Professional Documents
Culture Documents
systematics and ecology of fungi (including lichens, mushrooms and yeasts), nematodes, plant
and soil bacteria
soil health
ii
DICTIONARY OF
THE FUNGI
by
Tenth Edition
prepared by CABI Europe UK
iii
CAB INTERNATIONAL
Wallingford
Oxon OX10 8DE
UK
CAB INTERNATIONAL 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978 0 85199 826 8
Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the editors by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge.
iv
Preface
This Dictionary, now in its 65th year, aims to provide an entry point into the sum total of our
accumulated knowledge on systematic mycology for all those who work with fungi. All organisms
traditionally studied by mycologists are covered, including lichens, mushrooms, slime moulds, water
moulds and yeasts.
As more molecular data have become available it has been possible to attain greater certainty about the
higher-level relationships of fungi and to see some enigmatic taxa at last find a home. While many of
the classes and phyla recognized in the ninth edition of this Dictionary are retained here, we are aware
that further significant change is likely among the fungi sensu stricto, with the proposal of several new
high-level taxa in the near future. Likewise, we can expect further significant changes in the
chromistan and protozoan fungus-like analogues as sequence data for more taxa become available. It
has been our aim to recognize such changes while at the same time maintaining a servicable and
comprehensive hierarchy for users.
In preparing the tenth edition, therefore, our efforts have been directed most of all to revision of the
classification of higher ranks within the Fungi, largely based on the results from the AFTOL
(Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life) project to which several of the Editors of this Dictionary had
inputs. Phylogenetic information gained from multi-gene sequence analyses, culminating in 2006-7
with the results of the first phase of the AFTOL project, have revolutionized our understanding of how
this kingdom should be classified. Phylogenetic analyses tend to stimulate recognition of many levels
of the systematic hierarchy, and in partial response to this trend we now recognize the rank of
subphylum in addition to classes and subclasses for the kingdom Fungi.
The second major development area for Edition 10 of the Dictionary of the Fungi has been to
incorporate taxa at family level into the new classificatory framework, as the AFTOL project focused
only on ranks at order and above. Where possible this has been carried out using molecular data, but
there still remains a substantial number of fungal families for which sequence information is not
available. More information may be found in the Dictionarys new sister publication, Fungal Families
of the World (CABI, 2007).
Many recent phylogenetic studies have been hypothesis-driven, designed to test the accuracy in
evolutionary terms of traditional morphology-based classifications. As anamorph taxa have only
recently started to be incorporated fully into holomorphic systems, they are substantially underrepresented in molecular phylogenetic studies. Edition 9 of this Dictionary was the first to abolish
separate classification systems for anamorphs and teleomorphs, though for the overwhelming
proportion of genera it was only possible to assign them at subphylum level i.e. to the filamentous
Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Recent studies have allowed more accurate placement of many asexual
taxa, but today we still cannot place two thirds of the 3000-odd anamorph genera included in Edition
10 even to class level. Now the basic classificatory framework has been established to an acceptable
degree of certainty, we hope that attention will be shifted towards insertion of these orphan taxa into
their rightful place within the fungal system.
The already large and rapidly increasing body of evidence from molecular studies has also led us to
the radical decision that this edition should comprise three parts a Dictionary of the Fungi, a
Dictionary of the chromistan/stramenopile fungi-like organisms, and a Dictionary of the protozoan
fungi-like organisms. Many people, unfamiliar with classifications which have now been accepted by
systematists for many years, still think of fungi as plants. But in reality fungi are a disparate
assemblage of organisms from at least three different kingdoms, their unifying characteristic being that
they are studied by mycologists. In terms of evolutionary origin, the sister group of the kingdom Fungi
is Animalia: Fungi are more closely related to the humans who study them than to green plants which
they were previously classified with. But this statement also hides the fact that chromistan fungus-like
organisms, of which Phytophthora infestans (the causal agent of potato blight) is perhaps the best
known example, are only very distantly related to Fungi, being instead more allied with the brown
seaweeds, among others a clear indication that the mycelial way of life evolved on at least two
separate occasions. Surprisingly, however, protozoan fungus-like organisms are closer to the Fungi,
being classified in the Amoebozoa with other protozoan amoebae. Fungi, together with Animalia and a
v
few other protozoan groups constitute the Opisthokonta; and this group and the Amoebozoa form the
first major branches at the base of the Eukaryota.
In earlier editions, for historical reasons, some biographies and longer entries (i.e. the essay-style
accounts of topics relevant to mycologists) seem to have been written from the viewpoint of a native
speaker of English and to have treated the fungi as an adjunct of botany. Given that the Dictionary is
now truly international in character and its theme is clearly not botanical, some effort has been made
to adjust these entries so that, in addition to being updated, they are seen from a global and explicitly
mycological perspective. One result of this has been a considerable increase in the number of eminent
but deceased mycologists commemorated by a biography in these pages, notably from India, Japan
and Russia, but also including for the first time scientists native to Argentina, China, Cuba, Pakistan,
Portugal, Puerto Rico, Spain and Ukraine. Another has been a sprinkling of new topics covered by
long entries, in particular covering the new technologies which have come in, and the gradually
developing infrastructure of mycology as a science. Limited resources have meant that the work of
updating the essay-style accounts has been incomplete and imperfect, in a few cases to the extent that
it has been necessary to flag the entry with a warning note. For this edition, all of the biographies,
definitions and other longer entries are located in the first part, even when they might more
appropriately belong in one of the other two parts. Resources have also, again, not allowed us to
update the keys to families and these continue to be omitted. As higher taxa of fungi are increasingly
defined using molecular rather than morphological characteristics, it remains to be seen whether
morphology-based keys at this level of the new systematic hierarchy can be made workable.
The overall style of the individual entries in this Dictionary remains similar to those of previous
editions. References are cited in full throughout the taxonomic name entries. Much bibliographic
information is becoming available on the Internet and the tenth edition of this Dictionary reflects the
increasing availability of information from this source. CABI has been producing the Bibliography of
Systematic Mycology since 1943 and production was computerized in the late 1980s. This database has
been available on the internet since late 1999 and users of this Dictionary should visit that web site
(www.indexfungorum.org) for up-to-date bibliographic references on the systematics of fungi.
Having been intimately involved in the compilation and proof-stage revisions, we are acutely aware of
imperfections and improvements that we would have liked to have made. We can do no more than
repeat the comment in the ninth edition that our aspiration is that this edition will at least prove to be
the same marvellously imperfect work needed by all.
Do send us your corrections and comment so that the database, and whatever product succeeds this
book, will be less imperfect and of even more value to mycologists of all disciplines world-wide.
The tenth edition may well be the last ink-on-paper version of Ainsworth & Bisbys Dictionary of
the Fungi it will certainly be the last for which three of the main editors are at the helm. For like the
tenth, in its 65th year, the next edition, if there will be one, will be produced after the retirement from
formal, full-time employment of these editors. As such, like so many good things, ...
P.M. Kirk
P.F. Cannon
D.W. Minter
J.A. Stalpers
CABI Europe UK, Egham and CBS, Utrecht
vi
Contributors
Tatiana Andrianova (M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev), biographies and miscellaneous long
entries
Andr Aptroot (ABL Herbarium, Soest), Pyrenulales, Verrucariales
Alan Archer (National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney), Ostropales
Jerry Benny (University of Florida), Zygomycota
Reinhard Berndt (Universitt Tbingen), Pucciniomycetes
Meredith Blackwell (Baton Rouge), biographies
Eric Boa (CABI Europe-UK), edible fungi
Uwe Braun (Martin-Luther-Universitt Halle-Wittenberg), Erysiphales, Venturiaceae
Alan Buddie (CABI Europe-UK), long entries relating to molecular techniques
Pedro Crous (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht), Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales
Ove Eriksson (Ume Universitet), Lahmiales, Neolectales, Pleosporales
Harry Evans (CABI Europe-UK), long entries relating to fungi and insects
Joo Baptista Ferreira (Lisbon), biographies
Ovidiu Constantinescu (University of Uppsala), Oomycetes
Neil Gow (Aberdeen), biographies
Peter Johnston (Landcare Research, Auckland), Helotiales, Rhytismatales
Jan Kohlmeyer and Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (University of North Carolina, Morehead City),
Lulworthiales, Microascales
Clete Kurtzman (USDA Peoria), Saccharomycetales
Thom Kuyper (Wageningen University), agaricoid Basidiomycota
Thomas Lsse (Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen), Xylariales
Ronny Larsson (University of Lund), Microsporidia
Pete Letcher (University of Alabama),Chytridiomycota
Bob Lichtwardt (University of Kansas), Trichomycetes
Robert Lcking (Field Museum, Chicago), Arthoniales, Ostropales
Thorsten Lumbsch (Field Museum, Chicago), Agyriales, Pertusariales
Franois Lutzoni and Jolanta Midlikowska (Duke University, North Carolina), Acarosporales,
Peltigerales
Paco Pando (Madrid), Mycetozoa
Don Pfister and Matt Smith (Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge MS), Pezizales
Alan Phillips (Universidade Nova de Lisboa), Botryosphaeriales
Martina Rblov (Czech Academy of Sciences, Prhonice), Calosphaeriales, Chaetosphaeriales,
Trichosphaeriales
Peter Roberts (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Tremellales and similar fungi
Amy Rossman (USDA Beltsville), Diaporthales, Hypocreales
Matt Ryan (CABI Europe-UK), long entries relating to genetic resource collections
Arthur Schler (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen) and Chris Walker (Edinburgh),
Glomeromycota
Joey Spatafora (Oregon State University, Corvallis), Hypocreales
Brian Spooner (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), Helotiales, Leotiales
Anders Tehler (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm), Arthoniales
Marco Thines (University of Hohenheim), Oomycetes
Wendy Untereiner (Brandon University, Manitoba), Chaetothyriales, Dothideales
Klmn Vnky (HUV- Tbingen), Ustilaginomycetes
Mats Wedin (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm), Agyriales, Ostropales, Peltigerales,
Teloschistales
Merlin White (Boise State University, Boise, ID),Trichomycetes
Mike Wingfield, Wilhelm de Beer and Marieka Gryzenhout (FABI, Pretoria), Cryphonectriaceae,
Ophiostomatales
vii
Acknowledgements
Many people, too numerous to mention here, have provided information on corrections or omissions in
the ninth edition; we would, however, particularly like to thank Ove Eriksson for discussion on the
system adopted for the Ascomycota and David Hunt for assistance with the illustrations.
viii
Users Guide
To extract the maximum amount of information from this Dictionary with the minimum of effort it is
necessary to understand the scope of the compilation and certain conventions.
Content. The longest series of entries are those of the generic names (both accepted names and
synonyms) complied to the end of Index of Fungi 7(15) January 2008. Every accepted generic name is
referred to a higher group (family, order, class, or phylum) and brief descriptions are given of these
higher taxa. The systematic entries are supplemented by a glossary of terms, some English common
names, and the names of important fungal antibiotics, toxins, etc. In addition, there are entries on
general mycological topics, ecology and distribution, applied mycology, and historical and
biographical notes on some well known mycologists and major reference collections.
Names. Every generic name is followed by the name (abbreviated according to Kirk & Ansell, 1992;
see Author) of the author(s) who first proposed the genus and the year of publication. The place of
publication of a generic name can be found on the CABI database web site at
www.indexfungorum.org where additional information on typification is available. A similar layout is
adopted for suprageneric names but only those at the rank of family and accepted names above order
can be relied upon as well researched and thus likely to be correct. The available Catalogues of names
are listed under Literature.
The list of generic names is as complete as possible. Some dates and authorities differ from those that
may be found in the literature, many of which have been checked in the original, some names omitted
from previous compilations are included, as are some which are not validly published (included as
nevertheless present in the mycological literature).
For generic names consigned to synonymy, the authority for the disposition is usually given. For each
accepted genus estimates are given for the number of its species and its geographical distribution.
Where possible these data are based on recent revisions or the personal knowledge of specialists, but
in the majority of cases they have not been updated in the absence of such authorities. In the case of
larger genera particularly, we have not revised species numbers upwards even though many may have
been described since the last edition, in the absence of modern treatments (see Numbers of fungi). This
policy is adopted as critical reassessments in such genera usually result in reductions in species
numbers.
The distributions given are approximate, especially for genera not critically revised in recent years,
and should be regarded as indicative rather than comprehensive. Whenever possible users should
verify the facts for themselves and draw their own conclusions.
Coding. The coding used for anamorphic fungi follows that of the ninth Edition and is explained
under that entry. This system, borrowing from that given in the seventh Edition, uses letters or
symbols instead of numbers to provide a mnemonic for the conidiomatal and conidial characters.
With the removal of traditional morphological groupings of conidial fungi we hope that the new codes
will make it easier to gain an idea of the morphological features. Some recently published generic
names have not been assessed and are not coded.
Abbreviations. See p. 1.
ix
Contents
Section
Page
747
759
xi
Philipp(ine Islands)
pl(ural)
portr(ait)
pos(itio)n
p(ro) p(arte), in part
Publ(ication)s, principal mycological publications
q(uod) v(ide), which see
R(eview of) A(pplied) M(ycology)
R(eview of) P(lant) P(athology)
S(ystema) A(scomycetum)
s(ensu) l(ato), in the broad sense; widely
s(ensu) str(icto), in the strict sense; narrowly
S(outh)
sp(ecies), spp. (pl.)
syn(onym, -s) (q.v.)
T(axonomic) L(iterature) (edition)-2
T(ransactions of the) B(ritish) M(ycological)
S(ociety)
T(ransactions of the) M(ycological) S(ociety of)
J(apan)
temp(erate parts)
trop(ics), -(ical)
v(erb)
W(est)
widespr(ead), in a number of countries
O, I, II, III, see Pucciniales
=, is heterotypic (taxonomic, facultative) a synonym
of
! , is homotypic (nomenclatural, obligate) a synonym
of
(), sign for is the cause of; e.g. Ascochyta pinodella
(foot rot of pea)
, more or less
m, micron
:, in references precedes page number; in author citations, see Nomenclature.
See also Anamorphic fungi for abbreviations for
conidiomatal types (1-9), spore groups (A1, B1, etc.),
and conidiogenous events (1-44).
Most abbreviations of names of periodicals, except
for those noted above, are taken from the World List
of Scientific Periodicals, 1952 and 1965-67.
And see Authors names.
Abeliella Mgd. (1937), Fossil Fungi (mycel.) Fungi. 2
(Cretaceous, Oligocene), Europe.
Abelspora C. Azevedo (1987), Microsporidia. 1. See
Azevedo (J. Parasit. 49: 83, 1987).
aberrant, an organism that deviates in one or more
ways from the norm.
Abgliophragma R.Y. Roy & Gujarati (1966) ? = Wiesneriomyces fide Roy & Gujarati (TBMS 49: 363,
1966), Pirozynski (Mycol. Pap. 129, 1972).
abhymenial, opposite the spore-producing surface.
abjection, the separating of a spore from a sporophore
or sterigma by an act of the fungus.
abjunction, the cutting off of a spore from a hypha by
a septum.
Abkultur, see Normkultur.
aboospore, a parthenogenetic oospore.
Abortiporus Murrill (1904), ? Meruliaceae. Anamorph
Sporotrichopsis. 3, widespread. See Ryvarden (Syn.
Fung. 5: 104, 1991).
abraded (of lichen thalli), having the surface worn;
eroded.
Abropelta B. Sutton (1986), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cpt.! eH.15. 1, India. See Sutton (TBMS 86:
1, 1986).
Abrothallomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) = Dacty-
ABROTHALLUS
ACAROSPORACEAE
SSR Ser. Biol. 16: 377, 1967), Larsson & Larsson
(Mycol. 95: 1037, 2003; phylogeny) Close to Xylobolus.
Acanthophysiaceae Boidin, Mugnier & Canales
(1998) = Stereaceae.
acanthophysis, see hyphidium.
Acanthophysium (Pilt) G. Cunn. (1963), Stereaceae.
c. 20, widespread. See Cunningham (Bull. N.Z. Dept.
Sci. Industr. Res., Pl. Dis. Div. 145: 150, 1963).
Acanthorhynchus Shear (1907), Hyponectriaceae. 1
(saprobic on leaves of Vaccinium), N. America. See
Barr (Mycol. 68: 611, 1976), Fallah & Shearer (Mycol. 93: 566, 2001; as Physalospora).
Acanthorus Bat. & Cavalc. (1967), anamorphic Capnodiaceae, Cpt.0eH.?. 1 (on leaves of Bertholletia),
Brazil. See Batista & Cavalcanti (Atas Inst. Micol.
Univ. Pernambuco 4: 246, 1967).
Acanthosphaeria Kirschst. (1939), Trichosphaeriaceae. 2, Europe. See Petrak (Annls mycol. 38: 198,
1940).
Acanthostigma De Not. (1863), Tubeufiaceae. Anamorphs Helicomyces, Helicosporium. 8 (saprobic on
wood or other fungi), widespread. See Rblov &
Barr (Sydowia 52: 258, 2000; monogr.), Kodsueb et
al. (Mycol. 96: 667, 2004; Hong Kong), Kodsueb et
al. (Fungal Diversity 21: 105, 2006), Tsui et al. (Mycol. 98: 94, 2006; rels with Tubeufia and helicosporous anamorphs), Tsui et al. (Mycol. 99: 884, 2007;
phylogeny, anamorph).
Acanthostigmella Hhn. (1905), Tubeufiaceae. Anamorph Xenosporium. 6 (saprobic), widespread. See
Barr (Mycotaxon 6: 17, 1977; key), Untereiner (MR
99: 897, 1995), Crane et al. (CJB 76: 602, 1998).
Acanthostigmella Rick (1933) = Acanthostigma fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
Acanthostigmina Hhn. (1909) = Acanthostigma fide
Rossman (Mycol. Pap. 157, 1987), Crane et al. (CJB
76: 602, 1998), Rblov & Barr (Sydowia 52: 286,
2000; monogr.).
Acanthostoma Theiss. (1912) = Phaeodimeriella Speg.
fide Mller & von Arx in Ainsworth et al. (Eds) (The
Fungi 4A: 87, 1973).
Acanthotheca Clem. & Shear (1931) [non Acanthotheca DC. 1838, Compositae] ! Acanthotheciella.
Acanthotheciella Hhn. (1911), Sordariomycetes.
Anamorph Ypsilonia. 3 (on dead scale insects), Asia
(tropical); S. America. See Nag Raj (CJB 55: 1599,
1977), Barr (Mycotaxon 39: 43, 1990; posn).
Acanthotheciopsis Zahlbr. (1923) = Acanthothecis
fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn
8, 1995), Staiger (Biblthca Lichenol. 85: 526 pp.,
2002; revision).
Acanthothecis Clem. (1909), Graphidaceae (L). 25, S.
America (primarily tropical). See Staiger & Kalb
(Mycotaxon 73: 69, 1999), Staiger (Biblthca
Lichenol. 85, 2002), Archer (Biblthca Lichenol. 94,
2006; revision), Archer (Systematics & Biodiversity
5: 9, 2007; Solomon Is), Makhija & Adawadkar
(Lichenologist 39: 165, 2007; India, key).
Acanthothecium Speg. (1889) = Ypsilonia See Nag
Raj (CJB 55: 1599, 1977).
Acanthothecium Vain. (1890) ! Acanthothecis.
Acanthothecomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) ! Acanthothecis.
Acanthotrema Frisch (2006), Graphidaceae (L). 1,
Africa (tropical); S. America. See Frisch (Biblthca
Lichenol. 92: 3, 2006), Frisch et al. (Biblthca
ACAROSPORALES
pins (Lichenologist 29: 291, 1997), KocourkovHorkov (Czech Mycol. 50: 271, 1998), Rambold &
Hagedorn (Lichenologist 30: 473, 1998), Seppelt et
al. (Lichenologist 30: 249, 1998), Stenroos & DePriest (Am. J. Bot. 85: 1548, 1998; DNA), NavarroRosins et al. (CJB 77: 835, 1999), Lutzoni et al.
(Nature 411: 937, 2001; posn), Kauff & Lutzoni
(Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 25: 138, 2002; posn), Lutzoni
et al. (Am. J. Bot. 91: 1446, 2004; posn), Mi%dlikowska & Lutzoni (Am. J. Bot. 91: 449, 2004;
posn), Reeb et al. (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 32: 1036,
2004), Wedin et al. (MR 109: 159, 2005), Crewe et
al. (MR 110: 521, 2006), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol.
98: 1088, 2006; phylogeny), Hofstetter et al. (Mol.
Phylogen. Evol. 44: 412, 2007; phylogeny).
Acarosporales Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux (2007).
Acarosporomycetidae. 1 fam., 11 gen., 183 spp.
Fam.:
Acarosporaceae
For Lit. see under fam.
Acarosporina Sherwood (1977), Stictidaceae. Anamorph Phacidiella-like. 4, widespread. See Johnston
(Mycotaxon 24: 359, 1985; anamorph), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006; phylogeny),
Schoch et al. (MR 110: 257, 2006; phylogeny).
Acarosporium Bubk & Vleugel ex Bubk (1911),
anamorphic Pycnopeziza, St.1eH-P.39. 4, north temperate. See Korzenok (Mikol. Fitopatol. 25: 107,
1991; Russia).
Acarosporomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) = Pleopsidium fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the
Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Acarosporomycetidae Reeb, Lutzoni & Cl. Roux
(2004), Lecanoromycetes. Ord.:
Acarosporales
Lit.: Lumbsch et al. (MR 111: 257, 2007; phylogeny), Lutzoni et al. (Am. J. Bot. 91: 1446, 2004), Mi%dlikowska et al (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006), Reeb et al.
(Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32: 1036, 2004), Wedin et al.
(MR 109: 159, 2005).
Acarothallium Syd. (1937) = Wentiomyces fide
Mller & von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2,
1962).
acaryallagic, see caryallagic.
acaudate, not having a tail.
Acaulium Sopp (1912) ! Scopulariopsis fide Raper &
Thom (Manual of the Penicillia, 1949).
Acaulopage Drechsler (1935), Zoopagaceae. 27, widespread. See Drechsler (Mycol. 27: 185, 1935),
Drechsler (Mycol. 28: 363, 1936), Drechsler (Mycol.
30: 137, 1938), Drechsler (Mycol. 31: 128, 1939),
Drechsler (Mycol. 33: 248, 1941), Drechsler (Mycol.
34: 274, 1942), Drechsler (Mycol. 37: 1, 1945),
Drechsler (Mycol. 38: 120, 1946), Drechsler (Mycol.
39: 253, 1947), Drechsler (Mycol. 40: 85, 1948),
Drechsler (Mycol. 47: 364, 1955), Drechsler (Mycol.
51: 787, 1959), Drechsler (Am. J. Bot. 49: 1089,
1962), Saikawa & Kadowaki (Nova Hedwigia 74:
365, 2002; amoeba capture).
Acaulospora Gerd. & Trappe (1974), Acaulosporaceae. 26, widespread. See Mosse (Arch. Mikrobiol.
70: 167, 1970), Mosse (Arch. Mikrobiol. 74: 120,
1970; life cycle, ultrastr.), Mosse (Arch. Mikrobiol.
74: 146, 1970; life cycle, ultrastr.), Schenck et al.
(Mycol. 76: 685, 1984; key), Berch (Mycotaxon 23:
409, 1985; emend.), Morton (Mycol. 78: 787, 1986;
effect of mountants & fixatives on spores), B&aszkowski (Karstenia 27: 32, 1987), Sieverding & Toro
ACID RAIN
Kimbrough & Curry (Mycol. 78: 735, 1986; ultrastructure), Zhuang & Wang (Mycotaxon 69: 339,
1998; 3 spp. China), Prasad & Pant (Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 34: 147, 2004; spore ornamentation), Perry et al. (MR 111: 549, 2007; phylogeny, isolated posn within Pyronemataceae).
Acetabula (Fr.) Fuckel (1870) = Helvella fide Dissing
(Dansk bot. Ark. 25 no. 1, 1966).
Acetabularia (Berk.) Massee (1893) [non Acetabularia
J.V. Lamour. 1812, Algae] ! Cyphellopus fide Singer
(Agaric. mod. Tax., 1951).
acetabuliform, saucer-like in form.
Achaetobotrys Bat. & Cif. (1963), Antennulariellaceae. Anamorph Antennariella. 3 (probably saprobic
on plant exudates), widespread (primarily tropical).
See Hughes (Mycol. 68: 693, 1976), Barr & Rogerson (Mycotaxon 71: 473, 1999; USA).
Achaetomiaceae Mukerji (1978) = Chaetomiaceae.
Achaetomiella Arx (1970) = Chaetomium fide Udagawa (TMSJ 21: 34, 1980), Cannon (TBMS 87: 50,
1986).
Achaetomium J.N. Rai, J.P. Tewari & Mukerji (1964),
Chaetomiaceae. 7 (from soil etc.), widespread (pantropical). See von Arx (Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Pl.
Sci. 94: 341, 1985), Cannon (TBMS 87: 50, 1986;
key), Sultana et al. (Biologia Lahore 34: 257, 1988;
Pakistan spp.), von Arx et al. (Beih. Nova Hedwigia
94, 1988), Lee & Hanlin (Mycol. 91: 434, 1999;
DNA), Rodrguez et al. (Stud. Mycol. 50: 77, 2004;
key).
Acharius (Erik; 1757-1819; Sweden). Country doctor,
Vadstena. A pupil of Linnaeus (q.v.) defending his
dissertation in 1776, and correspondent of Fries
(q.v.). Laid scientific basis for the study and classification of lichen-forming fungi, and responsible for
the terms thallus, podetium, apothecium, perithecium, soredium, cyphella as applied to those organisms. Described many new species, especially from
Europe. Main collections in H, other material in BM,
UPS, LINN (Smith collection). Publs. Methodus qua
Omnes Detectos Lichenes. (1803); Lichenographia
Universalis (1810); Synopsis Methodica Lichenum
(1814). Biogs, obits etc. Galloway (Bulletin of the
British Museum of Natural History Botany 18: 149,
1988 [influence on British lichenology, specimens in
BM]); Gonzlez Bueno & Rico (Acta Botanica Malacitana 16: 141, 1991 [impact on Spanish lichenology]); Grummann (1974: 469); Vitikainen (Introduction, Lichenographia Universalis, 1976 [reprint]);
Stafleu & Cowan (TL-2 1: 4, 1976); Stafleu & Mennega (TL-2, Suppl. 1: 14, 1992); Tibell (Annales
Botanici Fennici 24: 257, 1987 [Caliciales]).
Achitonium Kunze (1819) = Pactilia fide Hawksworth
et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Achlyella Lagerh. (1890), ? Chytridiales. 1, Europe.
Achlyites Mesch. (1902), Fossil Fungi. 1 (Silurian,
Tertiary), Atlantic.
Achlyogeton Schenk (1859), Chytridiales. 1, widespread (north temperate). See Blackwell & Powell
(Mycotaxon 64: 91, 1997).
Achorella Theiss. & Syd. (1915), ? Dothideomycetes.
10, widespread. Type material is inadequate. See
Mller & von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2,
1962).
Achorion Remak (1845) = Trichophyton fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Achorodothis Syd. (1926), Mycosphaerellaceae. 2 (in
leaves), Costa Rica. See Mller & von Arx (Beitr.
ACID-FAST
ACROSPERMUM
2004).
Acroconidiellina M.B. Ellis (1971), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.1eP.26. 3, widespread (tropical).
See Ellis (Mycol. Pap. 125: 22, 1971).
Acrocordia A. Massal. (1854), Monoblastiaceae (L).
10, widespread (esp. north temperate). See Coppins
& James (Lichenologist 10: 179, 1978; UK spp.),
Harris (More Florida Lichens, 1995).
Acrocordiaceae Oksner ex M.E. Barr (1987) = Monoblastiaceae.
Acrocordiella O.E. Erikss. (1982) = Requienella fide
Boise (Mycol. 78: 37, 1986; synonymy), Eriksson &
Hawksworth (SA 7: 59, 1988).
Acrocordiomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) = Acrocordia
fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn
8, 1995).
Acrocordiopsis Borse & K.D. Hyde (1989), Melanommataceae. 2 (marine), widespread. See Borse &
Hyde (Mycotaxon 34: 535, 1989), Alias et al. (Fungal Diversity 2: 35, 1999).
Acrocorelia R. Doll (1982) nom. nud., ? Dothideales
(L).
Acrocylindrium Bonord. (1851), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eH.?. 3, Europe. ? = Sarocladium
fide Gams (in litt.). See Gams & Hawksworth
(Kavaka 3: 60, 1976).
Acrodesmis Syd. (1926) = Periconiella fide Ellis (Mycol. Pap. 111, 1967).
Acrodictyella W.A. Baker & Partridge (2001), anamorphic Pezizomycotina. 1, Alabama. See Baker et
al. (Mycotaxon 78: 30, 2001), Baker & Morgan-Jones
(Mycotaxon 85: 371, 2003; contrast with Pseudacrodictys).
Acrodictyopsis P.M. Kirk (1983), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.#eP.1. 1, British Isles. See Kirk (Mycotaxon 18: 260, 1983), Kendrick (CJB 81: 75, 2003;
morphogenesis).
Acrodictys M.B. Ellis (1961), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.#eP.1/19. c. 38 (saprobic on wood etc.),
widespread. See Ellis (Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes,
1971), Ellis (More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes,
1976), Chang (Bot. Bull. Acad. sin. Taipei 38: 197,
1997), Whitton et al. (Fungal Diversity 4: 159, 2000;
on Pandanaceae;), Cai et al. (Nova Hedwigia 75:
525, 2002; Philippines), Baker & Morgan-Jones (Mycotaxon 85: 371, 2003; contrast with Pseudacrodictys), Kodsueb et al. (Cryptog. Mycol. 27: 111, 2006;
Thailand).
Acrodontiella U. Braun & Scheuer (1995), anamorphic
Pezizomycotina, Hso.?.?. 1, Austria. See Braun &
Scheuer (Sydowia 47: 146, 1995), Braun (Monogr.
Cercosporella, Ramularia Allied Genera (Phytopath.
Hyphom.) 2, 1998).
Acrodontium de Hoog (1972), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eH.1. 9, widespread. See de Hoog (Stud.
Mycol. 1, 1972), Sutton et al. (Guide to Clinically
Significant Fungi, 1998; clinical taxa), van Wyk et
al. (S. Afr. J. Sci. 96: 580, 2000; conidiogenesis),
Czeczuga et al. (Feddes Repert. 112: 81, 2001;
Czech Republic).
Acrogenospora M.B. Ellis (1971), anamorphic Farlowiella, Hso.0eP.19. 6 (saprobic on wood and bark),
widespread. See Hughes (N.Z. Jl Bot. 16: 312, 1978),
Goh et al. (MR 102: 1309, 1998; key), Zhu et al.
(Mycotaxon 92: 383, 2005; China).
Acrogenotheca Cif. & Bat. (1963), Dothideomycetes.
Anamorph Hiospira. 2, widespread (tropical). See
Hughes (N.Z. Jl Bot. 5: 504, 1967), Hughes (Mycol.
ACROSPHAERIA
2001; Japan).
Actiniopsis Starbck (1899) = Trichothelium fide
Santesson (Symb. bot. upsal. 12 no. 1: 1, 1952),
Samuels (N.Z. Jl Bot. 14: 232, 1976), Rossman et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 42: 248 pp., 1999).
Actinobacteria (Actinomycetes; Ray Fungi). A group
of morphologically diverse but usually filamentous
Gram positive bacteria which have occasionally been
mistaken for conidial fungi. Actinobacteria are typically saprobes (esp. in soil) but a few are pathogenic
for humans, animals, and plants; some (esp. Streptomyces) are important sources of antibiotics (see amphotericin, cycloheximide, nystatin, streptomycin);
some form lichen-like associations with green algae
(see actinolichen).
Lit.: The literature on Actinobacteria is extensive.
A hierarchical description has been produced by
Stackebrandt et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47: 479,
1997). Generic names are listed by Skerman et al.
(Approved lists of bacterial names, Amended Edn,
1989). See Williams et al. (Eds) (Bergeys manual of
systematic bacteriology 4, The actinomycetes, 1989),
Balows et al. (The procaryotes, 2nd edn, 1992),
Goodfellow et al. (Eds) (Biology of the actinomycetes, 1984), Ortiz-Ortiz et al. (Eds) (Biological, biochemical, and biomedical aspects of actinomycetes,
1984), Goodfellow et al. (Eds) (Actinomycetes in biotechnology), Goodfellow & Williams (Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 37: 189, 1983).
Actinocephalum Saito (1905) = Cunninghamella fide
Hesseltine (Mycol. 47: 344, 1955).
Actinochaete Ferro (1907) nom. conf., anamorphic
Pezizomycotina. = Aspergillus (Trichocom.) p.p. and
Septobasidium (Septobasid.) p.p. fide Ellis (in litt.).
Actinocladium Ehrenb. (1819), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0bP.1. 5, widespread. See Wu & Zhuang
(Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 15, 2005; China).
Actinocymbe Hhn. (1911), Chaetothyriaceae. 1 or 2,
widespread (tropical). See Verma & Kamal (Indian
Phytopath. 40: 410, 1988).
Actinodendron G.F. Orr & Kuehn (1963) = Oncocladium fide Hughes (CJB 46: 939, 1968).
Actinodermium Nees (1816) ! Sterbeeckia.
Actinodochium Syd. (1927), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsp.0eH.3. 2, C. America; India.
Actinodothidopsis F. Stevens (1925) = Venturia Sacc.
fide Mller & von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no.
2, 1962).
Actinodothis Syd. & P. Syd. (1914) = Amazonia fide
Hansford (Beih. Sydowia 2, 1961).
Actinoglyphis Mont. (1856) = Sarcographa fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Actinogyra Schol. (1934) = Umbilicaria fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
actinogyrose (actinogyr) (of apothecia), disc gyrose
and having no proper margin.
actinolichen, a lichen-like association between a green
alga and an actinomycete (e.g. Chlorella and Streptomyces sp.; Lazo & Klein, Mycol. 57: 804, 1965)
occurring in nature and also in mixed laboratory cultures. See Kalakoutskii et al. (Actinomycetes, n.s.
1(2): 27, 1990; lab. expts, bibliogr.).
Actinomadura H. Lechev. & M.P. Lechev. (1968),
Actinobacteria. q.v.
Actinomma Sacc. (1884) = Atichia fide Hawksworth
et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Actinomortierella Chalab. (1968) = Mortierella fide
Gams (Nova Hedwigia 18: 30, 1969).
ADELOCOCCACEAE
Actinomucor Schostak. (1898), Mucoraceae. 1, widespread. See Benjamin & Hesseltine (Mycol. 49: 240,
1957), Jong & Yuan (Mycotaxon 23: 261, 1985),
Voigt & Wstemeyer (Gene 270: 113, 2001; phylogeny), Zheng & Liu (Nova Hedwigia 80: 419, 2005),
Khan et al. (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 94: in press,
2008; zygomycosis, n.sp.).
Actinomyce Meyen (1827) nom. dub., ? Fungi.
Actinomyces Harz (1877), Actinobacteria. q.v.
Actinomycetes, see Actinobacteria.
Actinomycites D. Ellis (1916), Fossil Fungi, Actinobacteria. 1 (Jurassic), British Isles. q.v.
Actinomycodium K.M. Zalessky (1915), Fossil Fungi
(anamorphic fungi) or Actinomycetes anamorphic
Pezizomycotina. 1 (Permo-Carboniferous), former
USSR.
Actinomyxa Syd. & P. Syd. (1917), Microthyriaceae.
1, Australia.
Actinonema Fr. (1849) = Spilocaea fide Sutton (Mycol.
Pap. 141, 1977).
Actinonema Pers. (1822) nom. dub., anamorphic Pezizomycotina. The type contains sterile mycelium, but
often used for Marssonina rosae (teleomorph Diplocarpon rosae) (black spot of rose). See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Actinonemella Hhn. (1916) = Asteroma fide Sutton
(Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Actinopelte Sacc. (1913) ! Tubakia.
Actinopelte Stizenb. (1861) = Solorinella fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Actinopeltella Doidge (1924) = Actinopeltis fide von
Arx & Mller (Stud. Mycol. 9, 1975).
Actinopeltis Hhn. (1907), Microthyriaceae. 11, widespread. See Ellis (TBMS 68: 145, 1977), Spooner &
Kirk (MR 94: 223, 1990), Geel & Aptroot (Nova
Hedwigia 82: 313, 2006; fossil taxa).
Actinophora Merr. (1943) ! Acinophora.
Actinoplaca Mll. Arg. (1891), Gomphillaceae (L). 4,
widespread (primarily tropical). See V"zda & Poelt
(Folia geobot. phytotax. 22: 180, 1987), Lcking
(Biblthca Lichenol. 65: 1, 1997; Costa Rica), Aptroot
et al. (Mycotaxon 88: 41, 2003; Yunnan), Farkas
(Biblthca Lichenol. 88: 111, 2004; S Africa), Lcking
et al. (Lichenologist 37: 123, 2005; phenotype cladistics), Lcking (Cryptog. Mycol. 27: 121, 2006;
French Guiana).
Actinoplacomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1954) ! Actinoplaca.
Actinoplanes Couch (1950), Actinobacteria. q.v.
Actinopolyspora Gochn., K.G. Johnson & Kushner
(1975), Actinobacteria. q.v.
Actinoscypha P. Karst. (1888) = Micropeziza fide
Nannfeldt (Bot. Notiser 129: 323, 1976).
Actinosoma Syd. (1930) ? = Actinopeltis fide Spooner
& Kirk (MR 94: 223, 1990), Eriksson & Hawksworth
(SA 9: 6, 1991; status).
Actinospira Corda (1854) ! Myxotrichum.
Actinospora Ingold (1952) [non Actinospora Turcz.
1835, Ranunculaceae] ! Actinosporella.
Actinosporella Descals, Marvanov & J. Webster
(1999), anamorphic Miladina, Hso.1bH.23. 1 (in water), widespread. See Descals (TBMS 67: 208, 1976),
Descals & Webster (TBMS 70: 466, 1978; teleomorph), Descals et al. (CJB 76: 1647, 1998), Descals
(MR 109: 545, 2005).
Actinostilbe Petch (1925), anamorphic Lanatonectria,
Hsp.0-1eH.15. 3, widespread. See Sutton (TBMS 76:
97, 1981; synonym of Sarcopodium), Samuels &
10
ADELOCOCCUS
AGARICACEAE
aerobiological pathway, the process (comprising the
source, liberation, dispersion, deposition, and impact
on another living organism) by which air-borne microorganisms are dispersed (Edwards, Aerobiology,
1979).
aerogenic, describes an organism that produces detectable gas during the breakdown of carbohydrate.
aerole (of lichens), a scale-like area on the thallus
delimited by cracks or depressions.
Aerophyton Eschw. (1824) nom. dub., anamorphic
Pezizomycotina.
Aeruginospora Hhn. (1908), ? Tricholomataceae. 2,
Australia; Southeast Asia. See Horak (N.Z. Jl Bot. 28:
255, 1990).
Aessosporon Van der Walt (1970), Sporidiobolaceae
R.T. Moore. Anamorphs Bullera, Sporobolomyces. 2,
Netherlands. See van der Walt (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Ned. Tijdschr. Hyg. 36: 54, 1970).
aethalium (of Mycetozoa), a sessile fruit-body made by
a massing of all or a part of the plasmodium.
aetiology, the science of the causes of disease; etiology
(Amer.).
Aetnensis Lloyd (1910) nom. nud., Fungi.
Aflatoxins. A series of toxic polybutole metabolites
(mycotoxins) esp. of Aspergillus flavus strains when
growing on groundnuts, cereals, etc., particularly in
warm and moist conditions; most well known mycotoxin; most developed countries have statutory limits; gene probes available; the cause of aflatoxicosis
in poultry and cattle and carcinogenic for rats and
humans.
Lit.: Abbas (Aflatoxin and food safety, 2005), Hesseltine et al. (Bact. Rev. 30: 795, 1966), Aflatoxin
bibliography, 1960-67, 1968), Goldblatt (Ed.) (Aflatoxin: scientific background, control and implications, 1969), Racovitza (J. gen. Microbiol. 57: 379,
1969; aflatoxin toxic to the mite Glyciphagus domesticus), Heathcote & Hibbert (Aflatoxins: chemical
and biological aspects, 1978), Eaton & Groopman
(The toxicology of aflatoxins, 1994), Flannigan (Ed.)
(Internat. Biodet. 22 (Suppl.), 1986; in cereals and
stored products), Williams et al. (Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 80: 1106, 2004), Wylie & Morehouse (Eds)
(Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses 1-3,
1977-8), Mycotoxicoses.
African histoplasmosis, infection of humans or animals by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii.
African Mycological Association, Founded in 1995;
recognized as the Committee for Africa within the
International Mycological Association (q.v.); structure comprises individual and corporate members,
and an elected executive; organizes Regional Mycology Conferences in Africa. Publications: Mycoafrica,
the AMA Newsletter. Website: http://194.203.77.69/
AfricanMycologicalAssociation.
Afroboletus Pegler & T.W.K. Young (1981), Boletaceae. 7, Africa (tropical). See Pegler & Young
(TBMS 76: 130, 1981), Watling & Turnbull (Edinb.
J. Bot. 49: 343, 1993; South and East Central Africa),
Heinemann & Rammeloo (Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique National de Belgique 64: 215, 1995; Burundi).
AFTOL (Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life) is the
title of a major project funded by the National Science Foundation of the USA, starting as a proposal in
2002 and in its second stage at the time of this edition
going to press. The project has involved more than
100 collaborators in over 20 countries. The objective:
11
to enhance understanding of evolution in the kingdom Fungi, and thereby of life on Earth in general,
leading to development of diagnostic tools to aid discovery of the very many fungal species believed to
exist but as yet unknown. In its first stage, the project
developed broad datasets of molecular and nonmolecular (i.e. morphological) characters across the
kingdom, leading to the first unified phylogenetic
classification system for higher ranks of the Fungi. It
also resulted in the first database of fungal subcellular characters and character states, and various informational tools for studying phylogeny. The project
has already made a profound impact on fungal systematics, and its findings have been incorporated in
this edn of the Dictionary. See: Hibbett et al. (MR
111: 509, 2007). Website: http://aftol.org.
agamic (agamous), asexual.
agar (agar-agar), a substance from certain red algae
(Gelidium (Japan, USA), Gracilaria (USA), Gigartina (UK), Pterocladia (NZ), etc.) used to make culture media into gels which few microorganisms can
liquefy. See Chapman (Seaweeds and their uses,
1950), Newton (Seaweed utilization, 1951), Humm
(Econ. Bot. 1: 317, 1947); a possible substitute using
granulated tapioca or tapioca pearls (Manihot esculenta, cassava) has been proposed for use where agar
is unavailable or prohibitively priced ( Nene &
Sheila, Indian J. mycol. Pl. Path. 24: 159, 1994). Cf.
gelatin, Media.
agaric (1) one of the Agaricales; fly -, Amanita muscaria; honey -, Armillaria mellea; (2) (in early medicine, obsol.), species of Fomes or Polyporus; female,
white, or purging - (agaricum), F. officinalis; male -,
Phellinus igniarius (F. igniarius).
Agaricaceae Chevall. (1826), Agaricales. 85 gen. (+ 80
syn.), 1340 spp.
Lit.: Kreisel (Feddes Repert. 64: 89, 1962), Homrich & Wright (Mycol. 65: 779, 1973), Kreisel
(Biblthca Mycol. 36, 1973; Germany), Brodie (The
Birds Nest Fungi: 199 pp., 1975), Brodie (Lejeunia
n.s. 112: 1, 1984; suppl.), Pegler (Kew Bull. Addit.
Ser. 12: 519 pp., 1986), Singer (Agaric. mod. Tax.
4th ed, 1986), Malloch et al. (Mycol. 79: 839, 1987),
Pegler & Young (MR 98: 904, 1994), Breitenbach &
Krnzlin (Fungi of Switzerland 4 Agarics, 2nd part:
Entolomataceae, Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Coprinaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae:
368 pp., 1995), Sarasini & Pina (Riv. Micol. 38: 237,
1995), Hibbett et al. (Proc. natn Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:
12002, 1996), Kreisel & Moreno (Feddes Repert.
107: 83, 1996), Sarasini & Pina (Riv. Micol. 39: 115,
1996), Surez & Wright (Mycol. 88: 655, 1996), Coetzee et al. (Bothalia 27: 117, 1997), Grgurinovic
(Larger Fungi of South Australia: 725 pp. + 34 [m,
1997), Portman et al. (Mycotaxon 62: 435, 1997),
Sarasini & Pina (Riv. Micol. 40: 19, 1997), Calonge
(Fl. Mycol. Iberica 3: 271 pp., 1998), Kreisel (st. Z.
Pilzk. 7: 215, 1998), Powell & Blackwell (Mycotaxon
68: 505, 1998), Shinners & Tewari (Mycol. 90: 980,
1998), Xu et al. (Mol. Ecol. 7: 19, 1998), Hopple &
Vilgalys (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 13: 1, 1999), Johnson
(Mycol. 91: 443, 1999), Mitchell & Bresinsky (Mycol. 91: 811, 1999), Diehl (Sydowia 52: 16, 2000),
Krger et al. (Mycol. 93: 947, 2001), Redhead et al.
(Taxon 50: 203, 2001), Agerer (Nova Hedwigia 75:
367, 2002), Binder & Bresinsky (Mycol. 94: 85,
2002), Moncalvo et al. (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:
357, 2002), Baseia (Mycotaxon 88: 107, 2003),
12
AGARICALES
Krger & Kreisel (Mycotaxon 86: 169, 2003), Vellinga (Mycol. 95: 442, 2003), Geml et al. (Mycol.
Progr. 3: 157, 2004), Lebel et al. (MR 108: 210,
2004), Terashima et al. (Mycoscience 45: 251, 2004),
Vellinga (MR 108: 354, 2004), Didukh et al. (MR
109: 729, 2005), Kerrigan (Mycol. 97: 12, 2005),
Miller et al. (Mycol. 97: 530, 2005), Stott et al. (MR
109: 205, 2005), Walther et al. (MR 109: 525, 2005).
Agaricales Underw. (1899). Agaricomycetidae. 33
fam., 413 gen., 13233 spp. Mushrooms and toadstools, Gill fungi, Agarics. Terrestrial, lignicolous,
sometimes muscicolous or fungicolous, saprobic,
mycorrhizal (ectomycorrhizal, exceptionally orchid
mycorrhizal), rarely parasitic on plants or fungi; edible, poisonous and hallucinogenic; cosmopolitan.
The mycelium, which is frequently seen in leaf
mould and decaying wood, may be perennial (with
ages more than thousand years, Smith et al., Nature
256: 428, 1992); the expanding mycelium frequently
forms fairly rings (q.v.); some species form sclerotia,
hyphal cords or rhizomorphs.
Classification: Fries (Syst. mycol. 1-3, 1821-1832)
put almost all fleshy, lamellate toadstools in the genus Agaricus, his tribus being the common genera of
today. He subsequently elevated several of these infrageneric groups to generic level, but later authors
(Staude, Kummer, Qulet, Gillet, Karsten) made
most of the changes. Fries based his genera on macroscopic characters of the basidiocarp and colour of
spore print and his system had been widely used as it
had the advantage that many genera could be identified on field characters. Microscopic studies of
basidiocarp structure, initiated by Fayod and Patouillard, have shown a number of Friess groupings to be
unnatural, and new genera and families have been
proposed. Singers monumental work, The Agaricales in modern taxonomy (4th ed., 1986), treated
three major groups within the Agaricales s. l., viz.
Agaricales s. str., Boletales, and Russulales. These
groups are still accepted in modern treatments based
on molecular characters, as the euagarics clade, bolete clade, and russuloid clade (Hibbett & Thorn, The
Mycota, 7B, 2001) and are accepted as separate orders in this edition of the Dictionary. Hibbett et al.
(Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1202, 1997; see also
Hibbett & Thorn, The Mycota 7B, 2001) concluded
that the lamellate hymenophore has independently
arisen in at least 5 out of the 8 clades of the Homobasidiomycetes. The results from the AFTOL project
now recognize some 20 orders of the Agaricomycetes
(Hibbett et al. (Mycol. 98: 917, 2006; molecular phylogeny), Hibbett et al. (MR 111: 109, 2007). The
Agaricales s. str. (euagarics clade) also contain fungi
of the reduced series (cyphelloid fungi; q.v.), some
aphyllophorales (q.v.) and gasteromycetes (q.v.).
Consequently, the Agaricales and most of its families
cannot be characterised in morphological terms and
for that reason diagnoses are not provided for many
of the families. Fams:
(1) Agaricaceae
(2) Amanitaceae
(3) Amylocorticiaceae
(4) Bolbitiaceae
(5) Broomeiaceae
(6) Clavariaceae
(7) Cortinariaceae
(8) Cyphellaceae
(9) Cystostereaceae
(10) Entolomataceae
(11) Fistulinaceae
(12) Gigaspermaceae
(13) Hemigasteraceae
(14) Hydnangiaceae
(15) Hygrophoraceae
(16) Inocybaceae
(17) Limnoperdaceae
(18) Lyophyllaceae
(19) Marasmiaceae
(20) Mycenaceae
(21) Niaceae
(22) Phelloriniaceae
(23) Physalacriaceae
(24) Pleurotaceae
(25) Pluteaceae
(26) Psathyrellaceae
(27) Pterulaceae
(28) Schizophyllaceae
(29) Stephanosporaceae
(30) Strophariaceae
(31) Tapinellaceae
(32) Tricholomataceae
(33) Typhulaceae
Lit.: Josserand (La description des champignons
suprieurs, 1952 (revised 1983)), Reijnders (Les
problmes du dveloppement des carpophores des
Agaricales et de quelques groupes voisins, 1963),
Reijnders & Stalpers (Stud. Mycol. 34, 1992), Clmenon (Anatomie der Hymenomycetes, 1997),
Moore, Pegler & Young (Beih. Nova Hedwigia 35,
1971; spore morphology), Gill & Steglich (Progr.
Chem. Nat. Prod. 51, 1987; pigment chemistry),
Singer (The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th ed.,
1986), Khner (Les Hymnomyctes agaricodes,
tudes gnerales et classification, 1980; classification), Horak (Synopsis generum Agaricalium, 1968),
Donk (Beih. Nova Hedwigia 2, 1961; nomenclature),
Hibbett & Thorn (The Mycota7B, 2001; phylogeny),
Moncalvo et al. (Syst. Biol. 49: 278, 2000; phylogeny), See Krget et al. (Mycol. 93: 947, 2001; phylogeny. See also under Basidiomycetes, Macromycetes and fams.
agaricic acid, a hydroxylated tribasic acid from Fomes
officinalis; used to control tubercular night sweats
(Milner, Med. Klin. 62: 1443, 1967).
agaricicolous, living on agarics.
Agaricites Mesch. (1891), Fossil Fungi. 4 (Tertiary,
Quaternary), Europe.
Agarico-carnis Paulet (1793) ! Fistulina.
Agaricochaete Eichelb. (1906), ? Pleurotaceae. 4,
Africa; Asia. Perhaps Tricholomataceae. See Pegler
(Kew Bull. Addit. Ser. 6, 1977) Position uncertain,
could be Tricholomataceae.
Agaricodochium X.J. Liu (1981), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsp.0eH.15. 1, China. See Liu (Acta Microbiol. Sin. 21: 160, 1981).
agaricoid, of a form resembling Agaricus; with a stipe,
cap (pileus) and gills (lamellae).
Agarico-igniarium Paulet (1793) ! Fomes.
Agaricomycetes Doweld (2001), Agaricomycotina. 17
ord., 100 fam., 1147 gen., 20951 spp. Ords:
(1) Agaricales
(2) Atheliales
(3) Auriculariales
(4) Boletales
(5) Cantharellales
(6) Corticiales
AGARICUS
(7) Geastrales
(8) Gloeophyllales
(9) Gomphales
(10) Hymenochaetales
(11) Hysterangiales
(12) Phallales
(13) Polyporales
(14) Russulales
(15) Sebacinales
(16) Thelephorales
(17) Trechisporales
Lit. (see also under Macromycetes): General:
Donk (1951-63), Generic names proposed for Hymenomycetes, I (Cyphellaceae), II (Hymenolichenes), III (Clavariaceae), IV (Boletaceae), Reinwardtia 1: 199, 2: 435, 3: 275, 1951-58, V (Hydnaceae),
Taxon 5: 69, 95, 1956, VI (Brachybasidiaceae, Cryptobasidiaceae, Exobasidiaceae), Reinwardtia 4: 113,
1956, VII (Thelephoraceae), VIII (Auriculariaceae,
Septobasidiaceae, Tremellaceae, Dacrymycetaceae),
Taxon 6: 17, 68, 106, 7: 164, 193, 236, 1957-58, IX
(Meruliaceae, Cantharellus), Fungus 28: 7, 1958, X
(Polyporaceae), Persoonia 1: 173, 1960 (additions
and corrections, 2: 201, 1962): XI (Agaricaceae);
Beih. Nova Hedw. 5, 1962, XII (Deuteromycetes),
XIII (additions and corrections); Taxon 11: 75, 12:
113, 1962-63. [I-IX, XII, XIII, reprinted as 1 vol.,
1966; X reprinted, 1968. In this valuable series of
papers many taxonomic points are also discussed.]
Donk (1954-62) Notes on resupinate hymenomycetes: I (Pellicularia), Reinwardtia 2: 425, 1954; II
(Tulasnelloid fungi), 3: 363, 1956; III, IV, V, Fungus
26: 3, 27: 1, 28: 16, 1956-58; VI, Persoonia 2: 217,
1962. Rea (1922), Bourdot & Galzin (1927), Killerman (1928), Eriksson (Symb. bot. upsal. 16(1): 1172, 1958; N. Sweden), Donk (1954-62; Reinwardtia
2: 425, 1954; 3: 363, 1956; Fungus 26: 3, 27: 1, 28:
16, 1956-58; Persoonia 2: 217, 1962; resupinates),
Donk (Persoonia 3: 199, 1964; conspectus of families), Shaffer (in Parker, 1982, 1: 248), StephanovaKartavenko ([Aphyllophorous fungi of the Urals],
1967; gen. keys), Parmasto (The Lachnocladiaceae of
the Soviet Union with a key to boreal species, 1970
[Scripta mycol. 2]), Pegler (The polypores, 1973
[Bull. BMS Suppl.]; keys world gen., Br. spp.), Strid
(Aphyllophorales of N. Central Scandinavia, 1975
[Wahlenbergia 1]), Doma'ski (Mala Flora Grzylw
1, Aphyllophorales, 1975), Rattan (1977), Stalpers
(1978). Clmenon (Ed.) (The species concept in
Hymenomycetes, 1977). Donk (1966), Persoonia 4:
145, 1966; 8: 33, 1974; checklists of European heterobasidiomycetes, annotations, ref., index. Lowy,
Taxon 17: 118, 1968; (heterobasidiomycete taxonomy); Talbot, Taxon 17: 620, 1968. Khner (TBMS
68: 1, 1977; nuclear behaviour, review), Moser
(Rhrlinge und Bltterpilze, 1978), Jlich (Bibl. Mycol. 85, 1992), Jlich & Stalpers (The resupinate
non-poroid Aphyllophorales of the temperate Northern hemisphere, 1980), Khner (Les Hymnomycettes agaricodes (Agaricales, Tricholomatales,
Pluteales, Russulales), 1980), Parmasto (Windhalia
16: 3, 1986), Corner (Ad Polyporaceas 1-7 (Beih.
Nova Hedw.], 1983-1991), Moser & Jlich (Farbatlas der Basidiomyceten 1-12, 1994), Fell et al. (Int. J.
Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50: 1351, 2000; mol. phylogeny basidiomycetous yeasts).
Regional: America, North, Shaffer (Keys to genera of higher fungi, edn 2, 1968; mostly hymenomy-
13
14
AGARICUS
Agonimiella H. Harada (1993) = Agonimia fide Aptroot et al. (Biblthca Lichenol. 64, 1997).
Agonium Oerst. (1844) nom. dub., ? Fungi. or Cyanobacteria.
Agonomycetales. True conidia absent, but nondehiscent propagules (allocysts, bromatia, bulbils,
chlamydospores, sclerotia etc.) produced in some
genera. Agonomycetes may be states of basidiomycetes, ascomycetes or other anamorphic fungi.
Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium include important plant
pathogens.
Lit.: Watling (in Kendrick (Ed.), The whole fungus
2: 453, 1979; states of basidiomycetes), von Arx
(Genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture, 1981;
keys gen.), Domsch et al. (Compendium of soil fungi,
1980; identification, refs.).
Agostaea (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd. (1915) = Anhellia fide
von Arx (Persoonia 2: 421, 1963).
Agrabeeja Subram. (1995), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.?.?. 1, Singapore. See Subramanian
(Kavaka 20/21: 2, 1992/1993).
Agrestia J.W. Thomson (1961) = Aspicilia fide Weber
(Aquilo Bot. 6: 43, 1967).
agroclavine, a clavine alkaloid (an intermediate in the
biosynthesis of ergoline alkaloids) which is a major
alkaloidal constituent of Claviceps fusiformis sclerotia. Cf. ergot.
Agrocybe Fayod (1889), Strophariaceae. c. 100, widespread. See Singer (Sydowia 30: 194, 1978; key),
Flynn & Miller (MR 94: 1103, 1990; taxonomy),
Moncalvo et al. (Syst. Biol. 49: 278, 2000; phylogeny), Thomas & Manimohan (Mycotaxon 86: 317,
2003; India), Nauta (Persoonia 18: 429, 2004; Netherlands).
Agrogaster D.A. Reid (1986), Bolbitiaceae. 1, New
Zealand. Basiodioma gasteroid. See Reid (TBMS 86:
429, 1986).
Agyriaceae Corda (1838), Agyriales (L). 6 gen. (+ 7
syn.), 32 spp. See Agyriales for descr.
Lit.: Hertel & Rambold (Biblthca Lichenol. 38:
145, 1989), Rambold & Triebel (Notes R. bot. Gdn
Edinb. 46: 375, 1990), Bellemre (Bull. Soc. linn.
Provence 45: 355, 1994), Brodo (Biblthca Lichenol.
57: 59, 1995), Lunke et al. (Bryologist 99: 53, 1996),
Moberg & Carlin (Symb. bot. upsal. 31 no. 3: 319,
1996), Lumbsch (J. Hattori bot. Lab. 83: 1, 1997),
Lumbsch et al. (MR 105: 16, 2001), Lumbsch et al.
(MR 105: 265, 2001), Schmitt et al. (Mycol. 95: 827,
2003), Reeb et al. (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 32: 1036,
2004), Wedin et al. (MR 109: 159, 2005), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006; phylogeny),
Hofstetter et al. (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 44: 412, 2007;
phylogeny), Lumbsch et al. (MR 111: 1133, 2007).
Agyriales Clem. & Shear (1931). Ostropomycetidae. 4
fam., 17 gen., 147 spp. Thallus absent. Ascomata
apothecial, sometimes elongated, often domed, hymenium usually gelatinous, not blueing in iodine. Interascal tissue of branched and anastomosing paraphyses, sometimes with a well-developed pigmented
epithecial layer. Asci varied in form, opening by
eversion through a vertical split, and blueing faintly
in iodine. Ascospores small, hyaline, aseptate, without a gelatinous sheath. Anamorphs pycnidial. Saprobic on bark and wood, esp. on conifers.
The Agyriales was treated for some years as a suborder of the Lecanorales, but molecular data confirm
its placement within the Ostropomycetidae. It may be
appropriate to place the order in synonymy with the
AIR POLLUTION
Pertusariales, but more studies are required. Fams:
(1) Agyriaceae
(2) Anamylopsoraceae
Lit.: Lumbsch (J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 83: 1, 1997),
Lumbsch et al. (MR 105: 16, 265, 2001), Lumbsch et
al. (MR 111: 257, 2007; phylogeny), Lumbsch et al.
(MR 111: 1133, 2007; phylogeny), Mi%dlikowska et
al (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006), Rambold & Triebel
(Notes R. bot. Gdn, Edin. 46: 375, 1990).
Agyriella Ellis & Everh. (1897) ! Agyriopsis.
Agyriella Sacc. (1884), anamorphic Pezizomycotina,
Hsp.0eH-P.15. 2, Europe. See Ellis (Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes, 1971).
Agyriellopsis Hhn. (1903), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, St.0eH.15. 2, Europe.
Agyrina (Sacc.) Clem. (1909) = Steinia fide Nannfeldt
(Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., 1932).
Agyriopsis Sacc. & P. Syd. (1899) = Schizoxylon fide
Sherwood (Mycotaxon 6: 215, 1977).
Agyrium Fr. (1822), Agyriaceae. 3 (saprobic), widespread (temperate). See Lumbsch (J. Hattori bot.
Lab. 83: 1, 1997), Kantvilas (Muelleria 16: 65, 2002;
Australia), Zhuang & Yang (Mycotaxon 96: 169,
2006; China).
Agyrona Hhn. (1909) = Molleriella fide von Arx
(Persoonia 2: 421, 1963).
Agyronella Hhn. (1909) = Schizothyrium fide von
Arx & Mller (Stud. Mycol. 9, 1975).
Agyrophora (Nyl.) Nyl. (1896) = Umbilicaria fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
Ahlesia Fuckel (1870) = Thelocarpon fide Poelt &
Hafellner (Phyton Horn 17: 67, 1975), Rossman et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 42: 248 pp., 1999).
Ahmad (Sultan; 1910-1983; Pakistan). MSc degree
(1932) then BEd (1934) then PhD (1950) then DSc
(1957), University of the Punjab, Lahore; academic
staff (1947 onwards) then Professor and Head of Department of Botany (to 1970), Government College,
Lahore (1970); Professor Emeritus, University of the
Punjab, Lahore (1972 onwards). Pioneer in studies of
the mycota of Pakistan, collaborating particularly
with E. Mller (q.v.) and Petrak (q.v.); founder of the
Biological Society of Pakistan, and editor of its journal Biologia (1955-1983); Fellow of the Academy of
Sciences of Pakistan (1974). His specimens are in the
fungal reference collection, Department of Botany,
University of the Punjab, Lahore (many duplicates in
BPI and IMI). Publs. Fungi of West Pakistan. Monographs. Biological Society of Pakistan (1956); Fungi
of West Pakistan. Supplement I. Biologia Lahore
(1969); Ascomycetes of Pakistan Parts I & II. Monographs. Biological Society of Pakistan (1978). Biogs,
obits etc. Ghaffar & Ali (Pakistan Journal of Botany
26: 201, 1994).
Ahmadia Syd. (1939), anamorphic Pezizomycotina,
Cac.! eH.15. 1, Pakistan.
Ahmadiago Vnky (2004), ? Ustilaginaceae. 1 (on
Euphorbia), India. See Vnky (Mycotaxon 89: 55,
2004), Pi%tek (Mycotaxon 92: 33, 2005).
Ahmadinula Petr. (1953) = Truncatella fide Sutton
(Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977), Shoemaker et al. (Sydowia
41: 308, 1989; synonymy).
Ahtia M.J. Lai (1980) ! Cetrariopsis.
Ahtiana Goward (1986), Parmeliaceae (L). 3, N.
America. See Thell et al. (Bryologist 98: 596, 1995;
monogr.), Thell (Folia Cryptog. Estonica 32: 113,
1998), Thell et al. (Mycol. Progr. 1: 335, 2002; phy-
15
16
AIR SPORA
estimate pollution levels to be constructed (Hawksworth & Rose, Nature 227: 145, 1970; Gilbert, New
Phytol. 69: 629, 1970); recolonization in response to
falling sulphur dioxide levels can be dramatic
(Hawksworth & McManus, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 100:
99, 1989; London); statistical and computer assisted
approaches are increasingly used (e.g. Nimis et al.,
Stud. Geobot. 11, 1991).
Erysiphales and Pucciniales are amongst the other
most sensitive fungi; Diplocarpon rosae (Saunders,
Ann. appl. Biol. 58: 103, 1966) and Rhytisma acerinum (Bevan & Greenhalgh, Environ. Pollut. 10: 271,
1976) can also be used as pollution monitors. Numerous studies of forest decline, often in response to
acid rain, have shown that endophyte and saprobic
microfungi can be very strongly affected, with typically a small number of resistant (generalist) species
increasing in abundance, and most other species declining in numbers (e.g. Asai et al., MR 102: 1316,
1998). Leaf-dwelling yeasts (Sporobolomyces, Tilletiopsis) can be cultured and the density of sporing has
been found to be directly related to acidic air pollution (Dowding, in Richardson, Biological indicators
of pollution: 137, 1987).
Radiation pollution has become more important
since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. In this and other
cases, the amount of metal and radionuclides taken
up by lichens has been used to map the extent of affected areas (Steinne et al., J. Environ. Radioact. 21:
65, 1993). Certain hypogeous fungi, particularly species of Elaphomyces accumulate radionuclides in
greater quantities than almost any other living organism. After Chernobyl, radionuclides were found to be
transmitted from those fungi, along a food chain via
wild boar into the human population (Vilic et al., J.
Environ. Radioact. 81: 55, 2005). Increases in lead
contents from traffic, and falls since the introduction
of unleaded fuel, are documented by Lawrey (Bryologist 96: 339, 1993).
Fungal spores may themselves be a component of
air pollution. This can be particularly problematical
in modern buildings where, for example, ventilation
is insufficient. In those conditions, fungi may trigger
various allergic, toxic or other responses, sometimes
collectively described as sick-building syndrome.
Lit.: Bates & Farmer (Eds) (Bryophytes and lichens
in a changing environment, 1992), Coleman (J.
Building Appraisal 1: 362, 2005), Ferry et al. (Eds)
(Air pollution and lichens, 1973; incl. reviews effects
on all plants and fungi), Hawksworth & Rose (Lichens as pollution monitors, 1976), Henderson
(Lichenologist 1974-; twice-yearly bibl.), Nash &
Wirth (Eds) (Lichens, bryophytes and air quality,
[Bibl. Lich. 30], 1988), Nieboer et al. (in Mansfield,
1976: 61; review sulphur dioxide toxicity), Purvis et
al. (Eds) (Lichens in a changing pollution environment. Environmental pollution 146: 291, 2007),
Richardson (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 96: 31, 1988; Pollution
monitoring with lichens, 1992). See also Acid rain,
Allergy, Bioindicators, Ecology, Index of Atmospheric Purity, lichen desert.
Air spora. Airborne particles originating from fungi
and other organisms are collectively referred to as the
air spora or bioaerosol. Fungal spores are important
components of the air spora. Prevalent genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium,
Curvularia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Nigrospora, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phoma and
AJELLOMYCETACEAE
then washes spores from the air, and, afterwards,
stimulates release of ascospores.
After exceeding canopy height, fungal spores can
migrate long but measurable distances before settling
(Nagarajan & Singh, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 28: 139,
1990). Intercontinental dispersal of rust spores has
been demonstrated for Puccinia (Asai, Phytopathology 50: 535, 1960). Variations in the vertical profile
of air spora and in their atmospheric concentrations
has been used in prognoses for plant disease and allergy development (Lyon et al., Grana 23: 123,
1984; Wu et al., Atmospheric Environment 38: 4879,
2004; Zoppas et al., Aerobiologia 22: 119, 2006). For
many fungi, horizontal spore concentration in air is
normally minimal at 100-200 m from the source and
the vertical concentration decreases logarithmically
with height above ground. Fungal spore viability is
important in determining migration capacity: rusts
spores remain viable for many days and can carry infections great distances.
Large seasonal differences in spore concentrations
occur in temperate regions, with few airborne spores
in winter (see Li & Kendrick, Grana 34: 199, 1995).
In tropical regions, spores may be numerous all the
year round although some types may be particularly
favoured by wet or dry seasons (see Ogunlana, Appl.
Microbiol. 29: 458 (1975); Troutt & Levetin, International J. Biometeorology 45: 64, 2001). Air is rich
in spores of common moulds, rusts, downy and powdery mildews in dry weather, and in short-lived ascospores soon after rain. Growing crops form large
sources of spores, especially of phytopathogenic
fungi, whose occurrence may be correlated with crop
growing seasons (see Lacey, in Cole & Kendrick
(Eds), Biology of conidial fungi: 373, 1981). Sometimes, fungi pathogenic to humans can become airborne in dust in desert areas (e.g., Coccidioides immitis) or when deposits of guano beneath bird roosts
are disturbed (Histoplasma capsulatum) (see also
Medical mycology).
Indoors, numbers and types of airborne spores are
determined by their source and, with stored products,
the conditions in which they have been stored, the
degree of disturbance of the substrate and the position and amount of ventilation. Concentrations of
fungal spores may exceed 100 million m-3 air when
mouldy hay and grain are handled, with Aspergillus
and Penicillium spp. predominant. Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen and frequent cause
of asthma and mycotic abortion in cattle, may also be
abundant. Concentrations of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) basidiospores may reach 27 million
m-3 in growing sheds while up to 14 million m-3
Penicillium spores can be released when mouldy cork
is handled. These concentrations may cause occupational allergies (see Allergy). Sampling of air indoors
has shown seasonal variation in fungal spore composition, with Cladosporium species in one study predominating during warm periods, and Penicillium
and Aspergillus predominating in winter (MedrelaKuder, International biodeterioration & biodegradation 52: 203, 2003). Species of Cladosporium common in indoor air spora can trigger allergic reactions.
In Japan, Trichosporon sp. present in indoor air spora
has been correlated with development of allergic alveolitis (Summerbell et al., Journal of Medical and
Veterinary Mycology Suppl. 1: 279, 1992).
Lit.: Dimmick & Akers (Eds) (An introduction to
17
experimental aerobiology, 1969), Edmonds (Aerobiology, the ecological systems approach, 1979),
Gregory (Microbiology of the atmosphere, 2nd edn,
1973), Lacey & West The Air Spora: A manual for
catching and identifying airborne biological particles, 2006, Samson et al. (Eds) (Introduction to foodand airborne fungi, edn 7, 2004).
Aithaloderma P. Syd. (1913), ? Capnodiaceae. Anamorph Ciferrioxyphium. 15, widespread (tropical).
See Hughes (Mycol. 68: 693, 1976), Olejnik & Ingrouille (MR 103: 333, 1999; numerical taxonomy),
Reynolds & Gilbert (Aust. Syst. Bot. 18: 265, 2005;
Australia).
Aithalomyces Woron. (1926) = Euantennaria fide
Hughes (N.Z. Jl Bot. 10: 225, 1972).
Aivenia Svr)ek (1977), Dermateaceae. 4, former
Czechoslovakia. See Svr)ek (!esk Mykol. 43: 215,
1989).
Ajello (Libero; 1916-2004; USA). Largely self-taught
medical mycologists, working on tinea pedis among
army recruits, Georgia (1943) then Johns Hopkins
University (1944-1945); PhD, Columbia University
(1947); Diagnostic Reference & Research Unit,
Communicable Disease Centre, eventually as Head
of the World Health Organizations Collaborating
Center for Mycotic Diseases there, Atlanta (19481990). Outstanding medical mycologist of the 20th
century, with over 400 publications, playing a pivotal
role in the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, and as an editor of its journal Medical
Mycology; a great mentor who developed courses for
the teaching of medical mycology run within the
USA and in many other countries. He also significantly provided editorial support for non-English
speaking scientists, particularly from Latin America.
Publs. The medical mycological iceberg. HSMHA
health rep. 86: 437, 1971; (with Arora, Mukerji &
Elander) Handbook of applied mycology vol. 2, 1991;
(with Hay) Medical mycology. Topley and Wilsons
microbiology and microbial infections, edn 9, 2002.
Biogs, obits etc. Goodman & DiSalvo (Mycopathologia 157: 359, 2004), Mller (Mycoses 46: 5, 2003).
Ajellomyces McDonough & A.L. Lewis (1968), Ajellomycetaceae. Anamorphs Blastomyces, Histoplasma. 3, widespread (esp. tropical). A. dermatitidis
(anamorph Blastomyces zymonema (syn. B. dermatitidis); see blastomycosis), A. capsulata (anamorph
Histoplasma capsulatum; see histoplasmosis). See
Sigler (J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34: 303, 1996), Guho et
al. (Mycoses 40: 69, 1997; phylogeny), Sugiyama et
al. (Mycoscience 40: 251, 1999; phylogeny), Taylor
et al. (Fungal Genetics Biol. 31: 21, 2000; species
concepts), Berbee (Physiological and Molecular
Plant Pathology 59: 165, 2001; phylogeny), Sugiyama et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 5, 2002; phylogeny),
Untereiner et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 25, 2002; phylogeny), Untereiner et al. (Mycol. 96: 812, 2004; fam.
Placement), Pujol et al. (Evolutionary Genetics of
Fungi: 149, 2005; population genetics).
Ajellomycetaceae Unter., J.A. Scott & Sigler (2004),
Onygenales. 7 gen. (+ 3 syn.), 14 spp.
Lit.: Currah (Mycotaxon 24: 1, 1985), Fukushima
et al. (Mycopathologia 116: 151, 1991), Sigler (J.
Med. Vet. Mycol. 34: 303, 1996), Guho et al. (Mycoses 40: 69, 1997), Larone et al. (Manual of Clinical
Microbiology: 1259, 1999), Sano et al. (Mycopathologia 143: 165, 1998), Bialek et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3190, 2000), San-Blas et al. (Medical
18
AJREKARELLA
ALIQUANDOSTIPITE
Sivanesan & Sinha (MR 92: 246, 1989).
Aldridgea Massee (1892) nom. dub., Agaricomycetes.
See Donk (Taxon 6: 18, 1957).
Aldridgiella, see Aldrigiella.
Aldrigiella Rick (1934) nom. dub., Fungi. See Donk
(Taxon 6: 18, 1957).
ale, see beer.
Alectoria Ach. (1809), Parmeliaceae (L). 8, widespread
(montane-boreal and bipolar). See Brodo & Hawksworth (Op. bot. Soc. bot. Lund 42, 1977; key),
Mattsson & Wedin (Lichenologist 31: 431, 1999),
Peroh et al. (Mycol. Progr. 3: 103, 2004; asci), Thell
et al. (Symb. bot. upsal. 34 no. 1: 429, 2004; biogeography), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006;
phylogeny).
Alectoria Link (1833) = Usnea fide Hawksworth et al.
(Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Alectoriaceae Tomas. (1949) = Parmeliaceae.
Alectoriomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) ! Alectoria
Ach.
Alectoriopsis Elenkin (1929) = Ramalina fide Eriksson
& Hawksworth (SA 6: 112, 1987).
Alectorolophoides Battarra ex Earle (1909) = Cantharellus fide Stalpers (in litt.).
alepidote, having no scales or scurf; smooth.
aleukia disease (alimentary toxic aleukia; ATA), see
trichothecenes.
Aleuria (Fr.) Gillet (1879) ! Peziza Fr.
Aleuria Fuckel (1870), Pyronemataceae. 17 (on soil),
widespread (north temperate). See Rifai (Verh. K.
ned. Akad. Wet. tweede sect.: 1, 1968; Australian
spp.), Moravec (!esk Mykol. 26: 74, 1972), Kaushal
(Mycol. 68: 1021, 1976; Indian spp.), Hffner
(Rheinl.-Pflz. Pilzj. 3: 6, 1993), Spooner & Yao
(MR 99: 1515, 1995; excl. spp.), Landvik et al. (Nordic Jl Bot. 17: 403, 1997; DNA), Hansen & Pfister
(Mycol. 98: 1029, 2006; phylogeny), Perry et al. (MR
111: 549, 2007; phylogeny).
Aleuriaceae Le Gal (1947) = Pyronemataceae.
Aleuriella P. Karst. (1871) = Mollisia fide Saccardo
(Syll. fung. 8: 1, 1889).
Aleurina (Sacc.) Sacc. & P. Syd. (1902) = Peziza Fr.
fide Eckblad (Nytt Mag. Bot. 15: 1, 1968).
Aleurina Massee (1898), Pyronemataceae. 11, widespread. See Zhuang & Korf (Mycotaxon 26: 361,
1986; key), Perry et al. (MR 111: 549, 2007; phylogeny).
aleuriospore (obsol.), formerly used for a thick-walled
and pigmented but sometimes thin-walled and hyaline conidium developed from the blown-out end of a
conidiogenous cell or hyphal branch from which it
secedes with difficulty, as in Aleurisma, Mycogone,
Microsporum; chlamydospore sensu Hughes
(1953); gangliospore. Since introduced by Vuillemin
(1911), aleuriospore has been used in various senses,
see Mason (1933, 1937) and Barron (1968), and finally rejected as a confused term (Kendrick, Taxonomy of Fungi imperfecti, 1971).
Aleurisma Link (1809) = Trichoderma Pers. (1794)
fide Hughes (CJB 36: 727, 1958), Carmichael (CJB
40: 1137, 1962; synonym of Chrysosporium in sense
of Vuillemin (1911)).
Aleurismataceae Vuill. (1911) = Hypocreaceae.
Aleurobotrys Boidin (1986), Stereaceae. 10. See
Boidin & Gilles (BSMF 102: 291, 1986) Aleurodiscus s.l.
Aleurocorticium P.A. Lemke (1964) = Dendrothele
fide Lemke (CJB 42: 723, 1965).
19
20
ALIQUOT PART
2007; phylogeny).
aliquot part, a portion that is contained an exact number of times in the whole; not the equivalent of sample in which the concepts of both uniformity and
representation are implicit (Emmons, Bact. News
1960: 17).
alkaphilic, used or organisms growing well at high pH
values; e.g. Fusarium sp. at pH 10 (Hiura & Tanimura, in Horrikoshi & Grant (Eds), Superbugs: microorganisms in extreme environments: 287, 1991).
allantoid (esp. of spores), slightly curved with rounded
ends; sausage-like in form (Fig. 23.8).
Allantomyces M.C. Williams & Lichtw. (1993),
Legeriomycetaceae. 2 (in Ephemeroptera), Australia;
Mexico. See Williams & Lichtwardt (CJB 71: 1109,
1993), Valle et al. (Mycol. 100: 149, 2008; Mexico).
Allantonectella, see Allonectella.
Allantonectria Earle (1901) = Nectria fide Rossman et
al. (Mycol. 85: 685, 1993), Rossman et al. (Stud. Mycol. 42: 248 pp., 1999).
Allantoparmelia (Vain.) Essl. (1978), Parmeliaceae
(L). 1, Arctic. See Esslinger (Mycotaxon 7: 46,
1978), Feuerer (Recollecting Edvard August Vainio:
47, 1998), Thell et al. (Symb. bot. upsal. 34 no. 1:
429, 2004; biogeography).
Allantophoma Kleb. (1933) nom. inval., anamorphic
Pezizomycotina. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Allantophomoides S.L. Wei & T.Y. Zhang (2003) ? =
Septoria Sacc. fide Wei & Zhang (Mycosystema 22:
9, 2003).
Allantophomopsis Petr. (1925), anamorphic Phacidium, St.0eH.15. 7, widespread. See Carris (CJB 68:
2283, 1990; gen. revision).
Allantoporthe Petr. (1921) = Diaporthe. Probably
polyphyletic. fide Barr (Mycol. Mem. 7, 1978), Zang
(Acta Mycol. Sin. Suppl. 1: 407, 1986; phylogeny).
Allantosphaeriaceae Hhn. (1918) = Diatrypaceae.
Allantospora Wakker (1895) = Cylindrocarpon fide
Booth (Mycol. Pap. 104, 1966).
Allantozythia Hhn. (1923) = Phlyctema fide Petrak
(Annls mycol. 27: 370, 1929), Sutton (Mycol. Pap.
141, 1977).
Allantozythiella Danilova (1951) = Endothiella fide
Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Allantula Corner (1952), Pterulaceae. 1, Brazil. See
Corner (Ann. Bot., Lond. n.s. 16: 270, 1952).
Allarthonia (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1903) = Arthonia fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
Allarthoniomyces E.A. Thomas (1939) nom. inval. !
Arthonia.
Allarthotheliomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) ! Allarthothelium.
Allarthothelium (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1908) = Arthonia
fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn
8, 1995).
Allelochaeta Petr. (1955) = Seimatosporium fide Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Alleppeysporonites Ramanujam & Rao (1979), Fossil
Fungi, anamorphic Pezizomycotina. 1 (Miocene), India. Fossil Grallomyces.
Allergy. An acquired, specific, altered capacity to
react. It is acquired by exposure to allergenic particles; the sensitivity acquired from a single exposure
is specific to one or a few closely related species, although multiple exposures may result in multiple
sensitivities; and subsequent re-exposure results in an
altered capacity to react or allergic reaction. The
form of that reaction depends on the nature of the allergenic particle, for instance, its size and chemical
characteristics, the immunological reactivity of the
subject and the circumstances of exposure. The two
forms of allergy of most concern in this context are
an immediate reaction, characterized by rhinitis and
hay fever-like symptoms and a late reaction, characterized by alveolitis or pneumonitis. Fungal spores
have been implicated as causative agents of both
types of allergic reaction. Rhinitis and asthma are
caused by normal everyday exposure to airborne allergens in subjects who are constitutionally predisposed (atopic) and who produce specific IgE antibodies against the allergen. Symptoms occur within a
few minutes of exposure and may be provoked by
104 spores/m-3 air, or fewer, typically of fungi with
spores larger than 10 (m. The spores may be components of the normal air spora, including Alternaria,
Cladosporium and Didymella, or they may be associated with work environments, for instance cereal
rusts and smuts, and Verticillium lecanii spores when
harvesting Agaricus bisporus and Boletus edulis
when preparing mushroom soup, and Aspergillus flavus and A. awamori from surface fermentations.
Asthma may also be associated with exposure to fungal enzymes during their production. Allergic alveolitis occurs in non-atopic subjects after intense exposures to spores, typically 106-1010 spores/m-3. At least
108 spores/m-3 may be required for sensitization but
species differ in their antigenicity. Symptoms occur
about 4 h after exposure and persist for 24-36 h if
there is no further exposure. They include influenzalike symptoms, feverishness, chills, a dry cough,
breathlessness and weight loss. With repeated exposure, breathlessness becomes increasingly severe and
eventually permanent lung damage may occur with
fibrosis, and the increased load on the heart may lead
to death. Specific IgG antibodies develop and may be
an aid to diagnosis although implication of a fungus
in the disease may require further tests. The disease is
typically occupational and associated with poorly
stored agricultural products. The classic form is
farmers lung, usually caused by thermophilic actinomycetes but sometimes by fungi, including Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor and Eurotium rubrum
(syn. Aspergillus umbrosus). Other forms of allergic
alveolitis include cheese-washers lung (Penicillium
casei), malt-workers lung (Aspergillus clavatus,
A. fumigatus),
maple-bark
strippers
lung
(Cryptostroma corticale), mushroom pickers lung
(Aspergillus fumigatus, Cephalotrichum stemonitis,
Pholiota nameko, Pleurotus ostreatus), sawmill
workers lung (Rhizopus rhizopodiformis, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichoderma
viride), sequoiosis (Aureobasidium pullulans,
Graphium spp.), suberosis (Penicillium frequentans),
and allergic alveolitis from citric acid fermentations
(Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium spp.).
Mouldy lichens have also been reported to cause allergic alveolitis.
Allergic skin reactions may be caused by spores of
the Arthrinium arundinis state of Apiospora montagnei in workers cutting the canes of Arundo donax in
France, by contact with lichens in wood-cutters and
people using lichens in decorations (Richardson, in
Galun (Ed.), CRC Handbook of lichenology 3: 98,
1988; review), and secondary to dermatophyte infections (see mycid). Allergic reactions are also com-
ALOCOSPORA
mon in response to certain fungal products, the best
known example being allergy to antibiotics such as
penicillin.
For further information, see Pepys (Hypersensitivity diseases of the lungs due to fungi and organic
dusts, 1969), Wilken-Jensen & Gravesen (Atlas of
moulds in Europe causing respiratory allergy, 1984),
Lacey (in Hawksworth (Ed.), Frontiers in mycology:
157, 1991), Lacey & Crook (Ann. occup. Hyg. 32:
515, 1988), Lacey & Dutkiewicz (J. Aerosol Sci.,
1994).
Allescheria R. Hartig (1899) ! Hartigiella fide Vuillemin (Annls mycol. 3: 341, 1905).
Allescheria Sacc. & P. Syd. (1899) = Monascus fide
Malloch (Mycol. 62: 727, 1970).
Allescheriella Henn. (1897), anamorphic Botryobasidium. 2, widespread. See Hughes (Mycol. Pap.
41, 1951), Petrak (Sydowia 23: 265, 1970).
Allescherina Berl. (1902) = Cryptovalsa fide Clements
& Shear (Gen. Fung., 1931).
Allewia E.G. Simmons (1990), Pleosporaceae. Anamorph Embellisia. 2, Australia. See Eriksson &
Hawksworth (SA 9: 2, 1991; synonymy with Lewia),
Berbee et al. (MR 107: 169, 2003; recombination),
Schoch et al. (Mycol. 98: 1041, 2006; phylogeny).
alliaceous, having a taste or smell of onions or garlic;
cepaceous.
alliance, see phytosociology.
Alliospora Pim (1883) ? = Aspergillus fide Bisby
(TBMS 27: 101, 1944).
Allocetraria Kurok. & M.J. Lai (1991), Parmeliaceae
(L). 11, widespread. See Krnefelt et al. (Acta Bot.
Fenn. 150: 79, 1994), Thell et al. in Daniels et al.
(Eds) (Flechten Follmann Contributions to Lichenology in Honour of Gerhard Follmann: 353, 1995),
Thell et al. (Mycol. Progr. 1: 335, 2002; phylogeny),
Mattsson & Articus (Symb. bot. upsal. 34 no. 1: 237,
2004; phylogeny), Randlane & Saag (Symb. bot. upsal. 34 no. 1: 359, 2004; chemistry), Thell et al. (Mycol. Progr. 3: 297, 2004; phylogeny), Randlane &
Saag (Central European Lichens: 75, 2006; key).
allochronic, occurring at different time periods, e.g.
contemporary and fossil specimens.
allochrous (allochroous), changing from one colour to
another.
allochthonous, transported to the place where found;
not indigenous; cf. autochthonous.
Allochytridium Salkin (1970), Endochytriaceae. 2, N.
America. See Barr & Dsaulniers (Mycol. 79: 193,
1987; morphol., physiol., ultrastr.).
Alloclavaria Dentinger & D.J. McLaughlin (2007),
Agaricomycetes. 1, Europe. Hymenochaetales or
Agaricales (Rickenella clade). See Dentinger &
McLaughlin (Mycol. 98: 757, 2007; syst. posn).
allocyst, a chlamydospore-like structure in Flammula
gummosa (Khner, 1946).
Allodium Nyl. (1896) = Chaenotheca fide Hawksworth
et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Allodus Arthur (1906) = Puccinia fide Arthur (Manual
Rusts US & Canada, 1934).
Alloglugea Paperna & Lainson (1995), Microsporidia.
1.
Allographa Chevall. (1824) ? = Graphina fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Allomyces E.J. Butler (1911), Blastocladiaceae. 9 (in
soil), widespread (esp. tropical). See Emerson (Lloydia 4: 77, 1941; life cycle, taxonomy), Teter (Mycol.
36: 194, 1944; sexuality), Emerson & Wilson (Mycol.
21
22
ALOYSIELLA
AMAURASCOPSIS
Alutaceodontia (Parmasto) Hjortstam & Ryvarden
(2002), Schizoporaceae. 1. See Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Syn. Fung. 15: 8, 2002).
alutaceous, the colour of buff leather.
alveola (1) a small surface cavity or hollow; (2) a pore
of a polypore (obsol.).
Alveolaria Lagerh. (1892), Pucciniosiraceae. 2 (on
Cordia (Boraginaceae)), America (tropical). See
Buritic & Hennen (Fl. Neotrop. 24: 22, 1980).
alveolate, marked with 6-sided (honey-comb-like)
hollows; faveolate.
Alveolinus Raf. (1815) nom. dub., Fungi. No spp.
included.
Alveomyces Bubk (1914) = Uromyces fide Nattrass
(First list Cyprus fungi, 1937).
Alveophoma Alcalde (1952), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cpd.0eH.10. 1, Spain. See Sutton (TBMS 47:
497, 1964).
Alysia Cavalc. & A.A. Silva (1972) = Vouauxiella fide
Sutton (The Coelomycetes, 1980), Lcking et al.
(Lichenologist 30: 121, 1998).
Alysidiella Crous (2006), Pezizomycotina. 1 (on Eucalyptus leaves), S. Africa. See Crous (Fungal Diversity
23: 325, 2006).
Alysidiopsis B. Sutton (1973), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0-1eP.3. 4, widespread. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 132: 5, 1973), Currah (CJB 65: 1957, 1987;
Mexico), Kendrick (CJB 81: 75, 2003; morphogenesis).
Alysidium Kunze (1817), anamorphic Botryobasidium.
4, Europe. See Ellis (Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes,
1971), Partridge & Morgan-Jones (Mycotaxon 83:
335, 2002).
Alysisporium Peyronel (1922) = Phragmotrichum fide
Sutton & Pirozynski (TBMS 48: 349, 1965).
Alysphaeria Turpin (1827) nom. dub., ? Fungi (L).
Alytosporium Link (1824) nom. dub., Fungi. See
Donk (Taxon 12: 156, 1963) See also, Stalpers (Rev.
Mycol. 39: 99, 1975).
Alyxoria Gray (1821) = Opegrapha Ach. fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
AM, arbuscular mycorrhiza; see Mycorrhiza.
amadou, the context of Fomes fomentarius or Phellinus igniarius after the addition of saltpetre
(NaNO3); tinder; touchwood; punk.
Amallospora Penz. (1897), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsp.1bH.?. 1, Java. See Ho et al. (Mycol. 92:
582, 2000), Descals (MR 109: 545, 2005).
Amandinea M. Choisy (1950) ! Amandinea M.
Choisy ex Scheid. & M. Mayrhofer.
Amandinea M. Choisy ex Scheid. & M. Mayrhofer
(1993), Caliciaceae (L). 34, widespread. See Sheard
& May (Bryologist 100: 159, 1997; N. Am.), Grube
& Arup (Lichenologist 33: 63, 2001; polyphyly),
Nordin & Mattsson (Lichenologist 33: 3, 2001; morphology, phylogeny), Helms et al. (Mycol. 95: 1078,
2003; phylogeny), Peroh et al. (Mycol. Progr. 3:
103, 2004; asci), Simon et al. (J. Mol. Evol. 60: 434,
2005; introns), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088,
2006; phylogeny).
Amanita Adans. (1763) nom. dub., Agaricales. See
Donk (Beih. Nova Hedwigia 5, 1962).
Amanita Dill. ex Boehm. (1760) nom. rej. ! Agaricus
L.
amanita factor B, see pantherine; - - C, see ibotenic
acid.
Amanita Pers. (1797), Amanitaceae. c. 500, widespread. Many species ectomycorrhizal, but members
23
24
AMAUROASCACEAE
25
26
AMPHIACANTHA
AMYLOCORTICIUM
Amphoromorpha Thaxt. (1914) = Basidiobolus fide
Blackwell & Malloch (Mycol. 81: 735, 1989).
Amphoropsis Speg. (1918) ? = Pyxidiophora fide
Blackwell & Malloch (Mycol. 81: 735, 1989),
Blackwell (Mycol. 86: 1, 1994).
Amphoropycnium Bat. (1963), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cpd.0eH.15. 2, Brazil; Philippines. See Batista (Quad. Lab. crittogam., Pavia 31: 19, 1963).
Amphorothecium P.M. McCarthy, Kantvilas & Elix
(2001), ? Myeloconidiaceae (L). 1, Australia. See
McCarthy et al. (Lichenologist 33: 292, 2001).
Amphorula Grove (1922) = Chaetoconis fide Petrak
(Sydowia 13: 180, 1959), Sutton (CJB 46: 183,
1968).
Amphorulopsis Petr. (1959), Pezizomycotina. 1, former Yugoslavia. See Petrak (Sydowia 13: 181, 1959).
amphotericin, A and B, polyene antibiotics from actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.); antifungal; - B
(fungizone) is used in the therapy of systemic mycoses of humans.
Amplariella E.-J. Gilbert (1940) = Amanita Pers. fide
Singer (Agaric. mod. Tax. edn 3, 1975).
amplectant, covering; embracing.
ampliate, made greater; enlarged.
Ampliotrema Kalb (2004) ! Ampliotrema Kalb ex
Kalb fide Kalb (Biblthca Lichenol. 88: 302, 2004).
Ampliotrema Kalb ex Kalb (2006), Thelotremataceae
(L). 5, pantropical. See Frisch (Biblthca Lichenol. 92:
3, 2006), Frisch et al. (Biblthca Lichenol. 92: 517,
2006; phylogeny, links with Ocellularia).
ampoule effect, Corners (New Phytol. 47: 48, 1948)
term for the normal working of a basidium which is
compared to an ampoule from which the contents are
discharged into the basidiospores by the enlargement
of a basal vesicle.
ampoule hypha, see hypha.
ampulla (1) the swollen tip of a conidiogenous cell
which produces synchronous blastic conidia (as in
Gonatobotrytum); (2) a conidiophore which develops
a number of short branches or discrete conidiogenous
cells (as in Aspergillus).
Ampullaria A.L. Sm. (1903) [non Ampullaria Couch
1963, Actinomycetes] = Melanospora Corda fide
Cannon & Hawksworth (J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 84: 115,
1982).
Ampullariella Couch (1964), Actinobacteria. q.v.
Ampullifera Deighton (1960), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eH.4. 7 (on foliicolous lichens), pantropical. See Hawksworth (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist.
Bot. 6: 183, 1979), Hawksworth & Cole (Mycosystema 22: 359, 2003; China).
Ampulliferella Bat. & Cavalc. (1964) = Ampullifera
fide Hawksworth (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist. Bot. 6:
183, 1979).
Ampulliferina B. Sutton (1969), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.1eP.38. 2, Canada; British Isles. See
Sutton (CJB 47: 609, 1969).
Ampulliferinites Kalgutkar & Sigler (1995), Fossil
Fungi, anamorphic Pezizomycotina. 1 (Eocene), Canada. See Kalgutkar & Sigler (MR 99: 515, 1995).
Ampulliferopsis Bat. & Cavalc. (1964) = Ampullifera
fide Hawksworth (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist. Bot. 6:
183, 1979).
ampulliform, flask-like in form (Fig. 23.30).
Ampullina Qul. (1875) = Leptosphaeria fide von Arx
& Mller (Stud. Mycol. 9, 1975).
Ampulloclitocybe Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo &
Vilgalys (2002), Hygrophoraceae. 3, widespread. See
27
28
AMYLOCYSTIS
ANAMORPHIC FUNGI
29
TABLE 1. Mitosporic fungi coding for conidiomata and conidia (for conidiogenous events see text).
Conidiomata
Hyphomycetes (H)
Coelomycetes (C)
Other
Cpd pycnidial
Cpt pycnothyrial
Cac acervular
Ccu cupulate
St stromatic
Sc sclerotial
shape
septation
e ellipsoid
f filiform
h helical
b branched
0 aseptate
1 1-septate
! 2-multiseptate
# muriform
amerosporae
didymosporae
phragmosporae
dictyosporae
scolecosporae
helicosporae
staurosporae
Although more teleomorph/anamorph state connexions are being established, a permanent residue of
unconnected conidial fungi is likely to remain. DNA
sequencing makes it possible now to place these remaining taxa within the groups of teleomorphic fungi
from which they are or were once derived. On morphological grounds this has already been done for
some groups. It is traditional to treat anamorphs of
the zygomycetes, Erysiphales, and Pucciniales, for
example, in association with their teleomorphic
states. The Code (see Nomenclature) provides for the
use of separate names for the different states of
pleomorphic fungi, but rules that the name of the
holomorph (the whole fungus in all its correlated
states) is that of the teleomorph. The Code also recommends that new names for anamorphs are not introduced when the telemorphic connection is firmly
established and there is no practical need for separate
names. Anamorphic fungi are some of the most frequently encountered fungi and many of them are of
considerable economic significance.
Three morphological groups have been recognized
that have in the past been named as classes:
(1) Hyphomycetes - mycelial forms which bear
conidia on separate hyphae or aggregations of hyphae
(as synnematous or sporodochial conidiomata) but
not inside discrete conidiomata.
(2) Agonomycetes - mycelial forms which are sterile, but may produce chlamydospores, sclerotia
and/or related vegetative structures.
(3) Coelomycetes - forms producing conidia in
pycnidial, pycnothyrial, acervular, cupulate or stro-
conidia hyaline
or bright
(hyalo-)
hyalosporae
hyalodidymae
hyalophragmae
hyalodictyae
phaeosporae
phaeodidymae
phaeophragmae
phaeodictyae
matic conidiomata.
To recognize or delimit a taxonomic entity for the
anamorphic fungi, such as subdivision Deuteromycotina, while convenient for practical purposes, is
meaningless in terms of natural or phylogenetic classification. Therefore entries for anamorphic genera in
this Dictionary assign them to the appropriate known
level in the teleomorphic hierarchy. Informally, wellknown groups of anamorphic genera, e.g. hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, are likely to continue to
be used but their adoption as formal taxa should be
avoided. Integrated systems for Mitosporic fungi as a
whole were suggested by Hhnel (1923) and Sutton
(1980); see also Luttrell in Kendrick (1977). Arrangement of correlated anamorphs with ascomycete
systematics has been reviewed by Kendrick & DiCosmo (in Kendrick (Ed.), The whole fungus: 283,
1979) and Sutton & Hennebert (in Hawksworth
(Ed.), Ascomycete systematics: 77, 1994). For more
information on the various approaches to the classification of anamorphic fungi see Sutton (in Sutton
(Ed.), A Century of Mycology: 135, 1996).
Coding system in entries for anamorphic genera. Three categories of information are coded:
(i) Conidiomatal types listed in Table 1, e.g. Hso,
indicates hyphal, Hsy, synnematal etc.
(ii) Saccardos spore groups. Saccardo arranged
imperfect fungi (and also many ascomycetes, particularly those of the Sphaeriales) according to the
septation or form of the spores and their colour
whether dark or hyaline and the coined Latin names
for these different groupings are set out in Table 1,
30
ANAMORPHIC FUNGI
ANAMYLOPSORACEAE
31
Fig. 1. Conidiogenous events (cc - conidiogenous cell). 1, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, 1 locus per cc, solitary
conidia, delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic, no proliferation of cc;
2, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, 1 locus per cc, solitary conidia, delimitation by 2 septa (or a separating cell),
secession rhexolytic or by fracture of the cc, maturation by diffuse wall-building, no proliferation of cc; 3, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, apical wall-building random at more than one locus per cc and conidia becoming conidiogenous to form connected branched chains, each conidium delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse
wall-building, secession schizolytic, no cc proliferation; 4, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, apical wall-building at
1 locus per cc and each conidium with 1 locus to form a connnected unbranched chain, each conidium delimited
by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic, no proliferation of cc; 5, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, apical wall-building randomly at more than 1 locus per cc and conidia becoming conidiogenous
to form connected branched chains, each conidium delimited by 2 septa (or a separating cell), secession rhexolytic or by fracture of the cc, maturation by diffuse wall-building, no cc proliferation; 6, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, with localized apical wall-building simultaneously at different loci over the whole cc, each locus forming 1 conidium, delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic, no cc proliferation; 7, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, with localized apical wall-building simultaneously at different loci on
denticles over the whole cc, each locus forming 1 conidium, delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wallbuilding, secession by rupture of denticle, no cc proliferation; 8, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, with localized
apical wall-building simultaneously at different loci over the whole cc, each conidium delimited by 2 septa (or a
separating cell), secession rhexolytic or by fracture of the cc, each locus forming 1 conidium, maturation by diffuse wall-building, no cc proliferation; 9, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, apical wall-building simultaneously at
several loci per cc and conidia becoming conidiogenous to form connected branched chains, each conidium delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic, no cc proliferation; 10, conidial
ontogeny holoblastic, regularly alternating with holoblastic sympodial cc proliferation, maturation by diffuse
wall-building, each conidium delimitated by 1 septum, secession schizolytic; 11, conidial ontogeny holoblastic,
regularly alternating with holoblastic sympodial cc proliferation, maturation by diffuse wall-building, each conidium delimited by 2 septa (or a separating cell), secession rhexolytic or by fracture of the cc; 12, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, each from apical or lateral loci, delimited by 1 septum, secession schizolytic, holoblastic cc
proliferation sympodial or irregular, maturation by diffuse wall-building; 13, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, first
from an apical locus, delimited by 1 septum, secession schizolytic, other conidia from lateral loci proceeding
down the cc, maturation by diffuse wall-building; 14, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, first from an apical locus,
each conidium delimited by 2 septa (or a separating cell), secession rhexolytic or by fracture of the cc, other conidia from lateral loci proceeding down the cc, maturation by diffuse wall-building.
e.g. e! H, indicates multiseptate hyaline conidia, hP,
helical brown etc.
(iii) Conidiogenous events. The matrix system
used is based on Minter et al. (TBMS 79: 75, 1982;
TBMS 80: 38, 1983; TBMS 81: 109, 1983) who
showed a continuum of developmental processes associated with conidial production, including ontogeny, delimitation and secession of conidia and proliferation and regeneration of the cells bearing them
(see conidiogensis). For the 43 combinations of
events so far recognized see Figs 24-26, e.g. 15, indicates a succession of holoblastic conidial ontogeny,
delimitation by a transverse septum, schizolytic secession, percurrent enteroblastic conidiogenous cell
proliferation followed by holoblastic conidial ontogeny, successive conidia seceding at the same level.
Use of ? means that insufficient information is
available for the feature to be coded, and -, that the
feature is absent, e.g. Sc.-.-. indicates presence of
sclerotia but no conidia, and Cpd.e1P.?, that
pycnidial conidiomata produce 1-septate brown conidia but their genesis is not known.
Lit.: General works on the anamorphic fungi include: Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 3, 4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18,
22, 25, 26, 1884-1972), Lindau (Naturlichen Pflanzenfam., 1900), Jaczewski (Key to Fungi 2, Fungi
Imperfecti, 1917), v. Hhnel (Mykol. Unters. 3: 301369, 1923), Clements & Shear (1931), Kendrick
(Ed.) (Taxonomy of Fungi Imperfecti, 1971), Barnett
& Hunter (Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi, 3
edn, 1972), Ainsworth et al. (Eds) (The Fungi 4,
1973), Cole & Kendrick (Biology of conidial fungi,
1981), Minter et al. (TBMS 79: 75, 1982; 80: 39,
1983; 81: 109, 1983), Stewart et al. (Deuteromy-
32
ANAMYLOPSORACEAE
ANASTROPHELLA
33
Fig. 2. Conidiogenous events (cc - conidiogenous cell). 15, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum, schizolytic secession, maturation by diffuse wall-building, percurrent enteroblastic cc proliferation followed
by conidial ontogeny by replacement apical wall-building, successive conidia seceding at the same level, sometimes in unconnected chains, collarette variable; 16, same as 15 but with several random or irregular conidiogenous loci to each cc; 17, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum, schizolytic secession, maturation by diffuse wall-building, percurrent enteroblastic cc proliferation followed by conidial ontogeny by replacement apical wall-building, successive conidia seceding at the same level, collarette variable, conidiogenous
activity interspersed periodically with percurrent vegetative proliferation; 18, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum, schizolytic secession, maturation by diffuse wall-building, percurrent and sympodial enteroblastic cc proliferation followed by conidial ontogeny by replacement apical wall-building, successive conidia seceding at the same level, collarette variable; 19, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum,
schizolytic secession, maturation by diffuse wall-building, percurrent enteroblastic cc proliferation followed by
conidial ontogeny by replacement apical wall-building, successive conidia seceding at progressively higher levels, sometimes in unconnected chains, collarette variable; 20, conidial ontogeny enteroblastic, delimitation by 1
septum, schizolytic secession, maturation by diffuse wall-building, outer wall of the cc remaining as a conspicuous collarette, percurrent enteroblastic cc proliferation followed by conidial enteroblastic ontogeny by replacement apical wall-building, successive conidia seceding at the same level, a succession of collarettes formed; 21,
combination of 10, 12 and 19, where the sequences occur at random, irregularly or interchangeably; 22, conidial
ontogeny holoblastic with new inner walls constituting the conidia laid down retrogressively by diffuse wallbuilding, delimitation retrogressive, loss of apical wall-building followed by replacment ring wall-building at the
base of the cc adding more retrogressively delimited conidia, the outer (original) cc wall breaks as a connected
chain of conidia is formed, collarette variable, 1 locus per cc, secession schizolytic; 23, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, 1 locus per cc, first conidium delimited by 1 septum, maturation by diffuse wall-building, loss of apical
wall-building, replaced by ring wall-building below the delimiting septum which produces conidia in a connected unbranched chain, secession schizolytic, no proliferation of cc; 24, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, simultaneous with minimal enteroblastic percurrent proliferation at the preformed pore in the outer cc wall, conidia
solitary, delimited by 1 septum, secession schizolytic, maturation by diffuse wall-buiilding, 1 locus per cc; 25,
conidial ontogeny holoblastic, simultaneous with minimal enteroblastic percurrent proliferation at the preformed
pore in the outer cc wall, conidia solitary, delimited by 1 septum, secession schizolytic, maturation by diffuse
wall-buiilding, after one conidium formed extensive enteroblastic percurrent proliferation by apical wall-building
occurs until the next apical locus is formed; 26, same as 24 but with holoblastic sympodial proliferation of the cc
with conidiogenesis occurring between loci; 27, same as 24 but with several conidiogenous loci produced in the
apical cc and laterally below septa in other ccs constituting the conidiophore; 28, same as 24 but several loci to
each cc and first and subsequent conidia becoming conidiogenous by apical wall-building to form unbranched
connected chains; more than one locus to a conidium will produce branched chains; 29, same as 24 but first conidium becoming conidiogenous by apical wall-building to form an unbranched connected chain.
anaphylaxis, manifestation of a change (immediate
hypersensitivity) in a living animal from the uniting
of an antibody with its antigen which may result in
the death of the animal; cf. allergy.
anaphysis, a thread-like conidiophore persisting in
apothecia of Ephebe.
Anaphysmene Bubk (1906), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cac.1eH.19. 2, Europe; Guatemala. See Sutton (TBMS 59: 285, 1972), Sutton & Hodges (Mycol.
82: 313, 1990), Melnik (Opredelitel Gribov Rossii
Klass Coelomycetes Byp. 1. Redkie i Maloizvestnye
Rody, 1997).
Anaptychia Krb. (1848), Physciaceae (L). c. 11,
widespread. See also Heterodermia. See Kurokawa
(Beih. Nova Hedwigia 6, 1962), Poelt (Nova Hedwigia 9: 21, 1965), Kurokawa (J. Hattori bot. Lab.
37: 563, 1973), Swinscow & Krog (Lichenologist 8:
103, 1976; Africa), Kashiwadani et al. (Bull. natn.
Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 16: 147, 1990; chemistry, 23
spp., Peru), Heibel et al. (Schriftenreihe der Landesanstalt fr kologie, Bodenordnung und
Forsten/Landesamt fr Agrarordnung 17: 225, 1999;
conservation, Germany), Lohtander et al. (Mycol. 92:
728, 2000; Fennoscandia), Dahlkild et al. (Bryologist
104: 527, 2001; photobionts), Grube & Arup
(Lichenologist 33: 63, 2001; phylogeny), Nordin &
Mattsson (Lichenologist 33: 3, 2001; phylogeny),
Scheidegger et al. (Lichenologist 33: 25, 2001; evolution), Helms et al. (Mycol. 95: 1078, 2003; phylogeny), Peroh et al. (Mycol. Progr. 3: 103, 2004; asci),
Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006; phylogeny), Esslinger (Bryologist 110: 788, 2007; N America), Honegger & Zippler (MR 111: 424, 2007; mating systems), Lohtander et al. (Ann. bot. fenn. 45: 55,
2008; phylogeny).
Anaptychiaceae Krb. (1859) = Physciaceae.
Anaptychiomyces E.A. Thomas (1939) nom. inval. !
Anaptychia.
Anapyrenium Mll. Arg. (1880) nom. conf. = Buellia.
p.p. fide Eriksson (Op. Bot. 60, 1981).
Anarhyma M.H. Pei & Z.W. Yuan (1986), anamorphic
Pezizomycotina, St.#eP.1. 1, China. See Pei & Yuan
(Bull. bot. Res. Harbin 6: 119, 1986).
Anariste Syd. (1927), Asterinaceae. 1, C. America. See
Hosagoudar et al. (Journal of Mycopathological Research 39: 61, 2001).
Anastomaria Raf. (1820) nom. rej. = Gyrodon fide
Kuyper (in litt.).
anastomosing, joining irregularly to give a vein-like
network.
anastomosis (pl. anastomoses), the fusion between
branches of the same or different hyphae (or other
structures) to make a network.
Anastomyces W.P. Wu, B. Sutton & Gange (1997),
anamorphic Basidiomycota. 1 (fungicolous), China.
See Wu et al. (MR 101: 1318, 1997).
Anastrophella E. Horak & Desjardin (1994), Marasmiaceae. 3, New Zealand; Hawaii; Japan. See Horak
& Desjardin (Aust. Syst. Bot. 7: 162, 1994), Tanaka
& Hongo (Mycoscience 42: 433, 2001).
34
ANASTROPHELLA
ANCYLOSPORA
35
Fig. 3. Conidiogenous events (cc - conidiogenous cell). 30, conidal ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum, maturation by apical and diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic and coincident with enteroblastic sympodial cc proliferation below the previous locus; subsequent conidia formed similarly but with holoblastic sympodial cc proliferation; 31, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum, maturation by apical and diffuse wall-building, secession schizolytic and coincident with enteroblastic sympodial cc proliferation below the
previous conidiogenous locus, the sequence giving geniculate conidiophores; 32, conidial ontogeny holoblastic,
with new inner walls continuous with all conidia laid down by diffuse wall-building, delimitation by 1 septum,
loss of apical wall building followed by replacement continuous ring wall-building immediately below delimiting septum, the outer cc wall breaks between the first conidium and the cc to produce a variable collarette, followed by alternation of holoblastic conidial ontogeny by ring wall-building giving connected chains of conidia,
maturation by diffuse wall-building, retrogressive delimitation, secession schizolytic; 33, conidial ontogeny holoblastic with new inner walls laid down by diffuse wall-building, delimitation by 1 septum, loss of apical wallbuilding followed by replacement ring wall-building immediately below delimiting septum, the outer cc wall
breaks between the first conidium and the cc to produce a variable collarette, subsequent conidia formed by new
inner walls for each conidium by ring wall- building giving connected chains of conidia, maturation by diffuse
wall-building, retrogressive delimitation, secession schizolytic; 34, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by
1 septum, secession schizolytic, enteroblastic sympodial cc proliferation below the previous locus and delimiting
septum, the second and subsequent conidia formed from proliferations and delimited retrogressively, cc reduced
in length with each conidium formed; 35, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, maturation by diffuse wall-building, delimitation by 1 septum, secession schizolytic, enteroblastic percurrent cc prolferation with retrogressive delimitation of next conidium, producing unconnected chains of conidia, the cc reduced in length with each conidium
formed; 36, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum with loss of apical wall-building but replaced by diffuse wall-building below the previous conidium to form the next conidium which is retrogressively
delimited giving an unconnected chain of conidia, secession schizolytic, cc reduced in length with each conidium
formed; 37, conidial ontogeny holoblastic, delimitation by 1 septum with loss of apical wall-building, replaced
by ring wall-building below the delimiting septum, outer wall of first conidium and cc breaks, followed by enteroblastic percurrent proliferation by ring wall-building, succeeding conidia holoblastic, delimited laterally and
retrogressively, secession schizolytic, several loci per cc; 38, conidial ontogeny holothallic, ccs formed by apical
wall-building coincident with conidial ontogeny, random delimitation by 1 septum at each end, no maturation
during conidiogenesis, secession randomly schizolytic; 39, conidial ontogeny holothallic, ccs formed by apical
wall-building coincident with conidial ontogeny, random delimitation by 1 septum at each end, no maturation
during conidiogenesis, secession randomly schizolytic, cc proliferation holoblastic, irregular or sympodial, constituent cells conidiogenous; 40, same as 38 but conidial delimitaiton by 2 septa or separating cells at each end,
secession rhexolytic; 41, conidal ontogeny holothallic, ccs formed in association with clamp connexions, random
delimitation by septa in cc and the backwardly directed branch in the clamp connexion, maturation by diffuse
and localized apical wall-building, secession randomly schizolytic, individual conidia comprised of part of the
preceding and following clamp connexions; 42, conidial ontogeny holoblastic by simultaneous apical wallbuilding in adjacent cells, delimitation by septa in each of these cells, maturation by diffuse wall-building, secession simultaneous, multicellular, schizolytic, no cc proliferation; 43, conidial ontogeny holoblastic by simultaneous apical wall-building in adjacent cells, delimitation by septa in each of these cells, maturation by diffuse wallbuilding, followed by replacement apical wall-building in conidia to form additional conidia in connected chains,
secession simultaneous, multicellular, rhexolytic, no cc proliferation
Anatexis Syd. (1928) = Englerula fide Mller & von
Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2, 1962).
Anatolinites Elsik, V.S. Ediger & Bati (1990), Fossil
Fungi. 7 (Eocene Holocene), widespread. See Elsik
et al. (Palynology 14: 92, 1990).
Anavirga B. Sutton (1975), anamorphic Vibrissea,
Hso.0bP.1/10. 3, Europe. See Hamad & Webster (Sydowia 40: 60, 1988), Descals (MR 109: 545, 2005;
conidia).
anbury, see club root.
Ancistrosporella G. Thor (1995), Roccellaceae (L). 3,
Australia. See Thor (Op. Bot. 103, 1990; as Ancistrospora), Egea et al. (Mycotaxon 59: 47, 1996; New
Guinea), Grube (Bryologist 101: 377, 1998; phylogeny), Komposch et al. (Lichenologist 34: 223, 2002;
Venezuela, orthography).
Ancistrospora G. Thor (1991) [non Ancistrospora
C.A. Menndez & Azcuy 1972, fossil sporaedispersae] ! Ancistroporella.
Anconomyces Cavalc. & A.A. Silva (1972) = Lyromma fide Lcking et al. (Lichenologist 30: 121,
1998).
Ancoraspora Mig. Rodr. (1982), anamorphic Pezizo-
36
ANDEBBIA
ANNULATASCUS
2005; Iceland moss). Lichens may form an important
component of food for reindeer (see Reindeer lichen).
Fungi are also consumed by invertebrates, particularly slugs (Elliott, TBMS 8: 84, 1922), snails (Polygyra thyroides) (Wolf & Wolf, Bull. Torrey bot. Cl.
66: 1, 1939) and arthropods (see Ambrosia fungi, Insects and fungi, Termite fungi). See also Coevolution; Fungi and radiation; Hypogeous fungi; Iceland
moss.
Aniptodera Shearer & M.A. Mill. (1977), Halosphaeriaceae. 9 (aquatic and marine), widespread. See
Shearer (Mycol. 81: 139, 1989), VolkmannKohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (Bot. Mar. 37: 109, 1994;
table chars 9 spp.), Chen et al. (Mycol. 91: 84, 1999;
DNA), Hyde et al. (Mycoscience 40: 165, 1999),
Kong et al. (MR 104: 35, 2000; DNA), Hyde (Cryptog. Mycol. 23: 5, 2002), Zhang et al. (Mycol. 98:
1076, 2006; phylogeny).
aniso- (prefix), unequal.
Anisochora Theiss. & Syd. (1915) = Apiosphaeria fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
Anisochytridiales Karling (1943) = Hyphochytriales.
anisogamy, the copulation of gametes of unlike form
or physiology, i.e. of -gametes; heterogamy; cf. isogamy.
Anisogramma Theiss. & Syd. (1917), Valsaceae. 3
(from bark), Europe; N. America. See Osterbauer et
al. (Phytopathology 84: 1150, 1994; DNA).
anisokont, having flagella of unequal length; heterokont.
Anisomeridium (Mll. Arg.) M. Choisy (1928) nom.
cons., Monoblastiaceae (L). c. 100, widespread (esp.
tropical). See Harris (More Florida Lichens, 1995;
key 75 spp.), Harada (Hikobia 13: 411, 2001), Komposch (Lichenologist 37: 519, 2005), Aptroot et al.
(Biblthca Lichenol. 97, 2008; Costa Rica).
Anisomyces Pilt (1940) = Gloeophyllum fide Donk
(Persoonia 1: 173, 1960).
Anisomyces Theiss. & Syd. (1914), ? Valsaceae. 1,
America (tropical). See Cannon (Fungal Diversity 7:
17, 2001).
Anisomycopsis I. Hino & Katum. (1964), Diaporthales.
1, Japan. See Hino & Katumoto (J. Jap. Bot. 39: 325,
1964).
anisospory, having spores of more than one kind.
Anisostagma K.R.L. Petersen & Jrg. Koch (1996),
Halosphaeriaceae. 1 (marine), Denmark. See Petersen
& Koch (MR 100: 209, 1996).
Anisostomula Hhn. (1919) = Hyponectria fide Barr
(Mycol. 68: 611, 1976).
anisotomic dichotomic branching, branching where
one dichotomy becomes stouter and forms a main
stem so that the other branch of the dichotomy appears to be lateral, as in Alectoria ochroleuca ; cf.
isotomic dichotomic branching.
Anixia Fr. (1819) nom. dub., Agaricomycetidae. ?
gasteromycetes fide Demoulin (in. litt.).
Anixia H. Hoffm. (1862) = Orbicula fide Hughes (Mycol. Pap. 42, 1951).
Anixiella Saito & Minoura ex Cain (1961) = Neurospora fide von Arx (Persoonia 7: 367, 1973), Garca
et al. (MR 108: 1119, 2004; phylogeny).
Anixiopsis E.C. Hansen (1897) = Aphanoascus fide
Vries (Mykosen 12: 111, 1969), Guho & de Vroey
(CJB 64: 2207, 1986; SEM ascospores), Cano &
Guarro (MR 94, 1990).
Ankistrocladium Perrott (1960) = Casaresia fide Ellis
37
38
ANNULOHYPOXYLON
et al. (MR 103: 561, 1999; ultrastr.), Tsui et al. (Mycoscience 43: 383, 2002), Campbell & Shearer (Mycol. 96: 822, 2004), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96: 368,
2004; phylogeny).
Annulohypoxylon Y.M. Ju, J.D. Rogers & H.M. Hsieh
(2005), Xylariaceae. 27, widespread. See Ju &
Rogers (Mycol. Mem. 20: 365 pp., 1996; as Hypoxylon sect. Annulata), Ju et al. (Mycol. 97: 855, 2005),
Bitzer et al. (MR 112: 251, 2008; phylogeny, chemistry).
annulus (1) (of basidiomata), a ring-like partial veil, or
part of it, round the stipe after expansion of the pileus
(Fig. 4C); hymenial veil; apical veil; ring; an - near
the top of the stipe is superior (an armilla, fide
Gumann & Dodge, 1928: 453), one lower down, inferior; (2) (in Papulospora), the ring of cells around
a bulbil; (3) (of asci), the apical ring; anneau apicale;
(4) (in Alternaria), thickening in apices of conidiogenous cells, fide Campbell (Arch. Mikrobiol. 69: 60,
1970).
Annulusmagnus J. Campb. & Shearer (2004), Annulatascaceae. 1 (on submerged wood), Australia; N.
America; Venezuela. See Campbell & Shearer (Mycol. 96: 826, 2004), Zhang et al. (Mycol. 98: 1076,
2006; phylogeny).
anoderm, having no skin.
Anodotrichum (Corda) Rabenh. (1844) = Blastotrichum fide Saccardo (Syll. fung. 4: 1, 1886).
Anomalemma Sivan. (1983), ? Melanommataceae.
Anamorph Exosporiella. 1, Europe. See Sivanesan
(TBMS 81: 313, 1983).
Anomalographis Kalb (1992), Graphidaceae (L). 1,
Madeira. See Kalb & Hafellner (Herzogia 9: 49,
1992), Staiger (Biblthca Lichenol. 85, 2002).
Anomalomyces Vnky, M. Lutz & R.G. Shivas (2006),
? Ustilaginaceae. 1 (on Panicum trachyrhachis
(Poaceae)), Australia. See Vnky et al. (Mycol. Balcanica 3: 120, 2006).
Anomoloma Niemel & K.H. Larss. (2007), Fomitopsidaceae. 4, widespread. See Niemel & Larsson
(Mycotaxon 100: 312, 2007).
Anomomorpha Nyl. ex Hue (1891), Graphidaceae (L).
5, pantropical. See Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of
the Fungi edn 8, 1995), Archer (Systematics & Biodiversity 5: 9, 2007; Solomon Is).
Anomomyces Hhn. (1928) nom. dub., anamorphic
Pezizomycotina. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 138, 1975).
Anomoporia Pouzar (1966), ? Fomitopsidaceae. 8,
north temperate. See Pouzar (!esk Mykol. 20: 172,
1966).
Anomothallus F. Stevens (1925) nom. dub., Fungi. See
Petrak (Sydowia 5: 328, 1951).
Anopeltis Bat. & Peres (1960), ? Capnodiaceae. 1,
Venezuela. See Batista & Peres (Nova Hedwigia 2:
472, 1960).
Anopodium N. Lundq. (1964), Lasiosphaeriaceae. 2,
Europe (northern). See Mirza & Cain (CJB 47: 1999,
1969; ? = Podospora).
Ansatospora A.G. Newhall (1944) nom. inval. = Mycocentrospora fide Deighton (Taxon 21: 716, 1972).
Anserina Velen. (1934) [non Anserina Dumort. 1827,
Chenopodiaceae] = Ascobolus fide Eckblad (Nytt
Mag. Bot. 15: 1, 1968).
antabuse, tetraethylthiuramdisulphate (disulfiram);
after ingestion reacts with alcohol to give unpleasant
symptoms; used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism; see coprine.
antagonism, a general name for associations of organ-
ANTHRACOPHYLLUM
Antennulariellaceae Woron. (1925), Capnodiales. 6
gen. (+ 3 syn.), 27 spp.
Lit.: Hughes (Mycol. 68: 693, 1976; gen. names,
anamorphs), Reynolds (Mycotaxon 27: 377, 1986;
status), Reynolds (CJB 76: 2125, 1998; phylogeny),
Barr & Rogerson (Mycotaxon 71: 473, 1999),
Hughes (CJB 78: 1215, 2000).
anterior (1) at or in the direction of the front; (2) (of
lamellae), the end at the edge of the pileus.
Anthasthoopa Subram. & K. Ramakr. (1956) = Coniella fide Sutton (CJB 47: 603, 1969).
antheridiol, a sex hormone (sterol) of Achlya bisexualis which induces antheridial formation in male
strains of Achlya (McMorris & Barksdale, Nature
215: 320, 1967; Barksdale, Science 166: 831, 1969).
antheridium (pl. -a, antherid), the male gametangium,
either formed from a haplophase thallus, or in which
meiosis occurs after delimitation.
antherozoid, a motile male cell; a sperm.
Anthina Fr. (1832), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, sterile. 5, widespread (temperate). A. citri and
A. brunnea (leaf felt in Citrus). See Treu & Rambold (Mycotaxon 45: 71, 1992; possible link with
Cordyceps).
Anthoblastomyces Verona & Zardetta (1954) nom.
inval., anamorphic Pezizomycotina.
Anthomyces Dietel (1899), Raveneliaceae. 1 (on
Leguminosae), Brazil. See Araujo et al. (Fitopatol.
Brasil 30: 510, 2005; Brazil).
Anthomyces Grss (1918) = Metschnikowia fide von
Arx et al. (Stud. Mycol. 14: 1, 1977).
Anthomycetella Syd. & P. Syd. (1916), ? Raveneliaceae. 1 (on Canarium (Burseraceae)), Philippines.
Anthopeziza Wettst. (1885) = Microstoma Bernstein
fide Eckblad (Nytt Mag. Bot. 15: 1, 1968).
Anthopsis Fil. March., A. Fontana & Luppi Mosca
(1977), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eP.15. 3,
Europe; Japan. See Bonfante-Fasolo & Marchisio
(Allionia 23: 13, 1970; ultrastr. phialide), Ando &
Tubaki (TMSJ 26: 151, 1985; Japan).
Anthoseptobasidium Rick (1943) nom. dub., Agaricomycotina.
Anthostoma Nitschke (1867) = Cryptosphaeria Ces. &
De Not. fide Eriksson (Svensk bot. Tidskr. 60: 315,
1966), Rappaz (Mycol. Helv. 5: 21, 1992), Lsse &
Spooner (Kew Bull. 49: 1, 1994).
Anthostomaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd. (1918), Pezizomycotina. 1 (on Umbilicaria), former USSR.
Anthostomella Sacc. (1875), ? Xylariaceae. 133, widespread. See Eriksson (Svensk bot. Tidskr. 60: 315,
1966), Francis (Mycol. Pap. 139, 1975; key 30 Eur.
spp.), Rappaz (Mycol. Helv. 7: 99, 1995; on hardwoods, Eur., N. Am.), Hyde (Nova Hedwigia 62:
273, 1996; on palms), Lu et al. (Fungal Diversity 3:
99, 1999; Australia), Lu & Hyde (Mycotaxon 74:
379, 2000; Portugal), Lu & Hyde (Mycoscience 41:
223, 2000; Brunei), Lu & Hyde (Fungal Diversity
Res. Ser. 4, 2000; monogr.), Lu et al. (MR 104: 742,
2000; S. Afr.), Davis et al. (Am. J. Bot. 90: 1661,
2003; endophytes), Lee & Crous (MR 107: 360,
2003; S Africa), Zhang et al. (Mycol. 98: 1076, 2006;
phylogeny).
Anthostomellina L.A. Kantsch. (1928), Pezizomycotina. 1, former USSR.
anthracnose, a plant disease having characteristic
limited lesions, necrosis, and hypoplasia, generally
caused by one of the acervular coelomycetes. See
Jenkins (Phytopathology 23: 389, 1933); spot -, a
39
disease caused by Elsino or its anamorph Sphaceloma (Jenkins; see RAM 26: 255, 1947).
Anthracobia Boud. (1885), Pyronemataceae. Anamorph Scytalidium-like. c. 15, widespread (north
temperate). See Delattre-Durand & Parguey-Leduc
(BSMF 95: 355, 1979; ontogeny), Hohmeyer &
Schnacketz (Beitr. Kenntn. Pilze Mitteleur. 3: 427,
1987; key 9 spp.), Yao & Spooner (MR 99: 1519,
1995; Brit. spp.), Yao et al. (Mycologist 12: 32, 1998;
key Brit. spp.), Hansen & Pfister (Mycol. 98: 1029,
2006; phylogeny), Perry et al. (MR 111: 549, 2007;
phylogeny).
anthracobiontic, obligately inhabiting burnt areas;
anthracophilous, sporulation favoured by burnt areas (see Pyrophilous fungi); anthracophobic, sporulation suppressed or checked on burnt areas; anthracoxenous, incidence and growth not affected by
burnt areas (Moser, 1949).
Anthracocarpon Breuss (1996), Verrucariaceae (L). 2,
Europe. See Breuss (Annln naturh. Mus. Wien Ser. B,
Bot. Zool. 98: 40, 1996).
Anthracocystis Bref. (1912) = Sporisorium fide Vnky
(in litt.).
Anthracoderma Speg. (1888), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, St.0eH.?. 3, S. America. See Petrak & Sydow
(Annls mycol. 33: 188, 1935).
Anthracoidea Bref. (1895), Anthracoideaceae. Anamorph Crotalia. c. 75 (in seeds of Cyperaceae),
widespread (esp. northern hemisphere). See Kukkonen (Ann. bot. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo 34 no.
3, 1963), Kukkonen (Ann. bot. fenn. 1: 161, 1964;
keys), Kukkonen (TBMS 47: 273, 1964; spore germination), Kukkonen (Ann. bot. fenn. 1: 257, 1964;
homothallism), Braun & Hirsch (Feddes Repert. 89:
43, 1978; keys), Nannfeldt (Symb. bot. upsal. 22 no.
3: 1, 1979; 34 Nordic spp.), Vnky (Bot. Notiser 132:
221, 1979; species concepts, 1987), Ingold (MR 92:
245, 1989; spore germination, posn), Salo & Sen
(CJB 71: 1406, 1993; isoenzyme analysis), Hendrichs
et al. (MR 109: 31, 2005; molecular phylogenetic approach).
Anthracoideaceae Denchev (1997), Ustilaginales. 20
gen. (+ 7 syn.), 198 spp.
Lit.: Vnky (TBMS 89: 61, 1987), Vnky (Cryptog.
Stud. 1: 159 pp., 1987), Ingold (MR 92: 245, 1989),
Vnky (Europ. Smut Fungi: 570 pp., 1994), Vnky &
Oberwinkler (Nova Hedwigia Beih. 107: 96 pp.,
1994), Ingold (MR 99: 140, 1995), Piepenbring (CJB
73: 1089, 1995), Vnky (Mycotaxon 54: 215, 1995),
Vnky & Websdane (Mycotaxon 56: 217, 1995),
Bauer et al. (CJB 75: 1273, 1997), Denchev (Mycotaxon 65: 411, 1997), Vnky (Mycotaxon 63: 143,
1997), Begerow et al. (CJB 75: 2045, 1998), Ingold
(MR 103: 1071, 1999), Piepenbring et al. (Mycol. 91:
485, 1999), Vnky (Mycotaxon 70: 17, 1999),
Piepenbring (Nova Hedwigia 70: 289, 2000), Vnky
(Mycotaxon 74: 343, 2000), Piepenbring (Bot. Jb. 24:
241, 2003), Begerow et al. (MR 108: 1257, 2004),
Vnky (Mycol. Balcanica 1: 175, 2004), Hendrichs et
al. (MR 109: 31, 2005), Stoll et al. (MR 109: 342,
2005).
Anthracomyces Renault (1898), Fossil Fungi (mycel.)
Fungi. 2 (Carboniferous), France.
Anthracophlous Mattir. ex Lloyd (1913) = Rhizopogon fide Stalpers (in litt.).
Anthracophyllum Ces. (1879), Marasmiaceae. 10,
widespread (tropical). See Pegler & Young (MR 93:
352, 1989; key).
40
ANTHRACOSTROMA
APHANOPSIDACEAE
Antrocarpon A. Massal. (1856) = Ocellularia. p.p. and
Thelotrema (Thelotremat.) p.p. fide Hale (Bull. Br.
Mus. nat. hist. Bot. 8: 227, 1981).
Antrocarpum G. Mey. (1825) ! Thelotrema.
Antrodia P. Karst. (1879), Fomitopsidaceae. 46,
Europe; N. America. See Donk (Persoonia 4: 339,
1966), Niemel & Ryvarden (TBMS 65: 427, 1975;
typification), Lombard (Mycol. 82: 185, 1990; culture).
Antrodiella Ryvarden & I. Johans. (1980), Phanerochaetaceae. c. 50, USA. See Niemel (Karstenia 22:
11, 1982), Gilbertson & Ryvarden (Europ. Polyp. 1:
147, 1993), Kim et al. (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 83:
81, 2003; phylogeny), Spirin & Zmitrovich (Karstenia 43: 67, 2003; Russia), Dai (Mycotaxon 89:
389, 2004; China).
Antromyces Fresen. (1850), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsy.0eH.3/39. 2 (fimicolous), Europe; S.
America. See Seifert et al. (Univ. Waterloo Biol. Ser.
27, 1983).
Antromycopsis Pat. & Trab. (1897), anamorphic Pleurotus. 3, widespread. See Pollack & Miller (Mem. N.
Y. bot. Gdn 28: 174, 1976; teleomorph), Moore (CJB
55: 1251, 1977), Moore (TBMS 82: 377, 1984),
Stalpers et al. (CJB 69: 6, 1991; gen. revision, key),
Capelari & Fungaro (MR 107: 1050, 2003; RAPD).
antrorse, directed upwards or forwards.
Anulohypha Cif. (1962), anamorphic Pezizomycotina,
Hso.-.-. 1, Dominican Republic. See Ciferri (Atti Ist.
bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia sr. 5 19: 88, 1962).
Anulomyces Bydgosz (1932) nom. dub., Fungi.
Anulosporium Sherb. (1933) nom. dub., Fungi. See
Drechsler (Mycol. 26: 135, 1934), Rubner (Stud. Mycol. 39, 1996; = Arthrobotrys or Monacrosporium
(Orbiliaceae)).
Anungitea B. Sutton (1973), anamorphic Venturiaceae,
Hso.1eP.3/9. 15, widespread. See Sutton (Mycol.
Pap. 132: 10, 1973), Crous et al. (CJB 73: 224, 1995;
S Africa), Castaeda Ruz et al. (Mycotaxon 65: 93,
1997; Cuba), Crous et al. (Stud. Mycol. 58: 185,
2007; phylogeny).
Anungitopsis R.F. Castaeda & W.B. Kendr. (1990),
anamorphic Venturiaceae, Hso.! eP.?28. 7, widespread. See Castaeda Ruiz & Kendrick (Univ. Waterloo Biol. Ser. 33: 6, 1990), Castaeda Ruz et al.
(Mycotaxon 59: 203, 1996; Cuba), Jrgensen (Symb.
bot. upsal. 32 no. 1: 113, 1997; S Africa), Ho et al.
(Mycotaxon 72: 115, 1999; key), Crous et al. (Stud.
Mycol. 58: 185, 2007; phylogeny).
Anzia Garov. (1868) ! Lichenothelia.
Anzia Stizenb. (1861) nom. cons., Parmeliaceae (L).
35, widespread. See Culberson (Brittonia 13: 381,
1961), Kurokawa & Jinzenji (Bull. natn. Sci. Mus.
Tokyo, B 8: 369, 1965), Yoshimura & Elix (J. Hattori bot. Lab. 74: 287, 1993), Yoshimura et al.
(Biblthca Lichenol. 58: 439, 1995; New Guinea),
Calvelo (Mycotaxon 58: 147, 1996; S. Am.), Yoshimura et al. (J. Hattori bot. Lab. 82: 343, 1997; Indian
spp.), Krnefelt et al. (Nova Hedwigia 67: 71, 1998),
Yoshimura in Marcelli & Seaward (Eds) (Lichenology in Latin America. History, Current Knowledge
and Applications [Proceedings of GLAL-3, Terceiro
Encontro do Grupo Latino-Americano de Liquenlogos, So Paulo, Brazil, 24-28 September, 1997]: 117,
1998; Am.), Rikkinen & Poinar (MR 106: 984, 2002;
fossil taxa), Thell et al. (Mycol. Progr. 3: 297, 2004;
phylogeny), Arup et al. (Mycol. 99: 42, 2007; phylogeny), Crespo et al. (Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 44: 812,
41
42
APHANOPSIS
ing granule at the hyphal apex, esp. in Basidiomycetes; the Spitzenkorper of Brunswik (1924); - veil,
see annulus; - wall building, see wall building.
apiculate, having an apiculus.
apiculus (of a spore), a short projection at one end; a
projection by which it was fixed to the sterigma
(Josserand); apicule; hilar appendage.
apileate, having no pileus; resupinate.
Apinisia La Touche (1968), Onygenales. Anamorph
Chrysosporium. 2 or 3, Europe; Australia. See
Guarro et al. (Mycotaxon 42: 193, 1991), Sugiyama
et al. (Mycoscience 40: 251, 1999; DNA), Sugiyama
et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 5, 2002; phylogeny).
Apiocamarops Samuels & J.D. Rogers (1987), Boliniaceae. 3, C. & S. America. See Samuels & Rogers
(Mycotaxon 28: 54, 1987), Rogers & Samuels (Mycol. 80: 738, 1988), Rogers & Ju (Sydowia 55: 359,
2003).
Apiocarpella Syd. & P. Syd. (1919), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cpd.1eH.1. 8, widespread. See Melnik
(Nov. Sist. niz. Rast. 13: 93, 1976), Punithalingam
(Mycol. Pap. 142, 1979; synonym of Ascochyta),
Vanev & Sofia (Fitologiya 29: 39, 1985; key).
Apioclypea K.D. Hyde (1994), ? Clypeosphaeriaceae.
1 (saprobic on palms), Papua New Guinea. See Hyde
et al. (Sydowia 50: 21, 1998), Kang et al. (Mycoscience 40: 151, 1999), Smith et al. (Fungal Diversity 13: 175, 2003; rel. to Apiospora), Taylor & Hyde
(Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 12, 2003).
Apiocrea Syd. & P. Syd. (1921) = Hypomyces fide
Rogerson & Samuels (Mycol. 81: 413, 1989),
Rossman et al. (Stud. Mycol. 42: 248 pp., 1999).
Apiodiscus Petr. (1940), ? Rhytismatales. 1, Iran.
Apiodothina Petr. & Cif. (1932) = Coccoidea fide
Mller & von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2,
1962).
Apiognomonia Hhn. (1917), Gnomoniaceae. Anamorphs Discula, Gloeosporidina. 10 (from stems and
leaves), Europe; N. America. A. erythrostoma (cherry
leaf scorch), A. quercina (oak anthracnose). See von
Arx (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 17: 259, 1951), Barr
(Mycol. Mem. 7, 1978; key), Monod (Sydowia 37:
222, 1984), Barr (Mycotaxon 41: 287, 1991; N Am.
spp.), Haemmerli et al. (Molecular Plant-Microbe
Interactions 5: 479, 1992; DNA), Viret & Petrini
(MR 98: 423, 1994), Butin & Kehr (Eur. J. For. Path.
28: 297, 1998; anam.), Castlebury et al. (Mycol. 94:
1017, 2002), Castlebury et al. (Mycoscience 44: 203,
2003), Sogonov et al. (Sydowia 57: 102, 2005; typification), Sogonov et al. (MR 111: 693, 2007; revision).
Apioplagiostoma M.E. Barr (1978), Gnomoniaceae. 3,
Europe; N. America. See Mouchacca (Cryptog. Mycol. 8: 141, 1987), Frhlich & Hyde (MR 99: 727,
1995), Zhang & Blackwell (Mycol. 93: 355, 2001;
phylogeny).
Apioporthe Hhn. (1917) = Anisogramma fide Mller
& von Arx in Ainsworth et al. (Eds) (The Fungi 4A:
87, 1973).
Apioporthella Petr. (1929), ? Valsaceae. 1 (from stems
etc.), Europe; N. America. See Barr (Mycotaxon 41:
287, 1991).
Apiorhynchostoma Petr. (1923), Clypeosphaeriaceae.
5 (saprobic on wood), Europe. See Sivanesan (TBMS
65: 19, 1975), Rogers et al. (Mycol. 86: 700, 1994),
Waldner (Beitr. Kenntn. Pilze Mitteleur. 11: 67,
1997), Hyde et al. (Sydowia 50: 21, 1998), Rblov
(Sydowia 50: 229, 1998), Kang et al. (Mycoscience
APOGAEUMANNOMYCES
40: 151, 1999; posn).
Apiosordaria Arx & W. Gams (1967), Lasiosphaeriaceae. Anamorph Cladorrhinum. 11, widespread. See
Krug et al. (Mycotaxon 17: 553, 1983), Guarro &
Cano (TBMS 91: 587, 1988), Mouchacca & Gams
(Mycotaxon 48: 415, 1993; anamorphs), Hyde et al.
(Mycoscience 38: 437, 1997), Stchigel et al. (Mycol.
92: 1206, 2000), Stchigel et al. (Mycol. 95: 1218,
2003), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96: 368, 2004; phylogeny), Miller & Huhndorf (Mol. Phylogen. Evol.
35: 60, 2005; phylogeny), Zhang et al. (Mycol. 98:
1076, 2006; phylogeny).
Apiosphaeria Hhn. (1909), Phyllachoraceae. Anamorph Oswaldina. 5 (from living leaves), widespread
(neotropics). See Dianese et al. (Sydowia 46: 233,
1994; anamorph), Hyde et al. (Sydowia 50: 21,
1998), Hyde & Cannon (Mycol. Pap. 175: 114, 1999;
spp. on palms).
Apiospora Sacc. (1875), Apiosporaceae. Anamorphs
Arthrinium, Cordella, Pteroconium. 7 (on Palmae,
grasses etc.), widespread. See Samuels et al. (N.Z. Jl
Bot. 19: 137, 1981), Mller (Boln Soc. argent. Bot.
28: 201, 1992; key), Hyde et al. (Sydowia 50: 21,
1998), Smith et al. (Fungal Diversity 13: 175, 2003;
phylogeny), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96: 368, 2004;
phylogeny), Zhang et al. (Mycol. 98: 1076, 2006;
phylogeny).
Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde, J. Frhl., Joanne E. Taylor
& M.E. Barr (1998), Sordariomycetidae (inc. sed.). 6
gen. (+ 16 syn.), 47 spp.
Lit.: Samuels et al. (N.Z. Jl Bot. 19: 137, 1981),
Mller (Boln Soc. argent. Bot. 28: 201, 1992), Hyde
et al. (Sydowia 50: 21, 1998), Wang & Hyde (Fungal
Diversity 3: 159, 1999), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96:
368, 2004).
Apiosporella Hhn. ex Theiss. (1917) = Pseudomassaria fide Barr (Mycol. 68, 1976).
Apiosporella Speg. (1910) ! Apiocarpella.
Apiosporella Speg. (1912) = Aplosporidium fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
Apiosporina Hhn. (1910) = Venturia Sacc. See also
Dibotryon. fide Barr (Sydowia 41: 25, 1989), Crous
et al. (Stud. Mycol. 58: 185, 2007; phylogeny), Winton et al. (Mycol. 99: 240, 2007; phylogeny).
Apiosporina Petr. (1925) ! Pseudomassaria fide
Mller & von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2,
1962).
Apiosporium Kunze (1817), anamorphic Capnodium,
St.0eH.?. 2. See Kunze (Mykologische Hefte Leipzig
1, 1817).
Apiosporopsis (Traverso) Mariani (1911), ? Melanconidaceae. 1, Europe. See Reid & Dowsett (CJB 68:
2398, 1990).
apiosporous (of two-celled spores), where one cell is
markedly smaller then the other.
Apiothecium Lar.N. Vassiljeva (1987) = Apioporthella
fide Barr (Mycotaxon 41: 287, 1991).
Apiothyrium Petr. (1947), Hyponectriaceae. 1,
Finland. See Wang & Hyde (Fungal Diversity 3: 159,
1999).
Apiotrabutia Petr. (1929) = Munkiella fide Mller &
von Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2, 1962).
Apiotrichum Stautz (1931) = Trichosporon fide Middelhoven et al. (FEMS Yeast Res. 1: 15, 2001; taxonomy).
Apiotypa Petr. (1925), Pezizomycotina. 1, Philippines.
Type material is missing. See Hyde et al. (Sydowia
43
44
APOGAMY
1990).
Aporitricellaesporites Frunzescu & Bacaran (1990),
Fossil Fungi. 1. See Frunzescu & Bacaran (Revue
roum. Gol., Gophys. Gogr. Gol. 34: table 1,
1990).
Aporomyces Thaxt. (1931), Laboulbeniaceae. 8 (on
Limnichideae and Strophylinidae), widespread. See
Benjamin (Aliso 12: 335, 1989; key), Kaur &
Mukerji (Mycoscience 37: 61, 1996), Santamara (Fl.
Mycol. Iberica 5, 2003; Europe).
Aporophallus Mller (1895), Phallaceae. 1, Brazil.
Aporothielavia Malloch & Cain (1973) ? = Chaetomidium fide Malloch & Cain (Mycol. 65: 1055, 1973),
Suh & Blackwell (Mycol. 91: 836, 1999; phylogeny),
Untereiner et al. (CJB 79: 321, 2001; phylogeny, genus concept), Cai et al. (MR 110: 359, 2006; phylogeny), Cai et al. (MR 110: 137, 2006), Greif & Currah
(MR 111: 70, 2007; ontogeny).
Aporpiaceae Bondartsev & Bondartseva (1960) =
Auriculariaceae.
Aporpium Bondartsev & Singer (1944) = Protomerulius fide Nez (Folia cryptog. Estonica 33:
99, 1998).
Aposphaeria Berk. (1860) nom. rej., anamorphic Pezizomycotina. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Aposphaeria Sacc. (1880) nom. cons., anamorphic
Melanomma, Cpd.0eH.15. 101, widespread. See
Chesters (TBMS 22: 116, 1938), Heiny et al. (Mycotaxon 44: 137, 1992).
Aposphaeriella Died. (1912) = Zignolla fide Hhnel
(Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1
126: 283, 1917).
Aposphaeriopsis Died. (1913) = Cephalotheca fide
Chesters (TBMS 19: 261, 1935).
Aposporella Thaxt. (1920), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eP.38. 1 (on Insecta), Africa.
apospory, direct incorporation in a spore of an oogonial or antheridial diploid nucleus with cytoplasm uninfluenced by any meiosis at the time of spore wall
formation (Dick, 1972).
Apostemidium P. Karst. (1871) ! Apostemium.
Apostemium (P. Karst.) P. Karst. (1870) = Vibrissea
fide Graddon (TBMS 48: 639, 1965; key), Snchez &
Korf (Mycol. 58: 733, 1966).
Apostrasseria Nag Raj (1983), anamorphic Phacidium,
St.0eH.15. 4, New Zealand; N. America. See Kramer
(Stud. Mycol. 30: 151, 1987).
Apotemnoum Corda (1833) = Clasterosporium fide
Saccardo (Syll. fung. 4: 382, 1886).
apothecium (pl. apothecia), a cup-like or saucer-like
ascoma in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity, sessile or stipitate, the stipes sometimes
lichenized (podetium; q.v.). See the following for
terminology of anatomical structures of apothecia:
Degelius (Sym. bot. upsal. 13 (2), 1954; tabulation of
terms), Korf (Sci. Rep. Yokohama nat. Univ. II 7: 7,
1958; in Ainsworth et al. (Eds), The Fungi 4A: 249,
1973), Letrouit-Galinou (Bryologist 71: 297, 1969),
Maas Geesteranus (Blumea 6: 41, 1947), Sheard
(Lichenologist 3: 328, 1967).
Apoxona Donk (1969) = Hexagonia Fr. fide Bondartsev & Singer (Polyporaceae of the European part of
the U.S.S.R. and Caucasus: 1106 pp., 1953).
Appelia (Sacc.) Trotter (1931) = Trichoconis fide
Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8,
1995).
appendage, a process (outgrowth) of any sort. For
coelomycete conidial appendage terminology see
AQUATIC FUNGI
Nag Raj (Coelomycetous anamorphs, 1993).
Appendichordella R.G. Johnson, E.B.G. Jones & S.T.
Moss (1987), Halosphaeriaceae. 1 (marine), Europe;
N. America. See Johnson et al. (CJB 65: 931, 1987),
Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (Bot. Mar. 34:
1, 1991).
Appendicispora Spain, Oehl & Sieverd. (2006) =
Ambispora fide Walker & Schssler (MR 112: 297,
2008).
Appendicisporaceae C. Walker, Vestberg & A.
Schssler (2007) nom. illegit. = Ambisporaceae.
Lit.: Walker et al. (MR 111: [253], 2007), Walker
et al. (MR 111: 137, 2007).
Appendicisporonites R.K. Saxena & S. Khare (1991),
Fossil Fungi. 1, India. See Saxena & Khare (Geophytology 21: 40, 1991).
Appendicospora K.D. Hyde (1995), ? Xylariales. 2
(dead palm fronds), widespread (tropical). See Hyde
(Sydowia 47: 31, 1995), Yanna et al. (Mycoscience
38: 395, 1997), Hyde et al. (Sydowia 50: 21, 1998;
posn).
Appendicularia Peck (1885) [non Appendicularia DC.
1828, Melastomataceae] ! Appendiculina.
appendiculate (1) (of an agaric basidioma), having the
edge of the expanded pileus fringed with tooth-like
remains of the veil, as in Psathyrella candolleana;
(2) (of a spore), having one or more setulae.
Appendiculella Hhn. (1919), Meliolaceae. 250 (from
leaves), widespread (tropical). See Hughes (Mycol.
Pap. 166, 1993), Song (Mycosystema 17: 214, 1998;
China), Song et al. (Mycosystema 21: 177, 2002;
China), Hosagoudar (Sydowia 55: 162, 2003; placement), Rodrguez & Piepenbring (Mycol. 99: 544,
2007; Panama).
Appendiculina Berl. (1889) = Stigmatomyces fide
Thaxter (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 25: 8, 1890).
Appendispora K.D. Hyde (1994), Didymosphaeriaceae. 2, Brunei. See Hyde (Sydowia 46: 29, 1994),
Hyde et al. (Nova Hedwigia 69: 449, 1999).
Appendixia B.S. Lu & K.D. Hyde (2000), Xylariaceae.
1, USA. Questionably distinct from Anthostomella.
See Lu & Hyde (Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 4: 224,
2000).
Appianoporites S.Y. Sm., Currah & Stockey (2004),
Fossil Fungi. 1, Canada. See Smith et al. (Mycol. 96:
181, 2004).
applanate, flattened.
apple canker, disease caused by Nectria galligena.
appressed (adpressed), closely flattened down.
appressorium, a swelling on a germ-tube or hypha,
esp. for attachment in an early stage of infection, as
in certain Pucciniales and in Colletotrichum; the .
expression of the genotype during the final phase of
germination, whether or not morphologically differentiated from vegetative hyphae, as long as the structure adheres to and penetrates the host (Emmett &
Parbery, Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 13: 146, 1975); the
term hyphopodium (q.v.) is probably best treated as a
synonym.
Apra J.F. Hennen & F.O. Freire (1979), Raveneliaceae.
1 (on Mimosa (Leguminosae)), Brazil. See Hennen &
Freire (Mycol. 71: 1053, 1979).
Apterivorax S. Keller (2005), Neozygitaceae. 2, widespread. See Keller & Petrini (Sydowia 57: 47, 2005),
Keller & Petrini (Sydowia 57: 23, 2005; key), Keller
(Sydowia 58: 75, 2006; validation of A. acaricida).
Aptrootia Lcking & Sipman (2007), Trypetheliaceae
(L). 1, Costa Rica; Papua New Guinea. See Lcking
45
46
AQUATICHEIROSPORA
ARCHITRYPETHELIUM
Arachnopeziza Fuckel (1870), ? Hyaloscyphaceae. 15,
widespread (north temperate). See Korf (Lloydia 14:
129, 1951), Huhtinen (Mycotaxon 30: 9, 1987),
Cantrell & Hanlin (Mycol. 89: 745, 1997; DNA), Yu
& Zhuang (Nova Hedwigia 74: 415, 2002; China).
Arachnopezizella Kirschst. (1938) = Arachnopeziza
fide Korf (Lloydia 14: 129, 1951).
Arachnophora Hennebert (1963), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.! eP.1. 4, widespread (esp. north temperate). See Hughes (N.Z. Jl Bot. 17: 139, 1979;
descr.), Castaeda Ruz et al. (Nova Hedwigia 64:
473, 1997), Kendrick (CJB 81: 75, 2003; morphogenesis).
Arachnoscypha Boud. (1885) = Arachnopeziza fide
Korf (Lloydia 14: 129, 1951), Svr)ek (!esk Mykol.
41: 193, 1987).
Arachnospora R.F. Castaeda, Minter & Camino
(2003), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, H?.?.?. 1 (on
decaying leaves), Cuba. See Castaeda Ruz et al.
(Mycotaxon 87: 386, 2003).
Arachnotheca Arx (1971), Onygenales. Anamorph
Chrysosporium. 3, widespread. See Currah (Mycotaxon 24: 1, 1985), Uchiyama et al. (Mycoscience 36:
211, 1995), Sugiyama & Mikawa (Mycoscience 42:
413, 2001), Sugiyama et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 5,
2002; phylogeny).
Arachnula Cienk. (1876), Biomyxida. q.v.
Araeocoryne Corner (1950), Gomphaceae. 1, Malaysia. See Corner (Ann. Bot. Mem. [A monograph of
Clavaria and allied genera] 1: 194, 1950).
Araneomyces Hhn. (1909), anamorphic Paranectriella, Hso.1bH.1. 1 (mycoparasitic), Brazil. See
Sutton (TBMS 83: 399, 1984), Rossman (Mycol. Pap.
157: 71 pp., 1987), Wu et al. (MR 101: 1318, 1997).
Araneosa Long (1941), Agaricaceae. 1, USA.
Basidioma gasteroid. See Long (Mycol. 33: 351,
1941).
araneose (araneous), see arachnoid.
Arberia Nieuwl. (1916) [non Arberia C.D. White
1908, fossil ? Pteridophyta] ! Asteridium.
Arborella Zebrowski (1936), Fossil Fungi ? Chytridiomycetes. 2 (Cambrian to ? Recent), Australia.
arboricolous, growing on trees.
Arborillus Munt.-Cvetk. & Gmez-Bolea (1998),
anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.?.?. 1 (lichenicolous), Spain. See Muntaola-Cvetkovic & GmezBolea (Mycotaxon 68: 152, 1998).
Arborispora K. Ando (1986), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.1bH.1/10. 3 (aquatic), Japan. See Ando
(TMSJ 27: 120, 1986), Gnczl & Rvay (Fungal
Diversity 12: 19, 2003; ecology).
arbuscle (arbuscule), see mycorrhiza.
Arbuscula Bat. & Peres (1965) [non Arbuscula H.A.
Crum, Steere & L.E. Anderson 1964, Musci] !
Neoarbuscula.
Arbusculidium B. Sutton (1982) [non Arbusculidium
J. Deunff 1968, fossil Acritarcha] ! Neoarbuscula.
Arbusculina Marvanov & Descals (1987), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.1bH.19. 2 (aquatic), widespread. See Marvanov & Descals (TBMS 89: 499,
1987), Marvanov (TBMS 90: 607, 1988), Descals
(MR 109: 545, 2005; propagules).
Arbusculites Paradkar (1976), Fossil Fungi. 1 (Cretaceous), India. See Paradkar (Journal of Palynology
10: 120, 1974).
Arcangelia Sacc. (1890) = Didymella fide von Arx &
Mller (Stud. Mycol. 9, 1975).
Arcangeliella Cavara (1900) = Lactarius fide Miller et
47
48
ARCHONTOSOME
ARTHONIALES
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 195, 1991; India), Hosagoudar
& Abraham (J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 560, 2001),
Hosagoudar (Sydowia 55: 162, 2003; family placement).
Armatellaceae Hosag. (2003) = Meliolaceae.
Lit.: Hosagoudar (Sydowia 55: 162, 2007).
armilla, see annulus.
Armillaria (Fr.) Staude (1857), Physalacriaceae. 35,
widespread. Most species cause serious root diseases
in woody plants; some form orchid mycorrhizas. Application of a biological species concept has led to
recognition of a larger number of biological species,
which cannot always be recognised morphologically.
See Ullrich & Anderson (Exp. Mycol. 2: 119, 1978;
karyology), Shaw & Kile (Armillaria root disease,
1991), Anderson & Stasovski (Mycol. 84: 506, 1992;
phylogeny), Smith et al. (Nature 256: 428, 1992;
population biology), Piercey-Normore et al. (Mol.
Phylogen. Evol. 10: 49, 1998; phylogeny), Fox (Armillaria root rot: biology and control of honey fungus, 2000).
Armillariella (P. Karst.) P. Karst. (1881) = Armillaria
fide Dennis et al. (TBMS 37: 33, 1954).
armillate, edged; fringed; frilled.
Arnaudia Bat. (1960) = Acantharia fide Mller & von
Arx (Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11 no. 2, 1962).
Arnaudiella Petr. (1927), Microthyriaceae. Anamorph
Xenogliocladiopsis. 3 or 6, widespread. See Crous &
Kendrick (CJB 72: 59, 1994).
Arnaudina Trotter (1931), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsp.! eP.?. 1, Brazil. See Carmichael et al.
(Genera of Hyphomycetes, 1980).
Arnaudovia Valkanov (1963) = Polyphagus fide Karling (Chytriomyc. Iconogr., 1977).
Arniella Jeng & J.C. Krug (1977), Lasiosphaeriaceae.
2 (coprophilous), USA; Venezuela. See Jeng & Krug
(Mycol. 69: 73, 1977), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96:
368, 2004).
Arnium Nitschke ex G. Winter (1873), Lasiosphaeriaceae. 12 (mostly coprophilous), widespread. See
Krug & Cain (CJB 50: 367, 1972; key), Krug & Cain
(CJB 55: 83, 1977), Lorenzo & Havrylenko (Mycol.
93: 1221, 2001; Argentina), Miller (Sydowia 55: 267,
2003; ascomata), Huhndorf et al. (Mycol. 96: 368,
2004).
Arnoldia A. Massal. (1856) [non Arnoldia Cass. 1824,
Compositae] = Lempholemma fide Hawksworth et
al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Arnoldia D.J. Gray & Morgan-Jones (1980) ! Arnoldiomyces.
Arnoldiella R.F. Castaeda (1984), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0-! hP.10. 1, Cuba. See Castaeda
(Revta Jardn bot. Nac. Univ. Habana 5: 58, 1984),
Goos (Mycol. 79: 1, 1987).
Arnoldiomyces Morgan-Jones (1980), anamorphic
Hypomyces, Hso.! eH.10. 2, Americas. See MorganJones (Mycotaxon 11: 446, 1980), Samuels & Seifert
in Sugiyama (Ed.) (Pleomorphic Fungi: The Diversity and its Taxonomic Implications: 29, 1987).
Arongylium, see Strongylium (Ach.) Gray.
Aropsiclus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1994), Xylariales. 1, USA. Perhaps related to Phomatospora. See
Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (SA 11: 95,
1993), Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (SA 13:
24, 1994).
Aroramyces Castellano & Verbeken (2000) = Hysterangium fide Hosaka et al. (Mycol. 98: 949, 2006; systematic position, nested in Hysterangium).
49
50
ARTHONIOMYCES
fissitunicate, usually with a large apical dome, blueing in iodine; ascospores simple or septate, sometimes becoming brown and ornamented, without
sheath. Anamorph pycnidial. Forming crustose lichens with green photobionts (esp. trentepohlioid),
lichenicolous or saprobes; on a wide range of substrata, incl. many trop. foliicolous and corticolous
spp. Fams:
(1) Arthoniaceae
(2) Chrysothricaceae
(3) Roccellaceae (syn. Opegraphaceae)
Lit.: Grube (Bryologist 101: 377, 1998; phylogeny), Henssen & Thor (in Hawksworth (ed.), Ascomycete Systematics: Problems and Perspectives in
the Nineties: 43, 1994), Letrouit-Galinou et al. (Bull.
Soc. linn. Provence 45: 389, 1994; ultrastr. asci),
Myllys et al. (Bryologist 101: 70, 1998; phylogeny),
Renobales & Barreno (Anales jard. bot. Madrid 46:
263, 1989; asci), Spatafora et al. (Mycol. 98: 1018,
2006), Tehler (CJB 68: 2458, 1990, phylogeny;
Crypt. Bot. 5: 82, 1995, molec. & morph. phylogeny).
Arthoniomyces E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)
= Arthonia.
Arthoniomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka (1997), Pezizomycotina. 1 ord., 4 fam., 78 gen., 1608 spp. Ord.:
Arthoniales
For Lit. see ord. and fam.
Arthoniomycetidae, see Arthoniomycetes.
Arthoniopsis Mll. Arg. (1890) = Arthonia fide Santesson (Symb. bot. upsal. 12 no. 1: 1, 1952).
Arthophacopsis Hafellner (1998), Arthoniales (L). 1,
widespread. See Grube (Bryologist 101: 377, 1998;
phylogeny), Hafellner (Cryptog. Bryol.-Lichnol. 19:
159, 1998), Diederich (Herzogia 16: 41, 2003; USA).
Arthopyrenia A. Massal. (1852), Arthopyreniaceae
(L). c. 117, widespread. See Swinscow (Lichenologist 3: 55, 1965), Harris (Mich. Bot. 12: 1, 1973),
Riedl (Sydowia 29: 115, 1977; A. punctiformisgroup), Coppins (Lichenologist 20: 305, 1988; Brit.
Isl.), Foucard (Graphis Scripta 4: 49, 1992; key 13
spp. on bark, Sweden), Gams (Taxon 41: 99, 1992;
nomencl.), Harris (More Florida Lichens, 1995), Aptroot et al. (Biblthca Lichenol. 64: 220 pp., 1997;
New Guinea), Kainz et al. (Nova Hedwigia 72: 209,
2001; Namibia), Mohr et al. (MR 108: 515, 2004),
Del Prado et al. (MR 110: 511, 2006; phylogeny),
Aptroot et al. (Biblthca Lichenol. 97, 2008; Costa
Rica).
Arthopyreniaceae Walt. Watson (1929), Pleosporales
(L). 3 gen. (+ 11 syn.), c. 162 spp.
Lit.: Coppins (Lichenologist 20: 305, 1988), Upreti
& Pant (Bryologist 96: 226, 1993), Harris (More
Florida Lichens, 1995), Aptroot (Nova Hedwigia 64:
169, 1997), Srusiaux & Aptroot (Bryologist 101:
144, 1998), Del Prado et al. (MR 110: 511, 2006;
phylogeny).
Arthopyreniella J. Steiner (1911) = Mycoglaena fide
Harris (in litt.).
Arthopyreniomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) ! Pyrenyllium fide Aguirre-Hudson (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist.
Bot. 21: 85, 1991).
Arthotheliomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) = Arthothelium fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi
edn 8, 1995).
Arthotheliopsidomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) !
Arthotheliopsis.
Arthotheliopsis Vain. (1896), Gomphillaceae (L). 4,
ARTHROSPORIUM
Arthrobotryum O. Rostr. (1916) ! Gonyella.
arthrocatenate (of thalloconidia), formed in chains by
the simultaneous or random fragmentation of a hypha.
Arthrocladia Golovin (1956) [non Arthrocladia Duby
1830, Algae] ! Arthrocladiella.
Arthrocladiella Vassilkov (1960), Erysiphaceae.
Anamorph Oidium subgen. Graciloidium. 3, widespread. See Vassilkov (Botanicheski" Zhurnal 45:
1368, 1960), Braun et al. (The Powdery Mildews A
Comprehensive Treatise: 13, 2001; review), Cunnington et al. (Australas. Pl. Path. 32: 421, 2003; diagnosis), Takamatsu (Mycoscience 45: 147, 2004;
phylogeny), Cook et al. (MR 110: 672, 2006; on Catalpa), Wang et al. (Mycol. 98: 1065, 2006; phylogeny).
Arthrocladium Papendorf (1969), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.! eP.1/10. 1 (from soil), S. Africa.
See Papendorf (TBMS 52: 483, 1969).
arthroconidium, see arthric.
Arthrocristula Sigler, M.T. Dunn & J.W. Carmich.
(1982), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eP.40. 1,
USA; Sri Lanka. See Sigler et al. (Mycotaxon 15:
409, 1982).
Arthroderma Curr. (1860), Arthrodermataceae. Anamorphs Microsporum, Trichophyton. 25 (on skin
etc.), widespread. See Padhye & Carmichael (CJB
49: 1525, 1971; key 13 spp.), Currah (Mycotaxon 24:
1, 1985), Takashio et al. (Mycol. 77: 166, 1985; ontogeny), Weitzman et al. (Mycotaxon 15: 505, 1986),
Kawasaki et al. (Mycopathologia 118: 95, 1992), Ito
et al. (Mycoses 41: 133, 1998; ultrastr.), Kano et al.
(Curr. Microbiol. 37: 236, 1998; chitin synthase phylogeny), Makimura et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:
2629, 1998; phylogeny), Harmsen et al. (Mycoses 42:
67, 1999; DNA), Kano et al. (Mycoses 42: 71, 1999;
primers), Blanz et al. (Mycoses 43 Suppl. 1: 11,
2000; diagnosis), Grser et al. (Medical Mycology
38: 143, 2000; phylogeny), Kuraishi et al. (Antonie
van Leeuwenhoek 77: 179, 2000; ubiquinones), Simpanya (Revta Iberoamer. Micol. 17 [Special]: 1,
2000; ecology), Kim et al. (Mycoses 44: 157, 2001;
populations), Gupta et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 87, 2002;
diagnosis), Kano et al. (Mycoses 45: 277, 2002; Japan), Kano et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 49, 2002; chitin
synthase genes), Sugiyama et al. (Stud. Mycol. 47: 5,
2002; phylogeny), Summerbell et al. (Stud. Mycol.
47: 75, 2002; biological species), Takahashi et al.
(Jap. J. Med. Mycol. 44: 31, 2003; epidemiology),
Bedard et al. (MR 110: 86, 2006; clonal spp.), Geiser
et al. (Mycol. 98: 1053, 2006; phylogeny).
Arthrodermataceae Locq. ex Currah (1985), Onygenales. 5 gen. (+ 29 syn.), 65 spp.
Lit.: Currah (Mycotaxon 24: 1, 1985), Weitzman et
al. (Mycotaxon 25: 505, 1986), Currah (SA 7: 1,
1988), Amer et al. (Int. J. Dermat. 32: 97, 1993),
Guillamn et al. (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69: 223,
1996), Chandler (Topley & Wilsons Microbiology
and Microbial Infections Edn 9. Vol. 4 Medical Mycology: 111, 1998), Hoog et al. (Medical Mycology
36 Suppl. 1: 52, 1998), Bastert et al. (Mycoses 42:
525, 1999), Grser et al. (Medical Mycol. 37: 105,
1999; phylogeny), Harmsen et al. (Mycoses 42: 67,
1999), Kano et al. (Mycoses 42: 71, 1999), Makimura
et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 807, 1999; phylogeny),
Sugiyama et al. (Mycoscience 40: 251, 1999), Grser
et al. (Medical Mycology 38: 143, 2000), Simpanya
(Revta Iberoamer. Micol. 17 [Special]: 1, 2000),
51
52
ARTHROSPORUM
ASCOCEPHALOPHORA
Japan 3 vols (1950-1956); (with Shibata) Chemistry
of Lichen Substances (1954) [reprint 1971]; Atlas of
Japanese Cladoniae (1971). Biogs, obits etc. Culberson & Culberson (Bryologist 79: 258, 1976) [portrait]; Grummann (1974: 585); Kurokawa (Lichenologist 8: 93, 1976) [portrait]; Lichenological Society
of Japan Dr Yasuhiko Asahinas Lichenological Bibliography 1980 [281 titles]); Stafleu & Cowan (TL-2
1: 72, 1976); Stafleu & Mennega (TL-2, Suppl. 1:
184, 1992).
Asahinea W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb. (1965), Parmeliaceae (L). 3, widespread (circumpolar). See Gao
(Nordic Jl Bot. 11: 483, 1991), Saag (Dissertationes
Biologicae Universitatis Tartuensis 34, 1998; evolution), Thell et al. (Mycol. Progr. 1: 335, 2002; phylogeny), Thell et al. (Symb. bot. upsal. 34 no. 1: 429,
2004; Scandinavia), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98:
1088, 2006; phylogeny), Randlane & Saag (Central
European Lichens: 75, 2006; key).
Asaphomyces Thaxt. (1931), Laboulbeniaceae. 4,
widespread. See Rossi & Mca (Sydowia 58: 110,
2006).
Asbolisia Bat. & Cif. (1963), anamorphic
Aithaloderma, Cpd.0eH.?. 6, widespread. See Batista
& Ciferri (Quaderno Ist. Bot. Univ. Pavia 31: 37,
1963), Reynolds & Gilbert (Cryptog. Mycol. 27: 249,
2006; Panama).
Asbolisia Speg. (1918) nom. dub., anamorphic Pezizomycotina. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Asbolisiomyces Bat. & H. Maia (1961) nom. dub.,
anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cpd.0eH.? (L). 1, Brazil. See Lcking et al. (Lichenologist 30: 121, 1998).
Ascagilis K.D. Hyde (1992) = Jahnula fide Hyde (Aust.
Syst. Bot. 5: 109, 1992), Hyde & Wong (Nova Hedwigia 68: 489, 1999).
ascending (ascendent) (of an annulus), having the free
edge above attached, cf. descending; (of conidiophores), curving up, cf. erect; (of lamellae), on a
cone-like or an unexpanded pileus.
Aschersonia Endl. (1842) nom. rej. ! Laschia Jungh.
Aschersonia Mont. (1848) nom. cons., anamorphic
Hypocrella, St.0-1eH.15. c. 21 (on whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and scale insects (Coccidae)), widespread
(subtropical). See Petch (Ann. R. bot. Gdns
Peradeniya 7: 167, 1921), Mains (Lloydia 22: 215,
1960), Hywel-Jones & Evans (MR 97: 871, 1993;
ecology), Evans (MR 98: 165, 1994; spore germination), Obornik et al. (Pl. Protection Science 35: 1,
1999; molecular characterization and phylogeny),
Evans (Mycology Series 19: 517, 2003; biocontrol),
Liu et al. (Mycol. 97: 246, 2005), Liu et al. (MR 110:
537, 2006; A. aleyrodis group), Chaverri et al. (Stud.
Mycol. 60, 2008; phylogeny, monogr. Neotropics).
Aschersoniopsis Henn. (1902) = Munkia fide Hhnel
(Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1
126: 283, 1917).
Aschion Wallr. (1833) ! Tuber.
Aschizotrichum Rieuf (1962) = Wiesneriomyces fide
Carmichael et al. (Genera of Hyphomycetes, 1980).
Ascidiophora Rchb. [not traced] ? = Mucor Fresen.
fide Mussat (Syll. fung. 15, 1901).
Ascidium Fe (1824) nom. rej. = Ocellularia fide Hale
(Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist. Bot. 8: 227, 1981).
Ascidium Tode (1782) nom. dub., Fungi. Based on
insect eggs fide Fries (Syst. mycol. 3, Index: 52,
1832).
ascigerous, having asci.
ascigerous centrum, the special tissue which produces
53
54
ASCOCHALARA
zizomycotina. 1, Europe. See Jlich & de Vries (Persoonia 11: 410, 1982), Vries (Coolia 39: 18, 1996).
Ascocorticium Bref. (1891), Ascocorticiaceae. 2,
widespread (temperate). See Cooke (Ohio J. Sci. 68:
161, 1968), Eriksson et al. (Gteborgs Svampkl.
rsskr.: 1, 1981).
Ascocoryne J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson (1967), Helotiales. Anamorph Coryne. c. 8, widespread (north &
south temperate). See Christiansen (Friesia 7: 75,
1963; anamorph, Danish spp.), Roll-Hansen & RollHansen (Norw. Jl Bot. 26: 193, 1979), Verkley (MR
99: 187, 1995; asci), Gamund & Romero (Fl. criptog. Tierra del Fuego 10, 1998), Wang et al. (Mycol.
98: 1065, 2006; phylogeny).
Ascocorynium S. Ito & S. Imai ex S. Imai (1934) =
Neolecta fide Korf (Phytologia 21: 201, 1971).
Ascocratera Kohlm. (1986), ? Lophiostomataceae. 1
(marine), Belize. Possibly belongs to the Trypetheliaceae fide Erikssson (in litt.). See Kohlmeyer (CJB
64: 3036, 1986), Harris in Aptroot (Ed.) (Biblthca
Lichenol. 44, 1991), Kohlmeyer & VolkmannKohlmeyer (Bot. Mar. 34: 1, 1991).
Ascocybe D.E. Wells (1954) = Cephaloascus fide von
Arx (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 38: 289, 1972).
Ascodesmidaceae J. Schrt. (1893), Pezizales. 3 gen.
(+ 2 syn.), 21 spp. Clusters within Pyronemataceae
in a recent molecular study.
Lit.: Currah (Mycol. 78: 198, 1986), Brummelen
(Persoonia 14: 1, 1989), Kimbrough (Mem. N. Y. bot.
Gdn 49: 326, 1989; fam. limits), van Brummelen
(Persoonia 14: 1, 1989; ascus ultrastr.), Landvik et
al. (Nordic Jl Bot. 17: 403, 1997; DNA), Landvik et
al. (Mycoscience 39: 49, 1998), Hansen & Pfister
(Mycol. 98: 1029, 2006; phylogeny), Hansen et al.
(Mycol. 97: 1023, 2005), Perry et al. (MR 111: 549,
2007; phylogeny).
Ascodesmis Tiegh. (1876), Ascodesmidaceae. 6, widespread. See Obrist (CJB 39: 943, 1961; key), Delattre-Durand & Janex-Favre (BSMF 95: 49, 1979; ontogeny), van Brummelen (Persoonia 11: 377, 1981),
Patil & Ghadge (Indian Phytopath. 40: 30, 1987; 5
spp.), van Brummelen (Persoonia 14: 1, 1989), van
Brummelen (Stud. Mycol. 31: 41, 1989; ultrastr.),
Landvik et al. (Nordic Jl Bot. 17: 403, 1997), Landvik et al. (Mycoscience 39: 49, 1998; DNA), Hansen
& Pfister (Mycol. 98: 1029, 2006; phylogeny), Perry
et al. (MR 111: 549, 2007; phylogeny, paraphyly of
Pyronemataceae).
Ascodesmisites Trivedi, Chaturv. & C.L. Verma
(1973), Fossil Fungi. 1 (Eocene), Malaysia. See Korf
(Mycotaxon 6: 193, 1977).
Ascodichaena Butin (1977), Ascodichaenaceae. Anamorph Polymorphum. 2, widespread (esp. temperate).
See Hawksworth (Taxon 32: 212, 1983; nomencl.),
Butin & Marmolejo (Sydowia 42: 8, 1990).
Ascodichaenaceae D. Hawksw. & Sherwood (1982),
Rhytismatales. 5 gen. (+ 10 syn.), 11 spp.
Lit.: Hawksworth & Sherwood (Mycotaxon 16:
262, 1982), Butin & Marmolejo (Sydowia 42: 8,
1990), Minter (Shoot and Foliage Diseases in Forest
Trees Proceedings of a Joint Meeting of the Working
Parties: Canker & Shoot Blight of Conifers, Foliage
Diseases: 65, 1995), Yuan et al. (Australas. Pl. Path.
29: 215, 2000).
Ascofascicula Matsush. (2003), ? Pezizales. 1, Japan.
See Matsushima (Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 10: 190,
2001).
ascogenous (ascogenic), ascus-producing or ascus-
ASCOMYCOTA
supporting.
ascogonium, the cell or group of cells in Ascomycotina
fertilized by a sexual act.
Ascographa Velen. (1934), ? Helotiales. 1, former
Czechoslovakia.
Ascohansfordiellopsis D. Hawksw. (1979) = Koordersiella fide Hawksworth (Bull. Br. Mus. nat. hist. Bot.
6, 1979).
Ascohymeniales Nannf. (1932). Ascomycota having
asci (and paraphyses) developing as a hymenium and
not in a pre-formed stroma, as in Pyrenomycetes and
Discomycetes (Nannfeldt, 1932); Hymenoascomycetes. Cf. Ascoloculares.
Ascoidea Bref. (1891), Ascoideaceae. 4, widespread.
See Batra & Francke-Grossman (Mycol. 56: 632,
1964; key), von Arx & Mller (Sydowia 37: 6, 1984),
de Hoog in Kurtzman & Fell (Eds) (Yeasts, a taxonomic study 4th edn: 136, 1998), Suh et al. (Mycol.
98: 1006, 2006; phylogeny).
Ascoideaceae J. Schrt. (1894), Saccharomycetales. 1
gen., 4 spp.
Lit.: von Arx & Mller (Sydowia 37: 6, 1984),
Batra (Stud. Mycol. 30: 415, 1987), Hoog in Kurtzman & Fell (Eds) (Yeasts, a taxonomic study 4th edn:
136, 1998), Kurtzman & Blanz in Kurtzman & Fell
(Eds) (Yeasts, a taxonomic study 4th edn: 69, 1998),
Kurtzman & Robnett (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 73:
331, 1998), Suh et al. (Mycol. 98: 1006, 2006; phylogeny).
Ascoideales = Saccharomycetales.
Ascolacicola Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde (1998), Sordariales. Anamorph Trichocladium. 1 (on wood in freshwater), Austria; Hong Kong. See Ranghoo & Hyde
(Mycol. 90: 1055, 1998), Ranghoo et al. (Fungal Diversity 2: 159, 1999; DNA), Rblov & Winka (Mycol. 93: 478, 2001), Campbell & Shearer (Mycol. 96:
822, 2004).
Ascolanthanus Cailleux (1967) = Pyxidiophora fide
Lundqvist (Bot. Notiser 133: 121, 1980).
Ascolectus Samuels & Rogerson (1990), Saccardiaceae. 1, Brazil. See Samuels & Rogerson (Mem. N.
Y. bot. Gdn 64: 177, 1990).
Ascoloculares Nannf. (1932). Ascomycota having asci
(and paraphyses) developing in cavities in a preformed stroma, as in Loculoascomycetes (Nannfeldt,
1932). Cf. Ascohymeniales.
ascoma (pl. ascomata), an ascus-containing structure,
ascocarp.
Ascomauritiana Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde (1999), Pezizomycotina. 1, Mauritius. See Ranghoo & Hyde
(MR 103: 938, 1999).
Ascominuta Ranghoo & K.D. Hyde (2000), ? Dothideomycetes. 1 (in freshwater), Hong Kong. See
Ranghoo & Hyde (Mycoscience 41: 1, 2000).
Ascomyces Mont. & Desm. (1848) = Taphrina. Sometimes used for Ginanniella (Tillet.) anamorphs. fide
Mussat (Syll. Fung. 15: 51, 1901).
ascomycete, one of the Ascomycota.
Ascomycetella Peck (1881) = Cookella fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Ascomycetella Sacc. (1886) ! Myriangiopsis.
Ascomycetes. Originally introduced by Berkeley (Intr.
Crypt. Bot.: 270, 1857) but without a clear indication
of rank; see Whittaker (Quart. Rev. Biol. 34: 210,
1959) and Hibbett et al. (MR 111: 509, 2007). Commonly used in an equivalent sense to Ascomycota
and/or Pezizomycotina in this Dictionary.
Ascomycota Caval.-Sm. (1998), Fungi. 15 class., 68
55
56
ASCOMYCOTINA
ASCOPORIACEAE
th
57
th
TABLE 2. Classification of the Ascomycota from the 9 Edition and as adopted in the 10 Edition
Agyriales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Arthoniales (Arthoniomycetidae)
Boliniales (Sordariomycetidae)
Calosphaeriales (Sordariomycetidae)
Capnodiales (Dothideomycetidae)
Chaetothyriales (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
Coryneliales (Dothideomycetidae)
Diaporthales (Sordariomycetidae)
Dothideales (Dothideomycetidae)
Elaphomycetales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Erysiphales (Erysiphomycetidae)
Eurotiales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Gyalectales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Halosphaeriales (Sordariomycetidae)
Helotiales (Leotiomycetidae)
Hypocreales (Sordariomycetidae)
Hysteriales (Dothideomycetidae)
Laboulbeniales (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
Lahmiales (Dothideomycetidae)
Lecanorales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Lichinales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Lulworthiales (Sordariomycetidae)
Medeolariales (Leotiomycetidae)
Meliolales (Meliolomycetidae)
Microascales (Sordariomycetidae)
Microthyriales (Dothideomycetidae)
Mycocaliciales (Incertae sedis)
Mycosphaerellales (Dothideomycetidae)
Myriangiales (Dothideomycetidae)
Neolectales (Neolectomycetidae)
Onygenales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Ophiostomatales (Sordariomycetidae)
Ostropales (Incertae sedis)
Patellariales (Dothideomycetidae)
Peltigerales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Pertusariales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Pezizales (Pezizomycetidae)
Phyllachorales (Sordariomycetidae)
Pleosporales (Dothideomycetidae)
Pneumocystidales (Pneumocystidomycetidae)
Pyrenulales (Dothideomycetidae)
Pyxidiophorales (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetidae)
Saccharomycetales (Saccharomycetidae)
Schizosaccharomycetales (Schizosaccharomycetidae)
Sordariales (Sordariomycetidae)
Spathulosporales (Spathulosporomycetidae)
Taphrinales (Taphrinomycetidae)
Teloschistales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Thelebolales (Leotiomycetidae)
Triblidiales (Incertae sedis)
Trichosphaeriales (Sordariomycetidae)
Trichotheliales (Incertae sedis)
Verrucariales (Incertae sedis)
Xylariales (Sordariomycetidae)
Acarosporales (Acarosporomycetidae)
Acrospermales (Dothideomycetes)
Agyriales (Ostropomycetidae)
Arachnomycetales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Arthoniales (Arthoniomycetes)
Ascosphaerales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Baeomycetales (Ostropomycetidae)
Boliniales (Sordariomycetidae)
Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes)
Calosphaeriales (Sordariomycetidae)
Candelariales (Lecanoromycetes)
Capnodiales (Dothideomycetidae)
Chaetosphaeriales (Sordariomycetidae)
Chaetothyriales (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
Coniochaetales (Sordariomycetidae)
Coronophorales (Hypocreomycetidae)
Coryneliales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Cyttariales (Leotiomycetes)
Diaporthales (Sordariomycetidae)
Dothideales (Dothideomycetidae)
Erysiphales (Leotiomycetidae)
Eurotiales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Helotiales (Leotiomycetes)
Hypocreales (Sordariomycetidae)
Hysteriales (Dothideomycetes)
Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes)
Laboulbeniales (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
Lahmiales (Pezizomycotina)
Lecanorales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Lecideales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Leotiales (Leotiomycetidae)
Lichinales (Lichinomycetes)
Lulworthiales (Spathulosporomycetidae)
Medeolariales (Pezizomycotina)
Melanosporales (Hypocreomycetidae)
Meliolales (Meliolomycetidae)
Microascales (Hypocreomycetidae)
Microthyriales (Dothideomycetes)
Mycocaliciales (Mycocaliciomycetidae)
Myriangiales (Dothideomycetidae)
Neolectales (Neolectomycetidae)
Onygenales (Eurotiomycetidae)
Ophiostomatales (Sordariomycetidae)
Orbiliales (Orbiliomycetes)
Ostropales (Ostropomycetidae)
Patellariales (Dothideomycetes)
Peltigerales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Pertusariales (Ostropomycetidae)
Pezizales (Pezizomycetidae)
Phyllachorales (Sordariomycetes)
Pleosporales (Pleosporomycetidae)
Pneumocystidales (Pneumocystidomycetidae)
Pyrenulales (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
Pyxidiophorales (Laboulbeniomycetidae)
Rhizocarpales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes)
Saccharomycetales (Saccharomycetidae)
Schizosaccharomycetales (Schizosaccharomycetidae)
Sordariales (Sordariomycetidae)
Taphrinales (Taphrinomycetidae)
Teloschistales (Lecanoromycetidae)
Thelebolales (Leotiomycetes)
Triblidiales (Pezizomycotina)
Trichosphaeriales (Sordariomycetes)
Trypetheliales (Dothideomycetes)
Umbilicariales (Lecanoromycetes)
Verrucariales (Chaetothyriomycetidae)
Xylariales (Xylariomycetidae)
58
ASCORHIZA
ASERO
= Crocicreas fide Eriksson (SA 5: 119, 1986).
Ascovirgaria J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju (2002), Xylariaceae. Anamorph Virgaria. 1 (on wood), Hawaii. See
Rogers & Ju (CJB 80: 478, 2002).
Ascoxyta Lib. (1830) nom. dub., Pezizomycotina. See
Holm (Taxon 24: 475, 1975).
Ascoyunnania L. Cai & K.D. Hyde (2005), ?
Sordariomycetes. 1 (in submerged bamboo stems),
China. Possibly linked with Ustilaginoidea. See Cai
et al. (Fungal Diversity 18: 2, 2005).
Ascozonus (Renny) E.C. Hansen (1877), Thelebolaceae. c. 6, widespread (north temperate). See
Kimbrough (CJB 44: 693, 1966), Prokhorov (Mikol.
Fitopatol. 31: 27, 1997), Landvik et al. (Mycoscience
39: 49, 1998; DNA), van Brummelen (Persoonia 16:
425, 1998; ultrastr.), Brummelen & Richardson (Persoonia 17: 487, 2000), Hoog et al. (Stud. Mycol. 51:
33, 2005).
ascus (pl. asci), term introduced by Nees (Syst. Pilze:
164, 1817) for the typically sac-like cell (first figured
in Pertusaria by Micheli in 1729; q.v.) characteristic
of Ascomycota (q.v.), in which (after karyogamy and
meiosis) ascospores (generally 8) are produced by
free cell formation (Fig. 11). Asci vary considerably in structure, and work in the last two decades has
shown previous separation into only 2-3 categories
(e.g. bitunicate, prototunicate, unitunicate) to be
an over simplification. Sherwood (1981) illustrated 9
main types distinguishable by light microscopy (reproduced on p. 36 of edn 7 of this Dictionary): prototunivate, bitunicate, astropalean, annellate, hypodermataceous,
pseudoperculate,
operculate,
lecanoralean, and verrucariod). Eriksson (1981) distinguished 7 types of dehiscence in bitunicate asci with
an ectotunica and distinct endotunica (see p. 37 of
edn 7). These classifications mask a much wider
range of variation; Bellemre (1994) recognized 3
predehiscence types and 11 dehiscence categories
(Fig. 1). The details of the asci are stressed in ascomycete systematics, esp. in lichen-forming orders
where reactions with iodine are emphasized (q.v.)
(Hafellner, 1984).
Bitunicate asci with two functional wall layers;
those splitting at discharge (fissitunicate; jack-inthe-box) had been correlated with an ascolocular ontogeny by Luttrell (1951). Reynolds (1989) critically
examined this paradigm and found the term to be applied to different ascus types and that an exclusive
link to ascostromatic fungi could not be upheld; he
also introduced the term extenditunicate for asci
which extend without any splitting of the wall layers
(Reynolds, Cryptog. Mycol. 10: 305, 1989).
Much variation depends on the modifications in the
various wall layers, especially the thickness of the
walls and the c and d layers, and the details of apical
differentiation (Bellemre, 1994) (Fig. 2). Caution is
needed in comparing ascus staining reactions (see iodine) and structures in the absence of ultrastructural
data. For terms used to describe the various structures
see Fig. 2.
Also encountered are - crown (annular thickenings
in Phyllachora), and - plug (thickening in the apex
through which the spores are forcibly discharged).
Lit.: Bellemre (Ann. Sci. nat., Bot. 12: 429, 1971;
Rev. Mycol. 41: 233, 1977, bitunicate discom.; in
Hawksworth, 1994: 111, review), Bellemre & Letrouit-Galinou (Bibl. Lich. 25: 137, 1987; ultrastr.),
van Brummelen (Persoonia 10: 113, 1978; opercu-
59
60
ASERO
Fig. 4. I. Predehiscence stage of asci. a = protruding ascus; b = ascus wall becoming thinner; c = change in apical
structure; d = ascus liberation. II. Dehiscence stage of asci; evanescent ascus (E); rupture of lateral wall (L);
subapical rupture (O, operculate, and SO, suboperculate dehiscence); rupture by apical wall without extrusion (H,
pore-like dehiscence); D, Dactylospora-type; T, Teloschistes-type = extenditunicate (b = bivalve, f = fissurate
variants); rupture with extrusion (EV, eversion; R, rostrate; HF, hemifissitunicate; F, fissitunicate). After
Bellemre, in Hawksworth (Ed.) (Ascomycete Systematics: 111, 1994).
ASPERGILLOSIS
61
Fig. 5. I-V. Ascus apex components. ac = axial canal; am = axial mass; bo = bourrelet; br = ring in bourrelet; f =
furrow; oc = ocular chamber; p = plug; pe = pendant; pr = rings in the plug and pendant; t = tholus; V, ascus apex
structure. a = a layer; an = apical nasse; b = b layer; c = c layer; cu = cushion; d1 and d2 = sublayers of the d layer.
After Bellemre (in Hawksworth (Ed.), Ascomycete Systematics: 111, 1994).
Aserophallus Mont. & Lepr. (1845) = Clathrus fide
Dring (Kew Bull. 35: 1, 1980).
asexual, without sex organs or sex spores; vegetative.
Ashbia Cif. & Gonz. Frag. (1928) ! Ashbya.
Ashbya Guillierm. (1928) = Eremothecium fide Batra
(USDA Tech. Bull. 1469, 1973), Kurtzman (J. Industr. Microbiol. 14: 523, 1995), Prillinger et al.
(Yeast Chichester 13: 945, 1997), de Hoog et al. in
Kurtzman & Fell (Eds) (Yeasts, a taxonomic study
4th edn: 201, 1998; synonymy with Eremothecium),
Kroken et al. (Proc. natn Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100:
15670, 2003; polyketide synthase genes), Kurtzman
(FEMS Yeast Research 4: 233, 2003; synonymy),
Dietrich et al. (Science N.Y. 304 no. 5668: 304,
2004; genomic studies), Kohn (Ann. Rev. Phytopath.
43: 279, 2005; speciation), Brachat et al. (Topics in
Current Genetics 15: 197, 2006; genome).
Ashtaangam Subram. (1995), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0bP.1. 1, Malaysia. See Subramanian
(Korean J. Mycol. 20: 281, 1992), Subramanian
(Kavaka 20/21: 58, 1992).
Asirosiphon Nyl. (1873) = Spilonema fide Henssen
(Symb. bot. upsal. 18 no. 1, 1963).
Asociacin Latino-Americana
de Micologa.
Founded in 1990; recognized as the Committee for
Latin America within the International Mycological
Association (q.v.); structure comprises individual
members, an elected executive, and national representatives from Latin American and other countries;
organizes Latin American Mycological Congress
every
three
or
four
years.
Website:
www.almic.org/principal.php.
Asordaria Arx, Guarro & Aa (1987) = Sordaria fide
Eriksson & Hawksworth (SA 7: 61, 1988), Cai et al.
62
ASPERGILLUS
ASPROPAXILLUS
strains), Yokoyama et al. (FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
200: 241, 2001; phylogeny of sect. Nigri), Zhao et al.
(J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2261, 2001; identification using nested PCR), Montiel et al. (MR 107: 1427, 2003;
AFLPs in sect. Flavi), Varga et al. (Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 83: 191, 2003; sect. Clavati), Aguirre
et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 3495, 2004; rapid diagnostics), Frisvad et al. (Stud. Mycol. 50: 23, 2004;
ochratoxigenic species), Raghukumar et al. (Deep
Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
51: 1759, 2004; deep sea sediments), Samson et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 50: 45, 2004; sect. Nigri), Sugita et al.
(Medical Mycology 42: 433, 2004; PCR identification), Varga et al. (Eur. J. Pl. Path. 110: 627, 2004;
agriculturally important species), Cary et al. (Mycol.
97: 425, 2005; aflatoxigenic species), Drfelt &
Schmidt (MR 109: 956, 2005; fossil in amber), Dyer
& Paoletti (Medical Mycology 43 Suppl. 1: S7, 2005;
sexuality in A. fumigatus), Galagan (Nature Lond.
438 no. 7071: 1105, 2005; sequencing of
A. nidulans), Halliday et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:
5366, 2005; real-time PCR), Hong et al. (Mycol. 97:
1316, 2006; polyphasic taxonomy of A. fumigatus
group), Leinberger et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:
4943, 2005; microarrays), Nierman (Nature Lond.
438 no. 7071: 1151, 2005; genome of A. fumigatus),
Pringle et al. (Evolution Lancaster, Pa. 59: 1886,
2005; cryptic speciation in A. fumigatus), Varga et al.
(Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 88: 141, 2005; A. terreus
group), Geiser et al. (Mycol. 98: 1053, 2006; phylogeny), Hong et al. (Mycol. 97: 1316, 2005; polyphasic
taxonomy of A. fumigatus group), Balajee et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 59: 39, 2007; clinical identification),
Frisvad et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 31, 2007; chemistry,
species recognition), Geiser et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 1,
2007; review, identification methods), Houbraken et
al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 107, 2007; section Usti),
Klaasen & Osherov (Stud. Mycol. 59: 47, 2007; strain
typing), Pl et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 19, 2007; mating
type and VC genes), Perrone et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59:
53, 2007; in agricultural products), Pitt & Samson
(Stud. Mycol. 59: 67, 2007; nomencl.), Rokas et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 59: 11, 2007; comparative genomics),
Samson et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 71, 2007; species
concepts), Samson et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 129, 2007;
black-spored spp.), Samson et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59:
147, 2007; section Fumigati), Varga et al. (Stud. Mycol. 59: 75, 2007; section Candidi), Varga et al.
(Stud. Mycol. 59: 89, 2007; section Clavati), Peterson
(Mycol. 100: 205, 2008; 4-locus phylogeny).
Asperisporium Maubl. (1913), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hsp.1eP.10. 12, America. A. caricae (Carica
papaya leaf spot). See Baker et al. (Mycotaxon 76:
247, 2000), Schubert & Braun (Fungal Diversity 20:
187, 2005).
Asperopilum Spooner (1987), Hyaloscyphaceae. 1 (on
Juncus), Australasia. See Spooner (Biblthca Mycol.
116, 1987).
Asperotrichum, see Asporothrichum.
asperulate, delicately asperate.
Aspicilia A. Massal. (1852) nom. cons., Megasporaceae (L). c. 230, widespread. See Clauzade & Roux
(Bull. Soc. bot. Centre-Ouest Nouv. sr. 15: 127,
1984; Eur., gen. concept.), Laundon & Hawksworth
(Taxon 37: 478, 1988; nomencl.), Rosentreter in
Glenn et al. (Eds) (Lichenogr. Thomsoniana: 163,
1998), Wedin et al. (MR 109: 159, 2005; posn), Mi%dlikowska et al. (Mycol. 98: 1088, 2006; phylog-
63
64
ASSIMILATIVE
ASTEROTHYRIACEAE
(more rarely Aspergillus or other pathogens) in animal tissues resulting from an antigen-antibody complex precipitate deposited on the cell wall (Lurie &
Snell, Sabouraudia 7: 64, 1969).
Asteroides Puntoni & Lon (1940) nom. dub., Fungi.
Asterolibertia G. Arnaud (1918), Asterinaceae. c. 18,
widespread (subtropical). See Hosagoudar & Abraham (Journal of Mycopathological Research 35: 55,
1997; India).
Asteroma DC. (1815), anamorphic Gnomoniella, Plagiostoma, Cac.0eH.15. 14, widespread (esp. north
temperate). See Sutton (The Coelomycetes, 1980).
Asteromassaria Hhn. (1917), Pleomassariaceae.
Anamorph Scolicosporium. 11, Europe; N. America.
See Barr (Mycotaxon 15: 349, 1982), Spooner & Kirk
(TBMS 78: 247, 1982; anamorph), Sivanesan (TBMS
91: 317, 1988; key 9 spp.), Mehrotra & Sivanesan
(MR 93: 557, 1989), Barr (Mycotaxon 49: 129, 1993;
key 8 N. Am. spp.), Tanaka et al. (Mycoscience 46:
248, 2005; Japan).
Asteromella Pass. & Thm. (1880), anamorphic Dothideomycetes, Cpd.0eH.15. 234, widespread. Almost
certainly polyphyletic. See Batista et al. (Saccardoa
1: 17, 1960), Sutton (The Coelomycetes, 1980),
Vanev & van der Aa (Persoonia 17: 47, 1998; annotated list).
Asteromellopsis H.E. Hess & E. Mll. (1951), anamorphic Dothidea, St.0eH.15. 1, Switzerland. See
Hess & Mller (Ber. schweiz. bot. Ges. 61: 18, 1951),
Goodwin & Zismann (Mycol. 93: 934, 2001; phylogeny).
Asteromidium Speg. (1888), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Cac.! eH.10. 3, Brazil. See Petrak & Sydow
(Annls mycol. 34: 14, 1936), Ferreira & Muchovej
(Mycotaxon 30: 97, 1987; addit. spp.), Pomella et al.
(Mycotaxon 64: 83, 1997).
Asteromites Poinar (2003), Fossil Fungi. 1, Chiapas.
See Poinar (MR 107: 121, 2003).
Asteromyces Moreau & M. Moreau ex Hennebert
(1962), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, Hso.0eP.11/14.
1, France. See Hennebert (CJB 40: 1211, 1962),
Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (Bot. Mar. 34:
1, 1991).
Asteromyxa Theiss. & Syd. (1918) ! Dimeriella.
Asteronaevia Petr. (1929) = Diplonaevia fide Hein
(Nova Hedwigia 38: 669, 1983).
Asteronectrioidea Cant. (1949), anamorphic Pezizomycotina, St.1eH.15. 1, Africa.
Asteronema Trevis. (1845) nom. dub., ? Fungi.
Asteronia (Sacc.) Henn. (1895), Microthyriaceae. 2,
Brazil. See Sutton (Mycol. Pap. 141, 1977).
Asteropeltis Henn. (1904) = Trichothelium fide Hawksworth et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Asterophlyctis H.E. Petersen (1903) = Diplophlyctis
fide Dogma (Nova Hedwigia 25: 121, 1974).
Asterophoma D. Hawksw. (1981), anamorphic
Chaenothecopsis, Cpd.0eH.15. 1 (on Calicium),
widespread. See Tibell (CJB 69: 2427, 1991; ultrastr.).
Asterophora Ditmar (1809), Lyophyllaceae. Anamorph Ugola. 3 (2 on other agarics, esp. Russula),
widespread (temperate). On basidioma of Russula
and Lactarius. See Redhead & Seifert (Taxon 50:
243, 2001; nomencl.), Walther et al. (MR 109: 525,
2005; conidiogenesis).
asterophysis, see seta.
Asteroporomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1953) ! Asteroporum.
65
66
ASTEROTHYRIOMYCES
ATROPORUS
(Svensk bot. Tidskr. 72: 285, 1979), Okabe & Matsumoto (MR 107: 164, 2003; phylogeny Athelia rolfsii) See also Sclerotium.
Atheliaceae Jlich (1982), Atheliales. 22 gen. (+ 3
syn.), 106 spp.
Lit.: Gilbertson & Lindsey (Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn
49: 138, 1989), Nakasone (Mycol. Mem. 15: 412 pp.,
1990), Ryvarden (Syn. Fung. 5: 363 pp., 1991), Harlton et al. (Phytopathology 85: 1269, 1995), Adams &
Kropp (Mycol. 88: 464, 1996), Stalpers & Andersen
in Sneh et al. (Eds) (Rhizoctonia Species Taxonomy,
Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease
Control: 58, 1996), Boidin et al. (Mycotaxon 66: 445,
1998), Ginns (Mycol. 90: 19, 1998), Kirschner &
Oberwinkler (Mycoscience 40: 345, 1999), Hibbett et
al. (Nature Lond. 407: 506, 2000), Larsson et al. (MR
108: 983, 2004), Binder et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity 3: 113, 2005).
Atheliales Jlich (1981). Agaricomycetidae. 1 fam., 22
gen., 106 spp. Fam.:
Atheliaceae
For Lit. see under fam.
Athelicium K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam (1986), Atheliaceae. 2, Europe. See Larsson & Hjortstam (Windahlia 15: 49, 1986).
Athelidium Oberw. (1966), Stephanosporaceae. 1,
Europe. See Oberwinkler (Sydowia 19: 62, 1965).
Athelium Nyl. (1886) = Thelocarpon fide Hawksworth
et al. (Dictionary of the Fungi edn 8, 1995).
Atheloderma Parmasto (1968), Hymenochaetales. 2,
Europe; Asia. See Parmasto (Consp. System. Corticiac.: 73, 1968).
Athelopsis Oberw. ex Parmasto (1968), Atheliaceae.
10, widespread. Polyphyletic. See Hjortstam (Mycotaxon 42: 149, 1991), Kotiranta & Saarenoksa (Ann.
bot. fenn. 42: 335, 2005; Finland).
Athrismidium Trevis. (1860) ? = Tomasellia fide
Harris (More Florida Lichens, 1995).
Atichia
Flot.
(1850),
anamorphic
Seuratia,
Hsy/Ccu.0bH-P.1. 6, widespread. See Meeker (CJB
53: 2483, 1975), Parbery & Brown (Microbiology of
the Phyllosphere: 101, 1986), Kendrick (CJB 81: 75,
2003; morphogenesis).
Atichiaceae Racib. (1900) = Seuratiaceae.
Atichiopsis R. Wagner (1900) = Seuratia fide Meeker
(CJB 53: 2462, 1975).
Atkinson (George Francis; 1854-1918; USA). Professor of Botany, Cornell University (1896-1918). His
work did much to stimulate interest in the Agaricaceae in the USA. Publs. Mushrooms Edible and Poisonous (1901) [edn 2]; Phylogeny and relationships
in the ascomycetes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden (1915); also other papers on the Agaricaceae,
phylogeny, and plant diseases. Biogs, obits etc. Farlow et al. (American Journal of Botany 6: 301,
1919); Stafleu & Cowan (TL-2 1: 78, 1976); Stafleu
& Mennega (TL-2, Suppl. 1: 200, 1992).
Atkinsonella Diehl (1950), Clavicipitaceae. Anamorphs Ephelis, Sphacelia. 2, widespread (north
temperate). See Leutchmann & Clay (Mycol. 81: 692,
1989), Morgan-Jones & White (Mycotaxon 35: 455,
1989), Schardl et al. (Pl. Syst. Evol. 178: 27, 1991;
phylogeny), Morgan-Jones & White (Mycotaxon 44:
89, 1992; culture), Leutchmann & Clay (Am. J. Bot.
83: 1144, 1996; isozymes), Reddy et al. (Mycol. 90:
108, 1998; DNA).
Atkinsonia Lloyd (1916) [non Atkinsonia F. Muell.
1865, Loranthaceae] = Sebacina fide Donk (Persoo-
67
68
ATROSETAPHIALE
AUSTROLECIA
poles of Quercus in China; A. auricula-judae, Jews
ear fungus, is sometimes parasitic, esp. on Sambucus.
See Lowy (Mycol. 43: 351, 1951; key), Lowy (Mycol. 44: 656, 1952), Donk (Taxon 7: 168, 1958),
Donk (Persoonia 4: 154, 1966; nomencl.), McLaughlin (Am. J. Bot. 67: 1225, 1980; meta basidium ultrastr.), Yan et al. (Mycosystema 21: 47, 2002;
RAPD), Cao & Pan (Mycosystema 24: 53, 2005;
ERIC).
Auriculariaceae Fr. (1838), Auriculariales. 7 gen. (+
12 syn.), 112 spp.
Lit.: Wong & Wells (Mycol. 79: 847, 1987), Corner
(Beih. Nova Hedwigia 96: 218 pp., 1989; as Aporpiaceae), L & McLaughlin (Mycol. 83: 322, 1991),
Ryvarden (Syn. Fung. 5: 363 pp., 1991), Reid (Persoonia Suppl. 14: 465, 1992), Roberts (MR 97: 473,
1993), L & McLaughlin (CJB 73: 315, 1995),
Nez (Mycotaxon 61: 177, 1997), Begerow et al.
(CJB 75: 2045, 1998), Nez (Folia cryptog. Estonica 33: 99, 1998), Roberts (Mycotaxon 69: 209,
1998; key), Yan et al. (Mycosystema 18: 206, 1999),
Weiss & Oberwinkler (MR 105: 403, 2001), Larsson
et al. (MR 108: 983, 2004), Weiss et al. (MR 108:
1003, 2004), Wells et al. (Frontiers in Basidiomycote
Mycology: 237, 2004).
Auriculariales J. Schrt. (1887). Agaricomycetes. 1
fam., 32 gen., 198 spp. Basidiocarps hemiangiocarpous and sessile; metabasidium cylindrical and horizontally septate, 1-4 cells each bearing a sterigma
and basidiospore; hyphae with septal dolipores. Fam.:
Auriculariaceae (syn. Exidiaceae)
Lit.: Donk (1951-63) VIII; (1966: 208), Bandoni
(Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan 25: 521, 1984).
Auriculariella (Sacc.) Clem. (1909) = Auricularia fide
Donk (Persoonia 4: 158, 1966).
Auriculariopsidaceae Jlich (1982) = Schizophyllaceae.
Auriculariopsis Maire (1902), Schizophyllaceae. 1,
widespread. See Donk (Persoonia 1: 76, 1959).
Auriculibuller Samp. & Fonseca (2004), Tremellaceae. Anamorph Bullera. 1, Portugal. See Sampaio et
al. (Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54: 988, 2004).
Auriculora Kalb (1988), Lecanorales (L). 1, S. America. See Henssen & Titze (Bot. Acta 101: 131, 1990),
Ekman (Op. bot. 127: 148 pp., 1996).
Auriculoscypha D.A. Reid & Manim. (1985), Septobasidiaceae. 1, India. See Lalitha et al. (MR 98: 64,
1994; basidiosp. germin.), Kumar et al. (MR 111:
268, 2007; phylogeny).
Aurificaria D.A. Reid (1963), Hymenochaetaceae. 1,
widespread. See Reid (Kew Bull. 17: 278, 1963).
Auriporia Ryvarden (1973), Fomitopsidaceae. 3, north
temperate. See Parmasto (Mycotaxon 11: 173, 1980;
key), Coelho (Mycol. 97: 263, 2005; Brazil spp.).
Auriscalpiaceae Maas Geest. (1963), Russulales. 6
gen. (+ 4 syn.), 38 spp.
Lit.: Donk (Taxon: 245, 1951-63) See also Lit. under Hydnaceae, Berbee & Wells (Mycol. 81: 20,
1989), Wu & Petersen (Mycosystema Suppl. 4: 33,
1991), Petersen & Cifuentes (MR 98: 1427, 1994),
Hibbett & Donoghue (CJB 73: S853, 1995), Stalpers
(Stud. Mycol. 40: 185 pp., 1996), Ginns (Mycol. 90:
19, 1998), Pine et al. (Mycol. 91: 944, 1999), Miller
& Methven (Mycol. 92: 792, 2000), Desjardin & Ryvarden (Sydowia 55: 153, 2003), Larsson & Larsson
(Mycol. 95: 1037, 2003), Lickey et al. (Sydowia 55:
181, 2003), Binder et al. (Systematics and Biodiversity 3: 113, 2005).
69
Auriscalpium Gray (1821), Auriscalpiaceae. 8, widespread. See Maas Geesteranus (Persoonia 9: 493,
1978; key), Stalpers (Stud. Mycol. 35: 29, 1996; key),
Ryvarden (Harvard Pap. Bot. 6: 193, 2001;
monogr.).
Auritella Matheny & Bougher (2006), Inocybaceae. 7,
Australia. See Matheny & Bougher (Mycotaxon 97:
232, 2006), Matheny & Bougher (Mycol. Progr. 5: 2,
2006).
Aurophora Rifai (1968), Sarcoscyphaceae. 1, widespread (pantropical). See Cabello (Boln Soc. argent.
Bot. 25: 395, 1988; numerical taxonomy), Zhuang &
Wang (Mycotaxon 69: 339, 1998; China).
Australasian Mycological Association. Founded in
1995; recognized as the Committee for Australasia
within the International Mycological Association
(q.v.); structure comprises individual members, and
an elected executive; organizes occasional conferences. Publications: Australasian Mycologist. Website:
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/AustMycolSoc/Home/am
s.html.
Australiaena Matzer, H. Mayrhofer & Elix (1997),
Caliciaceae (L). 1, Australia; N. America. See Matzer
et al. (Lichenologist 29: 35, 1997), Sheard & May
(Bryologist 100: 159, 1997; N. Am.), Scheidegger et
al. (Lichenologist 33: 25, 2001; evolution).
Australiasca Sivan. & Alcorn (2002), Chaetosphaeriaceae. Anamorph Dischloridium. 1, Australia. See
Sivanesan & Alcorn (Aust. Syst. Bot. 15: 741, 2002).
Australicium Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2002), Phanerochaetaceae. 2, widespread. See Hjortstam & Ryvarden (Syn. Fung. 15: 19, 2002), Hjortstam et al.
(Syn. Fung. 20: 42, 2005; Venezuela).
Australohydnum Jlich (1978), ? Phanerochaetaceae.
1, Australia; Europe. See Jlich (Persoonia 10: 138,
1978), Melo & Hjortstam (Nova Hedwigia 74: 527,
2002; Europe).
Australoporus P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden (1988),
Polyporaceae. 1, Australia. See Buchanan & Ryvarden (Mycotaxon 31: 5, 1988).
Austrella P.M. Jrg. (2004), Pannariaceae (L). 1, Australasia. See Jrgensen (Biblthca Lichenol. 88: 230,
2004).
Austrobasidium Palfner (2006), Exobasidiaceae. 1
(causing galls on Hydrangea serratifolia), Chile. See
Palfner (Aust. Syst. Bot. 19: 431, 2006).
Austroblastenia Sipman (1983), ? Megalosporaceae
(L). 2, Australasia. See Kantvilas (Lichenologist 26:
349, 1994).
Austroboletus (Corner) Wolfe (1980), Boletaceae. c.
30, America; Australia. See Wolfe (Biblthca Mycol.
69, 1980), Watling (Aust. Syst. Bot. 14: 407, 2001;
diversity and possible origins).
Austrocenangium Gamund (1997), Helotiaceae.
Anamorph Endomelanconium. 2, S. America. See
Gamund (Mycotaxon 63: 261, 1997), Gamund &
Romero (Fl. criptog. Tierra del Fuego 10, 1998).
Austroclitocybe Raithelh. (1972), ? Tricholomataceae.
1, S. America (temperate). See Raithelhuber (Metrodiana 3: xxvii, 1972).
Austrogaster Singer (1962), Paxillaceae. 3, S. America
(temperate); New Zealand. Basidioma gasteroid. See
Singer (Boln Soc. argent. Bot. 10: 57, 1962).
Austrogautieria E.L. Stewart & Trappe (1985), Gomphaceae. 6, Australia. See Stewart & Trappe (Mycol.
77: 674, 1985; key).
Austrolecia Hertel (1984), Catillariaceae (L). 1, Ant-
70
AUSTROLENTINUS
AUTHORS NAMES
Ellis (J.B. 1829-1905); NY (BPI, FH)
M.B. Ellis (1911-1996); IMI
Erikss(on, J. 1848-1931); S
Farl(ow, W.G. 1844-1919); FH
Fe (A.L.A. 1789-1874); BM, FI, PC, STR
E. Fisch(er, 1861-1939); BERN (B, BAS, KIEL,
PC)
Fitzp(atrick, H.M. 1886-1949); CUP (FH, IAC, NY)
Friedmann (E.I. 1921-2007)
Fr(ies, E.M. 1794-1878); UPS (B, LD)
Th.(M.) Fr(ies, 1832-1913); UPS (LD)
Fuckel (K.W.G.L. 1821-1876); G
Gum(ann, E.A. 1893-1963); BERN
Golovin (P.N. 1897-1968); LE
Gonz(lez) Frag(oso, R. 1862-1928)
Gorlenko (M.V. 1908-1994)
Grev(ille, R.K. 1794-1866); E (GL)
Grove (W.B. 1848-1938); K
J.W. Groves (1906-1970); DAOM
Gruby (D. 1810-1898)
Guillierm(ond, M.A.A. 1876-1945); PC
Gyeln(ik, V.K. 1906-1945) ; BP
Hale (M.E. 1928-1990); US
Hansf(ord, C.G. 1900-1966); EA (IMI, K)
E.C. Hansen (1842-1909); C (K)
(H.J.A.)R. Hartig (1839-1901)
R. Heim (1900-1979); PC
Henn(ings, P.C. 1841-1908); B (HBG, K, KIEL, L,
S, W)
Hirats(uka) f. (Naohide 1903-2000); TMI (PUR)
Hhn(el, F.X.R. von 1852-1920); FH (K)
Jacz(ewski, A.L.A. 1863-1932); LE
P.(A.) Karsten (1834-1917); H (BPI, UPS)
Kauffman (C.H. 1869-1931); MICH (NY)
Kniep (K.J.H. 1881-1930)
Krb(er, G.W. 1817-1885); L (G, W, WRSL)
J.G. Khn (1825-1910)
Kusano (S. 1874-1962); B, NY
I.M. Lamb (1911-1990); FH
J.E. Lange (1864-1941); C
Langeron (M.C.P. 1874-1950); PC
Lv(eill, J.-H. 1796-1870); K (E, G, L, PC)
Lindau (G. 1866-1923); B (C, L)
Linds(ay, W.L. 1829-1880); E (BM)
Link (J.H.F. 1767-1851); B (L)
L(innaeus, C. 1709-1778); LINN (S)
Liro (J.I. 1872-1943); H (IMI)
Lister (A. 1830-1908); BM
G. Lister (1860-1949); BM
Lloyd (C.G. 1859-1926); BPI
Luttr(ell, E.S. 1916-1988)
McAl(pine, D. 1849-1932); VPRI
(A.)H. Magn(usson 1885-1964); UPS
Maire (R.C.J.E. 1878-1949); AL (MPU)
G.W. Martin (1886-1971); BPI, IA
E.W. Mason (1890-1975); IMI
Massal(ongo, A.B. 1824-1862); VER (PAD)
Massee (G.E. 1850-1917); K, NY
P.(A.) Micheli (1679-1737); FI
Millardet (P.M.A. 1838-1902)
Mont(agne, J.P.F.C. 1784-1866); PC (BM, L, UPS)
71
72
AUTO-