Mexican Cloud Forest Trees (UICN)

Mexican
Cloud Forest Trees

The Red List of
Editors: Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

Francisco G. Lorea-Hernndez, Guillermo Ibarra-Manrquez and Adrian C. Newton
Published by Fauna & Flora International,

Cambridge, UK.
2011 Fauna & Flora International
ISBN: 9781903703281
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FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) protects threatened

species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are
sustainable, based on sound science and take account of human
needs. Operating in more than 40 countries worldwide - mainly in the
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EDITORS
Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa is Senior Researcher in
Plant Ecology and Forest Conservation and Restoration
at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) and a
member of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist
Group. mgonzale@ecosur.mx
BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)

is a membership organisation linking botanic gardens in over 100
countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,sustainable
use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens
and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of
people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC
Global Tree Specialist Group.
Jorge A. Meave is Professor in Plant Ecology at the

Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM)
and the President of the Botanical Society of Mexico.
jorge.meave@ciencias.unam.mx
Francisco G. Lorea-Hernndez is Professor and
Researcher in Plant Taxonomy at the Instituto de
Ecologa, A.C. francisco.lorea@inecol.edu.mx
Guillermo Ibarra-Manrquez is Researcher in Plant
Ecology and Taxonomy at the Universidad Nacional
Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM) and the Vice
President of the Botanical Society of Mexico.
gibarra@cieco.unam.mx
Adrian Newton is Professor in Conservation Ecology
at Bournemouth University and Vice Chair of the
IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.
anewton@bournemouth.ac.uk
THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN exists to secure the future of the

worlds threatened tree species and their benefits for humans and the
wider environment. A joint initiative between FFI and BGCI, the Global
Trees Campaign is the only international campaign dedicated to saving
threatened trees.
The opinion of the individual authors does not

necessarily reflect the opinion of either the editors or
Fauna & Flora International.
THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms part
COVER PHOTOS
Front cover: Ulmus mexicana tree with recently
flushed foliage and flowers, near Santa Cruz
Tepetotutla (Oaxaca). The habitat of this scarce cloud
forest tree has been largely cleared to give way to
maize fields and coffee plantations. The pictured tree
is 60 m but one individual in Chiapas in the 1950s
was recorded at 87 m, making the species the tallest
in Mexico. Photo by J. A. Meave.
Back cover: Interior view of an Oreomunnea
mexicana cloud forest stand in central Veracruz.
Photo by C. Gallardo.
of the Species Survival Commissions volunteer network of over 7000

volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats.
SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN-The World
Conservation Union. It serves as the main source of advice to the Union
and its members on the technical aspects of species conservation. The
aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote and
implement global red listing for trees and act in an advisory capacity to
the Global Trees Campaign.
The editors and Fauna & Flora International take no

responsibility for any misrepresentation of material from
translation of this document into any other language.
DESIGN
John Morgan, Seascape: www.seascapedesign.co.uk
Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper.
Mexican
Cloud Forest Trees
The Red List of
Editors: Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

Francisco G. Lorea-Hernndez, Guillermo Ibarra-Manrquez and Adrian C. Newton
The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
List of Acronyms
Foreword
Introduction
References
List of Assessors
10
Map
12
RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES
13
Species Evaluated as Least Concern

References
ANNEX 1
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1)
90
126
146
We dedicate this work to the insightful and treasured

teachings of Dr Faustino Miranda and Dr Jerzy Rzedowski,
whose seminal research has inspired and guided our interest
in the beautiful cloud forests of Mexico. It is also dedicated to
the memory of Dr Laura Arriaga, an indefatigable worker on
the ecology of cloud forests and early participant in the
production of this report.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
he initial May 2007 workshop
was
convened
by
the
IUCN/SSC
Global
Tree
Specialist Group, represented by
Adrian Newton, and supported
financially by Fauna & Flora
International (FFI). The workshop was
organised by Adrian Newton of
Bournemouth University and Mario
Gonzlez-Espinosa of ECOSUR, with
advice from the Chair of the IUCN/SSC
Global Tree Specialist Group.
Workshop participants (who are
referred to in the List as Expert Group
May 2007) included Antony Challenger,
Rafael F. del Castillo, Duncan J.
Golicher, Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa,
Mario Ishiki, Jos Luis Len de la Luz,
Francisco G. Lorea-Hernndez, Jorge
A. Meave, Adrian C. Newton, and
Neptal Ramrez-Marcial.
We are grateful to the many members

of the botanical community in Mexico
who contributed to this report serving
as assessors of plant groups in which
they have taxonomical expertise or
ecological familiarity (please see list
below). In addition, other colleagues
offered comments that helped define
which species and information should
be included or deleted from the list:
Laura Arriaga (deceased), Antony
Challenger, Rafael Fernndez-Nava,
Duncan J. Golicher, Martha Gual Daz,
Jaime Jimnez-Ramrez, Jos Luis
Len de la Luz, Miguel Martnez-Ic,
Daniel Tejero-Dez, Teresa TerrazasSalgado, and Jos Luis Villaseor.
Guadalupe Williams-Linera and Jorge
A. Meave kindly hosted several
LIST OF ACRONYMS
working sessions at their homes in
Xalapa and Mexico City, respectively.
Anglica V. Pulido-Esparza provided
logistic support for the meetings held
during 2007 in San Cristbal de Las
Casas and Zacatecas. Marco Antonio
Romero-Romero and Alberto GallardoCruz provided most helpful technical
assistance with the organization of the
information in databases. We are
grateful for an invitation from Isolda
Luna-Vega and Martha Gual Daz to
present an earlier version of this report
before the Mexican botanical
community in a symposium on
Mexican Cloud Forest at the XVIII
Mexican Botanical Congress held in
Guadalajara in November 2010. This
was a prime opportunity to expose the
scope and contents of the report,
allowing us to receive valuable
comments that have helped improve
its content. Financial support was
initially provided by Fauna & Flora
International (FFI, UK) during 2007 and
2008. Thereafter, our home institutions
and other sources kindly provided time
and resources to complete this report
as a side project. Finally, we are
thankful for the patience of Amy
Hinsley at FFI who heard from us on
several occasions that the final version
was imminent, and whose comments
on the text greatly improved the
presentation of this report.
THREE-LETTER ACRONYMS OF
THE MEXICAN FEDERAL STATES
Please note that Mxico refers to the
Federal State sometimes also identified
as the State of Mexico (Estado de
Mxico), a territory surrounding nearly
completely the Federal District (Distrito
Federal, where Mexico City is located)
AGS
BC
BCS
CAM
CHS
CHI
COA
COL
DF
DGO
GTO
GRO
HGO
JAL
MEX
MIC
MOR
NAY
NL
OAX
PUE
QRO
QTR
SLP
SIN
SON
TAB
TAM
TLA
VER
YUC
ZAC
Aguascalientes
Baja California
Baja California Sur
Campeche
Chiapas
Chihuahua
Coahuila
Colima
Distrito Federal
Durango
Guanajuato
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Jalisco
Mxico
Michoacn
Morelos
Nayarit
Nuevo Len
Oaxaca
Puebla
Quertaro
Quintana Roo
San Luis Potos
Sinaloa
Sonora
Tabasco
Tamaulipas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Yucatn
Zacatecas
FOREWORD
he cloud forests of Mexico are
immensely valuable for the
ecosystem goods and services
that they provide. The forests are
exceptionally rich in botanical diversity
with over 2,800 plant species recorded
within them. The diversity of tree species,
approximately 25% of the total botanical
diversity, defines the forest structure and
contributes to the ecological function and
resilience of the forests. The trees also
provide a wide range of products valued
by local people. Unfortunately the cloud
forests of Mexico, as elsewhere in the
world, are under severe threat. The
component trees are also threatened with
extinction to a varying degree. This report
presents a review of the conservation
status of the Mexican cloud forest trees,
undertaken by Mexican experts in
partnership with FFI and the IUCN/SSC
Global Tree Specialist Group. It is the
result of a remarkable collaborative
process over four years bringing together
botanists and ecologists who care about
the future of the forests and trees of
Mexico.
Upwards view of the trunk of an Oreomunnea

mexicana tree with epiphytes, mosses and
lichens in a cloud forest stand in central
Veracruz. Photo by C. Gallardo.
Since its establishment in 2003 the

primary role of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree
Specialist Group has been to assess the
global conservation status of tree species
in selected geographical areas and
taxonomic groups. The Red List of
Mexican Cloud Forest Trees is the
seventh publication in the series. It is the
ultimate aim of the Group to carry out a
full assessment of the status of the
worlds trees. As a step towards this goal,
the Group is currently concentrating on
Trees at the top of the World high
altitude trees that are likely to be
particularly impacted by the effects of
climate change.
The collection of information on tree

species of conservation concern is vital for
planning conservation action and the
restoration of forest ecosystems. The
secondary role of the IUCN/SSC Global
Tree Specialist Group is to act as an
advisory body for the Global Trees
Campaign, which aims to save the worlds
most threatened tree species and the
habitats where they grow. The Global Trees
Campaign provides an important practical
mechanism for implementation of the
Global Plant Conservation Strategy of the
Convention on Biological Diversity. Global
tree red listing contributes directly to Target
2 of the Strategy, which calls for an
assessment of the conservation status of
all known plant species, as far as possible,
to guide conservation action by 2020.
Target 2 underpins the other ambitious
targets which relate to in situ and ex situ
conservation, ecological restoration,
sustainable use and trade in plants.
Projects of the Global Trees Campaign
carried out in partnership with
organizations and individuals around the
world help to deliver these various
targets. The projects contribute to halting
the loss of forest biodiversity and the
provision of support to rural livelihoods.
The results of this assessment indicate
that over 60% of the trees of Mexican
cloud forests are threatened with
extinction. Clearly action must be taken
to conserve and restore the forests as a
matter of urgency.
Sara Oldfield
Chair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree
Specialist Group
INTRODUCTION
CLOUD FORESTS IN MEXICO
The term cloud forest is used to refer to
transitional forest communities occurring in
Mexico in tropical and subtropical humid
mountains located south of the 25 N
parallel, at elevations mostly between
1,500 and 2,500 m (1, 8, 30, 31). However,
Luna et al. (16) claim that topography and
the amount of humidity may account for
the presence of cloud forests across a
much broader elevational belt ranging
between 600 and 3,200 m. Cloud forests
in Mexico are mostly found on steep
slopes and protected ravines. These areas
are more humid than pine, pine-oak and
oak forests, warmer than high elevation
conifer forests, and cooler than those that
support the development of tropical plant
formations.
Cloud forests in Mexico have an
archipelago-like distribution and are
floristically very rich, owing to the
enormous variety of habitats and the wide
contact between Holarctic and Neotropical
floras in the country (18, 24, 25, 26). It has
been estimated that cloud forests in
Mexico occupy 10,00020,000 km2,
which is 0.51.0% of the national territory
(8, 10, 15, 20, 24, 25). As in other regions
of the world where these forests occur,
their habitat is considered unique among
terrestrial ecosystems: it is strongly linked
to processes of cloud formation and a
resulting near constant atmospheric
saturation. This provides the forests with
their characteristic high relative humidity in
the form of clouds and mist (13, 28).
Mexican cloud forests, together with other
similar forests in the world, are recognized
as one of the most globally threatened
plant formations because of their naturally
scattered distribution along a narrow
elevational belt in which intense land-use
change continues to take place (1, 3, 6, 7,
8, 13, 30, 32). In addition to forest
fragmentation owing to deforestation,
cloud forests are expected to be among
the ecosystems most affected by global

climatic change (11, 14, 21, 22, 29, 32).
Consequently, not only is the biodiversity
of cloud forests in peril, but also the
environmental services that they provide to
society at large: climate regulation, soil
nutrient cycles, natural products, scenic
beauty, and most importantly, water
supply. Furthermore, even if global
warming were not a major driver of species
extinctions in cloud forests, the biota of
these ecosystems remains highly
vulnerable
to
exceptionally
dry
meteorological events (2).
The remarkable floristic richness of
Mexican cloud forests has been widely
recognized but there have been few
systematic attempts at compiling an
inventory (e.g. 26, 31). Rzedowski (26) lists
c. 2,500 vascular plant species restricted
to cloud forests, belonging to 650 genera
within 144 botanical families. In a more
recent attempt to estimate their floristic
richness, Villaseor (31) applied digital
filters and geographic information systems
to an exhaustive dataset derived from the
existing cloud forest literature. Using a
broader definition of cloud forest than that
adopted in this report, he reports
somewhat larger numbers: 2,822 vascular
plant species, 815 genera and 176
botanical families. Broadly speaking,
around 10% of the species, 52% of the
genera, and 82% of the plant families
recorded from Mexico are found in the
countrys cloud forests (31). The causes of
the outstanding species diversity in
Mexican cloud forests is yet to be fully
explained but factors proposed include
their biogeographical history, fragmented
distribution, intimate contact with many
other vegetation types and patterns of
human disturbance (8, 16, 23, 24, 31).
The contribution of cloud forests to
Mexicos endemic plant species is also
high: an estimated 3035% of the
countrys endemic plants are from
cloud forest (25, 31). Rzedowski (26)

identified nine botanical families that
are virtually restricted to cloud forest in
Mexico (Brunelliaceae, Chloranthaceae,
Cunoniaceae,
Hamamelidaceae,
Illiciaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae,
Sabiaceae and Winteraceae), and quotes
the following genera as distinctive of this
forest type: Alfaroa (Juglandaceae),
Carpinus
(Betulaceae),
Cornus
(Cornaceae), Meliosma (Sabiaceae),
Liquidambar (Altingiaceae), Oreomunnea
(Juglandaceae), Oreopanax (Araliaceae),
Cinnamomum (Lauraceae), Quercus
(Fagaceae),
Styrax
(Styracaceae),
Symplocos
(Symplocaceae)
and
Zinowiewia (Celastraceae).
While it is difficult to pinpoint flagship
species for the habitat, potential
candidates are Carpinus caroliniana
(Betulaceae),
Chiranthodendron
pentadactylon (Malvaceae), Liquidambar
styraciflua (Altingiaceae), Oreomunnea
mexicana (Juglandaceae), Oreopanax
echinops (Araliaceae), and Podocarpus
matudae (Podocarpaceae), although
none of these species occurs throughout
this forest type in Mexico.
The largest cloud forest tracts in Mexico
are located in the Sierra Madre Oriental,
the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca (Northern
Oaxaca Range), the Sierra Madre del Sur,
the Northern Mountains of Chiapas and
the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Perhaps the
most remarkable cloud forest region in
Mexico is found in the very humid
mountains of northern Oaxaca, where the
average total annual precipitation generally
exceeds 5,000 mm in many places,
particularly at elevations between 1,600
and 2,500 m.
Cloud forests in Mexico and the notable
biodiversity that they harbour currently face
a number of severe threats. During the last
half-century the highest deforestation rates
have been reported in cloud forests,
considering both Mexico as a whole (4, 5)

and for regions that still have considerable
cloud forest cover (6, 9). In addition to
global climate change, threats to cloud
forest biodiversity derive from a poor
representation of cloud forests within
protected areas, extensive changes in
land-use patterns that do not favour
biodiversity, continued human population
expansion into mountainous regions, and
slow progress in alleviating poverty and
marginalization.
CONABIO (8) and Toledo-Aceves et al. (30)
compiled recommendations made by a
large panel of experts on Mexican cloud
forests. Most of these will be of limited
application unless reliable basic information
is made readily available to a wide group
of stakeholders, including government
officials, NGOs, academic institutions,
grassroots groups, and indigenous and
peasant communities. This report aims to
contribute to the provision of information
needed to support the planning and
implementation of more effective
conservation and development in Mexican
cloud forest regions.
HOW THIS RED LIST WAS COMPILED

The preparation of this report started with
a workshop held in May 2007 at El Colegio
de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), in San
Cristbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
The workshop brought together experts
knowledgeable on the flora of this
biodiversity hotspot to assess the global
conservation status of tree species in
montane Mexico. The workshop aimed to
reach definitions and advances on: (i) the
scope and content of the assessment
described in this report; (ii) the application
of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria
for species conservation assessment using
a pilot list of 506 candidate cloud forest
tree species from Chiapas; and (iii) the
steps required to promote the widest
possible collaboration of relevant Mexican
scientists to compile an initial list of
6
Mexican cloud forest tree species. In

October 2007 a second meeting, attended
by more than 15 experts, was held in the
city of Zacatecas, coinciding with the XVII
Mexican Botanical Congress. Further
meetings of small regional specialist
groups were held in Xalapa and Mexico
City from 2007 to 2009. The editors
compiled the final edition of the report from
October 2009 to early March 2011.
Experts at the two 2007 meetings agreed
on a number of points to guide the
process:
1. Geographical scope
It was decided not to focus exclusively on
Mexican endemic species, but to include
cloud forest tree species that are present in
Mexico but may also occur elsewhere in
North America, in Central or South
America, or in the Caribbean.
Exceptionally, a few taxa also occur in SE
Asia. The status assessment for each
species is aimed to be global and not only
applicable to Mexico.
2. Ecological scope
In this report cloud forest mostly includes
humid forests between 1,500 and 2,500
m elevation, but cloud forest stands may
occur at elevations as low as 900 m or as
high as 3,000 m; there are cases
of isolated mountains and outlying
ridges of major ranges where the
Massenerhebung effect (12) is evident
and elevational vegetation belts are
compressed. Cloud forest, as defined in
this report, is also known in the literature
as tropical montane cloud forest and is
roughly equivalent to the term bosque
mesfilo de montaa, defined by
Rzedowski (24), which is widely used in
Mexico. Whilst the report focuses on cloud
forest trees, it was noted that many
species are also able to grow in other
forest types, such as oak or pine-oak
forests, or even humid or dry tropical
forests occurring at lower elevations.
3. Plant morphological scope

It was decided to restrict the assessment
to tree species. In addition to their
ecological and structural importance, there
is considerably more information available
for trees compared to other growth forms.
A tree was defined as a monopodic woody
plant with a crown height no less than 4 m.
It was decided not to include palms,
cycads, arborescent ferns or large shrub
species, although plants reported to have
both tree and shrub growth forms are
included.
4. Successional scope
The report focuses on tree species that
occur in old-growth cloud forests. Cloud
forest specialists are expected to be highly
vulnerable to climate change. They are also
likely to be threatened because of the
restricted and fragmented distribution of
this forest type and its rapid rate of loss.
Global warming and deforestation might
favour the expansion of disturbancerelated species currently found in
secondary vegetation derived from oldgrowth cloud forests and they are also
included in the report. Information on these
latter species may be helpful in predicting
changes in the composition of cloud forest
and other neighbouring plant formations.
5. Sources of taxonomical information
Taxonomic information on Mexican cloud
forest tree species is highly heterogeneous,
with many groups urgently in need of
revision. Whenever possible, experts with
first-hand knowledge on the taxonomy of
Mexican cloud forest trees and its related
literature were consulted. The description
and geographical distribution of each
species was obtained from relevant floras
and checklists, and in many cases involved
the examination of herbarium voucher
specimens. Contributing assessors were
also advised to consult the TROPICOS
database (maintained by the Missouri
Botanical Garden) as a useful information
source. The adopted names of familes and
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
arrangement of the genera follows the
system proposed by the Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group II (APG II) (27). The
authors in plant names follow The
International
Plant
Names
Index
(www.ipni.org [accessed from October
2009 to March 2011]).
6. Sources of ecological information
Whenever possible, experts with first-hand
field knowledge of Mexican cloud forest
ecology and associated literature were
consulted. Many cloud forest areas in
Mexico are still poorly known, yet the
amount of recent literature that includes
plant lists and population size estimates for
Mexican tree species was surprisingly high,
as well as studies dealing with their actual
or potential uses and restoration practices.
7. Information on each species
The report provides as much relevant
information on each species as possible.
Readers will notice that there is
considerable heterogeneity among species
entries, a consequence of the large
number of people who participated in the
project.
The list of federal states showing the
distribution of the taxon in Mexico is
arranged in a general geographical
sequence from north to south and west to
east. Whenever possible, the main text
contains information on growth form and
size, vegetation types where the species is
found in addition to cloud forest, notes on
its taxonomy, and synonyms. The
elevational range is mostly based on the
records of species occurrence. It was
decided not to include distribution maps of
the species based on georeferenced
herbarium vouchers or floristic inventories,
as this information is still in the process of
being taxonomically and geographically
verified; in addition, there are some
ongoing projects aimed at providing maps
based on different models of species
distributions.
A frequently used source of information on

common names was the remarkable
encyclopedic compilation for Mexican
plants by Martnez (17). Only common
names used in Mexico are included
(without indication of the native language).
An attempt was made to include as much
information as possible on current or
potential uses of the species as this may
help develop practices that promote their
sustainable use and conservation. For
some species information on techniques
useful for restoration of their populations is
provided.
Assessors acronyms are listed in
decreasing order of their involvement in
the assessment of the species; this may
be useful for readers interested in
contacting assessors for further
information. An effort was made to
provide an extensive literature guide for as
many species as possible, with the aim of
contributing to design and implementation
of more effective conservation and
management plans.
NUMERICAL SYNTHESIS AND FINAL

REMARKS
The Red List of Mexican cloud forest trees
includes a total of 762 species,
representing 85 botanical families. The
distribution of these species across the
IUCN categories is indicated in the table
below. These figures imply that over 60%
of the tree flora of the Mexican cloud
forests is threatened to some extent. This
provides clear evidence of the need to
strengthen conservation efforts within the
region.
The Red List presented here is highly
dependent on expert judgement. An
implication of this was the exclusion of a
number of species that have been
formerly reported as Mexican cloud forest
trees. This decision was made when the
assessors considered them to be (i)
botanical misidentifications, rather than a
Conservation
status
Extinct
Critically Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Near Threatened
Data Deficient
Least Concern
Not Evaluated
Number of
species (%)
3 (0.4)
83 (10.9)
206 (27.0)
175 (23.0)
78 (10.2)
2 (0.3)
215 (28.3)
0 (0)
rare occurrence or due to a lack of recent

taxonomic treatments or experts in the
taxonomy of particular groups, (ii) not truly
trees, even if they were reported by
collectors as surpassing the 4 m height
threshold, or (iii) species absent from
cloud forest habitats. It is hoped that by
adopting these criteria the repetition of
mistakes in the literature can be
minimized.
It is important to note the uncertainty
associated with the Red List classifications
presented here, arising from the lack of
detailed information on the distribution
and abundance of many species, and the
fact that expert judgement had to be relied
on as a principal source of information.
Such problems have consistently been
encountered in Red List assessments of
tree species (19), as in assessments of
many other groups. These assessments
should therefore be viewed as provisional,
and as providing a basis for future
refinement. The editors welcome
suggestions for amendment or clarification
and it is hoped this assessment will
stimulate further work to remedy those
areas of particular uncertainty.
The content of this report emerged from
the collaboration between a large number
of colleagues, yet the editors take full
responsibility for its contents and any
omissions.
REFERENCES
1. Aldrich M., Billington C., Edwards
M. and Laidlaw R. (1997) Tropical
Montane Cloud Forests: An Urgent
Priority for Conservation. World
Conservation Monitoring Centre,
WCMC Biodiversity Bulletin No. 2,
Cambridge, UK.
2. Anchukaitis K.J. and Evans M.N.
(2010) Tropical cloud forest climate
variability and the demise of the
Monteverde golden toad.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the USA,
107, 50365040.
3. Bubb P., May I., Miles L. and
Sayer J. (2004) Cloud Forest
Agenda. United Nations
Environmental Programme - World
Conservation Monitoring Centre,
Cambridge, UK.
4. Cairns M.A., Dirzo R. and Zadroga
F. (1995) Forests in Mexico: a
diminishing resource? Journal of
Forestry, 93, 2124.
5. Cairns M.A., Haggerty P.K.,
Alvarez R., De Jong B.H.J. and
Olmstead I. (2000) Tropical
Mexicos recent land-use and landcover change: a regions
contribution to the global carbon
cycle. Ecological Applications, 10,
14261441.
6. Cayuela L., Golicher D.J. and
Rey-Benayas J.M. (2006) The
extent, distribution, and
fragmentation of vanishing montane
cloud forest in the Highlands of
Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 38,
544554.
7. Challenger A. (1998) Utilizacin y

Conservacin de los Ecosistemas
Terrestres de Mxico: Pasado,
Presente y Futuro. Comisin
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Nacional Autnoma de
Mxico/Agrupacin Sierra Madre,
Mexico City, Mexico.
8. CONABIO (2010) El Bosque
Mesfilo de Montaa en Mxico:
Amenazas y Oportunidades para su
Conservacin y Manejo Sostenible.
Comisin Nacional para el
Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad, Mexico City, Mexico.
9. De Jong B.H.J., Cairns M.A.
Haggerty P.K., Ramrez-Marcial
N., Ochoa-Gaona S., MendozaVega J., Gonzlez-Espinosa M.
and March-Mifsut I. (1999) Landuse change and carbon flux
between 1970s and 1990s in
central highlands of Chiapas,
Mexico. Environmental
Management, 23, 373385.
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Madrigal Snchez X., Moncayo F.
and Takaki Takaki F. (1971)
Memoria del Mapa de Tipos de
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Hidrulicos, Mexico City. Mexico.
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negative impact of global climate
change on tropical montane cloud
forests. Earth Science Reviews, 55,
73106.
12. Grubb P.J. (1971) Interpretation of
the Massenerhebung effect on
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Scatena F.N. (1995) Tropical
Montane Cloud Forests. Ecological
Studies 110. Springer, New York.
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14. Lawton R.O., Nair U.S., Pielke Sr.
R.A. and Welch R.M. (2001)
Climatic impact of tropical lowland
deforestation on nearby montane
cloud forest. Science, 294, 584
587.
15. Leopold A.S. (1959) Wildlife of
Mexico. University of California
Press, Berkeley, USA.
16. Luna I., Velzquez A. and
Velzquez E. (2001) Mxico. In:
Kappelle M. and Brown A.D. Eds.
Bosques Nublados del Neotrpico.
(eds Kappelle M. and Brown A.D.),
pp. 183229. Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad, Heredia, Costa Rica.
17. Martnez M. (1994) Catlogo de
Nombres Vulgares y Cientficos de
Plantas Mexicanas. 3rd edition,
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vegetacin de Mxico V. Rasgos
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19. Newton A.C. and Oldfield S.
(2008) Red Listing the worlds tree
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20. Palacio-Prieto J.L., Bocco G.,

Velzquez A., Mas J.-F., TakakiTakaki F., Victoria A., et al. (2000)
La condicin actual de los recursos
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21. Pounds A.J., Fogden P.L. and
Campbell J.H. (1999). Biological
response to climate change on a
tropical mountain. Nature, 398,
611615.
22. Pounds A.J. and Puschendorf R.
(2004) Clouded futures. Nature,
427,107109.
23. Ramrez-Marcial N., GonzlezEspinosa M. and Williams-Linera
G. (2001) Anthropogenic
disturbance and tree diversity in
montane rain forests in Chiapas,
Mexico. Forest Ecology and
24. Rzedowski J. (1978) Vegetacin de
Mxico. Limusa, Mexico City, Mexico.
25. Rzedowski, J. (1993) Diversity and
origins of the phanerogamic flora of
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LIST OF ASSESSORS
(acronyms used in the text, in alphabetical order)
10
ECG
Eleazar CARRANZA GONZLEZ
Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica, Instituto de Ecologa,

A.C., Centro Regional del Bajo, 61600 Ptzcuaro, Michoacn,
Mexico
FLH
Francisco G. LOREA-HERNNDEZ
Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica, Instituto de Ecologa,

A.C., 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
GCT
Guadalupe CORNEJO-TENORIO
Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 58190 Morelia, Michoacn,
Mexico
GIM
Guillermo IBARRA-MANRQUEZ
Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 58190 Morelia, Michoacn,
Mexico
GWL
Guadalupe WILLIAMS-LINERA
Red de Biologa Funcional, Instituto de Ecologa, A.C., 91070

Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
ILV
Isolda LUNA-VEGA
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de

Mxico, 04510 Mxico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
JAM
Jorge A. MEAVE

JCS
Jorge CALNICO-SOTO
Departamento de Botnica, Instituto de Biologa, Universidad

Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, 04510 Mxico, Distrito
Federal, Mexico
LLM
Lauro LPEZ-MATA
Programa de Botnica, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230

Montecillo, Estado de Mxico, Mexico
LMG
Luz Mara GONZLEZ VILLARREAL
Departamento de Botnica y Zoologa, Universidad de

Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department
of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53744 WI, USA
LSV
Lzaro Rafael SNCHEZ-VELZQUEZ
Instituto de Biotecnologa y Ecologa Aplicada, Universidad

Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
MII
Mario ISHIKI ISHIHARA
Departamento de Ecologa y Sistemtica Terrestres, El Colegio

de la Frontera Sur, 29290 San Cristbal de Las Casas,
Chiapas, Mexico
MGE
Mario GONZLEZ-ESPINOSA

Chiapas, Mexico
MJP
Mara de Jess PERALTA
Red de Biologa Funcional, Instituto de Ecologa, A.C., 91070

Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
MMG
Martha J. MARTNEZ-GORDILLLO

NRM
Neptal RAMREZ-MARCIAL

Chiapas, Mexico
RDC
Rafael F. DEL CASTILLO
Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacin para el Desarrollo

Integral Regional-Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politcnico
Nacional, 71230 Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
RDS
Jess Ricardo DE SANTIAGO

RPL
Mara del Rosario PINEDA-LPEZ
Instituto de Biotecnologa y Ecologa Aplicada, Universidad

Veracruzana, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
SAC
Salvador ACOSTA-CASTELLANOS
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolgicas, Instituto Politcnico

Nacional, 11340 Mxico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
SAR
Silvia AGUILAR RODRGUEZ
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional

Autnoma de Mxico, 54090 Los Reyes Iztacala, Estado de
Mxico, Mexico
SVA
Susana VALENCIA-VALOS

YVR
Yalma L. VARGAS-RODRGUEZ
Departamento de Botnica y Zoologa, Universidad de

Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department
of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
70803 LA, USA
11

A. Location of the Mexican Federal States.
B. Distribution of montane cloud forest in Mexico (dark grey spots), based on a map by the Comisin
Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) (Toledo-Aceves et al. 2011).
Map credits: M.A. Romero-Romero.
12
THE RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES

ACANTHACEAE
Spathacanthus hahnianus Baill.
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest and tropical rainforest, rarely in oak forest and mostly
along streams. Although the species is known from a large area
in Mexico, it has not been recorded as abundant in the places
where it has been collected. Outside Mexico, this taxon is
known from a single collection each from Guatemala and
Honduras. No uses for this species are known but it would make
an attractive ornamental or garden tree.
Elevational range: 1501,650 m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [84, 85]
Saurauia aspera Turcz.

VU B1ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua
An understorey tree, up to 10 m tall. This taxon is marginal in
cloud forest, as it mainly occurs in tropical rainforest at lower
elevations and in pine-oak forest. In Mexico it is known from very
few localities (< 5 sites). Synonyms: Saurauia englesingii
Standl., S. perseifolia Standl. & Steyerm. Common names: mado-chay, mameyito, mo-do-tz, palo de moco, pipicho,
taga-tzego. The fruit is edible and is used by several ethnic
groups, who grow the species in gardens and around
settlements.
Elevational range: (20) 1,300-1,500 (2,400) m
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 279, 333, 361]
Spathacanthus parviflorus Leonard

VU A4c
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A typical cloud forest taxon,
it also occurs infrequently in tropical rainforest. It grows along
streams, on slopes and ridges. Common name: hueso de
pollo. As with the previous species, no uses are known for this
species but it also has potential as an attractive ornamental or
garden tree.
Elevational range: 1,4002,000 m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [84, 85, 363]
Saurauia cana B.T.Keller & Breedlove

VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, TAB)
Small tree, 512 m tall. This Mexican endemic species is
marginal in cloud forest, it occurs more frequently in tropical rain
or tropical semi-evergreen forests. It has a widespread
distribution in the central part of the country. Considered by
[385] as a synonym of Saurauia scabrida Hemsl. Synonym:
Saurauia villosa var. scabrida Buscal.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 186, 361, 385]
ACTINIDIACEAE
Saurauia comitis-rossei R.E.Schult.

EN B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Small tree up to 12 m tall. A narrow endemic, this taxon is only
known from very few localities at the Sierra Madre del Sur in
Oaxaca.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 361]
Saurauia angustifolia Turcz.

VU B1ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
A small understorey tree, up to 8 m tall. Fairly abundant in cloud
forest but it also grows in other forest types at lower elevations.
Synonyms: Saurauia leucocarpa Schltdl. var. angustifolia
(Turcz.) Buscal., S. anisopoda Turcz., S. leucocarpa Schltdl. var.
stenophylla Buscal.
Assessor: MGE
Ref: [185]
Saurauia conzattii Buscal.

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Honduras
A small tree up to 9 m tall. In Mexico it has been reported from
a few localities in Oaxaca. Its populations are severely
fragmented. In a recent taxonomic treatment on species from
Chiapas it was reported that its Mexican distribution is restricted
to Oaxaca, separating it from Saurauia cuchumatanensis and
13
S. matudae, both of which were considered synonyms of

S. conzatti by Hunter (1966). Common names: ma-do-chay,
mameyito, pichito.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 333, 361]
Saurauia cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm.
EN B1ab(iii)
A small tree up to 9 m tall. Occurs on slopes in cloud forest and
in montane rainforest at lower elevations.
Assessor: MGE
Ref: [185]
Saurauia kegeliana Schltdl.
VU B1ab(ii,iv)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
A mid-canopy tree, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest but it is also present in other humid forest formations at
lower elevations. In Mexico this species has been reported from
only a few localities. Synonyms: Saurauia pauciserrata Hemsl.,
S. maxonii Donn.Sm., S. intermedia Buscal. Common names:
capuln, duraznillo, moco, moquillo. Fruit is edible but not highly
regarded.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 241, 279, 361]
Saurauia leucocarpa Schltdl.
VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), El
Salvador, Honduras
An understorey tree, up to 10 m tall. This taxon is not restricted
to cloud forest, it also occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest and
tropical dry forest. Known from a small number of specimens.
Synonyms: Saurauia barbigera Hook., S. pseudopringlei
Buscal. Common name: ixlava.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 279, 361, 438, 445]
Saurauia madrensis B.T.Keller & Breedlove
EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (CHS)
A small to medium-sized understorey tree, up to 13 m tall.
Endemic to Chiapas, where it is known from a few (14) localities
at the Sierra Madre de Chiapas with cloud forest and pine-oakLiquidambar forest. Common name: moquillo. Soft timber.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 186, 228, 361, 363]
14
Saurauia matudae Lundell

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
A small tree, up to 7 m tall. Not an abundant species on cloud
forest-covered slopes and in montane rainforest at lower
elevations in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas.
Assessor: MGE
Ref: [185]
Saurauia oreophila Hemsl.
VU B2ab(iii)
An understorey tree, up to 15 m tall, but rarely more than 12 m
and with trunk up to 25 cm in diameter. In Mexico it is known
only from very few localities in Oaxaca (three sites) and Chiapas
(mostly in the Central Highlands). Very low germination rates
have been reported (1040%). Synonyms: Saurauia latipetala
Hemsl., S. pauciflora Donn.Sm., S. subalpina Donn.Sm.
Common name: ajoj.
Elevational range: (680) 1,5002,500 (3,300) m
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [124, 171, 185, 279, 309, 361, 363]
Saurauia pedunculata Hook.
VU B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX)
A small tree, 58 m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this species is
also present in tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to
Veracruz (where it has a broad distribution) and Oaxaca.
Assessor: SAC
Refs: [171, 209, 361]
Saurauia pringlei Rose
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
A small tree, 56 m tall. This species is endemic to Guerrero
(Sierra Madre del Sur) and Oaxaca (Sierra Norte). Synonyms:
Saurauia buscalioniana S.F.Blake, S. willdemannii Buscal.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [115, 171, 207, 236, 333, 361]
Saurauia pustulata G.E.Hunter
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAB, CHS)
A small tree up to 10 m tall. This species is endemic to Chiapas
and Tabasco, where it has been collected at very few localities
(four and one sites in those states, respectively).
Elevational range: c. 1,700 m
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 361]
Saurauia rubiformis Vatke

VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama
A small understorey tree, 39 m tall, present in humid primary
forests and secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Saurauia
polyantha Gilg., S. pseudorubiformis Buscal., S. sarapiquensis
Carrire
Elevational range: (500)1,5502,600 m
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 279, 361, 438]
Saurauia scabrida Hemsl.
NT
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
An understorey tree up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 20 cm in
diameter. Found in cloud forest, this species also occurs in oak
and pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, and in shade-grown
coffee plantations. Widely distributed in Veracruz and Chiapas.
Synonyms: Saurauia cana B.T.Keller & Breedlove [385], S.
nelsonii Rose. Common names: acaluma, almendrillo, calama,
cerbatana, ixtlahuatl, mameycillo, mameyito, moco, moco
blanco, moquillo, mukul ahoh, nistamalillo, pipicho, tseen xixte,
zapotillo. A source of firewood and fruit is edible.
Elevational range: (345) 5002,100 (2,900) m
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM
Refs: [58, 171, 173, 185, 228, 279, 285, 295, 333, 361, 385,
438]
Saurauia selerorum Buscal.
NT
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
An understorey tree up to 12 m tall. Fairly abundant in cloud
forests of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas but also present in forest
formations at lower elevations. Similar to S. aspera.
Assessor: MGE
Ref: [185]
Saurauia serrata DC.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS)
A small tree, 615 m tall. This species is not restricted to cloud
forest. Reported from a few localities in all states along the
Pacific coast from Sinaloa to Chiapas, as well as in Morelos.
Synonyms: Saurauia fluviatilis (Buscal.) Rose ex Buscal., S.
pseudopedunculata Buscal., S. reticulata Rose. Common
names: mameyito, mameyito blanco, moquillo, nspero.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 171, 207, 234, 278, 288, 351, 356, 357,
361, 428, 429, 438]
Saurauia villosa DC.

EN B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
An understorey tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is not
restricted to cloud forests; it also occurs in pineoak forests and
secondary vegetation. In Mexico this taxon is known only from
a few localities in Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Synonyms:
Saurauia macrophylla Linden ex Lindl. & Paxton, Saurauia
obelanthera Turcz., Saurauia pseudopeduncularis Buscal., S.
speluncicola R.E.Schult. Common names: ajob, barba de toro,
tzoni.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 241, 279, 333, 361]
Saurauia zahlbruckneri Buscal.
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species is not restricted to
cloud forest. In Mexico it is known only from very few localities
in Chiapas, in areas neighbouring Guatemala.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [171, 185, 361]
ADOXACEAE
Viburnum acutifolium Benth.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Small tree, 36 m tall. This species occurs mainly in high
elevation cloud forest. The taxonomy of several Mexican species
of Viburnum is still unsettled; V. acutifolium is one of those
species. As circumscribed here, the species is restricted to
southern Mexico. Records from the state of Mxico, Michoacn
and Jalisco must be wrong.
Elevational range: (1,300) 1,7502,500 (2,850) m
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [237]
Viburnum blandum C.V.Morton
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Small tree, 35 m tall. This species grows mostly in mixed pineoak forest, its presence in cloud forest is occasional.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [228]
15
Viburnum ciliatum Greenm.

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE)
Small tree, 36 m tall. It is commonly found in cloud forest but
also in pine and oak forest. Sometimes locally abundant along
streams. This taxon is endemic to Mexico, with a distribution
restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. Common name:
platanillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [4, 229, 236, 295, 437]
Viburnum discolor Benth.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree (2.56 m tall). This species is rare in cloud forest and
it mostly grows in pine-oak forest or pine-fir forest.
Elevational range: (1,800) 2,2003,200 m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [29, 254]
Viburnum disjunctum C.V.Morton var. mendax (C.V.Morton)
D.N.Gibson
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 35 m tall. A rare taxon of cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [254]
Viburnum elatum Benth.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
MIC, MEX, DF, GRO, CHS)
Small tree, 28 m tall. Rarely present in cloud forest, this species
is more frequent in mixed pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico
but widespread in the country. Common name: pasilla. Tree
used in folk medicine.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 135, 302, 436]
Viburnum jucundum C.V.Morton
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Small tree, 36 m tall. A frequent cloud forest element, it also
grows in pine-oak forest and pine-fir forest. Synonyms:
Viburnum chiapense Lundell, V. matudae Morton. Common
names: isbn, tzop.
Elevational range: 1,7003,100 (3,900) m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [124, 133, 135, 189, 228, 302, 309]
16
Viburnum microcarpum Schltdl. & Cham.

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Small tree, 37 m tall. Apparently this taxon is rare in cloud
forest, and it is more frequently found in oak forest, pine-oak
forest, pine forest, as well as in secondary vegetation derived
from these plant communities. Common name: negro.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [437]
Viburnum obtusatum D.N.Gibson
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, 37 m tall. Rare in high elevation cloud forest.
Apparently endemic to a small area around the Tzontehuitz
Volcano in Chiapas, an area where severe deforestation has
occurred.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [254]
Viburnum tiliifolium (Oerst.) Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Small tree, 37 (10) m tall. Apparently rare in cloud forest, this
species is more frequent in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak
forest, pine-fir forest, as well as in secondary vegetation derived
from these plant communities. Synonyms: Oreinotinus tiliifolius
Oerst., Viburnum rhombifolium (Oerst.) Hemsl. Common name:
negro.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [4, 229, 437]
ANACARDIACEAE
Spondias radlkoferi Donn.Sm.
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela
Deciduous medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. Very
marginal as a cloud forest taxon, this species is relatively
abundant in lowland forests where it occurs preferentially.
Common name: jobo. Used for making fence posts.
Elevational range: 50500 (900) m
Assessors: JAM, ILV, SVA
Refs: [173, 279]
Tapirira mexicana Marchand

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Belize, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 70 cm in diameter,
although usually smaller in cloud forest. This species used to be an
abundant canopy tree in cloud forest and adjacent tropical
montane rainforests. It occurs in the Gulf of Mexico slope and on
the Pacific slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur. Common names:
bienvenido, cacao, caobilla, duraznillo, huinchini, jobo, nompi. Its
wood, similar to mahogany or caoba (Swietenia macrophylla). It is
used locally for making furniture, window frames and doors.
Elevational range: 5001,400 (1,800) m
Assessors: GWL, FLH, MJP
Refs: [173, 225, 279, 285, 399]
ANNONACEAE
Annona liebmanniana Baill.
EN A4c
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 30
cm in diameter. This species grows in cloud forest and moist
tropical forests of lower elevations; yet its geographical range in
Mexico is highly restricted.
Elevational range: 100850 m
Assessors: JAM, GIM, SVA, ILV
Refs: [104, 218]
Desmopsis lanceolata Lundell
CR A4c; B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Shrub or small tree. A narrow Mexican endemic species, it is
known from three localities of the Sierra Madre of Chiapas only.
This rare cloud forest species also grows occasionally in
adjacent lowland tropical rainforest.
Ref: [29]
Desmopsis trunciflora (Schltdl. & Cham.) G.E.Schatz
EN A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS)
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This Mexican endemic species has a
very marginal presence in cloud forest, and it is only found in
Jalisco, within the limits of the Sierra de Manantln Biosphere
Reserve, where populations have been recorded in the
understorey of this vegetation type. This tree normally grows in
tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen forest of the lowland
Gulf of Mexico slope, where it is scarce. Population structure
analyses suggest that this species has good regeneration in
cloud forest communities.
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [80, 173]
Guatteria galeottiana Baill.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CAM)
Shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 14 m tall. This narrow
endemic species is only known from a few localities. Typical of
primary forest but not restricted to cloud forest, as it also occurs
in lowland tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen forest.
Common names: cananga, ma-hum-sey.
Refs: [218, 225, 333, 376, 431]
Rollinia membranacea Triana & Planch.
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. In addition to cloud
forest, this species also occurs in drier forest formations, such
as tropical dry forest and tropical evergreen forest. Individuals of
this species are typically scarce in the forest communities where
it is present, so that this species is normally considered to be
locally rare.
Refs: [219, 279, 285, 358]
APOCYNACEAE
Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon
VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread cloud forest species, it also
occurs in tropical dry forest, pine-oak forest and riparian habitats
of several vegetation types. Synonyms: Rauvolfia longifolia
A.DC., Tonduzia longifolia (A.DC.) Markgr.
Assessors: JAM, SVA, ILV
Refs: [95, 279, 450]
Alstonia pittieri (Donn.Sm.) A.H.Gentry
VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Small tree, up to 4 m tall. A widespread cloud forest component,
this species also grows in tropical dry forest, tropical semievergreen forest, oak forest and in riparian habitats. Some
taxonomic treatments consider this species a synonym of
Alstonia longifolia (A.DC.) Pichon.
Refs: [76, 95, 279, 450]
17
Stemmadenia litoralis (Kunth) L.Allorge

VU A4c
United States, Mexico (NAY, HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba, Jamaica
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. In Mexico this species is
rarely a cloud forest component (only in Chiapas and Hidalgo),
as it occurs more frequently in lowland and mid-elevation
tropical forest formations. Synonyms: Stemmadenia galeottiana
(A.Rich) Miers, S. greenmani Woodson, S. macrophylla Greenm.
Ref: [246]
Vallesia aurantiaca (M.Martens & Galeotti) J.F.Morales
NT
Mexico (SON, CHI, JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread cloud forest
species, it is also present in seasonal formations such as tropical
dry forest, oak forest and pine forest. Synonyms: Vallesia
flexuosa Woodson, V. mexicana Mll.Arg.
Refs: [96, 115, 238, 248, 279, 451]
Ilex quercetorum I.M.Johnst.

VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (DGO [?], VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Tree, 1525 m tall. A frequently found species in cloud forest as
well as in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine
forest, and pine-oak forest. Common name: palo verde.
Assessors: GIM, ECG, GCT, SAC
Refs: [173, 209, 279]
Ilex servinii E.Carranza
EN A4c
Mexico (QRO)
Tree, 610 m tall, apparently dioecious. Specimens (three
vouchers) were collected in 1990, all of which are from cloud
forest and pine-oak forest.
Ref: [53]
ARALIACEAE
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Dendropanax hondurensis M.J.Cannon & Cannon

CR A1cd; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Honduras
Large tree, up to 36 m tall, self-standing but occasionally
epiphytic. A typically highland tree species; for Mexico there is
a single record of this taxon from Chiapas, based on a specimen
collected by F. Miranda in 1953. Unfortunately, this specimen
lacks sufficient collecting information (an elevation of 1,700
2,000 m near the locality of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacn can
be inferred through interpolation of Mirandas other collecting
numbers). Habitat destruction has been severe in the region
since the 1950s.
Assessors: MGE, GIM
Refs: [44, 45]
Ilex dugesii Fernald

VU A1c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, GTO, MIC)
Tree, (5) 1015 m tall, apparently dioecious. Formerly occurring
in cloud forest, oak forest and conifer forest, particuarly in
riparian habitats, this species is extremely rare in the El Bajo
region of central Mexico where it has probably gone extinct (last
collected in the region in 1891). Common name: naranjillo.
Refs: [53, 142, 429]
Dendropanax leptopodus (Donn.Sm.) A.C.Sm.

EN A4c
Mexico (SLP, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 9 m tall. A typical cloud forest
element, this species is noteworthy for having a wide but
notoriously disjunct distribution in the country. Synonym:
Gilibertia leptopoda Donn.Sm.
Refs: [45, 207, 279]
Vallesia spectabilis El.Mey. ex J.F.Morales

CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL)
Small tree, up to 7 m. A very narrow cloud forest species, this
taxon is only known from the Las Joyas locality in the Sierra de
Manantln Biosphere Reserve.
Elevation: 1,500 m
Refs: [82, 245]
18
Dendropanax pallidus M.J.Cannon & Cannon

CR A4; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest
species, its elevational range extends well into the lowlands,
particularly into the tropical rainforest region. Individuals of this
species grow frequently on very steep slopes. In Mexico it is
only known from the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. Narrowly endemic
to Guatemala and its close vicinity in neighbouring countries.
Ref: [45]
Oreopanax echinops (Cham. & Schltdl.) Decne. & Planch.

VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Large shrub or tree, up to 15 m tall, self-standing. This taxon is
not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in other mountain
forest formations such as oak and pine forest. Synonym: Aralia
echinops Cham & Schltdl. Common name: cinco hojas.
Elevational range: (684) 1,100 2,400 m
Refs: [46, 72, 76, 79, 96, 115, 191, 192, 207, 209, 278, 279,
357, 429]
Dendropanax populifolius (Marchal) A.C.Sm.

CR B2ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. Exclusive to old-growth, very wet
forests in Chiapas (El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve) and Oaxaca (La
Chinantla), on a very narrow elevational range of c. 300 m wide.
This species is very likely to be at risk owing to climatic change,
as it would probably not withstand successfully shifts towards
drier conditions. Synonym: Gilibertia populifolia Marchal.
Refs: [45, 363]
Oreopanax flaccidus Marchal

CR A4c
Epiphytic shrub or tree, 68 m tall. This species is almost
exclusive to cloud forest communities but it may also be
occasionally found in pine forest and oak forest. The very low
number of specimens deposited at herbaria suggests that this
is a very scarce species.
Elevational range: 1,600 2,900 m
Refs: [4, 72, 229]
Oreopanax arcanus A.C.Sm.

CR A4c
Small tree, up to 12 m tall, self-standing but frequently epiphytic.
A narrowly endemic species restricted to the Central Highlands
and the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. There is one record from
Guatemala without indication of locality. This species is
frequently found on steep slopes in very humid areas, particularly
in cloud forest stands.
Refs: [46, 279]
Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Decne. & Planch.
NT
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil,
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
Medium-sized to very large tree, up to 40 m tall, terrestrial or
hemi-epiphytic. This species is a typical cloud forest component,
although it also occurs in humid lowland forests. Usually very
abundant in the communities where it occurs including
secondary vegetation stands. Synonyms: Aralia capitata Jacq.,
Oreopanax meiocephalum Donn.Sm. Common names:
cabellera de palo, choco, coamatl, coletn, matapalo.
Refs: [46, 72, 126, 225, 279, 347, 445]
Oreopanax guatemalensis (Lem. ex Bosse) Decne. &

Planch.
NT
Mexico (VER, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
A hemiepiphytic or epiphytic large shrub or small tree, up to 20
m tall. Although not restricted to cloud forest, this species has
a strong preference for closed, humid forests, particularly in
tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. It can also
be found in pine forest and on roadsides. It may be locally
abundant but its habitat is being largely affected by
deforestation. However, it often grows in secondary vegetation
stands. Synonyms: Aralia guatemalensis Lem. ex Bosse,
Oreopanax obtusifolius L.O.Williams.
Refs: [46, 72, 279]
19
Oreopanax liebmannii Marchal

VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica,
Panama
Large shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall, almost always
epiphytic. Although this tree is not a cloud forest specialist, it is
always associated with humid forests, including humid oak
forest. The species is moderately abundant across its entire
elevational range but most records are from sites above 1,500
m. In a recent taxonomic treatment it was suggested that this
species could be a synonym of O. capitatus (Jacq.) Decne.,
based on the difficulty of separating the two species in material
from Nicaragua. The decision to maintain this species in the list
is based on the fact that such difficulty has not been
encountered for Mexican material. Common name: oncoy.
Elevational range: (100) 3502,700 m
Refs: [46, 72, 126, 279]
Oreopanax peltatus Linden
NT
Mexico (SON, SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO,
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
species, it also occurs in several other forest formations
including tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak
forest and pine forest. Synonyms: Oreopanax jaliscana S.Wats.,
O. salvinii Hemsl. Common names: coleto, mano de len,
papaya cimarrona, palo de coleto, tronador.
Refs: [2, 46, 72, 76, 180, 191, 225, 277, 309, 351]
Oreopanax platyphyllus Marchal
CR A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX[?], CHS), Guatemala
Medium-sized tree, up to 16 m tall. A scarce cloud forest
species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest. Synonym: Oreopanax
ripicola L.O.Williams.
Ref: [46]
Oreopanax sanderianus Hemsl.
EN A4c
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Small tree, self-standing but more often epiphytic, up to 18 m
tall. A fairly abundant cloud forest species, this taxon occurs in
less humid forest types as well. In Mexico most known
populations are located in Chiapas. Common name: coletillo
Refs: [46, 96, 115, 180, 191, 228, 236, 279]
20
Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planch.

NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Costa Rica, Panama
Medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall. In addition to its well-known
presence in cloud forest, this species is a frequent component
of tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical
rainforest and oak forest. It is locally abundant but its habitats
are being severely threatened by deforestation. Detailed
demographic and genetic studies have been conducted in
populations from the Central Plateau of Chiapas. Synonyms:
Aralia xalapensis Kunth, O. langlassei Standl (but at least in one
locality in Oaxaca and one in Guerrero the two species are
readily distinguished without any confusion, based on very
different leaf morphologies), O. loesenerianus Harms, O.
taubertianum Donn.Sm. Common names: acubisi, jabnal,
macuilillo, mano de danta, mano de len, mano de santa, mano
de tigre, mazorca, pata de gallo, siete hojas, tamalcobaite de
montaa, xocotamal, yichakmut. This species is planted as an
ornamental and shade tree.
Refs: [2, 4, 46, 70, 71, 76, 96, 115, 124, 126, 133, 135, 166,
180, 191, 192, 207, 209, 225, 228, 229, 236, 238, 267, 277,
279, 285, 295, 302, 309, 336, 356, 433, 444]
ASTERACEAE
Critoniadelphus nubigenus (Benth.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 49 m tall. This species is restricted to cloud forest
in Chiapas, the only Mexican state where it occurs. Synonyms:
Critonia nubigena (Benth.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Eupatorium
nubigenum Benth. Common name: rbol de miel. It is used in
folk medicine.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [124, 279, 309, 440]
Critoniopsis baadii (McVaugh) H.Rob.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC)
Treelike shrub or small tree, 24 m tall and trunk up to 23 cm in
diameter. This species is present in cloud forest, oak forest and
pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Vernonia baadii (McVaugh)
S.B.Jones, V. salicifolia (Mart.) Less. var. baadii McVaugh
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 231, 438]
Koanophyllon pittieri (Klatt) R.M.King & H.Rob.

VU B1ab(ii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Small tree, 26 m tall. This is a pioneer species in the tropical
rainforest successional dynamics and is probably rare in cloud
forest. Synonyms: Eupatorium galeottii B.L.Rob., E. pittieri Klatt,
Koanophyllon galeottii (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Common
name: leador. The trunk is used for making fences.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [173, 279, 439, 440]
Montanoa revealii H.Rob.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree (4) 1015 m tall and trunk up to 15
cm in diameter. This taxon is equally abundant in cloud forest
and pine-oak forest. Montanoa subtruncata A.Gray, M.
hexagona B.L.Rob. & Greenm. and M. karwinskii DC. are closely
related species.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [180, 327, 438]
Telanthophora cobanensis (J.M.Coult.) H.Rob. & Brettell
EN B1ab(ii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras
Shrub or small tree, 19 m tall. This taxon is a cloud forest
specialist. Synonym: Senecio cobanensis J.M.Coult.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [228, 279, 439]
Telanthophora standleyi (Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 38 m tall and trunk up to 12 cm in
diameter. A cloud forest specialist, this species has been
reported from very few localities. Synonyms: Senecio standleyi
Greenm., Telanthophora jaliscana (Greenm.) H.Rob. & Brettell
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 154, 231, 328, 429, 438]
Verbesina lanata B.L.Rob. & Greenm.
EN B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama
Small to medium-sized tree, 315 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest, pine forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in
riparian habitats.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [392]
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis gracilis Benth.
VU A4c
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, OAX)
Large shrub or small, slender tree, up to 7 m tall. This species
is nearly endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental range. A cloud
forest occasional taxon, more frequently found in pine-oak forest
and pine-juniper forest, also commonly present in secondary
vegetation. Synonyms: Mahonia gracilis (Benth.) Fedde, M.
subintegrifolia Fedde, Odostemon gracilis (Benth.) Standl.
Common name: palo amarillo.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [221, 225, 300]
Berberis hartwegii Benth.
VU A4c
Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER)
Small tree, up to 5 m tall. An endemic Mexican taxon whose
distributional range is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
This is a typical primary cloud forest tree, although it also occurs
in pine forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Mahonia hartwegii
(Benth.) Fedde, Odostemon hartwegii (Benth.) Standl. Common
names: chochoco, xoxoco.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [221]
Berberis incerta (Fedde) Marroqun
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER)
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. This Mexican endemic taxon
is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also present in pine-oak
forest. Populations seem to always have low densities.
Synonyms: Mahonia incerta Fedde, Odostemon incertus Standl.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [221, 356]
Berberis moranensis Schult. & Schult.f.
VU A4c
Mexico (SIN, JAL, GTO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This is a fairly frequent
cloud forest species that also occurs in pine forest and oak
forest where it shows a strong preference for shaded, humid
ravines. The species is noteworthy for having a very high interpopulation morphological variation. Synonyms: Berberis
pinnata Sess & Mocio, Mahonia moranensis (Schult. &
Schult.f.) I.M.Johnst., M. pinnata Kunth, Odostemon fascicularis
(DC.) Abrams. Common names: agritos, ixcapul serrano, palo
amarillo, palo de teir, retamilla, yagabuxe.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [221]
21
BETULACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
Carpinus caroliniana Walter

NT
Canada, United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, NAY, JAL, HGO,
VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
A small to medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to
100 cm in diameter, very typical of cloud forest but also found
in oak, pine-oak and pine forest. Populations in the United
States and Canada are large but those in Mexico and Central
America are considerably more endangered because of
extensive deforestation of cloud forests. Seedlings can be
produced from fruits collected from the trees; germination is low
(< 40%). Synonyms: Carpinus americana Michx., C. betulus L.
var. virginiana Marsh., C. caroliniana var. tropicalis (Donn.Sm.)
Standl., C. caroliniana var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern., C. tropicalis
(Donn.Sm.) Lundell, C. tropicalis subsp. mexicana Furlowl.
Common names: alisillo, cut bah t, capillero, caxin, dsuram
cura, lechillo, mora blanca, mora de la sierra, moralillo, oreja de
ratn, palo barranco, palo blanco, palo de barranca, palo
barranco, palo borracho, palo liso, pepinque, pipinque,
tzarracua-ucua, tzutcamay. Used as a source of fuelwood.
Elevational range: 1,2002,200 (2,600) m (close to sea level in
SE United States)
Assessors: ILV, NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 4, 31, 57, 58, 76, 79, 96, 115, 135, 137, 143, 180,
207, 209, 213, 229, 236, 277279, 285, 295, 309, 348, 356,
357, 363, 428, 429, 445]
Amphitecna macrophylla (Seem.) Miers ex Baill.

VU A1c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small pachycaulous tree, 212 m tall. In addition to cloud forest,
this species also occurs in oak forest and secondary vegetation.
This taxon is suspected to have become extinct in Veracruz.
Synonym: Crescentia macrophylla Seem. Common name:
huiro de montaa.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [127]
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch

NT
Canada, United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM,
SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE,
GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
A cloud forest tree species, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 50
cm in diameter, but also occurs on moist and shaded slopes
covered with oak, pine-oak and pine forest at mid-elevations.
Populations in Canada and the United States are large but those
in Mexico and Central America are more endangered because
of deforestation. Seedlings can be readily produced from fruits
collected from the trees; germination is rather low (< 40%).
Synonyms: Carpinus virginiana Mill., Ostrya guatemalensis
(H.J.P.Winkl.) Rose, O. mexicana Rose, O. virginiana var.
guatemalensis (Winkl.) Macbride. Common names: guapaque,
guichin, mora, mora roja, palo blanco moro, pepinque, petatillo,
pipinque, tzutujt. The wood is dark and hard. Bark and leaves
are used in folk medicine; much sought after for timber.
Elevational range: 1,2002,350 (2,800) m (below 200 m in
Canada and the United States).
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [4, 57, 58, 76, 79, 96, 115, 135, 137, 143, 180, 207,
209, 213, 228, 229, 236, 241, 279, 295, 300302, 309, 348,
356, 357, 428, 429, 438, 445]
22
Amphitecna montana L.O.Williams

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. This species is narrowly
restricted to cloud forest. Synonym: Dendrosicus montanus
(L.O.Williams) A.H.Gentry.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [127, 228, 363]
Amphitecna steyermarkii (A.H.Gentry) A.H.Gentry
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 810 m tall. This cloud forest species also occurs in
oak forest. Synonym: Dendrosicus steyermarkii A.H.Gentry.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [127]
BORAGINACEAE
Tournefortia petiolaris A.DC.
EN A4c
Mexico (MIC, MEX, MOR, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Colombia
Shrub or small, slender tree, up to 8 m tall. The preferred habitat
of this species is cloud forest. Specimens of this species have
been often misidentified as Tournefortia acutiflora Mart. &
Galeotti. Synonym: Tournefortia nelsonii Donn.Sm.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 76, 255]
BURSERACEAE
Protium copal (Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl. var. copal
NT
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize
Dioecious small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 (rarely 30) m tall.
This widespread taxon occasionally occurs in cloud forest,

growing more frequently in lower elevation formations such as
tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest, and less frequently
in tropical dry forest. Its preferred habitat is primary forest.
Synonyms: Icica copal Schltdl. & Cham., I. palmeri Rose,
Protium palmeri (Rose) Engl. Common names: aceitillo, copal,
copal aceitillo, copalillo, jom, jomte, pom, zapotillo. The resin of
this tree has been traditionally used in religious ceremonies since
pre-Hispanic times and presently it is one of the most commonly
sold products for the festivities of the Day of the Dead (1 and 2
November), and is deeply rooted in Mexican tradition. The resin
is also used for the production of varnish and lacquer, as well as
medicinal ointments. The fruit is seldom eaten and not highly
appreciated. The wood is used for multiple purposes including
the construction of rural houses, as a source of firewood and
for making poles, furniture and small boats.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [267, 285, 333, 339, 345]
BUXACEAE
Buxus moctezumae Eg.Khler, R.Fernndez & Zamudio
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO)
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This extremely rare and
narrowly endemic species is known from tropical semievergreen forest but it occasionally intrudes into adjacent cloud
forest, mostly along ravines. Known from a single locality in
Landa de Matamoros municipio (county).
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Ref: [111]
CANNABACEAE
Lozanella enantiophylla (Donn.Sm.) Killip & C.V.Morton
NT
Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. Mostly a cloud
forest understorey species, this taxon also occurs in oak forest
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Global warming could
potentially represent a significant threat to this taxon as the
majority of its populations grow at high elevations, making an
upwards elevational shift of its range unlikely to occur. Synonyms:
Lozanella trematoides Greenm., Trema enantiophylla Donn.Sm.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [4, 29, 180, 259, 363, 402]
CELASTRACEAE
Euonymus mexicanus Benth.
EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX)
A shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species, also
found in oak forest. Its preferred habitats are protected ravines
and slopes but it has also been found on dry slopes. Its habitat
is severely fragmented and threatened with further deforestation.
Synonym: Euonymus hernandezii Lundell.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [4, 217]
Quetzalia contracta (Lundell) Lundell
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2ab(i)
A small tree, to 710 m tall and trunk up to 30 cm in diameter.
Found in old-growth, high elevation cloud forests, it is likely to be
susceptible to climatic change and habitat loss due to
deforestation. Known only from the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes
(Guatemala), the Ixtln region (Oaxaca), and a few localities in
the Central Highlands of Chiapas. The orange aril must be
removed and the seeds washed with cold water to induce
germination (c. 60%). Seeds do not remain viable after seven
months. Synonym: Microtropis contracta Lundell. Common
name: mes teka. It is used as a source of fuelwood and for
producing charcoal.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [124, 135, 177, 214, 309]
Quetzalia guatemalensis (Sprague) Lundell
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2ab(i)
A small tree in old-growth high elevation cloud forests. Likely to
be susceptible to climatic change and habitat loss due to
deforestation. In Mexico known only from a few localities in
Oaxaca and the Central Highlands of Chiapas. Synonym:
Microtropis guatemalensis Sprague.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214]
Quetzalia occidentalis (Loes. ex Donn.Sm.) Lundell
VU B2ab(iii); C2ab(i)
Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
A small cloud forest tree species with a restricted distribution in
Mexico (Ixtln region, northern Oaxaca) but more widespread in
Costa Rica and Panama. Synonym: Microtropis occidentalis
(Loes. ex Donn.Sm.) Lundell.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [214, 229, 279]
23
Quetzalia schiedeana (Loes.) Lundell

VU B2ab(iii); C2ab(i)
A small cloud forest tree species. A Mexican endemic taxon
(type locality is Chiconquiaco, Veracruz). Synonym: Microtropis
schiedeana Loes.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 209, 214, 229]
Quetzalia stipitata (Lundell) Lundell
EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE)
An arborescent shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall and trunk up
to 4 cm in diameter. Although this taxon can be found in oldgrowth cloud forest, it is more frequently found in humid
pine-oak forest. Its preferred habitats are protected ravines and
slopes with deep and well-drained soils. Sometimes abundant.
Its habitat is severely threatened by extensive, ongoing
deforestation.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [126]
Wimmeria chiapensis Lundell
CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i)
Mexico (CHS)
A small tree species only known from a few localities in cloud
forest or pine-oak forest where severe habitat loss has recently
taken place.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214]
Wimmeria concolor Schltdl. & Cham.
NT
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
An evergreen erect shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 15 (30)
m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in diameter. This widely distributed
species grows in a variety of plant formations including cloud
forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest, tropical dry forest, and
tropical rainforest. Hill slopes and ravines are its preferred
habitats, particularly in old-growth stands, but sometimes it is
also found in shady secondary vegetation or close to shadegrown coffee plantations; this tree is abundant in a few places.
Its habitat in relatively mature forests has been severely reduced
and it is threatened by further deforestation. Synonym:
Wimmeria discolor Schltdl. & Cham. Common names:
algodoncillo, clashiste, huesillo, palo verde.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [29, 58, 249]
24
Wimmeria montana Lundell

EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (CHS)
A small tree species of the cloud forest. The taxon is endemic
to the central and northern Highlands of Chiapas.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [214, 363]
Wimmeria sternii Lundell
VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
A small cloud forest tree, this species also occurs in other more
seasonal forest formations. In Mexico it is known only from a
few localities in Oaxaca and Chiapas where severe habitat loss
has been recorded in recent decades.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214]
Zinowiewia concinna Lundell
EN A1cd; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX)
This typical cloud forest tree is quite variable in size, from
relatively short individuals to trees over 30 m tall with very wide
trunks. In addition to cloud forest this species is also present in
other more seasonal forests. This species is endemic to Mexico,
mostly in the southern part of the country, in cloud forests of the
Sierra Madre del Sur. Common names: gloria, palo blanco, tnuyah, tun-yaa.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 115, 155, 207, 213, 214, 236, 277, 278,
348, 351, 356, 357, 429, 431, 438]
Zinowiewia matudae Lundell
CR A2cd; B1ab(iii,iv,v)
Mexico (CHS)
A small, typical cloud forest tree species. This taxon is a very
narrow endemic with its geographical range restricted to
Chiapas (mostly on the Sierra Madre de Chiapas but with a few
records from the Northern Mountains region). Possibly only one
population under protection at the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214]
Zinowiewia rubra Lundell
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala.
A small or medium-sized tree,1020 m tall and trunk 3060 cm
in diameter. A rare cloud forest species endemic to high
elevation localities in Chiapas and Guatemala, rarely occurring in
more seasonal formations at lower elevations as well. Small-
scale operations use the wood for making guitars as well as

other small handicrafts and furniture.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [214, 309]
Zinowiewia tacanensis Lundell
CR A2cd; B1ab(iii,iv,v)
A small, typical cloud forest tree species, although it also occurs at
a few localities with more seasonal forests in Chiapas. In Mexico it
is an endemic taxon to Chiapas. Elevational range: 1,3002,700 m
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [214]
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose
VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama
Medium-sized tree. This species is not exclusive to cloud forest
and it is more typical of the moist and dry tropical forests of the
lowlands. Regardless of the climatic zone, this tree is clearly a
primary forest specialist. Synonyms: Couepia dodecandra
(Moc. & Sess ex DC.) Hemsl., C. floccosa Fritsch, C. kunthiana
Benth. ex. Hemsl., Hirtella dodecandra Moc. & Sess ex DC., H.
polyandra Kunth. Common names: carnero, fraile, frailecillo,
guayabillo de tinta, guayo, olozapote, palo fraile, zapote amarillo.
This timber tree is used to provide shade for cattle in pastures.
The fruit is edible.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [100, 173, 279]
CLETHRACEAE
Clethra chiapensis L.M.Gonzlez
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Medium-sized tree, usually up to 15 m, rarely 20 m tall. A
recently described species endemic to the Central Highlands of
Chiapas. This species is frequently found in high-elevation cloud
forests with Abies, although it is also present in moist pine-oakLiquidambar forest; sometimes in riparian habitats. Extensive
deforestation has taken place throughout its geographic range.
Common name: kajkejte.
Assessors: LMG, SVA, JAM
Refs: [141, 309, 434]
Clethra conzattiana L.M.Gonzlez

EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a
typical cloud forest element but it is also found in pine-oak and
pine forest. The taxon is narrowly endemic to northern Oaxaca.
Deforestation is severe in many parts of its range but other areas
show an excellent degree of conservation. Common names:
jaboncillo, palo colorado.
Refs: [141, 237, 431]
Clethra luzmariae L.M.Gonzlez
EN A3c
Mexico (OAX)
Shrub usually spreading by horizontal underground rhizomes;
thicket-forming shrubs reaching 2 m tall, or less frequently a
small tree up to 10 m tall. An endemic species to northern
Oaxaca where it is fairly abundant. It is found in moist pine-oak
forest, dense ericaceous scrub, oak forest and cloud forest. Its
main threat is climate change because of its narrow and high
elevational range.
Ref: [139, 141]
Clethra oleoides L.O.Williams
VU B2ab(iii)
Small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall. In Mexico
it has a disjunct distribution in disturbed cloud forests areas.
Extensive deforestation has taken place throughout its
geographical range, particularly in Chiapas. Common names:
kajk etez, shiorsh, tzotzniztez.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [139, 148, 279, 434]
Clethra pachecoana Standl. & Steyerm.
VU B2ab(iii)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. In Mexico this
species is only known from the southernmost state where it
grows on steep slopes covered with cloud forest, particularly on
volcanic soils. Trees of this taxon can also be found in pine-oak
forest and Abies forest. Material from Chiapas shows
morphological differences from Central American specimens,
which could lead to its recognition as a separate taxon in the
future. Common names: escobo, sapotilla, zapotillo.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [139, 148, 279, 434]
25
Clethra purpusii L.M.Gonzlez

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS, OAX[?])
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A very narrow
endemic, this species is only known from its type locality, namely
Cerro Bal, on the Chiapas-Oaxaca border (no records from
Oaxaca are available as yet). Its main habitat is montane
rainforest (a low-elevation kind of cloud forest sensu lato), as
well as pine-oak-Liquidambar forest.
Assessors: LMG, JAM
Ref: [148]
Clethra vicentina Standl.
VU A4c
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Medium to large tree, up to 20 m tall. This species has a strong
preference for cloud forest. Synonyms: Clethra johnstonii Standl
& Steyerm., C. molinae Standl. & L.O.Williams. Common
names: garrapatillo, marquezotillo, palo de agua.
Elevational range: (800) 1,2002,600 m
Assessors: LMG, JAM
Refs: [79, 139, 148, 277, 348, 356, 434]
CLUSIACEAE
Clusia guatemalensis Hemsl.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
A terrestrial or more often an epiphytic tree from cloud forest
that also occurs in other forest formations at elevations lower
than 1,500 m. Synonym: Clusia mexicana Vesque. Common
name: zapatillo.
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE
Refs: [130, 156, 209, 220, 279, 438]
Clusia lusoria Standl. & Steyerm.
CR B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Tree, up to 18 m tall. This species is found in cloud forest but
also occurs in forest formations of lower elevations; restricted
distribution. It has been categorized in Guatemala as a tree
species threatened with extinction.
Assessor: MGE
Ref: [279]
26
CORNACEAE
Cornus disciflora DC.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa
Rica, Panama
A widespread understorey or mid-canopy tree species up to 23
m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This species is found
in old-growth and mid-successional cloud forest, but also in oak
and pine-oak forest. Large adult individuals (trunk diameter >
30 cm) are becoming increasingly rare. Populations can be
restored from seeds under a shallow layer of litter or planting
seedlings produced in nurseries. Germination is high (80100%)
and seed viability remains for one year under cold temperatures.
Synonyms: Benthamia disciflora (DC.) Nakai, Cornus capitata
Sess & Moc., C. disciflora var. floccosa (Wangerin) Standl., C.
disciflora fo. floccosa (Wangerin) Rickett. Common names:
abiodo, aceitunillo, aceituno, asintla, canelo, guardalagua,
isimac, limoncillo, mimbre pasilla, mimbre prieto, palo canelo,
palo verde, pasilla blanca, pasilla blanco, pasilla negra,
sacbayan t, saj, variador. Wood is used for handicrafts and
the foliage is used as forage.The dry bark of the root is used in
traditional medicine as a tonic and as astringent.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 4, 43, 47, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 124, 134137,
140, 161, 166, 180, 207, 229, 236, 238, 239, 241, 277279,
295, 300302, 309, 348, 356, 357, 365, 428, 429, 438, 445]
Cornus florida L. var. urbiniana (Rose) Wangerin
VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM, VER)
A small tree with a restricted distribution in cloud forests of the
north-eastern part of Mexico. Synonyms: Cornus florida subsp.
urbiniana (Rose) Rickett, C. urbiniana Rose. Common names:
corona de moctezuma, corona de san pedro.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [209, 365]
CUNONIACEAE
Weinmannia intermedia Schltdl. & Cham.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX), Honduras
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A typical cloud
forest species, it may also be found in oak forest and pine-oak
forest. There is a possibility that this taxon is endemic to Mexico
as there is only a single report from another country. Synonym:
Weinmannia liebmannii Engl.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Ref: [257]
Weinmannia pinnata L.
NT
Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
Rico, Lesser Antilles
Tree very variable in size, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in
diameter. This widely distributed species has received many
names. It is mainly a cloud forest species but it occasionally grows
in other forest types. This tree is usually a scarce forest component.
In Mexico its original habitat has been severely deforested and
could be classified as vulnerable on a national level. Synonyms:
Weinmannia glabra L.f., W. hirta Sw. Common names: achit,
cempoalchal, cempoalchial, garrapatito, tzitzim, yo-vela.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [126, 135, 137, 225, 257, 279, 309, 347, 431, 452]
Weinmannia tuerckheimi Engl.
EN A4c
Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Large shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This
species is a cloud forest specialist and it has a highly restricted
known distribution in Mexico, as it only occurs in the La
Chinantla region of northern Oaxaca, where it is scarce.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [237, 431]
CYRILLACEAE
Cyrilla racemiflora L.
NT
United States, Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil,
Jamaica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser
Antilles
A cloud forest species only known in Mexico from one small
isolated population near the Oaxacan locality of Santa Cruz
Tepetotutla, in the hyper-humid region of La Chinantla, where
mean annual precipitation is >5,500 mm. The species also grows
to be a large tree in the cloud forest of Puerto Rico but it is always
a much smaller plant in savanna habitats of Central and South
America and the United States. The conservation status and the
risk level of this taxon could change towards a more critical
category if the cloud forest populations were segregated as a
separate taxon. Synonyms: Andromeda plumata W.Bartram ex
Marshall, Cyrilla antillana Michx. C. arida Small, C. brevifolia
N.E.Br., C. cubensis P.Wilson, C. parvifolia Raf., Itea cyrilla LHr.
Elevational range: 1,6001,700 m in cloud forests, 02,800 m
overall
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [125, 237, 279]
EBENACEAE
Diospyros conzattii Standl.
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX), Costa Rica
Shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This common cloud forest
taxon also occurs frequently in tropical dry forest, pine-oak forest
and oak forest. Synonym: Diospyros pergamentacea Lundell.
Common names: zapote negro monts, zapote negro silvestre,
zapotillo. In addition to its edible, very tasty fruit, the wood is
also highly valued.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [298, 443]
Diospyros digyna Jacq.
NT
Mexico (PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 35 m tall. Mostly occurring in
humid lowland forests, and even in riparian habitats of tropical
dry forest, this species has a marginal presence in cloud forest.
In fact, in Mexico cloud forest records are from the Central
Plateau of Chiapas only (above 1,500 m), where severe
deforestation has been observed in recent decades. Synonyms:
Diospyros obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., D. sapota Roxb.
Common names: biaahui, biaqui, bom-rza, bonza, cuputishi,
bano, hunchuikle, inu, jnchikl, malisuuruata, ma-ta-mui,
mnec, muneque, pillahui, sual, sirunda-urata, ta-toho, tauch,
tauch-y, tauch, tilzpot, tlilzpotl, totocuitlzpotl, tzapultiltic,
tsupilul, xency, zapote negro, zapote prieto, xind. The fruits of
this tree are edible and produced at both a subsistence and local
commercial level, which is why the species is widely cultivated.
The wood is of excellent quality and it is used for manufacturing
a variety of objects including golf clubs, umbrella handles, walking
sticks, piano keys, fine furniture and musical instruments.
Assessors: JAM, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [76, 173, 225, 267, 275, 443]
Diospyros gomeziorum Provance & A.C.Sanders
EN A4c
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO)
Large shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall, facultatively
deciduous. The range of this Mexican endemic taxon is
restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. A non-rare cloud forest
element, this species has also been collected in pine-oak forest,
oak forest and even in xerophytic scrub. This taxon has been
frequently confused with Diospyros riojae Gmez Pompa.
Common names: zapote de monte, zapote prieto, zapotillo.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [52, 298]
27
Diospyros riojae Gmez Pompa

CR A3c
Mexico (TAM, HGO, QRO, VER)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A scarce, oldgrowth cloud forest tree species, it is also present in pine-oak
forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Native habitats across
its geographical range are being lost rapidly.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [52, 137, 229, 275, 300, 301]
Diospyros tuxtlensis Provance & A.C.Sanders
EN A4c
Mexico (VER)
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. The geographical distribution of this
species is restricted to the Sierra de Los Tuxtlas in southern
Veracruz, where it grows abundantly in cloud forest (low
evergreen or dwarf forest), as well as in tropical rainforest.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [298]
Comarostaphylis longifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 15 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest, or fir forest. Synonym:
Arctostaphylos longifolia Benth.
Assessors: FLH, GIM, GCT
Refs: [70, 76, 96, 97, 138]
Lyonia squamulosa M.Martens & Galeotti
NT
Mexico (NL, SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Honduras
Usually a shrub, 13 m tall, but also sometimes a small tree, 3
5 m tall. This species is present in but not restricted to cloud
forest as it occurs in other drier mountain forest types such as
pine forest or oak forest. Almost restricted to Mexico in
distribution (one doubtful specimen from Honduras). Synonym:
Xolisma squamulosa (M.Martens & Galeotti) Small.
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [4, 213, 229, 295]
ERICACEAE
Agarista mexicana (Hemsl.) Judd
NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Shrub, 13 m, or tree, 315 m tall. Frequently occurs in oak
forest, pine-oak forest and cloud forest, sometimes in secondary
vegetation (pastures). There are two varieties of the species
present in Mexico, namely A. mexicana var. mexicana, and A.
mexicana var. pinetorum (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Judd but as
they thrive in the same vegetation types we have gathered the
information for both under the species name. Synonyms:
Andromeda mexicana Hemsl., Leucothoe mexicana (Hemsl.)
Small, L. pinetorum Standl. & L.O.Williams. Common names:
nacahuite, pellejo de lagarto.
Assessors: FLH, GIM
Refs: [138, 183]
Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindl. subsp. arbutoides
VU B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama
Small tree, 14 m tall., but in Costa Rica up to 20 m tall. This
taxon occurs both in cloud forest and in oak forest.
Ref: [97]
28
Vaccinium consanguineum Klotzsch

NT
Mexico (OAX), Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Small to medium-sized tree, 311 m tall. This species is
restricted to cloud forest. In Mexico it is only known from the
very humid region of La Chinantla in northern Oaxaca, where it
is rare. We suspect that the specimens recorded from Mexico
might be misidentified as the type of disjunct distribution shown
is rare, albeit not unique (V. consanguineum is a Central
American species, found mainly in Costa Rica and Panama).
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [237, 431]
Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl.
EN A4c
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Honduras
Mostly a shrub, 14 m, or a small to medium-sized tree, 412
m tall. This species occurs primarily in cloud forest but also in
other tropical mountain forests, such as pine forest or oak forest.
Common names: coscoln, axocopaconi, cahuichi, cahuitzi.
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 76, 126, 229, 295]
Vaccinium stenophyllum Steud.

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, GRO)
Shrub or small tree,16 m tall. This species is typical of montane
cloud forest and pine-oak forest.
Assessors: FLH, GIM
Refs: [79, 82, 138, 207, 335, 429]
EUPHORBIACEAE
Bernardia dodecandra (Sess ex Cav.) McVaugh
VU B1ab(iii,iv)+2ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize
A small tree, up to 10 m tall and with a trunk up to 20 cm in
diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also occurs
in tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, oak forest and pine-oak
forest. It has a large range in Mexico. Synonyms: Acalypha
interrupta Schltdl., Adelia dodecandra Sess ex Cav., Alevia
leptostachya Baill., Bernardia aurantiaca Lundell, B. interrupta
(Schltdl.) Mll.Arg.
Assessors: ILV, MMG, MGE
Refs: [58, 63, 126, 137, 224, 279, 301, 363, 438]
Bernardia fonsecae A.Cerv. & J.Jimnez Ram.
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
This species is a cloud forest specialist with a very narrow
geographic distribution.
Elevational range: 2,2002,500 m.
Assessor: MMG
Ref: [224]
Bernardia macrocarpa A.Cerv. & Flores-Olvera
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE)
A small or medium-sized dioecious tree species, 515 m tall.
Restricted to cloud forest within a small area of eastern Mexico
(Misantla and Hueytamalco areas). Only six specimens known,
including type. It has been mistaken for Bernardia dodecandra
(Sess ex. Cav) McVaugh.
Assessors: GIM, MGE
Refs: [64, 224]
Bernardia mollis Lundell

EN A3c; B1ab(iii)
A small or medium-sized tree species (sometimes referred to as
a shrub) up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 25 cm in diameter. A strict
cloud forest specialist, this species is only known from the slopes
of the Tacan Volcano in Chiapas and Guatemala where its habitat
is rapidly dissapearing. Listed as Amenazada (Threatened) in the
Norma Oficial Mexicana (Mexican Official Norm).
Assessors: ILV, MMG
Refs: [4, 224, 279]
Bernardia oblanceolata Lundell
EN A3c; B1ab(iii)
A small tree up to 6 m tall and trunk with 20 cm in diameter.
This species is not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in
oak forest and pine-oak forest.
Assessors: ILV, MMG
Refs: [224, 279]
Croton rosarianus Mart.Gord. & Cruz Durn
EN A4c; C1
Mexico (PUE)
This species is known from only one specimen collected at
Cuetzalan (PUE), in the Sierra Madre Oriental, where it was
found growing in a small thicket located within an area of shadegrown coffee plantations.
Assessors: MMG, MGE
Refs: [224, 441]
Croton stenopetalus G.L.Webster
VU B2ab(iii,iv)
Mexico (JAL)
This species is only known from Sierra de Manatln, Jalisco.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 441]
Gymnanthes longipes Mll.Arg.
VU A2c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, VER, PUE, OAX)
A small tree up to 15 m tall and trunk to more than 20 cm in
diameter; frequently reported as a shrub. This species occurs in
cloud forest, in protected ravines or riparian habitats. The
species also occurs in oak and pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Ateramnus longipes (Mll.Arg.) Rothm., Sebastiania longipes
Mll.Arg.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [58, 224]
29
Gymnanthes riparia (Schltdl.) Klotzsch

VU A2c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Sometimes
reported as a shrub when growing in secondary vegetation. A
typical cloud forest species, frequently found on slopes and in
deep ravines or shaded canyons. The species is also present
in seasonal tropical evergreen forest at lower elevations and in
oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Excoecaria riparia
Schltdl., Gymnanthes guatemalensis Standl. & Steyerm., G.
schlechtendaliana Mll.Arg., Sebastiania schlechtendaliana
(Mll.Arg.) Mll.Arg. Its wood is used for making tool handles
and fence posts.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [58, 224, 229, 351]
Sebastiania hintonii Lundell
VU A2c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MOR, GRO)
A small tree, up to 10 m tall and trunk up to 15 cm in diameter.
Although present in cloud forest, this species also grows in more
seasonal formations at lower elevations and in pine forest. It has
been recorded as abundant in gorges.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [224, 277, 278, 427]
FABACEAE
Abarema zolleriana (Standl. & Steyerm.) Barneby &
J.W.Grimes
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Very large tree, up to 40 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Synonym:
Pithecellobium zollerianum Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT
Ref: [375]
Ateleia pterocarpa Moc. & Sess ex D.Dietr.
NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Small to medium-sized tree, 620 m tall. The preferred habitat
of this species is tropical rainforest and it is rare in oak forest
and cloud forest. It can be found in riparian habitats. Synonym:
Pterocarpus ateleia DC. Common names: gorgojo, jediondillo,
siete pellejos, tzaate, zaat.
Refs: [232, 442]
30
Bauhinia chapulhuacania Wunderlin

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, PUE)
Small tree, 68 m tall. This species typically occurs in moist
forests, such as cloud forest and tropical rainforest but it also
grows infrequently in oak forest. Synonym: Bauhinia dipetala
Hemsl. var. macrophylla Wunderlin. The cooked flowers are
edible.
Refs: [4, 58, 340, 447]
Bauhinia dipetala Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Belize
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this species
is also present in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest, and it has also been collected in secondary vegetation.
Naturalized in Cuba. This species is closely related to B.
ramosissima Benth. ex Hemsl. Synonym: Bauhinia unilateralis
Britten & Baker f.
Refs: [4, 279, 447]
Bauhinia macranthera Benth. ex Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER)
Shrub or small tree, 47 m tall. The presence of this species in
cloud forest is marginal, it also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest but is particularly abundant in oak forest. Synonyms:
Bauhinia retifolia Standl., Casparia lunarioides A.Gray ex Britt. &
Rose. Common name: pata de cabra.
Refs: [340, 447]
Cercis canadensis L.
NT
United States, Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, PUE,
VER)
Shrub or small tree 310 (15) m tall. Usually present in ravines
and in riparian habitats both in cloud forest and pine-oak forest.
Synonyms: Cercis mexicana Rose, C. canadensis L. var.
mexicana (Rose) Hopkins. Common names: cuaresma, palo
de judas, palo de rosa, pata de vaca. Timber and ornamental
tree, used in traditional folk medicine. Flowers are edible and it
is considered an excellent source of pollen and nectar for
honeybees.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 58, 229, 300, 340]
Cojoba arborea (L.) Britton & Rose

NT
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Medium-sized to very large tree, 1230 (50) m tall. A marginal
component of the cloud forest, this species more typically
occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest,
particularly in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Mimosa arborea L.,
Acacia arborea (L.) Willd., Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb.
Common names: aguacillo, aromillo, barba de jolote,
camaronero, caamazo, coralillo, frijolillo, guacamayo,
guacastillo, itil, ecuahuitl, papalote, sombra fresca, stapunquivi,
tamarindillo. Timber and ornamental tree; the wood is also used
for making handicrafts. Flowers are a good source of pollen
and nectar for honeybees. Planted as a shade tree in coffee
plantations.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [126, 174, 209, 267, 268, 279, 285, 322, 323, 425]
Cojoba escuintlensis (Lundell) L.Rico
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, TAB, CHS)
Shrub or small tree, 2.510 m tall. Occasionally occurs in cloud
forest and pine-oak forest, this taxon is more abundant in
tropical rainforest. This species is related to Cojoba recordii
Britton & Rose. Synonym: Pithecellobium escuintlense Lundell.
Ref: [324]
Cojoba mariaelenae L.Rico
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is mainly known from the
cloud forest/pine-oak forest ecotone within an extremely narrow
elevational belt.
Refs: [324, 375]
Cojoba matudae (Lundell) L.Rico
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, CHS)
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. Having a very wide elevational range,
the habitat of this species includes both cloud forest and tropical
rainforest. Synonym: Pithecellobium matudae Lundell.
Refs: [115, 324, 363]
Dalbergia palo-escrito Rzed. & Guridi-Gmez

CR A2; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, OAX)
Large tree, up to 35 m tall. A typical cloud forest element, the
species can be occasionally found in pine forest. Common
names: escrito, palo escrito, tlacuilo, tlajilocuhuitl, tzipil, tzipiln.
This species has an excellent wood for the manufacturing of
guitars and general joinery work. Wood of this species is more
appreciated locally than that of red cedar (Cedrela odorata L.,
Meliaceae).
Refs: [58, 295, 346, 374]
Dalea leucostachya A.Gray var. eysenhardtioides (Hemsl.)
Barneby
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHI, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Bushy shrub or small tree, 16 m tall. This taxon occurs only
occasionally in cloud forest, as it is more characteristic of oak
forest, pine-oak forest and fir (Abies) forest, with a strong habitat
preference for humid ravines. Synonym: Dalea eysenhardtioides
Hemsl.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 232, 277]
Diphysa floribunda Peyr.
NT
Mexico (JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Nicaragua
Large shrub or small tree, 512 m tall. This species is not
restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in several other
vegetation types at lower elevations.
Refs: [232, 279, 351, 368]
Inga acrocephala Steud.
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Brazil
Small to medium-sized tree, 820 m tall. This taxon occurs both
in cloud forest and in tropical evergreen forest. The species is
closely related and easily mistaken for I. acreana Harms.
Synonym: Inga brevipedicellata Harms. Common names:
chalahuite, vaina. This plant is used as as shade tree in coffee
plantations. The sarcotesta (the sweet pulp surrounding the
seed) is edible.
Refs: [174, 282, 333, 369, 371]
31
Inga cabrerae M.Sousa

CR A2; B1ab(iii)
Treelet or small tree, 26 m tall. A cloud forest element, this
species extends into adjacent tropical rainforest stands. The
species is a close relative of Inga dasycarpa M.Sousa, I. tenella
M.Sousa, and I. villosissima Benth., and it is often confused with
these taxa.
Refs: [282, 369]
Inga calderonii Standl.
CR B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, 715 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this
species also occurs in pine forest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest, often in riparian habitats. This species is related to Inga
vera Willd. Common names: pepeto, pepeto de mico, zapato
de mico. This tree is frequently used as a shade tree in El
Salvador.
Ref: [282]
Inga colimana Padilla, Cuevas & Sols
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (COL)
Medium-sized evergreen tree, 715 m tall and trunk up to 35
cm in diameter; sometimes with basal branches. A cloud forest
species with a very narrow distribution. This species is a close
relative of, and often confused with, Inga jinicuil Schltdl., I.
paterno Harms and I. cinnamomea Spruce ex Benth. Common
name: cuil. The foliage is eaten by wild mammals such as deer
and peccaries.
Assessors: GIM, FLH, GCT, MGE
Refs: [276, 278]
Inga dasycarpa M.Sousa
CR B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, 415 m tall. Not exclusive to cloud forest,
this species is also found in pine-oak forest. Common name:
sakil kok.
Refs: [282, 369]
Inga flexuosa Schltdl.
CR A2c
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Small to medium-sized tree, 620 m tall. A cloud forest taxon,
this tree is also present in pine forest and oak forest. Closely
32
related to Inga micheliana Harms., the two species are difficult

to distinguish and hence easily confused. Synonyms: Inga
pringlei Harms, I. schiediana Steud.
Refs: [126, 207, 277, 282, 357, 369]
Inga hintonii Sandwith
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (DGO, NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX)
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 1.512 (20) m tall and
trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This cloud forest species also
occurs in pine-oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest,
frequently in riparian habitats. Once considered a synonym of
Inga micheliana Harms [282], the good standing of this species
was recently clarified based on calyx and floral bract
morphology, and on the number of leaflets [372]. This species
is related to I. flexuosa Schltdl. but it can be differentiated from
it based on its winged rhachis, campanulate calyx and flower
bud shape [372]. Common names: cuajinicuil hoja chica,
guajilpil, jacanicuil, jaquinicuil.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [232, 282, 369, 372]
Inga huastecana M.Sousa
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Small tree, 48 m tall. The geographical distribution of this
Mexican endemic species is restricted to the Sierra Madre
Oriental, growing in cloud forest, oak forest and tropical
evergreen forest, frequently on rocky limestone substrates, along
creeks, in moist ravines and on slopes. Apparently this species
regenerates well as numerous individuals were observed in a
secondary forest stand dominated by oak. Common names:
chalagitillo, chalahuite, chalahuite chica, chalahuite chico.
Assessors: GIM, GCT, JAM
Refs: [58, 282, 295, 369, 370, 372]
Inga micheliana Harms
NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama (not in Nicaragua)
Tree, 1220 m and trunk up 50 cm in diameter. An abundant
cloud forest species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest and
tropical rainforest. This species is closely related to, and often
confused with, I. densiflora Benth. and I. flexuosa Schltdl.
Synonyms: Inga davidsoniae Standl., I. nubigena A.R.Molina, I.
tenella M.Sousa. Common names: chalum, chalum de
montaa, jacanaquil, tzan.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [278, 279, 282, 369, 372, 429]
Inga tuerckheimii Pittier

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small to medium-sized tree, 510 m, occasionally up to 20 m
tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist, not found in other
forest types. Once considered a synonym of I. oerstediana
Benth. [282], Sousa [369, 372] separated these taxa based on
their flower bracts. Sousa also proposed Inga xalapensis
Benth., a hybrid between I. tuerckheimii Pittier (I. latibracteata
Harms) and I. vera Willd., whose oldest name is I. xalapensis
Benth. Synonyms: Inga cobanensis Pittier, I. latibracteata
Harms [372], although Pennington [282] listed previously this
latter name as a synonym of I. xalapensis Benth. and the former
as a synonym of I. oerstediana Benth., in both cases reflecting
the complexity of this groups taxonomy. The sarcotesta (the
sweet pulp surrounding the seed) is edible and the plant it is
used as a shade tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [282, 369, 372]
Inga xalapensis Benth.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Small or medium-sized tree, 520 m tall. Although occurring in
cloud forest, this species is more frequently found in tropical
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest of lower elevations, often
in disturbed areas, roadsides and cattle pastures. Synonyms:
Feuilleea xalapensis (Benth.) Kuntze, Inga borealis T.S.Elias, I.
endlichii Harms, I. latibracteata Harms (but see Sousa [372]), I.
sciadodendron Harms, I. zacuapanica Harms. Sousa [369, 372]
proposed Inga xalapensis Benth., a hybrid between I.
tuerckheimii Pittier (I. latibracteata Harms) and I. vera Willd.
Common names: chalahuite, chalahuite de hoja ancha, kon,
saan, saaukok, vainillo. Planted as a shade tree in shade-grown
coffee plantations.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [58, 282, 369, 372]
Senna multifoliolata (P.G.Wilson) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 28 m. Not restricted to cloud forest, this
species also occurs in fir (Abies) forest, pine forest and pine-oak
forest. This species is only known from a few localities. Irwin &
Barneby [176] treated this species under four varietal names.
Synonym: Cassia multifoliolata P.G.Wilson.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [176, 232, 313]
FAGACEAE
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. var. mexicana (Martnez) Little
EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. At the species level, this taxon has
a disjunct distribution between Mexico and the United States.
The Mexican variety is restricted to very small stands (less than
1 ha scattered in very humid locations along the Sierra Madre
Oriental). Considerable genetic differentiation has been reported
between the Mexican subspecies and F. grandifolia from the
United States. This taxon faces further risks of habitat loss owing
to human disturbance. Common names: acailite, guichn, haya,
pepinque, tepeilitle, totolcal. The fruit is edible.
Assessors: SVA, YVR, JAM
Refs: [4, 151, 196, 289, 334, 397, 445, 446]
Quercus acherdophylla Trel.
CR A4c
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is restricted to
very humid ravines in cloud forest, mostly on the Sierra Madre
Oriental reaching the Northern Oaxaca range. Its external
appearance is similar to Quercus laurina, particularly in leaf size,
but this species has an annual acorn maturation, in contrast to
the biennial maturation of fruits of Q. laurina.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [405, 406, 413]
Quercus affinis Scheidw.
VU A4cd
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER,
MIC, PUE, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized tree, up to 16 m tall. This species typically occurs
in cloud forest but it is also frequently found as an element in
oak forest, pine-oak forest, pine forest and conifer forest.
Common names: encino colorado, encino hasta, laurelillo.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 137, 213, 229, 238, 295, 407, 408, 413]
Quercus benthamii A.DC.
EN A3c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Medium-sized or large tree, up to 50 m tall. This is a rare species
typical of cloud forest. In Mexico it is only known from the most
humid cloud forests of the La Chinantla region in Oaxaca and of
Chiapas. Common name: chiquinib.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [279, 305, 309, 408, 413]
33
Quercus candicans Ne
VU A4acd
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, HGO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. Although this is a typical cloud forest
species, it is also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest, less
frequently in riparian habitats. Most of this species range has
been strongly affected by extensive permanent deforestation.
However, good regeneration of this species has been observed
at forest edges with intermediate light conditions. Common
names: ahuahuaxtl, ahuamextli, encino blanco, encino cenizo,
encino de agua, encino papatla, huilocualoni, popocamay, tzacui
blanco, tzaquioco.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 106, 180, 194, 209, 213, 228, 238, 278, 279,
305, 309, 348, 351, 356, 357, 413, 429]
Quercus corrugata Hook.
EN A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Very large tree, up to 60 m tall, with a long, clear trunk. This
species is a cloud forest specialist, particularly in very humid
regions. The acorns are very large and the species appears to
have episodic reproduction, perhaps in the form of mast-seeding.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [126, 335, 409, 413]
Quercus cortesii Liebm.
NT
Large tree, up to 27 m tall. A typical cloud forest species with a
fragmented distribution in southern Mexico. Rarely found with
fruit, which appears to indicate infrequent reproductive events.
Assessors: SVA, JAM, MGE
Refs: [273, 279, 332, 409]
Quercus crispipilis Trel.
VU A4c;B1ab(ii,iii)
Medium-sized tree, up to 27 m tall and trunk up to 3060 cm in
diameter. This species grows in cloud forest but is not exclusive
to this forest type, as it also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak
forest. It regenerates well in open areas inside the forest and in
abandoned fields. Populations are rather scarce and a little
dense. Synonym: Quercus skutchii Trel. Common names:
chiquinib, encino blanco.
Refs: [124, 279, 302, 303, 309, 413]
34
Quercus delgadoana S.Valencia, Nixon & L.M.Kelly

EN A4c
Mexico (HGO,VER, PUE)
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is restricted to the very
humid cloud forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern
Mexico. Although it is fairly abundant in the forest communities
where it grows, its native habitat has been largely reduced by
extensive deforestation to give way to traditional agriculture on
very steep slopes, and to coffee plantations.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Ref: [415]
Quercus elliptica Ne
VU A4cd
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. The occurrence of
this species is not restricted to cloud forest, and in fact it is more
frequently found in oak forest and pine-fir (Abies) forest, in
correspondence with its wide distribution in Mexico. Common
names: encino colorado, encino nanche, encino laurel, encino
tapahuite, tapahuile.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 209, 225, 228, 237, 279, 410, 413]
Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.
CR A4acd
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A Mexican endemic,
the species is typical of cloud forest and also grows in oak
forest. Individuals of this species are always very scarce. The
acorns are gathered as raw material for making handicrafts.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 10, 11, 58, 137, 209, 213, 229, 295, 300, 301, 409,
413]
Quercus glabrescens Benth.
VU A4c
Mexico (HGO, PUE, VER, MEX, OAX), Honduras
Large tree, up to 30 m tall, with a long, clear trunk. This species
occurs mainly in cloud forest but it is sometimes present in pine
forest of humid, cold regions.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 76, 213, 229, 238, 413]
Quercus hirtifolia M.L.Vzquez, S.Valencia & Nixon
CR A4c
Mexico (HGO, PUE)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 7 (rarely 9) m. A Mexican
endemic cloud forest species but also present in oak forest and
conifer forest. This species is found forming small allopatric

populations scattered along the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [409, 413, 424]
Quercus insignis M.Martens & Galeotti
CR A4acd
Costa Rica
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. A typical cloud forest species forming
low-density populations, it seems to face regeneration
problems. Because of their large size the acorns are highly
appreciated as ornamental objects.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [279, 409, 413]
Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham.
NT
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce cloud forest species with
an extensive range in the country and Central America.
Synonym: Quercus leiophylla A.DC.
Refs: [273, 278, 279, 351, 413]
Quercus macdougallii Martnez
CR A3; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
A tree, very variable in size, the species may attain a height of
up to 30 m tall but it also occurs as a small-sized shrub capable
of reproduction. Known only from cloud forests and oak forests
of the Northern Oaxaca Range. It may form dense populations
but has an extremely restricted distribution.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [237, 409, 413]
Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull.
CR A4acd
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This species is a scarce cloud forest
specialist, which occasionally grows in oak forest and pine-oak
forest. Its low-density populations are threatened by extensive
deforestation over much of its range.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 180, 207, 236, 406, 410]
Quercus mullerii Martnez

EX
Mexico (OAX)
A narrowly endemic cloud forest species, this taxon is only
known from the original collections of 1949, 1952, and 1953,
from a few localities in Oaxaca. It has not been collected or
observed since, despite efforts to search for it. Therefore, one
can reasonably assert that this species is extinct in the wild. We
are aware of recent unpublished reports of the presence of a
small population in a remote location where the species had
been collected a long time ago; this fact remains to be
confirmed.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Ref: [413]
Quercus nixoniana S.Valencia & Lozada-Prez
CR A4cd
Mexico (JAL, GRO, OAX)
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This is a rare cloud forest species
endemic to the Sierra Madre del Sur. Its habitat is severely
disturbed by several factors.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [207, 412, 413]
Quercus oocarpa Liebm.
CR A4c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL, GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama
Large tree, up to 25 m tall or more. A scarce, typically oldgrowth cloud forest species. In Mexico it generally occurs in very
humid regions. Some specimens of Quercus insignis M.Martens
& Galeotti from Chiapas have been confused with this species.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [230, 279, 363, 413]
Quercus paxtalensis C.H.Mull.
CR A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized tree. A Mexican endemic, this species is rare in
cloud forest. It also occurs in oak forest, conifer forest and high
elevation tropical dry forest. Local populations are usually small.
Frequently confused with Quercus sartori Liebm.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Ref: [413]
35
Quercus pinnativenulosa C.H.Mull.

CR A4c
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, VER)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a cloud forest
specialist, frequently found in riparian habitats. The taxon is
endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental where it is represented by
few and scattered populations.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [58, 413, 414]
Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. & Cham.
EN A4c
United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE,
OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m, but commonly much
shorter. This species is an occasional element of cloud forest, as
it normally grows in drier vegetation types such as oak forest
and pine-oak forest, although it also occurs in tropical evergreen
forest at lower elevations. Common name: lancn. This species
is heavily used as a source of firewood.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [137, 309, 413]
Quercus rubramenta Trel.
EN A3cd; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Large tree, up to 40 m tall, with a long, clean trunk. This canopydominant species grows in humid oak forests, cloud forest and
occasionally in pine-oak forest. This species has been collected
or observed in around 30 localities in Guerrero, and it is known
from a single locality in Oaxaca.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [96, 115, 411, 413]
Quercus rysophylla Weath.
EN A4c
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a
typical cloud forest component but it also occurs in oak forest.
It is never very abundant in the communities where it occurs.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [58, 137, 335, 413]
Quercus sapotifolia Liebm.
VU A3c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Tree, very variable in size, sometimes up to 30 m tall and trunk
up to 70 cm in diameter. A fairly abundant cloud forest species,
it also occurs in oak forest and tropical dry forest. Common
36
name: zapotillo. It is used for poles to build rustic houses and

fences, to make tool handles and as a source of firewood.
Refs: [213, 228, 238, 250, 279, 309, 363, 413]
Quercus sartorii Liebm.
EN A2c
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. A Mexican endemic cloud
forest species, it is also present in humid oak forest. The
geographical range of this species includes the Sierra Madre
Oriental and the Northern Oaxaca Range. Trees belonging to
this taxon have been often confused with Quercus paxtalensis
C.H.Mull. and Quercus xalapensis Bonpl.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 10, 11, 31, 58, 137, 213, 227, 229, 295, 300, 301,
413]
Quercus segoviensis Liebm.
VU A3c
Nicaragua
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall and trunk up to 40
cm in diameter. Occasionally present in cloud forest, this species
is more frequently a canopy tree of oak forest and pine-oak
forest. Its morphological characterisation is not yet well
established. Widely distributed in the states where it occurs, it
shows a good regeneration in open areas and in forest edges.
It has been confused with Quercus glabrescens Benth.
Common name: kantuln. Its hard timber is used for poles to
build rustic houses and fences, to make tool handles, and as a
source of firewood.
Refs: [180, 194, 279, 309, 413]
Quercus skinneri Benth.
CR A2c
Honduras
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce species
usually present in old-growth cloud forests, it also occurs in
other humid forests types of southern Mexico. The low
abundance and size of the acorns suggest regeneration
problems. Common names: chicharro, cololt, roble, tzajalchit.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [225, 238, 279, 332, 413]
Quercus trinitatis Trel.

EN A2c
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Medium-sized or large tree, 1530 m tall and trunk up to 80 cm
in diameter. A moderately abundant cloud forest species, this
tree is also present in oak forest, pine-oak forest and conifer
forest. In Mexico its range includes the Sierra Madre Oriental
and other mountainous areas of southern regions in the country.
This species is often confused with Quercus laurina Bonpl., a
species restricted to more humid and cooler sites. Common
name: chiquinib. Used for poles to build rustic houses and
fences, to make tool handles, and as a source of firewood.
Refs: [4, 309, 409]
Quercus uxoris McVaugh
CR A2c
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This Mexican endemic oak is a
scarce tree species typically present in cloud forest but also
occurring in oak forest, conifer forest, and occasionally in tropical
dry forest. Mostly restricted to very humid sites such as ravines.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 115, 180, 236, 238, 277, 278, 332, 351,
356, 357, 413]
Quercus vicentensis Trel.
VU A2c
Mexico (JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species has a marginal presence
in cloud forest as it prefers considerably drier sites. Most Mexican
specimens have been collected in Chiapas. This species appears
to be closely related to Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull., and future
taxonomic work is likely to reveal that this name is a synonym.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [273, 279, 356, 413]
Quercus xalapensis Bonpl.
CR A2c
Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, PUE)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. A rare cloud forest species with a
very restricted distribution along the Sierra Madre Oriental. It can
be confused with Quercus sartorii Liebm. and Quercus
paxtalensis C.H.Mull. Numerous specimens collected in Central
America have been erroneously identified as Q. xalapensis but
in fact they may belong to Q. paxtalensis. Common names:
barrilillo, encinar capulincillo, roble de duelas.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 79, 126, 209, 227, 277, 279, 300, 301, 316, 332,
356, 357, 409, 413, 429]
GARRYACEAE
Garrya laurifolia Hartw. ex Benth.
VU A4c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub, small or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m and trunk up to
15 cm in diameter. This species typically occurs at high
elevations and is a frequently found cloud forest species. It is
also a frequent component of fir (Abies) forest, pine-oak forest
and paramo vegetation. Chiapas populations are considered to
be a different subspecies, namely Garrya laurifolia Hartw. ex
Benth. subsp. quichensis (Donn.Sm.) Dahling. This highelevation taxon is potentially susceptible to the effects of climate
change. Synonyms: Fadyenia laurifolia (Hartw. ex Benth.) Endl.,
Garrya macrophylla Benth., G. oblonga Benth., G. racemosa
Ramrez. Common names: ajruch, azul, bital ikal,
chichicuhuitl, cuachichic, cuanchichi, guachichi ovitano,
hediondillo, ijkal winik, ovitano, palo azul, palo de hueso, palo
negro, quauchichic, tzalos te, zapotillo. Some medicinal uses
have been reported for the leaves and bark (which contains at
least four alkaloids) in treating diarrhoea.
Refs: [2, 50, 58, 76, 79, 105, 124, 135, 137, 144, 162, 225,
267, 279, 302, 309, 356]
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Matudaea trinervia Lundell
VU A3c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia
Tree up to 35 m tall and trunk more than 1.5 m in diameter. This
is a widely distributed species. A typical cloud forest element,
this taxon also thrives in pine forest, pine-oak forest and tropical
rainforest, often with a clear preference for moist and shaded
ravines. Synonym: M. hirsuta Lundell. Based on pubescence of
petioles and branches, Gonzlez-Villarreal et al. [150] divided
this species into two sympatric subspecies: var. hirsuta (Lundell)
L.M.Gonzlez & N.Jimnez, endemic to Jalisco and Mexico, and
var. trinervia, found throughout the geographic range of the
species. Common names: ajocoahuitl, cuencudo, guayabillo,
montn, naranjillo, palo blanco, palo de barranco, quebracho.
Assessors: ILV, JAM, GIM
Refs: [79, 150, 225, 277, 279, 356, 363, 429, 444]
37
ICACINACEAE
Calatola costaricensis Standl.
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Small to medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 24 m tall. In Mexico
this species occurs in cloud forest but more frequently in tropical
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest at lower elevations.
Common name: nuez.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [173, 357, 432]
Calatola laevigata Standl.
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize
Medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 25 m tall but usually smaller,
and trunk up to 30 cm. This species is very scarce in cloud
forest (it is known from about 10 localities). Conversely, it is more
frequently found in tropical rainforest and tropical evergreen
forest of lower elevations. Common names: aguacate de
mono, azulillo, bon, calate, calatola, calatolazno, duraznillo,
onmanchint, palo de tinta, nuez de calatola. The fruit is edible
but only when roasted. The wood is used for construction in
rural areas but it has a short durability.
Refs: [79, 157, 173, 225, 267, 277, 279, 285, 351, 432]
Calatola mollis Standl.
EN A4c
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized dioecious tree, up to 20 m tall. Although cloud
forest is the preferred habitat of this species, it is also present in
some adjacent moist forests at lower elevations such as tropical
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest. Overall, it is scarce
where it occurs. Specimens of this species have been
misidentified as Calatola costaricensis. Common names:
calatola, calatolazno, colas de rata, duraznillo, durazno de
mono, jicarilla, mata caballo, nuez de calatola, nuez montaa,
palo de tinta, zapote de mono. The fruit is used sometimes as
medicine.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [157, 225, 432]
Oecopetalum greenmanii Standl. & Steyerm.
EN A4c
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. A cloud forest
species, it is also present in tropical humid forests of the
lowlands. In Mexico it is known only from southern localities.
38
Common names: cacat de mayo, tojancuquica.

Assessor: JAM
Refs: [225, 279]
Oecopetalum mexicanum Greenm. & C.H.Thomps.
CR A4c
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is
marginal to cloud forest as it occurs more frequently near the
lower limit of this vegetation type, in its ecotone with typical
lowland vegetation, such as tropical rainforest, tropical
evergreen forest and tropical semi-evergeen forest. In spite of its
relatively restricted geographical range, this tree is more or less
abundant in the communities where it occurs. Synonym:
Oecopetalum guatemalense R.A.Howard. Common names:
cacat, cacat de septiembre, cachichn, jamacuquiaca. Fruit
is eaten occasionally (roasted).
Refs: [157, 225, 279]
ILLICIACEAE
Illicium mexicanum A.C.Sm.
VU A3c
Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE)
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this
species has been treated as a synonym of Illicium floridanum
J.Ellis; however, there is strong morphological and genetic
evidence suggesting that both are good species, and that they
should be therefore treated separately.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [61]
JUGLANDACEAE
Alfaroa costaricensis Standl. subsp. septentrionalis
D.E.Stone
VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
Large tree, up to 27 m tall. This subspecific taxon is restricted
to cloud forest in very humid mountainous regions of southern
Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala, where it tends to be
scarce. This taxon may be particularly vulnerable to climatic
change, if conditions are to become drier than present ones.
Common name: chichiscua.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [207, 253, 391]
Alfaroa mexicana D.E.Stone

VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica
Very large deciduous tree, up to 50 m tall. This species is a cloud
forest specialist. Notwithstanding its relatively large geographical
range, trees of this species only occur in scattered locations and
always at very low densities. Common names: cash, cedrillo,
palo de cedrillo.
Refs: [253, 267]
Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch var. mexicana (Engelm. ex Hemsl.)
Manning
NT
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon is relatively
abundant in pine forest and pine-oak forest but its occurrence
in cloud forest is occasional. Synonyms: Carya mexicana
Engelm. ex Hemsl., Juglans ovata Mill. Common name: nogal
cimarrn. The wood is used for making tools.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [11, 31, 58, 137, 213, 229, 253, 286, 295, 300, 301]
Carya palmeri Manning
NT
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, VER)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall with a trunk up to 30
cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic species occurs in cloud
forest in Veracruz but it is more frequently found in pine forest
and pine-oak forest elsewhere. Common names: coamecate,
con. The bark is used to make rope.
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [4, 58, 229, 253, 286, 295]
Juglans mollis Engelm.
NT
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, MEX,
MOR, PUE)
Medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. This Mexican endemic
species occurs in cloud forest as well as in humid pine forest
and oak forest. Common names: denza, g fani, nogal, nogal
encarcelado, nuez de caballo, nuez meca. The wood is used for
construction and for making fine furniture, handicrafts, and
turned wood articles. There are records of this species being a
medicinal plant.
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [4, 58, 137, 229, 267, 286, 300, 301]
Juglans olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams

VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, COL), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to over 100 cm in
diameter. This is a typical cloud forest species, although it also
occurs in drier forest types. Synonym: Juglans guatemalensis
Manning. Common names: nogal, cedro nogal. The wood is
used for decoration as wooden surfacing, the bark is sometimes
used in folk medicine.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [79, 253]
Juglans pyriformis Liebm.
EN A2d; B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (TAM, VER, HGO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 90
cm in diameter. A rare species, this Mexican endemic taxon is
almost completely restricted to cloud forest, but it has also been
found growing on very steep slopes and cliffs in areas of pineoak forest, pine forest and in riparian habitats. In Mexico it has
been reported from a few localities scattered across a large area.
Common names: cedro nogal, nogal, nogal cimarrn. The
timber of this tree is of very high quality and and highly valued
for making furniture and musical instruments. This has led to
overexploitation and, at least in some places, this tree has
become extremely scarce.
Refs: [76, 209, 253, 267, 445]
Oreomunnea mexicana (Standl.) Leroy subsp. mexicana
EN A2d; B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (OAX, VER), Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Very large tree, up to 40 m tall or more, with massive trunks
reaching more than 100 cm in diameter. A cloud forest species
with a very restricted distribution in very humid regions. The
presence of this tree in Chiapas has been long suspected and
even reported but so far it has not been proven. In some areas
this tree is the absolute dominant in the forest canopy and it
even forms monospecific stands. This taxon is considered to be
at great risk due to potential climate change to drier conditions.
Very few individuals remain in Veracruz where its range has been
largely cleared for agriculture. Conversely, in Oaxaca, extensive
communities dominated by this species still remain, particularly
in inaccessible areas. Synonyms: Engelhardtia mexicana
Standl., E. nicaraguensis Ant.Molina. Common names:
nicoxcuauhitl, palo de zopilote, zopilote. The timber is very hard
and highly valued for making baseball bats and fine furniture.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [225, 253, 267, 279, 347, 431, 445]
39
LACISTEMACEAE
Lacistema aggregatum (P.J.Bergius) Rusby
NT
Mexico (SIN, TAM, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Jamaica,
Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 11 m tall. Mostly growing near
the lower elevational limit of cloud forests, this species also
occurs in other vegetation types (mainly tropical rain forest but
also savanna and riparian habitats). Always scarce and typically
a primary forest component. Synonyms: Lacistema myricoides
Sw., Piper aggregatum P.J.Bergius.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [263, 279]
LAURACEAE
Beilschmiedia angustielliptica Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. The distribution of this Mexican
endemic species is restricted to cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 207, 269]
Beilschmiedia manantlanensis Cuevas & Cochrane
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL)
A large tree, 2030 m tall. This species has so far been recorded
only in cloud forest, in the Sierra de Manantln region, where it
mostly grows in humid ravines. Although the species is not
abundant, it has been reported to have a good recruitment rate
of young individuals.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [78, 269, 351]
Beilschmiedia mexicana (Mez) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Small to medium-sized tree, 410 (20?) m tall. In addition to
cloud forest, this species is also frequently found in tropical
semi-evergreen forest and oak forest, rarely in pine forest.
Endemic to eastern Mexico (specimens ascribed to this taxon
from Guerrero, Chiapas and Belize might be a different species).
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 198, 269, 295]
40
Beilschmiedia ovalioides Sa.Nishida

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Tree, up to 35 m tall. This is a narrowly Mexican endemic taxon
that is restricted to cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 269]
Beilschmiedia ovalis (S.F.Blake) C.K.Allen
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Tree, up to 30 m tall. This typical cloud forest species may also
be found in oak forest, at least in Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 431]
Cinnamomum areolatum (Lundell) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), El Salvador (?)
Small tree, 310 m tall. This species is frequently found in cloud
forest but it also occurs in pine and oak forest. Synonym:
Phoebe areolata Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Cinnamomum bractefoliaceum Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO)
Small tree, 46 (10) m tall. This taxon is rare in cloud forest as it
normally grows in oak and pine forest. Endemic to Mexico,
particularly to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 197]
Cinnamomum breedlovei (Lundell) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. This species is endemic to southern
Mexico and ecologically restricted to cloud forest. Synonym:
Phoebe breedlovei Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Cinnamomum concinnum Lorea-Hern.

CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Small tree, 35 m tall. Apparently a very local endemic, this
species is a very narrow cloud forest specialist. Although
unconfirmed, this taxon may now be extinct, as the only locality
known in Oaxaca suffered a very severe fire in 1998. Specimens
ascribed to this taxon from Guerrero might be a different
species. Synonym: Phoebe elegans van der Werff.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Cinnamomum effusum (Meisn.) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A fairly abundant cloud forest
element, this species also occurs in pine-oak forest. Endemic to
the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. Synonyms:
Phoebe effusa Meisn., P. barbeyana Mez, Cinnanomum
barbeyanum (Mez) Kosterm. Common names: aguacatillo,
aguacatillo blanco, aretillo colorado, laurelillo, palo de quesca,
sagkukata.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 126, 198, 295]
Cinnamomum pachypodum (Nees) Kosterm.
NT
Mexico (SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX)
Small or medium-sized tree, 610 (15) m tall. In addition to cloud
forest, this taxon is found in several vegetation types, such as
pine-oak forest, oak forest, and even (according to herbarium
data) tropical dry forest. This species is endemic to eastern and
central Mexico. Synonyms: Cinnamomum arsenei (C.K.Allen)
Kosterm., C. ehrenbergii (Mez) Kosterm., Phoebe arsenei
C.K.Allen, P. benthamiana (Nees) Mez, P. ehrenbergii Mez, P.
pachypoda (Nees) Mez.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 76, 79, 198, 348, 351, 356, 357]
Cinnamomum padiforme (Standl. & Steyerm.) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Small to medium-sized tree, 615 (25) m tall. This cloud forest
species also occurs in pine forest and oak forest. Further studies
may prove that the populations in western Mexico are in fact a
different species from those in Central America. Synonym:
Phoebe padiformis Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 209]
Cinnamomum salicifolium (Nees) Kosterm.

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, HGO)
A shrub, 13 m, or small tree, 36 m tall. Mainly found in oak
forest and oak-juniper forest, this species is rare in cloud forest.
Synonym: Phoebe salicifolia Nees.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 418]
Cinnamomum zapatae Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs
in cloud forest and pine-oak forest. Common name: canelillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [115, 197, 198, 363, 431]
Licaria campechiana (Standl.) Kosterm.
VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, VER, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize
Small to large tree, 410 (25) m. A very rare tree in cloud forest, this
species mostly grows in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
rain forest. In fact, the occurrence of this taxon in cloud forest is
confirmed by just three records from Quertaro. However, the
specimens bear only fruit so may belong to another species as
their identity cannot be fully ascertained. Synonyms: Ocotea
campechiana Standl., Misanteca campechiana (Standl.) Lundell.
Elevational range: 100260 (1,100) m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 198, 418]
Licaria capitata (Schltdl. & Cham.) Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras
Small to medium-sized tree, 510 (20) m tall. Marginal in cloud
forest, this species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical rainforest but it is also found in pine and oak
forest at lower elevations. Synonyms: Acrodiclidium capitatum
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Lundell, Misanteca capitata Schltdl. & Cham.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Licaria chinanteca Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Small tree, 612 m tall. This cloud forest specialist is endemic to
a small region in the Sierra Madre del Sur in Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
41
Licaria excelsa Kosterm.

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Panama
Large tree, up to 30 m. A frequently found cloud forest element, it
is also present in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest. Synonyms: Licaria alata Miranda, Misanteca alata (Miranda)
Miranda, M. excelsa (Kosterm.) Lundell. Common name: canelillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 333, 363]
Licaria glaberrima (Lundell) C.K.Allen
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small or medium-sized tree, 715 m tall. This species is nearly
a cloud forest specialist but it has also been found (rarely) in
pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico. Synonym: Acrodiclidium
glaberrimum Lundell. Common name: canelillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 363]
Licaria mexicana (Brandegee) Kosterm.
EX
Mexico (VER)
Small tree. According to data of associated species, this taxon
probably grew in cloud forest, or at the contact with tropical
semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to Mexico but as it has not been
collected for over 80 years it is reasonable to consider it extinct.
Synonym: Acrodiclidium mexicanum Brandegee.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Licaria phymatosa Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
Medium-sized to large tree, 1520 (35) m tall. This species is a
restricted element of the cloud forest flora. Endemic to Mexico,
where it is only known from the Sierra Madre del Sur.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
Licaria siphonantha Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
Medium-sized tree, 1015 (20) m tall. This cloud forest species
also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic to
Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
42
Litsea glaucescens Kunth

VU A2
Mexico (TAM, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX), Guatemala
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this species
is also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Germination in
nurseries is 3060% but the seeds must be washed with
lukewarm water and the pulp removed before being sown in an
organically-enriched bed at 1 cm deep. Fruit should be collected
from the branches. Synonyms: Litsea acuminatissima Lundell,
L. cervantesii Kunth. Common names: ecapatli, laurel, laurel
de olor, tzis-uch, tzajaltziltzil zujch. Used as a source of firewood
and the dried leaves are commonly used and sold as a
condiment. Some medicinal uses are reported.
Assessors: FLH, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 76, 96, 115, 180, 209, 229, 277, 309, 429]
Litsea guatemalensis Mez
NT
Mexico (DGO, ZAC, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica
Small to medium-sized tree, 26 (15) m tall. An infrequent
element of the cloud forest flora, this species mostly occurs in
more seasonal vegetation types such as pine-oak forest and
oak forest. Synonyms: Litsea flavescens Bartlett, L. matudae
Lundell. Common names: laurel, laurel de olor.
Assessor: FLH
Mocinnodaphne cinnamomoidea Lorea-Hern.
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX[?])
Small tree, 310 m tall. A taxon restricted to cloud forest. This
species is the only representative of a monotypic genus endemic
to Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 201, 207]
Nectandra cuspidata Nees
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
Medium-sized to large tree, 15 30 m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
this species is mostly found in tropical rainforest and tropical
semi-evergreen forest. Synonym: Nectandra gentlei Lundell.
Common names: laurel, aguacatillo.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [331]
Nectandra lundellii C.K.Allen

VU A2c
Mexico (JAL[?], VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. Infrequent in tropical semievergreen forest and tropical rainforest, this species has so far
not been recorded in cloud forest along the Sierra Madre
Oriental in the Gulf of Mexico slope. The only existing record of
the species in cloud forest comes from a single locality at the
Sierra de Manantln in Jalisco (western Mexico). However, the
identity of that record is in doubt as the specimen only has fruits
and lacks flowers. Synonyms: Persea gentlei Lundell, Phoebe
gentlei (Lundell) Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [331, 356]
Nectandra reticulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez
NT
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Tree very variable in size, 615 (30?) m tall. With a marginal
presence in cloud forest, this species mostly occurs in tropical
rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and oak forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [331]
Nectandra rudis C.K.Allen
EN B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized to large tree, 1520 (30) m tall. Cloud forest is
largely the preferred habitat of this species. Common name:
aguacatillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [331, 363]
Nectandra salicifolia (Kunth) Nees
NT
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL,
MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua
Small to medium-sized tree, 310 (20) m tall. Frequently found
in cloud forests of southern Mexico, this species also occurs in
tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, oak forest and
pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Nectandra loeseneri Mez, Ocotea
salicifolia Kunth, Persea salicifolia (Kunth) Spreng. Common
names: aguacatillo, laurel, laurelillo, puchitum.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 76, 137, 277, 331]
Nectandra salicina C.K.Allen

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Costa Rica, Panama
Small to medium-sized tree, 510 (18) m tall. This species is known
to occur in cloud forest in Chiapas but in Central America it is also
found in other vegetation types. Common name: aguacatillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [331, 363]
Ocotea acuminatissima (Lundell) Rohwer
VU B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, 510 (20) m tall. Mostly occurring in cloud
forest, this species is also found in pine-oak forest. Several
collections from areas located north of Guerrero (i.e. JAL, NAY)
may prove to be the same species. Synonyms: Phoebe
acuminatissima Lundell, P. saxchanalensis Lundell, P.
siltepecana Lundell. Common name: canelillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 363]
Ocotea atacta Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Medium-sized to large tree, 1525 (35) m tall. This is a typical
cloud forest species but it also occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest. Endemic to southern Mexico with a distribution restricted
to the Sierra Madre del Sur.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [199]
Ocotea botrantha Rohwer
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Small to medium-sized tree, 815 (20) m tall. Mostly occurring
in cloud forest, this species has been also recorded from tropical
semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest.
Synonym: Persea matudai Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 228]
Ocotea bourgeauviana (Mez) van der Werff
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
Small tree, 48 (15) m tall, or shrub (2 m). This cloud forest
species also occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semievergreen forest. Synonyms: Phoebe bourgeauviana Mez, P.
chinantecorum R.E.Schult.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
43
Ocotea candidovillosa Lorea-Hern.

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, (4) 1020 m tall. This species has
a very narrow distribution in high elevation cloud forest. Endemic
to southern Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [96, 115, 198]
Ocotea chiapensis (Lundell) Standl. & Steyerm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. In Mexico this
species is a cloud forest specialist. Synonym: Nectandra
chiapensis Lundell. Common name: tepeaguacate.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [96, 198, 228, 363]
Ocotea disjuncta Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, (6) 1520 m tall. This species is
endemic to Mexico where it is narrowly restricted to cloud forest.
Common name: vara negra.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [126, 198]
Ocotea effusa (Meisn.) Hemsl.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize
Small to medium-sized tree, 520 m tall. This cloud forest
species also occurs in tropical rainforest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [126, 198, 416, 431]
Ocotea helicterifolia (Meisn.) Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Small tree, 38 (15) m tall, or shrub, 24 m. This species is not
a cloud forest specialist as it also occurs in pine forest, oak
forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Phoebe
helicterifolia (Meisn.) Mez, P. nectandroides Mez.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 295, 333, 416, 431]
44
Ocotea iridescens Lorea-Hern. & van der Werff

CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS[?])
Small tree, 35 (8) m tall. This taxon is endemic to southern
Mexico and is narrowly restricted to cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Ocotea klotzschiana (Nees) Hemsl.
EN B1ab(iii)
Tree, 510 (15) m tall, or a shrub, 24 m. This cloud forest
species is also found in pine-oak forest. Endemic to Mexico
where it is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [4, 58, 198, 229]
Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness.
NT
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized dioecious tree, 615 m tall. In addition
to cloud forest, this taxon is also known from tropical rainforest
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. In spite of the large
geographical range of this species, it is usually not abundant
locally. Synonym: Ocotea lenticellata Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
Ocotea matudae Lundell
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, 46 m. A strictly cloud forest specialist, this taxon is
endemic to southern Mexico where its habitat is severely
threatened.
Elevational range: 1,3002,000 (2,700?) m
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
Ocotea parvula (Lundell) van der Werff
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX[?], CHS)
Treelet, 36 m tall. Restricted to cloud forest, this species is
endemic to southern Mexico where its habitat is severely
threatened. Synonym: Phoebe parvula Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
Ocotea platyphylla (Lundell) Rohwer

EN B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is restricted to
cloud forest, at least in Mexico, where its habitat is severely
threatened. Synonyms: Nectandra platyphylla (Lundell)
C.K.Allen, Phoebe platyphylla Lundell. Common name:
aguacatillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 363, 416]
Ocotea psychotrioides Kunth
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE)
Small tree, 36 (8) m, or shrub, 13 m. This Mexican endemic
species mostly occurs in cloud forest but it is also found in oak
forest. Specimens from Hidalgo and Quertaro collected in
cloud forest might be a different species. Synonym: Phoebe
psychotrioides (Kunth) Mez.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 126, 198]
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
Dioecious tree, 415 (25) m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this
species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest. A
species of wide distribution but not locally abundant. Synonym:
Ocotea pyramidata S.F.Blake.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
Ocotea salvinii Mez
EN B2ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, 1220 m tall. This is a typical species of high
elevation cloud forest, although is also occurs in pine-oak forest
of those elevations. Its habitat is severely threatened by landuse change. Synonym: Phoebe salvinii (Mez) Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 416]
Ocotea sarcodes Lorea-Hern.

EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Medium-sized tree, 1520 m tall. This taxon is narrowly endemic
to southern Mexico where it grows in cloud forest and oak
forest. Its habitat is severely threatened.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
Ocotea sauroderma Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Small or medium-sized tree, 1525 m tall. This species is only
known from the hyper-humid Northern Oaxaca mountain range.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Ocotea sinuata (Mez) Rohwer
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. This species is rare in cloud
forest and mostly occurs in oak forest, tropical rainforest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonym: Nectandra sinuata
Mez. Common names: aguacatillo, tepeaguacate.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Ocotea standleyi C.K.Allen
EN B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized to large tree, 1025 m tall. At least in Mexico, this
taxon is a cloud forest specialist. Its habitat is severely
threatened by land-use change. Synonym: Phoebe macrophylla
Standl. & Steyerm.
Elevational range: (800)1,5002,100 m
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Ocotea subalata Lundell
EX
Mexico (CHS)
The information available for this species, a narrowly endemic
taxon from southern Mexico, clearly indicates that it was
restricted to cloud forest. The species is only known from two
collections that come from a region that has been heavily
deforested. Thereafter, it has not been collected for the last 60
years, hence it is presumably extinct.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
45
Ocotea tonii (Lundell) van der Werff

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS)
Small tree, 410 m tall. This is an occasional element in the
cloud forest flora as it mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical rainforest. The taxon is endemic to Mexico
where it is geographically restricted to the southern portions of
the country. This is a rare species that is represented by few
collections in herbaria. In Chiapas at least its habitat is severely
threatened. Synonym: Nectandra tonii Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 207]
Ocotea truncata Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 312 m tall. In Mexico this taxon is clearly a cloud
forest specialist. Its habitat is severely threatened.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Ocotea zoque Lorea-Hern.
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon is narrowly
endemic to Mexico and is restricted to cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
Persea albida Kosterm.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica
Medium-sized to large tree, 1220 (30) m tall. The available
information indicates that this taxon is restricted to cloud forest,
at least in Mexico. In Chiapas its habitat is severely threatened.
Synonym: Persea guatemalensis Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Persea americana Mill.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Medium-sized to large tree, 1020 (rarely to more than 30) m tall.
A widely cultivated species, its wild populations normally occur in
cloud forest, in humid pine-oak forest and oak forest, as well as in
tropical semi-evergreen forest and (apparently) in tropical rainforest.
This species is cultivated throughout tropical America, where
different cultivars have been developed over centuries, yet most
of the habitat of the very scattered wild populations is severely
threatened. In addition to Guatemala, wild populations may occur
46
elsewhere in Central America. The fruit can be collected under the

tree shortly after it falls and seedlings can be readily produced in
nurseries. The seeds should be washed and then allowed to dry
for 1224 hours. Germination is high (7095%) if the seeds are
sown to half of their length (35 cm deep) in humid and organicallyrich soil, which is exposed to intermediate light. Seeds must be
germinated shortly after being cleaned as they cannot be stored.
Synonyms: Persea drymifolia Cham. & Schltdl., P. floccosa Mez.
Common names: aguacate, aguacate oloroso, aguacatillo, on,
tsits-mut. The wood is white and soft and is occasionally used to
make poles and boards for building, and less frequently as a
source of firewood or to produce charcoal. The role of improved
cultivars in both Mexican and international cuisine is worldrenowned but the fruits from wild populations are rarely eaten.
Elevational range: 1,3002,500 m (of wild populations)
Assessors: FLH, MGE
Refs: [4, 43, 115, 124, 126, 135, 198, 207, 228, 238, 305,
309, 312, 335, 417, 431, 445]
Persea chamissonis Mez
VU A2c
A shrub or more frequently a tree, 515 m tall. This is a rare
element of the cloud forest flora as it frequently grows in oak
forest and pine-oak forest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [4, 198]
Persea chrysantha Lorea-Hern.
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO)
Small tree, 718 m tall. This little known Mexican endemic
species is restricted to cloud forest. The taxon is known only
through two collections from the same locality.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [199]
Persea donnell-smithii Mez
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica
Small to medium-sized tree, 615 (20) m tall. This species
occurs mostly in oak forest or pine forest and infrequently in
cloud forest. Germination is high (8090%) if the seeds are sown
at 23 cm deep in a humid and organically-rich soil bed exposed
to intermediate illumination. Seeds must be germinated shortly
after being cleaned as they cannot be stored. Common name:
aguacatillo. The fruit is edible, though on a small scale. It is used
as a shade tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
Assessors: FLH, MGE
Refs: [198, 309, 417]
Persea liebmannii Mez

NT
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL, QRO, VER, PUE,
Small to medium-sized tree, 315 m tall. This species grows
frequently in cloud forest but can also be found in oak forest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest. The
concept of P. liebmannii used here includes P. podadenia
S.F.Blake, both the typical variety and P. podadenia var.
glabriramea I.M.Johnst.; further studies may prove that these
taxa are indeed distinct species, which would result in a range
reduction of P. liebmannii to Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala,
Should this be the case, the IUCN category of this taxon would
have to be changed to EN as its habitat there is severely
threatened. Synonym: Persea flavifolia Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [31, 58, 137, 198, 295, 417]
Persea longipes (Schltdl.) Meisn.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS)
Medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. In addition to cloud forest, this
species also occurs in oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest. Endemic to Mexico. Its habitat is severely threatened.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Persea obscura Lorea-Hern.
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX)
Medium-sized tree, 1220 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist and narrowly endemic to Mexico where it is
known only from Oaxaca state.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 199]
Persea pallescens (Mez) Lorea-Hern.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX), Guatemala
Small to medium-sized tree, 48 (15) m tall. At least in Mexico,
this species is restricted to cloud forest. In most of its distribution
its habitat is severely threatened. Synonyms: Persea parvifolia
L.O.Williams, Phoebe pallescens Mez.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 200]
Persea rufescens Lundell

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Small to medium-sized tree, 618 m tall. This species is endemic
to southern Mexico and a strict cloud forest specialist. At least
in Chiapas, its habitat is severely threatened.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [198, 417, 431]
Persea schiedeana Nees
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Small to medium-sized tree, 415 (25) m tall. This typical cloud
forest species also occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical semievergreen forest. Cultivated for its edible fruits in places outside
of its native range. Germination is relatively high (80%) if the
seeds are sown at 23 cm deep in a humid and organically-rich
soil bed exposed to intermediate illumination; seeds must be
germinated shortly after being cleaned as they cannot be stored.
Common names: aguacatillo, chinn, chinine, chinni, pagua,
ziwtez.
Assessors: FLH, MGE
Refs: [198, 305, 309, 417, 445]
MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia dealbata Zucc.
EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
A cloud forest species but also in pine-oak forest. It regenerates
in open areas and its regeneration has been studied in the wild.
Common names: eloschil, eloxchitl, gua-lachi, guie-zehe,
quije-zehe, yo-zaba.
Assessor: ILV
Refs: [58, 66, 353, 354, 426, 430, 438, 445]
Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jimnez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz
Durn
Mexico (GRO)
This Mexican endemic and recently described species is only
known from cloud forest in Guerrero. It was not listed in the Red
List of Magnolia by Cicuzza et al. [66].
Assessor: ILV
Ref: [179]
47
Magnolia iltisiana A.Vzquez

VU B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, GRO)
A large tree, up to 2040 (45) m tall and trunk up to 60150 cm
in diameter. Locally abundant in moist subdeciduous cloud
forest, mostly in ravines. Known from a few localities, mostly in
Jalisco with a disjunct population in Guerrero. It has several
mechanisms of seed dormancy; a successful treatment includes
removal of the seed pulp cover after maceration. The tree is
used as a source of firewood and the timber is valued for
furniture. Some uses in folk medicine are reported, thought to
strengthen the heart as a remedy for high blood pressure.
Common names: ahuatoso, laurel, magnolia, yoloxchitl.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 76, 278, 348351, 356, 357, 426, 428, 438]
Magnolia krusei J.Jimnez Ram.& Cruz Durn
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (GRO)
A cloud forest species mostly known from only one locality in
central Guerrero (also at the limit with the state of Oaxaca; J.
Jimnez Ramrez, pers. com.). All vouchers collected within an
area of 11 km radius. Used for timber and handicrafts.
Conservation measures may be complicated because of
cultivation of illegal crops in the vicinity of wild populations.
Assessor: ILV
Refs: [66, 181]
Magnolia mexicana DC.
VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO,
A large tree, up to 30 m tall and with trunk up to 100 cm in
diameter. A rare species not restricted to cloud forest but also
occurring in other old-growth forest formations at lower
elevations. Synonym: Talauma mexicana (DC.) G.Don.
Common names: anonillo, coct, flor de corazn, flor del
corazn, yo-lachi, gua-lacha-yati, quije-lechiyate, holmasht,
jolmasht, hualhua, laurel tulipn, tzocoijoy, tzucoijoy,
chocoijoyo, chocoijoy, yoloschil, yoloschitl, yoloxchitl. There
are reports of its use for flavouring chocolate and other food,
and on medicinal uses of bark to treat fever. Flowers are highly
valued as ornamental, for their scent and medicinally as an
antispasmodic. The high quality timber has industrial uses.
Elevational range: 150-2,000 m
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [114, 173, 241, 279, 426, 438]
48
Magnolia pacifica A.Vzquez subsp. pacifica

EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL)
Medium-sized tree, up to 1525 m tall and trunk up to 4080
cm in diameter. This species is found in cloud forest but also
occurs in pine-oak forest, tropical evergreen forest and tropical
semi-evergreen forest. Frequently on steep slopes and ravines.
It may be locally abundant. Only known from a few localities from
southern Nayarit (Acaponeta) to southwestern Jalisco (the San
Sebastin-Talpa de Allende-Cuale range). Common names:
corpus, magnolia.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 426]
Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A.Vzquez) A.Vzquez &
Carvajal
CR B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (ZAC, JAL)
Medium-sized tree, 1525 m tall and with a trunk up to 4080
cm in diameter. This species occurs in cloud forest but more
frequently in more seasonal formations at lower elevations; in
deep ravines with forested margins along permanent streams.
A species with a very restricted distribution. Synonym: Magnolia
pacifica A.Vzquez subsp. pugana Iltis & A.Vzquez. Common
names: almacasusco, magnolia, manolia.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 426, 429, 429a]
Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl.
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, OAX)
A species found in cloud forest in the eastern states of Mexico;
records from the Pacific region are incorrect identifications and
actually represent either Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jimnez Ram.,
K.Vega & Cruz Durn or Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durn &
K.Vega. Recent genetic analyses indicate a high variation and
degree of population differentiation in central Veracruz.
Common names: corpus, elo-xchitl, magnolia, palo de
cacique, quie-lachi, yaga-zaha, yoloschil.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 66, 76, 79, 126, 179, 265, 335, 426, 445]
Magnolia sharpii Miranda
EN B1ab(i,iii); C2a(i)
Mexico (CHS)
A large tree, up to 25 m tall and with a trunk more than 50 cm
in diameter. Found in cloud forest, moist oak forest and pine-oak
forest. Only known from a few localities in the central highlands
and northern mountains of Chiapas where severe deforestation
is still occurring. Published data on the area of potential forest
distribution with M. sharpii (Cicuzza et al. [66]) are highly
misleading; the area of occupancy is very likely to be far less

than this. Recent genetic analyses with isozymes indicate a large
variation within its populations and a low degree of genetic
differentiation between them. Other results suggest inbreeding
in its populations. This species regenerates well in moderately
open stands, and can be propagated from seed to allow
population restoration through the planting of seedlings and
saplings. Seed viability decreases after three months of storage.
Common names: magnolia, tajchac, tojch.
Assessors: ILV, NRM, MGE
Refs: [66, 124, 133136, 265, 302, 305, 306, 308, 309]
Magnolia tamaulipana A.Vzquez
EN B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM)
A cloud forest species known mostly from southern Tamaulipas.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 137, 426]
Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durn & K.Vega
EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)
Mexico (GRO)
A cloud forest species with a very restricted distribution in
Guerrero, near its boundary with Oaxaca. It resembles Magnolia
schiedeana Schltdl. but it differs in a number of macroscopic
characters.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Ref: [75]
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy
VU B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
A large tree not restricted to cloud forest but also occurs in
mixed forest at lower elevations.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [66, 426]
MALVACEAE
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat.
VU A2cd
A large tree, up to 30 m tall and 200 cm in diameter. Although
it is a typical cloud forest tree, this species is not restricted to this
vegetation type as it also occurs in oak and pine-oak forests.
Specimens have been reported from a number of other states
in central Mexico but they are most probably from cultivated
trees. Restoring populations with planted seedlings and saplings
seems possible. Seeds must be collected from slightly open
fruits on the distal parts of the branches of the tree. The seeds
may remain viable for up to seven months at 4C and less than

12% relative humidity. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds
placed on damp soil beds with a thin litter cover. Synonyms:
Cheirostemon platanoides Bonpl., Chiranthodendron
platanoides (Bonpl.) Baill. Common names: rbol de la manita,
rbol de las manitas, camxchitl, canaco, canague,
huiahuonahua, lechillo, li-ma-ne-shmu, macpalxochicuhuitl,
macpalxchitl, mano de dragn, mano de len, mapaschil,
mora, palo de mecate, palo liso, teyacua, teyeque. Flowers used
as a remedy for some heart diseases in folk medicine, bark used
as rope and leaves used to wrap food. A tree with religious
significance to pre-Columbian Aztec people. A drawing of the
flowering branch of this species has been the iconic symbol of
the Botanical Society of Mexico since the early 1940s.
Assessors: SAC, NRM, MGE, FLH, JAM
Refs: [96, 115, 134, 180, 238, 239, 241, 274, 279, 307309,
403, 438]
Hampea breedlovei Fryxell
CR A1b
Mexico (CHS)
A small dioecious tree species, up to 7 m tall. Found in cloud
forest, endemic to a small number of localities in the Northern
Mountains region of Chiapas.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [120]
Hampea integerrima Schltdl.
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB)
A small tree marginal to cloud forest that also occurs in forest
formations at lower elevations. Common names: jonote blanco,
jonote colorado, majagua, majagua de playa, tsutsocoshunuc,
tsutsucoshunuc.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [121, 209]
Hampea montebellensis Fryxell
EN A3c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Presumably dioecious tree, up to 20 m tall. Endemic to a small
region in Chiapas with montane rainforest and pine-oakLiquidambar forest.
Assessor: NRM
Ref: [120]
49
Mortoniodendron ruizii Miranda

CR B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree or large shrub. Known only from the cloud forest in
the Northern Mountains of Chiapas. Most of the areas where
the species has been recorded have now been severely
deforested (over 80% in recent decades). Synonym: M.
palaciosii Miranda, also from Chiapas and Veracruz; yet this is
unlikely because the latter occurs at considerably lower
elevations. This species appears to be ill-defined taxonomically.
Described in 1956 by Faustino Miranda, there are no other
records since this date in TROPICOS. To the best of current
knowledge it is a genuine species. Common name: cedrillo.
Assessors: NRM, MGE, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [29, 242, 314, 362]
Tilia americana L. var. mexicana (Schltdl.) Hardin
VU A4c
Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
A large tree, up to 25 m tall or higher. Not only found in cloud
forest but also in oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical dry forest
and tropical evergreen forest. Not very abundant locally but
widespread in Mexico. Synonyms: Tilia houghii Rose, T.
mexicana Schltdl., T. pringlei Rose. Common names: cirimo,
sirimo, tila, tilia, tirimo, tzirimo, tzirimu, yaca, yaco.
Assessors: ILV, JAM, SVA, MGE
Refs: [2, 4, 58, 76, 79, 115, 137, 166, 180, 229, 277, 300,
301, 348, 356, 357, 428, 429, 438]
MELASTOMATACEAE
Blakea purpusii Brandegee
CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Tree or shrub, epiphytic, 618 m tall. This cloud forest species
extends its presence down into tropical semi-evergreen forest and
tropical rainforest. This taxon has a highly restricted distribution on
the slopes of the Tacan volcano at the Mexico-Guatemala border.
Assessors: GIM, JAM, GCT, RDS
Refs: [8, 377, 383]
Conostegia arborea (Schltdl.) Steud.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (PUE, VER)
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A common species in
undisturbed forest. Mostly found in cloud forest but occasionally
in tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [8]
50
Conostegia volcanalis Standl. & Steyerm.

VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica(?)
Small to medium-sized tree, 320 m tall. Found in cloud forest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest. Specimens
from Costa Rica are taxonomically uncertain. Closely related to
Conostegia arborea (Schltdl.) Steud. Synonym: Conostegia
orbeliana Almeda. Common name: uva.
Refs: [8, 79, 96, 207, 209, 356, 357, 363, 377, 429, 444]
Graffenrieda galeottii (Naudin) L.O.Williams
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Small to medium-sized tree, 316 m tall. This cloud forest
species also occurs in tropical rainforest and is not uncommon
in disturbed vegetation. Synonym: Calyptrella cycliophylla
Donn.Sm.
Refs: [8, 383]
Meriania macrophylla (Benth.) Triana subsp. macrophylla
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela
Small to medium-sized tree, 621 m tall. A species restricted to
cloud forest. Synonym: Conostegia excelsa Pittier.
Ref: [8]
Miconia chinantlana (Naudin) Almeda
CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Shrub and probably small tree, 1.54 m tall. Found in cloud
forest and tropical rainforest. Although this taxon was first
described more than 150 years ago, in the TROPICOS digital
database only two specimens from Mexico are recorded.
Synonyms: Clidemia chinantlana (Naudin) Triana, Miconia
echinoidea Standl. & Steyerm., Staphidium chinantlanum
Naudin. This species is closely related to Miconia globulifera
Naudin.
Refs: [7, 8]
Miconia donaeana Naudin

NT
Mexico (GRO), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru
Small tree, 28 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest, frequently
in riparian habitats. With a notably disjunct distribution, this
species is rare in Mexico but more common in Central America.
Synonyms: Chitonia caudata D.Don non Miconia caudata
(Bonpl.) DC., M. leucantha Gleason.
Refs: [8, 86, 207]
Miconia elata (Sw.) DC.
NT
Mexico (VER, CHS), Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica
Small tree, 412 m tall. Only found in lower limits of cloud forest
in Mexico and Ecuador, otherwise the species is found in tropical
rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Often confused
with Miconia punctata (Desr.) D.Don ex DC.
Refs: [8, 377]
Miconia fulvostellata L.O.Williams
VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua
Shrub or small tree, 210 m tall. This species occurs both in
cloud forest and in tropical rainforest.
Refs: [8, 377]
Miconia hemenostigma Naudin
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Honduras
Shrub or small tree, 19 m tall. In addition to cloud forest this
species is also found in pine forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest.
Refs: [8, 86, 302, 383]
Miconia lonchophylla Naudin

VU A4c
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Honduras, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
Shrub or small tree, 16 m tall (up to 20 m in Venezuela).
Besides cloud forest this species also occurs in tropical
evergreen forest. Synonym: Miconia sylvicola Pittier.
Ref: [8]
Miconia matthaei Naudin
NT
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 315 m tall. Marginal in
cloud forest, mostly occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical
semi-evergreen forest.
Refs: [8, 383]
Miconia mexicana (Bonpl.) Naudin
VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, HGO, PUE, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest,
this species also occurs in pine forest, pine-oak forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Conostegia
mexicana (Bonpl.) Ser. ex DC., Melastoma mexicanum Bonpl.,
Miconia humilis Cogn., M. lauriformis Naudin, M. purpusii
Brandegee, M. tococoides Naudin, M. tunicata (Bonpl.) Naudin.
Refs: [8, 86, 126, 207, 229, 295, 383]
Miconia militis Wurdack
CR A4c
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 1.57 m tall. Although occurring in cloud
forest, this species is also found in oak forest, pine forest and
pine-oak forest.
Refs: [86, 96, 115]
Miconia heterothrix Gleason & Wurdack

CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (MIC, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. A typical but rare cloud forest
and pine forest species.
Ref: [86]
51
Miconia oligotricha (DC.) Naudin

NT
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX), Guatemala, Honduras,
Costa Rica
Shrub or small understorey tree, 24 m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest, this species also occurs in pine forest, pine-oak
forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Refs: [4, 126, 229, 236, 383]
Miconia teotepecensis de Santiago
CR A4c
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 15 m tall. Mostly a cloud forest species,
this taxon also occurs occasionally in pine-oak forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Refs: [87, 207]
Stanmarkia medialis (Standl. & Steyerm.) Almeda
CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Shrub or tree, up to 4 m tall. A cloud forest specialist. The
geographical distribution of this species is highly restricted to
the MexicoGuatemala border.
Ref: [8]
Topobea laevigata (D.Don.) Naudin
EN A4c;B2ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize
Epiphytic shrub or tree, 312 m tall. In addition to cloud forest
this species is also found in pine-oak forest and tropical
rainforest.
Ref: [8]
Topobea maurofernandeziana Cogn.
VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Epiphytic, hemi-epiphytic and sometimes rupicolous shrub or
small tree, 25 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest, also occurs
frequently in riparian habitats of other forest formations.
Synonyms: Blakea intercepta Gleason, Topobaea durandiana
Cogn. This species is closely related to Topobaea watsonii
Cogn.
Refs: [5, 8, 207]
52
MELIACEAE
Guarea glabra Vahl
NT
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
Dioecious medium-sized tree, 610 (25) m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical evergreen forest,
tropical dry forests and pine-oak forest, often in riparian habitats.
This is apparently the most variable species in the genus, and it
is closely related to G. guidonia (L.) Sleumer. Synonyms: Guarea
excelsa Kunth, G. filiformis C.DC., G. filiformis C.DC. var. pallida
C.DC., G. glabrescens (Hook. & Arn.) S.F.Blake, G. heterophylla
S.F.Blake, G. matudae Lundell, G. makrinii S.F.Blake, G.
obtusata S.F.Blake, G. palmeri Rose ex C.DC., G. polyantha
S.F.Blake, G. purpurea C.DC., G. rovirosae C.DC., G. virescens
C.DC. Common names: bejuco, bejuco de blanco, bejuco
colorado, bolero, cedrillo, chilillo, cagal, gaga, palo de bejuco,
remo, trompillo de arenal, trompillo blanco, trompillo de monte,
trompillo de playa, zapotillo. Used locally for timber.
Assessors: GIM, GCT, LSV, RPL
Refs: [79, 115, 172, 173, 180, 207, 236, 278, 280, 333, 351,
356, 357, 363]
MONIMIACEAE
Mollinedia pallida Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 48 (12) m tall. A typical but scarce cloud forest
species. Synonyms: Mollinedia flavida Lundell, M. pauciflora
Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [29]
Mollinedia viridiflora Tul.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Dioecious small tree, 310 m tall. A typical cloud forest species
also present in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
rainforest. Synonyms: Mollinedia mexicana Perkins, M.
nigrescens Tul., M. orizabae Perkins.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 431]
MORACEAE
Ficus apollinaris Dugand
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Costa
Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Medium-sized to large tree, (8) 1535 m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
this species mostly occurs in tropical rainforest and tropical
semi-evergreen forest, particularly in riparian habitats.
Synonym: Ficus petenensis Lundell. Common names: amate,
amate blanco, amate hoja menuda, amatillo, amatillo lechero,
jun, ojochn blanco. Tall individuals are maintained in pastures
as shade trees and their syconia serve as fodder for cattle.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [174, 175, 359]
Ficus colubrinae Standl.
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Epiphytic or strangler tree, 1030 m tall. Present in cloud forest,
oak forest and pine forest but more abundant in tropical
rainforest, particularly in riparian habitats. Common names:
amate capuln, matapalo, tzajal mutut. Used as fodder and
shade tree in pastures for cattle.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [174, 359, 401]
Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Miq.
EN B1ab(ii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Large tree, up to 40 m tall. Not frequent in cloud forest but more
common in tropical rainforest, particularly in riparian habitats.
Common names: amacuautl, amate, amate blanco, amate
caballo, amate de hoja ancha, higo, higo durazno, higuera,
huichilama.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [175, 359]
Ficus membranacea C.Wright
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, ZAC, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, OAX),
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Jamaica
Hemi-epiphytic or rupicolous tree, 1030 m tall. Marginal
species in cloud forest and temperate vegetation such as conifer
forest and oak forest, it is more typical of tropical dry forest,
particularly in riparian habitats. Common names: amate, amate
blanco, amate fruto rojo, higuera, matapalo, saiba, tescalama,
tezcalama, tiscalama, tlaligo, zalate.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [21, 101, 132, 292]
Ficus rzedowskiana Carvajal & Cuevas-Figueroa

EN B1ab(ii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Hemi-epiphytic or rupicolous tree, up to 40 m tall. This Mexican
endemic species is marginal in cloud forest and oak forest, and
it occurs more frequently in tropical rainforest and riparian
habitats. Common names: amate, amate capuln, chalamal,
higuera, higuern, injerto, matapalo, suja. The fruit is sometimes
eaten and occasionally people cut the branches as fodder for
cattle.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [59]
Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.
VU B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Dominican Republic
Dioecious medium-sized tree, 620 m tall. A rare species in
cloud forest and tropical rainforest. Common names: asta
amarilla, asta mara.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [17, 333, 389]
Trophis cuspidata Lundell
VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Dioecious tree, 312 tall. Present in cloud forest and oak forest,
particularly in riparian habitats. Related to Trophis mexicana
(Liebm.) Bureau. Common name: aretillo.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [17, 363]
Trophis noraminervae Cuevas & Carvajal
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL)
Dioecious tree, 612 m tall. Found in cloud forest and also
occurs in riparian habitats in other forest types in the Sierra de
Manantln Biosphere Reserve. This species is closely related
with Trophis cuspidata Lundell. Common name: ramoncillo.
The foliage is sometimes used as fodder.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [77, 79, 81, 278, 356]
53
MYRSINACEAE
Ardisia bracteosa A.DC.
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Jamaica
Small tree, 38 (12) m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is
more typical of tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
Ardisia densiflora Krug et Urb., A. esculenta Pav. ex A.DC., A.
gentlei Lundell, A. spicigera Donn.Sm., Icacorea spicigera
(Donn.Sm.) Standl., Tinus bracteosa (A.DC.) Kuntze.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Ardisia breedlovei Lundell
EN B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS)
Tree, 825 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and tropical
rainforest. Apparently endemic to Mexico.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [215]
Ardisia liebmannii Oerst.
VU A2c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS)
Rarely a small tree, 36 m tall, mostly a shrub. Not frequently
found in cloud forest, usually occurs in tropical semi-evergreen
forest, tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest. Two subspecies
are recognized: Ardisia liebmannii subsp. jalapensis (Lundell)
Ricketson & Pipoly, and A. liebmannii subsp. liebmannii, both
reaching the lower cloud forest on the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Synonyms: Amatlania crenipetala (Mez) Lundell, A. elliptica
Lundell, A. jalapensis (Lundell) Lundell, A. liebmannii (Oerst.)
Lundell, Ardisia crenipetala Mez, A. elliptifolia Lundell, A.
jalapensis Lundell, A. rekoi Lundell, Icacorea liebmannii (Oerst.)
Standl.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [320]
Ardisia mexicana Lundell subsp. siltepecana (Lundell)
Pipoly & Ricketson
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Occasionally found in cloud forest,
more common in tropical dry forest. Synonyms: Ardisia
siltepecana Lundell, Icacorea siltepecana (Lundell) Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [294, 363]
54
Ardisia nigrescens Oerst. subsp. nigrescens

VU A2c
Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Nicaragua
Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this is a frequent
taxon in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Synonyms:
Icacorea
nigrescens
(Oerst.)
Standl.,
Oerstedianthus nigrescens (Oerst.) Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [319]
Ardisia rarescens Standl.
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, up to 12 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest. This
species is the only representative of the subgenus Acrardisia
found in the Americas; the rest (c. 35 species) grow in the IndoMalayan region. Synonym: Amatlania rarescens (Standl.)
Lundell. Common name: cereza morada.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [293]
Ardisia revoluta Kunth
NT
Mexico (SON, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Shrub or small tree, 48 (rarely 12) m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
typically found in tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry
forest and pine-oak forest. Mostly occurs along streams.
Synonym: Icacorea revoluta (Kunth) Standl.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 207, 351]
Ardisia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm.
VU A2c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ardisia brevipes Lundell,
A. carlsonae Steyerm., A. trinitariae Lundell, A. tuxtepecana
Lundell, Oerstedianthus brevipes (Lundell) Lundell, O. carlsonae
(Steyerm.) Lundell, O. trinitariae (Lundell) Lundell, O. tuerckheimii
(Donn.Sm.) Lundell, O. tuxtepecanus (Lundell) Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [319]
Ardisia verapazensis Donn.Sm. var. verapazensis

VU A2c
Mexico (GRO, OAX, TAB[?], CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 515 (20) m tall. Mostly occurs in
cloud forest but also found in tropical semi-evergreen forest and
tropical rainforest. Besides the typical variety there is A.
verapazensis Donn.Sm. var. cucullata (Lundell) Pipoly &
Ricketson, which occurs only in central Chiapas within the
elevational range and habitat of the typical form. Synonyms:
Ardisia alba Lundell, A. eciliata (Lundell) Pipoly & Ricketson, A.
feniana Pipoly & Ricketson, Zunilia alba (Lundell) Lundell, Z.
eciliata Lundell, Z. purpusii Lundell, Z. verapazensis (Donn.Sm.)
Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [207, 293]
Ctenardisia purpusii (Brandegee) Lundell
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. Habitat not recorded by collectors but
it can safely assumed to be (from location data) a cloud forest
and tropical rainforest species. Known through very few
collections from central Chiapas, and not collected for the last
70 years. Synonyms: Ardisia ovandensis Lundell, Ardisia
purpusii Brandegee, Ctenardisia ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell,
Yunckeria ovandensis (Lundell) Lundell, Y. purpusii (Brandegee)
Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Gentlea micranthera (Donn.Sm.) Lundell
NT
Mexico (JAL, VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species occurs
in cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
Ardisia cuneifolia (Lundell) Lundell, A. mcvaughii Lundell, Gentlea
cuneifolia Lundell, G. mcvaughii (Lundell) Lundell, Parathesis
micranthera Donn.Sm.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [318]
Gentlea penduliflora (A.DC.) Pipoly & Ricketson
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS)
Small tree, 45 m tall. A rare species in cloud forest and pineoak forest. Endemic to Mexico. Synonym: Heberdenia
penduliflora (A.DC.) Mez
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [318]
Gentlea tacanensis (Lundell) Lundell

EN B2ab(iii)
Small tree, up to 5 m tall. Mostly occurs in cloud forest.
Synonym: Ardisia tacanensis Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [318, 363]
Myrsine juergensenii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly
NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama
Small tree, 310 m tall. A locally abundant cloud forest species,
it also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak forest. It regenerates
well in open habitats but seedlings are more frequent under
open canopy. Synonyms: Myrsine chiapensis Lundell, M. gillyi
Lundell, M. jaliscensis Lundell, M. mexicana (Lundell) Lundell,
Rapanea chiapensis (Lundell) Lundell, R. gillyi (Lundell) Lundell,
R. jaliscensis (Lundell) Lundell, R. juergensenii Mez, R. mexicana
Lundell. Common name: tilil.
Assessors: FLH, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [2, 22, 76, 79, 124, 133, 135, 180, 207, 228, 237, 238,
304, 309, 317, 348, 356, 357, 363, 431]
Parathesis chiapensis Fernald
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree, 36 m tall. Occurs in cloud forest and pine-oak
forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [228]
Parathesis cintalapana Lundell
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, up to 7 m tall. A taxon restricted to cloud forest. Only
known from the type collection, this appears to be a very rare
species.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Parathesis columnaris Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 37 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and
tropical rainforest. Synonym: Parathesis mirandae Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
55
Parathesis donnellsmithii Mez

NT
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 115 m tall. Present in
tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine forest, and pine-oak forest,
this species is marginal to cloud forest. Synonyms: Parathesis
brevipes Lundell, P. elliptica Lundell, P. oaxacana Lundell, P.
oblongifolia Lundell, P. oxyphylla Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Parathesis lanceolata Brandegee
EN B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small tree, 35 m tall. Found in cloud forest and tropical
semi-evergreen forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Parathesis leptopa Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Small tree, 69 m tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist.
Synonyms: Parathesis oroana Lundell, P. tonana Lundell,
P. violacea Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 302]
Parathesis melanosticta (Schltdl.) Hemsl.
VU A2c
Mexico (VER, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS)
Shrub or tree, 17 m tall. This species is found in cloud forest
but also occurs in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Parathesis matudae Lundell, P. violacea Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 126]
Parathesis pseudocalophylla Ricketson & Pipoly
CR B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. So far only known from the type
collection, growing in cloud forest. The fact that it has not been
collected in the last 30 years suggests that the species is rare
and that it has a highly restricted distribution.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
56
Parathesis subcoriacea Lundell

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, 37 m tall. This taxon is restricted to cloud forest.
The species is known from a few records, all from Chiapas.
Records from Guatemala and Honduras are misidentifications.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Parathesis subulata Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Shrub to small tree, 37 m tall. This species is found in highelevation cloud forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Parathesis lunata Lundell, P. nigropunctata Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [363]
Parathesis trichogyne Hemsl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Mostly found in
tropical rainforest. Synonym: Parathesis chrysophylla Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [321]
Parathesis villosa Lundell
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC)
A shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. This species occurs in pineoak forest and cloud forest. Records of the species from eastern
Mexico must be incorrect identifications.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 180, 209, 277, 278, 348, 429]
Synardisia venosa (Mast.) Lundell
NT
Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 415 m tall. This species occurs
mostly in cloud forest, marginal in tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Common name: chime.
Refs: [76, 79, 115, 135, 180, 228, 236, 348, 356, 357, 363,
429]
MYRTACEAE
Calyptranthes schiediana O.Berg
EN A2c
Mexico (VER)
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this
species is more typical of tropical dry forest and tropical semievergreen forest, occasional in oak forest. Endemic to Mexico.
Specimens cited from Nayarit and Oaxaca must belong to a
different species. Common names: guayabillo, petcoy.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [347, 355, 431]
Calyptranthes schlechtendaliana O.Berg
EN A2c
Mexico (VER)
Small tree, 26 m tall. Rare in cloud forest but common in
tropical dry forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Endemic
to Mexico. Specimens cited from Oaxaca must be a different
species. This species could just be a variety of Calyptranthes
schiediana. Common name: guayabillo.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [355]
Calyptranthes tenuipes McVaugh
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE)
Small tree, 35 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and
oak forest. Endemic to Mexico, known from very few collections.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [355]
Calyptranthes tonii Lundell
EN A2; B2ab(iii)
A medium-sized tree, up to 13 m high. A cloud forest species
known in Mexico from very few localities in the Central Highlands
of Chiapas, a region where cloud forests and other related
vegetation formations have been severely reduced by land-use
change. Also present in pine-oak and oak-fir forests. One
collection from Guatemala. Very similar to Calyptranthes mayana
Lundell from Central America.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [169]
Eugenia chiapensis Lundell

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala[?], Costa Rica
Small tree up to 4 m high. This species is found in cloud forest,
but also in other forest types at lower elevations. One population
under protection in the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas;
other populations in non-protected areas may face severe risks
owing to land-use change.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [13, 190, 279, 363]
Eugenia citroides Lundell
EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m high. This species is a cloud
forest specialist. Collections known only from the Sierra Madre
de Chiapas and the neighbouring Huehuetenango, San Marcos
and Quich departments in Guatemala. In both areas
populations may face severe risks owing to land-use change.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [13, 279]
Eugenia crenularis Lundell
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, VER, MIC, MEX)
A shrub or small tree, 25 (10) m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest, pine-oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Frequently found in humid gorges near streams. Common
name: arrajiancillo.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [58]
Eugenia culminicola McVaugh
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MEX)
forest and alder (Alnus) forest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [236, 348]
Eugenia guatemalensis Donn.Sm.
VU A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 6 m (very rarely up to
30 m) tall. This species occurs in cloud forest but more frequently
in pine-oak forest and other forest types at lower elevations.
Deforestation is widespread in most of its range. Synonyms:
Eugenia laughlinii Lundell, E. patalensis Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [13, 279]
57
Eugenia letreroana Lundell

EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. This
species occurs in old-growth cloud forest but more often in
pine-oak-Liquidambar forest and other forest types at lower
elevations. Known from very few localities. Deforestation is
widespread throughout most of its range. Synonyms: Eugenia
coffeoides Lundell.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [13, 279]
Eugenia mexicana Steud.
VU A2c
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, CHS), Costa Rica[?]
Shrub to medium sized tree, 615 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest, tropical rainforest, and tropical semi-evergreen
forest. Apparently this species has a disjunct distribution but
there is only one collection known from Central America.
Common names: escobilla, escobilla real, huesillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 355]
Eugenia ovandensis Lundell
CR A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree. This species is a cloud forest specialist. Only known
from the type collection from Monte Ovando in the Sierra Madre
de Chiapas. Its habitat is severely fragmented and threatened
with further deforestation.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Ref: [13]
Eugenia ravenii Lundell
EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
forest but also in neighboring humid pine-oak forest. Only known
from the Northern Mountains of Chiapas, where severe
deforestation has taken place in recent decades.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Ref: [13]
58
Eugenia tonii Lundell

CR A2c; B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, up to 12 m tall. A species exclusive to cloud forest.
Collections from only one locality (Paraje Achlum, Tenejapa) where
severe deforestation has been recorded over the last two decades.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Ref: [13]
Eugenia trunciflora (Schltdl. & Cham.) O.Berg
VU A2c
Mexico (SLP, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS)
Small tree, 48 m tall. A typical cloud forest species, it is also
present in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest.
Endemic to Mexico. Common names: cojn de gato,
manzanita cimarrona.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [355]
Eugenia xalapensis (Kunth) DC.
VU A2c
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, GRO)
forest, oak forest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Common
name: capuln, escobillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 137, 207, 295, 355, 445]
Eugenia xilitlensis McVaugh
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SLP, QRO, VER)
Small tree, to 6 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest and
adjacent tropical semi-evergreen forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [58]
OLACACEAE
Heisteria media S.F.Blake
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall but usually shorter. A cloud
forest and tropical rainforest understorey species, it is common in
dense, shady forest conditions. Usually rare. Mexican specimens
have sometimes been confused with Heisteria acuminata (Humb.
& Bonpl.) Benth. & Hook., a Colombian species. Synonyms:
Heisteria chippiana Standl., H. macrophylla Standl.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [279, 352]
1. Mollinedia viridiflora (Monimiaceae).

An endangered small tree of old-growth cloud
forests of Chiapas and Guatemala. Close-up of
leaves and fruits. Photo by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
2. Ocotea helicterifolia (Lauraceae). A vulnerable
small tree or shrub of montane forests of
Mexico and Central America. Close-up of
leaves and inflorescence.
Photo by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
3. Conostegia arborea (Melastomataceae).
A showy, medium sized tree, endangered and
endemic to eastern Mexico. Photo by
C. Gallardo.
59
4. Magnolia mexicana (Magnoliaceae).

A vulnerable large tree of old-growth
cloud forests in Mexico and Central
America. Close-up of flower. Photo by
L. Martnez-Torres.
5. Cojoba arborea (Fabaceae). A medium
or large, near threatened tree, common
in wet ravines of the cloud forest (in
fruit). Photo by F. Lorea.
6. Heavy load of epiphytes on Quercus
laurina in a cloud forest in the Central
Highlands of Chiapas. Photo by
N. Ramrez-Marcial.
7. Symplocos longipes (Symplocaceae).
An endangered small or medium-sized
tree typical in the cloud forest. Photo
by C. Gallardo.
8. Spathacanthus hahnianus
(Acanthaceae). A vulnerable species of
the cloud forest quasi-endemic to
Mexico. Close-up of a branchlet with
flowers. Photo by F. Lorea.
9. Quercus candicans (Fagaceae).
A vulnerable large tree typical of cloud
forests in Mexico and Central America.
Close-up of leaves and mature acorn.
4
6
60
61
10
12
62
11
10. Chirantodendron pentadactylon

(Malvaceae). A vulnerable large tree
typical of southern Mexican cloud
forests. Close-up of a flowering
branch. The flower inspired the icon
of the Botanical Society of Mexico
since the early 1940s. Photo by
G. Ibarra-Manrquez.
11. Dalbergia palo-escrito (Fabaceae).
A critically endangered large tree
endemic to Mexican cloud forests.
Close-up of flowering branch. Photo
by G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
12. Symplocos coccinea (Symplocaceae).
An endangered and rare small tree of
cloud forests endemic to Mexico.
Close-up of flower. Photo by
G. Cornejo-Tenorio.
13. Cloud forest interior in the hyperhumid region of the Northern Oaxaca
Range. Photo by J. A. Meave.
14. Ficus apollinaris (Moraceae).
A vulnerable, medium-sized to large
tree, rare in cloud forests of Mexico,
and Central and South America.
Close-up of fruiting branch. Photo
by G. Ibarra-Manrquez.
15. Bauhinia chapulhuacania (Fabaceae).
An endangered small tree of cloud
forests. Close-up of inflorescence.
13
14
15
63
16
17
16. A steep slope of cloud forest in
Bachajn, Chiapas, southern
Mexico. Photo by N. RamrezMarcial.
17. Ocotea sauroderma
(Lauraceae). One of the several
endangered species in the
Lauraceae, endemic to the wet
cloud forest in Oaxaca. Branch
with fruits. Photo by F. Lorea.
18. Nectandra reticulata
(Lauraceae). A near threatened
tree marginal to cloud forests of
Mexico and Central and South America. Close-up of leaves and
flowers. Photo by G. Ibarra-Manrquez.
19. Oreomunnea mexicana (Juglandaceae). An endangered very tall tree
found in a few wet places of cloud forest. Branch with fruits. Photo
by M. Muiz.
20. Psychotria galeottiana (Rubiaceae). A vulnerable small tree. Branch
with flowers buds and open flower. Photo by C. Gallardo.
21. Matudaea trinervia (Hamamelidaceae). A vulnerable large tree typical
of cloud forests in Mexico, and Central and northern South America.
Close-up of fruiting branch. Photo by L. Martnez-Torres.
64
18
19
20
21
65
22. Acer negundo subsp. mexicanum (Sapindaceae). A vulnerable small

to medium-sized tree. Close-up of fruiting branch.
Photo by N. Ramrez-Marcial.
23. Understorey of an oak-dominated cloud forest stand in the Central
Highlands of Chiapas. Photo by N. Ramrez-Marcial.
24. Side view of the canopy of a cloud forest stand dominated by
Oreomunnea mexicana in winter time in central Veracruz.
Photo by C. Gallardo.
22
23
24
25
25. Lacistema aggregatum

(Lacistemaceae). A near
threatened small to mediumsized tree typical of old-growth
cloud forests of Mexico, and
Central and South America.
Close-up of flowering branch;
inset showing fruits.
66
OLEACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
Osmanthus americanus (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray

NT
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
A medium-sized tree species, up to 22 m tall. Typically found in
old-growth cloud forests in Mexico, but also occurs in forest
formations at lower elevations. It has a disjunct distribution,
being widespread at low elevations in the southeastern United
States. Synonyms: Olea mexicana L., Osmanthus americanus
var. microphyllus P.S.Green, O. mexicanus Lundell. Common
names: chichito, huesillo, tliltsapocuahuitl. Its timber is regarded
as high quality.
Elevational range: (0)1,200-2,500 m
Assessors: RDC, MGE
Refs: [31, 58, 79, 89, 137, 153, 241, 279, 295, 335, 343, 429,
438]
Bocconia glaucifolia Hutch.

EN B2ab(iii)
Small tree, up to 4 m tall. Present in Mexico apparently only in
the Central Plateau of Chiapas in pine-oak forest (one record)
and cloud forest (three records). All specimens recorded in
TROPICOS are from Central America.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [29, 279]
ONAGRACEAE
Hauya elegans DC. subsp. cornuta (Hemsl.) P.H.Raven &
Breedlove
VU A2(iii); B1ab(iii)
Mexico (PUE, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa
Rica
A small or medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 25 m tall, more
frequently smaller; trunk up to 50 cm in diameter. This
subspecies is found in cloud forest but also occurs in oak, pineoak, pine forest and tropical dry forest, sometimes in riparian
and in open disturbed habitats. Hoch [168] recognizes four
subspecies of Hauya elegans DC. of which only subsp. cornuta
is a cloud forest tree. The typical subspecies is restricted to
mountain ranges bordering the southern edge of the
Chihuahuan Desert in San Luis Potos and Hidalgo states in
central Mexico. Hauya cornuta Hemsl., a synonym, is
considered, in Guatemala, as threatened with extinction
predicted to occur in the near future. The subspecies lucida
(Donn.Sm. & Rose) P.H.Raven & Breedlove is a Central
American taxon (no Mexican collections in the TROPICOS
database). Subspecies barcenae (Hemsl.) P.H.Raven &
Breedlove seems not to be a cloud forest taxon as it is common
in tropical dry forest at lower elvations. Synonyms:
Hauya cornuta Hemsl. H. hemsleyana Loes., H. lemnophila
Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. longicornuta Loes. var. oblongifolia Loes.,
H. longicornuta Loes. var. ovalifolia Loes., H. matudae Lundell,
H. microcerata Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. pedicellata Loes.,
H. quercetorum Donn.Sm. & Rose, H. rodriguezii Donn.Sm.,
H. ruacophilia Donn.Sm. & Rose.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [76, 168, 279]
Bocconia gracilis Hutch.

EN B2ab(iii)
Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. Restricted to cloud forest. In
Mexico it is only known from localities in the Northern Mountains
and the Central Plateau of Chiapas.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [29, 279]
Bocconia vulcanica Donn.Sm.
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species but also found
in conifer forests at higher elevations. Abundant in Guatemala.
Synonym: Bocconia oblanceolata Lundell. Seeds or fruits used
as a remedy for toothache.
Assessor: SAC
Refs: [29, 279]
PENTAPHYLACACEAE
Cleyera cernua (Tul.) Kobuski
CR A3c; B1ab(ii,iv)
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. This is a typical cloud forest species
with a very restricted distribution. The taxon is known from five
herbarium specimens only. Synonym: Freziera cernua Tul.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Ref: [212]
67
Cleyera theoides (Sw.) Choisy

NT
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Jamaica, Cuba
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is a common
cloud forest component but it also occurs in oak forest, pine-oak
forest, pine forest and tropical dry forest. Fully mature individuals
are rare. Common names: copal, coshosh t, naranjillo,
taonabo, trompillo, trompillo colorado, yshinch. It regenerates
well after fire and it can be established from seedlings. Seeds are
moderately tolerant to cold and low humidity and it is
recommended to sow them shortly after being collected.
Germination can be very high on damp beds; seedlings are frost
intolerant. Its timber has been traditionally valued for making
poles and recently as a source of charcoal.
Assessors: ILV, MGE, JAM
Refs: [4, 51, 124, 133135, 212, 229, 238, 295, 302, 305
309, 312]
Cleyera velutina B.M.Barthol.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (GRO, OAX)
Medium-sized tree, 515 m tall. This Mexican endemic species
has a narrow range that is restricted to the Sierra Madre del Sur
where it forms part of cloud forest and other montane forest
formations.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [96, 115, 211, 212]
Freziera candicans Tul.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. This species is a rare component of
cloud forests; in Mexico it is only known from seven vouchers.
Synonym: Freziera macrophylla Tul.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [207, 210, 211]
Freziera guatemalensis (Donn.Sm.) Kobuski
EN A2c+3c; B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
Medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A common cloud forest
component, this species also occurs in other forest types typical
of lower elevations. Its populations normally grow at low
densities and land-use change is the main threat to them. In
Mexico this species is very scarce and it is known only from
southern locations. Synonym: Eurya guatemalensis Donn.Sm.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [212, 279]
68
Symplococarpon purpusii (Brandegee) Kobuski

VU A3c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia
Medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. This cloud forest species can
also be found in oak forest, pine-oak forest and tropical
rainforest. A very variable species that usually grows at low
densities. Synonym: Symplococarpon flavifolium Lundell, S.
hintonii (Bullock) Airy Shaw. Common name: palo colorado.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [79, 145, 207, 278, 279, 348, 349, 351, 356, 357, 363,
428, 444]
Ternstroemia dentisepala B.M.Barthol.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL)
Medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. This Mexican endemic species
is restricted in its distribution to the Western region of the
country. It occurs in cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and
fir forest. Synonym: Ternstroemia maltbyana Standl.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [79, 145, 212, 348, 356, 357]
Ternstroemia huasteca B.M.Barthol.
EN B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall but usually
much smaller. The geographical range of this Mexican endemic
species is restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental. In addition to
cloud forest, this taxon is also known from oak forest, pine-oak
forest and pine forest. Common names: clavito, ministro,
trompillo, trueno.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [4, 14, 51, 58, 212, 229, 295]
Ternstroemia lineata DC. subsp. lineata
NT
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized tree, 10-20 m tall. This subspecific taxon is
endemic to Mexico and it grows in cloud forest, oak forest and
pine-oak forest. It belongs to the most widely distributed species
of this genus in Mexico. Synonym: Ternstroemia pringlei (Rose)
Standl. Common names: charapit uku, cucharillo, flor de tila,
hierba del cura, jaboncillo, jazmn, palo rojo, palo colorado, tila,
trompillo. The flowers are widely used in folk medicine.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [2, 15, 51, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 145, 166, 180, 211,
212, 228, 236, 302, 335, 356, 428, 429]
Ternstroemia lineata DC. subsp. chalicophila (Loes.)

B.M.Barthol.
EN A2cd+3c; B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras
Small tree, usually around 5 m tall, occasionally up to 12 m. This
species has a very restricted geographical range and it occurs
in cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and pine forest. The
species tends to be fairly abundant in those communities where
it occurs but its habitat is becoming increasingly less available
owing to logging and permanent forest clearing for agriculture.
Synonym: Ternstroemia chalicophila Loes. Common name:
coshosht. Seeds should be exposed to cold water for 12
days before they are allowed to germinate; germination on
covered damp beds with organic matter in nurseries is variable
(3095%). Seedlings are intolerant to direct insolation. The wood
is used in the manufacture of guitar parts. The flower is known
as t de tila and it is used to make a medicinal tea.
Assessors: ILV, MGE, JAM
Refs: [15, 43, 124, 135, 211, 212, 304, 309]
Ternstroemia oocarpa (Rose) Melch.
VU B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (VER, TAB, OAX, CHS, QTR)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall but usually smaller.
This species is not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in
pine-oak forest, tropical humid forest, savanna and sclerophyllous
scrub. As with other species of this genus, this one is taxonomically
difficult to delimit. The main threat faced by it is habitat loss owing
to land cover change. This tree is used as a source of firewood.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [135, 212]
Ternstroemia sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham.
VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, DF, PUE,
GRO, OAX), Belize, El Salvador
Large shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs
in cloud forest but it can also be found in oak forest, pine-oak
forest, pine forest and fir forest. Synonym: Mokofua
sylvatica (Schltdl. & Cham.) Kuntze. Common names: hierba
del cura, ixquef, limoncillo de meztitln, ministro, palo agrio,
tepezapote, tilia grande, trompillo. The flowers are used to make
infusions with relaxing properties.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [4, 51, 58, 126, 137, 180, 211, 212, 225, 300, 301, 445]
Ternstroemia tepezapote Schltdl. & Cham.
NT
Mexico (VER, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is a typical
cloud forest element but it also occurs in many other montane

and lowland vegetation types. It is a highly variable species that
represents a taxonomic complex as yet not well understood.
The species is best represented at lower altitudes. Synonyms:
Ternstroemia seleriana Loes., T. hemsleyi Hochr., and possibly
T. seemannii Triana & Planch. Common names: hierba del cura,
limoncillo, ma-ta-ne-no, mo-ta-ne, matapiojo, memela,
memelita, naranjillo, tepetsapotl, tepezapote, tilil, trompilllo,
zapotillo. This species is widely used in folk medicine but some
toxicity has also been suggested.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [96, 115, 211, 212, 225, 228, 238, 309, 431, 444]
PHYLLANTHACEAE
Phyllanthus purpusii Brandegee
NT
Small tree, up to 4 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest but also
found in pine-oak forest. In Mexico known only from Chiapas
but reported as abundant in Suchitepquez (Guatemala).
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 279, 441]
Phyllanthus tuerckheimii G.L.Webster
DD
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Honduras
Marginal to cloud forest, mostly found in forest formations at
lower elevations.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 441]
PHYLLONOMACEAE
Phyllonoma laticuspis (Turcz.) Engl.
VU A4c
Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama, Peru, Bolivia
Shrub or small, slender tree, up to 13 m tall. This species is a
frequent cloud forest understorey component but it also occurs in
pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and secondary
vegetation. It tends to be abundant in those communities where
it grows. Morphological analyses show a high vegetative variability
for this species across its range. Synonyms: Dulongia laticuspis
Turcz., Phyllonoma coriacea L.Riley. Common names: cuendilla,
guixi-yetza-bidao, yaga-lope, hierba de la viruela.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 96, 99, 126, 207, 225, 333]
69
PICRAMNIACEAE
PINACEAE
Picramnia guerrerensis W.W.Thomas

EN A4c
Mexico (SIN, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Small, slender tree, up to 8 m tall. This is a typical cloud forest
species, where it forms small dense populations, mostly
concentrated in moist, shady habitats. Occasionally occurs in
wet oak forest and pine oak forest.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 277, 400]
Abies guatemalensis Rehder

VU B1ab(i); C1; D2
Mexico (NL, TAM, JAL, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Honduras
Very large tree, up to 45 m tall. A rare species of old-growth
cloud forests that sometimes forms monospecific stands
covering small areas, probably because of regeneration waves
in forest gaps. It regenerates well in open areas but its saplings
are shade-tolerant. Original habitats have suffered severe
deforestation. Overexploitation of this species has been
reported, which is a consequence of its valuable timber.
Restoration of populations in the wild from seedlings may be
straightforward. In Mexico it has a disjunct distribution and it is
known from small and isolated populations. Listed as
Endangered by the Mexican Government (NOM-ECOL-059-94)
and listed in CITES Appendix I. Very popular as a Christmas tree
and for holiday decorations. Synonyms: Abies guatemalensis
Rehder var. jaliscana Martnez, Abies tacanensis Lundell.
Common names: abeto de guatemala, oyamel, pinabete,
plumajatzin, romerillo, temtoj. Used as source of timber.
Assessors: RDC, NRM, MGE, JAM
Refs: [31, 76, 107, 115, 225, 279, 304, 306, 307, 309, 429]
Picramnia polyantha (Benth.) Planch.

VU A4c
Mexico (QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Large shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. A rare species in cloud
forest and oak forest. Apparently restricted to limestone
substrate. Synonym: Rhus polyantha Benth.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 341, 400]
Picramnia teapensis Tul.
VU A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species typically occurs
in cloud forest but it is also present in adjacent montane tropical
rainforest and tropical evergreen forest. It shows a strong
preference for very humid habitats. It is more abundant in
Central American countries than in Mexican locations.
Synonym: Picramnia carpinterae Pol.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [400]
Picramnia xalapensis Planch.
EN A4c
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This Mexican endemic
taxon is largely restricted to Veracruz state, with few collections
from close-by regions in neighbouring states. A typical but very
scarce cloud forest component, it can also be found in oak
forest. It shows a strong preference for moist shady habitats.
Common name: cacahuatillo. The fruit is edible.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [4, 209, 295, 341, 400]
70
Abies hickelii Flous & Gaussen

VU B2ab(i,iv)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A rare cloud forests species.
Listed as Endangered by the Mexican Government (NOMECOL-059-94). Synonym: Abies oaxacana Mart. Common
names: laga-axi, lasha-ual-co, ocopetla, pinabete, plumajillo,
plumajillo de montaa, yaga-laga-xe.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [107, 115, 225]
Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham.
NT
Mexico (NL, SIN, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
TLA, PUE)
Large tree, usually attaining a height of 35 m or more. This tree
frequently forms mono-dominated pure stands in cool, moist
areas of very high elevation, and its presence in cloud forest is
marginal. This species always occurs at high elevation locations.
Synonym: Pinus religiosa Kunth. Common names: abeto,
oyamel, pinabete. The wood is used in house construction and
for paper pulp.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 233, 252, 267, 277]
Pinus ayacahuite C.Ehrenb. ex Schltdl.

VU A4ad; B1ab(i)
Mexico (NL, SIN, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
El Salvador
Very large tree, up to 50 m tall and trunk up to 2 m in diameter.
This is a typical pine of high-elevation cloud forests and conifer
forests. It often forms small monospecific stands, probably
because of regeneration waves in forest gaps. Although widely
distributed, this species may face local risks of extinction owing
to overexploitation and global climate change. Its populations
may be easily restored from seedlings planted in open areas or
with light cover. In Mexico it has a notoriously disjunct
distribution. Common names: acalocahuite, acalocote,
acxuat, ayacahuite, ayaucuhuitl, ocote, ocote blanco, ocote
gretado, pinabete, pinabeto, pino, pino cahuite, pino real, pino
tabla, salacahuite. This species is highly valued for its timber.
Assessors: RDC, NRM, MGE, JAM
Refs: [76, 96, 107, 115, 124, 180, 207, 225, 236, 291, 302,
304, 306310]
Pinus chiapensis (Martnez) Andresen
VU B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Tall tree, up to 40 m and trunk up to 1 m in diameter. This pine
is widespread in southern Mexico, whereas there are very few
records from neighbouring Guatemala. Although a common
cloud forest species, it also thrives in pine-oak forest. It shows
good regeneration in open areas and highly disturbed sites, e.g.
areas affected by landslides. Very frequent in areas with very
steep slopes. Synonym: Pinus strobus L. var. chiapensis
Martnez. Common names: acalocote, kuj toj, pinabete, pino
blanco, tonotzin. Its wood is used for furniture and other handmade objects such as doors and window frames.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [8892, 107, 124, 180, 207, 238, 291, 306309, 393,
431, 452]
Pinus tecunumanii F.Schwerdtf. ex Eguiluz & J.P.Perry
NT
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
Large tree, up to 5055 m tall and trunk up to 120 cm in
diameter. A pine species marginal to cloud forest; more
commonly found in mesic habitats of more seasonal formations
like oak forest and pine-oak forest but also in conifer forest at
higher elevations. Not a widely distributed species, its scattered
presence in mesic habitats in Mexico is threatened by illegal
deforestation. Synonyms: Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenae
Martnez, P. patula Schltdl. & Cham. subsp. tecunumanii
(F.Schwerdtf ex Eguiluz & J.P.Perry) Styles. Common name:
pino, ocote. This species has received considerable interest for
its potential in plantation forestry for production of timber in

tropical areas. Seed collection has been carried out throughout
its range.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [107, 124, 291, 295, 305, 309]
PLATANACEAE
Platanus mexicana Moric.
NT
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, DF, PUE,
Large tree, up to more than 40 m tall and trunk up to 2 m in
diameter. Found only on riversides - a restricted habitat in
Mexico. Also found at disturbed sites. Nearly endemic to
Mexico, very few specimens are known from outside the
country. Widespread in eastern, central and southern Mexico.
Synonyms: Platanus chiapensis Standl., P. lindeniana
M.Martens & Galeotti, P. oaxacana Standl. Common names:
acuhuitl, lamo, lamo blanco, chicolcohuite, guayabillo, haya,
olivo, papalotcuhuit, papalote.
Assessor: Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [48, 209, 228, 229, 279, 295, 309, 363, 445]
PODOCARPACEAE
Podocarpus matudae Lundell
EN B2ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
A medium-sized or large dioecious tree, up to 30 m tall and
trunk more than 1.5 m in diameter. This Mexican endemic
species is restricted to cloud forest. It occurs at very low
densities in old-growth, undisturbed forest. More taxonomical
studies are needed in order to clearly differentiate it from
Podocarpus reichei. In Mexico mostly known from Chiapas,
where its habitat has been drastically reduced, and from
Oaxaca. Synonym: Podocarpus reichei J.Buchholz & N.E.Gray.
All varieties listed by CONABIO are considered in TROPICOS
as synonyms of P. matudae Lundell. Common name: cedro
prieto, chusnito, lengua de pjaro, olivo, palmilla, palmillo,
palmito, sabina, tabla. The timber may have desirable qualities.
Elevational range: (800) 2,200-2465 m
Assessors: ILV, MGE, GIM
Refs: [4, 11, 68, 69, 76, 135, 137, 207, 228, 229, 241, 279,
300, 301, 309, 311, 335, 347, 356, 429, 445, 449, 452]
71
POLYGONACEAE
RHAMNACEAE
Coccoloba hirtella Lundell

CR A4ac
Mexico (VER, OAX), Belize[?], Panama[?]
A small tree restricted in Mexico to cloud forest (lower montane
forest) at La Chinantla (Oaxaca) and around Xalapa (Veracruz).
Specimens from Belize and Panama seem to be doubtful
identifications.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [170]
Rhamnus betulifolia Greene

VU B1ab(ii,iii)
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO,
HGO)
A tree or shrub species with a marginal distribution in cloud
forest but also occurs in other vegetation types under
considerably drier conditions, mostly in the northern states of
Mexico in moist canyons. Synonyms: Rhamnus californica
Eschs. var. betulifolia (Greene) Trel. ex A.Gray, R. purshiana DC.
var. betulifolia (Greene) Cory; closely related and probably
conspecific with R. caroliniana Walt.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [73, 110, 300, 301]
Coccoloba montana Standl.

EN A4c
Mexico (VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras
A small tree, 415 m tall, that in Mexico only occurs in the
southern part of the country. Not abundant. Synonym:
Coccoloba matudae Lundell. Common names: carnero, uvero.
Used as a source of firewood and the fruit is edible.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [174]
PROTEACEAE
Roupala montana Aubl.
NT
Mexico (QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
A widespread, small or large tree, up to 30 m tall with a trunk 30
cm or more in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this
species also occurs in other forest formations at lower
elevations. Synonyms: Roupala borealis Hemsl., R. repanda
Lundell. Common names: palo de cucaracha, palo del muerto,
palo de zorrillo.
Refs: [40, 58, 279]
72
Rhamnus breedlovei M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
A small tree or shrub of cloud forest this species also occurs in
humid oak forest. Known in Chiapas from a few localities nearby
the Tzontehuitz volcano where its habitat has been severely
disturbed in recent decades.
Assessors: SAC, MII, MGE
Refs: [110, 182]
Rhamnus capreifolia Schltdl. var. matudae M.C.Johnst. &
L.A.Johnst.
VU A4c
Mexico (QRO, VER)
A small tree, 56 m tall. This Mexican endemic variety is not
restricted to cloud forest but is also present in pine-oak forest,
mainly in open habitats. Common name: palo amarillo.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 109, 110, 112, 182, 229, 445]
Rhamnus hintonii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO)
A small tree, up to 4.5 m tall, endemic to Mexico. This species
is found on moist and rocky slopes in cloud forest, pine-oak
forest, occasionally fir forest, and in second growth vegetation.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [79, 110, 112, 182, 277, 278, 348, 356, 357]
Rhamnus longistyla C.B.Wolf

VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE)
A small tree up to 5 m tall, endemic to Mexico. Not restricted to
cloud forest it is also present in oak forest and pine-oak forest.
Occurs on hillsides or along ravines, usually in deep soils.
Common name: capulincillo.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [4, 109, 110, 112, 126, 182, 209, 229, 295]
Rhamnus pompana M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
VU A2c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE)
A small tree, 612 m tall, endemic to eastern Mexico. A cloud
forest species but also found in oak forest and pine-oak forest
and in their second-growth vegetation, frequently in riparian
habitats. Its habitat in the higher Huasteca region is very
fragmented.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [4, 109, 110, 182]
Rhamnus sphaerosperma Sw. var. mesoamericana
M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
VU B1ab(ii,iii)
Mexico (JAL, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
A small or medium-sized tree, 815 m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest, this taxon also occurs in secondary vegetation in
humid habitats of oak and pine-oak forest. In Mexico most
specimens are from Chiapas.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [182]
ROSACEAE
Photinia matudae Lundell
CR A1c; B1ab(iii)
A small cloud forest tree, this species is found only in a few high
elevation localities in the Central Plateau of Chiapas and near
the Tacan Volcano, making it particularly sensitive to climatic
change.
Assessor: NRM
Ref: [279]
Photinia mexicana (Baill.) Hemsl.

VU A4c
Mexico (QRO, VER, MIC, OAX, CHS)
A small, rare tree species that is restricted to cloud forest.
Synonym: Chamaemeles mexicana Baill. Common name:
peral silvestre.
Assessor: NRM
Ref: [58]
Photinia microcarpa Standl. subsp. microcarpa
VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, QRO, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
A rare cloud forest taxon, it is also found in oak forest and pineoak forest. A small number of fruits are usually produced by
each tree, therefore seeds must be obtained from several
individuals. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds placed in
humid soil to germinate (4560% germination). Common
names: manzana de ratn, tzonte.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [76, 207, 279, 309, 344]
Photinia microcarpa Standl. subsp. hintonii J.B.Phipps
VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, QRO, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Honduras
Tree, 315 m tall. This cloud forest taxon is also present in oak
forest and pine-oak forest. Common names: encinillo, naranjillo.
Assessors: JAM, MGE, GIM
Refs. [207, 344]
Prunus barbata Koehne
EN A1c; B2ab(i,iii)
A small tree, up to 11 m tall. A scarce species in cloud forest, it
also occurs in oak forest, pine-oak forest and montane
rainforest. Its original habitat has been severely deforested. In
Mexico it is only known from the Central Plateau and the Sierra
Madre de Chiapas. Easily propagated from seed in nurseries;
seeds are difficult to find but have a high germination rate (90
100%). Common name: cerezo. Its timber is used for poles, to
make tool handles, and to build wooden supporting structures
in vineyards.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [279, 306, 307, 309]
73
Prunus brachybotrya Zucc.

VU A1c;B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (NL, SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
A large tree, up to 35 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in diameter.
This species is found in cloud forest but is also present in oak
forest. Widely distributed with small isolated populations. A
doubtful record from Leimebamba, Amazonas Department,
Peru (2,1002,300 m). A highly variable entity in need of a
detailed systematic study across its entire range. Easily
propagated in nursery from seeds but seedlings are frost
intolerant. Synonyms: Prunus laurifolia Schltdl., P. prionophylla
Standl. Common names: aguacatillo, aguacatero, capulincillo,
cerezo, cerezo monts, cochoc, duraznillo, eucaz, huevo de
gato, naranjillo colorado, palo barranco, sarzafrs, ucase. Used
as a shade tree in coffee plantations, Wood used for making
poles and as a source of firewood.
Elevational range: (380) 1,200-2,260 (2,400) m
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 4, 76, 79, 96, 174, 180, 236, 238, 277279, 295,
309, 344, 347, 351, 363, 431]
Prunus cortapico Kerber ex Koehne
VU A1c; B1ab(i,iii)
Mexico (SIN, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala
A small tree, up to 15 m tall. This rare cloud forest species is
also found in protected ravines, gorges, canyons, and cliffs with
oak forest and tropical dry forest, sometimes in riparian habitats.
It grows on well-drained soils. Its natural habitat has been largely
removed to establish coffee plantations. It grows in open
disturbed areas like roadsides but it does not regenerate in
pastures. Common name: cortapico. Leaves are reported to
be poisonous to cattle. Medicinal uses have been reported for
the fruit and seed.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [167, 278, 351, 427]
Prunus guatemalensis I.M.Johnst.
CR A1c;B1ab(iii)
A medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm in
diameter. A rare cloud forest species. Found in steep canyons
and riparian habitats. In Mexico it has been collected only in the
Sierra Madre de Chiapas and the Northern Mountains of this
state. The original habitat has been severely deforested and the
species has not been collected in the last 35 years, which
suggests that this species could be extinct in the wild in Mexico.
Common name: hormiguillo negro. Its timber is considered to
be of good quality and is used for construction.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [241, 279]
74
Prunus lundelliana Standl.

EN B2ab(ii,iii); C1
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
El Salvador
A small or medium-sized tree, 518 m tall and trunk up to 40 cm
in diameter. A cloud forest species that is also found at lower
elevations and in secondary vegetation. Seeds have a high
germination rate (90100%) and they can be stored for up to
three months in cold temperatures. Its populations can be
restored by planting seedlings, which are susceptible to frost in
open areas. Common name: cerezo, escobo, taquicu. Timber
used for poles, to make tool handles, and to build wooden
support for vine crops.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [134, 207, 241, 279, 306, 307, 309]
Prunus rhamnoides Koehne
VU A1c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHI, TAM, DGO, SLP, JAL, GTO, HGO, VER, MIC,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama
A small to medium-sized tree, 820 m tall and trunk up to 14 cm
in diameter. Rare in cloud forest, this species is also present in
oak forest and conifer forest. Easily propagated from seed in
nurseries; seedlings are frost-intolerant. Common names:
capuln, capuln loco, cerezo, iza, mataiza. Used for firewood.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [76, 96, 124, 134, 207, 279, 306, 307, 309, 344]
Prunus samydoides Schltdl.
NT
Evergreen small tree, up to 8 (rarely 12) m tall, frequently growing
as a shrub. Relatively abundant in ravines and steep slopes in
cloud forest but also occurs in humid oak forest and tropical dry
and humid forests at lower elevations; common in disturbed
habitats. A species endemic to eastern Mexico; records from
Oaxaca are probably misidentifications. Synonym: Prunus
potosina Lundell. It is used in traditional medicine in the
Huasteca Potosina region (San Luis Potos state). Common
name: tsak te.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [4, 295, 344]
Prunus tetradenia Koehne

VU A1c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MEX, OAX, CHS)
A small to medium-sized tree, 315 (25) m tall. A cloud forest
species, occasionally present in secondary vegetation.
Sometimes locally abundant. Often misidentified as Prunus
brachybotrya Zucc. Similar to Prunus megacarpa Prez-Zab.
from Colombia. Many collection localities for this species have
suffered intense human disturbance in recent decades. At least
one population is currently under protection in the El Triunfo
Biosphere Reserve in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Common
name: zapotillo.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [62, 229, 290, 356, 363, 427]
RUBIACEAE
Arachnothryx buddleioides (Benth.) Planch.
VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama
Shrub or small tree, 19 (12) m. This species occurs in cloud
forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Arachnothryx
longipetiolata (Lundell) Borhidi, Rondeletia affinis Hemsl., R.
buddleioides Benth., R. longipetiolata Lundell, R. rothschuhii
Loes. Tree used for firewood.
Refs: [27, 96, 174, 202, 207, 279]
Arachnothryx capitellata (Hemsl.) Borhidi
EN A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 15 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest
and pine-oak forest. Borhidi [27] proposed two subspecies with
vicariant areas (subsp. capitellata, found throughout the range
of the species, excepting Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, whereas
the subsp. pringlei (Lorence) Borhidi is restricted to these latter
states). Synonyms: Arachnothryx pringlei (Lorence) Borhidi,
Rondeletia capitellata Hemsl., R. pringlei Lorence.
Refs: [27, 126, 209, 229]
Arachnothryx guerrerensis (Lorence) Borhidi
CR A4c; B1ab(ii,iii,iv)
Mexico (GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 2.54 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist. Synonym: Rondeletia guerrerensis Lorence.
Refs: [27, 202, 207]
Arachnothryx laniflora (Benth.) Planch.

VU A4c
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Small tree, 28 m tall. A cloud forest species but also present in
drier forest types. Synonyms: Arachnothryx albida (Lundell)
Borhidi, A. bourgaei (Standl.) Borhidi, Rondeletia albida Lundell,
R. bourgaei Standl., R. laniflora Benth.
Refs: [27, 202, 228, 279]
Arachnothryx latiloba Borhidi
Mexico (GRO)
Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m tall. Apparently this taxon is
completely restricted to cloud forest, from where it is only known
from the type specimen.
Refs: [27, 28]
Arachnothryx manantlanensis (Lorence) Borhidi
CR A4c
Mexico (JAL, COL)
Shrub or small tree, 15 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist
with a restricted geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia
manantlanensis Lorence.
Refs: [27, 202, 277, 279, 356, 357]
Arachnothryx monticola Borhidi
Mexico (GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 24 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist,
this species appears to be very rare as it is only known from the
type specimen.
Refs: [27, 28]
Arachnothryx nitida (Hemsl.) Borhidi
CR A4c
Mexico (OAX, CHS)
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A cloud forest specialist.
Synonym: Rondeletia nitida Hemsl. Common name: mimosa.
Ref: [27]
75
Arachnothryx pauciflora Borhidi

CR B1ab(ii)
Mexico (CHS)
Small tree, 35 m tall. This strict cloud forest specialist has a
highly restricted geographical range.
Refs: [27]
Arachnothryx purpurea (Lorence) Borhidi
Mexico (OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 26 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this
species has only been collected in the Northern Oaxaca Range.
Synonym: Rondeletia purpurea Lorence.
Refs: [27, 202]
Arachnothryx pyramidalis (Lundell) Borhidi
VU A4c
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS)
Small to medium-sized tree, 513 m tall. This species is a strict
cloud forest specialist. Synonym: Rondeletia pyramidalis
Lundell.
Refs: [27, 28, 228, 363, 444]
Arachnothryx rzedowskii (Lorence) Borhidi
Mexico (GRO)
Small tree, 36 m tall. This strict cloud forest specialist is only
known from a reduced area in the municipality of Atoyac de
lvarez. Synonym: Rondeletia rzedowskii Lorence.
Refs: [27, 28, 202, 207]
Arachnothryx tacanensis (Lundell) Borhidi
CR A4c
with a very small geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia
tacanensis Lundell.
Ref: [27]
76
Arachnothryx tenorioi (Lorence) Borhidi

Mexico (OAX)
with a very small geographical range. Synonym: Rondeletia
tenorioi Lorence. Closely related to Arachnothryx tacanensis
(Lundell) Borhidi.
Refs: [27, 202]
Arachnothryx tuxtlensis (Lorence & Cast.-Campos) Borhidi
Mexico (VER)
Shrub or tree, 312 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest
and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonym:
Rondeletia tuxtlensis Lorence & Cast.-Campos. Closely related
to R. zolleriana Standl. & Steyerm.
Refs: [27, 202, 203]
Balmea stormae Martnez
EN A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Shrub or medium-sized tree, 220 m tall, sometimes epiphytic
or lithophytic. This species occurs in cloud forest and oak forest,
often in riparian habitats. Used for timber and floral
arrangements.
Refs: [27, 76, 79, 277, 279]
Bellizinca scoti (J.H.Kirkbr.) Borhidi
Mexico (PUE, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 24 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist. Synonyms: Deppea scoti (J.H.Kirkbr.) Lorence,
Omiltemia scoti J.H.Kirkbr. Related to Deppea oaxacana
Lorence.
Refs: [27, 206]
Cosmibuena matudae (Standl.) L.O.Williams
EN A4c
Usually an epiphytic tree, 420 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Cosmibuena
holdridgei Monach., Hillia matudae Standl.
Refs: [27, 279]
Chiococca phaenostemon Schltdl.

DD
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A cloud forest species, but
also occurs in many other vegetation types. Its taxonomic status
is unclear owing to inconsistencies in growth form and lack of
diagnostic characters.
Refs: [27, 33, 279]
Deppea cornifolia (Benth.) Benth.

VU A4c
Mexico (NL, DGO, SLP, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO,
OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 25 m tall. Present in cloud forest, oak
forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Choristes
cornifolia (Benth.) Benth, Rondeletia cornifolia Benth. Closely
related to to Deppea guerrerensis Dwyer & Lorence.
Refs: [27, 76, 115, 206]
Chione venosa (Sw.) Urb. subsp. mexicana (Standl.) Borhidi

EN A4c
Mexico (VER, TAM)
Small to medium-sized tree, 415 m tall. Present in cloud forest,
tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest. Synonym: Chione
mexicana Standl.
Refs: [27, 33, 202, 300, 301]
Deppea grandiflora Schltdl.

VU A4c
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Synonyms: Deppea floribunda Hemsl., D. costaricensis Pol.,
D. longipes Standl.
Refs: [27, 33, 96, 206, 207]
Chomelia brachypoda Donn.Sm.

EN A4c
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 313 m tall. Present in
cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym:
Anisomeris brachypoda (Donn.Sm.) Standl.
Refs: [27, 202, 279]
Chomelia protracta (Bart. ex DC.) Standl.
VU A4c
Mexico (NAY, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia
Small tree, 3-6 (10) m tall. Mostly occurs in cloud forest.
Synonyms: Anisomeris protracta (Bartl. ex DC.) Standl.,
Guettarda protracta Bartl. ex DC., G. galeottii Standl.
Refs: [27, 202, 279]
Csapodya splendens (Breedlove & Lorence) Borhidi
Mexico (CHS)
Small understory tree, 58 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist. Synonym: Deppea splendens Breedlove &
Lorence.
Refs: [27, 206]
Deppea guerrerensis Dwyer & Lorence

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Shrub or small tree, 37 m tall. A cloud forest specialist, this
species is closely related to Deppea cornifolia (Benth.) Benth.
and to D. grandiflora Schltdl.
Refs: [27, 76, 206]
Deppea obtusiflora (Benth.) Benth.
Mexico (OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 1.54 m tall. This species occurs exclusively
in cloud forest. Closely related to Deppea cornifolia (Benth.)
Benth. Synonym: Choristes obtusiflora Benth.
Refs: [27, 202, 206]
Faramea cobana Donn.Sm.
CR A4c
Shrub or small tree, 14 m tall. This species is a cloud forest
specialist with a relatively small geographical range.
Ref: [27]
77
Faramea schultesii Standl.

CR A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS)
forest and tropical rainforest. Deforestation throughout its range
is widespread.
Refs: [27, 202, 333, 347]
Glossostipula concinna (Standl.) Lorence
EN A4c
Mexico (JAL, QRO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Small tree, 315 m tall. A cloud forest specialist. Synonyms:
Genipa vulcanicola Standl., Randia concinna Standl.
Refs: [27, 207, 228, 279, 444]
Gonzalagunia chiapasensis (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm.
EN A4c
Mexico (VER, GRO, TAB, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 26 m tall. A strict cloud forest specialist.
Synonym: Rondeletia chiapasensis Standl. Common name:
almendrillo.
Refs: [27, 279]
Gonzalagunia thyrsoidea (Donn.Sm.) B.L.Rob.
CR A4c
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 310 m tall. Nearly exclusive to cloud forest,
its range extends into lower elevations. Synonyms: Gonzalea
thyrsoidea Donn.Sm., Gonzalagunia tacanensis Lundell.
Refs: [27, 202, 279]
Hamelia barbata Standl.
CR A4c
Mexico (TAB, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 38 m tall. A cloud forest and tropical
rainforest species, frequently found in riparian habitats.
Refs: [27, 279]
Lorencea guatemalensis (Standl.) Borhidi
EN A4c
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Small to medium-sized tree, 919 m. This species grows in
cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest, often in riparian
78
habitats. Synonyms: Coutaportla guatemalensis (Standl.)

Lorence, Portlandia guatemalensis Standl.
Refs: [27, 279]
Palicourea macrantha Loes.
VU A4c
Shrub or small tree, 15 m tall. This is a strict cloud forest
specialist. Synonym: Palicourea purpusii Standl.
Refs: [27, 279]
Psychotria breedlovei Lorence
CR A4c
Shrub or small tree, (1) 4-8 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist.
Refs: [27]
Psychotria chiapensis Standl.
VU A4c
Mexico (SLP, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub or small tree, 210 m tall. A marginal cloud forest species,
it usually grows in tropical rainforest, frequently occurs in riparian
habitats. Common names: cacat cimarrn, yoale prieto.
Refs: [27, 33, 135, 174, 279]
Psychotria flava Oerst. ex Standl.
NT
El Salvador [other countries in Central America are doubtful]
Shrub or small tree, 210 m tall. Although present in cloud forest,
this species is more typical of tropical rainforest, frequently in
riparian habitats. Common name: tepecajete blanco.
Refs: [27, 158, 174, 279]
Psychotria galeottiana (M.Martens) C.M.Taylor & Lorence
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Shrub or small tree, 1-4 (7) m tall. This species grows in cloud
forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Palicourea galeottiana
M.Martens, P. seleri Loes.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [27, 126, 238, 279]
Psychotria megalantha Lorence

CR A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, 512 m tall. This species is a cloud
forest specialist.
Ref: [27]
Psychotria panamensis Standl. var. ixtlanensis C.W.Ham.
CR A4c
Mexico (OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 24 m tall. This taxon is a narrow cloud
forest specialist.
Refs: [27, 159]
Psychotria panamensis Standl. var. panamensis
VU A4c
Panama, Colombia
Shrub or small tree, 213 m tall. This taxon occurs in cloud
forest and tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Synonyms: Psychotria durilancifolia Dwyer, P. grandistipula
Standl., P. molinae Standl., P. yunckeri Standl.
Refs: [27, 33, 159, 279]
Psychotria phanerandra (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lorence
VU A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Shrub or small tree, 36 m tall. Cloud forest and tropical
rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Palicourea
phanerandra Standl. & Steyerm., Psychotria luteotuba Lorence.
Refs: [27, 33, 205, 207]
Psychotria sousae Lorence & Dwyer
CR A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 36 m tall. This species occurs in
cloudforest and tropical rainforest, particularly in riparian
habitats.
Refs: [27, 205]
Randia matudae Lorence & Dwyer

VU A4c
Tree, varying in size between 330 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Randia
chiapensis Standl.
Refs: [27, 33, 205, 279]
Randia pterocarpa Lorence & Dwyer
EN A4c
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 25 m tall. Found in cloud forest and tropical
rainforest. Closely related to Randia oaxacana Standl.
Refs: [27, 174, 204]
Rogiera amoena Planch.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (SIN, JAL, OAX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Shrub or small tree, 1.5 (10) m tall. Present in cloud forest, pine
forest and pine-oak forest, along streams. Synonym: Rondeletia
amoena (Planch.) Hemsl. Common names: sakiltzop, sakilltzop.
This species has been used as an ornamental plant in gardens
and temperate greenhouses.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [27, 33, 279, 356]
Rogiera cordata (Benth.) Planch.
EN A4c
Small tree, 210 m tall. This common cloud forest species is
also present in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak forest and
tropical rainforest. Borhidi [27] proposed two varieties.
Synonyms: Rondeletia aprica Lundell, R. cordata Benth., R.
intermedia Hemsl., Rogiera aprica (Lundell) Borhidi.
Refs: [27, 279]
Rogiera stenosiphon (Hemsl.) Borhidi
VU A4c
Mexico (TAM, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, YUC), Guatemala,
Belize
Shrub or tree, 19 m. This species occurs in cloud forest but is
also present in humid and dry forests at lower elevations.
Synonym: Rondeletia stenosiphon Hemsl. Common names:
cangrejo, eisitatz, ejsitotz.
Refs: [27, 28, 279]
79
Sommera arborescens Schltdl.

EN A4c
forest, tropical rainforest and riparian forest. Synonym:
Sommera zygocalyx L.O.Williams. Common names: capuln,
capulincillo.
Refs: [28, 333]
Peltostigma pteleoides (Hook.) Walp.

NT
Mexico (SIN, DGO, HGO, VER, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Jamaica
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 3-10 (20) m tall. Rare in cloud
forest, this species usually grows in oak forest and pine-oak
forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [29]
Sommera chiapensis Brandegee

EN A4c
Small tree, 612 m tall. This species is a cloud forest specialist.
Refs: [28, 279, 384]
Stauranthus perforatus Liebm.

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER), Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub to small tree, 5 m tall. In Mexico this is an exclusive cloud
forest component. Apparently a disjunct species, it is known
from very few collections in Mexico. Synonym: Zanthoxylum
ghiesbreghtii Turcz.
Assessor: FLH
Sommera grandis (Bartl. ex DC.) Standl.

VU A4c
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX)
Small tree, 38 m tall. A cloud forest species, also present in
oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently found
in riparian habitats. Common name: palo colorado.
Refs: [28, 207, 351]
RUTACEAE
Amyris rekoi S.F.Blake
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL, GRO, OAX)
A shrub or small tree, 4-7 (10) m tall. Common in tropical semievergreen forest, this species is marginal to cloud forest.
Frequently occurs along stream beds. Common names:
comida de chachalaca, tepetaca, zorrillo.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [278]
Decatropis bicolor (Zucc.) Radlk.
NT
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, CHS)
Shrub to small tree, 210 m tall. Very rare in cloud forest, it is
more frequent in oak forest and arid tropical scrub, sometimes
in tropical dry forest. According to current nomenclatural rules
the species name is invalid, yet we use it since it is widely cited
as such and there is still no valid publication that updates the
binomial.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [4]
80
SABIACEAE
Meliosma alba (Schltdl.) Walp.
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE), Guatemala
Medium-size tree, 615 m, seldom up to 40 m tall. This species
is mainly found in cloud forest but also occurs in oak forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest. The range of this species in
Mexico is largely restricted to the Sierra Madre Oriental.
Interestingly, this species has also been reported from SE Asia.
Synonyms: Meliosma beaniana Rehder & E.H.Wilson,
Millingtonia alba Schltdl. Common names: cedrillo, cedro
blanco, fresno, palo blanco, sauco. This tree is a source of
timber and used as an ornamental tree.
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [4, 98, 126, 137, 225, 229, 300, 301, 388, 445]
Meliosma dentata (Liebm.) Urb.
NT
Mexico (CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF,
MOR, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Small to medium-size tree, 822 m tall. A common cloud forest
species, it also occurs in pine-oak forest, pine forest and tropical
rainforest. It is a common component in secondary vegetation
stands. Synonyms: Lorenzeana dentana Liebm., Meliosma
oaxacana Standl. Common names: aguacatillo, colorao,
cupanda, encinillo, haya, palo de aguacate.
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [2, 11, 76, 79, 96, 98, 115, 166, 180, 236, 238, 277,
279, 300, 301, 309, 348, 356, 357, 388]
Meliosma idiopoda S.F.Blake

VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama
Small to medium-sized tree, 520 m. A typical cloud forest
species, it also occurs in humid pine-oak forest. Synonym:
Meliosma dives Standl. & Steyerm.
Assessor: FLH
Meliosma mexicana V.W.Steinm.
EN B2ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, QRO)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This endemic Mexican taxon
is restricted to mountainous habitats of the Sierra Madre Oriental
where it occurs in cloud forest as well as humid pine-oak forest.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [387, 388]
Meliosma nesites I.M.Johnst.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, COL)
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. A typical component of the cloud forest
of Jalisco, this is a very rare and narrowly endemic Western
Mexican taxon.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [277, 429]
SALICACEAE
Abatia mexicana Standl.
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A narrowly endemic species
and a typical cloud forest taxon, it also occurs in oak forest and
pine forest.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [94, 263]
Casearia arguta Kunth
NT
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Large shrub or small tree, up to 14 m tall. A rare cloud forest
component, this species normally occurs in tropical lowland rain
and dry forests, savanna and riparian forest. Common names:
cedrn, chatilla, coacoyolillo, guayabillo, fruto de loro, mierda
de loro, pie de venado, tu-yuu.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [76, 225, 263, 279, 351]
Casearia tacanensis Lundell

NT
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest tree,
this species is not restricted to this vegetation type, and in fact
its preferred habitat is tropical rainforest. Like other species in
this genus, this is a very common plant in secondary vegetation.
Common name: granadillo.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [173, 263]
Hasseltia guatemalensis Warb.
EN A4c
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
species, it also occurs in lower elevation tropical forest
formations. Synonym: Hasseltia floribunda Kunth var.
nicaraguensis Sleumer. Common name: citeito.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [225, 297]
Hasseltiopsis dioica (Benth.) Sleumer
EN A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. This rare species occurs in cloud
forest and lower montane semi-evergreen forest. It is so rare
that it is only known by fewer than 10 records in the country,
although its geographical range is not so restricted. Synonyms:
Banara dioica Benth., Hasseltia costaricensis Standl., H. dioica
(Benth.) Sleumer.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [79, 263, 297, 356, 357]
Lunania mexicana Brandegee
VU A4c
Slender tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 30 cm in diameter.
Rare in cloud forest, its preferred habitat is the lowland tropical
region, particularly the tropical rainforest. Scarce in the
communities where it occurs. Synonym: Lunania piperoides
Standl. Common name: mierda de loro.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [174, 263, 279]
81
Olmediella betschleriana (Gpp.) Loes.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua
Medium-sized tree, 15 m tall or more. A typical cloud forest
species, this tree is usually rare and shows little regeneration in
the wild, but it can easily be propagated from seed. Populations
have been successfully restored from transplanted juveniles into
open and lightly shaded habitats. Synonyms: Ilex betschleriana
Gpp., Licopolia sincephala Rippa., Olmediella cesatiana Baill.,
Xylosma aquifolia Sprague. Common names: capelcoy,
huececilla, ixtuln, kolmash, kolomash, manzana de burro,
manzana de judas, zapote blanco.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [124, 134, 136, 225, 279, 297, 306, 308, 309]
Populus guzmanantlensis A.Vzquez & R.Cuevas
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL)
Large dioecious tree, up to 45 m tall. An occasional cloud forest
component, this species typically grows in tropical semievergreen forest. It is always associated with streams. Common
names: alamillo, lamo, algodoncillo. The bark has medicinal
uses.
Assessors: JAM, GIM
Refs: [423]
Populus mexicana Wesm. ex DC.
VU A4c
Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, HGO, VER, CHS)
Large tree, up to 25 m tall. This species has a marginal
occurrence in cloud forest. It usually grows in riparian habitats
of other climatic regions, mainly associated with tropical semievergreen forest. It is considered vulnerable to increasing
drought resulting from climate change.
Assessors: JAM, ILV
Refs: [102, 258]
Populus simaroa Rzed.
VU A4c
Mexico (MIC, MEX, GRO)
Very large tree, up to 45 m tall. This Mexican endemic cloud
forest species is reported to have an unorthodox leafing pattern
as it sheds the leaves at the onset of the rainy season and
flushes the new ones in the cold, dry season. Common names:
lamo, simaroa, tepolcoxtli.
Assessors: JAM, ILV
Refs: [76, 96, 115, 180, 207, 337]
82
SAPINDACEAE
Acer negundo L. subsp. mexicanum (DC.) Wesmael
VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)
Mexico (COA, NL, SLP, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, PUE, TLA,
CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall and trunk up to 45
cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species is
also known from oak and pine-oak forests on sites both at
relatively low and high elevations. Never abundant where it
occurs, it does not form pure stands. Frequently in riparian
habitats. Deforestation and habitat degradation are its major
threats. The category assigned here updates the one made by
Gibbs and Chen [128], who erroneously pointed out the number
of populations and the extent of the distribution. It is a protected
taxon in Mexico and Guatemala. The seed wing must be
removed in order to break dormancy. Germination is high (over
80%) and viability in storage is limited (less than seven months).
Seedlings are vulnerable to herbivory and drought. Synonyms:
Acer mexicanum (DC.) Pax, A. serratum Pax, Negundo
mexicanum DC. Common names: acecinte, acezintle,
amargoso, arce mexicano, ceibillo, granado, icoj, kantela, palo
blanco, palo de azcar, palo de caballo, palo de vinagre, zarcillo.
The trees are used in hedges. The wood is soft and is used for
fence construction and for making traditional Christmas scenes.
Assessors: YVR, MGE
Refs: [4, 36, 76, 115, 128, 135, 229, 279, 309]
Acer skutchii Rehder
VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)
Mexico (TAM, JAL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
Exclusive to cloud forest. Nearly endemic to Mexico, TROPICOS
lists only one specimen from Guatemala. This species is found
along streams, often in ravines. Known from eight disjunct
populations, five in Mexico and three in Guatemala. In Mexico it
is known from Jalisco (two populations), Tamaulipas, Guerrero,
and Chiapas (one population each); in Guatemala it is known
from Sierra de las Minas (two populations) and El Quich;
specimens from Coahuila cited in Jardel-Pelez et al. [178] are
misidentifications. The species merits Vulnerable status given
that the extent of the distribution is less than 20,000 km2, and
contains fragmented populations in no more than 10 locations.
This category updates a recent assessment by Gibbs and Chen
[128] as Endangered, which erroneously pointed out the number
and location of populations, as well as the extent of the
distribution. It is a protected species in Mexico and Guatemala.
Four populations are included in Biosphere Reserves and one is
proposed for its inclusion in a state park. Forest fires and
establishment of coffee plantations and corn fields are the main
threats for populations. Synonym: Acer saccharum Marshall
subsp. skutchii (Rehder) A.E.Murray. Common names: lamo
plateado, algodoncillo. Mechanic dormancy can be overcome
by removing the seed wing. Used as a source of firewood in
parts of Mexico (Chiapas), and never observed as a source

of sugar or for construction as was reported by Gibbs and
Chen [128].
Assessor: YVR
Refs: [76, 79, 128, 137, 178, 251, 279, 300, 301, 348350,
356, 420422, 429]
Billia hippocastanum Peyr.
VU A2d; B2ab(ii,iii)
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. A species
restricted to mature, undisturbed cloud forest. Usually recorded
in relatively low densities. Synonym: Aesculus mexicana Benth.
& Hook.f. ex Hemsl. Common names: castao de la sierra,
hueljalau, jaboncillo. A species valued for its timber.
Elevational range: 550 (1,500)2,900 m
Assessors: Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [207, 241, 347, 381]
Cupania mollis Standl.
NT
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. Not restricted to cloud
forest, this species also occurs in lowland tropical forests.
Assessors: JCS, SAC, MGE
Refs: [279, 382]
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon contrerasii (Lundell) T.D.Penn.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (QRO, HGO, PUE, VER, OAX), Guatemala, Honduras,
Medium-sized or sometimes a large tree, 610 (rarely 40) m tall
and trunk up to 70 cm in diameter. Occasionally found in cloud
forest and oak forest, more often in tropical rainforest.
Synonyms: Bumelia contrerasii Lundell, Dipholis contrerasii
(Lundell) Lundell, Pouteria odorata Lundell. Common names:
Cquej, quej, tempiste.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [56, 279, 281, 284]
Sideroxylon portoricense Urb. subsp. minutiflorum
(Pittier) T.D.Penn.
VU A4c
Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Tall canopy tree, reaching 2040 m in height and trunk up to
150 cm in diameter. This subspecies is common in cloud forest
but also found in tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest. In drier forest types it is restricted

to humid sites. Synonyms: Bumelia matudae (Lundell) Stearn,
B. minutiflora (Pittier) Baehni, B. tabascensis Lundell, Dipholis
matudae (Lundell) Lundell, D. minutiflora Pittier. Common
names: pionche, zapote prieto, zapotillo. Timber tree; the wood
also is used as firewood.
Assessors: FLH, GIM, JAM, MGE
Refs: [79, 174, 225, 279, 283, 295, 351, 356]
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Buddleja cordata subsp. ovandensis (Lundell ex.
E.M.Norman) E.M.Norman
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS)
This subspecies has a restricted distribution to cloud forest. Only
known from a few southern localities on the Northern Mountains
and the Sierra Madre of Chiapas. Synonym: B. ovandensis
Lundell ex E.M.Norman.
Assessors: LLM, SAR
Refs: [3, 270, 398]
Buddleja megalocephala Donn.Sm.
EN A4c; B1ac(ii)
Restricted to open stands in cloud forest areas. Only known
from the Tacan Volcano at the Mexico-Guatemala border and
in the Sierra de Los Cuchumatanes in Guatemala. Synonyms:
Buddleja hypsophila I.M.Johnst., Buddleja megalocephala
Donn.Sm fo. albilanata Moldenke.
Assessors: LLM, SAR, MGE
Refs: [3, 270, 398]
Buddleja skutchii C.V.Morton
VU B2ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama
A secondary species marginal to cloud forest, mostly found in
pine-oak forest. In Mexico it is known from many specimens
collected in Chiapas at the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre.
It possibly hybridizes with Buddleja crotonoides A. Gray in part
of its range in central Chiapas. Synonym: Buddleja matudae
Standl.
Refs: [3, 135, 270, 398]
83
SIPARUNACEAE
Siparuna gesneriodes (Kunth) A.DC.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela
Shrub or small tree, 3-6 (10) m tall. This species is marginal to
cloud forest, more frequently found in tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Siparuna
austromexicana Lorence, S. scandens Lorence.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [315]
SOLANACEAE
Cestrum oblongifolium Schltdl.
NT
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A relatively common species in
cloud forest, it is also found in pine-oak forest, pine forest and oak
forest. Occasionally present in montane rainforest. Synonyms:
Cestrum decurrens Francey, C. ehrenbergii Dunal, C. multinervium
Dunal. This species could be used as an ornamental plant.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [261]
Solanum brevipedicellatum K.E.Roe
EN A4c
Mexico (JAL, COL, CHS), Guatemala
Large shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This taxon
occurs mostly in cloud forest but it can also be found in pine-oak
forest, rarely in tropical dry forest. Its geographical range is
notoriously disjunct, with a western population at the limits of
Jalisco and Colima, and several eastern populations in Chiapas
and Guatemala.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [278]
STAPHYLEACEAE
Turpinia insignis (Kunth) Tul.
EN A4c
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Large shrub or small to medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 15
m tall but usually less than 10 m. Nearly endemic to Mexico,
there are a few records from neighbouring areas in Guatemala.
Mostly a cloud forest specialist, this species is very rare in
lowland vegetation. Synonym: Lacepedea insignis Kunth.
Common name: huevo de gato.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [126, 209, 279, 333, 367, 445]
84
Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G.Don subsp. occidentalis

NT
Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panama
Medium-sized to large tree, 1225 m tall. In Mexico only known
from a few cloud forest localities; this taxon is more common in
lowland forests. Synonyms: Turpinia paniculata Vent., Staphylea
heterophylla Ruiz & Pav. Synonyms of the species (not of the
subspecies) are Turpinia paniculata Vent. and T. pinnata (Schltdl.)
Hemsl. Common names: chijilte te, manzanillo, manzanito, palo
verde, shauc, zarzafrn.
Assessors: JAM, GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 11, 55, 58, 79, 137, 149, 174, 180, 207, 225, 229,
236, 238, 278, 295, 300, 301, 309, 333, 348, 356, 367]
Turpinia parvifoliola L.O.Williams
CR A4c
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. A very narrow
endemic, in Mexico, this species occurs only in areas located in
the vicinity of the Guatemalan border. This taxon is a cloud forest
specialist.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [279]
Turpinia tricornuta Lundell
CR A4c
Mexico (GRO[?], CHS), Guatemala
Medium-sized tree, up to 11 m tall. This species is a strict cloud
forest specialist with a very small geographical range. Common
name: chijilte te.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [115, 279, 309]
STYRACACEAE
Styrax conterminus Donn.Sm.
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i)
Mexico (GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador
An evergreen medium-sized tree, up to 18 m tall. A rather scarce
species in cloud forest it is also found in pine-oak forest. It has
been collected in fewer than ten localities on the Sierra Madre
del Sur. Its habitat has suffered severe degradation in recent
decades.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [96, 116118]
Styrax glabrescens Benth.

VU A1cd; C2a(i); D1
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more common in
vegetation at lower elevation and in pine-oak forest. Present in
secondary vegetation, on banks of waterways and on steep
slopes. Synonyms: Styrax glabrescens var. pilosus Perkins, S.
guatemalensis Donn.Sm., S. pilosus (Perkins) Standl., S.
vestitus Lundell. Common names: azahar de monte, capuln,
sajarillo.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 116118, 126, 207, 209, 229, 236, 363, 445]
Styrax magnus Lundell
EN B2ab(iii,iv,v); C2a(i); E
A scarce large evergreen tree, up to 26 m tall. Endemic to high
elevation cloud forest and oak forest in Chiapas and Guatemala.
Isolated populations with few mature individuals. To obtain viable
seeds the fruit should be exposed to lukewarm water or
fermented in plastic bags for 47 days immediately after removal
from the tree. Seeds are recalcitrant and seedlings can be readily
obtained from them. Seedlings survive and grow well in
shrublands but not in open areas. Synonym: Styrax vulcanicola
Standl. & Steyerm. Some authors consider it as a synonym of
Styrax argenteus C.Presl. and S. argenteus var. hintonii (Bullock)
Gonsoulin.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [116118, 307, 309]
Styrax radians P.W.Fritsch
NT
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 20 m tall. A common cloud
forest component, this tree is also found in oak forest, tropical
semi-evergeen forest, tropical dry forest and oak savannas.
Large populations have been reported from Nayarit and Jalisco
states, however, significant deforestation has occurred through
much of its range. Valley bottoms are the preferred habitat of
this species. Common names: aguacatillo, azagar, cortapico,
levadura, mamuyo, zajar. Its tough, durable wood is used for ox
yokes and plows.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [116, 117, 277]
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocos breedlovei Lundell
EN A2c
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This scarce cloud
forest species is endemic to Chiapas and Guatemala.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279]
Symplocos citrea Lex. ex La Llave & Lex.
NT
Mexico (NAY, JAL, GTO, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, GRO, OAX)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. In addition to cloud
forest, this species also occurs in pine forest and oak forest.
Synonyms: Symplocos prionophylla Hemsl., S. pringlei Rob.
Common names: aile, ambaro, chico, chocoyolillo, cucharo,
garrapato, jaboncillo, jaboncillo blanco, mamuyo, memelita, palo
blanco, tchcari-urapiti, urapt ucu, uruapiti akun. The wood of
this species is used for making handicrafts and small pieces of
furniture, and apparently the fruit is edible.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [2, 37, 76, 79, 93, 146, 166, 180, 207, 213, 348, 351,
356, 357, 429]
Symplocos coccinea Bonpl.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, PUE, VER, OAX)
Small tree, up to 12 m tall. A Mexican endemic, this species is
considered to be a rare component of cloud forest and pineoak forest. Common name: limoncillo.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [126, 209, 445]
Symplocos excelsa L.O.Williams
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 24 m tall. A cloud forest
species, it also occurs in lower montane rainforest.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Ref: [187]
Symplocos hartwegii A.DC.
EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. The occurrence of this species is
restricted to cloud forest.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279, 363]
85
Symplocos johnsonii Standl.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 22 m tall. This is typically a
cloud forest species but it is also present in lower montane
rainforest.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279]
Symplocos pycnantha Hemsl.

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (HGO, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
This exclusive and rare cloud forest species has an uncertain
taxonomic status. Common name: palo de agua.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 225]
Symplocos limoncillo Bonpl.

VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m. A cloud forest species but also
in oak forest and moist pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Styrax
limoncillo (Bonpl.) Miers., Symplocos flavifolia Lundell. Common
names: garrapatilla, limoncillo, limoncillo amarillo.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [4, 133, 135, 187, 225, 279, 302, 309]
Symplocos sousae F.Almeda

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (JAL, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, (1) 5-7 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest, frequently in ravines and along streams, surrounded by
pine-fir forest and pine-oak forest. Common names: tunihia,
tu-nihia. The fruit is edible in Oaxaca. This tree has attractive red
flowers and could be used as an ornamental plant.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [146]
Symplocos longipes Lundell

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud
forest species.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279]
Symplocos tacanensis Lundell

CR A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala[?], El Salvador
Small to medium-sized tree, 919 m tall. This species is a cloud
forest specialist and it has a very restricted geographical range.
In Mexico it is only known from areas located in the close vicinity
of the Guatemalan border, on the northern slopes of the Tacan
volcano.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279]
Symplocos matudae Lundell

EN A4c; B1ab(iii)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. A scarce species,
mostly found in cloud forest but occasionally occurs in pine-oak
forest. Synonyms: Symplocos chiapensis Lundell, S. vernicosa
L.O.Williams.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [187, 279, 431]
Symplocos novogaliciana L.M.Gonzlez
EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (NAY, JAL, COL)
Medium-sized to large tree, 15-20 (35) m and trunk up to 70
cm in diameter. This species is not restricted to cloud forest but
is also found in fir forest and pine-oak forest, often on hillsides
or along ravines. Close to S. citrea Lex. Common names:
cucharo, garrapato, limoncillo.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [146, 278]
86
TAXACEAE
Taxus globosa Schltdl.
EN A4c
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS),
Shrub or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This taxon is scarce
and is found in low and middle tree layers of cloud forest, oak
forest, and pine-oak forest; it shows a strong preference for
moist and shaded ravines. Synonym: Taxus baccata L. subsp.
globosa (Schltdl.) Pilg. Common names: granadillo, palmira,
romerillo, tlatscal. This species is particularly important in the
pharmaceutical industry owing to the presence of taxol, a
secondary compound with antioncogenic properties.
Sometimes used as an ornamental. Wood is used for timber
and to make charcoal.
Assessors: ILV, JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 69, 137, 225, 266, 300, 301, 360, 431, 448]
THYMELAEACEAE
TICODENDRACEAE
Daphnopsis flavida Lundell

EN B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER[?], CHS)
Small tree, up to 5 (rarely 12) m tall. In addition to cloud forest,
this species is also a tropical rainforest component; in both
communities it seems to be rare, as it is known from very few
collections.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [330]
Ticodendron incognitum Gmez-Laur. & L.D.Gmez

NT
Mexico (OAX), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall. A scarce species in
old-growth, very humid cloud forest. It usually occurs at very
low densities, yet there are some locations where it is fairly
abundant, forming nearly pure stands. In Mexico it occurs at
relatively high elevations compared to Central American
populations, and it is only known from small areas in La
Chinantla and Los Chimalapas regions of Oaxaca state. The
taxonomic position of this tree has attracted the attention of
botanists since it was first described in 1989; in fact its familial
ascription was solved two years later with the description of the
new family Ticodendraceae. Common names: almendras kup,
durazno de ardilla, durazno de monte, maL u gwiiLH. This
species is used in rural construction and as a source of
firewood.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [9, 131, 160, 222, 235, 237, 333, 431]
Daphnopsis malacophylla Standl. & Steyerm.

VU B1ab(iii)
Shrub or small tree, 36 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [330]
Daphnopsis mollis (Schltdl. & Cham.) Standl.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, CHS, QTR)
Shrub or small tree, 5-8 (15) m tall. Rare in cloud forest,
frequently found in tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak forest and
tropical dry forest. Plants from Quintana Roo might be a different
species. Synonyms: Daphne bonplandiana var. mollis Schltdl.
& Cham., Daphnopsis bonplandiana var. mollis (Schltdl. &
Cham.) Meisn. Common names: coni, coni de ardilla, coni de
mora, coni de zorra, jonote, jonote de ardilla.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [38, 58, 264, 330]
Daphnopsis tuerckheimiana Donn.Sm.
VU B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala
Shrub or small tree, 35 m tall. Mostly found in cloud forest and
rare in tropical rainforest (Veracruz). This species is included in
this list with hesitation, since it has not been recorded in Mexico
as a tree.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [264, 330]
ULMACEAE
Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planch.
EN A2cd; B2ab(ii,iii,v); C1
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Panama
Very large deciduous tree, up to 87 m, more often c. 5070 m
tall, and trunk up to 6 m in diameter. An extremely scarce cloud
forest species, it also occurs in oak forest, tropical semievergreen forest and tropical rainforest, usually near streams.
Its native habitat has been largely cleared for coffee cultivation.
Individuals of this taxon are characterized by having a long,
branch-free and very straight trunk. This species is believed to
be the tallest tree growing in Mexico. Synonym: Chaetoptelea
mexicana Liebm. Common names: baqueta, cempoalebatl,
cempoalhuatl, chaperna, chaperno, chuchum, cuero, cuerillo,
ilite, mezcal, moreno, noculpat, nuculpat, olmo, olmo mexicano,
palo baqueta, palo de baqueta, palo de huarache, palo rey,
papalote, petatillo, quebracho, quiebra hacha, sacpuct,
sacpcach, sapuch, tirr, tlacacuhuitl, tza, tzapasnaca,
zempalhuatl. Used for timber (poles and rural construction) and
other multiple purposes, such as high quality pieces of turned
wood and wooden packaging, In the past the bark was used for
making sandal soles.
Refs: [58, 174, 180, 207, 225, 241, 259, 279, 285, 287, 309,
445]
87
URTICACEAE
VERBENACEAE
Coussapoa purpusii Standl.

EN A4c
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, CHS), Guatemala,
Panama
Dioecious, hemi-epiphytic or terrestrial tree, 420 m tall. This
species occurs in cloud forest but is more often found in tropical
rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in
riparian habitats. Common names: hutapil, tescalamilla,
tescalamillo.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [19, 60, 279]
Citharexylum bourgeauianum Greeman

EN A2c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER)
A medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest and also in tropical rainforest at lower elevations.
Apparently endemic to Veracruz. Its habitat has undergone, and
continues to have, severe changes in land use.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [256]
Myriocarpa bifurca Liebm.

NT
Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. Species found in secondary
vegetation derived from cloud forest but also occurs in tropical
semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Also
reported from shade coffee plantations. Synonym: Myriocarpa
malacophylla B.L.Rob. & Bartlett.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [209, 243, 279]
Urera martiniana V.W.Steinm.
CR A4c
Mexico (TAM, SLP[?], QRO, HGO)
forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and
tropical dry forest. Common names: mala mujer, ortiga.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [386]
Urera pacifica V.W.Steinm.
NT
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX)
Shrub or small tree, 27 m tall. Mainly occurs in tropical dry
forest and occasionally found in pine-oak forest and cloud forest.
Common names: chichicaste, mala mujer, ortiga, ortiga blanca,
ortigo, ortigo blanco, ortigo colorado, quemador, quemadora.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 386]
88
Citharexylum hidalgense Moldenke

NT
A small tree, up to 8 m tall, more frequently a shrub. A cloud forest
species, but also found in humid oak and pine forests of the Sierra
Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico. Sometimes locally abundant
on slopes, in protected ravines, gorges and near streams. Also
found in disturbed forest stands and nearby agricultural fields.
Reports from Zacatecas and Michoacn are probably
misidentifications. The threats it faces are related to the loss of
forest cover owing to land-use change and its fragmented
distribution. Common names: capuln de zorro, palo pegativo,
prendedor, retoador, retoadora, tres lomos, uva cimarrona.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [4, 76, 256, 342]
Citharexylum hintonii Moldenke
EN A4c
Mexico (MEX, CHS)
A small tree, up to 58 m tall, sometimes reported as a climbing
tree or a liana. Known from only three localities with a striking
disjunct distribution (two in the central part of the country and
the other in the Northern Mountains region of Chiapas). Present
in secondary growth derived from cloud forest. Common name:
chichalaco, chichaloco.
Assessors: LSV, RPL, MGE, NRM
Ref: [29]
Citharexylum ligustrinum Van Houtte ex Dippel
VU A4c
A shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest; sometimes locally abundant but not evenly throughout its
range; also in oak forest and pine-oak forest. Present in protected
gorges and ravines but also in secondary vegetation; in thickets.
Endemic to eastern Mexico. Introduced into Europe in the 19th
century and cultivated in several botanical gardens. Synonym:
Citharexylum pringlei Greenm. Common name: altitlila.
Elevational range: 1,500-1,900 (2,270) m
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [256, 342]
Citharexylum steyermarkii Moldenke

CR B1ab(i)
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree, 38 m tall. A rare species that is restricted to high
elevation very humid cloud forest. In Mexico only known from
two localities, one in each state. Severe deforestation has
occurred in most of its range.
Refs: [129, 279]
Lippia umbellata Cav.
NT
Mexico (JAL, VER, MEX, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest and secondary vegetation. A
complex species closely related to Lippia myriocephala Schltdl.
& Cham. Synonyms: Lippia callicarpifolia Kunth, L. jaliscana
Moldenke, L. pringlei Briq.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [256, 279]
WINTERACEAE
Drimys granadensis L.f. var. mexicana (DC.) A.C.Sm.
VU A4c; B1ab(iii)
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. A typical mature cloud forest
species, it also grows in humid oak forest and pine-oak forest,
mostly in riparian habitats of protected ravines. There are
numerous specimens deposited in herbaria, probably owing to
its attractive large, white flowers. The species is widespread but
this variety has a more restricted range. In Mexico it often forms
very small populations, all of which seem to be threatened by
habitat destruction. The taxon has been repeatedly cited in
floristic and ecological literature with its generic epithet
misspelled as Drymis. Synonyms: Drimys mexicana DC., D.
winteri J.R.Forst & G.Forst. Common names: al-ca-puc,
cashiquec, chachaca, chilillo, palo picante, palo de chile, yagabziga, vaya-yia.
Assessors: SAC, JAM, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [1, 43, 124, 135, 180, 225, 228, 236, 279, 302, 325,
335, 347, 363]
89
SPECIES EVALUATED AS LEAST CONCERN

ACTINIDIACEAE
ALTINGIACEAE
Saurauia yasicae Loes.

LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Bolivia
An understorey and mid-canopy tree, up to 27 m tall and trunk up
to 25 cm in diameter. This species is not restricted to cloud forest
as it is also found in tropical rainforest. Widely distributed in
Veracruz and Chiapas and also present in a few sites in Oaxaca
and Tabasco. Synonyms: Saurauia belizensis Lundell, S. herbertsmithii Rusby, S. pseudopittieri Buscal., S. smithiana Buscal., S.
zetekiana Standl. Common name: melaza. Fruit is edible.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [126, 171, 173, 185, 279, 361]
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
LC
United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
DF, MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
A large tree, up to 40 m tall or more and trunk up to 150 cm in
diameter. This species is widely distributed and abundant in the
canopy of cloud forest, but also present in oak forest and pineoak forest, and co-dominant in pine-oak-Liquidambar forest. It
regenerates well in open areas and in forest edges derived from
agricultural use and grows rapidly in forest restoration
plantations. Widely planted in urban areas as an ornamental
and shade tree. Synonyms: Liquidambar barbata Stokes, L.
gummifera Salisb., L. macrophylla Oerst., L. styraciflua var.
mexicana Oerst. Common names: blsamo, biito, copalillo,
copalme, cozote, estoraque, icob, ien-gau-uo, ingamo,
liquidmbar, maripenda, mol, nab, nijt-pijto, nite-biito,
ococote, ocozote, quirmbaro, quirmboro, somerio, so t,
sots-t, suchete, toshcui, tzot, xochiocotzocuahuitl,
xochioctzotl, yagabizigui, yaga-huille. Balsam from the trunk
has medicinal uses. It is also used to make soap, cosmetics,
and incense. It is a source of fuelwood and its timber is used for
rural constructions, railroad ties, furniture, tool handles, veneer,
and pulp for paper.
Elevational range: (450) 6001,500 (2,100) m (at sea level in
the SE United States)
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 11, 16, 43, 54, 58, 126, 135, 137, 209, 213, 228,
229, 241, 279, 285, 295, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 333,
438, 452]
ADOXACEAE
Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Bolli
LC
Canada, United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, NAY,
TAM, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Small tree, 312 m tall. This sub-specific taxon occurs in cloud
forest but also grows in pine forest, fir forest and pine-oak forest.
Also found in secondary forest and cultivated land. Introduced in
several countries in South America and the Caribbean region.
Synonyms: Sambucus bipinnata Schltdl. & Cham., S. canadensis
L., S. mexicana C.Presl ex DC.). Common names: azumiatl,
bixhumi, cumdumba, sauco, sauco rojo, shiiksh, xumetl, yutnucate.
The flowers are used medicinally for their sudorific and diuretic
properties. Leaves are sometimes used for treating headaches.
Refs: [4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 126, 207, 209, 228, 229, 254,
295, 378, 435, 437]
Viburnum hartwegii Benth.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua
Small tree, 27 m tall. Cloud forest is the preferred habitat of this
species.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [79, 351, 356, 357, 429]
90
ANNONACEAE
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Dominican
Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall. This species is marginal to
cloud forest as its prefered habitat is tropical rainforest and
tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Rollinia jimenezii Saff.
Common names: anonilla, chirimolla. The edible fruit of this
species is highly valued because of its good flavour.
Refs: [173, 219, 225, 358]
Sapranthus violaceus (Dunal) Saff.

LC
Mexico (SIN, JAL, COL, GRO, OAX), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. Although this species normally grows
in cloud forest it is also known from tropical evergreen forest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical dry forest at lower
elevations. Synonym: Sapranthus foetidus (Rose) Saff.
Assessors: LSV, RPL, JAM, GIM
Refs: [279, 351, 358]
Stemmadenia tomentosa Greenm.
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized tree, up to 10 m tall. A widespread yet Mexican
endemic species, this taxon is found in many forest formations
including cloud forest, but most frequently occurs in vegetation
at lower elevations, particularly in riparian habitats. Common
names: berraco, tapaco, peiche.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [188, 225, 279, 351]
Tabernaemontana alba Mill.
LC
Mexico (SIN, TAM, SLP, JAL, VER, QRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina,
Cuba.
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 8 (rarely 15) m tall. This species
is widely distributed in lowland and montane regions of Mexico
but its presence in cloud forest is marginal. In fact, this tree tends
to be more abundant in tropical evergreen and tropical rainforests
of the lowlands. Synonym: Tabernaemontana chrysocarpa
S.F.Blake. Common names: abat, cojn de perro,
chichihualcaxtli, cojn de gato, huevo de gato, laurel blanco,
lecherillo, mhag-caha, tbat.
Refs: [76, 173, 225, 247, 279]
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link
LC
Mexico (BC, BCS, SON, QRO, HGO, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX),
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay,
Bahamas, Cuba
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. In Mexico it is a typical
cloud forest species but it also occurs frequently in drier pineoak forest. Synonyms: Rauvolfia glabra Cav., Vallesia
cymbifolia Ortega, V. dichotoma Ruiz & Pav.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [180, 451]
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex brandegeana Loes.
LC
Mexico (NL, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, MIC, MEX, MOR,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Medium-sized tree, 825 m tall, apparently dioecious. In addition
to cloud forest, this species can also be found in oak forest and
pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ilex triflora Brandegee not I. triflora
Blume, I. californica Brandegee. Common names: frutilla, junco
serrano, palo blanco, tchcari urapiti, zapotillo. The wood is
excellent for the manufacturing of guitars.
Refs: [53, 71, 76, 79, 96, 142, 279, 348, 356, 357, 380, 428, 429]
Ilex condensata Turcz.
LC
Mexico (QRO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS)
Small tree, 24 (8) m tall, apparently dioecious. A frequent cloud
forest element, this species also occurs in oak, pine, pine-oak
and tropical evergreen forest. Synonym: Ilex ambigua (Michx.)
Torr. var. condensata (Turcz.) Loes.
Refs: [53, 58]
Ilex discolor Hemsl. var. tolucana (Hemsl.) Edwin ex T.R.Dudley
LC
Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Tree, 220 (30) m tall, apparently dioecious. This taxon is
frequently found in cloud forest, oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak
forest and secondary communities. Synonyms: Ilex californica
Brandegee, I. tolucana Hemsl., but see Carranza Gonzlez [53]
and Gonzlez-Villarreal [142], who recognize this taxon as a valid
species. Common names: aceitunillo, coralillo, limoncillo, mo-lah, palo de caza, palo extrao, palo prieto, palo verde,
tepezapote. The wood is used in rustic buildings and for the
manufacturing of musical instruments. Fruit is edible.
Refs: [4, 53, 58, 76, 115, 126, 137, 142, 180, 229, 277, 279,
295, 300, 301, 335, 356, 445]
Ilex rubra S.Watson
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, JAL, GTO)
Tree 515 (30) m tall. This species is a frequent component of
cloud forest and oak forest. Common names: aguacatillo loco,
palo verde.
Refs: [31, 53, 137, 142]
91
ARALIACEAE
Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Medium-sized to large tree, usually 2530 m tall, but generally
much shorter in cloud forest. This is a very abundant species,
widely distributed in the Neotropics, particularly in warm, lowland
habitats, ranging from very wet to seasonally moist climates. It
frequently occurs in tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. High elevation populations
could actually belong to a different species, in particular, given
its very small stature when compared to individuals from lowland
localities. Should this possibility be confirmed, the risk category
should be revised for the cloud forest populations. Synonyms:
Aralia arborea L., Dendropanax concinnus (Standl.) Lundell, D.
matudae A.C.Sm., D. stenodontus (Standl.) A.C.Sm., Gilibertia
arborea Marchal. Common names: cajeta, carne de pescado,
corta pico, cucharo, hogo, hoja fresca, madre del caf, mano de
danta, mano de len, mano de oso, mano de sapo, mult,
murcilago, nixtamalcuhuitl, nixtamalillo, palo blanco, palo de
agua, palo de danta, palo santo, pingico, sacchacah, sachi
colorado,
sakchak,
tamalcobaite,
tamalcohahuite,
tamalcuhuitl, tun-daj, vidrioso. The fair-quality wood is mainly
used as a source of firewood but several industrial uses are
known such as the manufacture of wood picks, wooden
packaging, furniture, door and window frames, etc.
Refs: [44, 45, 58, 76, 79, 115, 126, 135, 137, 173, 180, 191,
192, 207, 209, 229, 236, 267, 277, 278, 285, 295, 300, 301,
333, 347349, 351, 356, 357, 366, 428, 429, 431, 444]
ASTERACEAE
Montanoa leucantha (Lag.) S.F.Blake subsp. arborescens
(DC.) V.A.Funk
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, DF,
MOR, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
This taxon is not typical of cloud forest as it is often found in
secondary habitats in oak forest, pine-oak forest, and even
tropical dry forest. Synonym: Montanoa arborescens DC.
Common name: kail. It is used as fodder for sheep and as an
ornamental plant in living fences.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [309, 439]
92
Podachaenium eminens (Lag.) Sch.Bip.

LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB,
Costa Rica
Small to medium-sized tree,1015 m tall and trunk up to 20 cm
in diameter. A frequent cloud forest element, it is also found in
pine-fir forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest
and secondary growth, with a clear preference for riparian
habitats. Synonyms: Ferdinanda eminens Lag., Podachaenium
paniculatum Benth. Common names: acasucut, hoja de
manteca, tacote.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 164, 231, 277, 438]
Verbesina perymenioides Sch.Bip. ex Klatt
LC
Mexico (MIC, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
Panama
Shrub or small tree, 17 m tall. This species is a fairly abundant
element in the secondary vegetation of cloud forest, oak forest,
pine-oak forest and tropical dry forest. Synonyms: Otopappus
perymenioides (Sch. Bip) Klatt, Verbesina steyermarkii Standl.
It is valued as a pollen and nectar source for honeybees and is
used as firewood (poor quality).
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [22, 124, 135, 279, 309]
Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H.Rob.
LC
Mexico (SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
Tree-like, colonial shrub or small tree, 35 (8) m tall. The
presence of this species in cloud forest is very marginal as it
normally occurs in other forest types including pine forest, pineoak forest, tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
It is abundant in forest edges and clearings. Synonyms:
Vernonia aschenborniana S.Schauer, V. deppeana Less., V.
patens Kunth, V. stellaris La Llave, V. viarum M.E.Jones.
Common names: calpanche, carpanche, duraznillo, galpancho,
hierba del burro, hoja lisa, palo aguanoso, palo tierra, quiebra
machete, suquinay, tzim, ucma tzojol, vara de san miguel, vara
prieta. Used in folk medicine and for making fence poles. It is
also valued as a source of pollen and nectar for honeybees.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 184, 225, 309, 338]
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis tenuifolia Lindl.
LC
Mexico (VER, CHS), Cuba
Large shrub to medium-sized tree, up to 13 m tall. This species
occurs more frequently near or at the lower elevational limit of
cloud forest, as well as in oak forest, tropical dry forest, tropical
evergreen forest and secondary vegetation. Synonyms:
Berberis fraxinifolia Hook., Mahonia tenuifolia (Lindl.) Fedde,
Odostemon tenuifolius (Lindl.) Standl.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [221]
BETULACEAE
Alnus acuminata Kunth
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Argentina
A medium-sized or large tree species, up to 30 m tall. Its
widespread distribution is not restricted to cloud forest as it is
also frequently found in oak forest and pine-oak forest (rarely
below 1,000 m elevation, with noteworthy records from
Honduras and Ecuador at sea level). Trees of this species are
frequently found in riparian habitats and in disturbed forests.
Three subspecies have been proposed: (i) acuminata (Colombia,
Venezuela and Argentina), (ii) arguta (Schltdl.) Furlow (from
Sonora to Panama) and (iii) glabrata (Fernald) Furlow (endemic
to Mexico, from Durango to Oaxaca). Seeds remain viable for 24
months under low temperature and humidity conditions.
Germination is high (> 80%) when seeds are placed in humid
soil and under direct sunlight. Saplings grow very rapidly in forest
restoration plantations. Synonyms: Alnus arguta (Schltdl.)
Spach, A. ferruginea Kunth, A. lanceolata Phil., A. lindenii Regel,
A. mirbelli Spach, A. pringlei Fernald., A. rufescens Liebm. ex
Hemsl. Common names: abedul, aile, ailite, lamo, aliso, elite,
hilit, hilite, ilite, jaul, nok, palo de guila. The wood is widely used
for construction and as a source of fuelwood. A common shade
tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM, GCT
Refs: [2, 57, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 124, 133, 135, 143, 180, 209,
229, 236, 279, 302, 307, 309, 357, 363, 429, 438, 445]
Alnus jorullensis Kunth

LC
Mexico (CHI, SIN, DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO,
HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina
A medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread
species not exclusive to cloud forest as it is also present in oak,
pine-oak forests, and at higher elevations in fir forest (above
3,000 m). This species is normally found at higher elevations
than Alnus arguta. Synonyms: Alnus acuminata var. jorullensis
(Kunth) Regel, A. firmifolia Fernald., A. jorullensis var. exigua
Fernald., A. jorullensis subsp. lutea Furlow. Common names:
aile, aliso, ayle negra, carnero, elite, ilite, mallat, palo de casa,
pamu, tepamu.
Assessors: SAC, MGE, GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 57, 79, 96, 115, 180, 207, 277, 279, 295, 348, 363,
438]
BORAGINACEAE
Tournefortia glabra L.
LC
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Jamaica, Dominican
Republic
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is an occasional
cloud forest component as it is more common in oak forest as
well as in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest at
lower elevations. Synonym: Tournefortia cymosa L. Common
names: canzera, cordoncillo, limoncillo, zopilotillo. This tree has
medicinal uses being used externally as a treatment for
rheumatism.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 74, 76, 173, 209, 223, 240, 255, 373]
BRUNELLIACEAE
Brunellia mexicana Standl.
LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
A medium-sized tree species, up to 25 m tall. Present in cloud
forest but the species also occurs in oak and pine-oak forest. It
may be fairly abundant in secondary vegetation. Common
names: cedrillo, huacalillo, songolica, tziquinacu. The wood is
light and soft, easy to work but not durable.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [135, 207, 241, 260, 279, 333, 363, 438]
93
CANNABACEAE
CHLORANTHACEAE
Aphananthe monoica (Hemsl.) J.-F.Leroy

LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 40 m tall. Although not a cloud
forest specialist, this species is relatively abundant in this forest
type. However, it is more abundant in disturbed areas and
relatively dry and/or lower areas, particularly in Chiapas. The
main threat faced by this species is land-use change. Synonym:
Mirandaceltis monoica (Hemsl.) Sharp. Common names:
ajbate, ajuate, barranco, cerezo, chilesmin, chilillo, cilicsni,
cocotle, conserva, coquito, cuachichile, cuerillo, escobillo, hoja
menuda, itsil yexu, palo de guila, palo de armadillo, palo de
santo, peinecillo, pipn, quebrache, quebracho, rosadillo, suelda,
tomatillo, tza, varilla. The wood is occasionally used in rural
construction and as a source of firewood. The sweet fruit is
sometimes eaten.
Refs: [58, 76, 174, 225, 259, 267, 285, 287, 351]
Hedyosmum mexicanum C.Cordem.

LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX,
Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 20 m tall. A widespread
species that is frequently found in, but not exclusive to, cloud
forest. It also occurs in more seasonal pine forest formations at
mid- and high elevations. In cloud forest regions this species
seems to be somewhat favoured by disturbance. Synonyms:
Hedyosmum artocarpus Solms, Tafallea mexicana (C.Cordem.)
Kuntze. Common names: guardalagua, negro moskij, palo de
agua, platanillo, sombra de caf. It is used as coffee-shade.
Refs: [39, 76, 115, 126, 135, 180, 207209, 236, 277279,
302, 333, 347, 444, 445]
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume

LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican
Medium-sized, rarely large tree, up to 15 (rarely 39) m tall. Not
a cloud forest specialist, this species also occurs in tropical
semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, oak
forest and pine-oak forest. In addition to its ample ecological
tolerance, this species is highly favoured by human disturbance,
hence playing a key role in secondary forest succession.
Synonyms: Celtis schiedeana Schltdl., Sponia grisea Liebm.
Common names: capul, capuln, capuln blanco, capuln
cimarrn, chaca, chacait, equipal, guacimilla, guinda, is-pope,
ixpepe, majagua colorada, mata caballo, niguo, palo de
ishpepe, pellejo de vieja, pie de paloma, puam, sac-pixoy, yaco
de cuero, totogapoln, wahs zak. This species is not widely
used.The wood is sometimes used as construction timber and
the bark is occasionally gathered for making bark paper. Some
medicinal uses have also been reported.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [58, 76, 96, 174, 207, 225, 228, 229, 278, 279, 285, 287,
351, 445]
94
CLETHRACEAE
Clethra fragrans L.M.Gonzlez & R.Delgad.
LC
Mexico (JAL, COL)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m, rarely 40 m tall. This
taxon is a narrow endemic of Jalisco, reaching the Colima
border. Trees of this species grow in wet ravines with cloud
forest, mostly mixed with Abies religiosa, on the Pacific slopes
of the Sierra Madre del Sur. It also occurs in drier pine-oak
forest. Trees of this species are generally very abundant
throughout its range, including roadside habitats. Specimens of
this taxon have frequently been misidentified as C. vicentina
Standl., as well as C. hartwegii Britton.
Refs: [148, 278, 357]
Clethra galeottiana Briq.
LC
Mexico (PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall. A Mexican endemic,
this is a typical cloud forest species, although it is also found in
pine forest and pine-oak forest. Trees of this species may be
fairly abundant in open or disturbed areas. This taxon has been
confused with C. mexicana DC. Synonym: Clethra breedlovei
C.H.Ham. Common names: pipitzio, triste.
Refs: [96, 115, 139, 237, 431, 434]
Clethra hartwegii Britton

LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, AGS, COL, MIC,
MEX, MOR, GRO)
Shrub or medium-sized tree, usually up to 10 (rarely 30) m tall
and trunk up to 30 (80) cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic
taxon has a broad ecological tolerance, which allows it to occur
in humid fir (Abies) forest, pine forest and oak forest, in addition
to cloud forest. Common names: bate-ucua, canelo, cucharillo,
cucharo, jaboncillo, madroo, mamaguastle, palo batea,
pcata, panza de perro, pata de gallo, shap-ucu. The wood is
used for handicrafts.
Refs: [76, 139, 277]
Clethra hondurensis Britton
LC
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua
Shrub or small tree, up to 10 (rarely 15) m tall. This species
grows across a very broad elevational range, from sea level (in
Central America but not in Mexico) to locations near the 2,500
m contour line. Therefore, although it typically occurs in cloud
forest, it is also found in other forest types ranging from tropical
rainforest to pine-oak forest, often in disturbed areas.
Synonyms: Clethra caloneura Standl. & L.O.Williams, C.
obliquinervia Standl. & Steyerm.
Refs: [139, 434]
Clethra integerrima (Turcz.) L.M.Gonzlez
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX)
Shrub or medium-sized tree, sometimes up to 25 m tall. In
addition to cloud forest, this species occurs in lower elevation
forest types, including tropical rainforest and lower montane
rainforest, often in disturbed areas. Synonym: Kowalewskia
integerrima Turcz.
Refs: [139, 148, 431]
Clethra kenoyeri Lundell
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX)
Large shrub or medium-sized to large tree, usually up to 20
(rarely 40) m tall. A Mexican endemic cloud forest specialist, this
species also grows in drier forest formations such as pine-oak
forest. This tree is abundant in exposed or disturbed sites.
Synonym: Clethra oaxacana C.W.Ham. Material of this species
has been often misidentified as Clethra macrophylla Mart & Gal.
Common names: escoplo, mameycillo, marangola, pahuilla,
tlechuitl, zapocahuitl. The wood is used in rural constructions
and for producing charcoal. The tree is cultivated as an

ornamental plant.
Refs: [58, 139]
Clethra lanata M.Martens & Galeotti
LC
Mexico (MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree, up to 8 m tall. This species is not a cloud forest
specialist as it also occurs in pine forest, oak forest, pine-oak
forest and several dry and humid communities. Synonym:
Clethra confertifolia Ernst. Common names: aguacatillo, jicarillo,
madroo, mamahuaztli, mameyito blanco, mameyito negro,
pahuilla, tlecuhuitl, ya-guii, yeta-uede.
Refs: [139, 225]
Clethra macrophylla M.Martens & Galeotti
LC
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. Frequently found in
cloud forest, this tree also occurs in pine-oak-Liquidambar
forest, oak forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Abundant
in disturbed habitats and in shade-grown coffee plantations.
This species has been confused with C. mexicana DC.
Synonyms: Clethra spicigera Meissn., Kowalewskia serrulata
Turcz. Common name: marangola. The wood is used in rustic
constructions, for making furniture and as a source of charcoal.
The tree is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Refs: [12, 139, 209, 213, 295, 305]
Clethra mexicana DC.
LC
Mexico (GTO, QRO, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 25 m tall and diameter at
breast height as large as 100 cm. This species is mostly found
in cloud forest but it also grows in pine-oak-Abies forest, often
in wet habitats and disturbed open areas such as roadsides and
forest edges. This taxon, endemic to central Mexico, has been
frequently misidentified and confused with other species; for this
reason, this nomenclatural combination became for a long time
a home for many taxa, which caused a lot of confusion.
Synonyms: Clethra michoacana C.H.Ham., C. quercifolia Lindl.
Common names: aguacatillo, amajuastle, cuchara, jaboncillo,
madroo, mamahuaxtle, mamey cimarrn, marangola,
quilaguacate, tlechuitl, totonalcancatl. The branches are used
as a source of fuelwood. The wood is used for several purposes
including handicrafts, kitchenware, toys, rustic constructions
and charcoal production. In some localities individuals of this
species are used as ornamental trees.
95

Refs: [2, 4, 12, 70, 71, 76, 115, 126, 140, 166, 180, 209,
213, 225, 228, 236, 238, 267, 277, 295, 302, 312, 333, 335,
434, 445]
Clethra nicaraguensis C.W.Ham.
LC
Mexico (CHS), El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A frequent cloud
forest species, it also occurs in moist oak forest and pine-oak
forest, often in disturbed areas. In Mexico, it has been recorded
only in a few localities from the Central Highlands of Chiapas
where forest cover has been severely reduced in recent
decades. Common names: palo colorado, nancite.
Ref: [139]
Clethra pringlei S.Watson
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m, rarely up to 40 m tall
and trunk up to 30 (50) cm in diameter. This Mexican endemic
species occurs in various forest types, including cloud forest,
but more frequently in pine-oak-Liquidambar forest and oak
forest. This tree grows very frequently in open or disturbed areas
such as roadsides and clearings. It is widespread in the eastern
mountains of the country. Common names: aguacatillo,
encinillo, huacanelo, it ath t, madroo, mameycillo, naranjela,
ojit, palo blanco, palo colorado, palo escoplo, talpanhuat. The
wood is used for making rustic furniture and in rural
constructions. The leaves are used as fodder in some regions.
Refs: [1012, 58, 76, 137, 139, 180, 295, 300, 301]
Clethra rosei Britton
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 15 m tall. A widespread
Mexican endemic species, it occurs in dry to moist montane
forest including cloud forest, and is even present in savanna
communities. It is found in exposed and disturbed sites.
Synonyms: Clethra confusa Briq., C. guadalajarensis Briq., C.
palmeri Britton. Common names: bebelama, canelillo, canelo,
canero, cascarillo, cucharo, hubulama, jicarilla, jicarillo,
madroa, malvaste, mamahuastle, mamahuaxtle, palo blanco,
palo de agua, roble, techesqual, palo baraja. The wood is used
for making furniture.
Refs: [79, 96, 139, 277, 351]
96
Clethra schlechtendalii Briq.

LC
Mexico (VER, HGO, PUE)
Medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. A species frequently found
in disturbed areas of moist pine-oak forest and cloud forest.
Locally abundant. Common names: laurel, marangola,
maron, tlecuwitl, zapocuahuitl. The wood is used in rustic
constructions and for making furniture. It is also used for making
charcoal.
Ref: [139]
Clethra suaveolens Turcz.
LC
Usually a small or medium-sized tree, 2030 m tall, sometimes
up to 60 m tall with trunk 100 cm in diameter or more. The
geographical range of this widespread species includes a variety
of forests, from montane rainforests to cloud forest, also
frequently found in grassy openings and disturbed clearings
where it behaves as a pioneer. It has been extensively collected
in Chiapas. Synonyms: Clethra glaberrima Lundell, C. matudae
Lundell, C. nubium Standl. & L.O. Williams, C. viridiflora Standl.
& L.O.Williams, C. vulcanicola Standl. Common names:
coshost, cucharillo, ixpalcuhuitl, kajketez, kate t, koxoxt,
maguichini. The wood is valued for making house rooves and as
a source of firewood, whereas the bark and the leaves have
medicinal uses.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [12, 135, 139, 148, 225, 279, 305, 309]
Clethra tuxtlensis L.M.Gonzlez
LC
Mexico (VER)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is very
abundant in the short-statured cloud forest or elfin forest that
thrives inside the crater of the San Martn Volcano, in the Sierra
de Los Tuxtlas. It is also abundant in pine-oak forest but
infrequent in tropical rainforest at lower elevations. Despite
having a very restricted geographical range, this species always
seems to be very abundant even in much disturbed forests
where it tends to behave like a pioneer. This species has been
misidentified as Clethra suaveolens Turcz. Common names:
cucharillo, ixpalcauhuitl, maquichini, tun cuy xoj, zabatz cuy. The
wood is used in rustic constructions and the bark is used
medicinally for cleaning wounds.
Assessors: LMG, JAM
Ref: [148]
CLUSIACEAE
Clusia flava Jacq.
LC
Mexico (TAM, VER, MOR, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles
A terrestrial or epiphytic tree, 510 (17) m tall, smaller in some
localities (Los Tuxtlas). In addition to cloud forest, this species is
also found in tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, and in
disturbed habitats such as roadsides. The taxonomy of the
genus Clusia is very complex; some specimens of C. flava may
be hybrids with C. guatemalensis which has smaller leaves,
flowers and fruit, and which grows at higher elevations.
Synonyms: Clusia suborbicularis Lundell, C. utilis S.F.Blake.
Common names: chunup, hoja de baraja, memelita, piquint.
Used as firewood and for fence posts. It is also used in
traditional medicine to treat rheumatism and headache and it is
recognised as a popular remedy for syphilis in Yucatn.
Refs: [156, 173, 220, 228, 241, 279, 438]
Clusia lundellii Standl.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras
Tree, up to 10 m tall, or a vine climbing to the tops of tall trees.
A widespread species in cloud forest but more frequently found
at lower elevations. In Mexico it has been collected in locations
above 1,500 m (only in Oaxaca). Synonym: Clusia chanekiana
Lundell. Common name: hoja de baraja.
Refs: [156, 173, 220, 279]
Clusia quadrangula Bartlett
LC
Panama
A tree species, up to 9 m tall, but also an epiphytic shrub. This
species has a marginal presence in cloud forest but is fairly
abundant in tropical dry forest at lower elevations. It has been
collected above 1,000 m only at Ixtln, Oaxaca. Synonym:
Clusia cooperi Standl.
Refs: [156, 220, 279]
Clusia rosea Jacq.

LC
Mexico (VER, MIC, GRO, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Lesser Antilles
A small or medium-sized tree, 1018 m tall. This species is
marginal in cloud forest but is fairly abundant in other forest
formations at lower elevations. Considered as an exotic invasive
species in Hawaii. Synonyms: Clusia major L., C. rosea var.
colombiana Cuatrec. Uses include firewood, fenceposts, rural
constructions and tool handles. In the West Indies the leaves
were reportedly used to write on when paper was scarce.
Refs: [115, 156, 220, 279, 438]
Clusia salvinii Donn.Sm.
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX,
TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Bolivia
A low epiphytic tree, 312 m tall. This species is abundant in
cloud forest and in tropical rainforest. Synonym: Clusia schippii
Lundell. Common names: flor de canela, guayabillo, guicho,
huichu, lengua de tigre, oreja de coyote, oreja de len, oreja de
venado, palo de guila, siempreviva.
Refs: [76, 79, 156, 207, 220, 277, 279, 329, 347, 348, 351,
356, 357, 428, 429, 438]
Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
A small or medium-sized dioecious tree, 515 m tall, with a
marginal distribution in cloud forest. It is more frequently found
in seasonal formations at lower elevations and in disturbed
habitats. Synonyms: Calophyllum edule Seem, Rheedia edulis
(Seem.) Planch. & Triana, R. intermedia Pittier, R. tonduziana
Engl. Common names: limoncillo, naranjillo, toronjil, zapotillo.
Fruit is edible. Bark is rich in tannins. The timber is a source of
firewood and is used to make fenceposts and tool handles.
Refs: [76, 173, 279, 333, 431, 438]
97
Vismia baccifera (L.) Triana & Planch.

LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forests
but is mostly found in more seasonal mid-elevation forests. Few
specimens available from Mexico where it has been collected in
cloud forest (only in Oaxaca). Synonyms: Caopia baccifera (L.)
Kuntze, Hypericum bacciferum L., Vismia dealbata Kunth, V.
guttifera Pers., V. mexicana Schltdl., V. panamensis Duchass. &
Walp. Common names: nanchillo, nancillo amarillo. Associated
with shade-grown coffee plantations in Veracruz. Uses reported
from Cobn (Guatemala) include the relief of toothache and
headache and as a mouthwash. The wood is used to make
handles for agricultural tools.
Refs: [207, 209, 226, 279, 333, 438]
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall

LC
Canada, United States, Mexico (TAM, HGO, VER, PUE, CHS)
A medium-sized or large tree, up to 36 m tall and trunk up to 1.6
m in diameter. A widespread and abundant species in cloud forests,
frequently found in moist or riparian habitats. Seedlings can be
produced from seeds (germination 4060%) passed through cold
water and placed on damp soil. Synonyms: Nyssa caroliniana Poir.,
N. multiflora Wangenh. Common names: cabo de luc, chist,
manzanillo, palo de papaxi, petcui, tetzicohuitl. Used for hedges
and as an ornamental tree because of the attractive red colour of
its leaves in the Fall. The timber is recognized for its good quality
although it is not very durable; with adequate treatment it is valuable
for making poles. Also used as a source of firewood.
Elevational range: 1,0002,200 m (close to sea level in Canada
and the United States).
Assessors: MGE, Expert Group May 2007
Refs: [4, 135, 137, 163, 229, 241, 295, 305, 309, 438]
Vismia camparaguey Sprague & L.Riley

LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras
A small tree, up to 7 m tall. This species is marginal in cloud
forest as it grows more frequently in tropical dry forest and in
tropical rainforest. Used as a source of firewood.
Refs: [226, 279]
Cupressus lusitanica Mill.

LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, DF, GRO, CHS), Guatemala
A heliophytic large tree species, up to 40 m tall and trunk more than
60 cm in diameter. It may be an element of the canopy in cloud
forest but also ocurrs in pine-oak forest and pine-fir (Abies) forest
above 2,500 m. It may form pure stands over small areas. Widely
planted in tropical and subtropical areas; records from many other
Mexican states and countries in the TROPICOS database are
possibly from cultivated plants. Seedlings are readily produced from
fresh seeds, which can not endure storage for more than seven
months. Synonyms: Cupressus benthamii Endl., C. lindleyi
Klotzsch. ex Endl. Common names: cedro, cedro blanco, ciprs,
nukulpat, sabino, tatzcanti. Used as an ornamental and planted in
hedges. Other uses include lumber for construction, wood for
making pencils, toys, guitars and mandolins.
Assessors: ILV, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 6971, 76, 115, 135, 279, 309]
CORNACEAE
Cornus excelsa Kunth
LC
Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
A widespread, early successional tree species, up to 12 m tall and
trunk up to 15 cm in diameter. Fairly abundant in secondary
vegetation associated with cloud forests but also found on slopes
and in ridges with oak and pine-oak forests. Seedlings can be
readily produced from chemically scarified seeds. Synonyms:
Cornus lanceolata Rose, C. tolucensis Kunth. Common names:
acaciste, aceitunillo, carindaps, hierbabuenilla, isbn,
matlahuacal, mimbre, mimbre blanco, palo membrillo,
quirindaps, tepeacuilotl, tepecuilo, tepecuilote, teposa, tepoza.
The wood is used for making tool handles and handicrafts. Some
medicinal uses are known. Bark is used to cure stomach pains.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 43, 47, 58, 76, 79, 124, 135, 137, 140, 161, 229,
237, 277, 279, 295, 300302, 309, 356, 365, 438]
98
CUPRESSACEAE
DIPENTODONTACEAE
Perrottetia longistylis Rose
LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
A small tree species, up to 12 m tall. This species is frequently
found in secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest and pineoak forest, and also occurs on river banks. Common name:
mezcalillo.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 96, 180, 207, 214, 241, 277, 279, 333, 351, 357, 429]
Perrottetia ovata Hemsl.

LC
Mexico (DGO, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala
A small tree species frequently found in secondary vegetation
associated with cloud forest and pine-oak forest. It is distributed
mostly in Mexico. Synonym: Perrottetia glabrata Rose.
Common name: palo de agua.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 126, 214, 229, 295, 445]
ERICACEAE
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth
LC
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO,
SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
A small or medium-sized tree, 48 (15) m tall. An occasional
component of cloud forest, this species is more frequently found
in pine-oak forest and in secondary vegetation. Synonyms:
Arbutus densiflora Kunth, A. floribunda M.Martens & Galeotti,
A. glandulosa M.Martens & Galeotti, A. laurina M.Martens &
Galeotti, A. macrophylla M.Martens & Galeotti, A. mollis Kunth,
A. paniculata M.Martens & Galeotti, A. petiolaris Kunth.
Common names: madrn, madroo, on t.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [2, 4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 115, 138, 166, 180, 238, 277,
302, 305, 309, 357, 364]
Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth
LC
United States, Mexico (BC, SON, CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN,
DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE,
TLA, OAX, CHS)
Small tree, 35 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species grows
more frequently in oak forest, pine-oak forest, and juniper or
cypress scrub; it is also present in secondary vegetation derived
from these plant communities. Common names: manzanita,
manzanilla, pingica, palo de pingica, tepezquite, pinquiqua,
leo colorado. Boiled leaves and fruit are used as a remedy for
kidney diseases.
Refs: [70, 71, 76, 97, 138, 335]
Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L.
LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Low tree, 38 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest but also

grows in pine forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Bejaria discolor
Benth., B. glauca Bonpl., B. laevis Benth., B. mexicana Benth.
Common names: rosa del monte, cruz de mayo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [4, 67, 229, 295, 429]
Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Mostly a shrub, 13 m, or a low tree, 36 (10) m tall. Rare in
cloud forest but frequently found in oak forest, pine-oak forest,
scrub, or even secondary vegetation derived from these
vegetation types. Mostly recorded as abundant where collected.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 97, 138, 277]
Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), El Salvador,
Honduras
Shrub or small tree, 0.57 m tall. Variably abundant in oak forest,
pine-oak forest and cloud forest. Recorded as a tree only in
Chiapas and Oaxaca. Frequently occurs in rocky habitats.
Synonyms: Gaultheria chiapensis Camp, G. laevigata
M.Martens & Galeotti, G. nelsonii Small, G. nitida Benth., G.
ovata DC., G. pringlei Camp.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [130, 209, 216, 295]
Gaultheria erecta Vent.
LC
Mexico (NL[?], TAM[?], DGO, SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Mostly a shrub, 0.53 m, or a low tree, 36 m tall. This species
occurs in oak forest, pine forest, pine-oak forest, cloud forest,
subalpine scrub and secondary vegetation. Frequently recorded
as abundant where collected. Synonyms: Gaultheria conzatti
Camp, G. cordata M.Martens & Galeotti, G. cordifolia Kunth, G.
cumingii Sleumer, G. hidalgensis Loes., G. hirtiflora Benth., G.
lancifolia Small, G. longipes Small, G. montana Brandegee, G.
odorata Bredem. ex Willd. var. mexicana DC., G. parvifolia
Small, G. schiedeana Sleumer, G. tacanensis Camp, G.
trichocalycina DC. Common name: arrayn.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [216, 229, 431]
99
EUPHORBIACEAE
Alchornea latifolia Sw.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL,
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Dioecious large tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk up to 45 cm in
diameter. This taxon is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also
present in wet and dry tropical forests, mangroves, open areas
and riparian habitats. Synonym: Alchornea similis Mll.Arg.
Common names: canaco, carne de caballo, coton de caribe,
hoja ancha, kan-ak, palo de huevo, palo de mujer, pastillo, pozol
agrio. The wood is light, soft and with low durability. No other
uses are known.
Assessors: MMG, MGE
Refs: [126, 173, 207, 209, 224, 241, 333, 351, 429, 438]
Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M.Johnst.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador
Small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species is marginal to cloud forest
as it occurs in forest formations typical of lower elevations
including tropical rainforest, tropical evergreen forest, tropical
semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry forest, pine forest and pineoak forest. It is abundant in canopy gaps and forest edges.
Synonym: Jatropha multiloba Pax. Common names: ac, cajn,
chichacaste, chichoalcaxitle, mala mujer, mala mujer lisa, ortiga,
sla ek, tepo, tpum, totopo, tzitzicaitl.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [76, 173, 229, 285, 295, 299301, 333]
Croton billbergianus Mll. Arg.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Bolivia
Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical
rainforest and other more seasonal lowland forest formations.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 441]
Croton draco Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
A tree species, up to 25 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter.
100
Not restricted to cloud forest. This species is abundant in

secondary vegetation in cloud forest where slash-and-burn
agriculture is practised. Common names: cuate, palo muela,
chichbat, chicht, drago, etzcuhuitl, pocsnum-qui-ui, sangre
de drago, sangregado, sangre de perro, xitzte. The red sap is a
source of dye and a remedy for hoof diseases in horses. It has
astringent properties and is also used for the treatment of fever
and to harden mouth gums.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [58, 76, 209, 224, 228, 241, 279, 295, 333, 351, 438,
441]
Croton guatemalensis Lotsy
LC
Mexico (SLP, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC),
Panama, Peru
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. A species not restricted to cloud
forest as it also occurs in tropical dry forest and tropical
rainforest. Common names: algodoncillo, cascarillo, chul,
chulch, copalchi, copalch, huilote, huilotl, juilocuhuitl, oli, olith,
palo blanco, quina blanca, vara blanca, vidrioso. The bark is
used to treat fever and the cooked bark is used to treat
diarrhoea and for cleaning infected wounds.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 228, 241, 279, 438, 441]
Croton schiedeanus Schltdl.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize,
Venezuela, Peru
A small tree, up to 15 m tall. This species is marginal to cloud forest
as it usually occurs in other tropical lowland forest formations.
Assessors: MMG, MGE
Refs: [224, 279, 441]
Croton xalapensis Kunth
LC
Mexico (SLP, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama
A small tree, up to 10 m tall, sometimes reported as a shrub.
This species is marginal to cloud forests, it occurs in secondary
vegetation on rocky slopes or disturbed habitats such as shadegrown coffee plantations and pastures. More frequently found in
successional associations of humid, semi-humid, and dry
tropical forests at lower elevations (occasionally in riparian
habitats or in protected ravines) and in pine-oak and oak forests.
Synonyms: Croton aguilarii Lundell, C. asteroides Lundell, C.
pseudoxalapensis Croizat, C. pseudoxalapensis var. cobanensis
Croizat, Cyclostigma xalapense (Kunth) Klotzsch, Oxydectes

xalapensis (Kunth) Kuntze, Palanostigma xalapense (Kunth) Baill.
Common names: sangregado, sangregao. Its medicinal uses
include the treatment of throat infections. The trunk exudes a
gum used for cleaning teeth.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [209, 224, 279, 288, 333, 445]
Gymnanthes actinostemoides Mll.Arg.
LC
Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, OAX, CHS), Costa
Rica, Panama
Not restricted to cloud forest as it also occurs in oak forest, pineoak forest and tropical dry forest. Sometimes present in riparian
habitats. Synonym: Sebastiania actinostemoides Mll.Arg.
(Mll.Arg.)
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [76, 224, 428]
Hieronyma oblonga Mll.Arg.
LC
Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
A small tree, up to 12 m tall. This species is not restricted to cloud
forest as it is also found in pine forest, and occasionally in
wooded swamps or generally in areas with poor drainage.
Synonyms: Hieronyma gentlei Lundell, H. guatemalensis
Donn.Sm., Stilaginella oblonga Tul.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [224, 279]
Mabea occidentalis Benth.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil
A small tree, up to 8 m tall and trunk up to 8 cm in diameter. Not
restricted to cloud forest, this species mostly occurs in forests at
lower elevations and in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Mabea
acutissima Killip, M. belizensis Lundell, M. pallida Mll.Arg.
Assessors: MMG, MGE
Refs: [224, 279]
Sapium macrocarpum Mll.Arg.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, VER, COL,
MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
A tree, up to 25 m tall, with a widespread distribution in Mexico.

This species is marginal in cloud forest and frequently occurs in
forests at elevations under 1,500 m. Abundant in riparian
habitats. Synonyms: Excoecaria macrocarpa (Mll.Arg.)
Mll.Arg., Sapium bourgeaui Croizat, S. dolichostachys
K.Schum. ex Pax, S. mexicanum Hemsl., S. pedicellatum
Huber, S. thelocarpum K.Schum. & Pittier. Common names:
amatillo, chonte, hincha huevos, lechn, palo lechn.
Assessors: MMG, MGE
Refs: [76, 224, 279, 438]
Sebastiania jaliscensis McVaugh
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, GRO, OAX)
This species occurs in a variety of forest types. In addition to
cloud forest, it is also found in tropical dry forest, oak forest,
pine-oak forest, pine forest, and often occurs in riparian
habitats.
Assessor: MMG
Refs: [115, 207, 224, 438]
FABACEAE
Gleditsia aquatica Marshall
LC
United States, Mexico (TAM)
Small tree, up to 10 m tall. This species is widely distributed in
humid habitats of the eastern United States, but in Mexico it is
restricted to a small cloud forest patch in the Sierra de San
Carlos of Tamaulipas State where it is abundant, forming almost
pure stands. Synonyms: Asacara aquatica (Marshall) Raf.,
Gleditsia triacantha Gaertn., G. triacanthos var. aquatica
(Marshall) Castiglioni.
Elevational range: 1,400 m (from sea level in the United States)
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [30, 31]
Inga densiflora Benth.
LC
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru
Small to medium-sized tree, 620 m tall. A typical species of
humid regions, this species occurs in cloud forest and in
tropical rainforest. This species is used as shade-tree in shadegrown coffee plantations in the Soconusco region (southern
Chiapas) and Central America. The seeds are surrounded by
an edible sarcotesta.
Refs: [282, 369, 371]
101
Inga jinicuil G.Don

LC
Mexico (VER, MIC, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Ecuador
Medium-sized tree, 820 m tall. This species is an occasional
cloud forest element as it typically grows in humid forests at
lower elevations. Synonyms: Inga jinicuil Schltdl., I. paterno
Harms, I. radians Pittier. Common names: algodoncillo, bitz,
calam, chalahuite, cojinicuil, cuajinicuil, cuilmachetn,
guajinicuil, jinicuil, paterna, paterno, tachki, talax, uajnikuile. The
species is widely used as a shade tree in coffee and cacao
shade-grown plantations. The sarcotesta is edible and the seed
embryo is used for making soup, after being boiled or roasted.
Refs: [174, 209, 279, 282, 369, 371]
Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico,
Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, 422 m tall. Not a cloud forest
specialist, this species is also found in oak forest, pine forest
and tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian
habitats. Synonyms: Inga fagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth., not I.
fagifolia G.Don (= I. ruiziana G.Don), Mimosa laurina Sw.
Common name: nacaspirol. The sarcotesta is edible.
Refs: [228, 232, 277, 279, 282, 351, 369, 371]
Inga oerstediana Benth.
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Lesser Antilles
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 30 m tall but often much
smaller. This typical cloud forest species is also present in
tropical rainforest and pine-oak forest, frequently in riparian
habitats. This species is closely related to, and hence often
confused with I. edulis Mart. Synonyms: Inga endlicheri (Kuntze)
J.F.Macbr., I. minutula (Schery) T.S.Elias. Common names:
chalahuita, jacaniquil, joaquiniquil, kok, palo de chelel. This
species is used as a shade tree in shade-grown cacao and
coffee plantations. In some places people favour its growth as
it is a good source of firewood.
Refs: [282, 369, 371]
102
Inga punctata Willd.

LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, 520 m tall. Although present in
cloud forest, this species is not restricted to this vegetation type
as it also occurs in lowland humid vegetation and pine-oak
forest, frequently in riparian habitats and often in ruderal habitats.
From a taxonomic viewpoint this is a highly complex species,
like many other Inga species from the cloud forest. Synonym:
Inga leptoloba Schltdl. Common names: chalahuite, chalahuite
cruzado, chelele, juatope, puch, tzelel, vainillo. Used as a shade
tree in shade-grown coffee plantations.
Refs: [209, 228, 279, 282, 369, 371]
Inga vera Willd.
LC
Mexico (COA, SIN, DGO, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM,
QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Jamaica,
Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Medium-sized to tall tree, 1030 m tall. Found in cloud forest
but also occurs in tropical rainforest, frequently in riparian
habitats. A very variable species. The species is closely related
to I. affinis DC., I. eriocarpa Benth., and I. oerstediana Benth.,
with which it can be easily confused. Pennington [282]
recognized three subspecies, two occurring in Mexico (subsp.
vera and the endemic subsp. eriocarpa (Benth.) J.Len).
Synonyms: Inga mociniana G.Don, I. spuria Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd. Common names: agotope, aguatope, ajotopi, biche,
carnicuil, chalahuite, jacanacuil, jacanicuil, janicuil, tanaloco,
vainillo. This is by far the most widely used species as a shade
tree in shade-grown coffee plantations. Also used as fuel wood.
Refs: [58, 79, 209, 279, 282, 351, 369, 371]
Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. ovalifolia
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
LC
United States, Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, SLP, QRO, HGO,
VER, OAX, TAB, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela
Shrub or small to medium-sized tree, 17 (20) m tall. A typical
taxon of secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest and
tropical dry and humid forest. It is also recorded along roadsides
and near cultivated fields. Naturalized in Cuba. Senna pendula
(Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is a complex and very variable
species, comprising 19 varieties [176]. Synonyms: Adipera

ovalifolia Britt. & Rose, Cassia botteriana Benth., C. ovalifolia
M.Martens & Galeotti, not C. ovalifolia Mart. ex Colla, C. pendula
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Common names: alcaparrillo, bicho,
bricho, caca de gato, cachimbo, tsu leek ecuet, vara prieta.
Used in the practice of folk medicine.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [176, 232, 340]
Zapoteca portoricensis (Jacq.) H.M.Hern. subsp.
portoricensis
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, OAX, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
Rico
Shrub or small tree, 26 m tall. This species is not a cloud forest
specialist as it can also be found in oak forest, pine forest, pineoak forest and tropical rainforests, especially in secondary
habitats. Synonyms: Calliandra nogalensis Lundell, C.
siltepecensis Lundell, C. portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth., Mimosa
portoricensis Jacq. Common names: efecillo, guajillo, guajillo
blanco, juc, pelo de ngel, pix, timbrillo.
Refs: [58, 137, 165, 228, 279, 295]
Zapoteca tetragona (Willd.) H.M.Hern.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Ecuador
Shrub or small tree, 1.55 tall, rarely up to 12 m tall. This is a
widespread species in successional vegetation derived from
cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, found along
streams or in river banks and edges of crop fields. Synonyms:
Acacia tetragona Willd., Anneslia tetragona (Willd.) Donn.Sm.,
Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth. var. multijuga Micheli ex
Donn.Sm., C. tetragona (Willd.) Benth., C. toroana Britton &
Rose ex Britton & Killip, Feuilleea tetragona (Willd.) Kuntze,
Mimosa quadrangularis Poir. Common names: ngel,
atzalaquio, barba de chivo, cabellito blanco, cabellito de ngel,
cabeza de viejo, cola de iguana, guaje silvestre, guajillo, guajillo
blanco, lig tiou, palo costillo, pelo de ngel, potosina.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 165, 232, 279]
FAGACEAE
Quercus crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl.
LC
Mexico (CHI, NL, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala
Medium-sized to large deciduous or semi-deciduous tree,
growing as tall as 30 m and trunk up to 4080 cm in diameter.
This is a typical cloud forest species but it also occurs in oak
forest, pine-oak forest, and conifer forest. It is generally an
abundant tree, sometimes forming dense stands, and it
regenerates well in open areas and forest edges. The species is
widely distributed in mountainous region of the country.
Common names: bochilte, bochj, bochiv, chanal, encino
colorado, encino hojarasco, encino huaje, encino prieto, encino
roble, encino tesmolillo, hojarasco, roble, yavnal-jitee. It is used
as a source of firewood and to make charcoal.
Refs: [4, 76, 124, 133, 180, 194, 195, 225, 229, 302, 309,
310, 312, 404, 413]
Quercus laurina Bonpl.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF,
MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Large tree, up to 35 m tall or more. A widely distributed and
abundant cloud forest species, it is often dominant also in oak
forest, pine-oak forest and pine-oak-fir (Abies) forest. The
species regenerates well in forest gaps, and in open fields and
forest edges created by agriculture. Re-sprouting is vigorous in
small trees. Synonym: Quercus ocoteifolia Liebm. Common
names: ahucepitzahuac, biktal-anal, chiquinib, encino, encino
ahualpitzahual, encino capulincillo, encino jarilla, encino laurelillo,
encino nechilahue. Poles and boards are obtained from large
trees. It is used for firewood and to make charcoal.
Refs: [24, 43, 70, 71, 124, 126, 133, 135, 166, 180, 194, 195,
209, 213, 225, 237239, 277, 279, 295, 302, 309, 312, 356,
413]
Quercus obtusata Bonpl.
LC
Mexico (NL, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 20 m tall. This Mexican
endemic oak thrives in cloud forest but it is more frequently
found in drier forest types such as oak forest, pine-oak forest
and pine forest.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 96, 180, 213, 277, 406, 429]
103
Quercus rugosa Ne
LC
United States, Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, COA, NL, DGO, ZAC,
SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Tree, up to 30 m tall and trunk 2570 cm in diameter. A
widespread cloud forest species, but mostly dominant in the
canopy of oak forest, pine-oak forest, and conifer forest. This is
the most abundant and widely distributed Mexican oak species.
It regenerates well in open areas and in forest edges derived from
agricultural land use. Common names: cu-h, encino de asta,
encino blanco, encino cuero, encino de miel, encino quiebra
hacha, encino roble, palo colorado, roble, t-nuy, tuln. It is used
for poles to build rustic houses and to make tool handles. It is
highly valued as a source of firewood and to make charcoal.
Refs: [24-26, 70, 71, 76, 96, 124, 133, 135, 166, 193-195, 225,
228, 277, 279, 302, 309, 310, 356, 413]
Quercus scytophylla Liebm.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, MIC, MEX, GRO, PUE, OAX)
Medium-sized to large tree, up to 20 m tall. A typical cloud forest
species endemic to Mexico, it is also present in oak forest and
pine-oak forest. Widely distributed and abundant in the
mountains of the western and southern regions of the country.
Common name: encino blanco.
Assessors: SVA, JAM
Refs: [76, 79, 180, 225, 277, 278, 357, 410, 413]
ILLICIACEAE
Illicium floridanum J.Ellis
LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, VER)
Rare as a tree, 35 m tall, more frequently found as a shrub, 2
4 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest (in Mexico) but is
also found in pine-oak forest or swamp vegetation (in the United
States). Common names: ixcapantl, mata caballo.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [4, 137, 225]
JUGLANDACEAE
Carya illinoiensis (Wangehn.) K.Koch
LC
United States, Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SLP)
Small to medium-sized tree, up to 12 m tall. A cloud forest
species but more frequently found in other more seasonal and
less humid forest types. In Mexico its natural distribution is
restricted to the north-eastern states of the country but trees of
104
this species are often planted in other places. Synonyms: Carya

tetraptera Wangenh., C. pecan (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn.,
Juglans illinoiensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch. Common names:
damz, nogal, nogal de cuilapam, nogal liso, nogal morado,
nogal de nuez chica, nogal de nuez lisa, nogal pecanero, yagasola. The main product obtained from this tree is the edible,
highly valued fruit. Oils from the seed are extracted for the
cosmetic industry and the wood is used to make fine furniture
and for house finishing. Trees are also planted as an ornamental
and shade plant.
Refs: [103, 253, 267]
LAURACEAE
Cinnamomum triplinerve (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm.
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil, Paraguay, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Large tree, up to 30 m tall. The presence of this taxon in cloud
forest is marginal as it occurs mostly in tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical rainforest, rarely in pine-oak forest. In Mexico
this species has recently become rare because the forest
vegetation where it typically grows has been heavily transformed
into pastures for raising cattle. Synonyms: Persea cinnamomifolia
Kunth, P. mexicana (Meisn.) Hemsl., Phoebe cinnamomifolia
(Kunth) Nees, P. mexicana Meisn., Cinnamomum cinnamomifolium
(Kunth) Kosterm., C. mexicanum (Meisn.) Kosterm.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [198]
Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
Rico
A tree, 620 (30) m tall, rarely a shrub. The presence of this
species in cloud forest is marginal as it frequently grows in
tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, and less
frequently in tropical dry forest or pine-oak forest. There are
records of this tree being abundant in some localities.
Synonyms: Nectandra albiflora Lundell, N. glabrescens Benth.,
Sassafridium macrophyllum Rose. Common names:
aguacatillo, laurel, laurel blanco, laurelillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 198, 277, 331]
Ocotea veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez

LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, GRO, OAX, CHS, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
A mediumsized tree, 615 (20) m tall. In addition to cloud
forest, where it is a rare element, this species also occurs in
tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical rainforest, and more
rarely in pine-oak forest and tropical dry forest. Occasionally
present in secondary vegetation. Synonym: Ocotea
escuintlensis Lundell. Common name: aguacatillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 198]
MALPIGHIACEAE
Bunchosia lindeniana A.Juss.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Bolivia[?]
Shrub or small tree, 38 m tall. Not restricted to, and not
frequent in, cloud forest. Common name: vara de flecha.
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [76, 173, 333, 379]
Malpighia glabra L.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba,
Jamaica, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or small tree, 37 m tall. This species grows sporadically
in cloud forest and pine-oak forest but it is more common in
lowland vegetation such as tropical semi-evergreen forest,
tropical rainforest and tropical dry forest. Common names:
cereza, manzanita.
Assessors: FLH, JAM
Refs: [29, 73, 74, 223, 288, 379]
MALVACEAE
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.
LC
United States, Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
QRO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay,
Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico,
Lesser Antilles
Medium-sized tree, up to 25 m tall, but usually smaller. This

species is marginal to cloud forest as it normally occurs in a wide
array of lowland forest formations including tropical rainforest,
tropical evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and
tropical dry forest. It can also be found in savannah and is a
common component of secondary forests. Common names:
acashti, ajill, ajya, aquich, aquiche, gucima, gucimo,
cuaulote, kolin kakau, majagua de toro, nocuana-yana, palote
negro, paradesicua, tablote, tzuni, tzuyui, uigie, ya-ana, yaco
granadillo, yaco de venado, zam-mi.
Assessors: GIM, JAM
Refs: [137, 285, 299, 300, 351]
Hampea longipes Miranda
LC
A small or medium-sized tree, 715 m tall. Dioecious tree,
common in secondary vegetation of cloud forest and montane
rainforest. In Mexico this species is only known from a few
localities in Chiapas and Oaxaca.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [120]
Heliocarpus americanus L.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, JAL, AGS, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MEX,
MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil,
Lesser Antilles
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 22 m tall and trunk up to 40
cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest, this species also
occurs in forest formations at lower elevations. Abundant and
widespread.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [58, 279, 438]
Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz.
LC
Mexico (SIN, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Panama
diameter. Found in cloud forest but mostly occurs in vegetation
types typical of lower elevations. This taxon is notoriously favoured
by human disturbance. Common names: corcho, jolocn blanco,
jonote, jonote colorado, majagua, majagua azul, mozote. The
white, inner bark can be shredded and used as rope. Soft timber.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 174, 209, 241, 279, 295, 333, 438]
105
Heliocarpus donnellsmithii Rose

LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Lesser Antilles
diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest. A pioneer species that
is normally not found in primary forest. Common names: bat,
cajeta, chintule, corcho, holotsin, jolocn, jonoai, jonote, jonote
blanco, majagua jolocn, mosote. The timber is light and it is
used for roofing. The bark is used for making hammocks and
beaten to produce a paper-like material.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [174, 241, 279, 295, 333, 363, 438, 445]
Heliocarpus mexicanus (Turcz.) Sprague
LC
Mexico (QRO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall or more. Not
restricted to cloud forest. A common element in early secondary
vegetation. Common names: aguajp, aguape, jolocn. The
bark mucilage is sometimes used to make syrup clear when
making sugar. Timber is light and soft and has little use.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [58, 241, 279]
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.
LC
Mexico (CHI, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO,
HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Lesser
Antilles
A small understorey tree or more commonly a shrub, less than
5 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as the species is common
in secondary vegetation at lower elevations. Common names:
bequem-tzojol, bizil, chanita, chupamirto, civil, ishlicatapachat,
manzanita, mazapn, mazapancillo, monacillo, monaguillo,
obelisco de la sierra, quesito, taman-chich. Reports of juicy
fruit eaten by children.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [65, 76, 120, 123, 207, 357, 445]
106
Malvaviscus lanceolatus Rose

LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
A small tree or more commonly a large shrub not restricted to
cloud forest. The species also occurs on stream banks and in
understorey montane rainforest and evergreen rainforest.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [120]
Phymosia rosea (DC.) Kearney
LC
Mexico (CHI, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX,
A small tree, up to 10 m tall, or shrub. Found in cloud forest,
this species is common on rocky slopes and in disturbed
habitats of milpa landscapes, along fence rows and on
roadsides, sometimes near streams. Also occurs in pine forest,
oak forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Malva capensis
Sess & Moc., Malva rosea DC., Malvastrum roseum (DC.)
Hemsl., Meliphlea vitifolia Zucc., Sphaeralcea rosea (DC.)
G.Don, S. rosea (DC.) Standl., S. schenckii O.E.Ulbr., S.
umbellata var. rosea (DC.) Baker f., S. vitifolia (Zucc.) Benth. &
Hook.f. ex Hemsl., S. vitifolia (Zucc.) Hemsl., Sphaeroma nutans
(Scheidw. ex Planch.) Kuntze, S. roseum (DC.) Schltdl., S.
vitifolium (Zucc.) Kuntze. Sometimes planted as an ornamental
or for medicinal use in some parts of Mexico. In folk medicine the
young leaves are boiled to make a drink used to treat diarrhoea.
Common names: malvavisco, tansarant.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [65, 76, 119, 120, 122, 279, 427]
Trichospermum mexicanum (DC.) Baill.
LC
Mexico (COA, SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX,
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru
A medium-sized or large tree, up to 33 m tall and trunk up to 50
cm in diameter. Marginal to cloud forest, this species is very
common in lower elevation tropical moist vegetation types and
rare at higher elevations. A pioneer species typical of secondary
vegetation. Synonyms: Belotia mexicana (DC.) K.Schum.,
Grewia mexicana DC. Common names: corcho colorado,
guapetate. The wood is sometimes used for paper pulp.
Assessors: JAM, MGE
Refs: [174, 209, 241, 279, 333]
MELASTOMATACEAE
Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D.Don ex DC.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER,
COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba
Shrub or tree, 210 m tall. Found in cloud forest but also occurs
in many other vegetation types. Secondary species that is
favoured by disturbance. Synonyms: Conostegia lanceolata
Cogn., C. minutiflora Rose, C. viridis Cogn. ex Donn.Sm.
Common names: capuln, capuln de cotorro, capulincillo, chicab, chicabte, cinco negritos, mora, nigua, nigua grande, pasita,
popu, serita, tecopuln, tesuate, teshuate, tezhualillo. Fruit is
edible. Wood used for fuelwood and for building fences.
Refs: [6, 8, 58, 173, 207, 295, 351, 377, 445]
Leandra subseriata (Naudin) Cogn.
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
Shrub or small tree, 13 (5) m tall. This species occurs in cloud
forest, tropical rainforest and in disturbed areas bordering pineoak forest and secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Clidemia
subseriata Naudin, C. amblyandra Naudin, C. mucida Markgr.,
Leandra mucida Markgr. Common names: yuva, xiyo. Leaves
are used to cook meat.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Ref: [8]
Miconia calvescens DC.
LC
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay
Shrub or small tree, 210 (rarely 15) m tall. This species is
marginal to cloud forest as it is more common in tropical
rainforest and riparian vegetation. Synonyms: Cyanophyllum
magnificum Groenl., Miconia magnifica (Groenl.) Triana.
Refs: [8, 383]
Miconia dodecandra Cogn.
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba,
Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or tree, 315 m. Found in cloud forest, tropical rainforest,

tropical semi-evergreen forest, pine-oak forest and disturbed
areas. Close to Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O.Williams. Synonym:
Melastoma dodecandrum Desr. non Lour.
Refs: [8, 86, 207, 377]
Miconia glaberrima (Schltdl.) Naudin
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX,
CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras
Shrub or small tree, 110 m tall. Found in cloud forest, tropical
rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
Melastoma glaberrimum Schltdl., Miconia pinetorum Naudin.
Specimens from El Salvador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are
uncertain and need more comprehensive taxonomic studies.
Common names: capuln, nigua, palo tostado, teshuate, uva.
Refs: [6, 8, 79, 86, 96, 126, 135, 207, 309, 356, 357, 363,
383, 429, 431, 445]
Miconia minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC.
LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname,
French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Lesser
Antilles
Shrub or tree 17 (15) m. This typical cloud forest species is
also present in pine forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semievergreen forest, and tropical rainforest, frequently found in
riparian habitats. This species seems to be favoured by
disturbance. Synonyms: Melastoma minutiflorum Bonpl.,
Miconia borealis Gleason, M. minutiflora (Bonpl.) DC. var. latifolia
Cogn.
Refs: [8, 86, 207, 377]
Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O.Williams
LC
Mexico (GRO), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru,
Brazil, Lesser Antilles
Small understorey tree, 210 m tall. This species is not restricted
to cloud forest as it also occurs in pine-oak forest, tropical semievergreen forest and tropical rainforest, and is not uncommon in
disturbed areas.
Refs: [8, 86, 207, 383]
107
MELIACEAE
Trichilia havanensis Jacq.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER,
COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
Dominican Republic, Lesser Antilles
Dioecious medium-sized tree, 1015 m tall. Rare species in
cloud forest, it is more typical of tropical rainforest, tropical semievergreen forest and tropical dry forest. Synonyms:
Moschoxylum cuneatum Turcz., Trichilia havanensis var.
lanceolata C.DC., T. havanensis var. spathulata Rose. Common
names: bola de ratn, bola de tejn, canache, cahuache,
chachalaca, ciruelillo, cololte, colobte, cucharilla, cucharillo,
estribillo, garrapatilla, limoncillo, limoncillo zanate, naranjillo, rama
tinaja, palo de cuchara, soyoalcoabite, xopilcuahuitl, zapotillo.
The wood is used in construction, to make tool handles, crafts
and as an ornamental for altar offerings in the Da de Muertos
folk festival (November 1st and 2nd). Seeds are a potential
resource for the production of edible oil.
Refs: [4, 41, 58, 76, 79, 115, 137, 172, 173, 180, 207, 229,
238, 277, 280, 295, 351, 356, 357, 363, 445]
Trichilia martiana C.DC.
LC
Mexico (VER, TAB, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Lesser
Antilles
Dioecious tree, 1025 m tall. Marginal in cloud forest as it is
more common in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical dry forest. Closely related to Trichilia hirta L.
Synonym: Trichilia oaxacana S.F.Blake. Common names:
bejuco blanco, caobillo, mapahuite cimarrn, palo de aceite,
palo de bejuco, tres lomos blancos. A timber tree.
Refs: [173, 236, 280]
MORACEAE
Ficus aurea Nutt.
LC
United States, Mexico (SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, VER, COL, MIC,
PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica,
Epiphytic or strangler tree, 1540 m tall. Found in cloud forest,
tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forests, this species
is common in secondary growth and riparian habitats. Very
108
variable species and closely related to many others (Ficus aurea

complex). Synonyms: Ficus cookii Standl., F. isophlebia Standl.,
F. jimenezii Standl., F. lundellii Standl., F. tecolutensis (Liebm.)
Miq., F. tuerckheimii Standl. Common names: akuum, lamo,
amate, amate matapalo, amate prieto, amatillo, capule, ceiba,
cob, congo, coob, chiquis, chumbi, higo colorado, higuera,
higuera negra, higuera roja, higuern, jalamate de hoja,
matapalo, saiba, tezcalama, tomatillo, tzajal mutut, xalama
blanco, zalate. Shade tree in cattle pastures, where it is also
used as fodder. The fruit is eaten occasionally by humans.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [18, 174, 359, 401]
Ficus obtusifolia Kunth
LC
MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia,
Brazil
Hemi-epiphytic shrub or tree, 425 m tall. With few records in
cloud forest, this species is more typical of tropical rainforest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest, and oak forest, particularly in
riparian habitats. Very variable species (Ficus obtusifolia
complex). Synonyms: Ficus chiapensis Lundell, F. involuta
(Liebm.) Miq. Common names: aguacatillo, amate, amate
chango, amate prieto, amatn, chalate, higo, higuera, higuera
blanca, higuera prieta, higuerilla, higuern, hopoy tsuh,
matapalo, sak ahua, talayo, tescalamillo, ubijo copjo, yayo,
zalate. The wood of this species is used for making plywood.
Also a widespread shade tree in cattle pastures.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 174, 359, 401]
Ficus pertusa L.f.
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, TAB,
OAX, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Jamaica,
Lesser Antilles
Hemi-epiphytic or strangler tree, 525 m tall. Rare in cloud forest
but common in tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest,
oak forest and mangroves, this species frequently occurs in
riparian habitats. Very variable species (Ficus pertusa complex).
Synonyms: Ficus padifolia Kunth, F. sonorae S.Watson, F.
trachelosyce Dugand. Common names: amatcuahuit, amate,
amate blanco, amate capuln, amatillo, amezquite, cabrigo,
caimito, camichn, capuchina, capul, capuln, ceiba, ceibilla,
chileamate, chiquis, cilamatl, congo, copo, coyamat, cuajinicuil,
frutillo, higo, higo amate, higo de campo, higo de hoja menuda,
higo de mono, higuera, higuera blanca, higuera pasa, higuerilla,

higuern, higueroncillo, higuillo, hunchich, incolnoche, jalamate,
kaapolin, kopok, maca blanco, macahuite, matapalo, nacapul,
palo blanco, palo bolero, sakil matapalo, sakilmutut, tijerillo, toc
tel, tzajal mutut, tzoy, xalamatl limn, zac chechem, zalate.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [18, 58, 76, 174, 359, 401]
Ficus velutina Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO,
OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Ecuador
Hemi-epiphytic or strangler tree, 1030 m tall. Found in cloud
forest but also occurs in tropical rainforest, tropical semievergreen forest, pine-oak forest and secondary vegetation.
Synonyms: Ficus glycicarpa (Miq.) Miq., F. microchlamys
Standl. Common names: amate, camichn, ceiba, chile amate,
ficus, higo, higuera, jalamate, matapalo, popozd, saiba, salate,
siranda, tumn, tzirandan, tzotzniz mutut, xalamatl, zalate.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [79, 278, 351, 359, 401]
Pseudolmedia glabrata (Liebm.) C.C.Berg
LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Medium-sized to large dioecious tree, 630 m tall. In addition
to cloud forest, this species is also present in tropical rainforest,
tropical semi-evergreen forest, and mangroves, particularly in
riparian habitats. Synonym: Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria
Donn.Sm. Common names: manax, ramn de mico, tomatillo,
tepetomate, tsotsax, tsotsash. An excellent timber tree with
edible fruit.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [17, 76, 172, 174, 285, 333, 389]
Trophis mexicana (Liebm.) Bureau
LC
Mexico (JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala,
Panama, Ecuador
Dioecious tree, 410 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest,
tropical rainforest, and tropical semi-evergreen forest, commonly
in riparian habitats. Common names: chischillo, confitura,
estrellita, huanchal, ramn, ramoncillo. The fruit is edible.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [4, 17, 126, 174, 295, 390]
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb.

LC
Mexico (SON, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER,
COL, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba,
Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
Shrub or tree, up to 20 m tall and trunk up to 50 cm in diameter.
Marginal species to cloud forest as it is also found in tropical
semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry forest and oak forest.
Synonyms: Trohis racemosa subsp. ramon (Schltdl. & Cham.)
W.Burger, T. ramon Schltdl. & Cham. Common names:
campanilla, confitura, huachal, papelillo, ramn colorado, ramn
de caballo, ramoncillo, tzumpte.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [17, 59]
MYRICACEAE
Morella cerifera (L.) Small
LC
Mexico (TAM, DGO, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX,
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Panama, Colombia, Lesser Antilles
A widespread species not restricted to cloud forest as it also
occurs in pine-oak forests and in forest formations at lower
elevations. Common in secondary vegetation and in open
stands. Seedlings can be obtained from seeds previously
soaked in water and placed on damp beds (4065%
germination). Synonyms: Myrica cerifera L., M. mexicana
Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., M. pumila (Michx.) Small, M.
xalapensis Kunth. Common names: rbol de la cera, arbolito de
la cera, arrayn, atocamay, cera, cerilla, cera-t, cha kolol te,
chac olol, chak-lol, copaltihuitl, encinillo, encino falso, guacanal,
huacanal, otocamay, sat, satn, seratez, vegetal. Wax is
removed from the fruit surface and can be used to make
candles after chemical cleaning. The root bark is astringent and
has reported medicinal uses in Guatemala.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [58, 79, 96, 124, 133, 135, 137, 147, 180, 229, 241,
279, 295, 302, 305, 309, 333, 429]
109
MYRSINACEAE
Ardisia compressa Kunth
LC
Mexico (SLP, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador
Small tree, 310 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest but also
occurs in evergreen and tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical
dry forest, and even pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Ardisia
aurantiaca Lundell, A. capollina A.DC., A. digitata Lundell,
Icacorea aurantiaca (Lundell) Lundell, I. compressa (Kunth)
Standl. Common name: chime.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [2, 4, 174, 228, 351, 363]
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, GRO, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina,
Paraguay, Uruguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 515 m tall. Common in cloud
forest, this species is also frequently found in pine-oak forest
and tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Myrsine ferruginea (Ruiz &
Pav.) Spreng., M. myricoides Schltdl., Rapanea coriacea (Sw.)
Mez, R. ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez, R. myricoides (Schltdl.)
Lundell. Common names: atzamt, chicoabil.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [22, 58, 76, 126, 207, 209, 229, 295, 300, 301, 309,
317, 333, 351, 363, 445]
MYRTACEAE
Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. var. pallens
LC
United States, Mexico (VER, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Dominican
Small tree, 58 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is more
common in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest.
This tree is a source of firewood.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 305, 355]
110
Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.

LC
Mexico (SON, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
Shrub to medium-sized tree, 1020 m tall. Marginal in cloud
forest, this species is more typical of forests at elevations below
1,500 m. In Mexico it only reaches cloud forest elevation (above
1,500 m) in Chiapas. Widespread and abundant. Synonyms:
E. campechiana Lundell, E. comitanensis Lundell, E.
escuintlensis Lundell. Common names: capuln, capulincillo,
chaz, escobilla, guayabillo, palo agrio, vizcarona.
Refs: [13, 76, 174, 228, 355]
Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hook. & Arn.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras
Shrub to small tree, 28 m tall. Frequently found in cloud forest,
oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, tropical semievergreen forest, and occasionaly present in tropical dry forest
(widespread below 600 m). Synonyms: Eugenia schiedeana
Schltdl., E. tenuissima Lundell. Common names: arrayn,
capuln, capuln agarroso, capuln de zorrillo, capuln capulincillo,
escobillo(a), frutilla, guayabillo cimarrn, palo de temazate, piste,
rayanillo, yagaln.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 76, 174, 209, 228, 300, 301, 355, 363, 445]
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, TAB), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba,
Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Small tree, 310 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this species is
frequently found in tropical rainforest, oak forest and pastures
derived from these vegetation types. Common names:
capulincillo, escobilla, escobilla de ro, escobillo blanco, rosadillo
morado, yagaln.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [355]
Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh

LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO,
VER, MIC, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
Bahamas, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican
Medium-sized to large tree, 1025 (rarely 35) m tall. Found in
cloud forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest, tropical rainforest, tropical
semi-evergreen forest, and occasionally present in tropical dry
forest. Common names: arrayn, arrayn prieto, capuln de
hueso, guayabillo, guayabillo agrio, palo guinda, pimientillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [58, 76, 79, 229, 238, 277, 278, 356, 429]
Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM), Guatemala,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Cuba, Haiti,
Shrub to medium sized tree, 415 m tall. Rare in cloud forest but
frequently found in tropical rainforest. Synonym: Myrciaria
mexicana Lundell. Common names: chepucuy, escobilla.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [29, 355]
OLEACEAE
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh.
LC
Mexico (COA, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA,
GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica
A medium-sized or more commonly a large tree, up to 35 m tall.
A widespread cloud forest species, it is also found in pine forest,
pine-oak forest, as well as other tropical lowland vegetation
types. Frequently occurs along stream banks and is generally
abundant in riparian habitats. Vouchers from Bolivia with elevation
above 3,400 m in TROPICOS correspond to introduced plants.
Synonyms: Fraxinus americana var. uhdei Wenz., F. cavekiana
Standl. & Steyerm., F. chiapensis Lundell, F. hondurensis Standl.
Common names: fresno, fresno asemillado, madre de agua,
paramu. The wood is used to make furniture and tools, and for
medicinal purposes. Frequently cultivated throughout its range
and in several countries it is used as a shade tree in streets and
parks. It is also used for reforestation.
Elevational range: (150) 1,300-2,240 m
Assessors: RDC, MGE
Refs: [2, 58, 76, 79, 135, 152, 180, 277279, 309, 343, 348,
349, 351, 356, 357, 428, 429, 438, 445]
ONAGRACEAE
Fuchsia arborescens Sims
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MOR, GRO, OAX)
A small tree, up to 8 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest.
Widespread in Mexico. Synonym: Fuchsia arborea Sess &
Moc. Common names: adelaida, aretillo, atescil, atexxhil,
chorros, don diego de da, flor de arete, lipa-cauadz. Cultivated
as an ornamental tree.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [2, 76, 79, 96, 115, 180, 207, 238, 279, 357]
Fuchsia paniculata Lindl.
LC
Mexico (VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
A small tree, up to 10 m tall. Widespread in Mexico in forests
above 1,600 m elevation. It is a common element in forest gaps
within cloud forest. Seeds remain viable after one year of storage
(2030% germination). Seedlings grow better if not exposed to
direct sunlight. This species has frequently been erroneously
identified in Central American locations as Fuchsia arborescens
Sims, which only occurs in Mexico from Jalisco to Oaxaca.
Synonyms: Fuchsia arborescens Sims var. megalantha
Donn.Sm., F. arborescens var. syringiflora Lem., F. arborescens
fo. parva Munz, F. arborescens fo. tenuis Munz, F. liebmannii
H.Lev., F. syringiflora (Lem.) Carrire. Common names: aretillo,
canelillo.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [23, 135, 302, 309]
PAPAVERACEAE
Bocconia arborea S.Watson
LC
Mexico (BC, SON, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO,
HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
A small tree, up to 8 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as this
species occurs in humid or wet habitats. Favoured by
disturbance and common in secondary vegetation. Common
names: rbol de judas, capul, chicalote de rbol, cococxihuitl,
cuachile, enguamba, enguambe, enguambo, enguande,
hediondilla, inguande, inhuambo, jauque, jediondilla, llorasangre,
mano de len, palo amarillo, palo del diablo, palo de judas,
tlacoxihuatl. It is used as an ornamental and yellow dye is
obtained from the bark. Medicinally it is used as an anaesthetic
for toothache.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [76, 115, 207, 228, 241, 279]
111
Bocconia frutescens L.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO,
VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina,
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
A small tree, up to 3 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest but
also occurs in forest formations at lower elevations, in moist
thickets. Synonyms: Bocconia glauca Salisb., B. pearcei
Hutch., B. quercifolia Moench, B. sinuatifolia Stokes, B.
subtomentosa LHer. ex Stahl. Common names: caldern,
coacuahuitl, cojojehuite, contsitslats, cuatlatlaya, cuauchichili,
guachile, guachili, inguande, llorasangre, mano de len, palo
amarillo, palo santo, tlacoxhuitl. Medicinally it is used for the
treatment of skin eruptions, chronic eye problems and the
removal of warts. The yellow sap is used as dye.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [4, 22, 34, 58, 70, 76, 96, 137, 174, 209, 241, 279,
295, 333, 438]
PENTAPHYLACACEAE
Cleyera integrifolia (Benth.) Choisy
LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX,
CHS)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 15 m tall. This Mexican
endemic, typical cloud forest species is also present in pine
forest, fir forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest. Overall, this
species is considered to be fairly widespread in Mexico.
Synonym: Freziera integrifolia Benth. Common names:
aceituna, balero, capulincillo, capuln de virgen, cueng,
garambullo, limoncillo, naranjillo, palo prieto, palo verde, tchcaricharapiti, tilia roja. The wood has been used in the manufacture
of guitars, boxes and furniture. The fruit may be edible.
Assessors: ILV, JAM, GIM
Refs: [2, 51, 70, 76, 79, 96, 145, 180, 211, 212, 236, 348,
357, 429, 431]
112
PINACEAE
Pinus maximinoi H.E.Moore
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua
Large tree, up to 35 m tall with a very straight, clear trunk, up to
1 m in diameter. Synonyms: Pinus douglasiana Martnez var.
maximinoi (H.E.Moore) Silba, P. tenuifolia Benth. Common
names: pino, ocote, toj. The wood of this species is used for
timber and firewood.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [76, 96, 115, 279, 291, 305, 309, 357, 429]
Pinus montezumae Lamb.
LC
Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, HGO,
VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala
Large tree, 3540 m tall and trunk up to 80 cm in diameter. This
tree is rare in cloud forest as it normally occurs in somewhat
drier and cooler conditions, very frequently forming
monospecific stands. The best growth of this species is attained
in well-drained sites and lower slopes of mountains. Synonyms:
Pinus filifolia Lindl., P. montezumae Lamb. var. lindleyi Loudon,
P. montezumae Lamb. var. mezambrana Carvajal. Common
names: chamaite blanco, pino, pino blanco, ocote, ocote
macho, toj. This is a major timber tree. The wood is used as
firewood and for producing charcoal, as well as for making
houses, boxes, railroad tracks and for many other purposes.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 108, 209, 252, 267, 291, 309]
Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER,
COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Large tree, usually up to 30 m tall (occasionally 40 m) and trunk
up to 90 cm in diameter. Widespread in Mexico, this species
occurs in cloud forests but also in moist pine forests. Often
associated with fir (Abies). Common names: pino, pino triste,
ocote colorado. Used for timber production, this species has
been used in commercial plantations in Mexico, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, South Africa,
Tanzania and Zimbabwe.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [4, 69, 137, 213, 225, 229, 291, 335]
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. apulcensis (Lindl.) Shaw

LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, MEX, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, El Salvador
Large pine tree, up to 45 m tall and trunk up to 1 m in diameter.
The occurrence of this variety in cloud forest is marginal;
conversely, it is dominant in pine-oak forests. It regenerates well
in open areas and is favoured by canopy openings and forest
clearings. Synonym: Pinus apulcensis Lindl., P. oaxacana Mirov.
Common names: ocote, pino, pino chalmaite, sac toj. The
timber of this pine is highly valued for its quality for house
construction.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [76, 107, 124, 133, 279, 291, 304, 306310]
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. pseudostrobus
LC
Mexico (TAM, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras
Large tree, up to 45 m. Marginal to cloud forest, this pine is more
typical of oak forest and pine-oak forest where it is often
dominant in the canopy. This variety, the most typical of the
species, is not only widespread but also very abundant.
Common names: mocochtaj, ocote, pacingo, pino, pino
blanco, pino cantzimbo, pino ortiguillo, pino real. Its timber is
valued for its quality for house construction. The trees are
tapped for resin.
Assessors: RDC, JAM
Refs: [4, 6971, 96, 115, 124, 133, 166, 225, 291, 295]
Pinus teocote Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, AGS,
HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS)
Medium-sized pine, up to 25 m tall. This species occurs across
a broad range of environmental conditions and its presence in
cloud forest is marginal. More commonly it grows in association
with other pine species, frequently in open forest stands.
Synonyms: Pinus besseriana Roezl, P. hugelii Roezl ex Carrire,
P. microcarpa Lamb., P. muelleriana Roezl, P. patula var. stricta
Benth. ex Endl., P. teocote var. macrocarpa Shaw, P.
vilmoriniana Roezl, P. vilmoriniana var. besseriana (Roezl)
Carrire. Common names: huichil, ocote, ocotl, pino chino,
pino colorado, pino real, pino teocote, teocote.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 76, 107, 108, 238, 252, 277, 291]
PIPERACEAE
Piper aduncum L.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, El
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Shrub or small tree, 25 (rarely 9) m tall. This species is
frequently found in cloud forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest
and tropical rainforest. As a shrub it is common in disturbed
areas, and considered probably the most frequent species of
the genus in tropical America.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [76, 174, 396]
Piper auritum Kunth
LC
Mexico (SLP, VER, TAB, CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Jamaica
Shrub to small tree, 24 (6) m tall. Found in cloud forest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest, this species is rare in undisturbed
vegetation but very common in the edge of forest and clearings.
Common names: acuyo, hoja santa. Leaves are used as a
condiment during cooking of several foods.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 395, 445]
Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pav.
LC
Mexico (VER, CHS, OAX), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Guyana, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Shrub or slender tree, up to 8 m tall. Rare in cloud forest, this
species mostly occurs in tropical semi-evergreen forest and
tropical rainforest.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 394]
Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl. ex C.DC.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, CHS), Belize,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
Shrub to small tree, 46 m tall. Found in cloud forest but more
common in tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical rainforest.
Occasionaly found in oak forest but frequently occurs in
disturbed areas. Common name: cordoncillo.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [174, 396]
113
RHAMNACEAE
Ceanothus coeruleus Lag.
LC
Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY,
JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
A small tree, up to to 7.5 m tall. Marginal in cloud forests, this
species is abundant in secondary vegetation associated with
more seasonal high elevation forests such as pine, pine-oak,
oak and conifer forest. The impermeable cuticle must be
removed from the seeds to allow germination (5090%).
Synonyms: Ceanothus azureus Desf. ex DC., C. bicolor Willd.
ex Roem. & Schult., C. candolleanus Rose, C. glandulosus
Schltdl., C. parvifolius (S.Watson) Rose. Common names:
chaquira, chaquirilla, cuaicuastle, jgan, muktik-pomos, origan,
palo colorado, sayolistle, tlaxiste, tlaxistle, tnu-yooc, vara
colorada. Planted for live hedges. Timber is used to build
farmyard fences to enclose domestic animals.
Refs: [70, 71, 76, 96, 109, 110, 112, 113, 279, 309]
Colubrina ehrenbergii Schltdl.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, OAX)
A small tree endemic to Mexico but widespread in the country.
Not restricted to cloud forest.
Assessor: SAC
Refs: [110, 112]
Rhamnus capreifolia Schltdl. var. capreifolia
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY[?], QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX),
Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica
A shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall, but more
frequently c. 8 m tall. A cloud forest taxon that also occurs in oak
forest, pine-oak forests and in tropical dry forest at lower
elevations. It may be locally abundant in open areas or in edges
of secondary forests. Synonym: Frangula capreifolia (Schltdl.)
Grubov. Common names: palo amarillo, palo de zorra.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [109, 112, 182]
114
Rhamnus mucronata Schltdl.

LC
Mexico (DGO, ZAC, NAY, JAL, HGO, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR,
PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
A small tree, up to 9 m tall, but more commonly a shrub. A cloud
forest species, it also occurs in humid oak and pine-oak forests.
A widespread and apparently highly variable species. Very
similar to Rhamnus nelsonii Rose in Chiapas. Possibly closely
related to R. sphaerosperma Sw. var. mesoamericana
M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst. Synonym: Rhamnus obliqua Rose.
Common name: manzanilla.
Assessors: SAC, MGE
Refs: [76, 96, 110, 113, 182, 228]
Rhamnus nelsonii Rose
LC
A small tree, up to 9 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as it
also occurs in pine-oak or conifer forest at higher elevations. In
Chiapas it is restricted to the Central Plateau above 1,900 m.
Abundant in secondary vegetation. Common name: manzanilla.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [279]
Rhamnus serrata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
LC
United States, Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, GTO,
QRO, HGO, MEX, DF, MOR, TLA, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
A small tree, up to 6 m tall. Not restricted to cloud forest as it is
also found in ravines and open habitats of pine-oak and oak
forest. Widespread in Mexico. Synonym: Rhamnus serrulata
Kunth. Common names: ahuatl tepitn, capuln cimarrn,
capulincillo, naranjillo, tlacapuln, tlalcapoln.
Assessor: SAC
Refs: [58, 110, 112, 113, 182]
Rhamnus sharpii M.C.Johnst. & L.A.Johnst.
LC
Mexico (NAY, COL, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Panama
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 15 m tall and trunk up to 25
cm in diameter. In Mexico it occurs mostly in Chiapas. Common
in secondary vegetation in moist conditions and on deep or
moderately deep soils associated with oak, pine-oak and cloud
forest. The impermeable cuticle must be removed from the
seeds to allow germination (6095%). Synonyms: Rhamnus
capreifolia var. discolor Donn.Sm., R. discolor (Donn.Sm.) Rose.
Common name: palo amarillo. Frequently used for firewood.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [135, 182, 278, 302, 304, 309]
ROSACEAE
Cercocarpus macrophyllus C.K.Schneid.
LC
Mexico (COA, NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, NAY, JAL, AGS,
GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Large shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. This Mexican endemic
taxon is widespread in the temperate mountainous regions of
Mexico. Abundant in cloud forest, pine forest, oak forest and
pine-oak forest, it also occurs in drier and more thermophyllous
communities such as tropical dry forest. Common names:
huasteco, limoncillo, margarito, palo bandito, ramn, ramoncillo.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [4, 58, 344]
Crataegus gracilior J.B.Phipps
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE)
A small tree species, 46 (10) m tall, sometimes with shrubby
growth habit. Abundant in secondary vegetation derived from
cloud forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest in Quertaro. Endemic
to the northeastern and eastern portions of Mexico (Sierra Madre
Oriental). Its morphology is not easily differentiated from Crataegus
mexicana DC. from the Eje Neovolcnico Transversal (TransMexican Volcanic Belt) and the geographical origin of the
collections is frequently needed for identification. Evidence of
genetic introgression has been reported from some contact areas.
The fruit is edible but does not have the same quality and
economic value as those of Crataegus mexicana DC. (tejocote),
yet along with this latter species it is considered a potential source
of higher quality germplasm for plant breeding in horticulture.
Synonyms: Crataegus pubescens Steud., Mespilus pubescens
Kunth. Common names: tejocote, tejocote sin espinas.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [271, 295, 344]
Crataegus mexicana Moc. & Sess ex DC.
LC
Mexico (SLP, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF,
MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala
Small tree species, 46 (10) m tall, frequently with a shrubby
growth habit. Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more
common in disturbed, open and grazed areas and meadows of
pine-oak forests. Distribution is mostly along the Eje
Neovolcnico Transversal of Central Mexico. Evidence of genetic
introgression with Crataegus gracilior J.B.Phipps from the Sierra
Madre Oriental. Distribution in southern Mexico and Guatemala
suspected to be due to introduction by indigenous groups from
central Mexico who were forced to immigrate there by Spaniards
in early Colonial times. Introduced and naturalized in several
South American countries. Seeds can be obtained from crushed
fruit fermented in plastic bags for a week. The seeds must be
washed in lukewarm water before germinating them on damp

beds or in plastic bags. The seedlings can be maintained in
nurseries for up to a year before being transplanted into the field.
Synonyms: Crataegus hypolasia K.Koch, C. subserrata Benth.
Common names: karasa, karash, karasu, karhasi, manzanilla,
manzanillo, manzanita, manzanita tejocotera, tejocote. The
species is regarded as a resource for honey bees. Its very hard
wood is used for firewood and to make tool handles. The fruit
is edible and has high commercial value; it is eaten fresh or in
traditional jellies and candies called ates. Sometimes cultivated
within its native geographical range, this species is also
cultivated in El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Ecuador where it was
probably introduced from Mexico.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [236, 279, 295, 309, 344, 427]
Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim.
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia
A small or medium-sized tree up to 20 m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest. This species is also found in secondary stands
derived from cloud forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest. Not
abundant. Synonyms: Holodiscus fissus (Lindl.) C.K.Schneid.,
H. loeseneri Dammer, Sericotheca fissa (Lindl.) Rydb., S. velutina
Rydb., Spiraea argentea L.f., S. fissa Lindl. The foliage is used
as fodder for livestock.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [96, 115, 279]
Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav. ex Spreng.)
McVaugh
LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, NAY, JAL, AGS, GTO, QRO,
HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX,
Medium-sized tree, 1520 m tall and trunk up to 70 cm in
diameter. A widespread and abundant secondary taxon, this
subspecies is not restricted to cloud forest as it is also present
in oak forest, pine-oak forest and pine forest. Widespread in
Mexico, it is a common element in secondary vegetation.
Naturalized in South America and Europe. After removal of the
pulp, seeds germinate easily (90100%) and maintain their
viability for several years if kept at low temperatures. Seedlings
can be readily obtained from seeds placed on damp soil beds.
Seedlings are sensitive to drought. Synonyms: Prunus capuli
Cav., P. salicifolia Kunth, P. serotina var. salicifolia (Kunth)
Koehne. Common names: capoln, capuln, capuln blanco,
cerezo, cusabi, jeco, pakshumk, pat, shimal-ma-lu, shencua,
shengua, t-nundaya, tzuuri, uasiqui, xengua. This tree is
economically important due to its edible fresh fruit, commonly
sold in markets during the spring and summer months;
115
also used cooked in several ways. Timber is used as a source

of firewood and valued for making poles and fine furniture, live
hedges and guitar parts. It has uses in traditional medicine.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 115, 133, 135, 137, 229, 238,
277, 279, 295, 300302, 309, 344, 445]
Prunus skutchii I.M.Johnst.
LC
Mexico (VER, CHS), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Venezuela
Large tree, up to 36 m tall and trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter. Not
restricted to cloud forest, this species is more common in
montane rainforest at lower elevations.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Ref: [279]
RUBIACEAE
Chiococca pachyphylla Wernham
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, VER, COL, MIC,
MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Shrub or small tree, 210 m tall. For Costa Rica, Burger and
Taylor [33] cited this species as being a liana, rarely a shrub. This
species occurs in cloud forest, oak forest, oak-pine forest, and
drier thickets, frequently in riparian habitats. Related to
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitch. and C. phaenostemon Schltdl.
Synonyms: Chiococca belizensis Lundell, C. mexicana Lundell,
C. rubriflora Lundell. Common names: quebradora, tronadora.
Boiled leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea.
Refs: [27, 33, 76, 79, 137, 236, 277279, 357, 429]
Faramea occidentalis (L.) A.Rich.
LC
Mexico (SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican
Small tree, 28 m tall. Marginal in cloud forests, this species is
more common in tropical rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen
forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Ixora
occidentalis L., Faramea belizensis Standl. Common names:
azuncenilla, cafecillo, huesillo, huesito, hueso, hueso de sapo.
The wood is used in construction and as firewood.
Refs: [27, 174, 202, 279]
116
Genipa americana L.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM),
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico,
Lesser Antilles
Small to medium-sized tree, 520 m tall. Marginal to cloud
forest, this species is more typical of tropical rainforest and
tropical semi-evergreen forest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Synonyms: Genipa caruto Kunth, G. codonocalyx Standl., G.
venosa Standl. Common names: illuale, jagua, jagua azul, jagua
blanca, maluco, tejoroso, tejoruco, shagua, xagua, xahua,
yaguare, yoale, yuale. This is a highly valued timber tree with
edible fruit. It was used as a source of dye.
Refs: [27, 33, 174, 279]
Hamelia calycosa Donn.Sm.
LC
Mexico (JAL, VER, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Costa Rica[?], Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Shrub or small tree, 312 m tall. Marginal to cloud forest, this
species is more common in tropical rainforest, frequently found
in riparian habitats. Synonym: Hamelia chiapensis Brandegee.
Common names: cihuapate, clavo panelilla.
Refs: [27, 33, 279]
Hamelia patens Jacq.
LC
United States, Mexico (NL, TAM, SIN, DGO, SLP, NAY, JAL,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Bolivia, Paraguay
Shrub or small tree, 14 m tall. Marginal in cloud forest, this
species is considerably more common in secondary vegetation
derived from tropical rainforest. Synonyms: Hamelia corymbosa
Sess & Moc., H. erecta Jacq., H. lanuginosa M.Martens &
Galeotti. Common names: cacahuapastle, cacanapazue,
cacapuate, canela monts, cautillo, chac-loc, coralillo,
chacloco, hierba del toro, kanan, madura pltano, maravilla,
paete, suspinch, tochimitillo, vara prieta, zipate.
Refs: [27, 279]
Palicourea padifolia (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) C.M.Taylor &

Lorence
LC
Mexico (SLP, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Panama, Ecuador
Shrub or small tree, 18 m tall. In addition to cloud forests, this
species occurs in many other vegetation types including secondary
vegetation. Synonyms: Palicourea galeottiana M.Martens, P.
mexicana Benth. ex Oerst., Psychotria mexicana Willd. ex Roem.
& Schult. Common names: flor de mayo, ipecacuana.
Refs: [27, 33, 202, 207, 279, 295, 309, 445]
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult.
LC
Mexico (VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Suriname, French
Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Puerto Rico
Small to medium-sized tree, 415 m tall. Although present in
cloud forest, most specimens of this species have been
collected in lowland habitats, especially in tropical rainforest.
Synonym: Posoqueria coriacea M.Martens & Galeotti.
Occasionally used as firewood.
Refs: [27, 33, 174, 207, 279, 333]
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam.

LC
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Lesser Antilles
Small to mediumsized tree, 620 m tall. This species occurs in
cloud forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms:
Fagara microcarpa (Griseb.) Krug & Urb., F. rhoifolia (Lam.) Engl.,
Zanthoxylum microcarpum Griseb.
Assessor: FLH
Zanthoxylum melanostictum Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Mexico (JAL, VER, PUE, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
Small to medium-sized tree, 312 (20) m tall. Found in cloud
forest, tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, oak
forest, and secondary vegetation derived from the degradation
of these forests. Synonyms: Fagara bijuga Engl., F. melanosticta
(Schltdl. & Cham.) Engl., Zanthoxylum bijugum (Engl.) Wilson,
Z. durifolium Lundell, Z. xicense Miranda.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [124, 126, 180, 207, 229, 236, 295, 309, 363]
SALICACEAE
Psychotria trichotoma M.Martens & Galeotti
LC
Mexico (JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Shrub or small tree, 1.58 m tall. This cloud forest species is
also present in lowland forests. Synonym: Psychotria
glabristipula Steyerm. Common names: cautillo, macashpitquiui, macspitquiui, palo de agua, pito.
Refs: [27, 158, 207, 279]
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum mollissimum (Engl.) P.Wilson
LC
Mexico (JAL, COL, GRO, OAX[?], CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Small tree, 47 m tall. Found in cloud forest, pine-oak forest, and
tropical semi-evergreen forest, this species occasionally occurs
in dry tropical forest. Synonym: Zanthoxylum matudae Lundell.
Assessor: FLH
Ref: [351]
Casearia corymbosa Kunth

LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, COL, MIC, MEX,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina
Shrub or medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 11 m (rarely 20 m)
tall. Marginal in cloud forest, this species mainly occurs in
lowland tropical forests including tropical rainforest and tropical
dry forest, although it is not uncommon in temperate forests
such as oak forest and pine-oak forest. It is relatively abundant
in secondary vegetation. Synonyms: Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq.,
C. pringlei Briq., C. salicifolia Turcz., C. dubia DC., C.
dolichophylla Standl. Common names: abal-chichich,
botoncillo, caf cimarrn, cafecillo, cafetillo, chilillo, obatel, pinolcuuit, xmaben-ch. Used as firewood.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [225, 263, 279, 333]
117
Casearia sylvestris Sw.

LC
Mexico (SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras,
Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti,
Small tree, up to 9 m tall. This species is rare as a cloud forest
element and in fact, apparently only in Oaxaca its range reaches
elevations where cloud forest develops. Most common in
lowland forests including tropical rainforest and tropical dry
forest but also found in oak forests. Fairly abundant in secondary
vegetation. Synonyms: Casearia subsessiliflora Lundell,
Samyda sylvestris (Sw.) Poir. Common names: cerecito,
chalcahuite, frijolillo, guayabillo, miel de loro, mierda de loro, palo
blanco.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [173, 225, 263, 279]
Salix humboldtiana Willd.
LC
Mexico (NL, TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER,
COL, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS,
CAM), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Jamaica, Puerto
Rico
Small to medium-sized tree, 2025 m tall and trunk up to 40
cm in diameter. This species occurs across a wide range of
forest types and habitats, and is not restricted to cloud forest.
It is most commonly found in riparian and swampy habitats.
Synonyms: Salix chilensis Moldenke, S. chilensis Molina, S.
stipulacea Mart. & Gal. Common names: cueschicui, huxotl,
mixcaxtac, sauce, sauce blanco, sauce pinotea, sauz, tcoy,
tokoy. Its wood is used for rural construction and its branches
are used for making the frames of hand-woven baskets. This
tree is also often planted as an ornamental, a shade plant and
for making live fences.
Assessors: JAM, ILV
Refs: [49, 76, 225, 258, 279, 285
118
Salix paradoxa Kunth

LC
Mexico (COA, NL, DGO, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX,
DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
Deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall and trunk up to 15
cm in diameter. Widespread in Mexico, mostly occurs in high
elevation fir forest but also found in pine-oak forest and pine
forest. Its occurrence in cloud forest is incidental and restricted
to locations at very high elevations. Locally abundant and
considered to be associated with disturbance. Synonyms: Salix
latifolia Mart. & Gal., S. oxylepis C.K.Schneid., S. pringlei
Rowlee, S. rowleei C.K.Schneid. Common names: huejote,
saucillo.
Assessors: JAM, ILV
Refs: [2, 49, 70, 76, 96, 115, 258]
Salix taxifolia Kunth
LC
United States, Mexico (BCS, SON, CHI, COA, DGO, SLP,
NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Puerto Rico
Large shrub and occasionally a small tree, up 4 m tall. This
species is associated with riparian habitats in different climatic
and ecological regions, and thus it is not restricted to cloud
forest. It also occurs in oak forest, pine forest and various
tropical forest types. Synonyms: Salix microphylla Schltdl. &
Cham., S. taxifolia Kunth var. microphylla (Schltdl. & Cham.)
C.K.Schneid. Common names: palo de agua, romerillo, sabino,
sauce, sauz, tarais, taray, taray de ro.
Assessors: JAM, ILV
Refs: [49, 76, 225, 258, 279]
Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsl.
LC
United States, Mexico (SON, NL, TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL,
QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Venezuela
Dioecious shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. Frequently found
in cloud forest but not exclusive to this vegetation type. This
species also occurs in several dry and moist lowland and
montane forest communities, particularly in oak forest.
Synonyms: Hisingeria celastrina Kunth, Flacourtia flexuosa
Kunth, Prockia obovata Presl, Xylosma anisophylla Standl.
Common names: coronilla, espina de la corona, granadillo,
granjeno, huichichiltmetl, huiscarol, palo de brujo, tejocotillo,
tsak kiith, wichunun, yisimboln.
Assessors: JAM, SVA
Refs: [2, 35, 58, 76, 79, 115, 180, 225, 228, 229, 263, 278,
279, 295, 348, 351, 356, 429]
SAPINDACEAE
Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
LC
United States, Mexico (SON, CHI, COA, TAM)
Medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. A common element in the
mountains of the western United States and northern Mexico
where it grows preferentially in humid canyons, this species
forms part of different types of forest and scrub. The only known
locality where it grows in a cloud forest habitat is in the Sierra de
San Carlos, Tamaulipas.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [31]
Allophylus psilospermus Radlk.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
A small or medium-sized tree, usually to 15 m tall, rarely more.
Marginal to cloud forest, this species also occurs in humid and
very humid habitats of forest formations at lower elevations.
Synonym: Allophylus panamensis Radlk.
Refs: [279, 326]
Cupania dentata DC.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 30 m tall. Found in cloud
forest, oak forest and pine-oak forest but mostly at lower
elevations in tropical evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen
forest and tropical dry forest. Closely related to Cupania glabra
Sw., there are suggestions that they may be the same species.
Common names: agua al ojo, agua al ojo blanco, canilla de
venado, cola de pava, cuasal-cuhuit, cuasel, cuisal, cusitarillo,
guacamayo, pata de perro, peine, rabo de cojol, rabo de
cojolite, tres lomos, tsaw tzan.
Refs: [42, 58, 277, 279, 326, 351]
Cupania glabra Sw.

LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX,
TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Cuba, Jamaica,
A medium-sized to large tree, up to 35 m tall and trunk up to 25
cm in diameter. Found in cloud forest but also occurs in tropical
evergreen forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical dry
forest, and in their secondary communities. Closely related to
Cupania dentata DC., it has been suggested that they are the
same species. Common names: chakchon, cola de pava, cola
de pavo, huanchal, nogalito, palo de tejn, quebracha,
quebracho, quiebracha, tachicn, tres lomos. The wood is hard
and compact and may be used for making poles and for flooring
and other indoor construction.
Refs: [174, 241, 279, 326]
Matayba oppositifolia (A.Rich) Britton
LC
Mexico (SLP, COL, OAX, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala,
Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba,
Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser
Antilles
A small or medium-sized tree, up to 23 m tall. Not restricted to
cloud forest, this species also occurs in tropical evergreen forest
and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonyms: Cupania apetala
Macfad., C. oppositifolia A.Rich., Matayba apetala Radlk.
Common names: cascarillo, chicn blanco.
Refs: [279, 326, 431]
Ungnadia speciosa Endl.
LC
United States, Mexico (CHI, COA, NL, TAM)
forest only in the Sierra de San Carlos in Tamaulipas. Elsewhere,
it is found in drier forest types such as oak forest or pine forest,
or in chaparral vegetation.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [73]
119
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Buddleja cordata (Standl.) E.M.Norman subsp. cordata
LC
Mexico (CHI, TAM, SIN, DGO, ZAC, SLP, JAL, AGS, GTO,
QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF, MOR, PUE, TLA, GRO,
A medium-sized tree, up to 20 m tall. This species is common
in secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest but is mostly
associated with pine-oak forest. Usually found on roadsides.
A highly polymorphic taxon that may hybridize with Buddelja
parvifolia Kunth and B. sessiliflora Kunth. Widespread and
abundant in Mexico, it is cultivated in Australia, Canada, United
States, and Uruguay. Seed viability is low (germination rate less
than 10%). Synonyms: Buddleja acuminata Kunth, B. astralis
Standl. & Steyerm., B. cordata var. teposan Loes., B. decurrens
Schltdl & Cham., B. floccosa Kunth, B. floccosa var. crassifolia
Loes., B. humboldtiana Schult. & Schult. F., B. macrophylla
Kunth, B. ovalifolia Kunth, B. propinqua Kunth, B. spectabilis
Kunth & Bouch. Common names: lengua de toro, marrubio,
sallolisca, tepozn, tepozn blanco, tepozn grande, tepuza,
tezompanctle, topozn, tzelepat, xompantle, zompantle. Used
as firewood and in hedges.
Refs: [3, 4, 58, 70, 71, 76, 96, 115, 124, 229, 270, 272, 302,
309, 398]
Buddleja nitida Benth.
LC
Mexico (CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama
Found in disturbed vegetation associated with cloud forests but
also with pine-oak forest. In Mexico known from many
specimens collected in Chiapas at the Central Plateau and the
southern portion of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Synonym:
Buddleja alpina Oerst.
Refs: [3, 135, 270, 398]
Buddleja parviflora Kunth
LC
Mexico (SON, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC, MEX,
DF, MOR, PUE, GRO, OAX)
A small tree, up to 9 m tall and trunk to 65 cm in diameter, more
frequently a shrub. Marginal in cloud forest, this species is more
typical of oak forest, pine forest and pine-oak forest. Found on
slopes and in gorges, sometimes near streams, it is common in
disturbed habitats, roadsides and thickets. It has been noted in
Guatemala that this species is much like Buddleja nitida Benth.,
which has distinctly larger flowers. Synonyms: Buddleja
abbreviata Kunth, B. brevifolia Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., B.
gracilis Kunth, B. integrifolia Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., B.
intermedia Kunth, B. lanceolata Benth., B. ligustrina Loes., B.
120
microphylla Kunth, B. monticola Loes., B. obtusifolia M.Martens

& Galeotti, B. parvifolia Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f., B. venusta
Kunth. Common names: ixe xon jba, sayolisco, tepozn,
tepozn cimarrn, tepozn de cerro,
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [76, 180, 272, 279, 419, 427]
SIPARUNACEAE
Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC.
LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, VER, COL, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Shrub or small tree, up to 26 m tall. Found in cloud forest and
in humid tropical forests at lower elevations such as tropical
rainforest and tropical semi-evergreen forest, also occurs in oak
forest and pine-oak forest. Synonyms: Siparuna andina (Tul.)
A.DC., Siparuna nicaraguensis Hemsl. Common names:
limoncillo, mano de tigre. Used as firewood.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [173, 207, 277, 315, 351]
SOLANACEAE
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, MIC, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador,
Shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This species is abundant in
cloud forest, pine-oak forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and
drier forest formations. Synonyms: Cestrum aurantiacum var.
chaculanum (Loes.) Francey, C. chaculanum Loes., C.
paucinervium Francey, C. pedunculare Pav. ex Dunal.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 79]
Cestrum nocturnum L.
LC
Mexico (SLP, JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, TAB, CHS, CAM, YUC, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Mostly shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall. This is not a common
cloud forest species as it normally grows in various forest types
at lower elevations including tropical rainforest, tropical
evergreen forest and tropical semi-evergreen forest. Synonym:
Cestrum hirtellum Schltdl. Common names: dama de noche,
huele de noche. A highly valued ornamental plant.
Assessor: JAM
Ref: [261]
Solanum aligerum Schltdl.

LC
Mexico (HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Argentina
Shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall. A typical cloud forest plant,
this species may also be found in pine-oak forest. Synonyms:
Solanum grossum C.V.Morton, S. manicatum Bitter, S.
paraneurotrichum Bitter, S. pterocladum Van Heurck & Mll.Arg.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [4, 29, 76, 229, 262, 295]
Solanum nigricans M.Martens & Galeotti

LC
Mexico (SIN, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, Honduras
Shrub or small tree, 16 (10) m tall. Found in cloud forest but this
species also occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest and secondgrowth vegetation. Synonyms: Solanum brachystachys Dunal,
S. vernicinitens Bitter.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 180, 262, 279]
Solanum aphyodendron S.Knapp

LC
Mexico (NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Shrub or tree, 27 (15) m tall. Found in cloud forest, pine-oak
forest and oak forest. This species is related to Solanum nudum
Dunal and S. tuerckheimii Greenm.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 83, 262, 279, 351]
Solanum nudum Dunal

LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, HGO, VER, MIC, MOR, GRO, OAX,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto
forest, pine-oak forest, oak forest, tropical rainforest and
second-growth vegetation. Related to Solanum aphyodendron
S.Knapp. Common names: huele de noche negro,
santipuscat, nishtamal-cuauit.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [76, 262]
Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl.

LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Panama, Colombia
Large shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. This species is a typical
cloud forest component where it is very common, but it also
occurs in pine-oak forest, oak forest, and occasionally in tropical
dry forest. Common names: pcolostle, shomapique. Some
medicinal uses have been reported.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [76, 262]
Solanum lanceolatum Cav.
LC
Mexico (SLP, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala,
Panama
Shrub or small tree, 0.85 m tall. This cloud forest species also
occurs in pine-oak forest and oak forest. Synonyms: Solanum
densiflorum M.Martens & Galeotti, S. floccosum M.Martens &
Galeotti, S. hartwegii Benth., S. mexicanum Moc. & Sess ex
Dunal, S. schiedeanum Schltdl. Common name: berenjena.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [83, 262, 279]
Solanum pubigerum Dunal

LC
Mexico (TAM, ZAC, SLP, JAL, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, DF,
PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Costa Rica
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. Widespread in secondary
vegetation associated with cloud forest, fir forest, oak forest,
oak-pine forest or cypress scrub. Synonyms: Solanum
cervantesii Lag., S. dichotomum M.Martens & Galeotti, S.
divaricatum M.Martens & Galeotti, S. martensii Dunal, S.
modestum Roem. & Schult. Common names: capulincillo,
hierba de perro.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [180, 262, 279]
121
Solanum schlechtendalianum Walp.

LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,
French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba
Shrub or small tree, up to 5 m tall. A very common plant in cloud
forest, this species has a very broad ecological tolerance as
shown by its widespread occurrence in pine forest, tropical
semi-evergreen forest and tropical evergreen forest, particularly
in riparian habitats. Also common in disturbed communities.
Synonyms: Capparis hypoleuca C.Presl, Solanum fragile
C.Wright ex Griseb., S. geminoflorum M.Martens & Galeotti, S.
geminifolium Schltdl. & Cham., S. gentlei Lundell, S.
heterotrichum Dunal, S. oblitum Dunal, S. salviifolium Lam.
Common name: chitius.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [29, 58, 262, 295, 351]
STYRACACEAE
Styrax argenteus (C.Presl.) Miers
LC
Mexico (TAM, JAL, VER, MIC, MEX, GRO, OAX, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru
An evergreen large tree, up to 2030 m tall. Widespread in cloud
forest but also occurs in pine-oak forest and in other forest
formations at lower elevations. Found on banks of waterways,
moist ravines and in secondary vegetation. To obtain viable
seeds the fruit should be exposed to lukewarm water or must be
fermented in plastic bags for 47 days immediately after their
removal from the tree. Seeds have an intermediate cold
tolerance and can only be stored for a few weeks. Synonyms:
Strigilia argentea (C.Presl.), Styrax myristicifolius Perkins, S.
polyanthus Perkins. Common names: capuln, changungo,
chicamay, chucamay, chilacuate, estoraque, hoja de jabn, ruin.
Flowers are regarded as highly decorative and are sometimes
sold in local markets. The bark is used to prepare a poison for
fishing. Occasionally the trunk gum is used as incense.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [2, 4, 70, 71, 76, 79, 96, 116118, 137, 180, 236, 238,
241, 277, 309, 312, 335, 348, 357, 428]
122
Styrax ramirezii Greenm.

LC
Mexico (SIN, DGO, NAY, JAL, COL, MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO,
OAX, CHS)
A large evergreen tree, 2027 m tall. A widespread Mexican
species. Not restricted to cloud forests, it is a frequent element
in secondary vegetation. Found on banks of waterways, in
riparian habitats, humid ravines and deep riverbeds. It is
recognized as a variable and complex species. Synonyms:
Styrax argenteus C.Presl. var. hintonii (Bullock) Gonsoulin, S.
argenteus var. micranthus (Perkins) DArcy, S. argenteus var.
ramirezii (Greenm.) Gonsoulin, S. cyathocalyx Perkins, S. hintonii
Bullock, S. micranthus Perkins, S. orizabensis Perkins, S.
ramirezii var. orizabensis (Perkins) Perkins. Common name:
chilacuate.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [96, 115118, 166, 213, 356, 429]
Styrax warscewiczii Perkins
LC
A large, evergreen tree, 2030 m tall and trunk up to 25 cm in
diameter. A widespread species, not restricted to cloud forest as
it is also present in montane rainforest at lower elevations and
pine-oak forest. Common in secondary vegetation. Specimens
listed in TROPICOS from San Luis Potos and Guerrero are
probably misidentifications. To obtain viable seeds the fruit
should be exposed to lukewarm water or fermented in plastic
bags for 47 days immediately after their removal from the tree.
Seeds are recalcitrant and seedlings can be readily obtained
from them. Synonym: Styrax polyneurus Perkins. Common
name: jaas.
Assessors: NRM, MGE
Refs: [116118, 241, 309]
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.R.Johnst.
LC
Mexico (VER, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, CHS, QTR), Costa
Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Jamaica,
Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles
Shrub or small tree, 38 (12) m tall. A marginal cloud forest
taxon, this species is rare in this vegetation type as it mostly
occurs in tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, and
oak forest of the lowlands.
Assessor: FLH
Refs: [126, 264, 330]
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria caudata Sw.
LC
Mexico (JAL, VER, GRO, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay,
Jamaica
forest, tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical
rainforest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 96, 279]
Boehmeria ulmifolia Wedd.
LC
Mexico (JAL, HGO, VER, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El
Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m tall. A cloud forest species but
also present in tropical dry forest, tropical semi-evergreen forest,
tropical rainforest and secondary vegetation.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 58, 279]
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SIN, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL, MIC,
MEX, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
Colombia, Ecuador
Medium-sized to large tree, 1035 m tall. Pioneer dioecious
species found in gaps and edges of the cloud forest but most
commonly of tropical lowland communities. Synonyms: C.
mexicana Hemsl., C. panamensis Hemsl. Common names:
chancarro, guarina, guarumo, hormiguillo, huagadeug, huitapil,
huatipil, jarilla, juaquequistli, kooch, palo de violn, sarumo,
shushanguji, tequescuahuitl, trompeta, trompetillo, tzulte, yaba,
yabioo, yaga-gacho. Leaves are used to treat diabetes. Fruit is
edible and trunk is used as fuelwood and for rural construction.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [20, 60, 76, 172, 207, 279, 285, 351]
Myriocarpa longipes Liebm.

LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, QRO, VER, MIC, PUE, GRO, OAX, TAB,
Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Shrub or tree, 210 m tall. Abundant, mainly in secondary
vegetation but this species is rare in cloud forest. Synonyms:
Myriocarpa inaequilateris Liebm., M. longipes var. yzabalensis
Donn.Sm., M. magnifica Rusby, M. malacophylla B.L.Rob. &
Bartlett, M. yzabalensis (Donn.Sm.) Killip. Common names:
carne de caballo, chaya, chichicastle de montaa, chiflaculo,
cholagoque indio, nectant, palo de fideo, palo de plvora,
puchalante, pxlatem, xtulaca. Used as a remedy against
malaria.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 76, 115, 174, 244, 279, 351]
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.
LC
United States, Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, HGO, VER, COL,
MIC, MEX, MOR, GRO, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize,
El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina
Shrub or tree, 310 m tall. This species occurs in cloud forest,
pine forest, and pine-oak forest, frequently in riparian habitats.
Synonyms: Urtica caracasana Jacq., Urera alceifolia (Poir.)
Gaudich. Common names: a-tzitzicaztli, carne de caballo,
chichicastle, chichicazlillo, chilix, hueva de cangrejo, laal, mal
hombre, mala mujer, quemador, ortiga, ortiga de caballo,
tachinole, tumal, tzitzicstli, xiopatli, yet-le, zulsimtezla.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 137, 174, 207, 244, 279, 386]
Urera glabriuscula V.W.Steinm.
LC
Mexico (VER, OAX, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, El Salvador
Shrub or tree, 212 m tall. Found in cloud forest, oak forest,
tropical rainforest, tropical semi-evergreen forest and tropical
dry forest, frequently in riparian habitats. Synonyms: Urera
killipiana Standl. & Steyerm., Urtica elata Sw. Common names:
berenjenilla, coyalillo, hueva de cangrejo, huevo de peje, palo
de agua, panza de toro, palo verde, yashanal zulsinte.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 174, 244, 279, 386]
123
Urera rzedowskii V.W.Steinm.

LC
Mexico (SLP, QRO, HGO, VER, PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS),
Rica, Panama, Colombia
Shrub or small tree, 213 m tall. Found in cloud forest, tropical
rainforest and semi-evergreen tropical rainforest, frequently in
riparian habitats. Monro and Rodrguez [244] listed this species
as a synonym of Urera simplex Wedd. Common names:
chichicastle, chichicastillo, hueva de cangrejo, kokotzte, mal
hombre, pica pica, pochalanti.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [174, 244, 386]
Urera simplex Wedd.
LC
Mexico (VER, TAB, CHS), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Shrub or small tree, 210 m tall. Found in disturbed and
undisturbed cloud forest, tropical rainforest and tropical semievergreen forest. Synonyms: Urera eggersii Hieron., U.
tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. Common names: bilsimtezla,
chenekmut, huevo de cangrejo, sakil zulsimtez laa, tzotzniz zul
simtez, zulsimtezl.
Assessors: GIM, GCT
Refs: [32, 244]
Urera verrucosa (Liebm.) V.W. Steinm.
LC
Mexico (JAL, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC, MEX, MOR, PUE, GRO,
OAX, CHS), Costa Rica
This species grows primarily in canyons and ravines with cloud
forest, it rarely extends into humid pine forest. Synonym: Urtica
verrucosa Liebm. Common names: chichicastle, mala mujer.
Assessor: JAM
Refs: [79, 386]
124
VERBENACEAE
Citharexylum affine D.Don
LC
Mexico (SIN, NAY, JAL, AGS, COL, MIC, MEX, OAX, CHS),
Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua
A rare medium-sized tree, up to 10 m tall, or large tree, up to 30
m tall, but frequently a shrub. This species is found in cloud
forest but also occurs in humid oak forest, occasionally in coffee
plantations. A species distributed mostly on the Pacific
watershed of Mexico; in its broadest sense (sensu lato), which
includes Citharexylum pterocladum Donn.Sm. and C.
jurgensenii Briq., its distribution extends into Veracruz, Puebla,
Guatemala, and Belize. A taxon in need of more detailed study.
Common names: cacachila, chacalpezie, chachalaca,
chachalacmetl, coral, jalcate, salacate, tres lomos. The fruit is
edible and the leaves are used in traditional medicine.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [76, 256, 279, 342]
Citharexylum caudatum L.
LC
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Cuba, Puerto
Rico
diameter. Not restricted to cloud forest and more typical in
lowland forests. Found in wet thickets and swampy areas. A
very common species in secondary vegetation associated with
pine-oak forest and tropical rainforest. Considered as an alieninvasive species in Hawaii by the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk
project. Synonyms: Citharexylum caudatum fo. angustifolium
Moldenke, C. erectum Sw., C. lucidum Schltdl & Cham., C.
mucronatum E.Fourn. ex Moldenke. Citharexylum macradenium
Greenm. is no longer considered as a synonym as it is restricted
to areas at 1,300 m or higher in Costa Rica and Panama.
Refs: [228, 256, 279, 296, 342]
Citharexylum donnell-smithii Greenm.

LC
Mexico (OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa
Rica, Panama
A small or medium-sized tree, 1520 m tall and trunk up to 40
cm in diameter. A common species found in cloud forests of
southern Mexico. Occurs in humid pine-oak forest, sometimes
in oak forest and in pine forest, often in secondary stands and
ruderal habitats and sometimes planted as an ornamental in
gardens. Seedlings can be produced on damp beds
(germination is 2080% depending on scarification method). The
seeds are not viable after one year of storage. Synonyms:
Citharexylum ghiesbreghtii Moldenke, C. recurvatum Greenm.
Refs: [129, 279, 309]
Citharexylum hirtellum Standl.
LC
Mexico (JAL, TAB, CHS, CAM, QTR), Guatemala, Belize,
Honduras, Panama
A small tree or shrub. Marginally found in cloud forest as it is
more common in forests at lower elevations.
Refs: [129, 279]
Citharexylum mocinnoi D.Don
LC
Mexico (NAY, VER, MEX, OAX, CHS), Guatemala, Honduras,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
A small or medium-sized tree, 1820 m tall and trunk up to 60
cm in diameter. Not restricted to cloud forests, this species is
also present in pine-oak forest and tropical rainforest. A
common species in disturbed cloud forest. Seedlings can be
produced on damp beds covered by litter (germination up to
80%). Seeds may remain viable in storage for up to one year.
Synonyms: Citharexylum lankesteri Moldenke, C. rugendasii
Cham., C. rugendasii var. endlichii Loes. Common names:
cezintle, perla.
Refs: [129, 256, 279, 296, 309, 348, 349, 351, 363]
Cornutia grandifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Schauer

LC
Mexico (VER, PUE), Guatemala, Belize, Costa Rica, Panama
An erect shrub, sometimes arborescent or a treelet, up to 6 m
tall. Found in many low elevation vegetation types including
cloud forest edges, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats.
Cultivated in the Antilles. Some authors consider this species a
synonym of Cornutia pyramidata L. Synonyms: Cornutia
grandiflora Steud., C. grandifolia var. purpusii Moldenke, C.
grandifolia var. quadrangularis Moldenke, C. grandifolia var.
storkii Moldenke, C. pyramidata var. dentata Kuntze, Hosta
grandiflora A. Dietr., H. grandifolia Schltdl & Cham.
Assessors: MGE, NRM
Refs: [209, 256, 279]
Lippia myriocephala Schltdl. & Cham.
LC
Mexico (TAM, SLP, NAY, JAL, GTO, QRO, HGO, VER, MIC,
PUE, OAX, TAB, CHS, YUC), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador,
Honduras, Costa Rica
Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m tall. Frequently found in
secondary vegetation derived from cloud forest, oak forest and
pine-oak forest but mostly occurs in tropical vegetation at lower
elevations. Found on rocky slopes, roadsides and in agricultural
landscapes. Although abundant, it is a variable entity in need of
detailed studies over its entire range. The populations in Jalisco
and Nayarit are not clearly differentiated from Lippia umbellata
Cav. Synonyms: Lippia costaricensis Moldenke, L. hypoleia
Briq., L. myriocephala var. hypoleia (Briq.) Moldenke, L.
myriocephala var. integrifolia Loes. L. myriocephaloides Briq., L.
salamensis Loes. Common names: anamte, asuiche, calpanchi
blanco, cola de pato, palo blanco, palo de gusano, palo de
marca, palo gusano, palo tierra, polverillo. The leaves are
aromatic and the tree is used in traditional medicine. Its durable
wood is used for light construction.
Assessor: MGE
Refs: [76, 209, 279, 342, 445]
125
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145
ANNEX 1
IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA
EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last
individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times
(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed
to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame
appropriate to the taxons life cycle and life form.
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in
cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)
well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild
when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at
appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic
range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a
time-frame appropriate to the taxons life cycle and life form.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically
Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be
facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to
make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based
on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category
may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate
data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is
therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category
indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the
possibility that future research will show that threatened classification
is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data
are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in
choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a
taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable
period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,
threatened status may well be justified.
NOT EVALUATED (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated
against the criteria.
THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,

ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates
that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section
V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence
indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is
therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild:
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and
it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in
the wild.
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size
reduction of 90% over the last 10 years or three generations,
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are
clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on
(and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,
pollutants, competitors or parasites.
NEAR THREATENED (NT)

A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the
criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or
Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for
a threatened category in the near future.
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the
criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,
Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are
included in this category.
146
2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size

whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may
not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be

reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
3. A population size reduction of 80%, projected or suspected
to be met within the next 10 years or three generations,
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based
on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.
4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected
population size reduction of 80% over any 10 year or three
generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of
100 years in the future), where the time period must include
both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR
may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to
(e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)
OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and
estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in
any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, and
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location.

C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
individuals and either:
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three
years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a
maximum of 100 years in the future) OR
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in
numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the
following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than
50 mature individuals, OR
(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one
subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature
individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the
wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,
whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates
that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are
147

both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its
(e) under A1.
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than
five locations.
five locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any
of the following:
148

C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five
years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
following (a-b):
(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one
subpopulation.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature
individuals.
wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever
is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that
it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore
considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:
whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are:

both the past and the future, AND where the reduction or its
(e) under A1.
1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,
and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
10 locations.
of the following:
10 locations.

of the following:
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10
years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a
following (a-b):
(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.
D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the
following:
1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature
individuals.
2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically
less than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)
such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or
stochastic events within a very short time period in an
uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically
Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.
wild is at least 10% within 100 years.
Source: IUCN (2001)
Mexican
Cloud Forest Trees
The Red List of
For further information please contact:

Fauna & Flora International
4th Floor, Jupiter House,
Station Road, Cambridge,
CB1 2JD United Kingdom
Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000
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www.globaltrees.org
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Mexican Cloud Forest Trees (UICN)

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Mexican

Cloud Forest Trees

Editors: Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

Published by Fauna & Flora International,

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) protects threatened

Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)

Jorge A. Meave is Professor in Plant Ecology at the

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN exists to secure the future of the

The opinion of the individual authors does not

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms part

of the Species Survival Commissions volunteer network of over 7000

The editors and Fauna & Flora International take no

Editors: Mario Gonzlez-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave,

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

RED LIST OF MEXICAN CLOUD FOREST TREES

Species Evaluated as Least Concern

We dedicate this work to the insightful and treasured

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

We are grateful to the many members

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

Upwards view of the trunk of an Oreomunnea

Since its establishment in 2003 the

The collection of information on tree

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

the ecosystems most affected by global

cloud forest (25, 31). Rzedowski (26)

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

considering both Mexico as a whole (4, 5)

HOW THIS RED LIST WAS COMPILED

Mexican cloud forest tree species. In

3. Plant morphological scope

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

A frequently used source of information on

NUMERICAL SYNTHESIS AND FINAL

rare occurrence or due to a lack of recent

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

7. Challenger A. (1998) Utilizacin y

13. Hamilton L.S., Juvik J.O. and

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

20. Palacio-Prieto J.L., Bocco G.,

28. Still C.J., Foster P.N., and

27. Stevens P.F. (2008) Angiosperm

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

Eleazar CARRANZA GONZLEZ

Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica, Instituto de Ecologa,

Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica, Instituto de Ecologa,

Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad

Red de Biologa Funcional, Instituto de Ecologa, A.C., 91070

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de

Departamento de Botnica, Instituto de Biologa, Universidad

Programa de Botnica, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230

Luz Mara GONZLEZ VILLARREAL

Departamento de Botnica y Zoologa, Universidad de

Lzaro Rafael SNCHEZ-VELZQUEZ

Instituto de Biotecnologa y Ecologa Aplicada, Universidad

Mario ISHIKI ISHIHARA

Departamento de Ecologa y Sistemtica Terrestres, El Colegio

The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees

Departamento de Ecologa y Sistemtica Terrestres, El Colegio

Mara de Jess PERALTA

Red de Biologa Funcional, Instituto de Ecologa, A.C., 91070