Wood, E. J. F. 1963. Dinoflagellates in The Australian Region

Dinoflagellates in the Australian Region
II. Recent Collections
By E . J. F . W o o d
Division of Fisheries and Oceanography

Technical Paper N o . 14
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organization, Australia
Melbourne 1963
Collected reprints of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, vol. II, contribution no. 119
509
Printed by C . S . I . R . O . , Melbourne
510
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION

II. R E C E N T COLLECTIONS
By E. J. F. W O O D *
[Manuscript received June 5, 1962]
Summary
This paper records 190 species of dinofiagellates that have been found in Australian waters since 1954, and includes Indian Ocean species collected by H . M . A . S .
Diamantina.
Sixteen new species have been described.
The large number of species of nakedflagellatesrecorded in this paper is ascribed
to the use of volumetric samplers instead of nets and to the examination of living instead
of preserved material.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Thefirstpart of this monograph ( W o o d 1954) described dinofiagellates collected

from Australian waters mainly within 100 miles of the coast. While the collection
of phytoplankton was largely restricted to this area, few additional species were
recorded, but since then the collecting area has been extended from about latitude
90 E . to 180 E . , and it has been possible to identify some of the collected material
at sea. T h e examination of living oceanic material has shown that m u c h of the
oceanic phytoplankton collected consists of nakedflagellatesbelonging to the
Gymnodiniaceae which were barely represented in the collections used in Part I; in
fact m a n y of these species have previously been recorded only from coastal waters.
The greater extent of the area traversed has increased the possibility of collecting
truly oceanic and tropical species, especially of such genera as Histioneis, Parahistioneis,
Ceratium, Heterodinium, and Oxytoxum, and it will be seen that these genera are
widely represented in the n e w material. T h e use of closing water samplers instead
of nets has allowed the collection of smaller forms that frequently were missed by
the net. There are far greater numbers and more representatives of the small dinofiagellates in fresh than in formalin-preserved material collected in the samples. This
was checked by re-examining the preserved collections in the laboratory.
The distribution of organisms in the area studied is indicated as follows: single
references (e.g. latitude or a specific point) refer to collection from one station only.
"Coral Sea" or reference to a similar large area means that the organism is distributed
widely but sporadically. " C o m m o n " means that the organism occurs at m a n y
stations. "Abundant" refers to the occurrence of large numbers in a given region.
II.
TAXONOMY
The classification outlined in Part I of this series ( W o o d 1954) has been

followed here. Definitions of families and genera, and keys to genera and species
given in that paper have not been repeated.
* Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, C.S.I.R.O., Cronulla, N . S . W .
511
E. J. F. WOOD
Order A D I N I F E R I D E A
Family P R O R O C E N T R I D A E Kofoid
Genus E X U V I A E L L A Cienkowski, 1881
E X U V I A E L L A BLTICA Lohmann
Fig. 1
Exuviaella bltica L o h m a n n , 1908, p. 17, pi. 1,fig.265. Schiller, 1933, p. 17, fig. \0a-d.
Body variable in shape, rotund to ovate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, only

slightly constricted dorsoventrally :flagellarpore with a slight tooth on either side.
Length 10-15 /x.
Distribution.Neritic. North Atlantic; North Sea; Barents Sea; Adriatic
Sea; Coral Sea near island chains.
Genus P R O R O C E N T R U M Ehrenberg, 1833
There is considerable variation in the form of some species of this genus, and it
is doubtful whether the numerous species described by Schiller (1933) deserve that
rank. However, the species described here, and c o m m o n in the Coral and Tasman
Seas, do appear to be sufficiently constant in morphology to be regarded as distinct.
PROROCENTRUM ARCUATUM Issel
Fig. 2
Prorocentrum arcuatum Issel, 1928, p. 278,fig.2 .
Prorocentrum gibbosum Schiller, 1933, p . 39,fig.42a,b.
Body in lateral view with angular dorsal margin, sharply bent near the middle,
ventral margin more rounded, convex anteriorly, then somewhat concave or straight;
antapex acute ; spine long,fine,winged. There seems no reason to separate P. arcuatum
from P. gibbosum and the name P. arcuatum has precedence. Length 60-70 p.
Distribution.Mediterranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean; Coral Sea;
waters off southern N e w Guinea.
P R O R O C E N T R U M OBTUSIDENS Schiller
Fig. 3
Prorocentrum obtusidens Schiller, 1928, p. 57,fig.15.
Body sub-rotund with blunt apex, sides parallel, then rounded to an acute
antapex; process low, rounded. Length 50/x.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Coral Sea; off Jibbon Cape, N . S . W .
P R O R O C E N T R U M SCHILLERI B o h m
Fig. 4
Prorocentrum schilleri B o h m in Schiller, 1933, p. 38,figs.AOa-e.
512
D I N O F L A G E L L A T E S IN T H E A U S T R A L I A N R E G I O N .
II
Body in lateral view with rotund anterior and tapering posterior portion; valves
m a y be unlike, and one m a y have a posterior spine; anterior spine isfine,winged,
and m a y be absent. Length 40-50 fx.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea;
Coral Sea;
off the south coast of N e w Guinea.
P R O R O C E N T R U M P A C I F I C U M , sp. nov.
Fig. 5
Body in lateral view with parallel sides, tapering to acute antapex ; apex blunt
with a finger-like process. This species is close to P. obtusidens but is narrower and
the process longer and more defined. Tt is constant in shape.
Distribution.Widely distributed. Coral Sea; Indian Ocean west of Fremantle;
off Jibbon Cape, N . S . W .
Order DINIFERIDEA
Family D I N O P H Y S I D A E Kofoid & Mitchener
Genus P H A L A C R O M A
Stein, 1883
This genus is often represented in the phytoplankton of the Coral and Tasman
Seas, but is rarely numerous.
PHALACROM
C I R C U M S U T U M Karsten
Fig. 6
Phalacroma circumsutum Karsten, 1907, p . 421, pi. 53,fig.8. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 182, pi. 23,fig.6.
Body in lateral view oval, widest in the middle; girdle anterior; epitheca
rounded; R 3 acute, ventral, supporting a sail which is connected narrowly with the
left sulcal list and R 2 . Length 80 /t.
Distribution.Widely distributed in tropical and w a r m waters; Coral Sea.
P H A L A C R O M A C O N T R A C T U M Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 7
Phalacroma contractum Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p . 83,fig.3.
Body subspherical with indented girdle; girdle anterior; lists narrow; sulcal
list widest near girdle, rounded posteriorly. Length 30 .i.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific; Coral Sea.
P H A L A C R O M A M U C R O N A T U M Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 8
Phalacroma mucronatum Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p . 172, pi. 22, figs. 4 , 6, 8.
Body in lateral view circular; girdle anterior ; epitheca low; girdle lists shallow ;
hypotheca rotund with an antapical spine; left sulcal list moderately wide, ending
at R 3 . Length 40 /.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific. Southern Coral Sea.
513
E. J. F. W O O D
PHALACROMA LENTICULA
Kofoid
Fig. 9
Phalacroma lenticula Kofoid, 1907, p. 194, pi. 12,fig.69. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 96,
figs. 3 and 7.
Body subcircular in outline, v/ider than long; in dorsal view lenticular; girdle
submedian; girdle lists narrow; left sulcal list about half body length; body finely
reticulate. Length 80 J..
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific; Coral Sea.
P H A L A C R O M A P A R V U L U M (Schiitt) Jrgensen
Fig. 10
Phalacroma porodictyum Stein var. prvula Schtt, 1895, pi. 2,fig.13.
Phalacroma parvulum (Schtt). Jrgensen, 1923, pp. 7, 8, 9, pi. 45,fig.4 . Schiller, 1933, p . 63,
fig. 51a-d.
Body small, spherical to spheroidal, widest in the middle; lists somewhat

narrow, left sulcal list almost triangular, about half body length. Length 40 x.
Distribution.Worldwide in tropical and w a r m seas. Eastern Coral Sea.
P H A L A C R O M A STRIATA
Kofoid
Fig. 11
Phalacroma striata Kofoid, 1907, p. 195, pi. 12,fig.73. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p . 131,
figs. 2, 5, 8 ; pi. 14,fig.3.
Body broadly cunate; epitheca low, broadly rounded; girdle anterior;

hypotheca cunate with broadly rounded antapex; left sulcal list extends almost to
antapex; ribs fine, anterior mainribm a y be absent. Length 100-140 x.
Distribution.Tropical to subtropical waters. Mediterranean Sea; Guinea
current. Tndian Ocean west of Australia;- Eastern Pacific.
Genus D I N O P H Y S I S Ehrenberg, 1840
D I N O P H Y S I S E X I G U A Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 12
Dinophysis exigua Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 239,fig.30.
Body in lateral view circular to subcircular; epitheca low, not above anterior
girdle list, which is hyaline, and rather low; posterior list low; left sulcal list widest
at R 3 which is inclined posteriorly. Length 25-30 x.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific; South Coral Sea between Cape Byron
and Norfolk I.
D I N O P H Y S I S M I C R O P T E R Y G I A Dangeard
Fig. 13
Dinophysis micropterygia Dangeard, 1927, p . 381,fig.433. Schiller, 1933, p. 110,fig.101.
Body in lateral view circular to subcircular; epitheca very low; anterior girdle
list low to moderate; posterior list low; left sulcal list anterior, narrow, even;
R 3 vestigial. Length 30-40 /x.
Distribution.Warm water in the Atlantic Ocean; Vitiaz Strait.
514
DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
DlNOPHYSIS PACIFICA, Sp. n O V .

Fig. 14
Body almost trapezoidal with blunt apex and antapex; surface coarsely
areolate; epitheca very low; anterior girdle list high, almost cylindrical; posterior
list rather low; left sulcal list almost the length of hypotheca, triangular with 3 ridges
posterior tofissionrib. Length 60-70 f.
Distribution.Southern Coral Sea.
D I N O P H Y S I S P A R V A Schiller
Fig. 15
Dinophysis parva Schiller, 1928, p. 77,fig.39; 1933, p. Ill,fig.103.
Body regularly ovate ; anterior girdle list as broad as or slightly narrower than
girdle, recurved; posterior list narrow; left sulcal list about half body length.
Length 20-25 /x.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; East Coral Sea.
D I N O P H Y S I S R E C U R V A Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 16
Dinophysis recurva Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 228. Schiller, 1933, p. 113,fig.\05a,b.
Body ovate, epitheca very small ; upper girdle list about half cell diameter long;
slight depression between upper and lower lists; sulcal list extending slightly more
than half cell length; ribs slightly or markedly curved posteriorly; body strongly
areolate. Length 40-50 JL.
Distribution.Mediterranean, English Channel, Atlantic, Adriatic; Coral Sea.
D I N O P H Y S I S S C H U E T T I Murray & Whitting
Fig. 17
Dinophysis schuetti Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 331, pi. 31,fig.10. Schiller, 1933, p. 147,
fig. 140.
Body almost spherical to elliptical; epitheca very low; anterior list deep;
sulcal list wide with distal dorsal rib and sail (the latter m a y be rudimentary). Length
40-60 /*.
Distribution.Eupelagic, cosmopolitan; Coral Sea and Indian Ocean.
D I N O P H Y S I S M O R E S B Y E N S I S , sp. nov.
Fig. 18
Body elliptic, widest in the middle; anterior girdle list wide; funnel-shaped;
posterior list m u c h narrower; left sulcal list supported by 5 ribs and ending slightly
dorsally of median line, and of even width ; body coarsely punctate. Length 40 fi.
This species is closest to D . jorgenseni but the sulcal list is evenly rounded, and there
is an extra rib.
Distribution.New Guinea waters south of Port Moresby.
515
E. J. F. W O O D
Figs. 1-35.Dinoflagellates. 1, Exuviaella bltica. 2, Prorocentrum arcuatum. 3(a,b), P. obtusidens.

4, P. schilleri. 5, P. pacificus, sp. nov. 6, Palacroma circumsutum. 7, Ph. contiactum. 8, Ph. mucronatum. 9, Ph. lenticula. 10, Ph. parvulum. 11, Ph. striata. \2{a,b), Dinophysis exigua. 13, D. micro'
pterygia. 14, D. pacifica, sp. nov. 15, D. parva. 16, D. recurva. \l(a,b), D. schuetti. 18, D. moresbyensis, sp. nov. 19, D. ventrecta. 20, Amphisolenia astragalus. 21, A. bifurcata. 22, A. brevicauda.
23(a,b), A. clavipes. 24, A. globifera. 25, A. lemmermanni. 26, A.palaeotheroides. 27, A.rectangulata.
28, /4. schauinslandi. 29, /I. schroederi. 30, Ornithocercus formosus. 31, O . geniculatus. 32, O .
magnificus, var. 33, O . sp. (deformation). 34, O . australis, sp. nov. 35, Parahistioneis cratenformis.
516
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E A U S T R A L I A N R E G I O N .
II
D I N O P H Y S I S V E N T R E C T A Schiller
Fig. 19
Dinophysis ventrecta Schiller, 1933, p. 133,fig.126.
Body elongate-ovate with straight ventral and rounded dorsal margins, widest
posteriorly; anterior girdle list almost cylindrical, deep; posterior list narrow ; left
sulcal list wide, even, reaching R 3 . Length 45 /.
Distribution.Quarnero (as D. sacculus by Stein); Coral Sea; Port Hacking.
Genus A M P H I S O L E N I A Stein, 1883
A M P H I S O L E N I A A S T R A G A L U S Kofoid & Michener
Fig. 20
Amphisolenia astragalus Kofoid and Michener, 1911, p : 293. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 380, text fig. 10; N o s . 1, 6, 8, 10; pi. 49,fig.6.
Body slightly sigmoid ; antapical with slight ventral concavity ; tip of antapical
abruptly bent ventrally. Length 500 i.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific; -Galapagos eddy; Coral Sea.
A M P H I S O L E N I A B I F U R C A T A Murray & Whitting
Fig. 21
Amphisolenia bifurcata Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 331,figs.7, 8, 9; pi. 31,fig.\a-e.
Amphisolenia thrinax Zacharias, 1906, pp. 561, 563, 564. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 432.
Hypotheca almost straight but fusiform to bifurcate antapical region, two legs
being subequal or of slightly different lengths, somewhat swollen anteriorly, distal
parts spinulate. Length 850 /x.
Distribution.Atlantic and Caribbean, California, Easter 1., South Equatorial
drift; Indian Ocean west of Australia ; Coral Sea.
A M P H I S O I E N I A B R E V I C A U D A Kofoid
Fig. 22
Amphisolenia brevicauda Kofoid, 1907, p. 197, pi. 13,fig.79. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 372, textfig.49, no. 3 ; text fig. 50, no. 6 ; pi. 6,figs.1^1.
Body slightly sigmoid ; midbody elongate ; antapical sharply differentiated from
midbody on ventral side, even on dorsal; dorsal margin sigmoid; antapical acute.
Length 150/.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific; Vitiaz Strait.
A M P H I S O L E N I A CLAVIPES Kofoid
Fig. 23
Amphisolenia clavipes Kofoid, 1907, p. 14,fig.90. Kofoid arid Skogsberg, 1928, p. 402, pi. II,
figs. 8-11.
517
10
E. J. F, WOOD
Body curved near antapex; epitheca convex; hypotheca fusiform, more or

less sharply bent near antapex, widened at end, with 2 spinules. Length 250 /*.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: off Fiji and south of N e w Caledonia.
A M P H I S O L E N I A G L O B I F E R A Stein
Fig. 24
Amphisolenia globifera Stein, 1883, p. 24, pi. 21,figs.9, 10. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 388, textfigs.1, 2, 4, 8; pi. 49,fig.9 ; pi. 50,figs.1-5.
Body straight or slightly sigmoid; hypotheca swollen anteriorly; antapex
characteristically globose, bidentate. Length 150-250 x.
Distribution.Atlantic, Indian Ocean off Australia; Eastern Pacific: Coral Sea.
A M P H I S O L E N I A L E M M E R M A N N I Kofoid
Fig. 25
Amphisolenia lemmermanni Kofoid, 1907, p. 199, pi. 14,figs.88, 89. Kofoid and Skogsberg,
1928, p. 419, textfig.9, nos. 1, 12; pi. 50,fig.8 ; pi. 56,fig.2 .
Body straight; hypotheca markedly swollen anteriorly, then straight, tubular,
with slightly splayed antapex ; bidentate, spurred. Length 500 x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean west of Australia. Eastern tropical Pacific; Mexican
current; P a n a m a , Peruvian current; Easter ., south equatorial drift; Coral Sea.
A M P H I S O L E N I A P A L A E O T H E R O I D E S Kofoid
Fig. 26
Amphisolenia palaeotheroides Kofoid, 1907, p. 199, pi. 14,fig.84. Kofoid and Skogsberg,
1928, p. 427, textfig.Il, nos. 2, 3, 4 ; pi. 56,fig.4 .
Body almost straight; hypotheca fusiform, tapering gently from swollen middle
in both directions; antapical portion slightly broadened, tridentate. Length 500/n.
Distribution.Peruvian current; Easter 1., south equatorial drift; Coral Sea.
AMPHISOLENIA RECTANGULATA
Kofoid
Fig. 27
Amphisolenia rectangulata Kofoid, 1907, p. 200, pi: 14, fig. 83. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 378, textfig.8, nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 ; pi. 49,fig.5.
Body almost straight; hypotheca slightly swollen anteriorly, posterior portion
cylindrical, slightly curved towards antapex which is slightly swollen and bidentate.
Length 600-700 /x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean off Australia. Eastern Pacific.
AMPHISOLENIA SCHAUINSLANDI Lemmermann
Fig. 28
Amphisolenia schauinslandi L e m m e r m a n n , 1899, pp. 317, 350, 373,fig.19. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 374, textfig.7, nos. 1-8; pi. 49, no. 4, pi. 51.
518
DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION.
II
11
Body straight, head capitate ; epithecaflattened; hypotheca fusiform, posterior

part short, straight ; antapex with 4 spinulae. Length 200-300 i.
Distribution.Tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean : Gulf of A d e n ; Tropical
Pacific Ocean: Coral Sea.
A M P H I S O L E N I A S C H R O E D E R I Kofoid
Fig. 29
Amphisolenia schroederi Kofoid, 1907, p. 201, pi. 13,fig.81. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928,
p. 400, textfig.10, nos. 2 - 4 ; pi. 49,fig.15.
Body straight, hypotheca swollen anteriorly, tapering rather more quickly
anteriorly than posteriorly; antapex almost straight, not swollen, bidentate. Length
500 ix.
Distribution.Pacific Ocean : Mexican and Peruvian currents, south equatorial
drift ; Coral Sea ; Indian Ocean west of Australia.
Genus O R N I T H O C E R C U S Stein
O R N I T H O C E R C U S F O R M O S U S Kofoid & Michener
Fig. 30
Ornithocercus formosus Kofoid and Michener, 1911, p . 300,fig.Wla-d.
p. 207,fig.\91a-d.
Schiller, 1933,
Body subcircular ; anterior girdle list funnel-shaped with radial ribs ; posterior
girdle list ribbed and reticulate ; left sulcal list ends dorsally, almost linear with body,
more or less quadrate, supported by strong, posteriorly-directed, dorsally attached
rib and a weaker rib in the ventral portion; list reticulate. Length 45 t.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: Coral Sea.
O R N I T H O C E R C U S G E N I C U L A T U S Dangeard
Fig. 31
Ornithorcercus geniculatus Dangeard, 1927, p. 383,fig.456. Schiller, 1933, p . 196,fig.188.
Body almost spherical, slightly thicker than high; upper girdle list with about
8 ribs, smaller than lower which has 12-14; left sulcal list without lower rib and
distinct from sail, which is ventral and supported by two strong, clvate ribs directed
posteriorly and joined near margin, with supplementary veins; ventral margin of
sail convex, dorsal sigmoid, posterior concave. Length 40 LL.
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean; Coral Sea, Jervis Bay.
O R N I T H O C E R C U S M A G N I F I C U S Stein, var.
Fig. 32
(See W o o d 1954.) This is a form with a weekly ribbed left sulcal list and sail.
The species is variable, but there are two usual forms, one with a round body,
and very poorly developed left sulcal list, the other with a subovate body and a wider
519
12
E. J. F. W O O D
sulcal list. The latter was m u c h more c o m m o n than the former in the Coral Sea in
summer of 1960, but there is no evidence for creating another species at this stage.
Distribution.Off Fiji.
O R N I T H O C E R C U S sp.
Fig. 33
This is obviously a deformation; the cell was entire. The epitheca was low,
anterior list deep and funnel-shaped; girdle zone wide; hypotheca subconical; left
sulcal list narrow to R 2 then wider, with rounded margin ending dorsally and
supported by 4 ribs.
Distribution.Off Fiji.
O R N I T H O C E R C U S A U S T R A L I S , sp. nov.
Fig. 34
Body circular, girdle wide; anterior girdle list funnel-shaped, striate; posterior
list of equal height; left sulcal list semicircular, extending slightly ventrally, hyaline
except for 3 striae. Length 45 /. This species is closest to O. orbiculatus Kofoid but
the posterior girdle list and the left sulcal list are much more hyaline and the intermediate ribs are rudimentary.
Distribution.The Slot, Solomon Is.
Genus P A R A H I S T I O N E I S Kofoid & Skogsberg
PARAHISTIONEIS C R A T E R I F O R M I S (Stein) Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 35
Histioneis crateriformis Stein, 1883, p . 22, figs. 5 and 6.
Parahistioneis crateriformis (Stein). Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 590.
Hypotheca in side view semicircular; epitheca conical with concave sides;

girdle broad; anterior girdle listflared,posterior list of even width, cylindrical; left
sulcal list with sigmoid margin ending ventrally of median line. Length 90 a.
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean; Coral Sea and Solomon Is., Slot.
PARAHISTIONEIS G A R R E T T I (Kofoid) Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig 36
Histioneis garretti Kofoid, 1907, p. 203, pi. 16, fig. 97.
Parahistioneis garretti (Kofoid). Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 596, textfig.19, n o . 1 ; pi. 93,
fig. 5.
Body broadly subovate; anterior girdle list flared; epitheca low; girdle wider
dorsally; posterior girdle list rather low, hyaline; left sulcal list narrow to R 2 which
is directed posteroventrally, reticulate, wider between R 2 and R 3 , margin in this
specimen notched ; list hyaline from R 3 to somewhat ventral junction with hypotheca.
Length 40 x.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: south Coral Sea.
520
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
II
13
PARAHISTIONEIS GASCOYNENS1S, Sp. nOV.
Fig. 37
Body rotund; epitheca low, higher dorsally than ventrally; anterior girdle list
broadly flaring, strongly ribbed; posterior list rather low hyaline; left sulcal list
narrow to R 2 which is deflected posteriorly, wider and rounded to R 3 which is
posteroventral, strong and m u c h thickened at end. In this specimen, the list from
R 2 to R 3 is radially ribbed, thus distinguishing it from P. parqformis. T h e species is
close to P. reticulata, but the body is more rotund and R 3 stronger. Length 45 x.
Distribution.Coral Sea.
P A R A H I S T I O N E I S PARAFORMis Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 38
Parahistioneis paraformis Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 598, text fig. 9, nos. 3 - 6 ; pi. 93,
fig. 4.
Body rotund; girdle wide; anterior girdle list funnel-shaped, ribbed; posterior
list with few ribs; left sulcal list with rounded margin, ending at R 3 which is slightly
ventral; list' granular in antapical portion. Length 40JL.
Distribution.Tropical and subtropical Pacific: Coral Sea.
P A R A H I S T I O N E I S R O T U N D A T A (Kofoid & Michener) Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 39
(See W o o d 1954.) A variant of the species.
Genus H I S T I O N E S Stein, 1883
HISTIONEIS A E Q U A T O R I A L I S ,
sp. nov.
Fig. 40
Body boat-shaped; epitheca conical; anterior girdle list tubular, flaring
symmetrically at end; posterior list tubular, slightly constricted in the middle,
striate at end; sulcal list extending right round body as a sail, margin on ventral side
sigmoid, R 2 directed posteriorly, R 3 branched; supplementary ribs present. T h e
shape of the body resembles that of H. ongicollis but the sail is far more developed,
especially on th dorsal side. Length 150 x.
H I S T I O N E I S A U S T R A L I A E , sp. nov.
Fig. 41
Body boat-shaped, anterior girdle list moderate, flared, striate; posterior list
nearly as high, gibbous; left sulcal list rounded ventrally, extending to ventral portion
of base of body; a thickening extends from R 2 to R 3 . The body and girdle lists of
this species resemble those of H. pacifica but the sail and ribs are quite unlike that
species. Length 70 ^.
521
14
E. J. F. W O O D
HlSTIONEIS BOUGAINVILLEAE, Sp. nOV.
Fig. 42
Body saccate; collar high; anterior girdle list long and tubular, striate; posterior
list with striate margin, reticulate upper portion and hyaline lower part; left sulcal
list narrow ventrally, extending posteriorly, supported by a U-shaped rib deriving
from a rectangular window and extending ventrally. This species is close to H. depressa
but the sail is very different, and the collar higher and more ribbed. Length 80 x.
Distribution.West of Bougainville 1.
HISTIONEIS C E R A S U S B o h m
Fig. 43
Histioneis cerasus B o h m in Schiller, 1933, p . 229,fig.221.
Body in lateral view cherry-shaped, in ventral view elliptical; epitheca very

low; anterior girdle list with moderate tube, widely flaring; posterior list lower
dorsally with ribbed margin; pouches wide, supported by horizontal ribs; left sulcal
list wide, ventral; R 2 directed ventrally and branched, R 3 also branched. Length
40-60 p.
Distribution.Indian Ocean; South Queensland off Surfer's Paradise.
H I S T I O N E I S C O S T A T A Kofoid & Michener
Fig. 44
Histioneis costata Kofoid and Michener, 1911, p . 29.5. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p . 647,
textfig.20, nos. 3, 10; pi. 95,fig.4 .
Body rounded, hypotheca semicircular in side view; anterior girdle list funnelshaped, tube short; list anteriorly striate; posterior list wider and lower, subcylindrical; left sulcal list reticulate in front of R 2 , and narrow; R 3 submarginal,
posterior, margin strikingly angular between R 2 and R 3 . Length 70 x. R 3 is proportionally m u c h longer than in Kofoid's and Skogsberg's illustrations.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: west of Fiji.
H I S T I O N E I S D E P R E S S A Schiller, vars.
Fig. 45
Histioneis depressa Schiller. W o o d , 1954, p. 213.
The forms illustrated here are closer to the type than that given in W o o d (1954).
Distribution.Coral Sea between Samurai and Bougainville I. Previously
recorded from Trial Bay, N . S . W .
HISTIONEIS D O L O N
Murray & Whitting, var.
Fig. 46
This illustration of a form with a m u c h simpler sail than that shown in W o o d
(1954, p . 215,fig.72) is included to show the variation that can be expected in this
522
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
15
Figs. 36-52.Dinoflagellates. 36, Parahistioneis garretti. 37, P. gascoynensis, sp. nov. 38, P . paraformis. 39, P . rotundata. 40, Histioneis aequatorialis, sp. nov. 41, H. australiae, sp. nov. 42, H .
bougainvilleae, sp. nov. 43(a,6), H. cerasus. 44, H. costata. 45(a,>), H. depressa, formae. 46, H.
dolon, var. 47(a), H. elongata; 47(6), H. elongata var. curvata, var. nov. 48(a,), H. helenae. 49, H.
highleyi. 50(tf,/>), H. hyalina. 51, H. inclinata. 52, H. jorgenseni.
523
16
E. J. F. W O O D
and other species, some of which could probably be united if the degree of variation
of each species were k n o w n .
HISTIONEIS E L O N G A T A Kofoid & Michener
Fig. 47(a)
Histioneis elongata Kofoid and Michener, 1911, p. 295. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 661,
fig. 96, no. 3.
Body ovate; anterior girdle list of moderate height, striate; posterior list
moderate, hyaline; left sulcal list cunate, R 3 long with cross rib extending ventrally;
sail triangular, extended posteriorly from R 2 to R 3 . Length i 20 jtx.
HISTIONEIS E L O N G A T A
Fig.
var. C U R V A T A ,
var. nov.
47(A)
This variety differs from the type species in having the sail strongly curved
dorsally, together with the marginal R 3 .
HISTIONEIS H E L E N A E Murray & Whitting
Fig. 48
Histioneis helenae Murray and Whitting, 1899, p . 333, pi. 33,fig.2. Kofoid and Skogsberg,
1928, p. 696.
Body in side view reniform; anterior girdle list long, tubular and curved, with
striate, funnel-shaped opening; posterior list long, cylindrical, reticulate; epitheca
saddle-shaped; two hyaline lobes on either side of posterior list; left sulcal list
extending into sail from R 2 and undulate; R 3 submarginal; sail with submarginal
thickening. Length 150 /x.
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean: South Coral Sea.
HISTIONFIS HiGHLEYi Murray & Whitting
Fig. 49
Histioneis kighleyi Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 334, pi. 32,fig.5. Kofoid and Skogsberg,
1928, p. 673, pi. 98, 95,fig.14.
Body asymmetrically Y-shaped, with posterior protuberance; girdle sigmoid;

anterior girdle list arising from small, conical epitheca, funnel-shaped, ribbed;
posterior list more or less cylindrical ; left sulcal list extending to R 3 which is strong
and curved, more or less as long as process; surface of theca coarsely punctate.
Length 65 x.
Distribution.Widely distributed in w a r m seas; Coral Sea.
524
DINOFLAGELLATES
HISTIONEIS
IN T H E A U S T R A L I A N R E G I O N . II
17
H Y A L I N A Kofoid & Michener
Fig. 50
Histioneis hyalina Kofoid and Michener, 1911, p. 296. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 679,
textfig.20, no. 4 ;fig.95, no. 5.
Body boat-shaped in lateral outline, slightly higher dorsally; anterior girdle

list with long narrow tube and slight funnel; posterior girdie list slightly gibbous
dorsally, hyaline; left sulcal list narrow, R 2 directed posteriorly, joined to R 3 near
middle ; R 3 slightly ventral, posterior. Length 60 /A.
Distribution.Tropical Indian Ocean;
Zealand.
HISTIONEIS
tropical Pacific Ocean:
north of N e w
I N C L I N A T A Kofoid & Skogsberg
Fig. 51
Histioneis inclinata Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 652, textfig.22, no. 5; pi. 95,fig.13.
Body subrotund in lateral outline; epitheca low; anterior girdle list flared,
longer dorsally than ventrally; posterior list slightly gibbous andflaredat the end;
left sulcal list short, ending on ventral surface, margin rounded, surface reticulate;
R 3 absent. Length 35 /.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: south of N e w Britain in Coral Sea.
HISTIONEIS J O R G E N S E N I Schiller
Fig. 52
Histioneis jorgenseni Schiller, 1928, p. 83,fig.4 2 ; 1933, p. 226,fig.217.
Body rotund, kidney-shaped; epitheca low,flat,apex slightly d o m e d ; anterior

girdle list with long tube, andflaredend; posterior list cylindrical, slightly gibbous;
left sulcal list with sigmoid margin, R 2 directed posteriorly, joining R 3 about half
way along; R 3 marginal or submarginal. Length 80 JL.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Solomon Is.
HISTIONEIS L A N C E O L A T A , sp. nov.
Fig. 53
Body obovate; epitheca low; anterior girdle list funnel-shaped with moderate
tube and striate margin; posterior list deep, cylindrical, not reinforced; hypotheca
obovate; left sulcal list narrow to R 2 then abruptly widened between R 2 and R 3
and m u c h thickened and ridged; R 3 as long as cell, posterior and submarginal, sail
ending slightly dorsally. Length 300 /u.. This species differs from H. elongata in R 3
not being marginal or submarginal and in having a supplementary rib branching
from R 3 ventrally.
Distribution.Eastern Coral Sea.
18
E. J. F. W O O D
HlSTIONEIS LONG1COLL1S Kofoid

Fig. 54
Histioneis longicollis Kofoid, 1907, p. 204, pi. 16,fig.100. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 677,
textfig.20, no. 5, textfig.21, no. 5; pi. 95,fig.7.
Body in lateral view obliquely rotund ; anterior girdle lists with long tube and
striate funnel; girdle moderately raised; posterior list cylindrical, reticulate; left
sulcal list narrow, margin gently sigmoid ; R 2 directed posteriorly to unite or nearly
unite with R 3 which is ventral, posterior, and distally branched. Length 80 JU.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: Coral Sea.
HISTIONEIS M I T C H E L L A N A Murray & Whitting
Fig. 55
Histioneis initchellana Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 333, pi. 33,fig.3. Schiller, 1933, p. 245,
figs. 239?,>.
Body boat-shaped, higher dorsally; anterior girdle list narrow, funnel-shaped,

posterior list deep, with or without reticulate markings; left su'cal list evenly rounded
in margin, fenestrate. Length 120 p.
Distribution.Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Coral Sea.
HISTIONEIS MORESBYENSIS,
sp. nov.
Fig. 56
Body rotund; anterior girdle list moderate, hyaline with ribbed funnel; left
sulcal list with reticulate sculpture to R 2 which is bent sharply backwards to form
margin of sail almost parallel to sigmoid R 3 , hyaline from R 2 to R 3 . Length 50 x.
Closest to H . costata but differs in the marginal extension of R 2 and the strength
of R 3 .
Distribution.Off Port Moresby.
HISTIONEIS O X Y P T E R I S Schiller
Fig. 57
Histioneis oxypteris Schiller, 1928, p. 84, pi. 3,fig.6.
Body deep-reniform to subspherical; anterior girdle list with short tube, flared;
posterior list hyaline; left sulcal list sigmoid, with thickenings; R 2 ventral; R 3
ventral, directed posteriorly, marginal to submarginal. Length 45 /x.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea; south Coral Sea.
HISTIONEIS P A U L S E N I Kofoid
Fig. 58
Histioneis paulseni Kofoid, 1907, p. 204, pi. 15,fig.94, Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 650,
textfig.20, nos. I, 2; pi. 95,fig.8.
526
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
19
Body subrotund; hypotheca somewhat reniform; anterior girdle list flared;

posterior list cylindrical ; left sulcal list with sigmoid margin ending at R 3 ; R 2 and
R 3 directed posteroventrally ; striae between R 2 and R 3 . Length 60 /x.
Distribution.Tropical Pacific: north of N e w Zealand.
HlSTIONElS PIETSCHMANNI B o h m
Fig. 59
Histioneis pietschmanni B o h m in Schiller, 1933, p. 247,fig.241.
Body reniform, higher dorsally ; anterior girdle list with long tube and reticulate
funnel ; posterior list gibbous, margins reticulate ; left sulcal list with irregular margin,
reticulate; R 2 branched, posterior part joining short R 3 to form a semicircle.
Length 100 JL.
Distribution.Indian Ocean ; Coral Sea.
H I S T I O N E I S P L A N E T A , sp. nov.
Fig. 60
Body subrotund, coarsely and evenly porulate; anterior girdle list with long
tube andflaredend, margin striate ; posterior list strongly reticulate ; left sulcal list
with sigmoid margin R 2 directed posteriorly joining R 3 but with a branch close to
R 3 reaching margin of list; R 3 posteroventral, dilated at end. Length 80 /*. Close
to H . longicollis, but collar is shorter and ribs of sulcal list are more developed.
Distribution.Coral Sea near Planet trench.
HISTIONEIS P U L C H R A Kofoid
Fig. 61
Histioneis pulchra Kofoid, 1907, p. 205, pi. 16,fig.99. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 686,
textfig.96, pi. 21,fig.4, 7; pi. 23,fig.2.
Body saddle-shaped, higher dorsally : epitheca low ; anterior girdle list forming
a rather long tube, flaring symmetrically; striate in upper portion; posterior list
cylindrical, nearly as wide as body, lobed, with irregular interlocking thickenings;
left sulcal list triangular, extending about a body length below antapex ; R 2 directed
posteriorly and united with R 3 , list with irregularly anastomosing thickenings.
Length 150 i*.
Distribution.Eastern tropical and subtropical Pacific. Coral Sea.
HISTIONEIS SCHILLERI B o h m
Fig. 62
Histioneis schilleri B o h m in Schiller, 1933, p. 244,fig.238a,>.
Body boat-shaped, higher dorsally; collar long; anterior girdle list funnelshaped, striate; posterior list nearly body width, long, reticulate on upper portion;
527
20
E. J. F. W O O D
left sulcal list with triangular extension ventrally, a circular to rectangular window
and tapering posteriorly; sculpture reticulate. Length 100 x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean; Solomon Is. Slot.
HlSTIONElS SIMPLEX, Sp. llOV.
Fig. 63
Body stirrup-shaped ; anterior girdle list low,flared; posterior list low, slightly
gibbous, hyaline; left sulcal list hyaline, ventral, rounded, R 3 absent. Length 40 J..
Close to H. inclinata but the left sulcal list is devoid of structure and the body is of
different shape.
Distribution.East Coral Sea.
HlSTIONElS TUBIFERA B o h m
Fig. 64
Histioneis tubifera B o h m in Schiller, 1933, p . 224,fig.214.
Body irregularly oval; anterior girdle list funnel-shaped; epitheca d o m e shaped; girdle high; posterior list slightly gibbous; left sulcal list with R 2 short,
ventral; R 3 directed posteriorly and marginal, almost in vertical axis of cell, margin
gently rounded. Length 25-30 /x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean; North T a s m a n and Coral Seas.
H I S T I O N E I S V A R I A B I L I S Schiller
Fig. 65
Histioneis variabilis Schiller, 1933, p. 231, fig. 223a-d.
Body cherry-shaped, variable; anterior girdle list with long tube and striate
funnel; girdle slightly concave; posterior list somewhat gibbous, variable; R 2 and
R 3 both ventral, forming one or two loops; left sulcal list reinforced in various
patterns. Length 60 JL.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Atlantic; North T a s m a n Sea north of N e w
Zealand; Coral Sea.
H I S T I O N E I S V O U C K I Schiller
Fig. 66
Histioneis voucki Schiller, 1928, p . 82.fig.41 ; 1933, p. 225,fig.216.
Body rotund, kidney-shaped: anterior girdle list with short tube about equal
to funnel, which is striate; girdle low; posterior list slightly concave and funnelled,
hyaline; left sulcal list hyaline, margin sigmoid; R 2 posterior joined to end of R 3
which is marginal to submarginal. Length 40 JL.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; north T a s m a n and south Coral Seas.
528
DINOFLAGF.LLATES IN T H E A U S T R A L I A N R E G I O N .
II
21
Figs. 53-82.Dinoflagellates. 53, Histioneis lanceolata, sp. nov. 54(o,6), H. longicollis. 55, H.
mitchellana. 56, H. moresbyensis, sp. nov. 57, H. oxypteris. 58, H. paulseni. 59, H. pietschmanni.
60, H. planeta, sp. nov. 61, / / . pulchia. 62, H. schilleri. 63, / / . simplex, sp. nov. 64(a,b), H. tubifera.
65(a,b), H. variabilis. 66, H. voucki. 61, Citharistes apsteini. 68, Amphidinium acutissimum. 69,/I.
amphidinoides. 70, /4. bipes. 71, /l. cucrbita. 72, /. flagellons. Ti, A. sphenoides. 74, <4. turbo.
15, A. vascuhim. 76, Gymnodinium biconicum. 11, G. bogoriense. 78, C cinctum. 79, G . coerulatum.
80, (7. costatiim. 81, (7. diploconus. 82. G . flavnm.
529
22
E. J. F. WOOD
Genus C I T H A R I S T E S Stein, 1883
Body C-shaped; epitheca low, withinflaredanterior girdle list; girdle narrow,

even; posterior girdle list low; phaeosome chamber hyaline, dorsal; left sulcal list
ventral, not extending beyond antapex of cell which is flat or rounded, list reinforced
by parallel veins.
CITHARISTES APSTEINI Schtt
Fig. 67
Citharistes apsteini Schiitt, 1895, p. 5,fig.14. Kofoid and Skogsberg, 1928, p. 712, textfig.102,
nos. 1-5; textfig.103.
Body C-shaped in lateral view, deepest near posterior end, width nearly uniform ;
girdle moderate; anterior girdle list of moderate width, posterior list narrower;
phaeosome chamber with dorsal rib slightly sigmoid; left sulcal list approximately
the length of body, thickened posteriorly. Length 62 /.
Distribution.In tropical and subtropical seas. Atlantic Ocean.
Solomon Is. region.
Coral Sea:
Family G Y M N O D I N I I D A E Kofoid
Genus A M P H 1 D I N I U M Claparde & Lachmann, 1858
AMPHIDINIUM
A C U T I S S I M U M Schiller
Fig. 68
Amphidinium acutissimum Schiller, 1933, p. 277,fig.263.
Epicone small, dome-shaped; hypocone with convex margins, tapering to a
sharp point; girdleflat,upper margin ill-defined. Length 20 fi.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Coral Sea; North Tasman Sea; off Jibbon Cape.
A M P H I D I N I U M AMPHIDINIOIDES (Geitler) Schiller
Fig. 69
Gymnodinium amphidinoides Geitler, 1924,fig.110a-/.
Amphidinium amphidinoides (Geitler). Schiller, 1933, p. 278,fig.265a-d.
Body elongate-elliptic; epicone bluntly conical, symmetrical; hypocone
rounded with almost parallel sides; girdle slightly offset; sulcus not reaching antapex.
Length 25 p.
Distribution.Freshwater near Linz and Vienna, Austria; Swan River, West
Australia.
A M P H I D I N I U M BIPES H e r d m a n
Fig. 70
Amphidinium bipes Herdman, C . E . , 1924, p. 78,fig.19. Schiller, 1933, p. 280,fig.267.
Epicone triangular, apex slightly concave; girdle deep, angled; sulcus broad,
reaching antapex ; hypocone with rotund sides and deep antapical hollow. Length 28 x.
Distribution.Beach sand on Isle of M a n ; Coral Sea.
530
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THF, AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
23
A M P H I D I N I U M C U C R B I T A Kofoid & Swezy

Fig. 71
Amphidinium cucrbita Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 136, pi. 1,fig.9; textfigs.U12, W 3 .
Body large, broadly elliptic; girdle far anterior, not displaced, narrow; sulcus
extending to and widening towards antapex; surface with longitudinal striae and
furrows. Length 100-120 x.
Distribution.North Pacific; Coral Sea off N e w Hebrides.
A M P H I D I N I U M F L A G E L L A N S Schiller
Fig. 72
AmphidiniumflagellonsSchiller, 1928, p. 136,fig.13a,f>; 1933, p. 291,fig.283a,>.
Body bluntly fusiform, not flattened dorsoventrally ; epicone subconical,
pointed; hypocone rounded and tapering to antapex; girdle deep and broad;
sulcus narrow and epicone, wide and tapering on hypocone, left margin slightly
higher. Length 20-25 fi.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Coral Sea.
A M P H I D I N I U M SPHNODES Wulff
Fig. 73
Amphidinium sphnodes Wulff, 1916, p. 105, pi. I,fig.9a,b. Schiller, 1933, p. 315,fig.318a,>.
Body spindle-shaped; epicone triangular, smaller than triangular hypocone.
apex and antapex acute; girdle deep and narrow ; sulcus small. Length 40 /u.
Distribution.Barents Sea; off Solomon Ts.
A M P H I D I N I U M T U R B O Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 74
Amphidinium turbo Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 155, pi. 9,fig.98.
Epicone small, elliptical; hypocone cordate; girdle anterior, not displaced
broad. Length 20-30 ft.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea (common).
A M P H I D I N I U M V A S C U L U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 75
Amphidinium vasculum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 156, textfig.U 2 7 .
Body large, subcuneiform; apex acute, epicone short; hypocone with paralle
sides and rounded antapex ; girdle narrow, not displaced ; sulcus reaching antapex
Length 100/x.
Distribution.Californian coast: Coral Sea.
531
24
E. J. F. W O O D
Genus G Y M N O D I N I U M Stein, 1883

Body not twisted ; girdle circular of forming a slightly offset left spiral ; sulcus
m a y reach from apex to antapex or m a y be small to rudimentary.
Tn the present studies it has been found that Gymnodinium species are usually
present in phytoplankton catches m a d e in the open sea, and are frequently numerous,
occasionally dominant. They can, however, only be adequately recognized by
examining fresh material at sea, and collections must be made in bottle-type collectors
and not in nets, because most of them escape the latter.
G Y M N O D I N I U M B I C O N I C U M Schiller
Fig. 76
Gymnodinium biconicum Schiller, 1928, p. 143, fig. 19; 1933, p. 337,fig.342.
Body spindle-shaped, slightly narrowed dorsoventrally; epicone and hypocone

subequal, tapering from girdle to apices; girdle wide, not displaced; sulcus narrow.
Length 25 f.
G Y M N O D I N I U M BOGORIENSE
Klebs
Fig. 77
Gymnodinium bogoriense Klebs, 1912, pp. 419, 439,fig.7c,d. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 193,
textfig.X 1 0 .
Body small, ovoid, dorsoventrally flattened; epicone and hypocone hemispherical; girdle deep and wide; not displaced; sulcus from girdle to antapex.
Length 20 x.
Distribution.Freshwater in Java; oceanic in Coral Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M C I N C T U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 78
Gymnodinium cinctum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p v 196, pi. 7, fig. 75, textfig.X 2 8 .
Body roughly ovate;
epicone subconical;
hypocone rotund, larger than
epicone; girdle anterior, displaced one width; sulcus rudimentary. Length 25 p.

Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea, oceanic.
G Y M N O D I N I U M C O E R U L A T U M Dogiel
Fig. 79
Gymnodinium coerulatum Dogiel, 1906, pp. 35, 36, 40, fig. 2 ; pp. 46, 47. Kofoid and Swezy,
1921, p. 197, textfig.Z 4 .
Body elongate, biconical to 8-shaped, about twice as long as wide, flattened

ventrally; girdle submedian, constricted, displaced about 2 widths; sulcus from
apex to antapex, narrow at apex, wider from girdle to antapex; base indented.
Length 125 p.
532
DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
25
GYMNODINIUM COSTATUM Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 80
Gymnodinium costatum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 200, pi. 3,fig.33, textfig.Z10.
Body subovoid, large; girdle submedian, displaced; sulcus extends from apex
to antapex; surface ridged. Length 120 x.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M DIPLOCOIMUS Schiitt
Fig. 81
Gymnodinium diploconus Schiitt, 1895, p. 24,fig.78. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 203, text
fig. Y6.
Body roughly diamond-shaped with concave sides, biconical with rounded
apices andflaredgirdle; sulcus from girdle to antapex, somewhat sinuous. Length
60-80 fi.
Distribution.Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic; Pacific: Coral Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M F L A V U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 82
Gymnodinium flavum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 208, pi. 9,fig.100, textfig.X 7 .
Body minute, broadly elliptic, slightly compressed dorsoventrally, girdle submedian, displaced about twice its width; sulcus from girdle to antapex. Length 20-30 x.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea, numerous and frequent.
G Y M N O D I N I U M F U S U S Schiitt
Fig. 83
Gymnodinium fusus Schiitt, 1895, p. 24,figs.79, 81. Karsten, 1907, p. 340. Kofoid and Swezy,
1921, p. 212, textfig.X 5 .
Body roughly diamond-shaped ; epicone and hypocone rather roughly tapering
to a slightly produced apex and antapex; girdle median; sulcus from below apex
to antapex. Length 60 J..
Distribution.Neritic and oceanic. Mediterranean, Adriatic ; Atlantic; Pacific;
Indian Ocean; Jibbon Station, N . S . W .
G Y M N O D I N I U M G A L E A E F O R M E Matzenauer
Fig. 84
Gymnodinium galeaeforme Matzenauer, 1933, p. 595.
Epicone helmet-shaped; sides slightly concave; girdle slightly displaced; hypocone with concave sides and concave antapex ; sulcus reaching antapex. Length 60 J..
Distribution.Indian Ocean; Jibbon Station.
533
26
E. J. F. WOOD
G Y M N O D I N I U M G E L B U M Kofoid
Fig. 85
Gymnodinium gelbum Kofoid, 1931, p. 13, pi. I,fig.1. Schiller, 1933, p. 363,fig.368.
Body rotund; epicone hemispherical; hypocone slightly depressed antapically;

girdle median, displaced about 1 width; sulcus from girdle to antapex; chromatophores large, lanceolate. Length 30 x.
Distribution.Matsu-wan; Solomon Is. region.
G Y M N O D I N I U M G R A M M A T I C U M (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 86
Gymnodinium punctatum var. grammaticum Pouchet, 1877, p. 107, pi. 10,figs.8, 9.
Gymnodinium grammaticum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 217, textfig.X 2 2 .
Small rotund body; girdle median narrow; hypocone with posterior furrow;
sulcus on hypocone only. Length 25 p.
Distribution.French coast; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Eastern Coral
Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M H E T E R O S T R I A T U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 87
Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 221, textfig.Y 7 , pi. 2,fig.24; pi. 5,
fig. 56.
Body ovate; apex rounded, antapex obtusely rounded; girdle narrow, displaced one width ; sulcus narrow, almost linear, from apex to antapex. Length 60-70 /x.
Distribution.Mediterranean Sea; coast of Britain; California; Japan;
Solomons region.
G Y M N O D I N I U M M A R I N U M Saville Kent
Fig. 88
Gymnodinium marinum Saville Kent, 1880-82, p. 444, pi. 25,figs.60, 61. Schiller, 1933, p. 382,
fig. 391.
Body roughly ovate; epicone almost elliptical, narrower than hypocone which
is also rotund and deeply divided by the narrow sulcus; girdle very narrow, constricting body. Length 20-30 /x.
Distribution.English Channel; Coral Sea (very c o m m o n ) .
G Y M N O D I N I U M M I N O R Lebour
Fig. 89
Gymnodinium minor Lebour, 1917, p. 192,fig.8. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 233, textfig.X 1 2 .
Body small, ovoid; girdle constricted near sulcus on right, sulcus from girdle
to antapex, somewhat indented. Length 25 x.
Distribution.Near Plymouth; Coral Sea; Vitiaz Strait, New Britain, Solomon I.
534
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
27
G Y M N O D I N I U M M U L T I S T R I A T U M Kofoid & Swezy

Fig. 90
Gymnodinium multistriatum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 236, textfig.Y l , pi. 4,fig.37.
Body biconical to ovate; epicone slightly greater than hypocone; girdle
approximately median, displaced at least 1 width; sulcus straight from apex to
antapex, narrower than girdle. Length 100 x.
G Y M N O D I N I U M N A N U M Schiller
Fig. 91
Gymnodinium nanum Schiller, 1928, p. 142, pi. 5,fig.17; 1933, p. 389,fig.401.
Body small; epicone hemispherical; hypocone ovate; girdle wide displaced;
sulcus short. Length 5 x.
G Y M N O D I N I U M CBESUM Schiller
Fig. 92
Gymnodinium obesum Schiller, 1933, p. 391,figs.A~Sa-g.
Body broadly oval, slightly constricted in the middle; epicone and hypocone
similar, rotund; girdle median; ends slightly offset; sulcus extending about twothirds length of both epi- and hypocone. Length 25-30 fx.
Distribution.Freshwater in Europe ; Indian Ocean off Fremantle.
G Y M N O D I N I U M O C H R A C E U M Kofoid
Fig. 93
Gymnodinium ochraceum Kofoid, 1931, p. 17, pi. 1,fig.6.
Body broadly ovate ; epicone with rounded apex and straight or slightly convex
sides; hypocone rounded; girdle median, offset nearly one width. Length 55 M Distribution.Mutsu-wan ; Coral Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M P U N C T A T U M Pouchet
Fig. 94
Gymnodinium punctatum Pouchet, 1887, p. 105, pi. 10,fig.7. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 244,
textfig.BB18.
Body small, rotund; epicone hemispherical; hypocone deeply indented at
antapex; girdle median; sulcus from girdle to antapex. Length 10 fx.
Distribution.Off French coast; Coral Sea (abundant).
535
28
E. J. F. W O O D
G Y M N O D I N I U M P Y G M A E U M Lebour
Fig. 95
Gymnodinium pygmaeum Lebour, 1925, p . 38, pi. 4,fig.4.
Body rotund; epicone with apex slightly depressed, and sulcus running from
this depression to antapex, widening posteriorly; hypocone rounded; girdle submedian. Length 15-20^.
Distribution.English Channel; Coral Sea.
G Y M N O D I N I U M R O T U N D A T U M Klebs
Fig. 96
Gymnodinium rotundatum Klebs, 1912, pp. 392, 403, 439, fig. 5. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921,
p. 251, textfig.X 8 .
Body small, round, subspherical; girdle not displaced; sulcus from apex to
antapex, narrow on epicone. Length 30 \x.
Distribution.Europe (freshwater) ; Coral Sea, abundant.
GYMNODINIUM RUBRUM
Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 97
Gymnodinium rubrum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 253, pi. 8,fig.86, textfigs.A , Y 4 .
Body large, ovoid but labile in shape; girdle slightly posterior, wide, impressed,
displaced ; hypocone more asymmetrical than epicone and more irregular in outline ;
sulcus sinuous from apex to base, widening towards antapex; surface longitudinally
striate. Length 100/x.
Distribution.Californian coast. Coral Sea.
GYMNODINIUM SCOPULOSUM
Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 98
Gymnodinium scopulosum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 255, pi. 1,fig.7, textfig.X 6 .
Body ovate, tending to fusiform ; girdle submedian, displaced about one-third

width; sulcus from near apex to antapex. Length 45 x.
G Y M N O D I N I U M S I M P L E X (Lohmann) Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 99
Protodinium simplex L o h m a n n , 1908, pp. 264-5, pi. 17,fig.17.
Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann). Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 256, textfig.B B 8 .
F o r m minute, ellipsoidal with wide girdle in the middle ; sulcus absent ? ( K & S),
present in species as seen, narrow in epicone (cf. Schiller 1933, p. 413). Length 2-20 x.
Distribution.Neritic. European waters;
Brif 'in, N e w Ireland ( c o m m o n and abundant).
536
Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, N e w
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION.
II
29
GYMNODINIUM SITULA Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 100
Gymnodinium situla Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 257, pi. 1,fig.12, textfig.Z 6 .
Body of m e d i u m size, rotund; epicone bluntly conical; girdle slightly anterior,
slightly displaced; sulcus from apex to antapex, narrow anteriorly. Length 60/.
G Y M N O D I N I U M S P H A E R I C U M Calkins
Fig. 10
Gymnodinium sphaericum Calkins, 1902, p. 429,fig.20. Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, pi. 4, fig. 42,
text fig. A A 9 .
Medium-sized spherical body, slightlyflatteneddorsoventrally ; girdle anterior,
offset 1 width ; sulcus short on epicone, extending to antapex. Length 60 LL.
Distribution.Atlantic;
Pacific;
Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, N e w Britain,
common.
GYMNODINIUM SPLENDENS Lebour
Fig. 102
Gymnodinium splendens Lebour, 1925, p. 43, pi. 5,fig.1.
Body ovate,flatteneddorsoventrally ; epicone and hypocone subequal ; epicone
subhemispherical, hypocone constricted at antapex; girdle offset about 1 width;
sulcus from girdle to antapex, wider posteriorly. Length 50 x.
Distribution.English Channel; Coral Sea.
GYMNODINIUM sp.
Fig. 103
Epicone conical with slightly indentate apex; girdle anterior deflected about
twice girdle width ; sulcus reaching base of hypocone which is about twice height of
epicone, with tapering sides and rounded, cleft base. Length 50 /x.
Distribution.Port Hacking, N . S . W .
G Y M N O D I N I U M S U L C A T U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 104
Gymnodinium sulcatum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 259, textfig.X I .
Body rotund, of medium size, ovoid; girdle slightly anterior, not offset; sulcus
narrow, extending from apex to antapex; hypocone sparsely ribbed, epicone ribbed.
Length 50-60 x.
537
30
126
E. J. F. WOOD
128
Figs. 83-132.Dinoflagellates. 83, Gytnnodinium fusus. 84(a,b), G. galeaeforme. 85, G. gelbum.

86, G. grammaticum. 87, G. heterostriatum. 88, G. marinum. 89, G. minor. 90, G. multistriatum.
91, G. nanum. 92, G. obesum. 93, G. ochraceum. 94, G. punctatum. 95, G . pygmaeum. 96, G .
[ / w continuation see opposite page.)
538
DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN R E G I O N .
11
31
G Y M N O D I N I U M U B E R R I M U M (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 105
Peridinium uberrima Allman, 1854, pp. 118, 120.
Gymnodinium uberrimum (Allman). Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 264, textfig.X 9 .
Body small, rotund; epicone and hypocone subequal; girdle slightly displaced;
sulcus slight on epicone, and on hypocone; tendency to form chains. Length 40 /*.
Distribution.Europe (freshwater); Coral Sea.
GYMNODINIUM
V A R I A N S Maskel
Fig. 106
Gymnodinium varians Maskell, 1877, p. 7, pi. 1,fig.9a,b. Schiller, 1933, p. 425,fig.447.
Body ovate, greatest diameter anterior to middle; girdle median; hypocone

somewhat narrower than epicone with rounded, subcorneal apex; sulcus from girdle
to antapex, straight. Length 8-15 /u.
Distribution.New Zealand, Java (freshwater); Coral Sea (common in west):
Vitiaz Strait, Solomon I.
Genus M A S S A R T 1 A Conrad, 1926
Resembles an inverted Amphidinium; hypocone much smaller than epicone;
sulcus poorly developed.
M A S S A R T I A R O T U N D A T A (Lohmann) Schiller
Fig. 107
Amphidinium rotundatum L o h m a n n , 1908, p. 147 et seq.
Massartia rotundata (Lohmann). Schiller, 1933, p. 438,fig.464a-e.
Body top-shaped ; epicone conical, nearly twice as long as hypocone, the latter
hemispherical; girdle deep; sulcus little developed. Length 12-15 p..
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; North Sea; English Channel; Coral Sea: Vitiaz
Strait.
Genus G Y R O D 1 N 1 U M Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Girdle forming a left spiral, the ends offset more than one-fifth of the length
of the organism; sulcus from apex to antapex, straight or slightly curved.
Figs. 83-132 (Continued)

rotundatum. 97, G. rubrum. 98, G. scopulosum. 99, G. simplex. 100, G. situta. 101, G. sphaericum.
102, G. splendens. 103, G. sp. 104, G. sulcatum. 105, G. uberrimum. 106, G. varians. 107, Massartia
rotundata. 108(a,>), Gyrodinium caudatum. 109, Gyr. cornutum. 110, Gyr. nasutum. Ill, Gyr.
ochraceum. 112, Gyr. pingue. 113, Gyr. prunus. 114, Gyr. spirale. 115, Gyr. submarinum. 116,
Cochlodinium faurei. \\l,C.flavum.
118, C. pupa. 119, C. rosaceum. 120, C. virescens. 121, Protopsis elongata. 122, Pr. simplex. 123, Nematodinium torpedo. 124, Warnowia atra. 125, W. rosea.
126, W. subnigra. Ml, W. virescens. 128, W. voracis. 129; Protoerythropsis crassicauda. 130,
Peridinium avellana. 131, P. fatulipes. 132, Goniaulax birostris.
539
32
E. J. F. WOOD
GYRODINIUM CAUDATUM Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 108
Gyrodinium caudatum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 289, textfig.C C I ; pi. 9,fig.102.
Body
broadly fusiform;
anterior and inferior processes present;
blunt,'
deflected; girdle displaced about 4 widths; sulcus narrow, flexuous. Length 70-80 /A.
Distribution.Californian coast; east part of Coral Sea.
G Y R O D I N I U M C O R N U T U M (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 109
Gymnodinium spirale var. cornuta Pouchet, 1885, pi. 4,fig.31.
Gymnodinium cornutum (Pouchet). Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 293, textfig.E E 9 .
Body fusiform; girdle a descending left spiral displaced about 1-25 transdiameters; sulcus from apex to antapex; antapex of hypocone with 2 protuberances.
Length 100 JL.
Distribution.French coast; Coral Sea and Vitiaz Strait.
G Y R O D I N I U M N A S U T U M (Wulff) Schiller
Fig. 110
Spirodinium asutum Wulff, 1916, p. 108, pi. 1,fig.6a-c.
Gyrodinium nasutum (Wulff). Schiller, 1933, p. 481,fig.512.
Body variable in shape, rather elongate ; at the base is a small, blunt process ;
girdle a spiral of 1 turn; sulcus narrow, from apex to base. Length 100 J..
Distribution.Barents Sea; Coral Sea.
GYRODINIUM OCHRACEUM Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. Ill
Gyrodinium ochraceum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 321, pi. 7,figs.76, 82, textfig.D D 1 7 .
Body bullet-shaped, acute at apex, rounded at antapex; girdle strongly displaced; sulcus slightly spiral. Length 1 1 0 ^ .
Distribution.Californian coast; Adriatic; Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait.
G Y R O D I N I U M P I N G U E (Schtt) Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 112
Gymnodinium spiralis var. pingue Schtt, 1895, p. 21,fig.65.
Gyrodinium pingue (Schtt). Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 327, pi. 4,fig.38, textfig.D D 1 5 .
Body fusiform, broadly rounded posteriorly, narrowly so anteriorly; girdle a
descending left spiral displaced about one trans-diameter; sulcus from near apex
to near antapex, slightly sinuous. Length 55 /.
Distribution.Atlantic; Mediterranean; Adriatic; Californian coast; Barents
Sea; Coral Sea.
540
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
33
G Y R O D I N I U M P R U N U S (Wulff) Lebour
Fig. 113
Spirodinium prunus Wulff, 1920, p. 107,fig.3.
Gyrodinium prunus (Wulff). Lebour, 1925, p. 52,fig,14a.
Body plum-shaped; girdle narrow forming 1 turn; sulcus slightly curved.
Length 40-45 J..
Distribution.Barents Sea; Coral Sea.
G Y R O D I N I U M SPIRALE (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy

Fig. 114
Gymnodinium spirale Bergh, 1881, p. 66.
Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh). Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 332, pi. 4,fig.43, textfig.D D 1 4 .
Body fusiform, blunter at apex; girdle steeply inclined spiral; sulcus from apex
to antapex ; surface striate. Length 50 fx.
Distribution.Cosmopolitan; Coral Sea.
G Y R O D I N I U M S U B M A R I N U M Kofoid & Swezy

Fig. 115
Gyrodinium submarinum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 335, pi. 10,fig.110, textfig.D D L
Body slender, fusiform ; girdle displaced 1 75 trans-diameters ; sulcus from
apex to antapex; surface striate. Length 125 f.
Genus C O C H L O D I N I U M Schiitt, 1896

C O C H L O D I N I U M FAUREi Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 116
Cochlodinium faurei Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 366, pi. 2,fig.25, textfig.G G 4 .
Body subovate to ellipsoidal; girdle a left spiral of 2 turns, m u c h displaced;
sulcus a spiral of about 1 2 turns with apical and antapical loops. Length 60 /x.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, off M a n u s I.
C O C H L O D I N I U M F L A V U M Kofoid
Fig. 117
Cochlodinium flavum Kofoid, 1931, p. 26, pi. 2,fig.13.
A small species with any asymmetrically elliptic body, deeply indented, with
helical girdle and low epicone. Length 40 x.
Distribution.Mutsu-wan; southern Coral Sea.
541
34
r-\ j.
F.
COCHLODINIUM
WOOD
PUPA
Lebour
Fig. 118
Cochlodinium pupa Lebour, 1925, p. 63, pi. 9,fig.Aa-c.
Body barrel-shaped; epicone and hypocone low; girdle deep, making about
2 turns; sulcus making a contrary spiral and reaching antapex. Length 40 i.
Distribution.English Channel; south-east Coral Sea.
COCHLODINIUM
R O S A C E U M Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 119
Cochlodinium rosaceum Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 379, pi. 8,fig.85, textfig.H H 4 .
Body rotund with broad apices; epicone larger than hypocone; latter rounded
withflatantapex ; girdle a left spiral, transverse at distal end ; sulcus begins near apex.
Length 75 p.
C O C H L O D I N I U M V I R E S C E N S Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 120
Cochlodinium virescens Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 386, pi. 9, fig. 104, textfig.H H 1 1 .
Body ellipsoid, nearly symmetrical, deeply constricted; girdle a left spiral;

sulcus twisted nearly 1 turn. Length 45 x.
Genus P R O T O P S I S
Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Possesses ocellus, a girdle and sulcus of the Gymnodinium or Gyrodinium type,

no tentacle, no apical sulcal loop, and. no twisting of the body; girdle does not m a k e
more than 1 turn round body.
P R O T O P S I S E L O N G A T A Schiller
Fig. 121
Protopsis elongata Schiller, 1928, p. 160,-fig. 36<?-< ; 1933, p. 555, fig. 583a-r.
Body elongate-elliptic; sides straight or convex; girdle beginning near apex

forming a left spiral; sulcus from apex to base, slightly bent, widest between girdle
endsi Length 70 x.
Distribution.Adriatic; Coral Sea.
P R O T O P S I S S I M P L E X Lebour
Fig. 122
Protopsis simplex Lebour, 1925, p. 70, p!. 10,fig.4.
Body ovate, irregular; girdle widely displaced; sulcus slightly curved, extending
well beyond girdle, but not reaching apex or antapex; cell encysted. Length 8 0 ^ .
Distribution.Plymouth; Coral Sea.
542
Genus N E M A T O D I N I U M
35
II
Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Nematocysts present; girdle with more than 1 turn, displaced more than
1 -5 trans-diameter; sulcus twisted 0-75 or more turns with a posterior turn on dorsal
side of antapex; ocellus distributed or concentrated, posterior.
N E M A T O D I N I U M T O R P E D O Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 123
Nematodinium torpedo Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 426, pi. 11,fig.124, textfig.N N 3 .
Body fusiform, long; girdle a left-hand spiral of over 2 turns; sulcus spiral.
Length 80-100^.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea, c o m m o n .
Genus W A R N O W I A Lindemann, 1928
Pouchetia Schiitt, 1895 (in part). (Pouchetia is a valid genus of Rubiaceae Richard, 1830.)
Ocellus is located at left of sulcus; no posterior prod; girdle a left spiral of

1 15-2 turns; sulcus 0-25-1 -75 turns with apical and antapical loops.
W A R N O W I A A T R A (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
Fig. 124
Pouchetia atra Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 439, pi. 11,fig.126, textfig.P P 5 .
Warnowia atra (Kofoid and Swezy). Schiller, 1933, p. 565,fig.595.
Body ovoid; girdle a descending spiral of 2-6 turns; sulcus with 2 turns.
Length 60 /x.
W A R N O W I A R O S E A (Pouchet) Schiller
Fig. 125
Gymnodinium polyphemus var. roseum Pouchet, 1879, pp. 93, 96, 97, 112, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Pouchetia rosea Kofoid and Swezy, 921, p. 460, textfig.0 0 4 . N o n Schiitt, 1895, p . 94, pi. 26,
fig. 92.
Warnowia rosea (Pouchet). chiller, 1933, p. 583, fig. 6\2a,b.
Body irregularly eplipsoid, variable; girdle a spiral of at least 1-25 turns;

sulcus with less than 0-5 turns. Length 50x.
Distribution.Atlantic; Mediterranean; Mutsu-wan; Coral Sea.
W A R N O W I A S U B N I G R A (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
Fig. 126
Pouchetia subnigra Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 468, pi. 6, fig. 66, text fig. 0 0 6 .
Warnowia subnigra (Kofoid and Swezy). Schiller, 1933, p. 588.
Body ovoidal; girdle a spiral of 1 -3 turns; sulcus with anterior and posterior
loops, twisted I turn; hypocone narrower and subconical. Length 100/x.
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea and Solomon I.
543
36
F. J. F. W O O D
WARNOWIA
V I O L E S C E N S (Kofoid & Swezy) Lindemann
Fig. 127
Pouchetia violescens Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. 469, pi. Il, figs. I 18, 120, textfig.O O I .
Warnowia violescens (Kofoid and Swezy). Lindemann, 1928, p. 52.
Body ovoid; girdle a spiral of 1 -8 turns; sulcus with 3 turns and apical and
antapical loops. Length 100-120 J..
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, Manus I., N e w
Ireland.
WARNOWIA
V O R A C I S (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
Fig. 128
Pouchetia voracis Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p . 471, pi. 8,fig.89, textfig.P P 2 .
Warnowia voracis (Kofoid and Swezy). Schiller, 1933, p. 590.
Body rotund; girdle a spiral of 1-25 turns; sulcus with 0-5 turn. Length 75 J..
Genus P R O T O E R Y T H R O P S I S Kofoid & Swezy, 1921
Girdle median, ocellus posterior, and stout rudimentary prod or tentacle.
PROTOERYTHROPSIS CRASSICAUDA Kofoid & Swezy
Fig. 129
Protoerythropsis crassicaucla Kofoid and Swezy, 1921, p. II, fig. 123. textfig.P P 9 .
Body ellipsoid; girdle a spiral of 1-2 turns; sulcus of about 0-6 turns; stout
ventro-posterior process. Length 72 J..
Distribution.Californian coast,; eastern Coral Sea.
Family P E R I D I N I I D A E Kofoid
Genus P E R I D I N I U M Ehrenberg, 1832
P E R I D I N I U M A V E L L A N A (Meunier) Lebour
Fg. 130
Properidiniwn avellana Meunier, 1919, p . 56, pi 18, figs. 37-41.
Peridinium avellana (Meunier). Lebour, 1925, p . 108, pi. 17,fig.I.
Body suborbicular, epitheca and hypotheca equal; sides straight or slightly

concave, ends rounded; girdle depressed; base slightly indentate. Length 35^."
Distribution.English Channel ; east Coral Sea.
P E R I D I N I U M F A T U L I P E S Kofoid
Fig. 131
Peridinium fatulipes Kofoid, 1907, p. 174, pi. 5, fig. 30.
Body large, m u c h widened at girdle; epitheca conical, sides concave, tapering

into a rather long apical horn; hypotheca trapezoidal with antapical horns strongly
544
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION.
II
37
diverging, about equal in length to apical, and m a y be spinulate; meta, quadra.

Length 150-200 p.
Distribution.Tropical seas. Indian Ocean.
Genus G O N 1 A U L A X
GONIAULAX
Diesing, 1866
BiROSTRis Stein
Fig. 132
(See ' ood 1954.) Figure 132 illustrates a spore newly emerged from the theca.
G O N I A U L A X MILNERI (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid
Fig. 133
Goniodoma milneri Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 325,fig.2a-d.
Goniaulax milneri (Murray and Whitting). Kofoid, 1911, p. 263.
Epitheca dome-shaped with blunt apex; sutures strongly raised forming

spines at junction of girdle and sulcus; girdle displaced 1 width; hypotheca
rectangular to trapezoidal; sutures extended posteriorly into short spines. Length 30 /x.
Distribution.Atlantic; Indian Ocean; Coral Sea.
G O N I A U L A X T A M A R E N S I S Lebour
Fig. 134
Goniaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925, p. 95, pi. 14,fig.\a-d.
Body rotund, slightly ovate ; apex acute, no apical horn ; antapical with 2 tiny
horns; girdle median deep, lists thick, displaced about one-half width; sulcus
widening posteriorly, reaching antapex. Length 40 p.
Distribution.Plymouth; Coral Sea.
Genus A M P H 1 D O M A Stein, 1883
Body more or less biconical, girdle circular, slightly displaced; central or
somewhat posterior; apical horn and antapical spine m a y be present; plate formula
6',0a,6",6,6",lp,l"".
A M P H I D O M A sp.
Fig. 135
A small biconical form with rounded apex and antapex; sulcus was not seen,
so further identification was not possible.
Distribution.Inshore waters, Port Moresby.
Genus M E L A N O D I N I U M Schiller, 1937
Body ovate to subspherical; girdle median slightly offset; sulcus extending
from apex to antapex in a deep furrow; surface with three- to four-sided aroles
with triangular hyaline platelets arising from the sides.
545
38
E. J. F. W O O D
M E L A N O D I N I U M N I G R I C A N S Schiller
Fig. 136
Melanodinium nigricans Schiller, 1937, p. 320,fig.336a-d.
Body ovate, almost circular in outline; epitheca and hypotheca roughly hemispherical with a deep groove from apex to antapex containing the sulcus ; plates not
obvious, masked by dense three- or four-sided aroles with a central pore and threesided platelets protruding from the sides of the aroles. Diameter 40 x.
Distribution.Red Sea; Solomon Is.
Family H E T E R O D I N I I D A E Lindemann
Genus H E T E R O D I N I U M Kofoid, 1906
H E T E R O D I N I U M AUSTRALIAE,
sp. nov.
Fig. 137
Body subrotund ; epitheca slightly lower than hypotheca, sides strongly convex,
tapering to apical pore and protruding at girdle; hypotheca depressed antapically
with two small, even spines; sulcus somewhat sinuous; surface of body reticulate,
coarse. Distinguishing features are the equal antapical spines, the subrotund shape
and the overlapping girdle. Length 60 /x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean 100 miles south of Albany; northern Coral Sea.
H E T E R O D I N I U M CRASSIPES Schiller
Fig. 138
Heterodinium crassipes Schiller, J 916, p. 210,fig.1 ; 1937, p . 338,fig.361.
Epitheca conical with somewhat swollen margins ; hypotheca smaller with two
pointed horns separated by a winged membrane. Length 100 x.
Distribution.Adriatic ; Coral Sea off Norfolk I.
H E T E R O D I N I U M F E N E S T R A T U M Kofoid
Fig. 139
Heterodinium fenestratum Kofoid, 1907, p. 179, pi. 8,fig.47. Kofoid and A d a m s o n , 1933,
p. 54, pi. 7, figs. 1, 4 - 6 , pi. 15,fig.14.
Body pentagonal, epitheca triangular, slightly larger than hypotheca; hypotheca trapezoidal; girdle overhanging; surface coarsely reticulate; antapicals stout,
subconical; post margin with ribbed list; girdle displaced, overlapping. Length 95 i.
Distribution.Tropical Pacific: Coral Sea.
H E T E R O D I N I U M H I N D M A R C H I (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid
Fig. 140
Peridinium hindmarchi Murray and Whitting, 1899, p . 326,fig.29-la,b.
Heterodinium hindmarchi (Murray and Whitting). Kofoid, 1906, p. 359. Kofoid and A d a m s o n ,
1933, p. 66, pi. 8, figs. 5, 7, pi. 15,fig.23.
546
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
II
39
Body elongate, pentagonal, with high epitheca tapering from girdle to apical
horn; hypotheca shallower, with two stout horns slightly recurved; surface polygonally reticulate; girdle displaced without overlap; sulcus short. Length 120 /x.
Distribution.Tropical Pacific: Coral Sea.
HETERODINIUM
M E D I T E R R A N E U M Pavillard
Fig. 141
Heterodinium mediterraneum Pavillard, 1932, p. 3,fig.3.
Body rotund with conical epitheca and apical horn; hypotheca suborbicular,
with one small and one large, rugose antapical spine; girdle displaced about 2 widths.
Length 60 /u.
Distribution.Mediterranean; Pacific: Solomons Slot, Planet Trench.
H E T E R O D I N I U M MILNERI (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid
Fig. 142
Peridinium milneri Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 327,fig.29-3a,6.
Heterodinium milneri (Murray and Whitting). Kofoid, 1906, p. 353.
Body subspheroidal with conical epitheca and a short apical horn; hypotheca
rotund with 4finnedantapical spines; girdle displaced. Length 60 ft.
Distribution.Tropical Atlantic; Coral Sea.
Family C E R A T I I D A E
Genus C E R A T 1 U M Schrank, 1795
C E R A T I U M BIGELOWI
Kofoid
Fig. 143
Ceratium bigelowi Kofoid, 1907, p. 170, pi. 3,fig.22.
Epitheca globose, m u c h larger than hypotheca, tapering into a long, slightly

bent apical horn; hypotheca small, with one antapical very short, the other very long,
bent towards end. Length 1000/x.
Distribution.Tropical Indian Ocean west of Australia; Pacific Ocean.
CERATIUM
DIGITATUM
Schtt
Fig. 144
Ceratium digitatum Schtt, 1895, p. 12,fig.42. Steemann Nielsen, 1934, p. 8,fig.5.
Epitheca swollen, strongly bent dorsally, in ventral view somewhatflat,sharply

bent, tapering obtusely to a blunt point; antapical horns very unlike, the left strongly
sigmoid bending forward and then turned backwards, right much shorter, straight,
tapering to a sharp point. Length 100/x.
Distribution.Rare in warm waters; Coral Sea; Lord H o w e Island.
547
40
E. J. F. W O O D
C E R A T I U M G E N I C U L A T U M (Lemmentiann) Cleve, var.
Fig. 145
Ceratium geniculatum ( L e m m e r m a n n ) Cleve. W o o d , 1954, p. 279,fig.197.
This species shows considerable variation. T w o views of a Coral Sea variant

are shown in Figure 145.
Distribution.Rare but widely distributed in tropical seas. Indian Ocean;
Coral Sea and west Pacific.
CERATIUM
G R A V J D U M Gourret var.
E L O N G A T A , var.
nov.
Fig. 146
Differs from type in that the epitheca is elongate with parallel sides and rounded
apex.
Distribution.Off Jibbon Cape and at several stations in the Coral Sea.
CERATIUM
P A R A D O X I D E S Cleve
Fig. 147
Ceratium paradoxides Cleve, 1900, p. 15, pi. 7, fig. 14. W o o d , 1954, p. 296 (not illustrated).
This species was recorded between Sydney and Moretn Bay by Steemann
Nielsen (1934) but not observed by W o o d . It has since been found in the Coral Sea
and tropical Indian Ocean; this species intergrades with C. limulus of which it is
probably a subspecies.
C E R A T I U M P R A E L O N G U M (Lemmermann) Kofoid
Fig. 148
Ceratium graviduhi var. praelongum L e m m e r m a n n , 1900, p . 349, pi. 1,fig.16.
Ceratium praelongum (Lemmermann). Kofoid, 1907, p . 182. Steemann Nielsen, 1934, p. 7,
fig. 1.
Epitheca about twice length of hypotheca; margins in ventral view almost

straight for about two-thirds length, then evenly rounded with a central pore but no
apical horn; hypotheca slightly tapering with 2 straight, pointed antapical horns.
Length 200-250 fx.
Distribution.Tropical oceans and seas: eastern Indian Ocean; Coral Sea.
CERATIUM
R E F L E X U M Cleve
Fig. 149
Ceratium reflexum Cleve, 1900, p. 15,figs.7, 8, 9. W o o d , 1954, p. 305 (not illustrated).
Length 150-200 p. Recorded by Steemann Nielsen (1934) but not by W o o d

from the Australian region.
Distribution.Rare tropical species. Indian Ocean; Coral Sea.
548
DTNOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II
41
Figs. 133-160.Dinoflagellates. 133, Goniaulax milneri. 134, G. tamarensis. 135, Amphidoma sp.
136, Melanodinium nigricans. 137, Heterodinium australiae, sp. nov. 138, H. crassipes. 139, H.
fenestratum. 140, H. hindmarchi. 141, H. mediterraneum. 142, H. milneri. 143, Ceratium bigelowi.
144, C. digitatum. 145(a,>), C. geniculatum. 146, C. gravidum var. elongatum, var. nov. 147, C .
paradoxides. \4S(a,b,c), C. praelongum. 149(a,6), C . reflexum. 150(a,6,c), C . schroeteri. 151, C .
pacificum. sp. nov. 152, C tasmaniae, sp. nov. 153, Centrodinium complanatum. 154, Goniodoma
polyedricum. 155, Ceratocorys sp. 156, Murrayella biconica. 157, A / , intermedia. 158, M . spinosa.
159(o,ft), Oxytoxum belgicae. 160, O . caudatum.
549
42
E. J. F. WOOD
C E R A T I U M S C H R O E T E R I B . Schroder
Fig. 150
Ceratium schroeteri Schroder, B . , 1906, p. 368,fig.43.
Epitheca elongate, slightly twisted, ventral margin sigmoid, dorsal straight to

slightly sigmoid, tapering to afinepoint; hypotheca short, smaller antapical evenly
tapering to a point, larger stronger and curved outwards and posteriorly.
Distribution.Rare warm water species: Coral Sea; North Tasman; Eden,
N.S.W.
C E R A T I U M P A C I F I C U M , sp. nov.
Fig. 151
Epitheca large, somewhat swollen and produced into a bent apical horn ; girdle
narrow, depressed; hypotheca small, one antapical horn slightly curved and spur-like,
the other long, straight for about half length then curved at an angle of 30-45.
Length 300 /x. Is distinct but probably closest to C. schroeteri. The long antapical
horns and clearly differentiated apical horn are unique.
Distribution.Off Bougainville I. in the Solomon Slot.
C E R A T I U M T A S M A N I A E , sp. nov.
Fig. 152
Epitheca and hypotheca of equal width ; apical horn strong, short, bent ventrally ;
antapicals unequal, one short, slightly curved ventrally, the other strong and recurved,
ending anteriorly. Length 200 fx. This species seems to belong to the Digitata section.
Distribution.Latitude 30 S., off Norfolk I.
Genus CENTROD1NIUM Kofoid, 1907

CENTRODINIUM COMPLANATUM
(Cleve) Kofoid
Fig. 153
Steiniella complnala Cleve, 1903, p. 37.
Centrodinium complanatum (Cleve). Kofoid, 1907, p. 186.
Epitheca more convex dorsally than ventrally with short, open apical horn;
hypotheca tapering with twisted, open antapical with 3 antapical teeth. Length
80-100 fi.
Distribution.Rare warm water form. Indian Ocean.
Genus G O N I O D O M A Stein, 1883
G O N I O D O M A P O L Y E D R I C U M (Pouchet) Jorgensen
Fig. 154
(See W o o d 1954.) Spore bursting from theca.
550
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. IT
43
Genus C E R A T O C O R Y S Stein. 1883

CERATOCORYS
sp.
Fig. 155
This specimen had the form of C. gourreti, but with the 4 antapical processes
reduced to stubs resembling the stubs of C. armata. A s only one example was seen
and there seems to be a great variability in the processes of this genus, the present
form has not been given a specific name.
Distribution.Indian Ocean.
Genus M U R R A Y E L L A Kofoid, 1907

Body spherical or fusiform; no apical pore; girdle median, m a y or m a y not
overlap.
M U R R A Y E L L A BICONICA (Murray & Whitting) Pavillard
Fig. 156
Ceratium biconieum Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 27,fig.4a-c.
Murrayella biconica (Murray and Whitting). Pavillard, 1931, p. 98, pi. 3,fig.15. Schiller,
1937, p. 450,fig.4960-c
Body biconical, ends acute; epitheca and hypotheca subequal; girdle submedian ; slightly displaced; sulcus narrow in intact cell ; surface porulate. Length 80 /u..
Distribution.Warm Atlantic waters; south-eastern Coral Sea.
M U R R A Y E L L A I N T E R M E D I A Pavillard
Fig. 157
Murrayella intermedia Pavillard, 1916, p. 44, pi. 2,fig.5.
Body biconical with blunt apex and spined, deflected antapex; girdle deep;
surface porulate. Length 50 ju.
Distribution.Warm Atlantic waters ; east Coral Sea.
M U R R A Y E L L A SPINOSA Kofoid
Fig. 158
Murrayella spinosa Kofoid, 1907, p. 192, pi. 9,fig.57. Schiller, 1933, p. 449,fig.493.
Body biconical, girdle median, epitheca and hypotheca about equal in length,
conical with apex and antapex acute; girdle offset about one-half girdle width;
sulcus about two-thirds length of epi- and hypotheca; plates 2',la,6",5" ',1 "".
Length 40 /.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean; Indian Ocean.
551
44
E. J. F. W O O D
Genus O X Y T O X U M
OXYTOXUM
BELGICAE
Stein, 1883
Meunier
Fig. 159
Oxytoxum belgicae Meunier, 1910, p. 55, pi. 16,figs.38-41.
Body suborbicular with obtusely angled apex and subacute antapex which is
slightly spined; epitheca low conical, girdle displaced 1 width, deep; hypotheca
slightly swollen below girdle, equal in diameter to epitheca; plate sutures well
marked; platesfinelypunctate. Length 50-60 i.
Distribution.Kara Sea; Coral Sea west of N e w Hebrides.
OXYTOXUM
C A U D A T U M Schiller
Fig. 160
Oxytoxum caudatum Schiller, 1937, p. 454,fig.504.
Epitheca domed, small, with small apical spinule; girdle wide, deep; hypotheca
wider than epitheca, tapering to acute antapex. Length 90 /x.
Distribution.Adriatic; Indian Ocean.
OXYTOXUM
CHALLENGEROIDES
Kofoid
Fig. 161
Oxytoxum
challengeroides Kofoid, 1907, p. 187, pi. 10,fig.65.
Epitheca conical with concave margins tapering into a central horn; girdle wide
and deep; hypotheca top-shaped with convex margins and antapical spine; sulcus
about one-third length of hypotheca. Length 80-100/n.
Distribution.Eastern tropical Pacific: Coral Sea, North Tasman Sea.
O X Y T O X U M C O M P R E S S U M Kofoid
Fig. 162
Oxytoxum
compressum Kofoid, 1907, p. 188, pi. 10, fig. 63. Schiller, 1937, p . 461,fig.522.
Body top-shaped;
epitheca obtusely conical; hypotheca top-shaped with
ventrally curved spine at antapex; girdle wide, displaced about one-half width.
Length 65-110 /x.
Distribution.East tropical Pacific: off N e w Britain, south Coral Sea.
O X Y T O X U M C O N S T R I C T U M (Stein) Btschli
Fig. 163
Pyrgidium constrictum Stein, 1883, p. 5,figs.15-18.
Oxytoxum constrictum (Stein). Btschli, 1885, p . 1006, pi. 53, fig. 5. Schiller, 1937, p. 460,
fig. 52\a-c.
Epitheca bluntly conical, apex rounded, sides concave; hypotheca conical

with convex margins, constricted near the upper third and with a short, sharp spine.
Length 70-85 x.
Distribution.Mediterranean Sea; Coral Sea: Solomons Slot.
552
D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. 11

OXYTOXUM
45
C O R O N A T U M Schiller
Fig. 164
Oxytoxum coronatum Schiller, 1937, p. 454,fig.503.
Epitheca small, cap-shaped with a short conical spinule; girdle broad and
deep, forming a wing on the upper side suggesting a crown; hypotheca tapering to
acute antapex with longitudinal stripes. Length 40-45 /x.
Distribution.Adriatic; Indian Ocean.
OXYTOXUM
C R I B R O S U M Stein
Fig. 165
Oxytoxum cribrosum Stein, 1883, p. 5, tig. 4. Schiller, 1937, p. 460,fig.520.
Epitheca dome-shaped with a tapering apical spine; girdle moderately wide,

deep; hypotheca narrowly top-shaped with convex sides and a thin antapical spine.
Length 80 x.
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean; North Tasman Sea.
O X Y T O X U M C U R V A T U M (Kofoid) Kofoid
Fig. 166
Prorocentrum curvatum Kofoid, 1907, p. 166, pi. 1,figs.1, 2.
Oxytoxum curvatum (Kofoid). Kofoid, 1911, p. 287.
Epitheca shortly cylindrical; hypotheca with blunt apical region and curved,
tapering antapex. Length 50-60 J..
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean; Indian Ocean; eastern tropical Pacific: Coral
Sea (abundant), Tasman Sea.
O X Y T O X U M E L E G A N S Pavillard
Fig. 167
Oxytoxum elegans Pavillard, 1916, p. 43, pi. 2,fig.4.
Epitheca shallow-conical with short, acute pointed spine; girdle displaced 1

width; hypotheca deep, rounded with a short abrupt pointed spine; striate at right
angles to plate margins. Length 35-45 /x.
Distribution.Gulf of Lyons;
Tasman Sea.
Indian Ocean west of Australia; Coral Sea,
OXYTOXUM ELONGATUM,
sp. nov.
Fig. 168
Body very elongate; epitheca rounded with longish spine, but m u c h smaller
than hypotheca; hypotheca elongate, tapering, with angular shoulders at girdle and
a posterior spine. Rather like a much elongated O. scolopax but without the globular
distal portion. Length 150-200^.
Distribution.Common in eastern Coral Sea, Vitiaz Strait, and off N e w Ireland.
553
46
t. J. F. W O O D
OXYTOXUM
G R A C I L E Schiller
Fig. 169
Oxytoxum gracile Schiller, 1937, p. 455,fig.506.
Epitheca conical pointed with concave margins; girdle narrow, varying in

depth; hypotheca with wide shoulders, tapering to antapical spine; sulcus short.
Length 20-35 p.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Tasman and South Coral Seas.
OXYTOXUM
L A T I C E P S Schiller
Fig. 170
Oxytoxum laticeps Schiller, 1937, p. 461,fig.523.
Body small, top-shaped ; epitheca hemispherical ; girdle deep, even; hypotheca

truncate-ovate with antapical spine. Length 25 /.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Coral Sea: Solomons Slot; Indian Ocean.
OXYTOXUM
LONGICEPS
Schiller
Fig. 171
Oxytoxum longiceps Schiller, 1937, p. 464,fig.532.
Epitheca conical, tapering into a long acute spine; girdle deep and very wide;
sulcus extending about girdle width on both epi- and hypotheca; hypotheca tapering,
curved; striae longitudinal on epi- and hypotheca, and girdle. Length 7 0 ^ .
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Indian Ocean.
OXYTOXUM
L O N G U M Schiller
Fig. 172
Oxytoxum longum Schiller, 1937, p. 457,fig.511.
Epitheca hemispherical with a small excentric apical process ; girdle wide,

shallow; hypotheca almost cylindrical with acute antapex andfineantapical spine.
Length 50-60 /*.
O X Y T O X U M MILNERI Murray & . Whitting
Fig. 173
Oxytoxum milneri Murray and Whitting, 1899, p. 328, pi. 27,fig.6. Schiller, 1937, p . 465,
fig. 533.
Epitheca low, broadly conical, then tapering into a long, asymmetrical point;
hypotheca deep, conical with convex margins, then forming an acute point; plate
margins ridged, plates areolate. Length 130 JL.
Distribution.Warm water species in Atlantic and Mediterranean;
Ocean west of Australia, Tasman Sea.
554
Indian
II
47
Figs. 161-190.Dinoflagellates, 161, Oxytoxum challengeroides. 162(fl,>), 0 . compression. 163,

0 . constrictum. 164, 0 . coronatum. 165, O. cribrosum. 166, 0 . curvatum. 167, 0 . elegans. 168, 0 .
elongatum, sp. nov. 169, O. gracile. 170, O. laticeps. 171, O . longiceps. 172, O . longum. 173, O .
milneri. 174, 0 . miVra. 175, O . obliquum. 176, O . pachyderme. 177, 0 . parvum. 178(a,6), 0 . robustum.
I79(/,>), 0 . sceptrum. i&0(a,b), O. sphaeroides. 181, O . sphaeroides var.rfe/fli.182, O . / w o , var.
183, O . variabile. 184, 0 . sp. 185, Podolampas curvatus. 186, /"O/, elegans. 187, / W . spinifer.
188, Blepharocysta splendormaris. 189(o,>), Cladopyxis brachiolata. 190, C . caryophyllum.
555
48
E. J. F. W O O D
O X Y T O X U M M I T R A Stein
Fig. 174
Oxytoxum mitra Stein, 1883, pi. 5,fig.22, pi. 6,fig.1. Schiller, 1937, p . 459,fig.517.
Epitheca hemispherical with a small, blunt process; girdle moderate; hypotheca top-shaped with a small antapical process. Length 70 /.
Distribution.Mediterranean Sea; Coral Sea.
O X Y T O X U M OBLIQUUM
Schiller
Fig. 175
Oxytoxum obliquum Schiller, 1937, p. 457,fig.513.
Epitheca with rounded margin and blunt process slightly offset from longitudinal
axis of cell ; girdle of varying width ; hypotheca subcorneal with rounded anterior
margin and acute posterior ending in a small spine. Length 50-60 /x.
Distribution.Southern Adriatic; north Coral Sea.
O X Y T O X U M P A C H Y D E R M E Schiller
Fig. 176
Oxytoxum pachyderme Schiller, 1937, p. 460,fig.519.
Body rotund, epitheca low rounded with slight spine; hypotheca m u c h larger,
almost spherical ; girdle wide, anterior ; sulcus about half body length. Length 30 (J..
Distribution.Adriatic; Coral Sea.
O X Y T O X U M P A R V U M Schiller
Fig. 177
Oxytoxum parvum Schiller, 1937, p. 464,fig.531.
Body biconical; epitheca m u c h smaller than hypotheca, pointed, sides concave;

girdle wide and deep, angled; hypotheca with margins convex below girdle, then
tapering to a spine. Length 30-45 x.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea ; Indian Ocean ; c o m m o n in Coral Sea and adjacent
waters. Tasman Sea.
O X Y T O X U M ROBUSTUM
Kofoid
Fig. 178
Oxytoxum robustum Kofoid, 1911, p. 288.
Epitheca dome-shaped, apex rounded;

shaped, bent at antapex with antapical spine.
girdle moderate;
hypotheca horn-
Distribution.Californian coast; Coral Sea and north Tasman Sea.
556
DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. 11

OXYTOXUM
49
S C E P T R U M (Stein) B . Schroder
Fig. 179
Pyrgidium sceptrum Stein, 1883, p. 5,figs.19-21.
Oxytoxum sceptrum (Stein). Schroder, B . , 1906, p. 327.
Epitheca more or less globiform with a conspicuous acute spine; girdle deep,
of varying width ; hypotheca wider than epitheca, sides convex, tapering to antapical
spine. Length 75-90 /.
Distribution.Indian Ocean.
O X Y T O X U M S P H A E R O I D E S Stein
Fig. 180
Oxytoxum
sphaeroides Stein, 1883, pi. 5, fig. 9. Schiller, 1937, p. 452, figs. 498-500.
Epitheca rotund; hypotheca ovate, antapex aeute to rounded; girdle wide and
deep; sulcus short. Length 25-45 x.
Distribution.A w a r m water species; widely distributed in Coral and North
Tasman Seas.
var. STEINI Ostenfeld & Paulsen
Fig. 181
Oxytoxum sphaeroides var. steini Ostenfeld and Paulsen, 1904, p. 165. Schiller, 1937, p. 453,
fig. 500.
Epitheca conical with a raised margin.

Distribution.Noumea-Fiji region.
OXYTOXUM
TURBO
Kofoid, var.
Fig. 182
(See W o o d 1954.) Girdle narrower than type; shoulders of hypotheca less
rounded. O. turbo is a very variable species.
Distribution.Northern Coral Sea, Tasman Sea.
OXYTOXUM
VARIABILE Schiller
Fig. 183
Oxytoxum
variabile Schiller, 1937, p. 455, fig. 505.
Epitheca hemispherical to broadly conical with a shortfinespinule; hypotheca

more or less cordate or top-shaped, ending in afinespinule; girdle narrow; sulcus
long, only on hypotheca. Length 25-30 /x.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; Solomons Slot; Tasman Sea.
557
50
r:.
j.
F.
WOOD
OXYTOXUM
sp.
Fig. 184
Epitheca shallow, rounded with a short blunt apical process; girdle wide,
shallow; hypotheca conical, tapering to a point; sulcus from apex to antapex, wider
on hypotheca but tapering to antapex. Length 45 /.
Distribution.West of Solomon I.
Family P O D O L A M P I I D A E Lindemann
Genus P O D O L A M P A S Stein, 1883
PODOLAMPAS CURVATUS Schiller
Fig. 185
Podolampas curvatus Schiller, 1937, p. 476.fig.549.
Body cigar-shaped, curved to the right apex which is sharply pointed: right
antapical spine fine and short; left long, with a wide wing. Length 45 i.
Distribution.Adriatic Sea; north Tasman off N e w Zealand.
PODOl AMPAS ELEGANS Sclltt
Fig. 186
Podolampas elegans Schtt, 1895, p. 18, fig. 57.
Body pear-shaped, tapering into a lube-like apical horn and with two subequal
antapical spines joined by a wing which also extends on outer sides of spines. Length
20-50 p.
Distribution.Atlantic Ocean: Mediterranean Sea: Indian Ocean; Coral Sea.
P O D O L A M P A S SPINIFER O k a m u r a
Fig. 187
Podolampas spinifer O k a m u r a , 1912, p. 17, pi. 2,figs.35, 36. Schiller, 1937, p. 476,fig.458.
Body elongate-pyriform, apex truncate with a short spine; antapical spine

single, winged. Length 35-70 JL.
This species is probably a variant of P. palmipes as intergrades are frequent.
Distribution.Western Mediterranean; Japan Sea; Indian Ocean; Coral Sea
(abundant).
Genus B L E P H A R O C Y S T A
Ehrenberg, 1873
Cells spherical to ovate; typical girdle and sulcus absent, their positions
marked by plate margins and wings.
558
II
51
B L E P H A R O C Y S T A S P L E N D O R M A R I S (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, n o m . emend.
Fig. 188
Peridiniiim splendor maris Ehrenberg, 1859, p. 791.
Blepharocysta splendor maris Ehrenberg, 187.1.
Body ovate with apical pore, marked plate margins, two posterior wings
extending from girdle region. Length 50 /u..
Distribution.North Sea; Mediterranean; Coral Sea; offC. D'Entrecasteaux.
Family
GLADOPYXIIDAE
Genus C L A D O P Y X I S
Stein, 1883
Cladopyxis Stein, 1883.

Acanthodinium Kofoid, 1907, p. 193.
Body ovate-spherical, epitheca smaller than hypotheca and with apical pore;
girdle anterior; from the middle of the 4 epithecal and f> hypothecal plates arise
spines or processes which m a y be straight or branched. Plate formula 48,0a,8",
6"',2"".
C L A D O P Y X I S B R A C H I O L A T A Stein
Fig. 189
Cladopyxis brachiolata Stein, 1883, p. 2,figs.7, 8. Schiller, 1937, p. 471, fig. 541a,/>.
Body oval; girdle premedian, narrow, circular, offset; sulcus small, elliptical;
epitheca low, rounded, with 4 thick, repeatedly branched processes, each with an
axial fibre; hypotheca rounded, with 6 similar processes. Length 50/x.
Distribution.Tropical Atlantic; Mediterranean; Indian Ocean: east Pacific:
Coral Sea.
C L A D O P Y X I S C A R Y O P H Y L L U M (Kofoid) Pavillard
Fig. 190
Acanthodinium caryophyllum Kofoid, 1907, p. 193, pi. 11,fig.67.
Cladopyxis caryophyllum (Kofoid). Pavillard, 1931, p. 102.
Body subglobose; epitheca with 4 once-branched arms, hypotheca with 6;

girdle anterior. Diameter 40-50 /x.
Distribution.Indian Ocean; eastern tropical Pacific.
III.
REFERENCES
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C A L K I N S , G . (1902).Marine protozoa from W o o d s Hole. Bull. Fish. U.S. 2 1 : 413.
C L E V E , P . T . (1900).Notes on some Atlantic plankton organisms. K. Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl.
34(1): 1-22.
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559
52
E. J. F. W O O D
C R O S B Y , L. H . , and W O O D , E . J. F. (1959).Studies on Australian and N e w Zealand diatoms.

IT, Normal epontic and benthic genera. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 86: 1-58.
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DOOEIL, V . (1906).Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Peridineen. Mitt. Zool. Sta. Neapel 18: 1-45.
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GEITLER, L . (1924).Gymnodinium amphidinioides, eine neue blaugrne Peridinee. Bot. Arch. 110.
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K O F O I D , C . A . (1907).New species of Dinoflagellates. Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool. Harv. 50: 161-208.
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K O F O I D , C . A . (1931).Report of the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. 18. Protozoan fauna.
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K O F O I D , C . A . , and S K O G S B E R G , T . (1928).Dinoflagellata; the Dinophysidae. M e m . M u s . C o m p .
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L E B O U R , M . V . (1917).The peridiniales of Plymouth Sound from the region beyond the breakwater. / . Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 11: 183-200.
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N o . 61, p. 45.
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560
53
II
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LIST O F SPECIES
Genus Amphidinium
Claparde & L a c h m a n n
acutissimum Schiller
amphidinoides (Geitler) Schiller
bipes H e r d m a n
cucrbita Kofoid & Swezy
flagellons Schiller
sphenoides Wulff
turbo Kofoid & Swezy
vasculum Kofoid & Swezy
Genus Amphidoma Stein
sp
Genus Amphisolenia Stein
astragalus Kofoid & Michener
bifurcata Murray & Whitting . .
brevicauda Kofoid
clavipes Kofoid
globifera Stein
lemmermanni Kofoid
palaeotheroides Kofoid
rectangulata Kofoid
schauinslandi L e m m e r m a n n
schroederi Kofoid
Genus Blepharocysta Ehrenberg..
splendormaris (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg
nom. emend.
Genus Centrodinium Kofoid
complanatum (Cleve) Kofoid . .
Genus Ceratium Schrank
bigelowi Kofoid
digitatum Schtt
geniculatum ( L e m m e r m a n n ) Cleve
gravidum Gourret var. elongata, var,
nov.
pacificum, sp. nov.
paradoxides Cleve
praelongum ( L e m m e r m a n n ) Kofoid
reflexum Cleve
schroeteri B . Schroder
tasmaniae, sp. nov.
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
37
37
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
50
51
42
42
39
39
39
40
40
42
40
40
40
42
42
Genus Ceratocorys Stein

sp.
Genus Citharistes Stein . .
apsteini Schtt
Genus Cladopyxis Stein . .
brachiolata Stein
caryophyllum (Kofoid) Pavi)lar(1
Genus Cochlodinium Schtt
faurei Kofoid & Swezy
flavum Kofoid
pupa Lebour
rosaceum Kofoid & Swezy
virescens Kofoid & Swezy
Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg
exigua Kofoid & Skogsberg .
micropterygia Dangeard
moresbyensis, sp. nov. . .
pacifica, sp. nov.
parva Schiller
recurva Kofoid & Skogsberg .
schuetti Murray & Whitting .
ventrecta Schiller
Genus Exuviaella Cienkowski
bltica L o h m a n n
Genus Goniaulax Diesing
birostris Stein
milneri (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid
tamarensis Lebour
G e n u s Goniodoma Stein . .
.
polydricum (Pouchet) Jorgenser
Genus Gymnodinium Stein
biconicum Schiller
bogoriense Klebs
cinctum Kofoid & Swezy
coerulatum Dogiel
costatum Kofoid & Swezy
diploconus Schtt
flavum Kofoid & Swezy
fusus Schtt
galeaeforme Matzenauer
'
561
54
E. J. F. W O O D
Genus GymnoJinium (continued)

gelbum Kofoid
grammaticum (Pouchet) Kofoid &
Swezy . .
heterostriatum Kofoid & Swezy
marinum Saville Kent
minor Lebour
multistriatum Kofoid & Swezy
nanum Schiller
obesum Schiller
ochraceum Kofoid
punctatum Pouchet
pygmaeum Lebour
rotundatum Klebs
rubrum Kofoid & Swezy
scopulosum Kofoid & Swezy . .
simplex (Lohmann) Kofoid & Swezy
situla Kofoid & Swezy..
sp
sphaericum Calkins
splendens Lebour
sulcatum Kofoid & Swezy
uberrimum (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy
varions Maskell
Genus Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy
caudatum Kofoid & Swezy
cornutum (Pouchet) Kofoid & Swezy
nasutum (Wulff) Schiller
ochraceum Kofoid & Swezy
pingue (Schtt) Kofoid & Swezy
prunus (Wulff) Lebour
spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy
submarinum Kofoid & Swezy . .
Genus Heterodinium Kofoid
australiae, sp. nov.
crassipes Schiller
fenestratum Kofoid
hindmarchi (Murray & Whitting)
Kofoid
mediterraneum Pavillard
milneri (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid
Genus Histioneis Stein
aequatorialis, sp. nov.
australiae, sp. nov.
bougainvilleae, sp. nov.
cerasus B o h m
costata Kofoid & Michener
depressa Schiller
dolon Murray & Whitting
elongata Kofoid & Michener . .
var. curvata, var. nov.
helenae Murray & Whitting . .
highleyi Murray & Whitting . .
hyalina Kofoid & Michener
inclinata Kofoid & Skogsberg
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
17
17
jorgenseni Schiller
lanceolata, sp. nov.
longicollis Kofoid
mitchellana Murray & Whitting
moresbyensis, sp. nov. . .
oxypteris Schiller
paulseni Kofoid
pietschmanni B o h m
plante, sp. nov.
pulchra Kofoid
schilleri B o h m
simplex, sp. nov.
tubifera B o h m
variabilis Schiller
voucki Schiller
Genus Massartia Conrad
rotundata (Lohmann) Schiller
Genus Melanodinium Schiller
nigricans Schiller
Genus Murrayella Kofoid
biconica (Murray & Whitting) Pavillard
intermedia Pavillard
spinosa Kofoid
Genus Nematodinium Kofoid & Swezy
torpedo Kofoid & Swezy
Genus Ornithocercus Stein
australis, sp. nov.
formosus Kofoid & Michener
geniculatus Dangeard . .
magnificus Stein
sp
Genus O'xytoxum Stein
belgicae Meunier
caudatum Schiller
challengeroides Kofoid
compressum Kofoid
constrictum (Stein) Biitschli
coronatum Schiller
cribrosum Stein
curvatum (Kofoid) Kofoid
elegans Pavillard
elongatum, sp. nov.
gracile Schiller
laticeps Schiller
longiceps Schiller
longum Schiller
milneri Murray & Whitting
mitra Stein
obliquum Schiller
pachyderme Schiller
par vu m Schiller
robustum Kofoid
sceptrum (Stein) B . Schroder .
sp
sphaeroides Stein
var. steini Ostenfeld & Paulsen
turbo Kofoid, var.
variabile Schiller
Genus Parahistioneis Kofoid & Skogsberg
crateriformis (Stein) Kofoid &
Skogsberg
garretti (Kofoid) Kofoid & Skogsberg
gascoynensis, sp. nov.
paraformis Kofoid & Skogsberg
rotundata (Kofoid & Michener)
Kofoid & Skogsberg
Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg
avellana (Meunier) Lebour
fatulipes Kofoid
Genus Phalacroma Stein
circumsutum Karsten
contractum Kofoid & Skogsberg
lenticula Kofoid
mucronatum Kofoid & Skogsberg
parvulum (Schiitt) Jrgensen . .
striata Kofoid
49
49
49
49
12
12
12
13
13
13
36
36
36
5
5
5
6
5
6
6
II
Genus Podolampas Stein . .

curvatus Schiller
elegans Schiitt
spinifer O k a m u r a
Genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg
arcuatum Issel
obtusidens Schiller
pacificum, sp. nov.
schilleri Boh m
Genus Protoerythropsis Kofoid & Swezy
crassicauda Kofoid & Swezy . .
Genus Protopsis Kofoid & Swezy
elongata Schiller
simplex Lebour
Genus Warnowia Lindemann
aira (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
rosea (Poucht) Schiller
subnigra (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
violescens (Kofoid & Swezy)
Lindemann
voraeis (Kofoid & Swezy) Schiller
55

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Dinoflagellates in the Australian Region

II. Recent Collections

Division of Fisheries and Oceanography

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION

Thefirstpart of this monograph ( W o o d 1954) described dinofiagellates collected

The classification outlined in Part I of this series ( W o o d 1954) has been

Body variable in shape, rotund to ovate, symmetrical or asymmetrical, only

off the south coast of N e w Guinea.

Body small, spherical to spheroidal, widest in the middle; lists somewhat

Body broadly cunate; epitheca low, broadly rounded; girdle anterior;

DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

DlNOPHYSIS PACIFICA, Sp. n O V .

Figs. 1-35.Dinoflagellates. 1, Exuviaella bltica. 2, Prorocentrum arcuatum. 3(a,b), P. obtusidens.

Body curved near antapex; epitheca convex; hypotheca fusiform, more or

DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION.

Body straight, head capitate ; epithecaflattened; hypotheca fusiform, posterior

Hypotheca in side view semicircular; epitheca conical with concave sides;

DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.

PARAHISTIONEIS GASCOYNENS1S, Sp. nOV.

Body in lateral view cherry-shaped, in ventral view elliptical; epitheca very

Murray & Whitting, var.

D1NOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

Body asymmetrically Y-shaped, with posterior protuberance; girdle sigmoid;

H Y A L I N A Kofoid & Michener

Body boat-shaped in lateral outline, slightly higher dorsally; anterior girdle

tropical Pacific Ocean:

I N C L I N A T A Kofoid & Skogsberg

Body rotund, kidney-shaped; epitheca low,flat,apex slightly d o m e d ; anterior

HISTIONEIS L A N C E O L A T A , sp. nov.

HlSTIONEIS LONG1COLL1S Kofoid

Body boat-shaped, higher dorsally; anterior girdle list narrow, funnel-shaped,

D1NOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

Body subrotund; hypotheca somewhat reniform; anterior girdle list flared;

HlSTIONElS SIMPLEX, Sp. llOV.

Body C-shaped; epitheca low, withinflaredanterior girdle list; girdle narrow,

DINOFLAGELLATES IN THF, AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

A M P H I D I N I U M C U C R B I T A Kofoid & Swezy

Genus G Y M N O D I N I U M Stein, 1883

Body spindle-shaped, slightly narrowed dorsoventrally; epicone and hypocone

Body roughly ovate;

hypocone rotund, larger than

epicone; girdle anterior, displaced one width; sulcus rudimentary. Length 25 p.

Body elongate, biconical to 8-shaped, about twice as long as wide, flattened

DINOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

GYMNODINIUM COSTATUM Kofoid & Swezy

Body rotund; epicone hemispherical; hypocone slightly depressed antapically;

D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

G Y M N O D I N I U M M U L T I S T R I A T U M Kofoid & Swezy

Kofoid & Swezy

Kofoid & Swezy

Body ovate, tending to fusiform ; girdle submedian, displaced about one-third

Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, N e w

D1NOFLAGELLATES IN T H E AUSTRALIAN REGION.

GYMNODINIUM SITULA Kofoid & Swezy

Coral Sea: Vitiaz Strait, N e w Britain,

Figs. 83-132.Dinoflagellates. 83, Gytnnodinium fusus. 84(a,b), G. galeaeforme. 85, G. gelbum.

G Y M N O D I N I U M U B E R R I M U M (Allman) Kofoid & Swezy

Body ovate, greatest diameter anterior to middle; girdle median; hypocone

Figs. 83-132 (Continued)

anterior and inferior processes present;

DINOFLAGELLATES IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. II

G Y R O D I N I U M SPIRALE (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy