden, Blumea 38 (1994) 495. Papualthia mariannae Safford, J. Wash. Acad. Sc. 2 (1912) 459. Papualthia mariannae (Safford) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 493. Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei), the Philippines, Java, Madura, Bali, Nusa Tengara, Timor, Tanimbar Island, New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua); New Hebrides, Guam and Marianas Islands. PALAWAN. In rain forest, on limestone or on red or sandy soil, from sea level up to 1450m altitude. 2. Meiogyne mindorensis (Merr.) Heusden, Blumea 38 (1994) 501; --Desmos mindorensis (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159; --Unona mindorensis Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 273; --Type: Merrill 5568 (PNH, holo, lost; lecto: US). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Binabay River, Mt Halcon, in forest at 180m. Desmos palawanensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923)159; --Unona palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1742. --Type: Elmer 13125 (holo PNH, lost; iso L). Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, April 1911, fr. Desmos elegans Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3070. --Type: Elmer 17649 (holo PNH, lost; iso L, MO, U, distributed as Papualthia elegans Elmer, nom. illeg., non Desmos elegans (Thwaites) Safford). Luzon: Laguna prov., Los Banos (Mt Makiling), vi/vii-1917, fr. Papualthia irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3689. --Lectotype: Elmer 15884 (NY). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin (Mt Bulusan), on very steep woody slopes of wet stony ground at 1000m, April 1916. LUZON, ALABAT, MINDORO PALAWAN, PANAY, ?CEBU (fide Bicknell). In (primary) rain forest, in PALAWAN sometimes on ultrabasic soils, 0-1000m altitude. 3. Meiogyne virgata (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1865) 12; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 277, f. 17. Meiogyne lucida Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1714; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. --Type: Elmer 13984 (PNH, holo, lost; iso in A, F, K, L, NY, US). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov.,

Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Oct. 1912. Meiogyne philippinensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1714; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. --Type: Elmer 11318 (PNH, holo, lost; iso in\ A, BM, BO, K, L, NY, US). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, Aug. 1909 Meiogyne paucinervia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 241. --Type: BS 15381 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; iso in B, BM, K, US). Leyte: near Dagami, in forest, 23 Aug. 1912. Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Kalimantan), Java and the Philippines. LUZON, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Primary or secondary rain forest, up to 1300m altitude. Mezzetiopsis Ridley =Orophea Miliusa Leschenault ex A de Candolle Photos 1. Miliusa horsfieldii (Benn.) Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochin. (1881) t. 38; --Mols & Kessler, Blumea 48 (2003) 440, f. 4. Miliusa arborea (Elmer) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 378; --Saccopetalum arboreum Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1739; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 165. --Type: Elmer 12677 (Lectotype in A, designated by Mols & Kessler, 2003; isolectotypes: B, BM, BO, E, G, L, MO* NSW, NY*, P, U, US, Z) 2. Miliusa vidalii J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 378; --Saccopetalum longipes Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 43, non M. longipes King (1893); -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 165. Type: Polyalthia pacifica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3690, invalid name, no Latin descr. Mitrephora Hooker filius & Thomson Photos 1. Mitrephora basilanensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 251; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: BASILAN. Forest near mangrove. 2. Mitrephora cagayanensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 387; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: LUZON: Cagayan. In thickets and forests at low altitudes. 3. Mitrephora caudata Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 454; EPFP 4 (1925) 248. Type: FB 29112 Cenabre. Palawan: near Puerto Princesa, Feb. 1922. PALAWAN. Forests at low altitudes. 4. Mitrephora ellipanthoides Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1715. Type: Orophea ellipanthoides (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167. 5. Mitrephora fragrans Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 252; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: PALAWAN. Lowland forests.

6. Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 71; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Apayao, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Dry forests at low and medium altitudes. Photos. 7. Mitrephora multifolia Elmer ex Weeras. & RMK Saunders, xxxx Mitrephora multifolia Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3685, invalid name, no Latin descr. Type: SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Agusan del Norte. Low and mdium altitude forests. 8. Mitrephora pictiflora Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1718; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 169. Type: Elmer 13731 MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Forests, altitude c. 750m. 9. Mitrephora reflexa Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 10; EPFP 2 (1923) 169. Type: LUZON: Cagayan, Rizal, Quezon, MINDORO, SAMAR. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 10. Mitrephora samarensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 253; EPFP 2 (1923) 169. Type: BILIRAN, SAMAR. Lowland forest, altitude c. 300m. 11. Mitrephora sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3687, invalid name, no Latin descr. 12. Mitrephora weberi Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 266; EPFP 2 (1923) 169. Type: Weber 1550. BUSUANGA. Lowland forests. 13. Mitrephora williamsii C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 68, 74; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 169. Type: RS Williams 2188. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests. Neouvaria Airy Shaw Photos 1. Neouvaria acuminatissima (Miq.) Airy Shaw, Griffithianthus merrillii (C Robinson) WH Brown ex Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 231; --Mitrephora merrillii C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 67. Type: Borneo and the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Rizal, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Misamis, Cotabato, Davao, Agusan del Norte. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Photos. Orophea Blume Photos

1. Orophea corymbosa (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. i, 2 (1859) 29; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167; -- Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 42. Orophea enterocarpoidea Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 93; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Low altitude forests. 2. Orophea creaghii (Ridley) Leonarda & Kessler, Blumea 46 (2001) 149; -Mezzetiopsis creaghii Ridl., Kew Bull. (1912) 389. Type: Orophea palawanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1721; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167. --Type: Elmer 12858 (Lectotype in NY; Isolectotypes in BM, BO, G, GH, K, L, P, US). Palawan: Puerto Princesa, densely forested slopes along Balsahan River. 3. Orophea cumingiana Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 93, 170; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 166. Type: Orophea aversa (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 10; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 166. Type: Orophea bracteolata Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 223; EPFP 2 (1923) 166. Type: Orophea polyantha Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 257; EPFP 2 (1923) 167. --Type: Merrill Phil. Pl. 1673. Orophea submaculata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1723; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 167. --Type: Elmer 13018. Orophea tarrosae Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 258; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 168. --Type: FB 14927 Tarrosa & Almagro. Orophea vulcanica Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3688. Type: Orophea williamsii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 259; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. --Type: Williams 2311. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon), MINDORO, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 4. Orophea dolichocarpa Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 479. Type: BS 43211 (SING*, isolecto). Bohol. BOHOL 5. Orophea glabra Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 14; EPFP 2 (1923) 167 --Kessler, Blumea 34 (1990) 513. Orophea samarensis Merr., in sched. Sageraea parvifolia Merr. & Quisumb., in sched. --Type: WW Clark 1017 (PNH, lost; iso not seen by Kessler), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Quezon (Kinatakutan), Sorsogon, CATANDUANES (Mt Nagmakdit; Simanla; Virac); TICAO (type locality); SAMAR (Kadapnan, Barrio Bantayan). In forests at low altitudes. 6. Orophea leytensis Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 181; EPFP 2 (1923) 167. -Type: BS 24468 Ramos. LUZON: Quezon, LEYTE, SAMAR. Low altitude damp forests. 7. Orophea megalophylla Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 52. --Type: BS 36585 Ramos & Edao (L, holo; iso in BM, GH, K). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Mt Tubuan. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low and medium altitude forests. 8. Orophea merrillii Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 33. --Type: Merrill 9212 (L, holo; iso in A, BM, GH, K, P). Palawan: Taytay. Borneo (Sabah; Sarawak; Kalimantan) and the Philippines. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Puerto

Galera), PALAWAN (Taytay), MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (Mati). Low altitude forests. 9. Orophea sericea Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 49. MINDANAO: Surigao. Low altitude forests. 10. Orophea wenzelii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 356; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. --Type: Wenzel 682. LUZON, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Forests, altitude c. 500m. Oxymitra Hooker filius & Thomson = Friesodielsia Papualthia Diels = Haplostichanthus Phaeanthus JD Hooker & Thomson Photos 1. Phaeanthus ebracteolatus (C Presl) Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 225, 406; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 165. Phaeanthus nigrescens Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1728; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 166. Phaeanthus pubescens Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 390; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 166. BABUYAN ISLS and N LUZON to MINDANAO. Common in forests at low and medium altitudes. 2. Phaeanthus villosus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 391; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 166. PANAY. Damp forests along small streams, low and medium altitude. Platymitra Boerlage Photos 1. Platymitra arborea (Blanco) Kessler, Blumea 33 (1988) 473; --Alphonsea arborea (Blanco) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 233; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 165; --Mocanera arborea Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 431. --Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 838 (L*, neotype, chosen by Kessler, 1988; isoneotypes: NY*, US*, 2 sheets). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Makiling, March 1915. LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, MASBATE, TICAO, CEBU, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests. Polyalthia Blume Photos

1. Polyalthia barnesii Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 15; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159. LUZON: Ilocos Sur, Cagayan, Bataan, MINDORO. In forests at low altitudes. 2. Polyalthia dolichophylla Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 391; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159. Borneo. PANAY. Forests along small streams at low altitudes. 3. Polyalthia elmeri Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160. PALAWAN. Thin forests near the seashore. 4. Polyalthia elongata Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 222; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests. 5. Polyalthia flava Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 12; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160. LUZON: Bataan, Rizal. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 6. Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) Boerl., Icon. Bogor. 1 (1899) 104; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 160; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 321. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Sulawesi, Java, Kei, and New Guinea. LUZON (Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Camarines), MINDORO, SIBUYAN, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 7. Polyalthia gracilipes Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 248; EPFP 2 (1923) 160. Type: BS 20792 Escritor. Luzon: Quezon prov., Quinatacutan, March 1913. LUZON: Quezon. Low altitude forests. 8. Polyalthia insignis (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1939) 279. Unona miniata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1740. Type: 9. Polyalthia jenkinsii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1872) 64; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 305. Polyalthia cumingiana Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 71. Polyalthia agusanensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 250; --Unona agusanensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1743. Type: Elmer 13654. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta. Polyalthia rumphii sensu Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 162, [non Blume], pro parte, excluding syn. Guatteria canangioides Reichb.f & Zoll. ex Miq. (and others based on this). India (Assam), Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines. 10. Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (xxxx) 62. Cultivated. Native in India and Sri Lanka. Often planted here as a shade tree. 11. Polyalthia lucida Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 249; EPFP 2 (1923) 161. Type: BS 13338 Ramos. Luzon: Quezon prov., Tagkawayan, in forests, c. 100m, 15 March 1911. LUZON: Quezon, ALABAT, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests. 12. Polyalthia mindorensis Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 161; --Phaeanthus acuminatus Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 11; PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 273, non Polyalthia acuminata Thwaites. Type: MINDORO. Low altitude forests.

13. Polyalthia obliqua Hook.f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1 (1855) 138; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 161; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 290. India, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi and the Philippines. PALAWAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 450m. 14. Polyalthia oblongifolia C Robinson, PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 202; EPFP 2 (1923) 161. Type: BS 9259 Robinson. Polillo: beach N of Burdeos. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Tayabas, Camarines, POLILLO, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 15. Polyalthia palawanensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 246; EPFP 2 (1923) 162. Type: Merrill 9469. Palawan: Lake Manguao, dry forested ridges, alt. c. 80m, 27 April 1913. PALAWAN. Dry forests, low altitudes. 16. Polyalthia ramiflora Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 244; EPFP 2 (1923) 162. Type: FB 5160 Bridges. Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Sugod Bay, forests from sea level to c. 75m, 6 Aug. 1906. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Sorsogon, SAMAR. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Closely allied to P. zamboangensis Merr. 17. Polyalthia rubra (Merr.) Tien Ban, Bot. Zhurn. 59 (1974) 1779; --Desmos rubra (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 159; --Unona rubra Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 224. --Type: BS 480 Mangubat (iso in NY*, US*). Balabac. In forest, 1 March 1908. BALABAC. Low altitude forests. 18. Polyalthia rumphii (Blume) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 162, excluding synonyms of P. jenkinsii, vide supra. Polyalthia glandulosa Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 247; EPFP 2 (1923) 160. Type: BS 16460 Reillo. Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte prov., Sta Maria, near Mt Pulongbato, 4 Oct. 1912. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Java, Ambon. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests. (as P. glandulosa). See also P. jenkinsii 19. Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 398; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 209; EPFP 2 (1923) 162; --J Sincl., Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 298. S India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Hainan, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan to Laguna, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Rather common in lowland and medium altitude thickets. 20. Polyalthia venosa Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 222; EPFP 2 (1923) 163. Type: FB 9108 Whitford & Hutchinson (US*, isosyntype; FB 9232 Whitford & Hutchinson, not seen, synytpe). Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur prov., Port Banga, in dipterocarp forest, alt. 15-30m, Dec. 1907. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur, Misamis Occidental. Low altitude forests. 21. Polyalthia williamsii C Robinson, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 181; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 163. Type: RS Williams 2306 (US*, iso). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 14 Feb. 1905. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude dipterocarp forests.

22. Polyalthia zamboangensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 245; EPFP 2 (1923) 163. Type: FB 13276 Foxworthy, de Mesa & Villamil. Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur prov., near Margosatubig, hill forests, c. 120m, 11 May 1912. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low altitude forests. Uncertain taxa: 1. Polyalthia sp. Alphonsea sessiliflora Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 233; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 165. Type: FB 22118 Alvarez (US, iso). Luzon: Nueva Ecija prov., Sabani, Dec. 1910. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Low and medium altitude forests. Possible ined. names 1. Polyalthia pubescens Merr., This name is not in IPNI. Polyalthia ramosii Merr., mere MS name? See type image from NY, BS 1660 Ramos, SAMAR, April 1914 Popowia Endlicher Photos 1. Popowia lanceolata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 252; EPFP 2 (1923) 164. Type: BS 35186 Ramos & Pascasio (L*, US*, iso). Dinagat Island, low altitude forest, 12 May 1919. DINAGAT. Low altitude forests. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the next entry. 2. Popowia pisocarpa (Blume) Endl. in Walp., Repert. 1 (1842) 74; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 164. Type from Java. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests. Pseuduvaria Miquel Photos 1. Pseuduvaria caudata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 251; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: BS 25533 Cenabre (US*, iso). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Sipocot, forested slopes, c. 80m, 15 May 1916. LUZON: Camarines Sur (Sipocot). Low altitude primary forest. 2. Pseuduvaria luzoniensis (Merr.) YCF Su & RMK Saunders, Blumea 46 (2001) 590; -- Orophea luzonensis Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 224; EPFP 2 (1923) 167. Pseuduvaria grandiflora Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 392; EPFP 2 (1923) 168.

LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Aurora, Bataan. Low and medium altitude forests. Photos. 3. Pseuduvaria macgregorii Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 392. Type: BS 43714 McGregor (UC*, holo). Samar: Western Samar prov., Loquilocon, apparently in primary forest, c. 250m, June 1924. SAMAR: Western Samar (Loquilocon). Described from two specimens from the type locality. 4. Pseuduvaria mindorensis Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders -- Syst. Bot. Monogr. 79: 117 (-121; figs. 58-59). 2006 [11 Sep 2006] M.Ramos BSN 46374, Mindoro: Puerto Galera, 1925-11- To 1925-12-, holotype BM, isotype B, isotype NY 5. Pseuduvaria philippinensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 256; EPFP 2 (1923) 168. Type: FB 20182 Aguilar (US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Hinabaan, 22 April 1913. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, PALAWAN, SAMAR. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Saccopetalum Benn. = Miliusa Sageraea Dalz Photos 1. Sageraea glabra Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 12; EPFP 2 (1923) 155. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Tayabas, Camarines, POLILLO, PANAY, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Forests at low and medium altitudes. Uvaria Linnaeus Photos 1. Uvaria alba Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 17; EPFP 2 (1923) 155. LUZON: Apayao, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan. Low and medium altitude forests. 2. Uvaria elliptifolia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 229; EPFP 2 (1923) 155. Type: BS 18878 McGregor (L*, US*, iso). Biliran: forests, alt. c. 300m, June 1914. LUZON: Sorsogon, BILIRAN, LEYTE. Low and medium altitude forests. 3. Uvaria goloensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 456; EPFP 4 (1925) 248. 4. Uvaria grandiflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 665; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 202. Uvaria purpurea Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 11; --Merr. EPFP 2 (1923) 156. Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java and the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Cavite, PALAWAN. Low and medium altitude thickets. Photos.

5. Uvaria lancifolia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 228; EPFP 2 (1923) 155. Type: Gates 5495 (not seen). Luzon: Zambales prov., San Antonio, Jan. 1913. LUZON: Zambales, Tayabas, MINDORO, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Low and medium altitude thickets and forests. 6. Uvaria leytensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 230; EPFP 2 (1923) 155; --Unona leytensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1744. Type: Elmer 13880 (L8, NA*, 2 sheets, NY*). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sept. 1912. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Agusan del Norte. Low altitude forests. 7. Uvaria macgregorii Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 394; EPFP 2 (1923) 155. PANAY, MINDANAO: Misamis. Low altitude thickets. 8. Uvaria musaria (Dunal) A DC, Mm. Annon. (1832) 29; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 156. Moluccas, Philippines. LUZON: Camarines. Forested slopes at low altitudes. 9. Uvaria nudistellata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1746; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 156. PALAWAN. Dense forests at medium altitudes. 10. Uvaria panayensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 394; EPFP 2 (1923) 156. PANAY. Low and medium altitude forests along small streams. 11. Uvaria peninsula Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3691. 12. Uvaria rubra C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 68, 74; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 156. C LUZON: Nueva Ecija to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Common in low altitude thickets and forests. Closely allied to U. purpurea (= U. grandiflora). 13. Uvaria rufa Blume, Fl. Jav. Annon. (1828) 19, t. 4; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 206; EPFP 2 (1923) 156; -- J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 14 (1955) 211. Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, the Philippines and New Guinea. N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude thickets. 14. Uvaria scandens C Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 35 (1908) 69, 74; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 157. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Laguna, POLILLO, BILIRAN, MINDANAO: Davao, Agusan. Low and medium altitude forests. 15. Uvaria sorzogonensis C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2 (1835) 76; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 157. N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. Low to medium altitude thickets and forests. 16. Uvaria stellata Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 14; EPFP 2 (1923) 157. LUZON: Benguet. In thickets, alt. 500-1300m. 17. Uvaria zschokkei Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 292; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 157. LUZON: Tayabas, Sorsogon, MINDORO, BILIRAN, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte. Low and medium altitude forests. Xylopia Linnaeus

Photos (non-Philippine) 1. Xylopia dehiscens (Blanco) Merr., Philip. Bur. Forest. Bull. 1 (1903) 20; EPFP 2 (1923) 171. N LUZON (Cagayan) to MINDANAO. In forests at low and medium altitudes. Xylopia densifolia Elmer, LPB 5 (1915) 1749; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 172. LUZON: Aurora, MINDORO, SIBUYAN. In forests at low and medium altitudes. 2. Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. & Thomson; --Rojo, FORPRIDE Digest 4 (1975) 26-35; Rev. Lex. Philip. Trees (1999) 22. Non-native taxa: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Annona atemoya Hort. Annona cherimolia Mill. Photos. Photos (non-Philippine). Annona glabra L. Photos (non-Philippine). Annona marcgravii Mart. Annona muricata L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 536; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 207; EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Photos (non-Philippine). 6. Annona reticulata L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 537; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 207; EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Photos (non-Philippine). 7. Annona squamosa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 537; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 208; EPFP 2 (1923) 177. Photos (non-Philippine).

Magnoliaceae Magnolia Linnaeus Photos 1. Magnolia X alba (DC) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49 (2004) 96. Michelia x alba DC, Syst. (1817) 449; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 152; --Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 605. Michelia longifolia Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 7; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 152. Native of Java. Commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries for ornamental purposes. Champakang Puti. Photos 2. Magnolia borneensis Noot., Blumea 32 (1987) 366, Fig. 8; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 579, Fig. 5. Borneo (Sarawak; Sabah; E Kalimantan), Philippines. PALAWAN (one collection). Low altitude primary forest on ultramafics. Fl. Feb-Aug; fr. Feb-Nov. 3. Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 129, as decandollii; Noot., Fl.Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 581, Fig. 6. Talauma reticulata

Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 249; EPFP 2 (1923) 152. Type: BS 35187 Ramos & Pascasio (K,L* (photo), US*, iso). Dinagat. Talauma pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1809; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 152. --Type: Elmer 13192 (L*, iso). Palawan: Palawan prov., Mt Pulgar [=Thumb Peak]. Magnolia pachyphylla Dandy, Kew Bull. (1928) 186. Type: FB 3864 Curran (K, holo; iso: NY, US*). Palawan, Feb 1906. Talauma gitingensis Elmer var. glabra Dandy, Kew Bull. (1928) 189. Type: BS 39436 Ramos (BM, holo; iso: BO, NY*, US). Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental prov., Mt Calavite, Apr 1921. Talauma gitingensis Elmer var. rotundata Dandy, Kew Bull. (1928) 190. Type: Vidal 2554 (not seen). Photos o var. candollii Sikkim, India (Assam), Andaman Isls, Thailand, Cambodia, throughout Malesia. Widespread in the Philippines. o var. angatensis (Blanco) Noot., Blumea 32 (1987) 375; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 585; --Talaumaangatensis (Blanco) Vidal, Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (Nov. 1880) 17; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 151; -- Magnolia angatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 859; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 243. Type: Not extant. Talauma villariana Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 307, pro syn. Fern.-Villar, excl. typus; --Merr., EPFP 2(1923) 152, pro parte. Type: S Vidal 5 (K, L*, iso). Luzon: Bulacan prov. According to Nooteboom(1988), Vidal 5 at A belongs to var. candollii.Talauma luzoniensis Warb. ex Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1904) 171; --Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35(1906) 8; PJS 3 c (1909) Bot. 406. Type: Warburg 11767 (?B, not seen). Talauma grandiflora Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 13; ibid., 35 (1906) 7. Type: FB 314 Gammill(NY*, US*, iso). Guimaras, Feb 1904. Talauma oblongata Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 8. Type: Merrill 1003 (not seen). Philippines, Moluccas (Talaud, 1 collection). CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, DALUPIRI, LUZON, BUSUANGA, PALAWAN, PANAY: Capiz, NEGROS, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Primary forests, 0200m, but rarely recorded. 4. Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot., Blumea 32 (1987) 348. var. drymifolia Noot., Blumea 32 (1987) 351, Fig. 2; --Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 573, Fig. 2. Type from Sabah (Mt Kinabalu). Borneo (Sabah: Mt Kinabalu; Crocker Range). PALAWAN: (Mt Mantalingahan, W side, Rizal municip., Barangay Ransang, Sitio Balen-balen, loco dicto Paray-paray, 084845 N, 117 39 21.6 E). Based on N Bartolom 4815 (PUH). Primary forest along flan ridge, altitude 1500m. New to the Philippines. 5. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochin. (1880) t. 3; -Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49 (2004) 96. Michelia champaca L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 536; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 152; --Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 601. var.

champaca India to SW China, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls. Cultivated in the Philippines and throughout the tropics. Said to be a native of India. Photos 6. Magnolia philippinensis P Parment. Bull. Sc. Fr. Belg. 27 (1896) 206, 270; -Figlar & Noot.,Blumea 49 (2004) 97. Michelia philippinensis (P Parment.) Dandy, Kew Bull. (1927) 263; --Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 604. Michelia cumingii Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 100; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 153. Type: Cuming 783 (MEL, holo; iso A, BM, K, L, NY). LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Batangas, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), CEBU, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Lanao, Bukidnon, Davao (Mt Apo). Midmontane forests, ascending to 2100m. Fl. Fr. Jan-Feb. Commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Photos 7. Magnolia platyphylla(Merr.) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49 (2004) 97; -Elmerrillia platyphylla (Merr.)Noot., Blumea 31 (1985) 102; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 596; --Michelia platyphylla Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 11; EPFP 2 (1923) 153. Type: FB 26866 Tomeldan (K, US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., May 1917. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Agusan. Lowland secondary forests. 8. Magnolia pubescens (Merr) Figlar & Noot., Blumea 49 (2004) 98; --Elmerrillia pubescens (Merr.)Dandy, Kew Bull. (1927) 261; --Noot., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1988) 596; --Talauma pubescens Merr.,PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 133; EPFP 2 (1923) 152. Type: Clemens 686 (BO, iso). Mindanao: MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao), Bukidnon (Mt Kitanglad), Davao (Mt Apo). Forests, altitude 700-2000m, fl. fr. Jan-Dec. Manglietia Blume =Magnolia Michelia Linnaeus =Magnolia Talauma Jussieu =Magnolia

Myristicaceae Endocomia de Wilde Photos 1. Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde, Blumea 30 (1984) 182, 184, Fig. 2i; 3d; 41 (1996) 375; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 32, Fig. 3i, 4d.

ssp. macrocoma Moluccas (Talaud, Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Buru, Seram, Ambon); possibly Sulawesi (sterile coll.) and the Philippines: NE LUZON (Palanan, Ridsdale ISU 317). According to de Wilde (2000), the Palanan material strongly deviates in its very hairy appearance, and may represent a separate taxon. Forest with little undergrowth, on alluvial flats locally with stagnant water, or hill slopes; on porous volcanic soil, or loam soil with stones; also in disturbed forest; 0-400 m altitude. fl. and fr. throughout the year (Fl. Mal 14:33) ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde, Blumea 30 (1984) 187, 184, Fig. 3b, c.; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 35, Fig. 4b, c. Horsfieldia oblongata Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 286; EPFP 2 (1923) 182; S China (Yunnan), India (Assam), Andaman Isls., Bangladesh, Burma, Indochina; Malesia: W Sumatra, W Java, Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON (Quezon, Camarines provinces), MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, LEYTE, CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO. Lowland and hillside forest, riverine or swamp forest; by streams, on alluvial or clayey soil, in limestone country, or on copper-rich soil; 0-500m altitude; fl. and fr. throughout the year, but in Philippines mainly Mar.-May. Gymnacranthera (A de Candolle) Warburg Photos

1. Gymnacranthera farquhariana (Hook.f. & Thomson) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 365, t. 20; --RTA Schouten, Blumea 31 (1986) 476, Fig. 7; --de Wilde, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 44. Photos o var. paniculata (A DC) RTA Schouten, Blumea 31 (1986) 481; --de Wilde, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 47. Gymnacranthera paniculata (A. DC) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 370, t. 20; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 181. Gymnacranthera acuminata Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 265; EPFP 2 (1923) 181. Gymnacranthera macrobotrys Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 284; EPFP 2 (1923) 181. Widespread Philippine endemic: BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, TICAO, PANAY: Capiz, Aklan, LEYTE, SAMAR, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga peninsula, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte. Lowland and medium altitude forests, on ridges, as well as by rivers and lakes, up to 1400 m altitude. Common. o var. zippeliana (Miq.) RTA Schouten, Blumea 31 (1986) 482; --de Wilde, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 47. Gymnacranthera suluensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 373; EPFP 2 (1923) 181. --Syntypes: Vidal

3546, 3561. Basilan. Peninsular Malaysia, S Philippines and New Guinea (incl. the Bismarck Archipelago). Horsfieldia Willdenow Photos 1. Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (A DC) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 274; --de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 3; ibid., 38, 1 (1985) 72, Fig. 9; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 90, Fig. 10. Horsfieldia warburgiana Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1061; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 183. --Type: Elmer 12297. Horsfieldia gigantifolia Elmer, LPB 9 (1925) 3120, 3129, nom. nud. LUZON, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, LEYTE, SAMAR. Lowland forest in moist valleys, 0-400m alt. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. 2. Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 350; --de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 38; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 105. Horsfieldia megacarpa Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 286; EPFP 2 (1923) 182. Type: BS 16527 Ramos. Horsfieldia confertiflora Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 285; EPFP 2 (1923) 182. Type: FB 3183 Aherns Collector. Sulawesi and the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, MINDORO, PALAWAN, LEYTE, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Misamis. Mixed rain forest, primary dipterocarp forest; recorded from alluvial soil and volcanic soil, with Eucalyptus deglupta dominance; 250-1200 m altitude. Photos 3. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 317 (incl. var. or forma ceylanica, javanica, malayana, moluccana, siamensis, wallichii), t. 22; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 382, Fig. 33, pl. 19A; ibid. 28 (1975) 61; --de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38, 1 (1985) 55, Fig. 6; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 132, Fig. 20. Horsfieldia acuminata Merr., PJS 17 (1920, 1921) 253; EPFP 2 (1923)181. Type: FB 27507 de Mesa. Sri Lanka, Andaman & Nicobar Isls, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, S Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Borneo, C(?) & S Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Caroline Isls. 4. Horsfieldia obscura de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1) (1986) 44; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 153. Type from Borneo (E Kalimantan). Borneo (E Kalimantan; possibly Sarawak), Philippines. PALAWAN. 5. Horsfieldia obscurinervia Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 265; EPFP 2 (1923) 182; --de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38, 1 (1985) 71; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 154. Type: FB 26503 de Mesa & Magistrado. Horsfieldia ramosii Merr., PJS 17 (1920, 1921) 254; EPFP 2 (1923) 182. Type: BS 35047 Ramos. LUZON. Low hills, altitude c. 20m. Fl. Jul; fr. Nov, Dec. 6. Horsfieldia polyspherula (Hook.f. emend. King) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 422, Fig. 47, pl. XII-B; 28 (1975) 101, p.p. for the type variety only; --

de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 39 (1986) 17; Blumea 41(1996) 381; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 169. var. polyspherula Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak; Sabah; E Kalimantan), Philippines. LUZON, PALAWAN, MINDANAO. Fl. fr. throughout the year, but most flowering collections in Jun-Sept. 7. Horsfieldia samarensis de Wilde, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38, 1 (1985) 76; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 182. Type: PNH 147374 Gutierrez et al. (L*, holo). Samar: Eastern Samar prov., Mt Apoy, 600-800ft, May 1969. SAMAR: Eastern Samar (Mt Apoy). Known only from the type collection. Knema Loureiro Photos 1. Knema alvarezii Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) 288; EPFP 2 (1923) 183; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 437; Fl.Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 243. Type: FB 22395 Alvarez (L*, iso), FB 22397 (US*, isosyntype).Luzon: Nueva Ecija prov., Mt Macasandal. 10 Feb. 1911. LUZON: Nueva Ecija (Mt Macasandal). Lower and montane forests, possibly on ultramafics, up to 850m. Fl. Feb., Fr. May. Known only from two collections. 2. Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 611, t. 25; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 169, Fig. 3A-G (p.p., for var. cinerea only); --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 457; ibid. 32 (1987) 129; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 249. Type from Pulau Buton, SE off Sulawesi. Lesser Sunda Isls (Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Tanimbar), Sulawesi, Moluccas (Sula Isls, Banda), and the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, FB 23328. Known in the Philippines only from this single collection. 3. Knema glomerata (Blanco) Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. no. 76 (1917) 81; EPFP 2 (1923) 183; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 219, Fig. 11, map 9 (p.p., excl. syn. Knema stenocarpa Warb.; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 437; ibid. 32 (1987) 125; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 249. Sterculia glomerata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 764. Neotype: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 504. Knema acuminata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 256; EPFP 2 (1923) 183. Type: FB 11266 Klemme. Knema glauca Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 183, pro parte, non (Blume) Warb. Knema vidalii Warb. Seram, Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines. BATAN, BABUYAN ISLS (CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, POLlLLO, ALABAT, CATANDUANES, MINDORO, PALAWAN, MARINDUQUE, SIBUYAN, TICAO, PANAY: Capiz, Aklan, Iloilo, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR (Catarman, Mt

4.

5.

6.

7.

Cansayao), TAWI-TAWI., BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Cotabato (Carmen), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo; Sta Cruz), Davao Oriental (Mati), Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte. Common in primary and degraded lowland and medium altitude forests, 0-600m. Fl. throughout the year; fr. June-Dec. Photos Knema korthalsii Warb. Mon. Myrist. (1897) 557., --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 232, Fig. 13; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 428; ibid. 43 (1998) 242; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 274. Type from Borneo (Kalimantan). Knema insularis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 394. Type: BS 44288 Ramos & Edao (NY*, US*, iso). Tawi-tawi: damp forest at low altitude, 24 Jul 1924. Knema cenabrei Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 37 (1928) 144, pl. 3. Type: FB 29973 Cenabre (NY*, iso). Dumaran Is, along Linuatan Creek, damp forest at low alt., 28 Jul 1925. Knema mindanaensis Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 184, pro parte, excl. type, auct. non (Warb.) Merr. Borneo, Philippines. DUMARAN, PALAWAN (Taytay: Ibangley; Lake Manguao; San Vicente: Pagdanan Range; Puerto Princesa: Cabayugan), BALABAC, TAWI-TAWI, BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests. Fl. May-June; fr. May-Oct. Knema kunstleri (King) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 568, t. 25; ssp parvifolia (Merr.) de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 470. --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 428; ibid. 43 (1998) 244; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 277. Type from Peninsular Malaysia Knema parvifolia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 287; EPFP 2 (1923) 184. --Type: FB 10573 Curran. Luzon: Albay prov.,Manito. Forests, c. 30m. LUZON: Camarines, Albay, SAMAR. Primary dipterocarp forest, 0-300m alt. Fl. June, Nov.-Dec.; fr. Mar.-May. Knema latericia Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1815; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 183; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 278, Fig. 3, pl. 2A; ibid. 18 (1961) 238, Fig. 15B, C, G, excl. var. lunduensis J Sinclair; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 395; ibid. 43 (1998) 245; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 284. Type: Elmer 12757. Palawan: ssp. latericia var. latericia PALAWAN. var. subtilis de Wilde, Blumea 32 (1987) 118, Fig. 1e; ibid. 41 (1996) 388; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 287, Fig. 40e. Type: Ridsdale SMHI 1642. Palawan: ?Borneo (Sarawak; Brunei), Philippines. PALAWAN. Primary and logged ridges in dipterocarp forests, once recorded from limestone, altitude 0-100m, fl. & fr. Apr. Knema ridsdaleana de Wilde, Blumea 41 (1996) 392; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 335. Type: Ridsdale ISU 451 (PNH, holo; iso in L*). Luzon: Isabela prov., Palanan, Digallorin (=Digollorin), Divinisa Camp site, 16 50N, 122 26E. Forest on ultrabasic, streamside forest, altitude 50m, 9 Apr 1992. LUZON: Isabela (Palanan). Streamside forest over ultramafics, c. 50m. Known only from the type collection.

8. Knema stellata Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) 182; EPFP 2 (1923) 184; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 471; ibid. 27 (1981) 234; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 343. -Type: BS 24276 Ramos. Samar: var. stellata SAMAR. Forests at low altitudes. Fr. Feb-May. var. cryptocaryoides (Elmer) de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 471; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 344; -- Gymnacranthera cryptocaryoides Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1060; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 115. Type: Elmer 12262. Sibuyan: Knema kunstleri (King) Warb. var. sheurigaoensis J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 238, Fig. 14. Type: Wenzel 2680. Mindanao: LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, SIBUYAN, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, Agusan del Norte. Lowland forests on fertile soil, altitude c. 250m, fl. Sept-Oct, fr. Feb-Apr. 9. Knema stenocarpa Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 577, pro parte, only the fruiting collection, not the male specimens; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 184; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 436; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 345. Syntypes: Warburg 13303, 13303a. Mindanao: BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Davao. Primary and degraded forests, altitude 300-500m. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. 10. Knema tomentella (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 588, t. 25; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 277, Fig. 24, map 18, pro parte, excl. syn. K. laurina var. minahassae, K. stellata, K. alvarezii; --de Wilde, Blumea 25 (1979) 438; ibid. 41 (1996) 394; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 351. Type from Moluccas (Ambon). E-C Philippines, Sulawesi (N, SW, & E Peninsula), Moluccas (Morotai; Halmahera; Bacan; Obi; Buru; Seram, Ambon), W New Guinea (Birds Head peninsula). SAMAR. Myristica Gronov. Photos 1. Myristica agusanensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2775; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 178; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 218, Fig. 17, pro parte; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 146; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 405. Type: Elmer 13284 (L*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta, Jul 1912. Myristica laxiflora Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 254; EPFP 2 (1923) 179. Type: BS 15498 Reillo (L*, NY*, US*, iso). Basilan. Aug. 1912. Myristica sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 178, in obs. sub Myristica agusanensis Elmer, nom. nud. ; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3809, not validly published, no Latin descr. Voucher: Elmer 16010 (L, NY). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Bulusan, May 1916. ssp. agusanensis Endemic to the Philippines (widespread throughout, except PALAWAN). Inland forests at low altitudes (50 m); fl. July-Aug.; fr. throughout the year.

2. Myristica basilanica de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 148; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 411. --Type: FB 18929 Miranda (L*, US*, iso). Basilan, Aug-Sept 1912. BASILAN. Known only from the type collection. Flowers and mature fruits in Aug.-Sept. 3. Myristica cagayanensis Merr., PJS 17 (Sept. 1920, 1921) 255; EPFP 2 (1923) 178; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1961) 226; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 154; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 426; --Myristica ceylanica A DC var. cagayanensis (Merr.) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 442, 444. --Type: Bernardo 24277 (PNH, lost). LUZON, Cagayan prov. S tip of Taiwan mainland, Lanyu, Lutao and the Philippines. BATAN and LUZON: Cagayan. Forest of mountain slopes in coastal areas. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. 4. Myristica cinnamomoea King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 292, pl. 116; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 156; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 431. Type from Peninsular Malaysia. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, rare in the Philippines. MINDANAO (according to de Wilde (2000) no material seen by him). 5. Myristica colindridsdalei de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 156; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 434. Type: Ridsdale at al. ISU 499 (L*, holo). Luzon: Isabela prov., Palanan, Dimapnat, 17 09N, 122 24E. Forest on ultrabasic, high canopy forest on low coastal hills, altitude 50m, 15 Apr 1992. LUZON: Isabela (Palanan). Forest on ultramafics, low stature forest with many large-girth trees, streamside forests, or high cnopy forest on low coastal hills; locally common on coastal flat, riverine areas; c. 50m alt. Fl & fr. Apr. 6. Myristica cumingii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 442, t. 13; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 178; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 154; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 446. Syntypes: Cuming 903, 1570; Vidal 854 (excl. Vidal 1679 =M. agusanensis; the FI and L duplicates = Knema glomerata). Myristica mindorensis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 281; EPFP 2 (1923) 179. Type: Merrill 3698. Myristica nitida Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 179 =Myristica alvarezii Merr., nom. ined. Type: FB 22199 Alvarez. Myristica ceylanica A DC var. ceylanica auct. non A DC, pro parte; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 437, Fig. 77, for the Philippine material. LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, TICAO, NEGROS, BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao. Lowland forests, ascending to 850m. Common. Fl. mainly May to Aug., fr. throughout the year. 7. Myristica fatua Houtt., Nat. Hist. Pl. 2 (3) (1774) 337; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 268, pro parte; --de Wilde, Blumea 35 (1990) 242, Fig. 1:3; ibid. 40 (1995) 279; ibid. 42 (1997) 166; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 460, Fig. 61d, 64c, d. Lecto: Clusius, Tab. 14. Myristica plumeriifolia Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1063; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 180. Type: Elmer 11063. Mindanao:

ssp. fatua SE Kalimantan, S Philippines, Moluccas, W New Guinea. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo), Forest along Baracatan River, c. 600m. Photos 8. Myristica frugifera de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 166; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 472. --Type: Ridsdale 1219 (L*, iso). Mindoro: LUZON, MINDORO, LEYTE. Understorey tree of primary and disturbed lowland forest, 0-500m. fr. Feb., June. 9. Myristica guateriifolia A DC, Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, 4 (1855) 20, t. 4 (guateriaefolia); --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 350, Fig. 25; ibid. 23 (1968) 213; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 168; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 483. Type: Cuming 1582. Luzon: Batangas Burma, possibly Thailand, S Vietnam (Pulau Condor), Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Nunukan, Philippines, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls (Bali). BABUYAN ISLS and N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO. 10. Myristica iners Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 575; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 168; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 493. Cambodia, Thailand; Malesia: Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo and possibly Philippines. Philippine record, fide de Wilde (2000), is based on Wenzel 3537 (K, immature fr.) which agrees with specimens from NE Borneo. Its locality however is remarkable, far from main distributional area of the species. 11. Myristica laevis de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 170; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 508. --Type: PNH 118091 (L*, holo). Gutierrez. Samar: Mt Sohoton, Pesikohon site, no altitude cited, Apr 1970. ssp. laevis SAMAR: Mt Sohoton. Forest, altitude not recorded. Fl. & fr. April. ssp. badia de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 509. -Type: Rojo 159 (L*, holo). Mindanao: Surigao del Sur prov., Lanuza. Hillside forest, altitude 400m, Oct-Nov 1972. MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur (Lanuza). Hillside forest, 400m. Fr. Nov.; Known only from the type collection. 12. Myristica longipetiolata de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 173; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 515. Type: PNH 21548 Sulit (L*, holo). Biliran: Mt Suiro, N slope, altitude 830m. LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, BILIRAN (Mt Suiro). Sloping forests, c. 800m. Fr. Apr-May, Jul-Aug, Dec. 13. Myristica mindanaensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 497, t. 13; --de Wilde, Blumea 35 (1990) 249, Fig. 1:9; 42 (1997) 178; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 529, FIG. 64 l. --Type: Warburg 13300 (L*, iso). Mindanao: Moluccas (Morotai) and S Philippines. MINDANAO: 14. Myristica nivea Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 191; EPFP 2 (1923) 179; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 178; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 532. --Type: FB 3454 Hutchinson (US*, iso). Basilan: 14 Dec 1905. Moluccas (Talaud), S Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests. Fl. Dec, fr. Oct-Nov, Mar.

15. Myristica philippensis Lam., Hist. Acad. Roy. Sc. Paris (for 1788) (1761) 161; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 179; --J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 138, Fig. 3, 4; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 179; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 541. Type: Sonnerat s.n. Philippines, not further localized. Throughout the Philippines (except Palawan). Primary lowland forests up to c. 400m. Fl. & fr. possibly throughout the year. 16. Myristica pilosigemma de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 179; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 543. Type: PNH 118078 Gutierrez (L*, holo). Samar: Western Samar prov., Mt Sohoton. Along trail, altitude 1800ft., Apr 1970. SAMAR: Western Samar (Mt Sohoton), MINDANAO. Along trail, c. 600m. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun-Jul. 17. Myristica rubrinervis de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 180; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 14 (2000) 554. Type: Ridsdale SMHI 258 (L*, holo). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort, W spur, altitude 815m, 29 Mar 1984. ssp. rubrinervis PALAWAN: Puerto Princesa: Mt Beaufort. Stunted montane forest with many epiphytes but little moss; closed broad-leaved rainforest on ultramafics, 400-900m. Fr. Mar-May. ssp. duplex de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 182; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 555. -Type: Ridsdale SMHI 1528 (L*, holo). Palawan: Pagdanan Range, Ibangley, Brookside Hill. Closed broad-leaved rainforest with Dipterocarpus spp., altitude 40m, 23 Apr 1984. MINDORO, LEYTE, PALAWAN. Lowland dipterocarp to montane ridge forests (with Agathis), 40-900m. Fl. (immature) & fr. Feb-Apr. 18. Myristica simiarum A DC, Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, 4 (1855) 29; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 180; --de Wilde, Blumea 35 (1990) 254; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 568, Fig. 86a-e; --Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. simiarum (A DC) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356; ibid. 23 (1968) 62 (key), 190 Fig. 12; --Type: Callery 34. Luzon: Manilla. ssp. simiarum Lanyu, Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Cagayan, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests, to 600m. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. ssp. celebica (Miq.) de Wilde, Blumea 35 (1990) 255, Fig. 2 (13); ibid. 42 (1997) 185; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 569, Fig. 65d, 86f-j; --Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. celebica (Miq.) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 356; ibid. 23 (1968) 194, Fig. 12F. Syntypes: from Sulawesi, Bacan, and Buru. Sulawesi (incl. Muna), Moluccas (Bacan, Sula Isls, Buru), and S Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Ecol. of Zamboanga material? 19. Myristica umbellata Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1816; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 180; -J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 174, Fig. 10; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 188; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 600, Fig. 60c. --Syntypes: Elmer 12820 (male, L*, MO*, NY*, SING*, US*, ). Palawan: Palaawan prov.,

Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak), forested ridge, 1000ft, Mar 1911; Elmer 13166 (fr., L*, NY*, US*). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, on trail to Napsan, altitude 750ft, May 1911 PALAWAN: Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak) and vicinity. Low canopy lowland and montane forest (with Agathis celebica), also on limestone and ultramafic alluvial deposits, 50800m. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr, May. 20. Myristica wenzelii Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 270; EPFP 2 (1923) 180; ; --de Wilde, Blumea 42 (1997) 188; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 14 (2000) 615; --Myristica fatua Houtt. var. wenzelii (Merr.) J Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 23 (1968) 309, Fig. 40. --Type: Wenzel 1152 (MO*, iso). Leyte: Masaganap near Jaro, in forests, altitude 700m, Sept 1914. LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Low altitude forests. Fl. Oct, fr. Oct-Mar.

Monimiaceae Kibara Endlicher No Photos 1. Kibara coriacea (Blume) Tulasne, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 7 (1855) 404; -Philipson, Blumea 30 (1985) 406; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 298. Kibara clemensiae Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 423; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 184. Kibara cuspidata Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 89; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. Kibara grandifolia Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 15; EPFP 2 (1923) 185 Kibara merrilliana Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 424; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. Kibara stapfiana Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 424; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. Kibara vidalii Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 423; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. Matthaea ellipsoidea Merr. ex Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 423; Pflanzenreich 49 (1911) 19; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186. Throughout Malesia. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tayabas, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, MINDORO, CATANDUANES, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Bukidnon. Lowland to lower montane forests, up to 1600m. 2. Kibara obtusa Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 89; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. N Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea (Irian Jaya). LUZON: Benguet. Thickets about limestone boulders and ledges, c. 1200m. Insufficiently known

1. Kibara elmeri Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 424; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. LUZON: Benguet. Thickets or forests at medium altitudes. Very close to K. cuspidata Blume (=K. coriacea (Blume) Tul. Matthaea Blume Photos 1. Matthaea chartacea Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 14; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186; -- Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 80; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 323, Fig. 26a. Matthaea williamsii Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 422; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186. Moluccas and the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Laguna, MINDORO, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forests and secondary forests at low and medium altitude, to 1000m. 2. Matthaea heterophylla Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 145; --Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 82, Fig.1-2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 324, Fig.26c. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela. Forests at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1300m. Photos 3. Matthaea intermedia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 11; EPFP 2 (1923) 186; -Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 82, Fig.1-2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 324, Fig.26f. LUZON: Quezon (Mt Binuang). Forests, c. 1000m. 4. Matthaea pubescens Merr. ex Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 422; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186; --Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 80, Fig.1 & 2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 323, Fig.26b. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Agusan, Surigao. Dense, often mossy forests, 300-1700m. 5. Matthaea sancta Blume, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2 (1852) 89, t. 10; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186; -- Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 82, Fig.1-3; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 323, Fig.24, 26d. Matthaea calophylla Perkins in Engl., Pflanzenreich 4 (1901) 52; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 185. Matthaea sancta var. mindanaoensis Perkins in Engl., Pflanzenreich 49 (1911) 18; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186. Matthaea sancta var. venulosa Perkins in Engl., Pflanzenreich 49 (1911) 19; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Quezon, Laguna, Batangas, CEBU, MINDANAO: Lanao. Forests, 500-900m. 6. Matthaea vidalii Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 422; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186; --Philipson, Blumea 28 (1982) 82, Fig.1-2; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1986) 324, Fig.26e. LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, PANAY. Forests at medium altitudes. Insufficiently known

1. Matthaea philippinensis Perkins in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 45 (1911) 423; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 186. NEGROS, LEYTE. Forests at low and medium altitudes. No specimen seen by Philipson in his Fl. Males. revision.

Piperales Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia Linnaeus Photos (non-Philippine) 1. Aristolochia elegans Masters, Gard. Chron. (1885) 2: 301; LPB 5 (1913) 1661; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 186; EPFP 2 (1923) 119. Cultivated. 2. Aristolochia foveolata Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 9; EPFP 2 (1923) 119; -Ding Hou, Blumea 29 (1983) 227; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 91. Type: BS 30370 Ramos Taiwan, NE Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sabah; Sarawak; Kalimantan), Philippines. CATANDUANES, PALAWAN. Moist lowland forest along small streams. 3. Aristolochia humilis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 280; EPFP 2 (1923) 119; -Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 103. Type: BS 28480 Ramos & Edao (US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang. May 1917. LUZON: Quezon (Mt Binuang; Mt Pular; Infanta-Siniloan Trail). Damp forests along streams at low altitude. 4. Aristolochia jackii Steudel, Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 1 (1840) 132; --Ding Hou, Blumea 29 (1983) 230; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 88, Fig. 9 N Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Nusa Kambangan Is, Borneo (Sabah; NW Kalimantan, Philippines, New Guinea?. PALAWAN. 5. Aristolochia leytensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 4; EPFP 2 (1923) 119; -Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 104. Type: BS 15201 Ramos (US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., near Dagami, in thickets along streams, Aug. 1912. LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami). Thickets and forests near or along streams at low altitudes. 6. Aristolochia macgregorii Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 174; EPFP 2 (1923) 119; -Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 103, Fig. 1d. Type: BS 10656 McGregor (US*, iso). Babuyan Island Group, Dalupiri. 20 Aug. 1909. DALUPIRI. Littoral thickets, up to 350m. 7. Aristolochia philippinensis Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 170; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 119; --Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 102, Fig. 2c-d. Type: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Rizal, Quezon, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO,

PALAWAN, BANCALAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude thickets and forest, up to 900m. 8. Aristolochia samarensis Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 178; EPFP 2 (1923) 120; -Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 102. Type: BS 24410 Ramos (US*, iso). Samar: Catubig River at Pinipisakan, 20 March 1916. SAMAR. Damp forest near river at low altitude. Only known from the type collection. 9. Aristolochia sericea Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 283; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 120; --Ding Hou, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 103. Type: Aristolochia membranacea Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 381; EPFP 2 (1923) 119. Type: BS 33338 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Mt Palimlim, on dry slopes and ridges, altitude c. 350m, 22 Aug. 1918. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Cagayan, Batangas. Dry thickets at low and medium altitudes up to 350m 10. Aristolochia tagala Cham., Linnaea 7 (1832) 207, t. 5, f. 3; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 186; EPFP 2 (1923) 120; --Ding Hou, Blumea 29 (1983) 232; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 94, Fig. 1f. Type: Aristolochia mindanaensis Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 169; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 119. Type: Warburg 14772. Aristolochia subdigitata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 283. Type: Untraced. Illustrative specimen: Merrill Species Blancoanae 289 (US*). Luzon: Between Manila and Pasig, March 1911 Sri Lanka, India, Sikkim, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, throughout Malesia, New Ireland, New Britain, Solomon Isls, Australia (Queensland). Forests and thickets, low and medium altitudes. 11. Aristolochia zollingeriana Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 1 (1858) 1066; --Ding Hou, Blumea 29 (1983) 232, Fig. 2c, 3a & b; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 92. Aristolochia ramosii Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 478. Type: BS 43375 Ramos. Bohol: Kalingohan, on rocky forested slopes, altitude c. 300m, August 1923. S Ryukyus, Taiwan, NE Sumatra, SE Java, Philippines. DALUPIRI, LUZON, MINDORO, CEBU, BOHOL. Forests or along forest edges, on limestone, altitude up to 300m. Bragantia Loureiro non Vandelli (1771) = Thottea Thottea Rottboell No Photos 1. Thottea philippinensis Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 322, t. 2; --Ding Hou, Blumea 27 (1981) 306, Fig. 1; ibid. 29 (1983) 242; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 10 (1984) 75, Fig. 8a. Type: FB 30249 Roque. Mindanao: Lanao prov., Santo Cogon, dipterocarp forest, altitude c. 150m, 22 April 1926. Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao.

2. Thottea tomentosa (Blume) Ding Hou, Blumea 27 (1981) 328, f. 48, 49; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 10 (1984) 79; --Ceramium tomentosum Blume, Bijdr. (1826-27) 1135. Type from Java. Bragantia affinis Planch. ex Rolfe, Kew Bull. (1913) 265; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 120. Type: Cuming 1689 Bragantia brevipes Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 248; EPFP 2 (1923) 120. Type: BS 34811 Ramos & Pascasio (US*, iso). Surigao prov., April 1919. India (Assam, Manipur; S Andaman Is), Bangladesh, Myanmar, S Vietnam, Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, W & C Java, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, ALABAT, PANAY: Capiz (Dumarao), SAMAR, MINDANAO: Surigao. Moist forests along small streams at low and medium altitudes.

Piperaceae Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon Photos 1. Peperomia agusanensis C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2294; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 18; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 210; Text fig.112. Type: Elmer 13635 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso BISH*, L*, MICH*, NY*, US*). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta (=Hilong-hilong), Aug 1912. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Agusan del Norte. Mossy forests, altitude c. 1800m. 2. Peperomia canlaonensis C DC, Prodr. 5 (1910) Bot. 408; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 18; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 200; Text fig. 106. Type: Merrill Philip. Pl. 251 (PNH, possibly lost; iso US*). Negros: Negros Occidental prov., Mt Kanlaon, Apr 1910. NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Kanlaon). Epiphytic in the mossy forests, altitude c. 1800m. 3. Peperomia copelandii Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 201; Text fig. 107. Type: Copeland 178 (PNH, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, not seen). Luzon: Benguet prov., Pauai, May 1913. LUZON: Benguet (Pauai), altitude c. 2400m. 4. Peperomia elmeri C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 761; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 216; Text fig 116. Type: Elmer 10493 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso BISH*, L*, NY*, US*). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, hanging from the under side of a thick inclined humus-covered forest trunk in moist forests at 4000ft, May 1909. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Lower montane forest, altitude c. 1200m, on tree trunks. 5. Peperomia exigua (Blume) Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 101; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 219; Text fig. 118; --Piper exiguum Blume, Verh. Bat. Genoots. 11 (1826) 232, Fig. 36. Type from Java. India, Malesia, tropical America. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya). Dense woods along

Baracatan Creek, altitude 500m, creeping and forming dense patches on wet ledges and cliffs. 6. Peperomia laevifolia (Blume) Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 101; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 207; Text fig. 110; --Piper laevifolium Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 33. Type from Java. Peperomia apoana C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 411; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 18. Type: Copeland 1002 (PNH, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo. PANAY: Antique (near Culasi), NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River mtns), Bukidnon (Mt Lipa), Davao (Mt Apo). Montane forests to 2200m. 7. Peperomia lagunaensis C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 407; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 206; Text fig. 109. Type: Merrill 5130 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso NY*, US*). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Makiling, 17 Mar 1906. Peperomia puberulifolia C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 407; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19. Type: BS 6047 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Banahaw. LUZON: Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Laguna (Mt Makiling; Mt Banahaw). Montane forests to 1700m, on mossy ground, boulders and tree trunks. 8. Peperomia lanaoensis C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 410; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 226; Text fig. 123. Type: Clemens 625 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Norte prov., Maria Cristina Falls. LUZON: Rizal (Mt Irid), SAMAR: Western Samar (Loquilocon), MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao del Norte, Bukidnon (Tangkulan). Low and medium altitudes, lithophytic on boulders, ledges of ravines and along streams. 9. Peperomia latibracteata Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 224; Text fig. 121; Plate 18. Type: BS 20126 RC McGregor (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya prov., Campote, 15 Jan 1913. LUZON: Ifugao (Mt Polis), Nueva Vizcaya (Campote). Altitude above 1900m in Ifugao. 10. Peperomia marivelesana C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 762; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 220; Text fig. 119. Type: Merrill 3721 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1030, possibly lost). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles. --Syntype: Elmer 6820 (NY*). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Nov 1904. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Mt Nagapatan), Nueva Vizcaya (Caraballo Mtns), Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Laguna (Mt Makiling), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), PALAWAN (Mt Victoria). Mossy rocks and tree trunks, altitude 450-1200m. 11. Peperomia merrillii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 411; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 212; Text fig. 113. Type: Merrill 4180 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso NY*, US*). Luzon: Cavite

prov., Maragondon, Jul 1905. LUZON: Rizal (Montalban; Mt Canumay; Mt Susong Dalaga; San Andales (=possibly San Andres), Cavite (Maragondon), Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Lithophytic at medium altitudes to 500m. 12. Peperomia mindorensis C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 413; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 215; Text fig. 115. Type: Merrill 6107 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Mt Halcon. On mossy trees, altitude c. 1500m. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon). Mossy trees, altitude c. 1500m. 13. Peperomia negrosensis C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 760; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 213; Text fig. 114. Type: Elmer 9425 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso BISH*, L*, NY*, US*). Negros: Negros Oriental prov., Cuernos Mtns, tufted or climbing upon moss-covered rocks in well-shaded ravines, Mar 1908. NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns). Mossy rocks in shaded ravines. Photos 14. Peperomia pallidibacca C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 763; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 199; Text fig. 105. Type: Elmer 9344 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso L*, NY*, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907. Peperomia ramosii C DC, Candollea 1 (1923) 315, nom. nud.; idem. 2 (1925) 188. Type: BS 12113 Ramos (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso L*). Luzon: Rizal prov., Tanay, San Isidro, Jun 1910. LUZON: Mountain Province (Pinggat), Benguet (Mt Tonglon =Mt Sto Tomas; Baguio), Rizal (Montalban, Mt Lumutan; San Isidro). In the mossy forests, up to altitude 2200m. 15. Peperomia pellucidopunctulata C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 760; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 209; Text fig. 111. Type: Elmer 8436 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio. LUZON: Benguet (Baguio), Albay (Mt Mayon). On rocks and tree trunks at medium and high altitudes. 16. Peperomia recurvata (Blume) Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 141. forma longispica C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 409; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 205; Text fig. 108: 7-8. Type: Merrill 4425 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930; iso US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Kabayan, Oct-Nov 1905. Peperomia vanoverberghii C DC, Candollea 1 (1923) 321, nom. nud., idem. 2 (1925) 188. Type: Vanoverbergh 603 bis (G-DC, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930). Luzon: Mountain Province, without definite locality. LUZON: Mountain Province (Bauko), Benguet (Kabayan; Pauai; Baguio). Lithophyte on wet rocky banks or epiphytic on trees at high altitudes. forma pilosior C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 409; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 203, Text fig. 108, 1-6. Type: Elmer 6622 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio,

on mossy cliff, Jun 1904. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet. Mossy slopes, boulders, etc. at altitudes above 1400m. 17. Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A. Dietr., Sp. Pl. 1 (1831) 180; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20. var. capensis (Miq.) C DC, Prodr. 16, 1 (1869) 451; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 196; Text fig. 104: 1- 6; --Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A Dietr. forma capensis Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 169; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20 Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A Dietr. forma subsessilifolia C DC, Prod. 16 (1869) 452; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20. Type: Elmer 8576 (BISH*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907. Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A Dietr. var. calcicola C DC, --PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 410; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 20. Type: Elmer 6077 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Apr 1904. Pantropical. LUZON: Mountain Province (Mt Data), Benguet (Pauai; Mt Pulag; Mt Lusong; Mt Sto Tomas; Baguio), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (Mt Candoon), Davao (Mt Apo). var. parvilimba C DC, --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 198; Text fig. 104: 7. Type: Merrill 3918 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Pampanga prov., Mt Arayat, on rocks near the summit, altitude c. 1000m. LUZON: Pampanga (Mt Arayat). 18. Peperomia rivulorum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 762; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 21; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 228; Text fig. 124. Type: Elmer 11147 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost; iso BISH*, NY*, US*). Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, creeping and forming patches in thin earth of large, more or less moss-covered boulders lying in streamlets of dense woods near the Sibulan River, altitude 1750ft, Jul 1909. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya; Catalonan). On mossy boulders. 19. Peperomia rubrivenosa C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 409; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 21; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 225; Text fig. 122. Type: RS Williams 1083 (PNH, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930, possibly lost). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio. Peperomia macgregorii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 412; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 19. Type: LUZON: Benguet. On trees. Mossy forest, altitude 2100m. 20. Peperomia tomentosa (Vahl) A. Dietr., Sp. Pl. 1 (1831) 172. var. carnosa C DC, Prodr. 161 (1869) 455; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 21; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 222; Text fig. 120 Java, Check status 1. Peperomia ventenatii Miq. var. pubescens Miq., Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 485. Non-native

1. Peperomia argyreia Morren An exotic species of American origin, cultivated for its variegated leaves. 2. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 1 (1815) 64; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 170; EPFP 2 (1923) 20; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 218; Text fig. 117. Photos

Piper Linnaeus Photos 1. Piper abbreviatum Opiz, in CB Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 157; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 2; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 58; Text fig. 24 & 25; plate 17, Fig. 9; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579, Fig. 1a. Type: Haenke sn (PR, holo). Luzon: no definite locality. Chavica populifolia Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 248, non Piper populifolium Opiz. Type: Cuming 834 (K, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., no definite locality. Piper mearnsii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 447; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12. Type: BS 2987 Mearns (PNH, holo, not seen; ). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran. Piper miquelianum Fern.-Villar, Nov. App. (1880) 176; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Piper parvispicum C DC, in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 156. Type: Warburg 14750 (B, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Dagatpan. Piper rhombophyllum C.DC, Prod. 16 (1869) 352; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14. Piper rubripunctulatum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 158. Type: Warburg 14746 (B, holo, cited by Quisumbing, 1930). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Sta Cruz. Philippines to Solomon Isls and Australia. LUZON: Cagayan (Enrile; Peablanca), Aurora (Casiguran), Laguna (San Antonio; Calauan; Mt Makiling), Quezon (Mt Binuang; Kabibihan), Camarines Norte (Paracale), Camarines Sur (Sagnay; Mt Isarog), Albay, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), POLILLO, 2. Piper agusanense C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2291; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 2; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 50; Text fig. 19. Type: Elmer 13319 (BISH*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong], Cabadbaran. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong), Surigao del Norte (Placer). In forest. 3. Piper angustipeltatum Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 244; EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 98; Text Fig. 49. Type: BS 28846 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso US*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang, damp forests

along rivers, 19 May 1917. LUZON: Quezon (Mt Binuang). Low and medium altitude forests along rivers. 4. Piper aristolochiphyllum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 54; Text fig. 21; plate 6. Type: BS 45695 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*). Luzon: Aurora prov., Mt Alzapan, on forested slopes, altitude c. 1500m, 6 Jun 1925. LUZON: Aurora (Mt Alzapan). 5. Piper asterostigmum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 91; Text fig. 44, plate 8. Type: CA Wenzel 3121 (UC*, holo; iso: NY*). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov., Placer, in forests, altitude c. 150m, 5 Sept 1927. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte (Placer). Lowland forest. 6. Piper aurilimbum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 768; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 55; Text fig. 22. Type: Elmer 8866 (MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907. La Union (Disdis), Kalinga (Mt Masingit), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Benguet (Baguio), Rizal (without definite locality for Loher 14910). Medium altitude forests. 7. Piper baccatum Blume, Verh. Bat. Genoots. 11 (1826) 172, t. 3; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 4; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 173; Text fig. 96; Plate 17, Fig. 3; -Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579, Fig. 1b. Type from Java. Piper sarcopodum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 207; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 4; Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 175; Text fig. 97; Plate 17, Fig. 4. Type: BS 16536 Ramos (K*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio, forests near streams, Sept-Oct 1912. Borneo, Java, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling; San Antonio), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan, Irosin), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong). Low and medium altitude forests. 8. Piper baguionum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 775; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 4; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 96; Text fig.48, plate 17, Fig. 10. Type: Elmer 8784 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907. Piper polycladum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 438; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14. Type: RS Williams 1134 (PNH, holo, possibly lost, iso: NY 2 sheets*, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, 15 Jun 1904. LUZON: Benguet (Baguio).Montane forests and thickets, altitude 1200-1500m. 9. Piper begoniaefolium (Blume) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 189; Text fig. 103; -Zippelia begoniaefolia Blume in Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7 (1830) 1614, 1615; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 18; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 584. Type from Java. Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, SW Philippines. JOLO (Clemens 9335). amp forest, altitude c. 700m. 10. Piper betle L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 28; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 170; EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 85; Text figs. 41 & 42; plate 17, Fig. 8; -Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 579, Fig. 1c. Type:

Piper anisodorum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 16; ed. 3,1 (1877) 31; -Piper anisum-olens Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 23. Type: non extant. Illustrative specimen: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 788 (US*). Luzon: Rizal prov., Antipolo, Jan 1915. Piper bathycarpum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 153; EPFP 2 (1923) 4 (bathicarpum). Type: Warburg 14844. Jolo. Piper puberulinodum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 773; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14. Type: Elmer 11972 (BISH*, MO*, US*). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, Oct 1909. Piper carnistylum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 774; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 6. Type: Elmer 8904. Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. Piper betle var. fenixii (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 89; --Piper fenixii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 425; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: BS 3652 E Fenix (US*, iso). Batanes Isls, May-Jun 1907. Piper betle var. macgregorii (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 89; -Piper macgregorii C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 215; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: BS 18491 RC McGregor. Biliran: Biliran prov., in forest, c. 300m. Piper betle var. densum (Blume) C DC, Prod. 16 (1869) 360. Piper malarayatensis C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 442; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: Piper philippinense C DC, Prodr. 16, 1 (1869) 353; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 175; --Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 219. Type: Cuming 485. Luzon: Laguna prov., Calauan. Widely cultivated in Asia and through Malesia to the Solomon Isls and Fiji. BATAN: Basco, LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), Ilocos Sur (Cervantes), Pangasinan (San Quintin), Isabela (Malunu), Nueva Vizcaya (Dupax), Aurora (Casiguran; Umiray), Tarlac (Bamban), Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River; Dinalupihan), Bulacan (Norzagaray; Angat; Galas), Rizal (Antipolo; Morong), Cavite (Mendez; Alfonso), Laguna (Los Baos; Calauan; Mt San Cristobal; San Antonio; Paete), Quezon (Mt Binuang; Lucban; Guinayangan), Camarines Sur (Sagnay; Camaligan), ALABAT, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Pinamalayan), BOHOL: Bohol (Sevilla), BILIRAN, LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Tigbao), TAWI-TAWI, JOLO, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilonghilong), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), Davao Oriental (Mati). Occurring wild but also extensively cultivated throughout the Archipelago. Gardens, old clearings and secondary forests, at low and medium altitudes up to c. 1400m. Betel pepper, Ikmo. Page 90 of Quisumbings revision not yet incorporated. Photos

11. Piper breviamentum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 434; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 4; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 62; Text figs. 26 & 27. Type: RS Williams 2104 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY 3 sheets*, US*). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 4 Feb 1905. Piper copelandii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 447; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Copeland 1298 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, Apr 1904. Piper sarcostylum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 216; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Merrill 7305 (US*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Agusan River, Oct 1910. var. breviamentum LUZON: Quezon (Mt Binuang), Laguna (Mt San Cristobal), PANAY: Aklan (Libacao), Capiz (Jamindan; Mt Agsamilig; Mt Kinablagan), BOHOL: Bohol (Batuan River; Bilar; Kalingohan; Valencia), LEYTE: Leyte (Jaro, Buenavista; Tigbao), MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), Agusan del Norte (Agusan River), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer). Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1200m. var. puberulinervum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 64. Type: BS 38832 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Mindanao: Bukidnon prov., Mt Candoon, in forest, altitude c. 1150m, 25 June 1920. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (Mt Candoon). 12. Piper brevicuspe (Miq.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 26; Text fig. 5; -- Rhyncholepis brevicuspis Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 283. Type: Cuming 1843. Bohol: Bohol prov., without definite locality. Piper rhyncholepis C DC, Prodr. 16, 1 (1869) 344, as rhyncholepsis; PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 209; Candollea 1 (1923) 212; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 176; -Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 220. Type: Rhyncholepis cumingiana Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 282, non Piper cumingiana Miq., Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 21 (1846) Suppl. 45, t. 45. Type: Cuming 1697. Samar: without definite locality. BOHOL (Valencia; Kalingohan), LEYTE: Leyte (Tingib; Dagami, Panda; Jaro, Buenavista), SAMAR: Yaborog; Northern Samar (Paranas), Western Samar (Loquilocon), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong]), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer), Davao Oriental (Mt Mayo). Low and medium altitude damp forests. 13. Piper brevistigmum C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2292; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 148; Text fig. 81. Type: Elmer 13684 (BISH*, NY* US*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong], in forest, altitude c. 1000m, Sept 1912. Mindanao: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong], in forest, altitude c. 1000m. 14. Piper cacuminum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 765; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 68; Text fig. 30. Type: Elmer 6890 (PNH,

holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, in the mossy forest near summit. LUZON: Zambales (Mt Tapulao), Bataan (Mt Mariveles). Montane mossy forests, altitude 1100-1500m. 15. Piper caninum Blume, Verh. Bat. Genoots. 11 (1826) 214; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 120; Text figs. 62: 1-2; 63: 7-8; 64: 1-3; 65: 1, 8-10; Plate 17; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 580, Fig. 1d, e. Type from Java. Piper caninum var. basilanum (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 124; Text figs. 62: 8-9; 64: 8; 65: 6; --Piper basilanum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 457; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 4. Type: Hallier sn. (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Basilan, Jan 1904. Piper caninum var. glabribracteum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 459; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 121; Text figs. 62: 3; 64: 4; 65: 2. Type: Clemens 176 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lanao Lake, Camp Keithley. Piper caninum var. hallieri (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 123; Text figs. 63: 1-2; 64: 7; 65: 5; --Piper hallieri C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 458; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9. Type: Hallier sn (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Basilan, Jan 1904 Piper caninum var. lanaoense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 459; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 122; Text figs. 62: 4-6; 64: 5; 65: 3. Type: Clemens sn. (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Sept 1906. Piper caninum var. latibracteum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 787; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 6; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 126; Text figs. 63: 3-6; 64: 9; 65: 7. Syntypes: Elmer 7627 (BISH*, MO*); --Elmer 7990 (NY*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1907; --Elmer 8844 (MO*, NY*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907 Piper caninum var. oblongifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 122; Text figs. 62: 7; 64: 6; 65: 4. Type: BS 35070 Ramos & Pascasio (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Bucas Grande, in open forests at low altitudes, 8 Jun 1919. Piper acutibaccum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 459; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 2; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 146; Text fig 79, synon. nov. Type: BS 10031 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio. Piper apoanum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 785; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 131; Text fig. 67: 8-10, synon. nov. Type: Elmer 11174 (MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, in bamboo thickets near Sibulan River,

altitude c. 800m, Jul 1909. Piper arborisedens C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 223; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 145; Text fig. 78, synon. nov. Type: BS 24934 Ramos (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio, in forest, 20 Aug 1910. Piper cabadbaranum C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2292; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 5; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 143; Text fig. 76, synon. nov. Type: Elmer 14136 (NY*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilonghilong], wind-swept steep forested slopes of Cawilanan Peak, altitude 4000ft, Oct 1912. Piper dagatpanum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 154; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 132; Text fig. 69, synon. nov. Type: Warburg 14739 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Dagatpan, Forests, altitude c. 1300m. Piper haenkeanum Opiz in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 159; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 138; Text fig. 74; --Chew, Blumea 20 (1972) 147. Type: Haenke sn. Piper malalaganum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 461; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 137; Text fig. 73, synon. nov. Type: Copeland 696 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Malalag. Piper marivelesanum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 155; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: Warburg 13640. Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles. Piper merrittii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 460; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12. Type: FB 6138 Merritt (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Balete. Piper negrosense C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 786; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Type: Elmer 9482 (MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Negros: Negros Oriental prov., Cuernos Mtns, climber upon low trees and over large boulders in the hemp region at 3000ft.., Mar 1908. Piper obovatibracteum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 784; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: Elmer 7927 (BISH*, L*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, in woods at 800m, May 1907. Piper parcipilum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 445. Type: MS Clemens sn. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper perpunctatum C DC, PJS 11c (1916) Bot. 219; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: Merrill 7246 (US*, iso). Palawan: Palawan prov., Malampaya, Sept 1910. Piper sablanum (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 135; Text fig. 71; -Piper caninum Blume var. sablanum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 459; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 6; synon. nov. Type: Elmer 6150 (PNH, holo,

possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Sablan, Apr 1904. Piper tenuipedunculum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 460; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 136; Text fig. 72, synon. nov. Type: RS Williams 2343 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY 2 sheets*). Mindanao: Zamboanga prov., San Ramon, in forests, altitude c. 400ft, 3 Feb 1905. Piper tenuirameum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 159; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16. Type: Warburg 13317. Luzon: Rizal prov., Binangonan Piper villilimbum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 788; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Syntypes: Elmer 7382 (L*, MO*, US*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1907; --Elmer 7624 (L*, MO*, NY*).Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, in woods at 2500ft, May 1907. Piper viminale Opiz in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 150, t. 26, Fig. 1; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 126; Text figs. 66 & 67. W Malesia to the Solomon Isls and Australia. LUZON: Pangasinan (Mt San Isidro Labrador), Abra (Mt Posuey), Benguet (Baguio; Sablan), Cagayan (Peablanca), Isabela (San Mariano), Aurora (Casiguran), Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan [=Mt Mingan]), Zambales (Subic), Pampanga (Mt Pinatubo), Bataan (Dinalupihan; Limay; Mt Mariveles), Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Binangonan; Bosoboso), Laguna (near Famy; Siniloan-Infanta Road; San Antonio; Paete), Quezon (Mt Tulaog; Dolores; Lucban; Lucban-Mauban Road; Tagkawayan), Camarines Norte (Niog, Sagnay; Paracale), Camarines Sur (Maagnas; Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan; Mt Labao), POLILLO (Mt Malulud; Barrio Saloang), CATANDUANES (Mt Mariguidon; Sto Domingo River), MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite; Paluan), Mindoro Oriental (Balete; Baco River; Mt Halcon; Naujan; Pinamalayan; Bongabong River; Camantigue), BUSUANGA, PALAWAN (Malampaya; Lake Manguao), SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting, Magallanes), PANAY: Antique (Culasi), Capiz (Jamindan; Galecia; Mt Kinablangan), Aklan (Libacao), NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), BOHOL (Kalingohan; Bilar), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Tacloban, Tigbao; Jaro, Buenavista), SAMAR (Cauayan Valley; Mt Canislagan; Camaniwan, Catubig River), CAMIGUIN (Mambajao; Mt Hibokhibok; Mt Mahilog), JOLO (Bud-wak), BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga (San Ramon), Zamboanga del Sur (Malangas), Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Tangkulan), Davao, Davao del Sur (Mt Apo; Mt Dagatpan; Malalag), Agusan del Norte (Mt Hilong-hilong), Agusan del Sur (Talicogon), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer), SIARGAO (Dapa), BUCAS GRANDE.

Lowland and medium altitude forests and thickets, also along streambanks, ascending to 1300m. Photos 16. Piper celtidiforme Opiz in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 152, t. 26, Fig. 2; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 6; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 177; Text figs. 98: 1-3 & 99; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 580, Fig. 1i, 4a, 5. Type: Haenke, sn (PR, holo). Luzon. Piper celtidiforme forma luzonense (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 180; Text fig. 98: 4-5. Type: Jagor 722 (B, holo). Luzon: without definite locality. Piper celtidiforme forma tubuanense Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 182; Text fig. 98: 8-9. Type: BS 36704 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur prov., Mt Tabuan Piper celtidiforme forma usteri (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 181; Text fig. 98: 6-7. Type: Usteri sn (PNH, holo; possibly lost). Guimaras. Piper celtidiforme var. vaginans Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 182; Text fig. 98: 10. Type: BS 19822 RC McGregor (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Ifugao prov., Mt Polis. Piper catubigense Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 244; EPFP 2 (1922) 6; Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 183; Text fig. 100. Type: BS 24278 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Samar: Catubig River, on trees in damp forests at low altitude, 13 Mar 1916. Piper corylistachyon (Miq.) C DC, Prodr. 16, 1 (1869) 346 (incl. var. magnifolia C DC), PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 438 (incl. formae b, c, d2 C DC), ibid. 11 c (1916) Bot. 218; LPB 3 (1910) 776; Candollea 1 (1923) 188, 208; --Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 175; --Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 138; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 219; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 118; --Chavica corylistachya Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 281. Type: Cuming 1044 (K, holo; iso: L*). Philippines. No further locality data. Piper corylistachyon formae d and d2 C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 439. Type: Gregory 110. Luzon: Quezon prov., Atimonan. Piper longilimbum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 221; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: BS 17602 Ramos (US*, iso). Samar: Mt Canislagan, Mar-Apr 1914. Piper penninerve C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 157; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 185; Text fig.101. Type: Warburg 14744 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Dagatpan.

Piper villirache C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 214; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 187; Text fig. 102. Type: BS 15773 E Fenix (US*, iso). Mindanao: Bukidnon prov., Sumilao, Aug 1912. Piper warburgii C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 159; Candollea 1 (1923) 285. Type: Warburg 13116 (B, holo). Luzon: Quezon prov., Sampaloc. Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria), Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan (Umingan), Apayao (Abulug River), Kalinga (Mt Masingit), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Aurora (Casiguran), Nueva Ecija (Carranglan), Zambales (Anuling), Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Pampanga (Mt Abu; Mt Arayat), Rizal (Sumag; Mt Angilog; Antipolo; Calauis River; Montalban; Binangonan; Bosoboso; Tanay, San Isidro; Mt Irid), Laguna (Los Baos; Mt Makiling; Sta Cruz; Liliw, Pangil, Paete; San Antonio), Quezon (Infanta; Mt Binuang; Lucban; Atimonan; Sampaloc; Tagkawayan), POLILLO (Burdeos), Camarines Sur (Niog; Bagacay), Albay (Carcraray; Mt Mayon), Sorsogon (Mt Lalao; Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES (Calolbong), MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Paluan), Mindoro Oriental (Lake Naujan; Cauayan; Pinamalayan), MARINDUQUE, PANAY: Antique (Culasi; Tibiao), Capiz (Mt Madia-as; Mt Bomlon; Jamindan; Agraman, Locero), Iloilo (Suague River; Tigom River), GUIMARAS, NEGROS, CEBU (Catmon), BOHOL (Bilar), BILIRAN, LEYTE: Leyte (Tigbao; Jaro, Buenavista; Dagami), Southern Leyte (Malitbog), SAMAR: Province not known (Lanang; Catubig River), Western Samar (Catbalogan; Loquilocon), BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Malangas; Mt Tubuan; Port Banga), Davao del Sur (Mt Dagatpan), Davao Oriental (Mt Mayo; Baganga), Bukidnon (Sumilao), Agusan del Norte (Agusan River, Waloe), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer), SIARGAO. Lowland to medium altitude forests and thickets generally, ascending to 1500m. 17. Piper cordatilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 141; Text fig 75; Plate 12. Type: BS 42699 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; photo seen*). Bohol: Bohol prov., Bilar, Aug-Oct 1923. LUZON: Laguna (San Antonio), Quezon (Lucban), CATANDUANES (Mt Mariguidon), BOHOL (Bilar), LEYTE: Leyte (Jaro, Buenavista; Dagami), MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), Davao Oriental (Mt Mayo). Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1200m. 18. Piper costulatum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 764; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 7; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 66 ; Text fig. 29. Type: Elmer 6805 (NY*, iso). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Nov 1904. Piper podandrum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 436; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: FB 8141 Curran & Merritt. Luzon: Zambales prov., without definite locality.

LUZON: Cagayan (Abulug River), Isabela (Mt Moises), Nueva Vizcaya (Noso to Imugan; Caraballo Mtn), Aurora (Mt Dingalan), Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan [=Mt Mingan]), Zambales (Mt Tapulao), Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River), Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Paningtingan), Quezon (Mt Binuang), CATANDUANES (Sto Domingo River). Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1500m. 19. Piper curtifolium C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 421; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 76; Text fig. 35. Type: BS 7107 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Abra prov., Mt Paraga. Piper mindorense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 423; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 79; Text fig.37, synon. nov. Type: FB 4474 Merritt (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Mt Halcon. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Mt Palimlim), Abra (Mt Paraga), Mountain Province (Mt Pukis), Benguet (Mt Pulogloco), Rizal (Mt Lumutan), Quezon (Mt Binuang), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon). Montane forests to 2250m altitude. 20. Piper davaoense C DC, in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 154; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 160; Text fig. 87. Type: Warburg 14740 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Dagatpan. Piper laxirameum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 779; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10. Type: Elmer 10503 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya. In dense humid woods of fertile steep ravines at 4000ft.., May 1909. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Dagatpan; Mt Apo, Todaya; Malita). Forests, altitude 600-1300m. 21. Piper decumanum L. in Stickman, Herb. Amb. (1754) 19; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 42; Text fig. 14; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581, Fig. 2a. Type from Moluccas. Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea. LEYTE (Mt Cabalian), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Sumilao), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilonghilong]). Medium altitude forests. 22. Piper delicatum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 778; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 8; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 74; Text fig. 34. Type: Elmer 8583 (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, in woods at 7000ft of (Mt) Santo Tomas, Mar 1907. Piper delicatum var. glabrum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 444; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: RS Williams 1216 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Benguet prov., Mt Sto Tomas. Piper polisanum C DC, PJS 11c (1916) Bot. 209; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14. Syntypes: BS 19617 & 19816 RC McGregor. Luzon: Ifugao prov., Mt Polis. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Mt Palimlim), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Mountain Province (Mt Data; Bauco; Malamey; Mt Masapilid; Mt Caua), Benguet (Pauai; Baguio; Mt Sto Tomas). Mossy forests to about 2400m.

23. Piper densibaccum C DC, PJS 5c (1910) Bot. 454; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 131; Text fig. 68. Type: MS Clemens sn (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Mar 1906. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley). 24. Piper dipterocarpinum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 455; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 133; Text fig. 70. Type: FB 9146 Whitford & Hutchinson (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*). Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur prov., near Port Banga, in dipterocarp forest, altitude c. 20 m, Jan 1908. Piper malindangense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 436; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: FB 4758 Mearns & Hutchinson (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Misamis Occidental prov., Mt Malindang. BASILAN (Binauangan), MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Banga), Misamis Occidental (Mt Malindang), Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley). Lowland forests. 25. Piper elmeri Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 245; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 151; Text figs. 83 & 84. Type: BS 24256 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Samar: Catubig River, 10 Feb 1916. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Mt Pocdol), SAMAR (Catubig River). Damp forests, ascending to 450m on Mt Makiling. 26. Piper ensifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 119; Text fig. 61; Plate 11. Type: BS 45433 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran, in damp forests along stream, low altitudes, 29 May 1925. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria), Aurora (Casiguran). 27. Piper eupodum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 219; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 47; Text fig. 17. Type: CA Wenzel 1005. Leyte: Leyte prov., Jaro, Buenavista (not seen); syntype: BS 15227 Ramos (US*). Leyte: Dagami, Aug 1912. LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Jaro, Buenavista). Forests, altitude c. 500m. 28. Piper firmolimbum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 435; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 93; Text figs. 45 & 46, plate 19. Type: Clemens sn (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper firmolimbum var. parvilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 95. Type: Elmer 14517 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sept 1916. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan, Irosin), ALABAT, LEYTE: Leyte (Tacloban, Tigbao), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley). Low and medium altitude forests. 29. Piper fragile Benth. in Hook., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 234; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 99; Text fig. 50; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581, Fig. 1f. Type from New Guinea. Piper fragile var. multinerve C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 421; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9. Type: Merrill 3366 (NY*, iso). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Pasacao, near seashore. Nov 1903. Borneo (Banguey Is off Sabah),

Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Micronesia. LUZON: Quezon (Mt Pular), Camarines Sur (Pasacao), MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (Mt Mayo; Mati), BUCAS GRANDE. On rocks near the sea, lowland and medium altitude forests and thickets. 30. Piper fuscinervum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 83; Text fig. 40, plate 7. Type: BS 35380 Martelino & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Panay: Aklan prov., Libacao PANAY: Capiz (Mt Madia-as; Jamindan), Aklan (Libacao), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (Sumilao; Tangkulan). Low and medium altitude forests. 31. Piper halconense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 422; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 69; Text fig. 31. Type: FB 4393 Merritt (PNH, holo, ?lost). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Mt Halcon. Piper cagayanense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 435; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5. Type: BS 7484 Ramos (PNH, holo, ?lost). Luzon: Cagayan prov., Pamplona Piper atrospicum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 208; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 71; Text fig. 32. Type: BS 15359 Ramos (US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., Dagami, in mossy forest, Aug 1912. LUZON: Apayao (Tauit; Mt Sulu), Cagayan (Pamplona), Isabela (San Mariano), Zambales (Mt Tapulao; Iba), Quezon (Mt Banahaw; Lucban), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan, Irosin), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong]). Medium altitude forests upwards, ascending to 1500m. 32. Piper interruptum Opiz, in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 157; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 154; Text figs. 85: 1-3; 86; Plate 17, Fig. 1; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581, Fig. 1h. Type: Haenke sn (PR, holo). Luzon. Piper interruptum var. cumingianum (Miq.) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 158; Text fig. 86: 7-11; --Piper cumingianum Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 329. Type: Cuming 1190 (K, holo). Luzon: Albay prov., no definite locality. Piper interruptum Opiz var. herbaceum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 448; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9. Type: Merrill 3182 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River. Piper interruptum var. laevirameum (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 158; Text fig. 85: 12; --Piper laevirameum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 450; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10. Type: Clemens 1255 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper interruptum var. loheri (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 157; Text fig. 85: 4-6; --Piper loheri C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 450; --Merr.,

EPFP 2 (1923) 2. Syntypes: Loher 4552 (US*). Luzon: Rizal prov., San Mateo, 12-7-90. Piper interruptum var. multiplinerve C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 785; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 159; Text fig. 85: 13-14. Type: BS 1870 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao Piper interruptum Opiz var. subarborescens C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 448; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10. Type: BS 4585 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso, in forest, Aug 1904. Piper abraense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 451; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: BS 7195 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Luzon: Abra prov., Baret, Jan 1909. Piper clemensiae C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 449; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 6; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 166; Text fig. 92, synon. nov. Type: Clemens 1200 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper elliptibaccum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 449; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 165; Text fig. 91, synon. nov. Type: BS 6344 C Robinson (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Maagnas. Piper loheri C DC forma multiplinerve C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 450; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Syntypes: --BS 1870 Foxworthy. Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao, Dec 1904; --BS 6015 C Robinson. Luzon: Laguna prov., Liliw, Mar 1904. Piper pilispicum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 452; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: BS 5720 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., without definite locality, Dec 1908. Piper pulogense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 453; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 162; Text fig. 88, synon. nov. Type: FB 16240 Curran, Merritt & Zschokke (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Mt Pulag, altitude 2250m, Jan 1909. Piper samaranum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 223; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: BS 17546 Ramos. Samar: Cauayan Valley. Taiwan (?), Philippines and probably elsewhere in W Malesia, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Vanuatu, Australia. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria; Mt Nagapatan; Mt Piao), La Union (Bauang; San Fernando), Pangasinan (Mt San Isidro Labrador; Villasis, Libtong), Abra (Baret), Mountain Province (Mt Malaya; Bagnen; Gintadan; Bauco; Mt Polis; Mt Caua), Benguet, Cagayan (Abulug to Linao), Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (Campote), Aurora (Casiguran), Nueva Ecija (Bongabon), Zambales (Candelaria; Botolan, Mt

Cabangaan), Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao), Pampanga (Arayat), Bulacan (Angat; Norzagaray; Malolos), Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Mt Susong Dalaga; Mt Angilog; Mt Irid; Mt Tokduan Banoy; Montalban; San Mateo; Antipolo; Pasig; San Isidro; San Andales; Mt Masungit), Manila (Singalong), Laguna (Los Baos; Mt Makiling; Calauan; Liliw; Mt San Cristobal), Quezon, Batangas, Camarines Sur (Maagnas), Sorsogon (Mt Bagacaua), MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Paluan), Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), CATANDUANES (Sto Domingo River), PANAY: Antique (Culasi), LEYTE: Leyte (Jaro, Masaganap), SAMAR (Cauayan Valley), MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River mountains), Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Mt Candoon; Tangkulan), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong]; Liluan Lake), Surigao del Norte (Surigao). Low and medium altitude forests and thickets generally, ascending to 2250m in Benguet. Photos 33. Piper langlassei C DC, Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genve 2 (1898) 273; PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 433; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 91; Text fig. 43. Type: Langlass sn (P*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., base of Mt Banahaw, on calcareous soil, 30 Oct 1894 LUZON: Laguna (Mt Banahaw). 34. Piper lessertianum (Miq.) C.DC, J. Bot. 4 (1866) 164, non C DC, Prodr. 161 (1869) 258; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 36; Text fig. 10; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 581, Fig. 1j; --Chavica lessertiana Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 270. Type: Cuming 1343 (1342), (BM, holo). Luzon: Cagayan prov., without definite locality. Piper lessertianum var. oblongibaccum (C DC) Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 39; Text fig. 11; --Piper oblongibaccum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 777; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12. Type: Elmer 9456 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Negros: Negros Oriental prov., Cuernos Mtns, in woods of densely forested trail, altitude 4000ft, Mar 1908. Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Apayao (Guiniri), Kalinga (Mt Masingit), Mountain Province (Pininggat), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Cagayan, Aurora (Casiguran), Rizal (Montalban), Quezon (Mt Binuang; Mt Banahaw), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), ALABAT, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), PANAY: Aklan (Mt Magosolon; Libacao), Capiz (Jamindan; Mt Salibongbong; Mt Kinablangan), NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Kanlaon), Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), SAMAR: Northern Samar (Las Navas, Catubig River), MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Malangas), Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Mahilucot River), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo), BUCAS GRANDE. Damp forests, mostly from 4002200m altitudes. 35. Piper longipedicellatum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 144; Text fig. 77; Plate 13. Type: BS 38066 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Luzon: Mountain Province, Mt Caua, on slopes in the mossy forest, altitude c. 1800m,

3 Mar 1920. LUZON: Mountain Province (Mt Caua), Ifugao (Mt Polis). Mossy forests, c. 1800m. Photos 36. Piper longistigmum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 770; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 95; Text fig. 47. Type: Elmer 7578 (MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1907. LUZON: Quezon (Lucban), CATANDUANES (Sto Domingo River). Lowland forests. 37. Piper longivaginans C DC, PJS 5c (1910) Bot. 444; --Merr. , EPFP 2 (1923) 3; --Quisumb., PJS (1930) 72; Text fig. 33. Type: BS 6069 C Robinson (US*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Banahaw, Mar 1909. Piper crassinodum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 780; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1922) 7. Syntypes: Elmer 8042 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*). Staminate; --Elmer 7626a (MO*, US*), pistillate; Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1907. Piper magallanesanum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 212; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: Elmer 12313. Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting LUZON: Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan [=Mt Mingan]), Rizal (Montalban; Balacbac; Paningtingan; Mt Lumutan; Mt Irid; Mt Tokduangbanog), Laguna (Mt San Cristobal; Mt Banahaw), Quezon (Mt Tulaog; Mt Binuang; Lucban), Camarines Sur (Mt Isarog), SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting). Medium to high montane forests, ascending to 2500m. 38. Piper macropiper Pennant, Outlines of the Globe 4 (1800) 242; --Merr., J. Arnold Arb. 29 (1948) 191; --Chew, J. Arnold Arb. 53 (1972) 10; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 582, Fig. 1g, 4b. Type: Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) 46, t. 28, Fig. 1. Piper arborescens Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 80; -Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 20; Text fig. 2; pl. 17, Fig. 5. Type: Piper arborescens var. angustilimbum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 22; Text fig. 2. Type: Elmer 7384 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso NY*). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1907. Piper arborescens var. hirtellum (Miq.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 3; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 23; --Piper miniatum Blume var. hirtellum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 776; PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 422; Candollea 1 (1923) 261; --Chavica miniata Miq. Var. hirtella Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860-61) 473. Type: Piper glandulosum Opiz in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 158. Type: Haenke sn (MO*, possibly iso). Luzon: no further locality data. Piper pilipes C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 423; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 25; Text fig. 4, synon. nov. Type: Clemens sn. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper trichophlebium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 24; Text fig. 36. Type: Merrill 9404 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Palawan: Palawan prov., Binaloan, in forests at low altitudes, 19 May 1913. ExtraPhilippine distribution? LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria, Mt Calvario), Abra (Mt Paraga), Apayao (Ngagan), Aurora (Casiguran, Mamatoc River), Bataan (Mt Mariveles), Rizal (Montalban), Laguna (Mt Makiling; San Antonio), Quezon (hills near Malinao; Mt Binuang), Albay, Sorsogon (Mt

Bulusan), POLILLO, MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Pinamalayan), PALAWAN (Binaloan), PANAY: Mt Bulilao; Capiz (Mt Madia-as; Jamindan; Agsaman; Mt Salibongbong), LEYTE: Leyte (Jaro, Buenavista; Dagami; Tacloban, Tigbao), SAMAR (Ambalate; Catubig River; Catbalogan; Mt Capotoan; Las Navas), BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Sax River), Zamboanga del Sur (Malangas), Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Sumilao; Mt Candoon; Tangkulan), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), Davao Oriental (Mt Mayo), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong], Surigao del Norte (Placer). Common in lowland and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1000m. 39. Piper majusculum Blume, Verh. Bat. Genoots. 11 (1826) 210, Fig. 25; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 45; Text Fig. 16; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 582, Fig. 2b. Type from Java. Piper rotundistigmum C DC, PJS 5c (1910) Bot. 425; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Clemens sn (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Piper rotundistigmum var. pilosius C DC, Candollea 1 (1923) 201, 206, --Type: BS 17434 Ramos. Samar. Piper leyteanum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 220; Candollea 1 (1923) 206. Type: CA Wenzel 214. Leyte: Leyte prov., Dagami Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Ambon, New Guinea, Solomon Isls. LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon (Mt Lalao; Mt Bulusan), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Jaro), SAMAR (Lauaan), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley), Davao, Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong], Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer). Lowland and medium altitude forests. Piper medinillifolium Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 29; Text fig. 6; plate 2. Type: BS 15364 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Leyte: Leyte prov., Burauen, 12 Aug 1912. LEYTE: Leyte (Burauen; Jaro, Buenavista). In forests, altitude c. 500m. 40. Piper melanocaulon Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 49; Text fig. 18; plate 5. Type: BS 35725 Martelino & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Panay: Iloilo prov., Mt Bolilao, on the summit, altitude c. 1000m, 29 Jun 1919. PANAY: Iloilo (Mt Bolilao). Resembles P eupodum C DC, but may be readily distinguished from it by its black branches and leaves, shorter peduncles and spikes, laxly arranged fruits, its glabrous rachis, and its bracts. 41. Piper merrillii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 426; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 52; Text fig. 20. Type: Merrill 1809 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: US*). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., Baco River, Apr 1903. Piper dagamiense C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 211; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7. Type: BS 15181 Ramos (US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., Dagami. LUZON: Isabela (San Mariano), Quezon (Mt Binuang), Laguna (San Antonio), ALABAT, MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite), Mindoro Oriental (Baco River; Mt Halcon), PALAWAN (Mt Capoas), PANAY: Antique

(Culasi), Aklan (Mt Magosolon; Libacao), Capiz (Jamindan), NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Mt Kanlaon; Mt Silay), BOHOL: Bohol (Valencia), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami), SAMAR (Cauayan; Catubig River), MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (Mt Galintan). Low and medium altitude forests, ascending to 1250m. Photos 42. Piper multistigmum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 222; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 163; Text fig.89. Type: BS 19819 RC McGregor. (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Ifugao prov., Mt Polis, Feb 1913. LUZON: Ifugao-Mountain Province (Mt Polis). Forest, altitude cited as 1000m (possibly nearer 2000m). Resembling P interruptum Opiz, but stigma 5 or 6. 43. Piper mymecophilum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 211; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 56; Text fig. 23; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583, Fig. 2c. Type: BS 17599 Ramos (L, US*, iso). Samar: Mt Cauayan, Mar-Apr 1914. LEYTE: Leyte (Tigbao; Tacloban), SAMAR (Mt Cauayan; Camanabaan; Catubig River, Pinipisakan). Damp forests, altitude 50-400m. 44. Piper nigrum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 28. var. trioicum (Roxb.) C DC, Prodr. 161 (1869) 363; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 12; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 167; Text fig. 93; Plate 16. Type: Piper glabrispicum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 155; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 9. Type: Warburg 14748 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Taumo. Extensively cultivated in the tropics for the well-known spice which is probably the worlds most consumed (peppercorn). Paminta. Photos 45. Piper ovatibaccum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 782; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 80; Text fig. 38, plate 17, Fig. 7. Syntypes: Elmer 7888 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*), staminate. Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, altitude 700, May 1907; --Elmer 8106 (not seen) pistillate. Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. Piper robinsonii C DC, PJS 5c (1910) Bot. 445; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: BS 6065 CB Robinson (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Banahaw. LUZON: Rizal (Mt Irid; Balacbac), Laguna (Sta Maria; Paete; San Antonio; Mt Banahaw), Quezon (Infanta; Mt Binuang; Lucban; Camarines Norte (Mt Bagacay), Sorsogon (Mt Kililibong), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon), CATANDUANES (Mt Mariguidon), PANAY: Capiz (Jamindan), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Jaro, Buenavista), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley), Bukidnon (Kabaritan; Mt Dalirig; Mt Candoon; Agusan River near Tangkulan), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilong-hilong]. Medium altitude forests, ascending to 1075m. 46. Piper parcirameum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 781; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 65; Text fig. 28. Syntypes: Elmer 10899 (BISH*, MO*, NY*) Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, dense forest at 4000ft of Mt Calelan, Jun 1909; --Elmer 11274 (BISH*, MO*, NY*).

Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, dense forest, altitude 3000ft, Aug 1909. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo). In forests, altitude 9001200m. 47. Piper parong Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 105; Text fig. 53, plate 10. Type: BS 24465 Ramos (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*, US*). Samar: Northern Samar prov., Palapag, Catubig, 11 Mar 1916. SAMAR: Northern Samar. Lowland thickets and streamside forests. 48. Piper paucinerve C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 156; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13; -- Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 147; Text fig. 80; Plate 14. Type: Warburg 11929 (B, holo). Luzon: Isabela prov., Malunu. LUZON: Isabela (Malunu). 49. Piper philippinum Miq., Syst. Pip. (1843) 322; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 110; Text figs. 56-58; plate 17, Fig. 6; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583, Fig. 3a. Type: Cuming 912 (holo in de Lessert herbarium). Luzon: Albay prov.; Gardner otherwise cites Cuming 1642 (G or P?). Philippines. No further locality data. Piper albidirameum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 153; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8, pro syn. P. denudatum; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 115; Text fig. 59. Type: Warburg 14751 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Taumo. Piper crassilimbum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 210; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7. Type: Merrill 7649 (US*, syntype). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, thickets in limestone region, altitude 1550m, May 1911. Piper fuscescentirameum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 217; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: CA Wenzel 1184. Leyte. In forest, altitude c. 500m. Piper lividum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 155; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: Warburg 11930 (B, holo). Luzon: Isabela prov., Malunu Piper lucbanense C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2293; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 11. Type: Elmer 7383. Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban. Piper maagnasanum C DC, PJS 5c (1910) Bot. 429; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8; --Quisumb., PJS (1930) 117; Text fig. 60. Type: BS 6355 CB Robinson. Luzon: Camarines Sur prov., Maagnas. Piper pendulifolium C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 772; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: Elmer 10942 (BISH*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, Jul 1909. Piper petraeum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 430; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: Elmer 6430 (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Twin Peaks, on rocks in shady places, May 1904.

Piper psilocarpum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) 215; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 8. Type: CA Wenzel 896. Leyte: Leyte prov., Jaro, Buenavista. Forests, altitude c. 500m. S China, Taiwan, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), Apayao (Ngagan), Benguet (Baguio; Twin Peaks), Isabela (Malunu), Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan), Aurora (Casiguran; Mt Dingalan), Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Bosoboso; Sta Inez; Mt Irid), Cavite (Mendez), Laguna (Mt Makiling; Mt San Cristobal; Mt Banahaw; Siniloan; San Antonio), Quezon (Mt Tulaog; Mt Binuang; Infanta-Siniloan Trail; Lucban; hills near Malinao; Malbog; Atimonan), Camarines Norte (Paracale), Camarines Sur (Adiagnao), Albay, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan; Mt Bagacana), ALABAT (Sangerin), MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Paluan), Mindoro Oriental (Naujan; Pinamalayan), MASBATE, BATBATAN (W of Panay: Antique prov.), PANAY: Antique (Culasi), Aklan (Libacao; Mt Timbaban), Capiz (Jamindan), BOHOL: Bohol (Valencia), BILIRAN, LEYTE: Leyte (Tacloban, Tigbao; Cabalian; Jaro, Buenavista), SAMAR (Catubig River), MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Mt Tubuan), Davao del Sur (Taumo; Mt Apo, Todaya), Bukidnon (Botoan; Impasugong), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta), Surigao del Norte (Surigao; Placer), Davao Oriental (Mati), BUCAS GRANDE. Low and medium altitude forests and thickets, ascending to 1550m. 50. Piper quinqueangulatum Miq., Syst. Pip. (1854) 85; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583, Fig. 3b. Type from Java. Piper cristatum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 770; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 7. Type: Elmer 10703 (BISH*, K*, MO*, NY*, US*). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya. Epiphytic in very humid forest along Baruring River, altitude 3500ft, May 1909. Piper korthalsii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1863) 139; --C DC, Candollea 1 (1923) 71.--Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 169; Text figs. 94 & 95. Type: Piper korthalsii Miq. var. longibracteum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 763; --Type: Clemens 463. Mindanao: Lanao del Sur prov., Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley. Philippines, Java, Sumatra, and perhaps westward. LUZON: Apayao (Abulug River; Tamoe; Guiniri), Mountain Province (Bauco), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Benguet (Baguio; Sablan; San Fernando Trail), Cagayan (trail from Sitio Viola to Mt Nanig), Isabela (San Mariano), Nueva Vizcaya (Campote), Aurora (Casiguran), Rizal (Montalban; Mt Irig; Mt Irid), Laguna (San Antonio), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Mt Halcon; Pinamalayan; Bongabong River), PANAY: Antique (Culasi), Capiz (Jamindan; Mt Agramilig), LEYTE: Leyte (Dagami; Jaro, Buenavista), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya), Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilonghilong]), Surigao del Norte

(Surigao; Placer). Damp lowland to montane forests, altitude 400-2200m, one record from 2800m. Photos 51. Piper ramosii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 426; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 82; Text fig. 39. Type: BS 1755 Ramos. Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso. Piper calvifolium C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 217; -Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 5. Type: Loher 6794, pro parte (K). Luzon. No further locality data cited. LUZON: Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Montalban; Antipolo; Bosoboso; San Isidro; San Andales. Low and medium altitude forests. Nearest to P ovatibaccum C DC, differing in its auriculate leaves and reniform anthers. 52. Piper retrofractum Vahl, Enum. 1 (1804) 314; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 14; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 106; Text figs. 54 & 55; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 583, Fig. 2d. Type from East Indies. Piper palawanum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 210; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 13. Type: BS 1553 E Fenix (US*, iso). Palawan: Palawan prov., Babuyan. Piper parvifolium Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 23; ed. 2 (1845) 17; ed. 3,1 (1877) 32. Type: not extant; illustrative specimen: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 523 (US*). Luzon: Bulacan prov., Angat, Sept 1913, leg. M Ramos. Piper retrofractum Vahl var. latifolium C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 157. Type: Warburg 12125 (B, holo). Luzon: Cagayan prov., Buguey. Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to the Moluccas. BABUYAN ISLS GROUP (DALUPIRI; CAMIGUIN), LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Burgos), La Union (San Fernando), Pangasinan (Rosales; Umingan), Kalinga (Tabuk), Abra (Caburao), Cagayan (Buguey), Nueva Vizcaya (Dupax), Nueva Ecija (Cabanatuan), Bataan (Mt Mariveles; Duale), Bulacan (Angat), Rizal (Mt Lumutan; Montalban; Masambong; Paraaque; Baras; Pililla; Jalajala; Malapad na Bato), Cavite, Laguna (Los Baos; Galas; Pagsanjan), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Puerto Galera; Baco; Pinamalayan), PALAWAN (Babuyan; Ulugan Bay; Taytay; Puerto Princesa; Iwahig; Alfonso XIII [=Quezon]; PANAY: Antique (Lipata), Capiz (Mt Timbaban), Iloilo, GUIMARAS. Lowland thickets, 0-850m. Photos 53. Piper sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 162; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 15; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 101; Text fig. 51; --Gardner, Blumea 51 (2007) 584. Type: Piper allenii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 441; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 3. Type: Allen 152 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte prov., Surigao. Piper siassiense C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 443; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Merrill 5311 (NY*, US*, iso). Sulu Archipelago, Siasi Island, in coconut groves,12 Oct 1906. Piper zamboangae C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 424; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Type: Hallier sn (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Mindanao: Zamboanga, no further locality data. India, S China, southward to the Moluccas. PALAWAN (Lake Manguao; Brookes Point), NEGROS: Negros Occidental (Kabankalan), SAMAR: Eastern Samar

(Borongan), CAMIGUIN (Mambajao), SIASI MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Surigao del Norte (Surigao). Lowland thickets, coconut groves, etc. Photos 54. Piper sibulanum C DC in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1905) 158; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 103; Text fig. 52, Plate 9. Type: Warburg 14742 (B, holo). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Piper oophyllum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 430; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Type: Copeland 333 (US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao, sea-level in coconut groves, Mar 1904. Piper williamsii C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 441. Type: RS Williams 2750 (PNH, holo, possibly lost; iso: NY*). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Sta Cruz, 13 Apr 1905. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Sur (Malangas), Bukidnon (Tangkulan), Davao, Davao del Sur (Sta Cruz), Davao Oriental (Mati). Lowland forests and coconut groves. 55. Piper simile Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 34; Text fig. 9; plates 3 & 4. Type: BS 33105 (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Bangui to Claveria, altitude c. 500m, 11 Aug 1918. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria), Aurora (Mt Alzapan). Medium altitude to high montane forests, altitude 500-1900m. 56. Piper sorsogonum C DC, Candollea 1 (1923) 223, nom. nud., 2 (1923) 188; -Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 150; Text fig. 82. Type: Elmer 14921 (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Bulusan, Irosin, Sept 1916. LUZON: Camarines Norte (Mt Bagacay), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), LEYTE: Leyte (Mt Abucayan). Lowland and medium altitude forests. 57. Piper spathelliferum Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 164; Text fig. 90; Plate 15. Type: BS 26383 Ramos & Edao (PNH, holo, possibly lost). Luzon: Nueva Ecija prov., Mt Umingan, on slope near summit of Mt Umingan, altitude c. 400m, 20 Aug 1916. LUZON: Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan). Similar to P elliptibaccum C DC, differing in the presence of glandular brown dots on the lower surface of lamina. 58. Piper subbulatum K Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Sdsee (1900) 262; -Gardner, Blumea 48 (2003) 64; Blumea 51 (2007) 584. Type from New Guinea. Piper lageniovarium C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 797; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 44; Text fig. 15. Type: Elmer 10589 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, May 1909. Widespread in New Guinea. Also in New Ireland and New Britain, Bougainville, Solomon Isls, Vanuatu and the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (Kalasungay), Davao del Sur (Mt Apo, Todaya). Medium altitude thickets and forests, streamsides, etc. (0-) 1300-1700m. 59. Piper subprostratum C DC, PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 425; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 40; Text figs. 12 & 13. Type: FB 6751 ML Merritt (US*, iso). Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental prov., S of Lake Naujan, MarApr 1907. LUZON: Rizal (Mt Lumutan), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (S of Lake Nauhan; Mt Halcon). Low and medium altitude forests.

60. Piper toppingii C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 783; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 30; Text fig. 7. Syntypes: Elmer 8375 (MO*, NY*, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1907; --Elmer 5850 (NY*, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Baguio, Mar 1904. Piper chlorocarpum C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 221; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16. Type: BS 16638 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio, Sept-Oct 1912. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Bangui to Claveria; Mt Palimlim), Mountain Province (Mt Pukis; Mt Masapilid), Ifugao (Mt Polis), Benguet (Mt Pulag; Mt Tonglon [=Mt Sto Tomas]; Baguio), Nueva Vizcaya (Compote), Rizal (Mt Susong Dalaga; Mt Lumutan; San Isidro) Laguna (Mt Makiling; Mt San Cristobal; San Antonio), MINDORO: Mindoro Occidental (Mt Calavite; Paluan). Medium altitude to high-montane forests, ascending to 2100m. 61. Piper urdanetanum C DC in Elmer, LPB 6 (1914) 2293; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 32; Text fig. 8. Type: Elmer 13713 (BISH*, NA*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Mt Urdaneta [=Mt Hilonghilong], Sept 1912. Piper wenzelii C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 213; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Type: CA Wenzel 628 (US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., no further locality data, 30 Mar 1914. Piper hirtirache C DC, PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 213; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 17. Type: CA Wenzel 1168. Leyte: Leyte prov., Jaro, Buenavista. LEYTE: Leyte (Jaro, Buenavista), SAMAR (Ambalate; Catubig River), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (Mt Urdaneta). Low and medium altitude forests. 62. Piper varibracteum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 764; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 78; Text fig. 36. Type: Elmer 11998 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, scandent upon trees and overtopping dense thickets along the sea coast on moist sandy soil, Oct 1909. Piper striatum C DC in Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 776.; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15, non Vahl (1804) nec C DC (1871-73). Type: Elmer 11764 (BISH*, MO*, NY*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, epiphytic in light woods, altitude c. 3000ft, Sept 1909. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo). Sea-level to medium altitude forests. Near P curtifolium Non-native species 1. Piper aduncum L. 2. Piper subpeltatum Willd., Piper subumbellatum L. var. subpeltatum (Willd.) C DC in Donn.-Sm. Enum 6: 39; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16; --Quisumb., PJS 43 (1930) 17; Text fig. 1; pl. 17, Fig. 11. Piper umbellatum L. var. glabrum C DC, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 16 (1898) 494; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 16.

Doubtfully occurring in the Philippines 1. Piper longum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 29; --fide Quisumb. 1930 Doubtful species 1. Piper jagori C DC, Prodr. 161 (1859) 358 (jayeri); --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 10. Type: Piper rufinerve Opiz in C Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 159; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Piper taumanum C DC in Perkins Frag. Fl. Philip. (1905) 159; -- Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 15. Type: Zippelia Blume = Piper

Saururaceae Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill., Adansonia 10 (1871) 71; --Merr. EPFP 2 (1923) 2; -Steen., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 4 (1949) 48, Fig. 1. Japan, C and S China, Taiwan, N Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province. Swampy places, rice paddies, etc., altitude 50-1100m.