Coats, D. W. and J. C. Clamp. 2009. Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 5779 in Felder, D.L.

and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of MexicoOrigins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press,
College Station, Texas.

4
Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)
of the Gulf of Mexico
D. Wayne Coats and John C. Clamp

The ciliates represent a ubiquitous group of protists with

representatives inhabiting most marine, freshwater, and
terrestrial habitats (Corliss 1979). Their small size, rapid
reproductive rate, and ability to form desiccation-resistant
resting stages ensure easy dispersal of species and coloni-
zation of suitable habitats (Fenchel and Finlay 2004). Cili-
ates occur from the poles to the tropics and from alpine
regions to the deep sea. They survive in extreme environ-
ments, including hot springs, hypersaline lakes, and des-
ert settings, with many species adapted to anaerobic con-
ditions. Free-living species can be found swimming in the
water column, living within interstices of flocculent sedi- Ciliophora. After Pratt 1916.
ment or tidal sands, attached to hard or soft substrates,
and creeping along soil particles or epiphytic mosses.
Symbiotic and parasitic species live in association with a The first published records of ciliates collected in the
wide variety of hosts, including other protists, planktonic Gulf of Mexico are 3 papers on species from the coast of
and benthic invertebrates, reptiles, fish, and mammals. Louisiana by J.C.Smith (1898, 1900, 1904). Two papers
Most ciliates feed on bacteria, microalgae, or other pro- by Jacobs (1912, 1914) on endosymbionts of sea urchins
tists; however, some are photosynthetic, and others con- in the Dry Tortugas appeared a decade later. More than
sume host tissues. Ciliates are generally viewed as playing a decade and a half elapsed before the next papers on
pivotal roles in microbial food webs, as they regenerate the ciliate fauna appeared. The 1930s and 1940s were a
nutrients through excretion (Caron and Goldman 1990) period of relatively vigorous investigation of the ciliates
and transform bacterial and microalgal biomass into of the Gulf, almost all of it originating from the Tortu-
larger particles that are easily exploited by metazoan graz- gas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at the western
ers (Azam etal. 1983, Stoecker and Capuzzo 1990, Gifford tip of the Florida Keys. The Tortugas papers comprise 2
1991). The number of ciliate species inhabiting the bio- distinct groups: those on free-living ciliates (Bullington
sphere is uncertain, but estimates range as high as 30,000 19311940, Pearse 1932a, b) and those on endosymbionts
(Foissner 1999), with about 7,200 species being formally of sea urchins, annelids, and corals (Powers 1933, 1935,
described (Corliss 1979). Of these, a relatively small per- Wichterman 1939, 1940, 1942a, b). A notable exception
centage has been reported from the Gulf of Mexico. was Nolands classic paper of 1937 on free-living ciliates

57
58 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

1974, Welch 1977, Overstreet 1978, Turner, Postek, and

Collard 1979, Clamp 1989, Landers, Zimlich, and Coate
1999). Three of these papers (Phillips 1973, Welch 1977,
Landers, Zimlich, and Coate 1999) stand out by virtue
of the fact that they deal with apostome ciliates, special-
ized ectocommensals of crustaceans that are, in general,
poorly known.
Studies of the strictly planktonic ciliates that inhabit
open waters of the Gulf of Mexico are largely limited to
taxonomic listings of loricate tintinnid species retained
by fine-mesh plankton nets. Among these, the works of
Balech (1967a,b, 1968), Cosper (1972), Caldern-Aragn
and Lpez-Ochoterena (1973), and Aladro-Lubel (1974)
are the most comprehensive, providing extensive cover-
Ciliophora. After Borror 1973.
age of coastal areas, particularly the northeastern Gulf,
and reasonable detail of oceanic communities. In addi-
collected in the vicinity of the Bass Biological Laboratory tion, Balech (1972) reviewed published data for several
south of Tampa, Florida (Noland 1937). This study was oceanographic regions, including the Gulf of Mexico, to
significant in being the first large-scale survey of a marine examine vertical zonation of tintinnids and their poten-
ciliate community in the Gulf of Mexico. Sprague (1951, tial use as indicators of upwelling. Mention of planktonic
1954) and Sprague and Couch (1971) published compre- ciliates from the Gulf also can be found in reports on red
hensive reviews of early records from the literature and tides (e.g., Lackey and Hynes 1955) and diets of larval
Borror (1962, 1963a,b) followed with another review of fishes and zooplankton (Govoni, Hoss, and Chester 1983,
literature records and new reports of free-living species Stoecker and Govoni 1984, Govoni and Chester 1990,
of ciliates from the Gulf Coast of the upper peninsula and Larson 1991).
eastern panhandle of Florida. The systematics of many taxa in the phylum Ciliophora
The surveys of ciliates in Alligator Harbor, Florida, by are currently in a state of flux. This is mainly the result of
Borror (1963b) and Mobile Bay, Alabama, by Jones (1974a) a flood of new information relative to taxonomic place-
constitute the most extensive and best documented inves- ment, especially from modern techniques such as electron
tigations of the free-living ciliate fauna of the eastern microscopy and gene sequencing. This is reflected in the
half of the Gulf of Mexico. A series of papers by Lpez- necessity of designating several of the species listed in the
Ochoterena, Aladro-Lubel, Mayn-Estrada, and others following checklist as incertae sedis. The most up-to-date
from the Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico and accepted classification of ciliates is the one presented
provide an exceptionally complete and well-documented in Lynn and Small (2000), and we have used it to structure
account of the free-living ciliates, mainly interstitial spe- our checklist. There is also a useful website (http://www
cies, of the western Gulf of Mexico in the area around .uoguelph.ca/~ciliates/) that includes some problematic
Veracruz, Mexico (Lpez-Ochoterena and Lpez 1963, taxa not treated in Lynn and Small (2000). We used it to
Lpez-Ochoterena et al. 1976, Mayn-Estrada 1979, establish the most likely placement for several taxa. Older
Aladro-Lubel, 1981, 1984, Madrazo-Garibay and Lpez- references that are still extremely useful are Kahl (1930
Ochoterena 1985, Aladro-Lubel, Martnez-Murillo, and 1935), Kofoid and Campbell (1929, 1939), and Corliss
Mayn-Estrada 1986, 1988, 1990, Aladro-Lubel et al. (1979).
1986). The only other reports of ciliates from the coast of In contrast to taxa of larger, multicellular organisms,
Mexico are three papers (Grolire, de Puytorac, and Grain there is little value in trying to analyze the biogeography
1978, 1980, Vidal-Martinez, Jimnez-Cueto, and Sim- of ciliate taxa in the present work. One reason for avoid-
lvarez 2002) on symbionts of sea urchins. Several other ing a biogeographical analysis of the Gulf fauna is the
authors have published reports of ciliates that form sym- observer bias that is reflected in the systematic literature,
biotic associations with various crustaceans, other inver- which contains a preponderance of species known from
tebrates, and fishes in the Gulf of Mexico (Pearse 1932a,b, western Europe, a smaller number from North America,
Andrews 1944, 1946, Couch 1967, Phillips 1973, Johnson and relatively few from other continents (Foissner 1999).
 Coats and Clamp ~ 59

Sparse documentation of the ciliate fauna for huge areas 1979, Madrazo-Garibay and Lpez-Ochoterena 1985,
of the world means that the basic context that is neces- Aladro-Lubel, Martnez-Murillo, and Mayn-Estrada
sary for biogeographical analysis is lacking. A second rea- 1986, Aladro-Lubel et al. 1986). On the negative side,
son is related to the small size of protists and their conse- many sorts of specific habitats (e.g., mangrove swamps)
quent ability to disperse readily over long distances and have received no attention at all and others are poorly rep-
into many sorts of environments. A large number of free- resented (e.g., many taxa of animals that may harbor sig-
living species of ciliates and other protists from both fresh- nificant numbers of symbiotic species). In some instances
water and marine habitats appear to be more-or-less cos- (e.g., plankton tows), sampling methods have not been
mopolitan in distribution (Finlay, Esteban, and Fenchel suitable for recovering aloricate ciliates, resulting in the
1998, Foissner 1999, Fenchel and Finlay 2004). This has likely absence of species common in marine environments
led some authorities (Finlay and Fenchel 1999) to doubt like nearby Caribbean waters (Lynn and Gilron 1993).
the existence of biogeography, in the traditional mean- The checklist of ciliates provided here is organized
ing of the term, in free-living protists and other similarly phylogenetically to order, following the scheme of Lynn
tiny organisms. Other equally authoritative investigators and Small (2000), with lower taxa arranged alphabeti-
(e.g., Foissner 1999) have maintained that some species cally. We listed only those organisms that were identi-
of free-living protists do have restricted distributions, but fied to species in the source literature. Several references
acknowledge that the present controversy about biogeog- (Bullington 1931, 1935, 1939a, Pearse 1932a,b, Anigstein
raphy of protists may not be resolved for many decades, 1949, Davis 1950, King 1950, Hopkins 1966, Phillips 1973,
given the decline in alpha-taxonomic studies. Johnson 1974, Welch, 1977, Overstreet 1978, Turner,
The overwhelming majority of the species recorded Postek, and Collard 1979, Fontaine 1985, Vidal-Martinez,
from the Gulf are reported from other regions, princi- Jimnez-Cueto, and Sim-lvarez 2002, Landers and
pally western Europe and the Atlantic Coast of North Phipps 2003) included species that were identified only to
America (Borror 1962, 1963b, Jones 1974a, Aladro-Lubel, genus. These references are cited here and included in our
Martnez-Murillo, and Mayn-Estrada 1988), and thus list of references because they treated species that either
conform to the pattern discussed in the preceding para- were widespread, but not yet formally described, or were
graph. Furthermore, the small number of free-living spe- noteworthy in some other respect. In many cases, species
cies reported only from the Gulf are not particularly likely cited in the checklist have been reported from habitats
to be endemic. They are all species from habitats, such as other than ones in which they have been found in the Gulf
the interstitial spaces in sand and detritus, that favor long- of Mexico. To avoid confusion, we have included only the
range dispersal (Borror 1963b, Jones 1974a). Ciliates that habitats that apply to the Gulf.
live as obligate symbionts of animals are more likely to Species representing all 11 classes and 40 of 57 orders
have restricted distributions, depending on their degree of of ciliates recognized by Small and Lynn (2000) have been
host specificity, reflecting the distributions of their hosts; reported from the Gulf of Mexico (see the taxonomic
however, a majority of the symbiotic ciliates reported from summary). Ciliate richness, however, is likely much
the Gulf of Mexico occur on hosts elsewhere (Biggar and higher than indicated by our checklist, as species from
Wenrich 1932, Powers 1935, Andrews 1944, 1946, Couch less than 50% of established families have been recorded
1967, 1978, Phillips 1973, Welch 1977, Overstreet 1978,
Grolire, Puytorac, and Grain 1980, Clamp 1989).
Much is known about the ciliate fauna of the Gulf of
Mexico in comparison to many other regions. On the
positive side, a number of investigators have documented
just under 600 species of ciliates in a variety of habi-
tats in all major geographical areas of the Gulf. Some of
these studies resulted in comprehensive accounts of par-
ticular types of communities or specific regions (Pearse
1932a, Noland 1937, Bullington 1940, Borror 1963b,
Balech 1967a,b, 1968, Caldern-Aragn and Lpez-
Ochoterena 1973, Jones 1974a, Aladro-Lubel 1974, 1981,
1984, Lpez-Ochoterena et al. 1976, Mayn-Estrada Ciliophora. After Pratt 1916.
60 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

from the region. The majority (72%) of ciliates known to 5. Aladro-Lubel, M.A., M.E.Martnez-Murillo, and R.
occur in the Gulf are from near-shore environments, with Mayn-Estrada. 1986. Ciliados del sedimento de la Laguna
a third of these being interstitial species. Only the classes de Mandinga, Veracruz. Anales del Instituto de Biologa
Prostomatea and Plagiopylea are yet to have interstitial Universidad Nacional Autnoma Mxico, Serie Zoologa
species noted for the Gulf of Mexico. Euplanktonic spe- 57: 129.
cies account for roughly 30% of reported species, with the 6. Aladro-Lubel, M.A., M.E.Martnez-Murillo, and R.
vast majority of these being loricate members of the class Mayn-Estrada. 1988. Lista de los ciliados bentnicos
Spirotrichea. Sessile free-living and symbiotic ciliates, salobres y marinos registrados en Mxico. Anales del
primarily suctoria and peritrichs, are well represented Instituto de Biologa Universidad Nacional Autnoma
in the checklist, whereas parasitic species are rare (only Mxico, Serie Zoologa 58: 403448.
3 species). 7. Aladro-Lubel, M.A., M.E.Martnez-Murillo, and R.
Mayn-Estrada. 1990. Manual de ciliados psamofilos
marinos y salobres de Mxico. Instituto de Biologa
Abbreviations
Universidad Nacional Autnoma Mxico, Mxico City.
Abbreviations used in the checklist of ciliates from the 8. Aladro-Lubel, M.A., M.E.Martnez-Murillo, R. Mayn-
Gulf of Mexico are: ben = benthic; bns = bay and near- Estrada, M. Hernndez-Anayay, and G. Snchez-Caldern.
shore; bsl = beach and shoreline; cep = coastal surface and 1986. Cuarenta y nueve especies de ciliados intersticiales
epipelagic; epi = epibiotic; est = estuarine; eur = euryha- identificados en Boca del Ro, Veracruz, Mxico. Revista
line; ins = interstitial; osp = oceanic surface and epipe- Latino-America Microbiologa 28: 231242.
lagic; par = parasitic; plk = planktonic; ses = sessile; sft = 9. Andrews, E.A.1944. Folliculinid protozoa of North
soft substrates (mud, sands, clays); sym = symbiotic. American coasts. American Midland Naturalist 31:
592599.
10. Andrews, E.A.1946. Folliculinids on a hermit crab from
Acknowledgments
Texas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
We thank S. Cooney, S. Ribblett, and A. Haggins for assis- 65: 359361.
tance in acquisition of literature and entry of information 11. Anigstein, R. 1949. Acclimatization of a marine free-living
into our species database. Much appreciation is due Dr. ciliate (Oxytrichidae) to lower osmotic pressure. Texas
Rosaura Mayn-Estrada for her kind and timely help in Journal of Science 1: 7176.
obtaining references and her assistance with taxonomy of 12. Azam, F., T. Fenchel, J.G.Field, J.S.Gray, L.A.Meyer-Reil,
some benthic species. and F. Thingstad. 1983. The ecological role of water column
microbes in the sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10:
257263.
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72. Pearse, A.S.1932a. Animals in brackish water ponds and protozoan parasites, hyperparasites, and commensals of
pools at Dry Tortugas. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory of decapod Crustacea. Journal of Protozoology 18: 526537.
the Carnegie Institution of Washington 28: 125141. 83. Stoecker, D.K., and J.M.Capuzzo. 1990. Predation on
73. Pearse, A.S.1932b. Observations on the parasites and protozoa: its importance to zooplankton. Journal of
commensals found associated with crustaceans and fishes Plankton Research 12: 891908.
at Dry Tortugas, Florida. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory 84. Stoecker, D.K., and J.J.Govoni. 1984. Food selection by
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 28: 103115. young larval gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus). Marine
74. Phillips, P.J.1973. Protozoan symbionts from the anemone Biology 80: 299306.
Bunodosoma cavernata from Galveston Island, Texas. Gulf 85. Turner, J.T., M.T.Postek, and S.B.Collard. 1979.
Research Reports 4: 186190. Infestation of the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa with the
75. Powers, P.B.1933. Studies on the ciliates from Tortugas ciliate Epistylis. Transactions of the American Microscopi-
echinoids. Yearbook of the Carnegie Institution of cal Society 98: 136138.
Washington 32: 278280. 86. Vidal-Martinez, V.M., A.M.Jimnez-Cueto, and
76. Powers, P.B.1935. Studies on the ciliates of sea urchins, a R. Sim-lvarez. 2002. Parasites and symbionts of native
general survey of the infestations occurring in Tortugas and cultured shrimps from Yucatn, Mxico. Journal of
echinoids. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory of the Aquatic Animal Health 14: 5764.
Carnegie Institution of Washington 29: 293326. 87. Welch, M.P.1977. The apostome Foettingeria and other
77. Smith, J.C.1898. Notices of some undescribed infusoria ciliate symbionts from the sea anemone Bunodosoma
from the infusorial fauna of Louisiana. Transactions of the cavernata from Galveston Island, Texas. Transactions of the
American Microscopical Society 20: 5156. American Microscopical Society 96: 489496.
78. Smith, J.C.1900. Notices of some undescribed infusoria 88. Wichterman, R. 1939. Investigations on three new ciliates
from the infusorial fauna of Louisiana. Transactions of the from the littoral earthworm of Tortugas. Yearbook of the
American Microscopical Society 21: 8794. Carnegie Institution of Washington 38: 233234.
79. Smith, J.C.1904. A preliminary contribution to the 89. Wichterman, R. 1940. A new ciliate from a coral of
Protozoan fauna of the Gulf Biologic Station, with notes on Tortugas. Journal of Parasitology 26 (Supplement): 2526.
some rare species. Report of the Louisiana Gulf Biologic 90. Wichterman, R. 1942a. Cytological studies on the structure
Station 2: 4355. and division of three new ciliates from the littoral earth-
80. Sprague, V. 1951. Summary of the known Protozoa of the worm of Tortugas. Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory of the
Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Society of Carnegie Institution of Washington 33: 83103.
Protozoologists 2: 56. 91. Wichterman, R. 1942b. A new ciliate from a coral of
81. Sprague, V. 1954. Protozoa of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. Tortugas and its symbiotic zooxanthellae. Papers of the
243256 in P.S.Galtsoff, ed. Gulf of Mexico, Its Origin, Tortugas Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of
Waters, and Marine Life. Fishery Bulletin 89. Fishery Washington 33: 105111.

Submitted: December 2004

Accepted: February 2005
64 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora) of the Gulf of Mexico

Taxonomic summary for the ciliates of the Gulf of Mexico.

Component Total Number Number Number Number symbiotic

subgroups species interstitial species planktonic species sessile species and parasitic species

Karyorelictea 18 13 0 0 0
Heterotrichea 30 10 0 5 0
Spirotrichea 295 53 160 0 3
Armophorea 10 2 0 0 0
Litostomatea 50 20 2 0 1
Phyllopharyngea 35 6 0 17 0
Nassophorea 5 2 0 0 0
Colpodea 5 1 0 0 0
Prostomatea 17 0 1 0 1
Plagiopylea 4 0 0 0 0
Oligohymenophorea 105 18 1 41 19
Total 574 125 164 63 24

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico.

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Subphylum: Postciliodesmatophora
Class: Karyorelictea
Order: Protostomatida
Family: Kentrophoridae
Kentrophoros fasciolatum Sauerbrey, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 64, 67, 70
Kentrophoros lanceolata (Faur-Fremiet, 1951) bns <1 ne 18, 20
Tracheloraphis angustivittatus Borror, 1963 bsl, ins <1 ne 20
Tracheloraphis dracontoides (Bullington, 1940) ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, se 18, 20, 25
Tracheloraphis kahli Raikov, 1962 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Tracheloraphis phoenicopterus (Cohn, 1866) ben, bns, est <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 19, 64, 79
Tracheloraphis teissieri Dragesco, 1960 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Family: Trachelocercidae
Trachelocerca coluber Kahl, 1933 bns <1 sw 67
Trachelocerca gracilis Dragesco, 1953 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5, 8
Trachelocerca subviridis Sauerbrey, 1928 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 51, 67, 70
Order: Loxodida
Family: Cryptopharyngidae
Cryptopharynx setigerus Kahl, 1926 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 67
Family: Loxodidae
Loxodes rostrum (O.F.Mller, 1786) bsl <1 nw 79
Remanella minuta Dragesco, 1954 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Remanella obtusa Faur-Fremiet, 1951 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Remanella rugosa Kahl, 1933 bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 18, 20
Order: Protoheterotrichida
Family: Geleiidae
Geleia decolor Kahl, 1933 bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 18, 20, 64
Geleia fossata Kahl, 1933 bns <1 sw 67
Incertae sedis in Class: Karyorelictea
Ciliofaurea ornata Dragesco, 1960 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
 Coats and Clamp ~ 65

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Class: Heterotrichea
Order: Heterotrichida
Family: Blepharismidae
Blepharisma melana Borror, 1963 bsl, ins <1 ne 20
Parablepharisma bacteriophora Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Parablepharisma collare Kahl, 1932 bns <1 ne 18
Parablepharisma pellitum Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Family: Climacostomidae
Climacostomum virens (Ehrenberg, 1833) bns <1 sw 64
Fabrea salina Henneguy, 1890 bns nw, sw 26, 64
Family: Condylostomatidae
Condylostoma arenarium Spiegel, 1926 bsl, ins <1 ne, se, sw 3, 18, 20
Condylostoma enigmatica Dragesco, 1954 bns <1 sw 67
Condylostoma granulosum Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Condylostoma magnum Spiegel, 1926 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, se 25, 51
Condylostoma minutum Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Condylostoma patens (O.F.Mller, 1786) ben, bns, bsl, est <1 nw, ne 51, 79
Condylostoma remanei Spiegel, 1926 bns, ses <1 ne 18
Condylostoma vorticella Ehrenberg, 1883 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Family: Folliculinidae
Donsia mirabilis Hadzi, 1951 bns, est <1 ne 51
Folliculina moebiusi Kahl, 1932 bns, ses <1 ne 81
Metafolliculina andrewsi Hadzi, 1938 bns, est, eur, ses <1 nw, ne 9, 10, 51
Parafolliculina americana Hadzi, 1951 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Parafolliculina amphora Dons, 1913 bns, ses <1 ne 9
Family: Peritromidae
Peritromus faurei Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, se, sw 3, 5, 18, 20, 25, 51
Peritromus montanus Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Peritromus ovalis Faur-Fremiet, 1924 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Family: Spirostomidae
Gruberia lanceolata (Gruber, 1884) bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, se 18, 20, 25
Spirostomum intermedium Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, est <1 ne, sw 51, 67
Spirstomum teres Claparde & Lachmann, 1859 ben, bns, est <1 ne 18, 51
Incertae sedis in Family: Spirostomidae
Propygocirrus adhaerens Mansfeld, 1923 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 5, 8, 18, 51, 68
Propygocirrus depressa Ammerman, 1968 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Family: Stentoridae
Stentor auriculatus Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, est <1 ne, se 18, 25, 51
Stentor introversus Tartar, 1958 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Stentor mulleri (Ehrenberg, 1831) ben, bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Subphylum: Intramacronucleata
Class: Spirotrichea
Subclass: Protocruziida
Order: Protocruziida
Protocruzia contrax (Mansfeld, 1923) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 5, 8, 68
Protocruzia pigerrima (Cohn, 1866) bsl <1 nw, ne 18, 79
Subclass: Hypotrichia
Order: Kiitrichida
Family: Kiitrichidae
Caryotricha convexa Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8

(continued )
66 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Order: Euplotida
Family: Aspidiscidae
Aspidisca aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1838) ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 51, 68
Aspidisca baltica Kahl, 1932 ben, bns <1 ne 51
Aspidisca costata (Dujardin, 1842) ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, sw 8, 79
Aspidisca fusca Kahl, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 68
Aspidisca leptaspis Fresnius, 1865 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 5, 8, 51
Aspidisca lyncaster (O.F.Mller, 1786) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Aspidisca lynceus Ehrenberg, 1838 bns,bsl, est, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 67, 68, 79
Aspidisca magna Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Aspidisca polypoda (Dujardin, 1841) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Aspidisca polystyla Stein, 1859 bns <1 ne 18
Aspidisca steini (Buddenbrock, 1920) ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 4, 18, 20, 67
Aspidisca turrita Ehrenberg, 1838 bsl <1 nw 79
Family: Euplotidae
Euplotes aberrans Dragesco, 1960 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Euplotes balteatus (Dujardin, 1841) bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 20, 68
Euplotes charon (O.F.Mller, 1786) bns, bsl, est <1 nw, ne 18, 79, 81
Euplotes crassus (Dujardin, 1842) bns, sym <1 ne, sw 8, 18, 87
Euplotes cristatus Kahl, 1932 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Euplotes elegans Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 8, 18, 20
Euplotes harpa Stein, 1859 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 51, 67, 79
Euplotes minuta Yocom, 1930 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 4, 8, 67
Euplotes moebiusi Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 18, 20
Euplotes nana Jones & Owen, 1974 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 8, 51, 53
Euplotes thononensis Dragesco, 1960 bns <1 sw 67
Euplotes trisulcatus Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 20, 67, 68
Euplotes vannus (O.F.Mller, 1786) ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne, sw 3, 4, 8, 18, 20, 51, 68
ins
Euplotes woodruffi Gaw, 1939 ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne, sw 4, 18, 20, 51
ins
Paraeuplotes tortugensis Wichterman, 1942 bns, epi <1 se 91
Family: Gastrocirrhidae
Euplotidium agitatum Noland, 1937 ben, bns <1 ne 18, 70
Gastrocirrhus stentoreus Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 18, 25
Family: Uronychiidae
Diophrys appendiculata (Ehrenberg, 1838) bns, bsl, est, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 20, 51, 67,
68, 79
Diophrys histrix von Buddenbrock, 1920 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Diophrys irmgard Mansfeld, 1923 bns, bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 19, 20, 25, 79
Diophrys scutum (Dujardin, 1841) ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 20, 51
ins
Uronychia transfuga (O.F.Mller, 1786) ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 19, 25, 51,
68, 79
Subclass: Choreotrichia
Order: Tintinnida
Family: Ascampbelliellidae
Acanthostomella lata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0120 ne 13, 14, 15
Acanthostomella minutissima Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, sw 13, 14, 15
Acanthostomella obtusa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 ne 13, 14, 15
Ascampbelliella armilla (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) osp, plk 0100 ne 13, 14
Ascampbelliella obscura (Brandt, 1906) bns, plk ne 58
Ascampbelliella urceolata (Ostenfeld, 1899) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
 Coats and Clamp ~ 67

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Family: Codonellidae
Codonaria cristellula (Fol, 1884) cep, osp, plk nw, ne, se 13, 14
Codonaria fimbriata (Meunier, 1931) bns, plk ne 51
Codonella acuta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 02 ne, sw 1, 14
Codonella amphorella Biedermann, 1893 cep, osp, plk ne 14
Codonella apicata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 075 entire 1, 13, 14
Codonella aspera Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk 0275 ne, se, sw 13, 14
Codonella cratera (Leidy, 1877) bns, plk ne 58
Codonella cuspidata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 075 ne, sw 1, 14
Codonella galea Haeckel, 1873 cep, osp, plk nw, ne 13, 14
Codonella olla Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0170 nw, sw 1, 14
Codonella perforata Entz Sr., 1884 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Poroecus annulatus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk ne 14
Poroecus apicatus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk nw, ne 13, 14, 15
Poroecus apiculatus (Cleve, 1900) osp, plk nw, ne, se 14
Poroecus curtus Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14, 15
Poroecus tubulosus Balech, 1968 osp, plk nw, se 15
Tintinnopsis beroidea Stein, 1867 bns, cep, osp, plk 025 entire 14, 18, 31, 51, 58, 79
Tintinnopsis brandti (Nordqvist, 1890) bns, plk ne 15, 31, 46
Tintinnopsis btschlii Daday, 1887 bns, osp, plk ne 13, 14, 46, 51
Tintinnopsis capitonis Balech, 1968 osp, plk ne, se 15
Tintinnopsis corniger Hada, 1964 cep, osp, plk 0160 entire 1, 14, 15
Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday, 1887 bns, plk ne 31
Tintinnopsis cylindrata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, plk ne 58
Tintinnopsis dadayi Kofoid, 1905 bns, plk ne 58
Tintinnopsis directa Hada, 1932 osp, plk ne 13, 14
Tintinnopsis gracilis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, cep, plk nw, ne 14, 51
Tintinnopsis kofoidi Hada, 1932 bns, cep, osp, plk nw, ne 14, 31, 46, 51
Tintinnopsis lata Meunier, 1910 bns, cep, osp, plk nw, ne 14, 58
Tintinnopsis levigata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, plk ne 31
Tintinnopsis lobiancoi Daday, 1887 cep, plk 025 sw 1
Tintinnopsis lohmanni Laackmann, 1906 cep, plk 075 sw 1
Tintinnopsis minuta Wailes, 1925 bns, plk ne 58
Tintinnopsis mortensenii Schmidt, 1901 bns, plk ne 31, 58
Tintinnopsis nana Lohmann, 1908 bns, plk ne 51
Tintinnopsis parvula Jrgensen, 1912 bns, plk ne 31
Tintinnopsis radix (Imhof, 1886) bns, cep, osp, plk 0120 nw, ne 13, 31, 46
Tintinnopsis subacuta Jrgensen, 1899 bns, plk ne 51
Tintinnopsis sufflata Hada, 1937 cep, plk 02 sw 1
Tintinnopsis tenuis Hada, 1932 cep, plk 0160 ne 15
Tintinnopsis tocantinensis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, cep, plk 060 ne, sw 1, 13, 14, 31, 51
Tintinnopsis tubulosoides Meunier, 1910 bns, plk ne 51
Tintinnopsis tubulosa Levander, 1900 bns, plk ne 31
Family: Codonellopsidae
Codonellopsis americana Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0210 ne 13, 14
Codonellopsis ecaudata (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Codonellopsis lusitanica Jrgensen, 1924 bns, plk ne 58
Codonellopsis obesa Balech, 1948 bns, plk ne 46, 51
Codonellopsis orthoceras (Haeckel, 1873) cep, osp, plk 0210 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Codonellopsis pusilla (Cleve, 1900) cep, plk ne 14
Codonellopsis schabi (Brandt, 1906) cep, plk nw, ne, se 14
Codonellopsis turgida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk sw 27
(continued )
68 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Stenosemella nivalis (Meunier, 1910) bns, cep, plk 075 ne, sw 1, 14, 58
Stenosemella pacifica Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk ne 15
Stenosemella ventricosa (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) cep, osp, plk ne 14
Family: Cyttarocylididae
Cyttarocylis acutiformis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14
Cyttarocylis brandti Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, cep, plk 0170 sw 1, 27
Cyttarocylis eucecryphalus (Haeckel, 1881) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Family: Dictyocystidae
Dictyocysta elegans lepida (Ehrenberg, 1854) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 13, 14
Dictyocysta extensa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Dictyocysta mexicana Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Dictyocysta muelleri (Imhof, 1886) cep, osp, plk nw, ne, se 13, 14
Family: Epiplocylididae
Epiplocylis acuminata (Daday, 1887) cep, plk 0160 sw 1
Epiplocylis blanda (Jrgensen, 1924) cep, plk 0160 sw 1
Epiplocylis healdi Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Epiplocylis labiosa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 ne, se, sw 13, 14
Epiplocylis mucronata (Zacharias, 1906) osp, plk ne 14
Epiplocylis sargassensis (Brandt, 1906) cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Epiplocylis undella (Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Epiplocyloides ralumensis (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Epiplocyloides reticulata (Ostenfeld & Schmidt, 1901) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14
Family: Metacylididae
Climacocylis scalaria (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14
Climacocylis scalaroides Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14
Coxliella ampla (Jrgensen, 1899) bns, cep, plk 0150 sw 1, 58
Coxliella declivis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk nw 14
Coxliella fasciata (Kofoid, 1905) cep, osp, plk 02 entire 1, 14
Coxliella laciniosa Brandt, 1906) cep, plk ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14
Coxliella longa (Brandt, 1906) bns, cep, osp, plk ne 14, 31
Coxliella nana Balech, 1968 cep, plk 0170 ne, sw 1, 15
Helicostomella fusiformis (Meunier, 1919) bns, plk ne 51
Helicostomella longa (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 060 ne 13, 14
Helicostomella subulata (Ehrenberg, 1834) bns, plk ne 31, 46, 58
Metacylis conica Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Metacylis corbula Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Metacylis jrgensenii (Cleve, 1902) bns, plk ne 58
Metacylis mereschkowskii Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, cep, plk ne, se 14, 15, 31, 58
Metacylis vitreoides Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, plk ne 58
Pseudometacylis ornata Balech, 1968 cep, plk ne 15
Stylicauda platensis (Da Cunha & Fonseca, 1917) bns, cep, osp, plk 0100 ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14, 31, 46, 58
Family: Petalotrichidae
Petalotricha ampulla (Fol, 1881) cep, osp, plk se 13, 14
Family: Rhabdonellidae
Protorhabdonella curta (Cleve, 1901) cep, osp, plk 0150 ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14
Protorhabdonella mira Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 075 nw, sw 1, 14, 27
Protorhabdonella simplex (Cleve, 1900) cep, osp, plk 0210 entire 13, 14
Protorhabdonella striatura Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Rhabdonella amor (Cleve, 1900) cep, osp, plk 0275 ne, se 13, 14
Rhabdonella cornucopia Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Rhabdonella elegans Jrgensen, 1924 cep, osp, plk 0275 ne, se 13, 14
Rhabdonella henseni (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk se 14
Rhabdonella indica (Laackmann, 1909) cep, osp, plk 070 ne, se, sw 1, 14
 Coats and Clamp ~ 69

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Rhabdonella spiralis (Fol, 1881) osp, plk se 14

Rhabdonella torta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, plk ne 58
Rhabdonella valdestriata (Brandt, 1906) bns, plk ne 58
Rhabdonellopsis apophysata (Cleve, 1900) cep, osp, plk 0150 entire 1, 13, 14
Rhabdonellopsis triton (Zacharias, 1906) cep, plk 0170 ne, sw 1, 14, 27
Family: Tintinnidae
Amphorellopsis acuta (Schmidt, 1901) bns, cep, plk 0170 ne, sw 1, 31
Amphorides amphora (Claparde & Kachmann, 1858) bns, cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 13, 14, 31, 46, 58
Amphorides minor (Jrgensen, 1924) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Amphorides quadrilineata (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) bns, cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 50
Brandtiella palliata (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk nw, ne, se 13, 14
Canthariella brevis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk ne 13, 14
Dadayiella cuspis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0150 ne, sw 1, 14
Dadayiella ganymedes (Entz Sr., 1884) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Dadayiella pachytoecus (Jrgensen, 1924) osp, plk 0275 ne 13, 14, 15
Daturella stramonium Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0210 ne, sw 1, 13
Eutintinnus angustatus (Daday, 1887) bns, plk ne 58
Eutintinnus apertus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) bns, cep, osp, plk 0160 entire 1, 13, 14, 27, 58
Eutintinnus asymmetricus Balech, 1968 osp, plk ne 15
Eutintinnus birictus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, osp, plk 0100 entire 13, 14, 27
Eutintinnus brandti (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, plk 075 sw 1
Eutintinnus colligatus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, osp, plk 0150 ne, se, sw 1, 14
Eutintinnus elongates (Jrgensen, 1924) cep, plk 0170 nw, sw 1, 27
Eutintinnus fraknii (Daday, 1887) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Eutintinnus latus (Jrgensen, 1924) cep, osp, plk ne, se 14
Eutintinnus lusus-undae (Entz Sr., 1885) cep, osp, plk 075 nw, ne, sw 1, 13, 14, 27
Eutintinnus macilentus (Jrgensen, 1924) cep, plk 0170 sw 1, 27
Eutintinnus medius (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) bns, cep, osp, plk 0210 entire 1, 13, 14, 46
Eutintinnus pectinis (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) bns, plk ne 58
Eutintinnus perminutus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, osp, plk 025 ne, sw 1, 14
Eutintinnus pinguis (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) bns, cep, osp, plk 0150 ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14, 27, 46
Eutintinnus procurrerens (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, plk 02 sw 1
Eutintinnus rectus (Wailes, 1925) bns, plk ne 51
Eutintinnus similis Balech, 1962 cep, osp, plk 0170 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Eutintinnus stramentus (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, osp, plk 0170 ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14, 27
Eutintinnus tenuis (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) bns, cep, osp, plk 0210 entire 1, 13, 14, 31
Eutintinnus tubulosus (Ostenfeld, 1899) bns, cep, osp, plk 0170 ne, se, sw 1, 13, 14, 31
Eutintinnus turgescens (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Odonthophorella serrulata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk ne 14
Ormosella breslaui Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk 0120 ne 13, 14, 15
Ormosella schweyeri Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk ne 15
Rhabdosella cuneolata (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14, 15
Salpingella acuminata (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) cep, osp, plk 075 entire 1, 13, 14, 15, 27
Salpingella attenuata Jrgensen, 1924 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Salpingella faurei Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk ne 14
Salpingella glockentgeri (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, se 13, 14
Salpingella gracilis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0170 ne, sw 1, 27
Salpingella jugosa Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 osp, plk ne 13, 14
Salpingella laminata Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 cep, plk 0160 sw 1
Salpingella subconica Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk 0170 sw 1, 27
Steenstrupiella gracilis Jrgensen, 1924 plk 0120 ne, se 13, 14
Steenstrupiella intumescens Jrgensen, 1924 cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Steenstrupiella steensrupii (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
(continued )
70 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Family: Tintinnidiidae
Leprotintinnus neriticus (Campbell, 1926) bns, plk ne 58
Tintinnidium mucicola (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) bns, plk ne 46
Tintinnidium primitivum Busch, 1923 bns, plk ne 58
Family: Undellidae
Proplectella clapardei (Entz Sr., 1885) cep, osp, plk 0150 entire 13, 14
Proplectella ellipsoida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk sw 27
Proplectella parva Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk nw, ne, se 14
Proplectella perpusilla (Kofoid & Campbell, 1929) cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Proplectella subcaudata (Cleve, 1901) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 15
Undella hadai Balech, 1975 cep, plk 075 sw 1
Undella pistillum Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0150 ne 13, 14
Undella turgida Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0170 nw, sw 1, 15
Family: Xystonellidae
Favella azorica (Cleve, 1900) cep, plk se 14
Favella campanula (Schmidt, 1901) bns, plk ne 58
Favella composita (Jrgensen, 1924) bns, plk ne 58
Favella ehrenbergi (Claparde & Lachmann, 1858) cep, plk 0170 sw 1
Favella panamensis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 bns, cep, osp, plk 0120 ne 13, 14, 31, 46, 58
Favella taraikaensis Hada, 1932 bns, cep, osp, plk ne 14, 46
Parundella aculeata Jrgensen, 1924 cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne 13, 14
Parundella caudata Ostenfeld, 1899 cep, plk ne 14
Parundella conica Sousa & Silve, 1958 osp, plk 0150 ne 15
Parundella inflata Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne 13, 14
Parundella longa Jrgensen, 1924 osp, plk ne 13, 14
Parundella praetenuis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, osp, plk ne 13, 14, 15
Xystonella acus Brandt, 1906 cep, plk 0150 sw 1
Xystonella lanceolata (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0210 ne 13, 14
Xystonella longicauda (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0170 entire 1, 14, 27
Xystonella minuscula Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk nw, sw 1, 27
Xystonella treforti (Daday, 1887) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Xystonellopsis aciculifera (Jrgensen, 1924) osp, plk 0275 ne 13, 14, 15
Xystonellopsis cymatica (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0170 ne, sw 1, 13, 14, 15
Xystonellopsis dahli (Brandt, 1906) osp, plk ne 14
Xystonellopsis dicymatica (Brandt, 1906) cep, osp, plk 0275 nw, ne, sw 1, 13, 14
Xystonellopsis heros (Cleve, 1900) cep, osp, plk 0275 entire 1, 13, 14, 27
Xystonellopsis inaequalis Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 cep, plk sw 27
Xystonellopsis paradoxa (Cleve, 1900) osp, plk ne 13, 14
Order: Choreotrichida
Family: Lohmanniellidae
Lohmaniella oviformis Leegaard, 1915 bns, cep, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 51
Family: Strobilidiidae
Strobilidium caudatum (Fromentel, 1876) ben, bns, est, ins <1 nw 3, 18, 79
Strobilidium conicum Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 8, 51
Family: Strombidinopsidae
Stombidinopsis minima (Gruber, 1884) bns, plk <1 ne 51
Subclass: Stichotrichia
Order: Stichotrichida
Family: Amphisiellidae
Amphisiella annulata Kahl, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 8, 18
Amphisiella lithophora Faur-Fremiet, 1954 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Amphisiella milnei Kahl, 1932 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
 Coats and Clamp ~ 71

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Gastrostyla pulchra (Perejaslawzewa, 1886) ben, bns, est <1 ne 18, 19, 51
Gastrostyla stenocephala Borror, 1963 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Family: Epiclintidae
Epiclintes ambiguus (O.F.Mller, 1786) ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 20
Epiclintes caudatus Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Family: Keronidae
Keronopsis monilata (Kahl, 1928) ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Keronopsis rubra (Ehrenberg, 1838) ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, se 18, 19, 25, 51, 79
Keronopsis similis (Stokes, 1886) ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Family: Spirofilidae
Chaetospira monilata Jones, 1974 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Chaetospira mulleri Lachmann, 1856 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Hypotrichidium conicum Ilowaisky, 1921 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Stichotricha gracilis Mbius, 1888 ben, bns, est, eur <1 ne, sw 51, 67
Stichotricha marina Stein, 1859 ben, bns, est <1 ne, sw 8, 18, 51
Urostrongylum caudatum Kahl, 1930 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Order: Urostylida
Family: Pseudokeronopsidae
Uroleptopsis roscoviana (Maupas, 1883) bns <1 ne 18
Family: Urostylidae
Balladyna euplotes Dragesco, 1960 bns <1 sw 67
Balladyna parvula Kowalewski, 1882 bns <1 ne 18
Holosticha alveolata Kahl, 1932 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Holosticha annulata Kahl, 1928 ben, bns <1 ne 20
Holosticha arenicola Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 51, 68
Holosticha diademata (Rees, 1883) ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 20, 51,
ins 64, 68
Holosticha discocephalus Kahl, 1932 bns <1 ne 18
Holosticha extensa Kahl, 1932 bns <1 sw 67
Holosticha flava Cohn, 1866 bns, est <1 nw 79
Holosticha kessleri (Wrzesniowski, 1877) bns <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 68
Holosticha obliqua Kahl, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Holosticha velox (Quennerstedt, 1869) bns <1 ne 18
Holosticha vernalis Stokes, 1887 bns <1 ne 18
Holosticha viridis Kahl, 1932 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Uncinata gigantea Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Urostyla dispar Kahl, 1932 bns <1 ne 18
Urostyla grandis Ehrenberg, 1838 ben, bns, bsl, est <1 nw, ne 51, 79
Urostyla marina Kahl, 1932 bns <1 ne, sw 18, 67
Order: Sporadotrichida
Family: Oxytrichidae
Onychodromus grandis Stein, 1859 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne 51
Oxytricha ferruginea Stein, 1859 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne 51
Oxytricha marina Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, est <1 ne 51
Oxytricha ovalis Kahl, 1932 bns <1 ne 18
Oxytricha parallela (Engelmann, 1862) bns, est <1 nw 79
Oxytricha stenocephala (Borror, 1963) bsl, ins <1 ne 20
Stylonychia mytilus (O.F.Mller, 1773) ben, bns, bsl, est <1 nw, ne, sw 51, 67, 79
Stylonychia pustulata Ehrenberg, 1838 bsl, est <1 nw 79
Tachysoma pellionella (Mller-Stein, 1859) bsl, est <1 nw 2, 79
Tachysoma rigescens Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 4

(continued )
72 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Family: Trachelostylidae
Gonostomum strenuum (Engelmann, 1862) bns <1 ne 18
Trachelostyla dubia Dragesco, 1954 bns <1 sw 67
Trachelostyla pediculiformis (Cohn, 1886) ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 20, 51,
68, 79
Subclass: Oligotrichia
Order: Halteriida
Family: Halteriidae
Halteria active Smith, 1900 bns, est <1 nw 78
Halteria grandinella (O.F.Mller, 1786) bns <1 ne 18, 51
Order: Strombidiida
Family: Strombidiidae
Laboea strobia Lohmann, 1908 bns, plk <1 ne 51
Strombidium alveolare Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Strombidium arenicola Dragesco, 1960 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5
Strombidium calkinsi Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8, 67
Strombidium capitatum (Leegaard, 1915) bns, plk <1 ne 51
Strombidium cinctum Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5, 8
Strombidium elongatum Leegaard, 1915 bns, plk <1 ne 51
Strombidium filficum Kahl, 1932 bns, plk <1 ne 51
Strombidium latum Kahl, 1932 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 8
Strombidium sulcatum (Claparde & Lachmann, 1859) ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 4, 8, 18, 20
Strombidium tintinnodes Entz, 1884 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Strombidium viride Stein, 1859 bns, plk <1 ne 18, 20
Tontonia appendiculariformis Faur-Fremiet, 1924 bns, plk <1 ne 51
Class: Armophorea
Order: Armophorida
Family: Metopidae
Metopus brevicristatus Lucas, 1934 bns, sym <1 se 76
Metopus contortus Quennerstedt, 1869 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 20
Metopus es O.F.Mller, 1786 bsl, est <1 nw 79
Metopus fuscus Kahl, 1932 bns <1 sw 67
Metopus histophagus Powers, 1935 bns, sym <1 se 76
Metopus rotundus Lucas, 1934 bns, sym 16 se 76
Metopus setosus Kahl, 1927 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Parametopus circumlabens (Biggar & Wenrich, 1932) bns, sym 16 se, sw 47, 48, 63, 75, 76
Order: Odontostomatida
Family: Discomorphellidae
Discomorphella pectinata Levander, 1896 bns <1 sw 67
Family: Mylestomatidae
Mylestoma bipartitum (Gourret & Roeser, 1886) bns <1 ne 18
Class: Litostomatea
Order: Cyclotrichida
Family: Mesodiniidae
Askenasia stellaris Leegaard, 1920 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Mesodinium acarus Stein, 1862 bns, bsl, est, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 20, 51, 67,
70, 79
Mesodinium pulex Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 51, 67, 68, 70
Myrionecta rubra Lohmann, 1908 bns, plk <1 ne 62
Order: Haptorida
Family: Didiniidae
Didinium nasutum O.F.Mller, 1786 bns, est, plk <1 ne 51
 Coats and Clamp ~ 73

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Family: Enchelyidae
Chilophrya utahensis Pack, 1919 bns <1 sw 64, 67
Enchelys mutans Mermod, 1914 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Enchelys nebulosa Entz, 1897 bns <1 sw 67
Enchelys pterotracheae Collin, 1913 bns, est, sym? <1 ne 51
Microregma binucleatum Lepsi, 1926 bns <1 sw 67
Pithothorax ovatus Kahl, 1927 bns <1 sw 67
Family: Lacrymariidae
Lacrymaria caudata Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Lacrymaria cohni Kent, 1881 bns, est <1 ne 51
Lacrymaria coronata Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Lacrymaria lagenula Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bsl <1 nw 79
Lacrymaria kahli Dragesco, 1960 bns <1 sw 67
Lacrymaria olor O.F.Mller, 1776 bns <1 ne, sw 8, 18, 68
Lacrymaria salinarum Kahl, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Lacrymaria rotundata Dragesco, 1954 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Lacrymaria versatilis Quennerstedt, 1865 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 20
Family: Tracheliidae
Dileptus marinus Kahl, 1935 ben, bns, est, sft <1 ne 51
Trachelius tracheloides Maskell, 1887 bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Family: Trachelophyllidae
Chaenea limicola Lauterborn, 1893 bns <1 sw 67
Chaenea teres Dujardin, 1841 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Chaenea vorax Quennerstedt, 1867 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Lagynophrya halophila Kahl, 1930 bns <1 sw 68
Lagynophrya mucicola Kahl, 1927 bns, est <1 ne 51
Trachelophyllum brachypharynx Levander, 1894 bns <1 ne 18
Trachelophyllum clavatum Stokes, 1886 bns <1 sw 67
Order: Pleurostomatida
Family: Amphileptidae
Amphileptus claparedei Stein, 1867 bns <1 ne 18
Amphileptus fusidens (Kahl, 1926) bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Family: Litonotidae
Heminotus caudatus Kahl, 1933 bns <1 sw 67
Litonotus anguilla Kahl, 1930 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Litonotus carinatus Stokes, 1885 bns, est <1 ne 51
Litonotus cygnus (O.F.Mller, 1776) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Litonotus duplostriatus Maupas, 1883 ben, bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Litonotus fasciola Wrzesniowski, 1870 bns, bsl <1 nw, ne, sw 8, 18, 79
Litonotus lamella (Ehrenberg, 1838) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5
Litonotus marina (Kahl, 1931) bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Litonotus obtusus (Maupas, 1888) bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Litonotus pictus Gruber, 1884 bns, est <1 ne 51
Litonotus rotunda (Kahl, 1931) bns, est <1 ne 51
Litonotus vesiculosus Stokes, 1885 bns <1 sw 67
Loxophyllum helus Stokes, 1884 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 4, 8, 68
Loxophyllum meleagris Dujardin, 1841 bns, est <1 ne 8, 51
Loxophyllum perihoplophorum von Buddenbrock, 1920 bns <1 ne, sw 8, 18
Loxophyllum setigerum Quennerstedt, 1867 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 5, 8, 18, 51, 79
Loxophyllum simplex Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Loxophyllum uninucleatum Kahl, 1928 bns, est <1 ne, sw 8, 51
Loxophyllum verrucosum (Stokes, 1893) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8

(continued )
74 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Class: Phyllopharyngea
Subclass: Phyllopharygia
Order: Chlamydodontida
Family: Chilodonellidae
Chilodonella capucina Penard, 1922 bns, est <1 ne 51
Chilodonella caudata Stokes, 1885 bns, est <1 ne 51
Chilodonella cucullus (O.F.Mller, 1786) bsl <1 nw 79
Chilodonella helgolandica Kahl, 1933 bns, est <1 ne 51
Chilodonella uncinata Ehrenberg, 1838 bns, est <1 ne, sw 8, 51
Family: Chlamydodontidae
Chlamydodon mnemosyne Ehrenberg, 1837 bns, est <1 nw, ne 18, 51, 67, 77
Chlamydodon obliquus Kahl, 1931 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Chlamydodon triquetrus (O.F.Mller, 1786) bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Order: Dysteriida
Family: Dysteriidae
Dysteria armata Huxley, 1857 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8
Dysteria calkinsi Kahl, 1931 bns <1 ne 18
Dysteria dystila (Maskell, 1887) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 8, 68
Dysteria marina Gourret & Roeser, 1886 bns, est <1 ne 51
Dysteria navicula Kahl, 1928 bns, est <1 ne 51
Dysteria procera Kahl, 1931 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Trochilia salina Entz, 1897 bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 5, 18
Family: Hartmannulidae
Hartmannula acrobates (Entz, 1884) bns, est <1 ne 51
Subclass: Suctoria
Order: Exogenida
Family: Corynophryidae
Corynophrya francottei (Sand, 1859) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Ephelotidae
Ephelota crustaceorum Haller, 1880 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Ephelota gemmipara Hertwig, 1876 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Paracinetidae
Paracineta estuarina Jones, 1974 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51, 52
Paracineta limbata (Maupas, 1881) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Paracineta lineata Jones, 1974 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51, 52
Paracineta meridionalis Jones, 1974 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51, 52
Paracineta patula Claparde & Lachmann, 1861 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Podophryidae
Podophrya maupasi Btschli, 1889 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Order: Endogenida
Family: Acinetidae
Acineta corophii Collin, 1912 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Acineta craterellus Collin, 1909 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Acineta foetida Maupas, 1881 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne, sw 51, 68
Acineta tuberosa Ehrenberg, 1838 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 18, 51
Family: Dendrosomatidae
Dendrosoma radians (Ehrenberg, 1838) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Lernaeophrya capitata Perez, 1903 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51, 69
Family: Enchelyomorphidae
Enchelyomorpha vermicularis (Smith, 1898) bns, est <1 nw 77
Family: Trichophryidae
Platophrya rotunda (Hentschel, 1915) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Trichophrya columbiae Wailes, 1932 bns <1 ne 18
 Coats and Clamp ~ 75

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Order: Evaginogenida
Family: Discophryidae
Discophrya buckei (Kent, 1882) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Class: Nassophorea
Order: Synhymeniida
Family: Scaphidiodontidae
Chilodontopsis vorax (Stokes, 1887) bns <1 ne 18
Order: Nassulida
Family: Nassulidae
Nassula gigantea Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Family: Paranassulidae
Paranassula microstoma Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bns, est <1 ne 51, 70
Order: Microthoracida
Family: Microthoracidae
Hemicyclium lucidum Eberhard, 1862 bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Microthorax lucidum (Eberhard, 1862) bsl, ins <1 sw 5
Class: Colpodea
Order: Cyrtolophosidida
Family: Cyrtolophosididae
Aristerostoma marinum Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5, 8
Family: Platyophryidae
Platyophrya lata Kahl, 1930 bns <1 sw 67
Family: Woodruffiidae
Woodruffia rostrata Kahl, 1931 bns <1 sw 67
Order: Colpodida
Family: Colpodidae
Colpoda aspera Kahl, 1926 bns <1 ne 18
Family: Marynidae
Mycterothrix taumotuensis Balbiani, 1887 bns, est <1 ne 51
Class: Prostomatea
Order: Prorodontida
Family: Colepidae
Coleps heteracanthus Noland, 1937 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 70
Coleps hirtus Nitzsch, 1817 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne 51
Coleps pulcher Spiegel, 1926 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 20, 64, 67, 70
Coleps spiralis Noland, 1937 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 20, 64, 67
Coleps tesselatus Kahl, 1930 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 70
Family: Cryptocaryonidae
Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 bns, par <1 ne 71
Family: Holophryidae
Holophrya atra Svec, 1897 ben, bns <1 sw 4
Holophrya coronata deMorgan, 1925 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Holophrya vesiculosa Kahl, 1926 bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Family: Placidae
Placus salinus Dietz, 1964 bns, est, eur <1 ne 51
Placus socialis (Fabre-Domergue, 1889) ben, bns <1 ne 18, 70
Family: Plagiocampidae
Plagiocampa marina Kahl, 1930 bns, ins, plk <1 ne, sw 5, 18, 55, 67
Family: Prorodontidae
Prorodon edentatus Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bsl <1 nw 79
Prorodon marinus Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 51
Prorodon mimeticus Kahl, 1930 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20

(continued )
76 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Prorodon opalescens Kahl, 1928 bns, est <1 ne 51

Prorodon teres Ehrenberg, 1838 bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne 18, 20, 79
Class: Plagiopylea
Order: Plagiopylida
Family: Plagiopylidae
Plagiopyla megastoma (Smith, 1898) bsl, est <1 nw 77, 79
Plagiopyla ovata Kahl, 1931 bns <1 ne 18
Family: Sonderiidae
Sonderia pharyngia Kirby, 1934 bns <1 ne 18
Family: Trimyemidae
Trimyema marinum (Kahl, 1931) bns <1 ne 18
Class: Oligohymenophorea
Subclass: Peniculia
Order: Peniculida
Family: Frontoniidae
Frontonia acuminata Ehrenberg, 1833 ben, bns <1 sw 4
Frontonia marina Fabre-Domergue, 1891 ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne, se, sw 8, 18, 20, 24, 51
ins
Frontonia microstoma Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, bsl, est, <1 ne 18, 20, 51
ins
Frontonia ocularis Bullington, 1939 bns <1 se 24
Frontonia schaefferi Bullington, 1939 bns <1 se 24
Family: Lembadionidae
Lembadion lucens Maskel, 1887 bns, est <1 ne 51
Family: Parameciidae
Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, 1838 bsl, est <1 nw 79
Paramecium calkinsi Woodruff, 1921 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Paramecium woodruffi Wenrich, 1928 bns, est <1 ne 51
Family: Urocentridae
Urocentrum turbo (O.F.Mller, 1786) bns, est <1 nw, ne 51, 79
Subclass: Scuticociliatia
Order: Philasterida
Family: Cinetochilidae
Cinetochilum margaritaceum Perty, 1852 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18
Cinetochilum marinum Kahl, 1933 bns, bsl, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 51
Family: Cohnilembidae
Cohnilembus caeci Powers, 1935 bns <1 ne, se 18, 76
Cohnilembus velifer Cohn, 1866 bsl, est <1 nw 79
Cohnilembus verminus (O.F.Mller, 1786) bns, bsl, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 8, 18, 20, 51, 68,
77, 79
Family: Cryptochilidae
Biggaria bermudensis (Biggar & Wenrich, 1932) bns, sym 1150 se, sw 47, 48, 63, 76
Biggaria echinometris (Biggar & Wenrich, 1932) bns, sym <1 sw 63
Family: Entodiscidae
Entodiscus sabulonis Powers, 1935 bns, est <1 se 76
Family: Loxocephalidae
Cardiostomatella vermiforme (Kahl, 1928) bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Loxocephalus granulosus Kent, 1882 bsl <1 nw 79
Platynematum denticulatum Kahl, 1935 bns <1 ne 18
Platynematum hyalinum Kahl, 1931 bns <1 ne 18
Platynematum marinum Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 5
Family: Orchitophryidae
Metanophrys elongata (Biggar & Wenrich, 1932) bns, sym 1150 se, sw 47, 48, 63, 75, 76
Paranophrys aglycus (Powers, 1935) bns, sym <1 se 76
 Coats and Clamp ~ 77

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Family: Parauronematidae
Parauronema acutum (von Buddenbrock, 1920) ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5, 68
Family: Philasteridae
Helicostoma buddenbrocki Kahl, 1931 bns <1 ne 18
Paraphilaster echini Grolire, de Puytorac, & Grain, 1980 bns sw 44, 45
Philaster digitiformis Fabre-Domergue, 1885 bns <1 ne, sw 18, 67
Philasterides armata (Kahl, 1926) ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18
Family: Uronematidae
Uronema acutum von Buddenbrock, 1920 bsl, ins <1 ne 18, 20
Uronema filificum Kahl, 1931 ben, bns, est <1 ne 18, 19
Uronema marina Dujardin, 1841 bns, bsl, ins <1 nw, ne, sw 3, 5, 8, 18, 20, 67,
72, 79
Uronema pluricaudatum Noland, 1937 ben, bns <1 ne, sw 18, 67, 70
Order: Pleuronematida
Family: Cyclidiidae
Cristigera media Kahl, 1928 bns <1 ne, sw 18, 64
Cristigera setosa Kahl, 1928 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5
Cyclidium citrullus Cohn, 1865 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3, 5
Cyclidium curvatum Mansfeld, 1922 ben, bns, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 18, 51
Cyclidium elongatum Schewiakoff, 1896 ben, bns, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 4, 5, 8, 18
Cyclidium glaucoma O.F.Mller, 1786 bns, bsl, est <1 nw, ne, sw 4, 8, 51, 67, 79
Cyclidium lanuginosum Penard, 1922 bns <1 sw 67
Cyclidium litomewsum Stokes, 1884 bns <1 sw 67
Cyclidium marinum Borror, 1963 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 sw 3, 20, 64, 67
Cyclidium rhabdotectum Powers, 1935 bns, sym <1 se 18, 76
Cyclidium stercoris (Powers, 1933) bns, sym <1 se 75, 76
Cyclidium versatile Penard, 1922 bns <1 ne 18
Family: Histiobalantiidae
Histiobalantium semisetatum Noland, 1937 ben, bns <1 ne 70
Family: Pleuronematidae
Pleuronema coronatum Kent, 1881 bns, bsl, est, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 4, 5, 18, 20, 51, 70
Pleuronema crassum Dujardin, 1841 bns, est <1 nw, ne 51, 79
Pleuronema marina Dujardin, 1841 ben, bns, bsl, ins <1 ne, sw 3, 5, 18, 20, 70
Pleuronema setigera Calkins, 1903 bns, bsl, est, ins <1 ne, sw 5, 18, 20, 51, 67, 70
Order: Thigmotrichida
Family: Hysterocinetidae
Hysterocineta pontodrila Wichterman, 1942 bns, sym <1 se 90
Subclass: Hymenostomatia
Order: Hymenostomatida
Family: Glaucomidae
Espejoia mucicola (Penard, 1922) bns <1 sw 67
Glaucoma scintillans Ehrenberg, 1830 bns, est <1 ne 51
Family: Ophryoglenidae
Ophryoglena frontonia Bullington, 1940 bns <1 se 25
Family: Tetrahymenidae
Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1830) bns <1 ne 18
Tetrahymena vorax Kidder, Lilly, & Claff, 1940 bns, est <1 ne 51
Subclass: Apostomatia
Order: Apostomatida
Family: Foettingeriidae
Hyalophysa chattoni Bradbury, 1966 bns, epi, est, sym <1 ne 60
Terebrospira chattoni Bradbury, Clamp, & Lyon, 1974 bns, est, par <1 ne 71

(continued )
78 ~ Ciliated Protists (Ciliophora)

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Subclass: Peritrichia
Order: Sessilida
Family: Epistylididae
Epistylis bimarginata Nenninger, 1948 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Epistylis hentscheli Kahl, 1935 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Epistylis niagarae Kellicott, 1883 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Epistylis vaginula Stokes, 1884 bns, ses <1 sw 67
Family: Lagenophryidae
Lagenophrys aselli Plate, 1886 bns, epi, est, ses <1 ne 51
Lagenophrys callinectes Couch, 1967 bns, epi, ses 120 nw, ne 29, 32, 71, 82
Lagenophrys eupagurus Kellicott, 1893 bns, epi, ses 115 entire 29, 51, 71, 86
Family: Operculariidae
Opercularia cylindrata Wrzesniowski, 1870 bns, ses <1 sw 67
Opercularia longigula Nenninger, 1948 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Opisthostyla thienemanni Nenninger, 1948 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Vaginicolidae
Cothurnia fecunda Stokes, 1893 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Cothurnia innata O.F.Mller, 1786 bns, epi, est, ses <1 ne 51
Cothurnia limnoriae Dons, 1928 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Cothurnia maritima Ehrenberg, 1838 bns, epi, est, ses <1 ne 51
Cothurnia oblonga Kahl, 1935 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Cothurnia poculum Kahl, 1933 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Platycola gracilis de Fromentel, 1874 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Pyxicola socialis Gruber, 1879 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Thuricola valvata Wright, 1858 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vaginicola ampulla (de Fromentel, 1874) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vaginicola crystallina (Entz, 1884) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vaginicola ingenita (O.F.Mller, 1786) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vaginicola ovata Dons, 1922 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vaginicola wangi Kahl, 1933 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Vorticellidae
Pseudovorticella monilata (Tatem, 1870) bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vorticella aequilata Kahl, 1935 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vorticella alba de Fromentel, 1874 bns, est, ses <1 nw 79
Vorticella dubia de Fromentel, 1874 bns, ses <1 sw 67
Vorticella marina Greeff, 1870 bns, est, ses <1 se, ne 18, 73
Vorticella nebulifera O.F.Mller, 1786 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne, sw 4, 18, 20, 51, 72
Vorticella platysoma Stokes, 1887 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vorticella procumbens de Fromentel, 1874 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Vorticella punctata Dons, 1917 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Family: Zoothamnidae
Zoothamnium affine Stein, 1859 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Zoothamnium alternans Claparde & Lachmann, 1858 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Zoothamnium commune Kahl, 1933 bns, est, eur, ses <1 ne 51
Zoothamnium duplicatum Kahl, 1933 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Zoothamnium mucedo Entz, 1884 bns, est, ses <1 ne 51
Zoothamnium penaei Song, 1992 bns, epi, ses 115 se, sw 86
Zoothamnium plicatum Gourret & Roeser, 1886 bns, ses <1 ne 18
Order: Mobilida
Family: Trichodinidae
Trichodina ctenophorii Estes, Reynolds, & Moss, 1997 bns, epi, plk ne 35
 Coats and Clamp ~ 79

Checklist of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora) from the Gulf of Mexico. (continued )

Taxon Habitat-Biology Depth (m) GMx range References/Endnotes

Subclass: Astomatia
Order: Astomatida
Family: Anoplophryidae
Anoplophrya macronucleata Wichterman, 1942 bns, par <1 se 90
Family: Maupasellidae
Maupasella leptus Wichterman, 1942 bns, sym <1 se 90
Incertae sedis in Phylum: Ciliophora
Family: Coelosomididae
Incertae sedis in Family: Coelosomididae
Epimecophrya cylindrica Kahl, 1933 ben, bns, ins <1 sw 3
Paraspathidium fusca (Kahl, 1928) ben, bns <1 sw 4
Paraspathidium trichostomum Noland, 1937 ben, bns <1 ne 18, 70