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 a

NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION.

DESMIDS

LIST OF AMERICAN PEDIASTRUMS

WITH NEARLY

FOURTEEN HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS

SIXTY-FOUR COLORED PLATES.

BY THE REV. FRANCIS WOLLE,

Mi in',' r i
if the American Itjociety of Microscopixt*.

BETHLEHEM, PA.:
MORAVIAN PUBLICATION OFFICE.
1892.
 TO

Dr. Otto HorbstcM,

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LUND, SWEDEN,

THIS fclTTLE WORK IS

Debtcateb,

IN RECOGNITION OF HIS GREAT AND VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS

TO THE HISTORY OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS,

BY HIS GRATEFUL FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.
 PREFACE.

In the "American Journal of Science and Art," A. D.1847, Prof.

J. W. Bailey, of Point, said: "With the exception of six or
West
eight, I am not aware of any published account of Marine Algce.
Of our fluviatile (fresh-water) Algce, I find no published notice,
although they appear to have been studied with some care by the
indefatigable Schweinitz," and at a little later date he adds: "It
appears that to Schweinitz is due the credit of being the first to collect
and to study any of our fresh-water Algce." I refer with all the
more pleasure to these remarks concerning the late Rev. L. D. von
Schweinitz, of Bethlehem, Pa., that he was a friend of my youth,
and the first to draw my attention to the study of cryptogamous
plants. It is only proper that ample credit should be given to this
the first collector of our fresh- water A Igce in this the first monograph
published in the United States, on that class of Algce known as
DKSMIDS.
Nearly forty years ago Prof. J. W. Bailey contributed to the
"American Journal of Science and Art," two papers, one describing
a few new species of Desmids from the Catskill mountains, and the
other, "Notes on the Algfe of the United States;" following these
'we have "Microscopical Observations made in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida Smithsonian Institute, A. D. 1850, 50 pp."
These observations cover Infusoria and Algce, the latter comprising
a list of one hundred and twenty-five species, among which appear
a few newly discovered Desmids which are illustrated and described.
Horatio C. Wood, Jr., M. D., published in 1872, through the Smith-
sonian Institute, "A Contribution to the History of the Fresh-Water
Algce of North America." In this publication Dr. Wood brought
together all the recorded observations that had been made up to that
time, in this country and in Europe, upon the Algce of the United
States. His list of Algce includes about one hundred and sixty
species of Desmids.
In a collection made by Stephen J. Olney, near Providence, B. I.,
during the years 1846-48, there were about fifty species of Desmids.
My first contribution to the literature of the fresh-water Algce
appeared in the "Torrey Botanical Bulletin of New York," in 1877,
wherein are described thirty Desmids not heretofore found in the
v
VI DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

I'liitnl States. Every succeeding year up to l*s.'J, I have recorded in

the same journal the results of my observations upon this interesting
class of American flora what
;
my success has been, may he interred
from the fact have in
that I
my herbarium nearly five hundred well
authenticated species and varieties of American Desmids.
Only the great pleasure I derived from collecting, and studying
the life-history of this heretofore neglected class of plant-, enabled
me to make light of, and to overcome, the serious obstacles met I

with at the outset of my labors. There were no home correspondent-

with whom to co-operate and no accessible good works to guide me
in my researches over this almost wholly unexplored Held. My first
encouragement came from abroad. The late Dr. L. Rabenhorst, of
Mei-.-en, 1'rus-ia, and the late Alexander Braun, of Berlin, sent me
many valuable communications, and to the former particularly, I
furnished many sets of mounted specimens of our Algte for his serial
of decades of J ti/n l-].rx'x-<-t'. am particularly indebted, however.
I

to Dr. Otto Norclstedt, of the University of Lund, Sweden, for his

kindness in determining the identity of certain American specie-
discovered by me with those already known in Europe; and also in
confirming my impressions concerning the restriction of others solely
to the United State-.
My grateful acknowledgments are also due for valuable notes and
papers, to Dr. V. 15. Wittrock, of the Scientific Academy of Stock-
holm; N. \Ville, of Christiana, Norway F. Hauck, Trieste; Dr. .1.
;

Rostafinski, Cracow; G. Lagerheim, Stockholm, and others.

Meanwhile, the subject had awakened interest in various parts of
the United States, and specimens began to come in from places it
would have been impossible for me to have visited. Among those
to whom I am particularly indebted for favors of this kind, are: Mr.
H. W. Ravenel, Aiken, S. C., who during the past eight or more
year-, has sent me many interesting specimens, from his own State,
(ieorgia and Florida; ('apt. J. Donnell Smith, Baltimore, Md., who,
in I.ST.S and isy.i, sent me over seven hundred specimens of fresh-
water Afffce gathered in Florida; in his collections the Desmids were
not numerous, but they included specimens not found elsewhere;
Mr. F. H. Hosford, assisted by Mr. C. G. Pringle, Charlotte, Vt..
whose collections were copious in northern Vermont; and Miss
Eloise Butler, Minneapolis, Minn., who was a most successful col-
lector of Desmids; I am indebted to her for all the species in the
li-t which are assigned to Minneapoli-. My acknowledgments would
not be complete did I omit to mention the practical interest taken
in my labors by the Rev. H. D. Kitchel, and his son, Mr. H. S.
Kitchel.
In the descriptive parts, I have abbreviated the name of tin- dis-
coverer of each plant, the reader being referred, for additional infor-
mation, to the appended list of names alphabetically arranged with
their abbreviations, and with the title of the books consulted in the
compilation of this work.
 PREFACE. Vll

Although this work is believed to be exhaustive of all now known

concerning the Desmids of the United States, yet the author regards
it only as the pioneer to others much larger and therefore more

valuable, wherein will be recorded the achievements of those who

will perhaps be indebted to this work for their first introduction to so
fascinating a study a* that of the fresh-water Aff/ce of our country.
F. W.
BETHLEHEM, PENNSYLVANIA,
FEBRUARY, 1884.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION, 1892.

September, 1891, found us unable to supply the occasional demands

for acopy of DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES. Some of the plates
were reproduced by means of the camera; these, in connection with
other plates and some copies of letterpress remaining from the
original publication made a very limited number of complete copies,
which, however, soon proved insufficient. The demand for more
encouraged the idea of another edition of the work.
Since the original publication in 1884 quite a number of discoveries
were made. Some of these were published on eight plates, and issued
in connection with the FRESH-WATEK ALC;.E OF THE UNITED
STATES. Still later discoveries fill two more plates. Putting these
togetherwe get a volume with one-fifth more plates than the original.
To make a new edition the fact is evident that the demand for a
book of the kind, naturally limited, has been pretty well supplied,
and hence the risk of sale greatly increased. The author's consider-
ation must be to curtail expenses. This he hoped to do in a satis-
factory way by furnishing a book with many additional plates, figures
all hand-colored, without an increase in price. The plan was to omit
the descriptive part of the book as far as it relates to species, believ-
ing the distinct forms of the Desmids sufficient for identification, but
upon maturer consideration and advice have concluded to make a
COMPLETE REPRINT, adding all known later discoveries. This will
add greatly to the size of the volume and proportionately to the
expense, but in every other regard will make the most satisfactory
work for reference.
The discoveries of species new to the United States the past few
years, have not been as numerous as might have been expected in so
great a territory as belongs to us. A few have worked with succe .

W. L. Poteat, of North Carolina, published a preliminary list of Des-

mids from his State. \V. X. Hastings, Rochester. New Hampshire,
has been doing a good work as is evidenced by the plants acknowl-
edged to his name. (J. Lagerheim, of Sweden, received material
from Massachusetts containing a number of new forms. \V. Joshua ;
V1 11 DESMIbS OF THE UNITED STATES.

\V. West and W. B. Turner, of England, in like manner, made re-

searches in American water-. !". \\'. Harvey, Orono, Maim-, has
been active in researches among the Aff/a-. Many other?- might he
named who liave made a beginning. Personally have done very
little collecting. The explorations so delightful in the past have
become impossible by the advance of years, failing health and con-
sequent loss of vigor of body.
In foreign countries much interest prevailed, judging by the nu-
merous papers which made their appearance the past few year-.
Dr. Otto Nordstedt, of Lund, Sweden, a veteran in the field, has
added to his previous achievements his contribution to the A/f/n of
Hra/il his discoveries in the Arctic regions, in Greenland and Spitx-
;

bergen and in Bornholm; he worked up also the collections made

by Dr. 8. Berggren in New /ealand and Australia. Dr. Wille, of
Stockholm, made three contributions to the Desmids of Norway, of
South America and of Nova Zembla. Dr. Schaarschmidt has taken
care of the Desmids of Hungary. YV. M. Maskell presented three
valuable papers on the Alycs (Desmids) of New Zealand. Dr. Lager-
heim tells of Bengal plants; Roy & Bisset of Japan gatherings YV. ;

Joshua, of Burmah; Eug. Warming of Central Brazil; A. W. Ben-

nett of North Cornwall and English Lake Districts Maria Lewin of
;

collections in Spain; W. West, gatherings in Yorkshire; J. P. Bis-ct

in Lake Windermere ; John Boy in Scotland, and probably many
others not represented in my library.
 NAMES OF AUTHORS
arc abbreviated in the text, together with the titles of the
works consulted in the preparation of this monograph.

A. BR. Alexander Braun. Algarum Unicellarium genera nova et

minus cognita. Leipzig, 1855.
ARCH. W. Archer. Desmideaj in Pritchard's History of Infusoria.
London, 1861.
Notes, in the Proceedings of the Natural History Society, Dub-
Notes in the Journal of the Microscopical Society,
lin, 1862-1863.
London.
AG. C. A. Agardh. Species Algarum, Lunda? 1820 and Systema Al-
garum. Lund, 1824.
BAIL. J. W. Bailey. Microscopical Observations made in South Caro-
lina, Georgia and Florida. Washington, 1851.
Notes on Algs? of the United States American Journal of
;

Sciences and Arts. 1846 and 1858.

BREB. A. de Brebisson. Liste des Desmidiees observers en Basse-
Normandie. Cherbourg, 1856.
BULNH. O. Bulnheim. Einige Desmidieen Beitraege zur Flora der
;

Desmidieen Sachsens. Dresden, 1863.

CLEVE. P. T. Cleve. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Sveriges Soetvat-
tensalger af familjen Desmidien?. Stockholm, 1864.
COHN. Ferdinand Cohn. Desmidiacea? Bougoenses. Halle, 1879.
CORDA. A. J. Corda. Observations sur les Euastre'es et les Cosmariees.
Carlsbad, 183-5-1840.
D. BY. A. de Bary. Untersuchungen ueber die Familie der Conju-
gaten. Leipzig, 1858.
DE NOT. G. de Notaris. Elementi per lo Studie delle Desmidiacea?
Italiche. Geneva, 1867.
DELP. J. B. Specimen Desmidicearum subalpinarum.
Delponte.
Augusta? Taurinorum, 1873.
EHRB. (.'. G. Ehrenberg. Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikrosko-
pischen Lebens in Su'd und Nord-Ainerika. Berlin, 1843.
OAY. Fr. Gay. Essa? diine monographic locale des Conjugacees.
Montpelier, 1884.
KLEBS. G. Klebs. Ueber die formen einigen Gattungen der De&-
midiflecen Oestpreusen. Kunigsburg, 1879.
ORUN. A. Grunow. Ueber die in Rabenhorst's Decaden ansgegebenen
Suesswasser Diatomeen und Desmidiaceen von der Insel Banka.
Leipzig, 1865.
ix
X DKSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATF>

HASS.-A. H. Hassa!l. A History of tin- British Fresh-water Algae.

London, 1845.
HOKM. - W. J. B. Hofmeister. Ueber die Fortptianzung der Desmidieen
und Diatonien. Leipzig Berichte 9, 1867.
KIRCH. O. Kirchner. Kryptogamen flora von Schlesien. Breslau,
1878.
Ko. F. T. Kuetzing. Deutsehlands Algen in buendigen Beschivi-
bungen. Nordhausen, 1845. Species Algaruin. Leipzig, Is4!i.
LUXD. P. M. Lundell. De Desmidiaceis qua? in Suecia inventte sunt,
observationes critica?. Upsal, 1871.
MENEGH. J. Meneghini. Synopsis Desmidearum hucusque cogni-
tarum. Halle, I84n.
MEYEN.-F. J. F. Meyen. Beobachtungen ueber einige niedere Algen-
formen. Bonn, 1829.
NAEG. ('. Naegeli. Gattungen eiuzelliger Algen. Zurich, 1849.
NORU. O. Nordstedt. Desmidiea? Arctose. Stockholm, 1*7">.
18 Fain. Desmidicea? Brasilia?. Stockholm, 1869.
Desmidiete ex insulus Spetsbergensibus et Beeren Eiland.
Stockholm, 1872.
Bidrag til Ka-nnedomen om Sydligare Norges Desmidc. r.

Lund, 1873.
Desmidiea? in Italea et Tyrolia. Stockholm, 1876.
De Algis Aquaedulcis ex insulis Sandvicencibus. Lumi, l^Tv
De Algis nonnulis, praecipue Desmidicis inter Utricularius
Musei Lugduno-Batavi. Lund, 1880.
RAB. L. Rabenhorst. Flora Europaea Algarum Aqua? dulcis et Suh-
marinae.Leipzig, 1868.
RALFS. J. Ralfs. On the British D'esmidiete. London, 1848.
REIXSCH. P. Reiusch. Die Algenrtora des mitleren Thcilcs von
Franken. Niirnberg, 1867.
De Speciebus Generibusque nonnullis novis ex
Algarum et
Fungorum classe. Frankford, 1867.
WALL. G. C. Wallich. Descriptions of Desmidiacea- from lower Ben-
gal. London, 1860.
WILLE. N. Wille.Ferskvandsalger fra Novaja Semlja samlede af Dr.
F. Kjellman paa Nordeuskioelds Expedition, 1875. Stockholm,
'

Bedrag til Kundskaben om Xorges Ferskvandsalger. Chris-

tiania, 1880.
WITTR. V. B. Wittrock. Anteckningar om Skandinaviens Desmidi-
aceer. Upsal, 1869.
Alga? aquae dulcis exsiecatae praecipue scandinavicae, quas
adjectis algis marinis chlorophyllaceis et phycochromaceis dis-
tribuerint V. R. Wittrock et O. Nordstedt, Fasc. I.-XII. I'p-
salie, 1873-1883.
WOOD. H. C. Wood. A Contribution to the History of the Fr ~ii-

water Alga? of North America. Washington, D. ('., 1874.

 INTRODUCTION.

The following preliminary remarks may prove interesting to

thosewho have not heretofore paid much attention to the sub-
ject which has inspired the preparation of this volume.
The term Algce signifies Sea-weeds, and is used to designate
certain marine and fresh-water plants, which because they bear
no flowers, stamens nor pistils, and in fructification produce
spores instead of seeds, are styled cryptogarnous plants. The
Algce comprise not only sea- weeds properly so-called, but like-
wise the gelatinous, or scum-like substances found floating on or
near the surface of ponds, ditch water and placid streams only
;

a very small proportion of the entire class of fresh-water Algce

is confined to trunks of trees, shady recesses, or to rocks dripping

with moisture.
Owing to the life-like peculiarities exhibited in some stages of
their development and growth many of the Algce were believed
by Ehrenberg and other micoscropists of his time, to belong to
the animal kingdom, but the wholly vegetable character of the
Alf/ir is now too well established to admit of further controversy.
Howsoever great in other respects their individual differences
may be, the Algce possess certain characteristics which are com-
mon to them all. They are cellular, flowerless and devoid of
roots; their home is in the water; the very few which affect
when deprived of moisture. Their nutri-
other localities, die
ment is absorbed through their entire surface from the medium
in which they live. They are totally devoid of vascular tissue,
in tact, are merely congeries of simple cells on the
arrangement
of which depends their structural differences.
Few classes of plants present greater diversities of form than
do the Algce. Some are minute enough to tax the powers of our
best microscopes, while others are a constant source of astonish-
ment because of their enormous size, stretching as some of them
xi
XII DESMID.S OF THE UNITED STATES.

do, nearly two hundred feet across their marine beds, and with
stems sufficiently thick wherefrom to manufacture handles for
small tools and cutlery.
Those which consist of only a few cells, contrast very forcibly
with others which in appearance, but in appearance only, present
the branches, stems, twigs and foliage of highly developed plants ;

nor are they less opposite in what may be termed their sociality,
from the fresh-water hermits scattered more or less sparsely in
secluded places, up to those immense aggregations in mid-ocean
which resemble sub-aqueous forests, or form floating islands
miles in diameter, where multitudes of marine creatures find
permanent homes.
Equally diversified is their range of habitat no geonomic :

condition suffices to exclude the Algce ; they greet the traveler

on the confines of vegetation, near the highest mountain top>.
amid snow and ice and are brought up by marine explorers
1
,

from great depths below the surface of the sea.

To overlook their color would be to neglect a very striking
characteristic.The predominant tint of the entire class, in-
cluding both marine and fresh water varieties, is green then ;

pink grading off into all the shades of purple, and finally olive.
from golden green and bright tawny to black indeed there are
;

few if any colors, from the most gorgeous to the dullest, but are
to be found among the Algce. They are also interesting for the
many useful purposes to which they have been and are applied.
We are under no small obligation to them for aiding to keep the
atmosphere in a wholesome condition, since they absorb carbonic
acid largely and exhale immense quantities of oxygen. The
extinction of certain kinds would prove an annoying loss to our
materia medica. They nourish a large variety of fish and molusca,
and in some localities, constitute a nutritious fodder for cattle
and pigs moreover, of some kinds there are made sauces, soups
;

and blanc -mange which are highly appreciated by epicures,

while others as fertilizers, are largely used by sea-coast farmers.
Of what
further benefit they may be to mankind it would be
rash to predict, but it is within the bounds of probability, that
the microscopic study of the fresh-water varieties, if pursued
hereafter as ardently as during the past few years, will result in

1
In a recent publication by V. B. Wittrock, of the Scientific Academy of
Stockholm, he describes the Snow and Ice flora of the Arc-tic /one. The
.Snow flora comprises about 40 species and varieties of fresh-\\ atcr A F</n and
.

the Ice flora about 10 species. They belong to 25 genera. Ten species and
varieties are new.
 INTRODUCTION. Xlll

a considerable modification of our ideas concerning the genera-

tion and growth of certain life-germs.
For the behoof of the uninitiated, a few words may here not
be out of place, on

HOW TO FIND, HOW TO COLLECT, A.XD HOW TO PRESERVE

Fresh-water Alyw. As a large majority of them, especially the

DES.AIIDS, are free-floating plants, it would be a waste of time to
seek them in rapid waters; they affect pools, sluggish streams
and ponds the latter afford the most satisfactory results to the
;

explorer, when the pond is a mile or more in length and is fed

by one or two creeks; the indentations on the margins of such
a pond and its tributaries, usually abound in water grasses and
mosses which shelter and support the floating Algae.
The outfit need not consist of more than a nest of four or five
tin cans (tomato or fruit) one within the other for convenience of

carriage; ten or a dozen wide-mouthed vials, and a small ring-

net of fine muslin at the end of a rod about four feet in length.
Should a boat be needed it can usually be hired on the spot.
After selecting what seems to be a good locality, drag the net a-
few feet among the grasses and mosses, above indicated, allow
the bulk of the water to drain through the muslin, and then
empty the residue into one of the cans repeat this process as
;

often as may be desirable. Ten or fifteen minutes after the cans

have been filled, most of the surface water may be poured off,
and the remainder transferred to a glass vial, where the solid
contents will gradually sink, and the superfluous water can be
again poured off, and the vessel filled up with deposits from
other vials. In shallow places, what is known as s.vamp-moss
(SphaffHum^, bladderwort (Utricttlaria), water-milfoil Uyriophyl-
(

lum} or other finely cut-leaf water plants are likely to abound;

these should be lifted in the hand and the water drained, or
squeezed from them into a tin can to be subsequently treated as
already stated. A few drops of carbolic acid in each vial, just,
enough to make its presence perceptible, will preserve the con-
tents for months and even years from deterioration; the green
coloring matter (C/iIorophyl) may fade, but this in the case of the
DKSMIDS, is of little importance nevertheless, when practicable,
;

always examine the material when fresh. When dried on paper

for the herbarium, the specimens can still, after being moistened
with water, be microscopically examined, but not with the best
XIV DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

results, since the drying is apt to collapse, or otherwise distort

the cells.
The collector will not know the value of his find, until it has
been brought drop by drop under the lens of his microscope, and
out of the entire mass he may discover nothing to reward his
labors this however should not discourage him, as one or two
;

failures are to be expected prior to meeting with an adequate

reward. His interest in the study will be greatly enhanced if
he keeps a record of it in sketches of what the microscope reveals
to him. These sketches should, of course, be very exact, and in
order that they may be so, it is necessary that the microscope
should be provided with an eye-piece micrometer with which to
measure the length and breadth of the figure to be sketched a ;

half inch per ytfW (.001") or 25 n is the most convenient, though

i or i of an inch may be a preferable scale for the larger forms.
It is so difficult to separate specimens from their accompanying

foreign matter, that it is seldom amateurs can mount them sati>

factorily on slides, and therefore this method of preserving
specimens is not open to recommendation.
Although in the microscopic study of the fresh-water Algce
much has been done within the past few years, much more re-
mains to fte accomplished. The field, instead of growing smaller,
seems to widen out with every fresh discovery localities thought
;

to have been exhausted of additional possibilities, have in sub-

sequent seasons, yielded ample returns to the patient explorer ;

and the old territory is not sufficiently attractive, there are

if

vast regions into which no student has yet penetrated, where,

doubtless, the harvest awaiting the reaper dwarfs all that has
been heretofore garnered.
 DESMIDS.

Order, ZYGOSPOR^ ; Family, CONJUGATE.

The DESMIDS form a large group, nearly equal in number of
species, to that of all the other orders of fresh-water Algce. They
are microscopic plants, and are to be found floating free in pools,
ponds and sluggish streams in all parts of the world at least ;

representatives of them are to be met with in every clime, from

the frigid arctic latitudes to the torrid equatorial zone but un- ;

like the higher order of plants this wide difference in temper-

ature is not in these Algce always accompanied by corresponding
structural difference for in New Jersey, varieties have been
;

discovered, which previously were thought to belong exclusively

to the hottest parts of South America, and in the same State are
also found species peculiar to the region of Nova Zembla, and
Spitzbergen we may assume these latter to have been a northern
;

legacy to New Jersey upon the breaking up of what is known as

the Glacial period, but we have no plausible reason to give for
the presence in the same localities of species which are indigenous
to Brazil .and the East Indies. In every country, however, there
are varieties of Desinids that have not been found elsewhere ;
a
remark which applies peculiarly to the United States, where
nearly one hundred species wholly distinct from any heretofore
known, have been discovered, and aie now for the first time col-
lectively described in this work.
The Desmids are all more or less gelatinous ;
certain genera
as Hyalotheca, Desmidium, Sphaerozosma, and some species of Cos-
marium, and of Staurastrium^ have a distinct, wide, colorless en-
velope but the majority are provided with nothing more than
;

an extremely thin mucous covering, which, though hardly per-

ceptible under the microscope, becomes sufficiently evident in
the firmness with which the Desmids adhere to the paper on
which they are dried.
15
16 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The cell, that is to say, the plant, is multiform, varying from

the simple cylindrical and fusiform, to the denticulate, crenuhite.
lobed and otherwise much indented margins of the equal parts
into which the cell is with few exceptions, beautifully and sym-
metrically divided. The division of the cell into two equal
parts is effected by a transverse constriction, usually so deep
as to leave about a third of the diameter of the constricted cell
for a connecting link between the two parts; sometimes, how

ever, the constriction is so slight as to produce merely an obtu>e

angled sinus on each side of the cell a few have no constriction.
;

The wall -.cytiodernii of the cells is not constituted alike for all

the genera ;
in some
appears cases it to be of a silicious character,
judging by the appearance of the empty case, and by the firm-
ness with which it retains the contour of the cell, even years
after the Desmid had been collected but usually the wall is more
;

fragile aud easily liable to collapse or rupture, unless the speci-

men is kept in a preservative fluid.
One of the characteristics of Desmids which confirmed- many
of the earlier microscopists in the belief of their animal char
acter, was their seemingly voluntary movements. These move-
ments are most apparent in the larger forms of Closterium and

Cosmarium, but are more or less evident in all of them they ;

consist of slow, steady oscillations, and sometimes they go for-

ward aud backward, similar to the movement of diatoms, but-
slower, therefore less observable. By means of this locomotive
power, they work themselves to the surface when gathered into
a vessel with dirt and other foreign matter, and collect in such
positions as are most exposed to the light. Many theories have
been advanced to account for this phenomenon, but hitherto all
have failed to establish a satisfactory explanation.
Another movement belonging to the Desmids is that of the
granules within the cells. This is always present in good living
specimens, and consists in a circulation of granules in the watery
fluid next to the cell walls
they appear to be constantly passing
;

to and between the center and the ends of the cells.

fro
A third motion belongs to the so-called vacuoles of CJoateriums,
Docidiums and Peniums. In the end of many of these cells is a
well-defined globular, transparent space r<i<-in>lc filled with a
number of small granules, significantly called, by the Germans.
tanzenden kornchen, or dancing granules, because of their sprightly
activity. A
similar behavior of the granules in the bodies of
smaller Desmids. and in the cells of filamentous AI</<I . is often
observable, particularly in unhealthy plants. No satisfactory
 /VGOSPOR.I:. 17

explanation of these movements has yet been given. To some

they appear a mystery, but, are they more mysterious than the
circulation of blood in our arteries and veins, or than that of the
so-called cydosis in the higher plants? Nearly, if not quite all
vegetable germinal matter, displays some spontaneous activity,
and it is more than probable that the like characteristic seen in
the Desmids, must be ascribed to the same causes whatever they
may be.

MULTIPLICATION.

Multiplication among the Desmids takes place by two pro-

cesses. The one is simply a division and growth, the other is

through what may be termed sexual intervention.

The first process is merely a modification of ordinary vegeta-
tive growth, that is to say, a peculiar cell multiplication by
division. Plate XV, figs. 5. <>. are two semi-cells of a Docidinm.
which have separated by the development of short procccs
(fig. 7) these, primarily very small, commence their growth
;

from out of the center of the base of each semi-cell. The figure
represents them somewhat advanced they develop rapidly, and;

soon become exact counterparts of the original mother-cells, then

they separate. Thus two cells are developed from one the same ;

process is repeated, the two produce four, the four eight, and
so on.
Plate XVII, figs. ]2, 13, represent a Cosmnrium. the one the
perfect plant, the other in process of division the ends are the ;

halves of the mother-cell the parts between, the partially <!-

;

veloped forms of the new semi-cells. Plate XIX, fig. 27, repre-
sents a similar growth of a denticulate form the teeth are not ;

apparent until the young parts have attained nearly their full
size.
Plate XLIV, fig. 8, is a series of four Micrasterias tnntcata,
which represent the stages of growth by division a cell pro- ;

ducing two, and the two, four, under the rather unusual circum-
stance of adherence after division only a fragment of the series
;

is shown in the figure. Fig. 11 is a similar fragmentary series

of adhering cells which must originally have numbered no less
than sixty -four. I counted thirty-eight which could not have
occurred in a regular course of division.
There are some peculiarities attending the process of multi-
plication. The new semi cells are not always exact counterparts
of the mother semi cell. Plate XVIII, fig. 18, ('o.wi(i)-ium monili-
forme; here there is an enlargement of the new, central semi-
 18 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

cells, probably developed uuder more favorable circumstances-

than the original cell. An impoverished condition is more fre-
quently the result. Plate XXXIV is a striking illustration of
such an instance in Mu'raxteriax Torreyi. Fig. 1 is nearest the
typical form described by Bailey, the other seven are varieties
which occurred by division. I found them variously attached
one to the other; one half distinct from the other half, and some
so different from the typical form that had they not been mingled
with many others they could easily have been mistaken for other
species. Did these departures from the normal type continue
indefinitely, the original form would soon be lost, but the true
type as described nearly forty years ago by Prof. Bailey is pre-
served to this day. The changes are probably due to an impov-
erished condition of the plant. This suggests the cause of the
second mode of multiplication, viz. that by
:

REGENERATION.
This process is figured to some extent on many of the plates
of our illustrations. Plate I, tigs. 7-12, show how the separated.

floating joints of a Hyalatheca are drawn together, and unite by

means of a gelatinous tube (fig. 9) into which the contents of the
cellsgradually empty the tube enlarges as represented in the
;

figures of the progressive stages (figs. 10, 11) to the perfected

zygospore (fig. 12). The three circular forms united, are the
divided cells or semi-cells.
,
Plate III, fig. 3, are two cells separated from the filament (fig.
1) drawn together and united by a gelatinous tube mutually
protruded; through this the green cellular contents (OUorophyf)
of the one passes out into the other, thus producing the regen-
erated spore (fig. 4).
Plate II, fig. 8, is a simpler process; the contents normally
separated in each joint, flow together (fig. 9), and condense ;

then enlarge (fig. 10) and finally break loose (tig. 11) to produce
the new plant. Plate III, figs. 5-9, illustrate another method
of reproduction two cells are drawn together, when they unite
;

(fig. 6) and bind themselves closely until they fuse into one
body, (figs. 8, 9).
Plate IX, another instance, varying only in form, tin-
tig. 2, is
two conjugation; fig. 3, the developed
cells in the first stage of

zygospore with the empty semi-cells or husks still attached. Figs.

are zygospores of various species of Closterium.
4, 9, 10, 11, 16,
This condition of copulation and developed spores. :i/</ospores, or
sporangium* as often termed, is frequent the next step or GER-
;
 ZYGOSPOR^E. 19

MI NATION is, if not of rare occurrence, very rarely detected.

Dr. de Bary, of Germany, enjoyed a favorable opportunity he ;

describes the whole process substantially thus Two cells are

:

drawn together by a conjugal influence which we have no means

of detecting the semi-cells separate Tlate XXVII, fig. 27), and
;

pour out their contents those of the one cell unite with those
;

of the other, at without a distinct investment, but soon the

first

mass acquires a membranous envelope (figs. 28. 29), forms a

matrix, or sporangium in which are reproduced new plants pos-
sessed of invigorated vitality. The envelope of the matrix or
zyyospwe is primarily thin and smooth, but by degrees it acquires
increased thickness, and in the Cosmariums, usually a granular,
tuberculated (fig. 28), or more frequently a spinous surface (fig.
29) the spines being sometimes simple but commonly forked at
;

their extremities. The next step so difficult to be traced is the

opening of the wall of the zygospore ffig. 29), setting free small
spheres of sarcode as they issue they enlarge and acquire a
;

gelatinous, or thin membranous wall. The wall thickens and

the sphere enlarges (fig. 30), the contents constrict (fig. 31),
first in one direction and then transversely to the plane of the

first incision 'fig. 32); these parts develop and set free two or

four new plants in size and form like the mother-cell, except in
the cytioderm or membrane this is not granular, but smooth,
;

and so remains until after the multiplication by division takes

place. After the first division the new semi-cells assume the char-
acteristic granular surface the result of this first division is two
;

plants each composed of one granulated and one smooth semi

cell. The second division will make two perfect cells and two
which retain the one smooth semi-cell; the third division pro-
duces eight cells, all of which except the original two semi-cells
will be of typical form.
Hofmeister's views are somewhat at variance with those of
De Bary in regard to numbers; he affirms that the contents of
the sporangiums of Cosmuriums are transformed by repeated
binary subdivisions into eight or sixteen cells, which assume the
orginal form, bnt not full size of the parent, before they are set
free by the rupture or diffluence of the wall of the sporangium.
The sporangium* of Clofiterium, Staut-aatrnm and of other genera
are supposed to germinate in the same manner as Cosmarium.
Plate XXVII, fig. 33, is a cluster of Closteriums surrounded by
a membrane, found by Ralfs lie however questions whether this
;

is a germinating sporangium.

Encysted clusters of Desmids are not necessarily evidence of

20 DESMIR- <F THE UNITED STATES

germination. I have found many such cysts enclosing sometime*

only one large specimen, as Euastmm verntcofunn, but more fre-
quently six, or eight smaller Desmids in one cyst; these were at
firsta source of perplexity. Upon consultation with men and
books I found Huxley to say: "Encystment is very common

among all the Oiliata; and a species of AmphUeptus has been si -u

to swallow, or rather envelope a stalked bell-animalcule, and
then become encysted upon the stalk of its prey."
Prof. Smith writes with reference to a case of encysted dia-
koines "the group of Navicula seen, are simply a group that were
:

devoured and their protoplasm digested by an Amoeba. They

constantly are ejected in this way from the body of the Amoeba
after the nutriment has been abstracted, and look like an en-

cysted mass with an envelope complete."

This subject of multiplication by regeneration is full of interest
for the inicroscopist,and opens a large and unexplored field.
The frequent variations in outline of form in certain species is
calculated to mislead, and perhaps suggest notions of variation
of species, but close observation will soon dispel such notions,
and prove that they are merely temporay results of exhausted
vitality in the process of multiplication by division; they occur
most frequently in the latter part of the summer season. After
regeneration through copulation, the zygospores become winter
resting spores and lie dormant until the following spring, then
germinate and reproduce the true counterpart of the original
form of the species.
DESMIDS OF THE UNITBD STATES.
Order, ZYGOSPORE^E.

Green or brown Algte, unicellular, either free cells or united

into filamentous fascia. Sexual propagation takes place by an
act of copulation followed by conjugation or zygose. Two cells
of like appearance are attracted to each other, and unite the ;

contents of the two cells flow together, commingle, and form

a primordial cell called a zygospore; this develops a double or
triple episporium, or membranous envelope.
In rare cases twin zygospores are developed.

Family, CONJUGATE.
Cells free, or united into simple series or filaments ; no branches
and no terminal growth. Contents of cells (cytioplasni) chloro-

plujlom green, arranged in parietal bands, axillary lamina, or

stellate nuclei.

Sub-Family or Group, DESMIDIE^E.

Composed of symmetrical cells, usually' constricted in the

middle, often of beautiful, ornamental forms, single or conjoined
into filiform series, and sometimes involved in a maternal jelly.
Asexual multiplication takes place by transverse division, or
separation of the semi-cells (Plate XVII, fig. 13 Plate XIX,
;

fig. 27);
and development of new parts similar to the mother
semi-cells.
Copulation takes place between two floating or free cells (Plate
XXVII, fig. 27), and produces a zygsopore with a firm middle

membrane, and usually a more delicate inner and outer coating.

The zygospore, after a longer or shorter period of rest, develops
one or more regenerated daughter cells.
22 DESMIDS OF THE UNIIKI' si A IKS.

Grnu$, GONATOZYGOX, D. l!y.

Cells long, cylindrical, or truncate swindle form, without con-

striction, united into fragile, filiform straight series ; at maturity
they separate and become geuiculate, copulate and produce spher-
icalzygospores these separate quickly from the empty cells.
;

T\vo species only have been recogni/ed in this country.

G. ASPERUM, (Ealfs) Eab. Probably identical with G. RALFSII,

De By. Plate I, fig. 1.
Cells long, cylindrical, ten to twenty times as long as wide,
very slightly, or not at all reduced in thickness at the ends.
(
ytioderm fine-granularly roughened.
Diameter 11-12 yw.
Occurs frequently in ponds of New Jersey.

G. PILOSAM, Wolle. Plate I, fig. 2.

Cells twelve to twenty times as long as wide, loosely con-

nected cytioderm more or less densely clothed with small,
;

straight hairlike spines cells cylindrical, terminal one of a

;

filament slightly attenuated, end rounded.

Diameter 15 p. with spines 25 yw.
;

Habitat the same as the preceding.

Genus, HYALOTHECA, Ehrb.

Plate I, figs. 3-14.
Cells short, cylindrical, usually with a slight obtuse constric-
tion in the middle; disciform in end view, closely united into
long filaments, which are inclosed, each in an ample, colorless
mucous sheath. Chlorophyl mass in each cell, end view, six to
ten radiate.

H. DISSILIEXS, (Smith) Breb. Plate I. figs. 3, 4, 5.

Filaments elongated, cells slightly contracted in the middle,

usually about half as long as broad. Variable in size.
Diameter 20-36 yw.

Var. HIANS, Wolle. Plate XII, figs. 14-16.

Differs from the typical form in having the lateral margins
of the cells arched with an acute notch in the middle.
Diameter 25-50 yw.

Budd's Lake, N. .!., and Florida.

Frequent in ponds andsluggish, shallow waters. The fre-

quency of this plant soon familiarizes it usually it ;

is found
intermingled with other forms, but sometimes it has entire
 HYAI.OTHECA. 23

control of .small pools, trenches and outlets of springs. In its

younger state it is attached to the muddy bottom, or sticks or
stones but more commonly it is found in floating masses.
;

The filaments are generally fragile, but sometimes they occur

elongated and strong. When gathered in proper season, and
kept in water for a few days, the cells separate at the articu-
lations, and which being nearly square,
float in free joints,

readily turn over and present the circular end view, with the
stellate arrangement of the chlorophyl. I have had a quantity
in good condition for observing the successive stages of conju-
gation. The cells separated the same day the collection was
made and soon thereafter copulation of cells commenced.
;

Plate I, figs. 7, 8, are two floating cells, one in front and the
other in transverse view they are drawn to each other by
;

some hidden conjugal influence, put forth a mucous tube and

unite as fig. 9, then each cell breaks into two thus four parts
;

are united ;
sometimes all present themselves to view, but
more commonly only three are visible, as figs. 10 and 11. The
chlorophyl concentrates to the space between the cells fig. ;

10, shows an early stage fig. 11. a more advanced condition

; ;

and fig. 12, the developed zygospon Single matured zygo- .

sjjoresare frequently noticed in gatherings from waters where

the plant prevails.

H. MUCOSA, (Mert) Ealfs. Plate I, fig. 13.

Filaments scarcely fragile joints not constricted, but ;

having at one of the ends a minute bidentate projection, the

adjoining end of the next joint being similar. These pro-
jections are visible only in older plants.
Diameter 19-21 /*.

This plant is not so frequent as the preceding, but it appears

to bewidely distributed, not in masses, but frequently mingled
with other filamentous forms. Had it from ponds of Penn-
sylvania, New Jersey, Vermont, Rhode Island, South Carolina
and Florida.
It is easily distinguishedfrom the preceding by its wider
mucous sheath, by the straight margin of the cells, by the
longer joints and by the central gathering of the chlorophyl.
The mucous sheath, being entirely colorless, is not easily dis-
cerned, except when surrounded by turbid water.

H. UNDULATA, Kord. Plate LXIV.

Cells about twice as long as wide, sides concave and angles
rounded, closely connected filaments are involved in a
;

wide, colorless, gelatinous sheath. The constriction of the

cells, and the rounded angles make an undulate margin.
Diameter 9-12 p. without sheath.
24 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Frequent in ponds of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc.

There are two forms very nearly allied, this H. innliihitu, and
Sj>//'i> rn-.n.-nni .i-i-nriihuii (Ralfsi, liotll about t he >aine thick-
ii.-- and <:mie length of and
lioth in a colorless gelatin-
cell,
ous envelope; the only point of separation is in the attach-
ment of the cells; in the Hi/niofli' < the cells adhere ly tin-
whole plane of the end, and in the Sp< r<r.< t *)n<i, they are
connected by two sessile glands on the margin. To my mind
this distinction is scarcely tenable.

H. DUBIA, Kg. Plate 1. fig. 14.

Cells about as long as wide, not constricted, closely united
into short fragile filaments, without gelatinous sheath.
Diameter 13-21 /*.

This form occurs now and then in waters of ponds in New

Jersey. As the name implies, it holds a somewhat dubious
position. It is without the mucous envelope characteristic of
the other species and is usually smaller. Fruiting specimens
have not been- observed.
Reasoning from observations on the life history of an allied
genus, Bambuvina, I venture to suggest that the forms re-
ferred to this species are merely undeveloped conditions of
other species.

Genus, BAMBUSINA, Kg.

Plate I, figs. 15-LM.
Cells or joints barrel-shaped, surrounded by one or two narrow
median bauds, closely united into articulate, nodose filaments.
Chlorophyl bodies and zygospores as in Hyalotheca.

B. BREBISSONII, Kg. (B. Borreri, Cleve ; Didymoprixm Born ,-i.

Salfs}. Plate I, figs. 15-21.

Cells somewhat longer than broad, hub or barrel-shaped,
surrounded in the middle with two narrow bauds, and another
often visible between these and the ends of the cells.
Diameter 18-25 j.t.

Frequent in quiet waters from Maine to Florida and far

west. A pond at Pleasant Mills, New Jersey, furnished me
with good conditions of development. The lowest traceable
stage is represented by fig. 17. A gelatinous sheath enclosing
a series of green cells four cells around which the
; fig. 18,

envelope is diffusing these unite, end to end, then widen

;

and produce a form as fig. 19 fig. 20 is somewhat more ad-

;

vanced, showing small notches in the sides fig. 21, the begin- ;

ning of the central inflation and the bands these continue ;

to develop until the perfect plant is produced.

 DESMIDIUM. 25

Var. GRACILESC I;NS, Xord.

Wittroek and Nordstedt have, in their series of Algte exsic-
1

catit No. 3>7, a small variety under this name. It is very

,

small, but the features are those of the typical plant. It was
collected in Brazil. The same small form occurs here have ;

memorandum of it from Longwood Pond, and Wood Lake

of northern New Jersey.

B. GRACILESCENS, Nord. Plate XLVII, figs. 13, 14.

This form is described as a variety of B. Brebissonii.
Whether viewed as such or as a distinct species, it was an
interesting discovery to find it fruiting freely in a pond near
Winter Park, Florida.
Diameter of cells 14 yu ; length 23 /< ; zygospores 15 //.

The plant conjugates not like one of the Desmidiete, but

more like a Zygnemaceae, in longer or shorter series often ;

when the zygospores are nearly matured, the cells of one side
separate and cause the other side to bend backward.
Judging by these specimens the correctness of the generic
position of Bambusina may be questioned.

B. DELICATISSIMA, Wolle. Plate I, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Cells sub-cylindrical,surrounded in the middle by two
narrow, thick bauds, twice the diameter of the cylindrical
body, cells four times as long as wide.
Diameter of body, 6-8 >w. of bauds, 13-17 ; //.

Pond, Pleasant Mills, New

Jersey.
The characteristic features of this plant are the small size,
the cylindrical form of the body, the elevation of th bands
which surround it, and the elongated proportion of the body.

Genus, DESMIDIUM, Ag.

Plate II, figs. 1-14 ;
Plate III, figs. 1-4.

Filaments fragile, elongated, triangular or quadrangular, regu-

larly twisted, two chlorophyl masses in each cell barely touching
in the middle. Margin of cells incised or entire.
D. CYLINDRICUM, Grev. (Didymoprium Grevillii, Kg.) Plate
III, figs. 1-4.
Cells about half as long as broad, with a thickened border
at their junction, medianly more or less deeply incised ;

transverse view elliptic, with the angles somewhat drawn

out. Filaments surrounded with a mucous sheath.
26 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Zygospore spherical, formed by the conjugation of two

cells, the clorophyl passing through a gelatinous connecting
tube from one cell to the other (figs. 3, 4).
Specimens occur frequently in pools and ponds all over the
country, rarely nnmingled with other forms. It is readily
distingushed by its large size, deep incisions of the border,
and twisted outline.

D. QUADRATUM, Nord. Plate LX, fig. 5.

Mffers from the preceding in the cells being nearly as long
1

as broad, and viewed from the side, quadrate. The breadth

of the cells is only about one-fifth nioie than the length the ;

thickness, the same as the length. Chlorophyl mass in each

cell in end view, more or less radiate.
Diameter 45 //. length, 33-3S jw. thickness, 33-3* //.
: :

Found this form repeatedly during the past four years, but
rarely, except in ponds, Brown's Mills, New Jersey. It varies
in size from the Norway typical plant, in being considerably
larger ;
othewise it appears to be identical.

D. LOXGATUM. Wolle. Plate LX, fig. 6.

Filaments thin cells in front view nearly twice as long as
;

wide in side view nearly 2* times longer than broad closely

: :

united without a thickened border at their junction end ;

view broadly elliptic.

Diameter, widest part, 25-28 M- ; thickness, 16-18 //. ; length
of cell, 35-40 yw.
This interesting new species from Brown's Mills and Egg
Harbor, New Jersey, was
found late in the season (September
22, 1883) no gelatinous sheath was observable the filaments
; ;

were hyaline except two chlorophyl nuclei in each cell.

D. SWARTZII, Ag. Plate II, figs. 1-6.

Filament triangular, with a single longitudinal, waved,
dark line, formed by the third angle, (compare figs. 6, 8, 13) ;

joints in front view somewhat quadrangular, broader than

long, with two slightly angular crenatures on each lateral
margin, united at the whole of their end margins by a thick-
ened border; end view triangular with the chlorophyl three-
rayed. Zygospores oval.
Diameter 36 yu., more or less.

Frequent in shallow pools, trenches and the like.

The
spores are formed by the flowing together of the two
masses of chlorophyl in each cell the united body assumes a
;
 DESMIDITM. 27

spherical form this enlarges, and as it increases in size,

;

forces the sides of the cell apart to more than twice the origi-
nal diameter (fig. 3) when mature the Sides separate and the
;

spores are set free.

D. <)UADRANGULATUM, Kg. Plate II, figs. 13, 14.

Filament quadrangular, varying in breadth from its twist-
ing, having two longitudinal waved lines joints in front ;

view broader than long, with two somewhat rounded crena-

tures on each lateral margin. End view quadrangular.

Diameter 50-60 ^.

This a form which prevails in England and on the Con-

is

tinent, but has not yet been found in this country. I insert
it from Dr. Wood's contribution in anticipation of yet find-

ing it.

D. APTOGONIUM, Breb. Plate II, figs. 6, 7. Plate LX, fig. 7.

Joints in front view, quadrangular, broader than long,
with two rounded crenatures on each lateral margin, united
at the outer portion only of each end margin by mutual pro-
jections, thus producing intervening central oval or oblong
foramina.

Diameter 25-38 n-

Not so frequent as D. Swartzii, but it appears to be widely

scattered from Pennsylvania and New Jersey as far south as
Florida, and probably also northward and westward.

D. BAILEYI (Aptogonum Batteyi, Ralfs). Plate II, figs. 8-12.

Filaments triangular, twisted as the preceding, joints
united by each end of the lateral margins only, excavated
between the angles as the preceding form the lateral mar- ;

gins are straight, not bicrenate, a characteristic which sepa-

rates it from the other species.

Diameter 25 /*., more or less.

Found frequently in sluggish waters, without being con-

fined to any particular State or States.
The process of fruiting is not unlike that of D. Swartzii,
the separated portions of chlorophyl (fig. 8) unite and concen-
trate (fig. 9), then enlarge (fig. 10), press out the sides to more
than twice the diameter of a sterile filament, then break
apart and set the spores free.
28 DKsMII ()F THE I'NITKD STATKS.

Genus, PHYMATODOCIS, Nord.

Cells closely united in sheathh'ss filaments, not at all or only
slightly twisted cells deeply constricted in tli' middle, the two
;

semi-cells somewhat twisted, giving the margins an irregular

outline; filaments quadrangular with sides longitudinally ex
cavated.

P. NORDSTEDTIANUM, Wolle. Plate LX. h'gs. 1-4.

Cells rectangular, about as long as wide, deeply constricted
in the middle, the sinusessomewhat enlarged inwardly and
rounded at the base the sinuses between the cells similar,
;

slightly deeper; end view quadriradiate with wide and deep

sinuses between the rays, apices rounded, emarginate tin- :

two semi-cells somewhat twisted, so that the end of one ay i

projects more than that of the other and produces an irreg-

ular outline ;
membrane smooth.
Diameter 37-40 p.

This uew species in ponds at Brown's Mills and Egg Harlior,

New Jersey, and at Kissimme, Florida, differs from the form
collected in Brazil, in being one-fourth smaller; in having
the lobes or rays in end view straight, not curved to one side,
and in having the sinuses of the cells not narrow linear, but
somewhat enlarged inwardly and rounded at base.

Genus, SPHAEKOZOSMA, Corda.

Plate IV, figs. !-!(>.

Cells closely united side to side by a narrow isthmus or by

means of glandular processes, deeply incised on each side, thus
forming bilobed cells, and often giving a pinnatifid appearance
to the fragile filaments.
Filaments often surrounded by a colorless gelatinous en-
velope.
Brebisson separated the forms which have the cells united
without glandular processes with a new genus Si'<>M>Yi."sr:\i.
The distinction is hardly tenable. The modes of union, like the
gelatinous sheaths, are inconstant, hence should not bt- made
generic or specific characteristics.
This genus dilfers from the preceding in the compressed. Hot.
not round, triangular nor square filaments, but deeply incised
cells, and especially in the frequent presence of the minute gland-
like connecting processes.
 SPHAKR070SMA. 29

S. i-iLciuu'-M. Hailcy. Plate IV. figs. 1, 2.

Cells twice as broad as long, deeply incised on each side,
ends rounded, junction margin straight, filaments twisted,
frequently enclosed in a gelatinous envelope.
Diameter 60-82 /*.

Var. PLANUM, Wolle. Plate IV. figs. 3, 4.

Similar to typical form, except in size and in the absence
of the twist in the filaments.
Diameter 30-38 ji.

Var. INFLATUM, Wolle. Plate LX, fig. 8.

Differs from the preceding in the central inflation, pro-
ducing a short isthmus between the cells.
Diameter 38 p.

The
typical form appears to be widely scattered throughout
many States Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
:

New Jersey, South Carolina and Florida. The variety plamnn

I found in a trench aside the railroad near Metucheu, N. J.
The water was green with the abundance of it. The variety
influtum occurs sparsely in ponds of New Jersey.

S. FILIFOBME, Rab. Plate IV, figs. 5, 6.

Cells about as long as wide, constricted in the middle with
a deep, acute incision ends of lobes rounded, connected by
;

two sessile glands.

Diameter 12-18 /*.

Pond waters of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

General appearance very near S. jtufchntm variety, but
smaller, and length of cell equal to the diameter. Did not
observe a gelatinous sheath mentioned by Rabenhorst Kirch- ;

ner admits no sheath. Fig. 6 is very near Corda's S. lamelli-

ferion.

S. PULCHELLUM (Arch.) Rab. Plate XII, figs. 8, 9.

Cells in outline oblong with the middle much inflated,
sharply incised and angles rounded ends narrower because
;

not at or very slightly inflated apices square

all ; ; varying
in length from one to nearly two diameters.

Diameter 9-10 //.

Pond waters, not rare. Syn. Sf>ondylosium bambusioides,

Witt. S. pulchellum, Arch.
30 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

S. MONILIFORMK, Lund. Plate XL VII, fig. 11.

Series of cells often long. firm, somewhat twisted usually ;

included in a mucous envelope. Cells average one-half

longer than broad, deeply constricted, sinus obtuse out-
wardly enlarged, back more or less produced seen from the ;

vertex triangular, sides somewhat retuse ; angles rounded,

isthmus sub- elongate, membrane smooth.
Diameter about 20 //.

Not infrequent in quiet waters, Florida ;

less frequent in
Xew Jersey, Minnesota and Pennsylvania.

S. EXCAVATUM, Ealfs. Plate IV, figs. 8, 9, 10-12.

Cells twice as long as broad, with a deep, wide sinus on
each side, connected by two small sessile glands.
Diameter 9-12 //.
Not infrequent in ponds sometimes it occurs with, and
;

sometimes without, the gelatinous sheath.

S. VERTEBRATUM (Breb.), Ralfs. Plate IV, fig. 13.

Cells about half as long as broad, with a deep narrow con-
connected in the center by a simple, rather thick
striction,
gland more
;
or less remote. Semi-cells narrow, elliptic,
smooth. Filaments twisted, usually surrounded by a mucous
sheath.
Diameter 12-14 yw.

Rather rare ;
the best specimens found were from Splitrock
Pond, Sussex Co., New Jersey.

S. SERRATUM, Bailey. Plate IV, fig. 7. Plate XLIII, figs. 7, 8.

Cells broader than long, deeply notched, or divided into
two transverse portions with acute, spiiielike projecting ends
which give a serrated outline to the chain. Cells closely
united by two short glandular processes. Usually sur-
rounded by a wide gelatinous sheath.
Diameter 22-33 //.. including the projections.
Prof. Bailey collected this species in South Carolina, Geor-
gia, and Florida, 1848 it is found frequently in New Jersey,
;

Pennsylvania and other Northern States.

According to Wallich this species should be classed with
Onychonema, a new genus made by him to take in the forms
which have the glandular processes long.
The glandular processes connecting the cells are sometimes
long, nearly equal to the length of a semi-cell in this condi- ;

tion it approaches very near to Onyckon< inn l< /r, Nord., a

Brazil form. The specimens vary considerably, but they do
 -I'HAEROZOSMA. 31

not seem to admit of separation. The cells are often only

slightly inflated, sides nearly straight the spines, in young ;

condition nearly obsolete, or very small and straight, and the

glandular processes sometimes short, barely discernible, and
again so long that they lap over the cells.

S. (Onychoneina) XORDSTEDTIANA, Turner. Plate XLIII, figs.

9, 10.
Cells forming filaments of fifty to sixty cells or more con-
nected by subcapitate claspers peculiar to the genus. Length
of cells 14 /Y. breadth 18 //. breadth of sheath 30-40 /*.
; ;

The rather unusual size, and that it has not been found
where other forms prevail, Mr. Turner considers evidence
of a distinct species rather than a merely young form.

S. WALLACHII? Jacobsen. Plate IV, fig. 15.

A peculiar form of which I found only two short speci-

mens in pond, Brown's Mills, X. J. They are not identical
with the form described by Jacobsen. I record the figures

of them provisionally until other specimens may be found

to verify a
good species.
Diameter 10-12 yu.

S. SPINULOSUM? Delph. Plate IV, fig. 14.

Another variety of which I found only a single specimen,
in a pond known as Chain Dam, Northampton Co., Pennsyl-
vania. In a Florida collection are numerous well developed
specimens, which agree with Delpont's diagnosis in being
really spinous. They have the form of cell, the measure,
and the arrangement of the spines, except perhaps that
there are more frequently only two, than three spines, on
the margin of each semi cell. A fine and distinct species.
If the granules of the figure (Plate IV, fig. 14) were drawn
out into short spines, the typical plant would be well repre-
sented. It is not the same, but near Delpont's described
form.
Diameter 10 //.

S. RECTAXGULARE, Wolle. Plate LX, fig. 9.

Filament wide cells twice as wide as long, deeply con-
;

stricted in the middle semi-cells somewhat tapering near

;

the ends, producing acute-angled sinuses between the cells,

and between the semi-cells; ends truncate concave, and
angles often cuspidate. Membrane smooth.
Diameter 50-55 //. ;
thickness 18-20 jw.
32 D1>MIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

This form wa.s recorded with hesitation it was one of the ;

the fall of 1883 but since it occurred frequently

latest finds in ;

in ponds at Brown's Mills, Manchester and other waters,

New Jersey.

Genus, MESOTAENIUM, Naeg.

Palmogloea, Kg. Plate III, figs. 5-15.
Cells straight, short cylindrical, or oval, ends rounded, not
constricted in the middle. Chlorophyl lamina axillary, sometimes
divided in the middle.
Copulation takes place by two cells uniting side ly side, the
contents flowing together.
Kirclmer remarks that copulation in this genus is a simple
union of two cells, leaving no husks or remains of empty cells :

(compare figs. 5-9 ). This process accords with my observations,

but Wood illustrates another mode transferred in figs. 13-1"). in
which the contents of the cells flow together and are surrounded
by a new membrane in this case the remains of the old cells
;

are present.
These plants occur frequently in small pools, on dripping rocks.
damp walls, wet ground and the like sometimes singly, but- ;

more frequently associated in families in a gelatinous mucus.

M. BRAUXII, D. By. (Palmogloea macrococca, Kg.) Plate III,

figs. 5-9.
Cells cylindrical, 2-2* times longer than wide, ends flatly
rounded. Zygospore square, angles rounded, sides usually
somewhat concave.
Diameter 10-19 yw.

Found floating, in families, in gelatinous scum, mountain

pools.

M. MICROCOCCUM, Kg. Plate III, fig. 10.

Cells oval or elliptical, about twice as long as wide, ends
sometimes slightly narrowed and rounded.
Diameter 6-11 //.
Usually in gelatinous masses on old wet wood, timbers of
sluices, etc.

M. ENDLICHERIANUM, !Naeg. Plate III, fig. 11.

Cells cylindrical, 3-4 times as long as wide, ends bluntly
rounded.
Diameter 9-11 /*.

Occasionally intermingled with filamentous forms, in gela-

tinous gatherings.
 SPIROTAENIA. 33

M. CLEPSYDRA, Wood. Plate III, figs. 12-15.

Living on rocks and mosses, swimming in a transparent,
sometimes light-green jelly; cells obtusely truncated,
rounded at the ends, 2-3 times longer than broad chlorophyl ;

lamina axillary, mostly indistinct, often wanting endochrome ;

light green nucleus generally distinct zygospores subfuscous,

; ;

either globose or of an irregular form, somewhat resembling

that of an hour-glass external coat irregularly excavated
;

and sulcate.
Diameter given by the author is rMu"? this would be .00173
= 43 p. Evidently an. error, the plant cannot be so large.
The author adds, "This species was found near Chelten
Hills, growing amid mosses on the rocky juttings over which
the water was dripping. It occurs as a rather firm, transpa-
rent jelly, mostly of a light greenish tint, in which the cells
are often placed quite thickly.

Genus, SPIEOTAENIA, Breb.

Plate III, figs. 16-22.

Cells straight fusiform, single or aggregated in a gelatinous

mucus not constricted in the middle, ends round.
; Chlorophyl
arranged in one or more spiral lamince on the inner surface of
the wall.

S. CONDENSATA, Breb. Plate III, figs. 21, 22.

Fusiform, or cigar-shaped, ends rounded, eight to ten

times as long as broad, with a single, broad, closely wound
chlorophyl spiral band, its revolutions numerous.
Diameter 18-25 //.
Found in meadow pools, ponds, etc. Has been collected in
many States of the Union, from New York and New Jersey,
south to Florida, and westward to Minnesota.

S. OBSCURA, Ealfs. Plate III, figs. 16-19.

Fusiform, deep green, five to eight times longer than broad,
ends attenuated, apices rounded. Chlorophyl arranged in
a number of narrow spiral, parietal bands.
Diameter 8-15 /*.
The locality in which this species occurred most frequently
to me, was in small pools aside streamlets on the open slope
of our mountain sides, but found it also in New Jersey.
European specimens are quoted as large as 30 ,". in diameter.
I have found none so large.
3
34 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATE&.

S. BRYOPHILA, (Breb.), Rab. (S. mnscicota, D. By.) Plate III.

fig. 20.
two to four times as long as broad, ends
Cells cylindrical,
obtusely rounded, chloropbyl a single, broad, smoothly
defined, widely wound spiral band its revolutions one or
;

two.
Diameter 8 //.

Dr. Wood reports this species, measure and form, from near
Philadelphia, growing among some mosses which were kept
constantly wet by overhanging dripping rocks. It formed
little transparent masses of almost colorless jelly, looking like
little drops of dew.

Genus, PEXIUM, Breb,

(Netrium, Xaeg. Cylindrocystis Menegh. )

Plate V, figs. 1-L>

Cells straight cylindrical or fusiform, not incised nor constricted

in themiddle ends more or less obtusely rounded. Chlorophyl
;

lamina axillary when seen transversely, radiately divergent,

;

arms often forked, and containing starch granules.

Individuals swim free, scattered, or associated in gelatinous
masses cell membranes smooth or finely granulate, transparent
;

or fuscous, or reddish, often longitudinally striate.

Multiplication takes place by divisiou r and by zygospores de-
veloped by the copulation of two cells. Comp. Introduction.

P. DIGITUS, (Ehrb.), Breb. Plate Y, figs. 1, 2. Plate LXIV r

fig. 1.
Cells ovately cylindrical, or broadly elliptical, 3-5 times
longer than broad, each end subtruncately rounded, (Plate
LXIV, fig. 1). Chlorophyl lamina lobate in the periphery,
interrupted in the middle. Plate V, fig. 1, isa variety,
more elliptic than the typical form. Fig. 2 is a transverse
section.

Diameter 60-80 >w.

This species appears to be widely distributed from Maine to-

Florida and westward. Very variable in size and outline.

P. LAMELLOSUM, Breb. Plate V, fig. 4.

Cells oblong or fusiform cylindrical, often with a slight
depression in the middle, more or less attenuated towards the
 PENIUM. 35

obtusely rounded ends. Arrangement of chlorophyl usually

somewhat like the last, but not separated in the middle.
Diameter 55-80 /*.
Not so common as the preceding.

P. OBLONGUM, D. By. Plate V, fig. 17.

Cells oblong cylindrical, 3-4 times as long as wide, not
constricted in the middle, slightly tapering towards the
ends ; apices flatly rounded. Zygospore spherical, not un-
like Plate V, fig. 7.
I find this form mostly in fresh spring water, in gelatinous
gatherings.

P. MARGARITACEUM, Breb. Plate V, figs. 5, 6, 11.

Cylindrical, usually 8-9 times longer than broad, rarely,
only twice as long not at all,
;
or scarcely constricted in the
middle ends rounded, ornate with pearly granules arranged
;

in longitudinal series which often give a denticulate appear-

ance to the margin.
Diameter 24-28 yu. length ordinarily about 225 v. I have
;

had specimens measuring 375 /u.

Prevails over a wide range. I have it from Vermont, Con-
necticut, and almost every State southward to Florida, also
from the west to Minnesota.
It varies somewhat in size, but is easily recognized by the
arrangement of the granules.

P. SPIROSTRIOLATUM, Barker. Plate X, fig. 17.

Large, elongated ; single cells in thesomewhat swollen

center and tapering slightly towards the rotundo-truncate
ends; the cell walls possessing a number of superficial, con-
spicuous, rather coarse striae, running in a spiral direction ;

these somewhat interrupted at a number of annular rib-like

projections varying in number; these projections most nu-
merous towards the ends.
Mr. Turner, of England, who reports this form from Min-
nesota remarks, "As I do not know of the publication of aiiy
measurements or authentic figure of this species, I may pos-
sibly be in error in referring these American forms to it :

the figures therefore must speak for themselves."

Diameter of cells 23-31 /<. ; length of double cell as figured
227-260 /u.

Another form, Plate X, fig. 19, which may for the present
be referred to this species, I found frequent in the Tocoi
36 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

marshes, Florida. It is unlike the preceding in the absence

of the transverse sutures or rib-like projections in the ;

variableness of diameter and proportionate lengths. Diame-

ter of smaller forms 15-18 yw and of larger form 37 /^. The
smaller are 10-1-1 and the larger 7 times longer than broad.
Chlorophyl usually thrice interrupted.
P. INTERRUPTUM, Breb. Plate Y, figs. 14, 15.
Broad cylindrical, not constricted, 5-6 times as long as
wide, suddenly tapering, cuiieate near the ends, apices
rounded. Chlorophyl deep green, in matured plants inter-
rupted by three transverse pale bands cytioderm smooth.;

Diameter 38-50 rarely only 16-20 /v.

/<.,

Habitat the same as the preceding, rather more frequent ;

readily distinguished by its transverse bands and cuneate

ends.

P. CLOSTERIOIDES, Ralfs. Plate V, fig. 18.

Cells narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 times longer than the
greatest diameter sensibly
;
attenuated from the middle to
the rounded apices. Chlorophyl contents interrupted in the
center.
Diameter 30-44 n* Ten times
longer.
Ponds, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Minnesota.
In its general appearance and in the arrangement of the
Chlorophyl, this plant has a strong resemblance to a C/oxtc-
rin>ii, but varies in being always straight and having the

opposite margins symmetrical.

P. TRUNCATUM, Kalfs. Plate V, figs. 9, 10, 21, 22.

Cylindrical, not constricted, 3-4 times longer than wide,

ends truncate, square. Zygospores smooth, spherical.
Diameter 11-12 ju.
New Jersey. The Chlorophyl
Ponds, northern counties of
isusually more or less interrupted in the middle, producing
a pale transverse band membrane smooth or finely punctate.
;

P. MINUTUM, Cleve. Plate V, figs. 19, 20.

Slender, cells 4-6 times longer than broad, sides straight,

ends rounded, without inflation, and without punctures.
Diameter 11-15 f-i.

This small form, perhaps more properly a Calocylindrus,

(Plate XV, fig. 12), has not come under my notice. It is re-
ported by Bailey and Olney, from Florida and from Rhode
Island. The measures are taken from Babenh. Fl. Alg. The
figure in Ralfs, Br. Desmids, and referred to as belonging to
this species is certainly distinct and is a Docidium.
 PENIUM. 37

P. POLYMORPHISM, Perty. Plate V, fig. 12.

Sub-cylindrical, smooth, various sizes usually intermingled
in larger families 3-4 times longer than broad, ends more
;

or less attenuated, apices rounded; cytioderm somewhat

longitudinally striated.
Diameter 11-15 //.

Pools, or wet earth, Charlotte, Vermont. Collected by F.

Hosford.

P. BREBISSONII, (Menegh.), Ealfs. Plate V, figs, 7, 8.

Cells smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, transverse
centralband inconspicuous; conjugating cells persistent.

Diameter 16-17 /x
Usually congregated in a mucous stratum in small pools
and on wet grounds, Princeton, Xew Jersey (Bailey) and other
localities in the State. The plant mentioned by Wood ap-
pears to be nearer Closterium obtusum, Breb.

P. XAVICULA, Breb. Plate V, fig. 16.

Small, broadly fusiform, 4-5 times longer than broad,

tapering from the center to the rounded apices. Chlorophyl
lamina entire; cytioderm smooth.
Diameter 12-17 //.
Zygospores are said to be nearly square, somewhat drawn
out between the attached remains of the copulating cells.
The plant occurs frequently in trenches and small ponds of
Pennsylvania and New Jersey the fruiting cells, or /yiro-
;

spores have not come under my personal observation.

P. JENNERI, Ealfs. Plate XXXVII, figs. 1, 2.
Smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends, zygospores orbic-
ular, situated between the conjugating cells which are
deciduous.
Diameter 14-15 yu.

have not recognized this form. Bailey reports it from

I
Florida. Rabenhorst describes it as scarcely distinguishable
from P. Brebisaonii; 2J-5 times longer than broad zygospores
;

mostly globose, membrane somewhat fuscous, sub-granulate.

P. CRASSA, D. By. Plate V, fig. 3.
Cells short, ovate-cylindrical, 14-2 times as long as wide,
chlorophyl not separated, but concentrated into two or more
nuclei in each cell.

Diameter 25-29 /v.

Collected by E. S. Cheeseman, Knowlesville, New York,

in g 'Uitinous mucus in an aquarium.
38 DESMIDS OF THE I'NITEI) STATES.

P. RUPESTKE, Kg. Plate V, fig. 13.

Cells ovate elliptical, length about two diameters; apices
rounded.
Diameter 20-25 /<.

Rabenhorst unites the preceding with this form. They are

very near in size, but not the same in shape the one is more ;

cylindrical and the other inclines more to an ellipse in form.

Collected in a mucous gathering on dripping rocks.

P. CLEVEI, Lund. Plate LXI, fig. 27.

See Calocylindrus.

P. CRUCIFERUM, (D. By.), Wittr. Plate X, figs. 9-11.

Cells cylindrical, nearly twice as long as wide, scarcely
constricted, ends roundly truncate seen from vertex orbic-
;

ular chlorophyl laminae arranged in form of a cross as seen

;

in transverse section cytioderni smooth.

;

Syn. Cosmarium cruciferum, D. Bj'.

Marsh pools, Florida.

P. (Cylindrocystis i
TUMIDUM, F. Gay. Plate XLV, figs. 7, 8.
Cells twice as long as broad each semi-cell a broadly
;

truncated cone. Cytioderni smooth.

Diameter 28 js.

Frequent in Tocoi marshes, Florida.

Genus, CLOSTEEIUM, Nitsch.

Cells simple, elongated, lunately curved or crescent-shaped,

entire, in the center not constricted but frequently marked with
from 1-5 transverse striae ; the cytioderm or wall, thin, moder-
ately firm, smooth or more or less distinctly striate.
The chlorophyllous cytioplasm is mostly arranged in longitu-
dinal parietal laminae, broken in the middle by a pale transverse
band at each end there is usually a clear, circular, colorless or
;

straw-colored vesicle, or vacuole, which contains minute granules

in constant motion. As the specimen dries the "dancing
granules" disappear, and the vesicle vanishes. Compare Intro-
duction, page 16. Compare also Addenda.
A
distinct circulation of granules may be noticed in good
living specimens.
The Closterinm in normal condition is always green, but may

be found of various tints of reddish brown these changes of ;

color take place as life becomes extinct. The striated forms

 CI.OSTEISIUM. 39

have a firm cytiodemi and retain their outline when dry or

empty others, not striated are more flexible and collapse when
;

dried. The chlorophyl escapes by a slight separation of the

semi-cells, and leaves the case colorless.
Faded specimens of the striated forms are best adapted for
examination the striae, barely discernible in green condition,
;

become the cases flatten somewhat in drying, the

distinct ;

breadth in center increases and the ends appear more attenu-

ated, hence some allowance should be made in describing them.
Conjugation takes place by a process which appears the same
as in other conjugate. Two cells drawn into close proximity,
put forth small tubular prominences by which they unite, the
chlorophj'llous cytioplasm of the two cells concentrates at their
1
unction, in the connecting tube; this enlarges more and more
until the whole of the contents of the two cells are commingled,
and condense into a seed-like mass. This becomes smooth,
spherical, sometimes quadrangular, and is known as the zygo-

spore. Compare Plate IX. The coupling usually takes place

from the concave sides, but not universally have found them
;

united from the convex sides also.

SECTION 1. Cells more or less cylindrical, slightly bent, ends scarcely, or not at
all tapering; zygospores orbicular or square

C. OBTUSUM. Breb. Plate VII, fig. 1.

Cylindrical, lightly curved. 5-10 times longer than broad,

ends not tapering, broadly rounded, cytioderm colorless and
smooth.
Diameter 5-11 /^.

Often in gelatinous masses on planks, on the sides of flumes.

Pennsylvania.

C. JUNCIDUM, Ealfs. Plate VII, figs. 2, 3.

Cells long cylindrical, somewhat curved and tapering
towards the ends; 20-30 times longer than broad, apices
obtusely rounded; vacuole small and indistinct.
Diameter 11-12 p..
Variable in thickness and length ;
occurs frequently in
ponds from Maine to Florida.
.
JUNCIDUM, forma GRACILLIMA-LAEVISSIMA, Breb. Plate VI,
fig. 21.

Very much smaller than the type-form and destitute of

striae.

Frequent in ponds near Maitland, Florida.

40 DKSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

C. MACILENTUM, Breb. Plate VII, fig. 6.

Very long cylindrical, slightly curved and reduced in
thickness near the ends, apices rounded 20-40 times longer ;

than the diameter. Cytioderm smooth, colorless, or yel-

lowish, usually with 1-4 transverse striae. Zygospore spher-
ical, smooth.
'Diameter 12-13 p.
Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. Not ran-.

C. ENSIS, Delp. Plate VI, figs. ].3, 14.

Cell elongate, about twenty times longer than broad, sub-
linear, or slightly attenuated from the middle to the apices ;
ends not curved cytioderm smooth.
;

Diameter 36 /J.
Not rare in ponds, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and New
Jersey.

C. GKACILE, Breb. Plate VII, figs. 4, 5.

Long cylindrical, 20-30 times as long as broad, nearly

straight, ends somewhat curved and slightly reduced in
thickness; cytioderm smooth and colorless. Zygospores
according to Brebisson quadrangular, with rounded angles,
each of which bears a short spine.
Diameter 5-6 yw. zygospores 28-30 p. long 22 /*. broad.
; ;

Not infrequently intermingled with other desmids from

ponds, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc.

C. LANCEOLATUM, Kg. (C. tenue, Bailey). Plate IX, fig. 14.

Cells semi-lanceolate, 6-10 times longer than broad, grad-
ually tapering, ends subacute, chlorophyl fillets several ;
larger granules in a single series. Empty frond colorless
and destitute of striae.

Diameter 40-50 >w.

Pools, Florida; New York, (Bailey). Hundreds of speci-

mens in a gathering made by Prof. Cragiu, Kansas. Stouter
and proportionately shorter than C.

C. DIDYMOTOCUM, Corda. Plate IX, figs. 12, 13.

Broad cylindrical, slightly curved, 6-12 times longer than
broad, slightly tapering towards the ends which are broadly
truncate, square; vacuole distinct containing many "danc-
ing granules;" cytioderm yellowish, finely longitudinally
striate.

Diameter 30-32 //.

 CLOSTERIUM. 41

Not abundant, but turns up now and then with other forms,
in smallerponds of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Minnesota.
Plate V, fig. 10, represents a large form and distinct va-
riety corresponding to description by Delpoute. Cytioderm
not longitudinally striate, but smooth and apices obtusely
rounded.
Diameter 50-60 yw.

Minnesota and New Jersey.

C. DECUSSATUM, Kg. Plate VII, figs. 9, 10.

Cylindrical, curvature scarcely appreciable 7-12 times ;

longer than broad very slightly tapering

;
near the obtusely
rounded ends, cytioderm distinctly decussately striate.
Diameter 20-25-30 /x
Frequent in ponds, Mt. Everett, Massachusetts, August,
1882, and ponds northern part of New Jersey. Kiitzing of
Germany appears to have been the only individual who ob-
served this species. He sent a drawing to Ralfs, but he ques-
tioned the correctness of his friend's vision he remarks,
;

" Prof.
Ku'tzing represents the striae as regularly crossing each
other, so as to form diamond-shaped reticulations. As this
appearance is not unusual in dried specimens, when the
flattened cell permits the striae of both surfaces to be visible
together I will venture to suggest the possibility that Prof.
;

Kutzing's drawing may have been taken from a cell in that

condition."
The correctness of Kiitzing's observations is readily estab-
lished by an examination of the plants as found in Gilder
and other ponds on Mt. Everett. They are cylindrical and
may be rolled over to display the decussated striae on every
side alike.

C. ANGUSTATUM, Kg. Plate VII, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Cells subliuear, 16-18 times longer than wide, very slightly
attenuated ends obtusely rounded. Cells present 4-5 some-
;

what prominent longitudinal striae ;

2 or 3 transverse bands
or striae are also frequently distinct vacuole subremote ;

from the apex, small. Dried specimens brownish yellow.

A variety is frequent with the striae loosely crossing each
other, decussately.
Diameter 15-25 ^.
Ponds, Berkshire Mountains, Mass.
42 DK8M1DS OF THE UNITKD STATES.

SKCTIOS II. Cells slightly bent, the imck idnrsumi more or less convex, tin- op-
posite (ventral) side almost straight, distinctly attenuated from the middle to tin-
ends. Zygospore globular, smooth.

C. LUNULA, Ehrb. Plate LXI, fig. 26.

Cells large, seniilunar, times longer than broad,
5-(>

smooth, or very finely striate, indistinct, back high convex,

lower side straightish, ends attenuated, rounded. Chloro-
phyl globules numerous; vacuole usually distinct and con-
tains many actively moving granules.
Diameter 80-110 /*.

Frequent in small ponds.

The figure is not a good typical form. It should not be
curved so much at the end.

Var. STRIATUM, Wolle.

Differing from the ordinary form by having the cytioderm
finely, but distinctly striate.

.
CUCUMIS, Ehrb. Plate VII, figs. 17, 18.
Cells smooth, stout, semilunate ;
ends broadly rounded.
Ehrenberg's figure represents this species about five times
longer than broad in form somewhat resembling C. Lunula,
;

not so large, and lower side more concave. Ehrenberg col-

lected it in the State of New York. The figures are from
plants found in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. They are
evidently closely allied to C. Lunn/n.

C. SUBTILE, Breb. Plate VIII, fig. 2.

Cells very slender, acicular, slightly curved, narrow lan-

ceolate, apices acute, cuspidate.

Diameter 3-4 >u.

Ponds, New Jersey. Rather rare.

.
ACEROSUM, (Schrank), Ehrb. Plate VII, figs. 7, 11.
Linear fusiform or slightly curved, 15-24 times longer
than wide, lightly tapering towards the ends apices nar- ;

rowly truncate, or obtusely rounded, transparent or yel-

lowish; cytioderm rather indistinctly, or not at all striate.
Chlorophyl globules 11-14 arranged in a simple axillary
series in each semi-cell vacuole small with numerous cor-
;

puscles. Zygospore globose, or broadly elliptic.

Diameter variable, 35-G2 u.
Plate X, figs. 1, 2. A
specimen finely in fruit presenting ;

the peculiarity of two forms of zygospores, single and twin,

oval, the longer axis at right angles with the axis of the
cells. Cell walls finely but distinctly striate.
 CLOSTE1MUM. 43

One of our most common species, often forming gelatinous

floating masses on small ponds and pools. I have it from

many States, and probably it exists in every one.

Theentire chlorophyl of this species often retracts itself
from the cell-wall and breaks up into a number of oval or
globular forms, every one of which acquires a firm envelope.
Plate IX, fig. 17, represents one of these forms.

C. PRELONGUM, Breb. \ Delph. Plate VI, figs. 15, 16.

'

Cells somewhat linear, cylindrical, elongate, about thirty

times longer than broad, slightly curved, apices obtusely
rounded, sometimes slightly recurved cytioderm striated. ;

Diameter 20-21 /^.

Ponds, Pennsylvania and Minnesota.

C. SUBCOSTATUM. Nord. Plate VII, fig. 11.

Cells usually four to five times longer than broad ;
back
rather high arched, below nearly straight, may be either
slightly concave or convex apices obtusely rounded. Mem-
;

brane usually yellowish brown with 9-12 longitudinal costae.

Diameter 50-60 /^.

C. NASUTUM, Nord. Plate VII, fig. 12.

Large, fusiform, only slightly curved, about five times as
long as wide, gradually tapering from the middle to near the
ends, then suddenly contracting, making the sides parallel,
to the truncate or rounded apex. Cytioderm smooth. Speci-
mens of this species from Cypress Swamp, Florida, appear
perfectly straight and somewhat thicker and longer than the
forms hitherto noted, apical vacuole distinct. Chlorophyl
arranged in five or six fillets; centrally separated, length
seven times more than the breadth. Coll. A. C. Stokes.
Diameter 75 p. more or less.

Ponds, Berkshire Mountains, Massachusetta.

The only counterpart to this form, hitherto found, is from
Brazil, and is represented in Witt, and Nord's Afgce Exsiccatce
No. 366.

C. TURGIDUM, Ehrb. Plate VII, fig. 15 Plate VI, figs. 3, 4. ;

Dorsum convex, lower margin somewhat concave, inclin-

ing upward at the rounded ends upper margin with a de-
;

pression near each extremity: empty cells reddish brown,

striaenumerous, fine but distinct.

Diameter 64-75 yw.

Wet, marshy places, Pennyslvania.
44 DESMIDS OF THK I'MTED STATES.

0. ATTENUATIM. Khrb. Plate IX, fig. 5.

Somewhat curved, attenuated, suddenly contracted at the
end into a narrow conical point empty frond reddish, faintly
;

-I Hated.
Diameter 34-42 /<.

quote this diagnosis from Ralfs' Br. Desmids think we

I ;

ought to find, but am

not satisfied that I had a genuine
species.

C. STRIGOSUM, Ehrb. Plate VII, figs. 13, 14 ; and Plate LXIV,

figs. 9, 10.

Long fusiform, at the ends somewhat bent, 19-24 times as

long as broad, slightly tapering from the middle to the thin,
finely rounded apices. Vacuole small and indistinct. Cytio-
derrn colorless, smooth.
Diameter 10-16 n.

Pondwaters, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Plate LXIV,

represent a fruiting form, collected in abundance,
figs. 9, 10,
near Ocean Beach, July, '83. In form near ('. /;"/////////>, but
proportionately so much longer than the species, I take it for
a variety of C. striyrmttn. Diameter of cells 10 p. length ;

200 ,.; twenty times longer than wide.

SK.ITIOX III. Cells more or less falcate; dorsum and ventral margins both con-
vex, arched in the same direction, ends tapering. ^ A. form slightly curved.
2 B. forms strongly curved, sometimes almost semi-circular.

C. STRIOLATUM, Ehrb. Plate VII, figs. 8, 20.

Cells slightly bent, 8-16 times longer than broad, ends
reduced to one-fourth the largest diameter, apex obtusely
rounded. Vacuole full size, containing many active gran
nles. Cytioderm of older forms, reddish brown, distinct
striate. Zygospore orbicular, smooth.
Diameter, 30-48 //.

Plate VI, figs. 5-8. Distinct from forms on Plate VI.

Fig. 8 may be considered of doubtful value.
Frequent in shallow pools.
I find three varieties, the one 6-8 times longer than broad

i
Plate VI, fig. 8) another 10-15 (Plate VI, fig. 20) and the
; ;

third only 4-5 times longer than broad. They may be recog-
nized as varieties, hit' ,-n/''i//i/i//. Ralfs; rfonr/afum, Rab. and ;

tumidttm, Rab. The latter is very near Xonl's. xul><-xt<ifnin.

The variety etonf/fitum is more slender and more delicately
striate than the others.
 CLOSTERIUM. 45

.
COSTATUM, Corda. Plate VII, fig. 19.
Fusiform, more or less curved, 6-8 diameters in length,
ends rounded; tapering from the middle to about one-third
the largest diameter ;
vacuole large, containing many danc-
ing granules. Membrane in front view has 5, or rarely 6-8

longitudinal striae or costae. Zygospores spherical or ovate.

Diameter 63-70 ^.
Frequent in marsh pools and the like localities.

C. DELPONTII, Klebs. (C. Crasmm, Delp.) Plate VI, fig. 9.

Cells cylindrical, somewhat inflated in the middle, gradu-
ally tapering to an obtusely rounded apex distinctly striate
;

with one, two or three sutures about the middle ;

cell twenty
times (more or less) longer than broad.
Diameter 35-45 //.
Delponte's name of Orassum having been previously ap-
plied to another species by Rabenhorst, Klebs changed it.
.
LINEATUM, Ehrb. Plate VII, fig. 16.
Long, straight and cylindrical in the center, ends greatly
attenuated and slightly incurved, apices obtusely rounded,
distinctly striate chlorophyl globules, about twenty in each
;

semi-cell, placed in a single axillary series : vacuoles small,

i emote from the apices.
Diameter 24-36 jw.
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and probably every State.

Var. COSTATUM. Plate 10, fig. 3.

This variety differs from the usual form in having the
striae very thick aud few in number. The figure represents
one of many fruiting specimens found by \V. N". Hastings,
Eochester, N. H.
.
BRAUNII, Eeinsch. Plate LIV, fig. 19.
Frond large, nearly straight, linear in front view, tapering
rather suddenly near the obtusely rounded apices, a central
suture; 5 to 10 distinct longitudinal costae. Cells usually
brownish yellow about 12 times as long as wide.
Pictou, Nova Scotia.

.
DECORUM, Breb. Plate VIII, fig. 1.
Moderately arched, 12-16 diameters in length, gradually
tapering from the center to one-fourth or one-fifth of largest
diameter ends rounded vacuole small. Cytioderm finely
; ;

striate. Zygospores angular in European specimens.

Diameter 34-41 //.
46 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED .TATES.

Occurs occasionally in sluggish waters, Pennsylvania and

New Jersey. This form is separated from C. strioiatum,
mainly by the larger number of striae the one has 12-15 and
;

the other 20-30.

C. AREOLATUM, Wood. Plate VIII, figs, 3, 4.

Fusiform, straightish, or very slightly curved, the ventral
side often a little concave in the middle 9-10 times longer;

than broad, moderately attenuated at each end the apices ;

truucately rounded; cell-membrane reddish brown, thick

and firm, distantly profoundly striate, and very minutely
but distinctly granulate or areolate median sutures very
;

distinct, 4-10 in number.

Diameter 60 //.

Dr. Wood remarks :

"
I found this species growing in a
quiet pool of pure water, in a wild, deeply wooded ravine,
near Danville, Central Pennsylvania. It was in great abund-
ance, forming a translucent greenish jelly, one or two gills of
which might have been readily gathered." "This species is
very closely allied to C. turf/id <nn, Ehrb., agreeing pretty well
with it in general outline and size. I think, however, the
peculiar markings upon the membrane are sufficient to sepa-
rate it." "The turning up of the ends, generally so marked
in C. turgid um is mostly entirely absent in this species, rarely
there is some tendency to it."

C. SUBDIRECTUM, West. Plate LIV, fig. 20.

Frond about fifteen times longer than broad, gently taper-
ing, the middle portion nearly straight, slightly curved near
the ends, which are truncate with rounded corners, cytio-
derni finely striate, with three distinct transverse sutures.
Diameter 26-27 p. length 390-400 ju.
;

Ponds, Massachusetts. J. R. M. S., Nov., 1888.

C. AMBLYONEMA, Ehrb.
A form bearing this name was accredited to the United
States by Dr. Ehrenberg. Prof. Bailey, about thirty years
since, examined the character of the plant, and pronounced
it the same as C. lineal um.

C. ACUTUM, Breb. Plate VIII, figs. 11, 12.

Small, slightly bent, 6-12 times longer than broad, gently
tapering from the middle to the rounded ends cytioderm ;

colorless and smooth. Zygospores angular.

Diameter 9-11 p.
Not rare in marsh pools, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
 CLOSTEKIUM. 47

0. DIAIO-:, Ehrb. Plate VIII, figs. 8 r 9. Plate IX, fig. 4.

Plate VI, figs. 1, 2.
Crescent shape, sometimes a full semi-circle as variety
arcuatum, Breb., attenuated from the middle to the rather
sharp ends, vacuole not definitely defined transverse striae ;

sometimes evident. Ends are separated by about 10 diam-

eters. Specimens Plate LV differing somewhat in size. Not
rare. Zygospores spherical, smooth.
Diameter 16-20 //.
Quiet waters, Rhode Island to Florida.

C. ACUMINATUM, Kg. Plate VIII, figs. 18, 19.

Similar to Diance, somewhat larger and less curved, ends-
sharper, vacuoles more distinct; membrane very finely
striate, or smooth.
Diameter 25-28 //.
Not rare in marsh pools ; conjugated cells frequent.

Pennsylvania.

C. JENNERI, Ealfs. Plate VIII, tig. 5.

Crescent shaped, small, slightly tapering, six to eight
times longer than broad, ends obtusely rounded vacuole ;

large, containing many active granules; cytioderm color-

less, smooth.

Diameter about 14 yu.

Rhode Island (Bailey) Pennsylvania, Xew
; Jersey.

C. VENUS, Kg. Plate VIII, fig. 6.

Small, more or less slender, nearly semi-circular, eight to
twelve times longer than the diameter gradually tapering ;

from the middle to the sharp ends vacuole distinct cytio-

; ;

derm colorless and smooth ; chlorophyl homogeneous.

Diameter 8-10 /^.

South Carolina, (Ravenel); Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

frequent.

C. PARVULUM, Naeg. Plate VIII, fig. 7 and Plate IX, fig. 16.
;

Six to eight times as long as wide differs from C. Venu&

;

in being rather less arched and stouter, vacuoles not so welL

defined, and chlorophyl lamina more evident.

Diameter 12 j.
48 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

>i riox IV. Cells falcate as the preceding; upper margin very convex, lower
:i

side concave with a more or less conspicuous central Inflation, i-nds tapering.
Zygospores spherical, smooth.

C. EHRENBERGII, Menegh. Plate VIII, fig. 16.

diam-
Large, stout, five to six times as long as the central
rtrr: upper margin very convex, lower side veutricosely
much inflated ends rounded cytioplusm with large gran-
; ;

ules, numerous, scattered; no striae, and no central suture

evident. Of the zygospore, Archer says, "it is smooth,
placed betweeen the slightly connected empty conjugating
fronds, the endochrome during the process of conjugation
emerging from the opened apex of a short conical extension
from the under side of each younger segment (or shorter
one) of each pair of recently divided fronds; the conjugat-
ing fronds being produced immediately previously by the
self-division of a pair of old fronds two sporangia (XYLIO
spores) being thus the ultimate produce of the two original
fronds."
Diameter 75-110 n- Delp. 5<-79 ^.
Ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ;
common.

Var. IMMANE, Wolle. Plate VIII, fig. 17, similar to the typical
form except in size.
Dameter 208 /*.

Not infrequent in Budd's Lake, and larger ponds of New

Jersey.

.
ROBUSTUM, Hast. Am. Mic. J., July, 1892.
Cells large, semi-lunar, a little more than four times as
long as wide cytioderm smooth dorsum high convex
;
:
;

ventrum somewhat concave, ventricose chlorophyl globules ;

large, numerous scattered vacuoles large, terminal distinct,

;

with many moving granules.

Diameter 100-120 yw.

Rochester, N. H., Dec., 1890. Had very much the appear-

ance of C. Ehrenbergii, with the ends less attenuated.

C. MONILIFERUM, Ehrb. Plate VIII, fig. 16.

Very near C. Ehrenbergii, but somewhat smaller, six to
nine times longer than broad, ends subacute; cytioderm
light straw-colored, smooth or finely striate large chloro- ;

phyllous granules in a single longitudinal series in the center

of the cell.

Diameter 46-55 yw.

 CLOSTERIUM. 49

There appear to be two varieties of this species one with ;

rather broad truncately rounded ends the other, smaller ;

with more pointed ends.

Georgia; Rhode Island; (Bailey). Pennsylvania and New
Jersey; occurs frequently.

C. LEIBLEINII, Kg. Plate VIII, figs. 13 and 20.

In outline bears a strong resemblance to the two preceding,
but is shorter, stouter, upper margin more convex and ends
more acute ;
lower margin concave with a central inflation.
Diameter 40-60 /<.
Found in ponds with the two preceding.

Var. CURTUM, West. Plate XLIII, fig. 22.

Differs from the typical form by its shortened ends. Has
the appearance of a miniature C. Ehrenbergii.
J. R. M. 8., Nov., 1888.

.
RALFSII, Breb. Plate VIII, fig. 10.

Stout, finely and densely striated, curved, rapidly attenu-

ated into somewhat linear beaks which are shorter than the
ventricose body ;
6-8 times longer than broad.
Diameter 42-47 /<.
Pond near Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Color of this species changes from green to a yellow brown ;

the upper margin is convex, the lower concave but ventricose

at the center; chlorophyl vesicles rather irregularly disposed
in a single row a transverse suture is usually evident in the
:

middle.

SECTION V. Cells more or less curved, ventral margin also somewhat inflated,
but the end drawn out into beak or seta-like extensions. Zygospores angular.

C. ROSTRATUM, Ehrb. Plate IX, figs. 1, 2. 3. Plate XLIII,

fig. 21.

Lanceolate-fusiform, ends thin, drawn out to nearly half

the length of the body cytioderm light yellowish, densely
;

but finely striate; chlorophyllous vesicles and vacuoles

usually indistinct; the latter when seen has 12-15 actively
moving corpuscles.
Diameter 23-40 /<.

Var. BREYIROSTRATUM, West.

Differs from the usual form in its short and less attenuated
'

beak.
4
50 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Ponds, Massachusetts. J. R. M. 8., Nov., 1888.

Frequent in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Vermont,
Connecticut, Florida.
In this vicinity, Bethlehem, Pa., copulating specimens are
of common occurrence.

C. PBONUM, Breb. Plate VI, fig. 22.

Cells very small, sublanceolate, each end drawn out into
a setaceous beak about half as long as the body cytioderm ;

finely striate.
Diameter 7-12 yw.

Ponds, Florida.

C. KUETZINGII, Breb. Plate IX, fig. 8.

Straight in the middle, smaller than the last, narrow lan-
ceolate, each extremity tapering into a long slender setaceous
beak, which is curved at the obtuse ends, and less than the
length of the body.
Diameter in middle 17 v.
Rather rare in ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. SETACEUM, Ehrb. Plate IX, figs. 6, 7, 9, 10, 11.

Very slender. Smaller than the preceding 20-25 times ;

longer than broad, upper and lower margins equally convex ;

ends tapering into long seta-like beaks, colorless, somewhat

enlarged at extremities, longer than the length of the body ;
striae close, faint, central suture solitary. Zygospore cru-
ciform.
Diameter 10-11 n.

Frequent in Pennsylvania,New Jersey, Massachusetts, etc.

Solitary and conjugating. Bailey reports it from Rhode
Island, Georgia, and Florida.

Genus, DOCIDIUM, Breb.

Cells cylindrical or fusiform, elongated, apices

straight,
rounded, truncated or divided transverse view circular con-
; ;

stricted at the middle, with or without a suture between the

semi-cells which are usually inflated at the base.
Docidium, like Closterium, has in most instances terminal va-
cuoles which contain numerous "dancing granules." The pres-
ence or absence of these vacuoles, and the arrangement of the
chlorophyllous cytioplasm, whether parietal or axillary, have
been made points for generic separation between othenvi>r
similar forms. These distinctions seeming too uncertain and
 DOCIDIUM. 51

variable in different stages of growth, I put them all together,

and retain DOCIDIUM in preference to Pleurotaenium, as the older
name.
D. ARCHERII, Delp. Plate XII, fig. 2.
Cells smooth, cylindrical, about twenty times longer than
broad scarcely attenuated from the middle to the ends
; ;

apices broadly rounded or truncate; base of semi-cells with

one or two undulations. Chlorophyl usually arranged in
numerous small parallel bands.
Diameter 50-60 ^.
Numerous in pond, Luzerne Co., Pa.
D. CRENULATUM, (Ehrb.), Eab. ( Pleurotaenium nodulosum. D. By.
Docidium nodulosum, Ealfs.) Plate XI, fig. 1.
Cell very stout, the thickened sutures forming a projecting
rim 8-16 times longer than broad, scarcely attenuated
; ;

regularly inflated at intervals so as to form an undulated

margin the basal inflation the most prominent ends sud-
; ;

denly contracted and truncated, furnished with three or four

teeth in view, below the margin cytioderm coarsely punc-
;

tate.
Diameter 40-60 /v.

Frequent in ponds from Vermont to Florida ;

Minnesota.

D. CLAVATUM, (Kg.), D. By. Plate XI, fig. 8.

More slender than the last, suture not prominent, 16-24
times longer than broad, sensibly enlarged at the ends, more
or less clavate ; apices broadly rounded or truncate ; cytio-
derm firm, colorless, densely and irregularly punctate.
Diameter, smaller forms 23-25 /*., larger forms 36-42 JJL.

Figure 8 has not the proportionate length.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, South Carolina and Georgia.
D. TRABECULA, (Ehrb.), Naeg. (Docidium Ehrenbergii, Ealfs.)
Plate XI, figs. 2, 3, 4 and Plate XV, figs. 1-7.
;

Long cylindrical, eight to twenty times longer than broad ;

tapering moderately from the center to the ends; apices

truncately rounded, not dentate; suture forming a sharply
defined rim, the inflation adjoining often having a smaller
one above it. Sometimes there is a contraction near the
apex ifig. Cytioderm smooth.
2). Zygospore globose,
smooth, surrounded by a colorless gelatinous envelope.
Diameter 25-35 /Y. Length 180-450 /A
Occurs frequently, and will probably be found in every
State in the Union.
52 I>h>MII>S OF THE UNITED STATES.

D. TRUNCATUM. Breb. Plate XI. figs. 6, 7.

Cells stout, six to eight times longer than broad, with a
single inflation at the base of the semi-cell, tapering to the
truncate, or broadly rounded, entire, ends; suture forms a
thick rim, which projects on each side.
Diameter 50-75 n.
Florida, Minnesota, Pennsylvania.
Peculiarities of this species are the large diameter and
shortness of cells in comparison with the breadth the at- ;

tenuated ends, truncate, or broadly rounded apices, solitary

inflation at the baae of the aemi-oella and consequent even
sides. Florida furnished the best developed forms.

D. RECTUM, Delp. Plate X. figs. 20, 21.

Cells cylindrical, straight, twelve or more times longer
than broad slightly narrower at the truncate apex than at
:

the base: moderately swollen at the base of the semi -cells.

Diameter 25-28 p.
The distinction which Delponte makes between this form
and D. Baculum, to which it is very closely related, is, that
it is perfectly straight, while the former is "straightish,"
somewhat bent, although not so represented, Plate XI. figs.
3, 4,Des. U. S. The central inflations are usually larger in
D. Baculum than in D. rectum.
D. FLOTOWII ? Eab. A variety. Plate XI, fig. 5.
Large, about eight times longer than the larger diameter ;

suture distinct solitary inflation at base of semi-cells sides

; ;

straight, tapering slightly in straight lines from the center

to the broad truncate apex, each angle furnished with a

prominent tooth cytioderni firm, coarsely verrucose.

;

Diameter at base of semi-cell 68 yw. at apex 50 /^. ;

From pond on Mt. Everett, Massachusetts. A large, firm

and distinct form ;
not identical with the described plant, but
it is tolerably near it.

I). BACULUM (Breb.), D. By. Plate XIV, figs. 3, 4.

Bather long, cylindrical, straightish margins slightly ta-
pering towards the ends, or nearly parallel apices truncate, ;

rounded. Cytioderni smooth and colorless.

Diameter 14-22 p.
In general form very near D. Trabecida, but smaller and
devoid of the terminal vacuoles.
Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Florida. Bailey
found it also in Georgia.
 DOCIDIUM. 53

D. BACULUM, FLORIDENSE, Wolle. Plate XII, fig. 5.

var.
Differing from the typical form, having the margins wavy
from base of semi-cell to apex.
Diameter 15-17 //. length of cell often thirty times greater.
;

Frequent in pond near Maitland, Florida, March, 1885.

Probably the same as the next following.

D. EHRENBERGII, Kalfs. Var. FLORIDENSE, Wolle.

Differs from D. Trabecula, Naeg., described, page 2, and
from the typical form of D. Ehrenbergii, of Kalfs, Delponte,
and others in its cell, and in the larger number
more slender
of umbonations. twenty or more times longer than
Cell
broad ; medianly distinctly constricted, without an evident
suture or projecting rim. Semi-cells tapering slightly, in
direct lines from the center to the end, with not only one or
two inflations (umbonations) at the base, but four, five or
more, often extending in slight undulations to near the end ;

apex squarely truncate,, bordered by three to five minute

tubercles.
Diameter 16-20 yw. ;
length 300-400 p.
Cypress Swamp, Florida.

D. CORONATUM, Rab. Plate XIV, figs. 9, 10.

Cells stout, cylindrical, slightly tapering from middle to
ends; suture projecting on each side semi-cells inflated at ;

the base and bordered by one or two rows of tubercles at the

apex, which produce a crenulate appearance.
A smaller form has the suture imperfectly developed.
Vacuoles, with active granules, are usually large and dis-
tinct.
Diameter 22-56 p.
Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts.

D. CORONULATUM, Grun. Plate LXIV, fig. 16.

Smooth or finely punctate, subcylindrical, slightly attenu-
ated near the ends; apices truncate, ornate with a crown of
pearly teeth. Twelve times as long as broad.
Diameter in middle 38 /*. Xear the ends 33 /<.
The original form of this species was found in the East
Indies the plant was somewhat thicker, but of about the
;

same proportionate length, and so near otherwise, I adopt

the name. Collected it in northern Xew Jersey found the ;

finest specimens in Green Pond, commonly several united ;

had as many as ten cells in a series. They are without a

suture, and apparently without vacuoles. Found the same
in Florida.
54 DI->MI1)S OF THE UXITKD STATES.

D. CONSTKH n M. Bail. Plate XIV, fig. 2.

which separate
Cells with moderately deep constrictions,
four equal, gently curving prominences on each semi -cell ;

end view entire. Apex furnished with a few conspicuous

teeth of which four are ordinarily in view. Plant 10-12
times longer than broad.
Diameter 40-50 /v.
This species bears some similarity to D. nodonum in its
wavy margins, but the undulations are less prominent, and
the transverse sections are quite distinct in the one they are
;

circular, in the other undulate compare Plate XI, fig. 11,

;

sections of D. nodosum.

D. (PLEUROTAENIUM) BREVE, Wood.

Robust, 4-8 times longer than broad, distinctly constricted,
but not undulate in the middle; slightly attenuated towards
the ends; apex truncate and somewhat rounded; cytioderin
very thick, densely minutely granulate ; margins either
straight or shortly undulate.
Diameter 20-24 p.

Dr. Wood remarks, "This species was sent to me by Dr.

Billings, who obtained it near Washington, D. C. The mar-
gins are sometimes straightish, but in other fronds there are
three or more distinct, short undulations or rounded projec-
tions in each half margin."
The shape of the semi-cell is very near Plate X, fig. 12, but
only about half the size, not so undulate and not spinous.

D. NODOSUM, Bail. Plate XIV, figs. 11, 12, and Plate XV, fig. 20.
Semi-cells with four prominent nodes separated by con-
strictions end view six creuate, formed by whorls of tuber-
;

cles 8-10 times longer than broad.

;

Diameter 45-55 /^. in center ;

ends about half as thick.
Frequent in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mu-~:i-
chusetts.

D. REPANDUM, Wolle. Plate XIV, fig. 1.

Smooth or punctate, about twenty times longer than broad,
margins repaud or undulate from the base of the semi-cell to
near the end only slight variation in diameter from base to
;

end; apices truncately rounded, and sometimes slightly di-

lated. No suture.
Diameter 25 p.
Sparsely found in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
 DOCIDIUM. 55

D. WOODII, Delp. Plate XII, fig. 4.

Cells cylindrical, six to ten times longer than broad ;

apices rounded ; basal inflation of semi-cell large, wide and

high ; cytioderni smooth.
Diameter at ends 50 /*. : inflation 65 /<.

Pond, Ocean County, New Jersey.

D. GEORGICUM, Lagh. Plate X, fig. 16.
Cells large, twelve times longer than broad moderately ;

constricted in the middle suture none semi-cells much ; ;

swollen about the middle basal part with four larger and ;

smaller undulations, alternating large and small ends ;

somewhat attenuated apices roundly truncate membrane

; ;

hyaline, punctate, thickest at the ends no aculei nor teeth.

Diameter of cells, basal parts 54 yu. ;
middle 75 yu. ;

apices 39 yw.

Pond waters, Georgia.

D. DILATA.TUM, (Cleve), Lund. Plate LXI, fig. 32.

Cells slender, cylindrical, 15-20 times longer than broad,
undulate-nodose base moderately inflated and longitudin-
;

ally plicate no suture evident semi-cells usually with

; ;

eight inflations and corresponding constrictions; apices

roundly truncate and more or less dilated.

Diameter 13-16 yw.

Brown's Mills, and other ponds, New Jersey.

D. SINUOSUM, Wolle. Plate XIV, figs. 6, 8 variety fig. 7. ;

Slender, undulate, smooth, cylindrical 20-24 times longer ;

than broad semi-cell with eight constrictions ends trun-

; ;

cate, straight or slightly concave, each angle furnished with

a short, stout tooth ;
basal inflation not plicate.
Diameter 12-14 yu.

Var. BREVE, Wolle. (Fig. 7) only half the length, and onlj- four
constrictions to a semi-cell.
Diameter 12-14 yu.

Very near the preceding, but armed with teeth at the apex,
not plicate, and sometimes only half the length. Pond,
Pleasant Mills, New Jersey.

D. UNDULA.TUM, Bail. Plate XIV, fig. 5.

Cells small, cylindrical with undulating margins, 18-20
times longer than the diameter moderately constricted in ;
56 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the middle ; inflation at base of semi-cells very slightly

larger than the undulations, apices rounded.
Diameter 10-12 /Y.

Bailey found this species in fresh waters of Florida ha\v : I

it from the same State, and from ponds at Hanimonton aii'l

Dennisville, New Jersey.

D. HIRSUTUM, Bail. Plate XIII, fig. 13.

"Semi-cells many times longer than broad, slightly in-
dated at base, surface hirsute, a small species resembling D.
Trctbecultt in form, but strongly hirsute on its outer surface."

These, the words of Prof. Bailey; his figure has the appear-
ance of a Gonatozyyon, but guided by his comparison with
D. Trabecula, I judge my figure represents the same plant.
The cytioderm is densely hirsute throughout.
Diameter 24-30 //.

Sluggish waters, eastern Pennsylvania.

D. SPINOSUM, Wolle. Plate XIII, fig. 12.

Cells large, subcyliudrical, 8-10 times longer than the
larger diameter margins undulate with three or four more
;

or less prominent inflations central constriction deep, and

;

suture conspicuous apex truncate, about two-thirds as wide

;

as the base of the semi-cell, cytioderm firm, clothed with

densely set spines two or three rows around the apex firmer
;

and longer than the others.

Diameter 40-48 p.
Pond, Dennisville, New Jersey.

D. crenulatum, Ehrb., D. nodoswn, Bail.. D. hirsutum, Bail.,

have features in common with this form. I have separated
it in view of the armor of spines with which it is clothed ;

these are not hairs, nor gelatinous contractions, but decided

and firm spines.

D. VERRUCOSUM, (Bailey), Ealfs. Plate XIII, figs. 4, 5.

from the center to
Cells cylindrical, tapering very slightly
the apex margins made crenate by numerous whorls of
;

quadrangular prominences. Length about twelve times the

breadth.
Diameter 25-33 p.
Occurs frequently in ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass., and sparsely
in quiet waters, northern New Jersey. Bailey found it orig-
inally in Rhode Island and New York.
 DOCIDIUM. 57

I).
MINUTUM, Ealfs. Plate LXI, Plate XIII, fig. 9.
figs. 29-31.
Slender, elongated, smooth, cylindrical, linear or slightly
tapering, ends round 10-30 times longer than broad
;
a ;

single inflation, more or less prominent at the base of the

semi-cell.
Diameter 7-9 /<. or more rarely 10-12 yw.
,

Ponds, Florida, Massachusetts and New Jersey.

This minute plant is near a form described by Delponte as
P. rectum, but it has twice the diameter. Ralfs describes his
D. minutum, which has the same diameter as ours, only five
or six times longer than wide. Our forms vary greatly in
proportionate length and breadth the shortest, however, is
;

ten times as long as broad. They vary also much in thick-

ness and in the central inflation sometimes the constriction
;

is barely perceptible, and again marked by a strongly in-

flated border. The various forms frequently occur in groups,
and evidence specific relationship.

D. TRIDENTULUM, Wolle. Plate XIII, fig. 10.

Xear the preceding in form and structure but average
somewhat larger, and often granulate apices crowned with ;

a few prominent teeth, usually three in view.

Diameter 12-13 //.
Pleasant Mills, Brown's Mills, etc., New Jersey.
The
inflation at the base of the semi-cells is more prominent
than is usual in D. minutum.

D. COSTATUM, Wolle. Plate XIII, fig. 2.

Fusiform, 7-8 times longer than broad ; slightly con-
stricted in middle inflated gradually from the base of the
;

semi-cell to about one-third the length, then gradually taper-

ing to the truncated, slightly dilated and dentate apex ;

margins with regular crenae, produced by twenty or more

distinct transverse costae or rib-like lines.

Diameter, widest .part 25 /<., constriction 20 yu.. ends

15-17 //.
Found by H. D. Kitchel in pond, Berkshire Mountains,
Massachusetts, 1882.
The specimens which came under my observation were not
vegetative too old this species needs verification.
;

D. VERTICILLATUM. (Triploceras verticiUatum ;, Bail. Plate XIII,

figs. 1, 11.
Cells large subcylindrical, with numerous whorls of small,
oblong, often tooth-like prominences 7-16 times longer than ;

broad ends with three bideutate diverging processes.

;

Diameter ordinarily 38-45 yw.

68 DBSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Var. TURGIDUM, (fig. 11), Wolle. Shorter and stouter, often 60 >u.
Of frequent occurrence pond waters, Maine to Florida.
in
The number of whorls varies from 12-16 in a semi-cell.
In living condition the cells are green, but more commonly
they are found of brownish red color.

Plate X, fig. 18. This illustration given as another of

many forms in which this species often occurs. The third
diverging process of the apical termination not always
evident.
W. N. Hastings, Rochester, New Hampshire, reports this
form frequent in the Cocheco River.

D. GHRACILE, (Triploceras gracile}, Bail. Plate XIII, figs. 3, 6, 7, 8.

Differs from the last in usual smaller size of cell, smaller
and more acute tooth-like prominences of the whorls.
Diameter 20-28 //., exceptions, up to 40 /<.
Habitat the same as the former.
The whorls appear to be composed of a double series of teeth,
but frequently the second row is barely evident. Fig. 3 is of
unusual size. Fig. 7 represents a condition of dissolution ;

the contents have escaped, and the parts constituting the cell
have separated, contracted and assumed a partially inverted
position.

Genus, CALOCYLINDRUS, D. By.

Cells straight, cylindrical, ends rounded or truncate semi- ;

cells without basal inflation, or longitudinal plication chloro- ;

phyl parietal or axillary.

C. KALFSII, (Kg. ), Kirch. (Cosmarium cylindricum, Ealfs). Plate

XV, fig. 17.
Cells cylindrical, about twice as long as wide. Semi-cells
subquadrate in front view, broadest at the extremity cytio- ;

derm more or less granulated.

Diameter about 24 ^.
Pools fresh water, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. DE BARYI, Arch. Plate XLV, fig. 12.

A specimen from Minnesota, the typical form, unlike the
one fig. 5, Plate XV, which is more like a form of C. Cu-
cumis; the constriction is not deep, linear, but merely a
shallow notch, hence De Bary classified it with Pleurotaenium.
 CALOCYLINDRUS. 59

C. MINUTUS. (Ralfs), Kirch. (Penium minutum, Cleve). Plate

XV, fig. 12. Plate V. figs. 19, 20.
Cylindrical, 4-6 times as long as broad, slightly constricted
in the middle, ends rounded, membrane smooth.
Diameter 11-16 //.
Florida, South Carolina, (Bailey), Rhode Island, (Olney).
This minute and apparently variable plant has not come to
my notice. It is classed by different authors both as a Penium
and a Docidium.
C. CUCURBITA, (Breb.), Kirch. (Cosmarium Cucurbita, Breb.)
Plate XV, fig. 14.
Cells punctate, cylindrical, about twice as long as broad,
slightly constricted at the middle, rounded at the ends.
Diameter 22-25 /<.

Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. CURTUS, (Breb.), Kirch. ( Cosniarium curtum, Breb.). Plate
XV, figs. 15, 16.
Cells somewhat fusiform cylindrical, about twice as long
as wide, slightly constricted at the middle, the ends sub-
conically rounded, cytioderm smooth.
Diameter 20-32 p.
Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, and other States.
Fig. 16 represents a small form collected several succeeding
Summers, in gelatinous masses on the muddy bottom of a
small pool ;
thousands were present ;
the other (fig. 15) is the
larger, typical form.

C. CORDANUM, Breb. Plate XLIX, fig. 28.

Diameter about half the length gentle and slightly con- ;

stricted in the middle ends round or somewhat truncate

; ;

cytioderm lightly granular or punctate. End view circular.

Diameter 26-27 yu. ; length 47-50 yu. ;
isthmus 17-19 JM.

This form is reported by W. B. Turner, as found in Nova

Scotia.

C. CONNATUS, (Breb.), Kirch. (Cosmarium connatum. Breb.)

Plate XV, figs. 8, 9.
Cells short and thick, subcylindrical, about one and one-
half to two times longer than broad, ends broadly rounded ;

constriction forms a wide, shallow sinus cytioderm dis- ;

tinctly punctate.
Diameter 45-75 ju.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Florida, New York, Vermont,

Minnesota, etc.; probably distributed everywhere.
60 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATKs.

This one of the largest species of the genus and most

is

common. The end view is nearly a perfect circle front view ;

of a semi-cell constitutes about two-thirds of a circle a dis- ;

tinct border is always present, and often appears striated.

Var. MINOR, Nord. Plate XV, fig. 10. Plate LX, tig. 18.
This form is in all essential points like the last, except in
dimensions.
I have found almost every possible variety of size, mea-ur-

iug in diameter from 20 to 40 w. This fact* furnishes a pre-

sumptive evidence that the smaller forms are merely unde-
veloped conditions; young plants evolved from sporan<,'iums,
in accordance with Hofmeister's theory. ST I.NTKOIHVTION,

p. 19.

0. PSEUDOCONNATUS, Nord. Plate XV, fig. 11. Plate LX. ii->.

10, 11.
Similar to the two preceding in form and structure, lui in

size usually smaller than the typical plant. The distinctive

feature is in the arrangement of the chlorophyl this is not ;

homogeneous, but divided in each semi-cell, in front view,

into two parts, and in end view, into four parts.
Marsh pools, Pennsylvania.
The value of the arrangement of the chlorophyl as a spe-
citic character, needs, I think, further corroborative evidence.

C. CLEVEI, (Lund.), Wolle. (Penium Clevei, Lund.) Plate LXI,

fig. 27.
Cell subcylindrical, 2J-3 times longer than broad, some-
what constricted in the middle; semi-cells cylindric sub
conical, ends distinctly attenuated and rounded at apices ;

vertical view a perfect circle. Nuclei large, elliptic single

or rarely twinned. Membrane finely punctate, at apices
subgrauulate punctate.
Diameter 40-50 p. Length 115-118 ^.
Brown's Mills, New
Jersey.
The plant is slightly larger than Lundell's form, but s.>
good a counterpart in form and structure, I take ft to be the-
same species by measurement the constriction is somewhat
;

deeper. The decided constriction makes the natural position

of this form, I think, a member of the present genus, not-
withstanding the observations made by Lundell in the

arrangement of the chlorophyl.

C. THWAITESII, Kalfs. Plate XV, fig. 19. Plat.- LXI. fig. 28.
Cells two or three times longer than broad, fusiform in
front view; circular in end view; constriction a shallow
 COSMARIUM. 61

sinus; ends high-rounded, cytioderm not at all, or very in-

distinctly punctate ; chlorophyl scattered.
Diameter about 30 ^.
Florida, (Bailey) ; frequent in pond, Spring Lake, Mon-
mouth County, New Jersey.

C. DIPLOSPORA, Lund. Plate XV, fig. 18.

Cell large, twice as long as broad, subcylindrical, moder-
ately constricted in the middle, very slightly but distinctly
enlarged from the center towards the ends ; apices broadly
rounded ;
end view circular cytioderm colorless and
;

smooth. Cytioplasm has usually a tint of reddish brown.

Diameter 25-30 /<.; length 53-58 /;.

Frequent in ponds, Berkshire Mountains, Massachusetts.

C. COSTATUS, Wolle. Plate XV, fig. 13.

Cell ovaliform, nearly twice as long as wide moderately ;

constricted in the middle. Front view a constricted oval,

end view circular cytioderm longitudinally costate costae
; ;

converging at the apices. Color of older plants

5-7, distinct,
reddish brown.
Diameter 50 /<. length 90 //.
;

Pond, Mount Everett, Massachusetts, 1882.

According to some authors this plant might be classed with
Docidium, but having no inflation at the base of the semi-
cells, and no plication in the cell walls, I give it a place here.

Genus, COSMAEIUM, Corda.

Cells oblong, cylindrical, elliptical or orbicular with margins

smooth, dentate or crenate; always more or less deeply con-
stricted in the middle ends rounded or truncate and entire, not
;

emarginate, k>bed or sinuate end view oblong or oval, some-

;

times with a swelling in the middle of the longer sides chloro- ;

phyllous cytioplasm parietal, or more or less concentrated in the

center of the semi cells, or divided into two masses (cytioderm ;

smooth, punctate, warty, or very rarely, spinous.

(cell-walls;,
Zygospore spherical, tuberculated or spinous, seldom smooth or
angular.
The plants of this genus are recognized by their short form
and entire end. They are usually about 14 times as long as
wide sometimes shorter and sometimes longer, rarely over
;

two diameters in length. Ends always entire, not emarginate

or incised.
62 DESM1DS OF THE UNITED STATES.

They may be conveniently divided as follows :

1. Chlorophyl parietal distributed on the inside of the walls

of the cells.
2. Chlorophyl more or less concentrated into one or two
musses, (nuclei,) in each semi-cell.
\ Kml view round, oval or elliptic without central
inflation.
1. Cytioderin (cell-wall) smooth, or punctate.
2. Cytioderm verrucose.
3. Cytioderm spinous.-
',Knd view round, oval or elliptic, with a central in-
flation on each side.
4. Cytioderm smooth or punctate.
5. Cytioderm verrucose or spinous.

C. OVALE, Kalfs. Plate XVI, figs. 8, 9.

Large, oval or elliptical, nearly twice as long as broad,
ends rounded central constriction deep linear
;
isthmus ;

about one-third of the diameter of the cell; semi-cells with

straight base, angles rounded and sides convex, gradually
converging. Cytioderm granularly rough, with one or two
rows of larger pearly granules near the margin, producing
a dentate appearance.
Diameter about 100 /<. (range from G2 to 112 jw.).

Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, South Caro-

lina, Rhode Island, Minnesota, etc.

C. DE BARYI, Archer. (Pleurotaenium cosmarioides, De By.)

Plate XVIII, fig. 5. Probably the same as Calocylinrtnix
De BaryL Plate XLV, fig. 12.
Cells oblong, twice as long as broad, with flatly rounded
ends; constriction narrow, straight, linear. Cytioderm
smooth or finely punctate chlorophyl parietal.
;

Diameter 50-54 /<. ; length 104-110 //.

Ponds, Berkshire Mountains, Massachusetts.

C. CUCUMIS, Cortia, Plate XVIII, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

and three-fourths times
Cells oval, one aiid one-half to one
longer than broad, ends broadly rounded; constriction linear:
cytioderm smooth; chlorophyl covering tin- inside of the
walls of the cells.

Diameter 4(5-50 yu. Thickness 30-40 u. Isthmus about

one-third of the diameter of the cell.

Frequent from Maine to Florida.

Besides the measures given, forms are found of much
smaller dimensions. Figs. 7, \ represent such !
; every pos-
sible size, from the largest to the smallest, and down to a
 COSMARIUM. 6$

diameter of 15 p. are not rare. These I consider undeveloped,

or young conditions of the plant evolved from zygospores.
Compare Introduction, p. 19.

C. CONSTKICTUM, Delp. Plate LXI, figs. 1-4.

Cells smooth, about one-half longer than broad ; deeply
constricted ;
sinus acute-angled ;
semi-cells near a three-
fourth circle, with inferior angles rounded end view oval ; ;

lateral view of cell an oblong with ends rounded and middle

constricted. Somewhat in character with C. Cucwmis, but
proportionately shorter.
Diameter 30-38 yw.

Frequent in small ponds, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc.

C. SCENEDESMUS, Delp. Plate LXI, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Cells smooth, not as long as broad, depressed, constriction
deep, sinus narrow linear semi-cells subsemicircular, base
;

nearly straight, ends a depressed arch, angles rounded ;

end
view elliptic ;
side view circular.
Diameter 32-38 p.
Reminds strongly of D. Phaseolus, but has no reniform
base, and no central inflation. Sinus of fig. 7 too much am-
pliated.
Occurs frequently.

C. QUADRATUM, Ralfs. Plate XXI, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Smooth, deeply constricted at the middle semi-cells in ;

front view quadrate, with a slight protuberance on each side

above the base, giving the sides a retuse appearance, angles
rounded; chlorophyl in larger forms usually divided into
two masses.
Diameter, smaller form 20-23 larger form 40 fit.
ju. ;

Ponds, Pennsylvania, rather rare. Minnesota.

The apices of the two forms differ the smaller ones are ;

more or less retuse, and the larger ones convex. The length
of each is twice the diameter.

C. ANCEPS. Lund. Plate XXI, fig. 11.

Small, full twice as long as broad, hexagonal- oblong sinus ;

narrow linear; side view oblong with sides slightly emar-

ginate; apices rounded: semi cells quadrate, rather longer
than broad, tapering moderately from base to end end view :

sub circular. Membrane smooth isthmus half the diameter ;

of the cell.

Diameter 17-18 /<. ; Vngth 4o-"50 /u.

64 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATE-.

The only plant I have found to harmonize with this de-

scription, was collected by J. D. Smith in Florida. It agrees
very well except in length, being nearly equal to three
diameters.

C. PABVULUM, Breb. Plate XXI, figs. 12, 13.

Cells small, ovate elliptical, slightly constricted, apices
truncate, two to nearly three times as 1< 111,1: as wide margins ;

entire, sometimes lightly crenulate; semi-cells short

or
conical, broadly truncate or sometimes with apex refuse :

cytioderm smooth or finely punctate.

Diameter 18-22 p.
Florida, collected by J. D. Smith.

C. AMERICANUM, Lagh. Plate XLIX, figs. 15, 16.

Cells small, sinus rather obtuse and widening outwardly ;

semi-cells sub-circular, the center with seven larger granules

(six peripheral and one central) and twelve, more or less
distinct, around these; vertical view elliptic; lateral vi<-\\
sub-circular. Membrane smooth excepting the central
granules.
Diameter of cell 22 p. ; length 40 /<. ;
thickness 18 //. ;

diameter isthmus 6 i*.

Pond near Tewksbury, Massachusetts.

C. GBANATUM, Breb. Plate LXI, fig. 13. Plate XVIII, figs.

14, 15.
Cells one and one-half times as long as broad constriction ;

narrow linear; semi-cells trapezoidal, with straight bases.

rounded angles, sides gradually converging; apex truncate :

variable in size.
Diameter 20-32 /Y. ;
isthmus about one-third the diameter.
Frequent in quiet waters. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mas-
sachusetts, Florida and Minnesota.
Plate LXI, fig. 13, is the typical form; the others, Plute
XVIII, figs. 14, 15, are varieties, near Wille's variety elongation.

(. WOLLEANUM. Lagh.. var. <;KAXULIFERUM. Lagh. Plate

XLIX. figs. 1, 2. Syn. C. pseudogranatum. Wolle. J)es.

U. S., p. 158.
Cell rather large, one-fourth longer than wide; sinus
somewhat ampliated inwardly and outwardly: semi-cells
sub-semi-circular, base subreniforni, dorsum narrowly
rounded, angles rounded, margins finely erenulate-dentate;
 COSMARIUM. 65

in vertical view oval ;

in lateral view broadly oval. Mem-
brane distinctly punctate.
Diameter 54 //. length 66
; //.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
The author of the present name for a Cosmarium, G. von
Lagerheim, of Stockholm, Sweden, finds that we have du-
plicated the name pseudogranatum, previously used by Nord-
stedt, hence re-names the form as above. The new variety
granuliferum reminds one of C. cymatopleurum, Nord., C. de
Notarisii, (Witt.), l^ord., and C. capense, !N"ord., but it is

distinct.

.
MONILIFORME, Ealfs. Plate XVIII, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19.
Cells twice as long as wide
semi-cells spherical, united by
;

a narrow isthmus; four semi-cells often in series cell mem- ;

brane smooth.
Diameter 16-24 yu.

Frequent in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachu-

setts, Florida, etc. Fig. 18 represents a peculiarity noticed
now and then, that in multiplying by division, (Introduction
p. 17), the new daughter semi-cells are larger than those of
the mother cell ;
if this is not always the case such are fre-

quently found.

.
GLOBOSUM, Buluh. Plate LX, figs. 14-17.
Cells small, light green, bicocciforin, scarcely compressed,
nearly one-third longer than wide, very slightly constricted,
sinus acute semi-cells circular, exclusive of the confluent
;

bases, entire, cytioderm smooth or finely punctate.

Diameter 20-24 ^ length 25-33 /*. ;

Not infrequent in ponds intermingled with other forms. .

Plate XV, fig. 20, represents a variety which stands between

this species and moniliforme.
Diameter about 20 ,.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts.

C. PERFORATUM, Lund. Pl,ate XL VI II, fig. 32.

Somewhat circular, slightly longer than broad, moderately
constricted in the middle, sinus acute angled, enlarged out-
wardly, rarely linear semi-cells sub-semi-circular, back
;

high convex, with the middle slightly flattened or rarely

slightly retuse end view broadly elliptical
;
lateral view ;

circular with base broadly truncate. Membrane distinctly

but sparsely punctate, often with larger granules arranged
5
66 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATI

in triangular form on basal part. Isthmus fully half of the

diameter of the cell.

Diameter 57-63 /i. ; length 60-68 /i.

Ponds, Minnesota.

C. BIOCULATUM, Breb. Plate XVIII, figs. 21, 22.

Cells small, somewhat longer than broad ;
constriction
deep, producing a gaping notch on each side. Semi-cell
compressed, oval, with convex base, short convex sides and
rather flat apex. Cytioderm smooth or finely punctate.
Zygospore globose, without spines.
Diameter 15-16 //. length about 17 yw.
;

Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.

C. RHOMBUSOIDES, Wolle. Plate XLIX, figs. 6, 7.

Cells nearly as long as wide semi-cells in form of a rhom-
;

bus, sides all equal, straight or slightly convex nearly half ;

as long as broad; sinus between, deep and wide; isthmus

one- fourth of diameter; end view rhombus like; membrane
finely punctate.
Diameter 55-65 yu. ; length 50 /*.

From collections made by Mrs. Hanson and Miss Haggin

in pools near Lake Tahoe, California, August, 1886.

C. LOBATULUM, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. 33, 34.

Small, one-third broad, end of semi-cell

longer than
broadly truncate sides convex with a slight contraction
;

near the apex side view circular with end truncate. Mem-
;

brane finely and closely punctate, or granular.

Diameter 25 yw. length 33 p.
;

Ponds, Minnesota.

C. QUIMBYII, Wood.
Cells small, subelliptical, profoundly constricted in the
middle, joined by translucent bauds into families semi-cells ;

seen from the front elliptical, and nearly twice as long as

broad from the vertex elliptical, from the side roundish.
;

Chlorophyl masses single in each cell. Cytioderm thin,

smooth.
Diameter 18 p. length 25 /A
;

"This plant was found in a spring near Camden, N. J. r

upon whose bottom it formed a gelatinous translucent, green-
ish mass. The cells are joined by bands into families, in
which the little parent cell is generally very distinct, it, or
 COSMARIUM. 67

rather the two cells into which it first divides, remaining in

the center of the group." Wood, p. 35.
I would suggest this to be very near, or identical with C.

tinctum, Ralfs.

C. TINCTUM, Ealfs. ( Sphaerozosma tinctum, Eah.) Plate XIX,

fig. 31.
Cells small, somewhat longer than broad isthmus broad, ;

constriction outwardly enlarged; semi-cells oval chlorophyl ;

a single mass ; cytioderm smooth, often tinted with yellow,

brown or red.
Diameter 10-15 ;/.

Of the sporangium, Ralfs writes, " It is large in proportion

to the cells, and quadrate with an empty segment of the
fronds permanently attached at each corner. Sometimes the
fronds couple in a crossed position, when the sporangium
appears variously twisted or distorted."
I find single specimens of this plant occasionally, but have
not had a satisfactory group of them, or fruiting specimens.

C. TUMIDUM, Lund. Plate XVIII, fig. 23 Plate XXI, fig. 20. ;

Cells somewhat longer than broad, constriction narrow

linear. Semi -cells suboval, rather flat base, apex broad con-
vex, with one chlorophyllous mass. Cytioderm punctate
and more or less granularly rough in the central part, margin
smooth. Plate XXI, fig. 20, appears to be a variety of
this form, coarsely granular.

Diameter 20-33 jw.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.

In front view this species bears some resemblance to C.
Phaseolus, Breb., but differs in being proportionately longer,
and in not having the base of the semi-cells reniform, and in
not having an entirely smooth membrane. Some specimens
are very distinctly punctate, others not so evidently except
away from the margins. Kirchner makes two varieties :

a. genuinum, cytioderm distinctly granular in the middle; b.

subtile, cytioderm finely punctate over the whole cell.

C. INFLATUM, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. 18, 19.

Cells one-half longer than broad; semi cells gradually en-
larged from a narrow base to a broadly dilated end end ;

view broadly elliptic; lateral view circular, with somewhat

flattened sides ;
membrane finely punctate or smooth.
Diameter 25-28 n. ; length about 40 //.

Ponds, Minnesota.
68 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

C. SEJUNCTUM, Wolle. Plate LXI, figs. 18-20.

Membrane smooth, slightly longer than broad semi-cells ;

semicircular with angles rounded, separated by a wide,

nearly linear sinus; isthmus connecting the semi-cells is
narrow, less than one-fourth the breadth of cells.
Dameter 20-25 p. ; length 25-30 ^
Pond, near Malaga, New Jersey, and Minneapolis, Min-
nesota.
Usually two forms of this plant are recognized, the one
longer than the other; the longer slightly retuse, which is the
typical form the other not retuse, and not so long.
;

Sometimes found in considerable numbers in gelatinous

gatherings on dripping rocks and in small pools. The va-
riety SEPTENTRIONALE, found near Amherst, Mass., not so
frequent.

C. VARIOLATUM, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 3, 4.

Small twice as long as wide, constriction deep,
elliptical,
narrow, linear semi-cells, base straight, sides rising at right
;

angles, then curving gradually and producing an almost

circular apex, sometimes slightly retuse end view broadly ;

elliptical side view obovate.

; Cytioderm more or less punc-
tate isthmus one-third of the whole diameter.
; Chlorophyl
nucleus single.
Diameter 15-17 /<.

Ponds, southern New Jersey, Hammonton, etc.

C. CIRCULARE, Eeinsch. Plate XLVIII, fig. 37.

Cells nearly circular present form slightly shorter than
;

broad ;
sinuses narrow linear lateral view ovoid, end view
;

elliptic ;
isthmus one-third of diameter of cell membrane ;

finely punctate.
Diameter 75-85 /*. ; length 70-75 p.
Frequent in marsh pools, Tocoi, Florida. This form is con-
siderably larger than the one described by Reinsch, and not
quite equal in length and breadth, but otherwise very near it,
and certainly nearer than the plant described by Lundell
under the same name.

C. CONTRACTUM, Kirch. Plate XIX, fig. 1. Plate LXI, fig. 24.

Cells one and one- half times as long as wide sinus pro- ;

duced by the constriction, deep and narrow, widening out-

wardly from the base. Semi-cells oval, with convex base
 COSMARIUM. 69

and convex apex, containing each one chlorophyl nucleus ;

cytioderm distinctly punctate.

Diameter 24 /*.
Denmark, and other ponds, New Jersey.
C. SEXANGULARE, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 8, 9. Plate LX,
fig. 13.
One-fifth part longer than wide; constriction deep; sinus
linear within and widening outwardly. Semi-cells more
or less hexagonal- elliptic; ends truncate, sides obtusely
rounded ;
end view elliptical ;
side view circular. Cytio-
derm finely punctate.
Diameter 25-42 //.

Occurs frequently in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.

The hexagonal feature of the semi-cells is not always as dis-
tinct as described in the figures 8 and 9 it was inadvertently
;

omitted altogether, nevertheless, they represent a common

form of the species.

C. DEPRESSUM, (Naeg. ', Lund., not Bailey. Plate LXI, figs. 10,
11, 12.
Cells usually slightly shorter than wide constriction deep;;

sinus widening outwardly semi-cells compressed oval the

; ;

long sides flattened, the others rounded; one chlorophyl

mass in each. Membrane finely punctate.
Diameter 20-25 p.

Frequent in pond, Spring Lake, N. J. They are smaller in

sizethan the European form otherwise identical.
;

Bailey in his contribution, describes another plant under

the same name. Naegeli's description has claim of priority,
hence must stand. In order to avoid further confusion, I
change the name of the former, and in honor of the author
call it C. Baileyi.

C. BAILEYI, Wolle. (C. depressum, Bailey.) Plate XIX, figs.

17, 18.
"Elliptical, binate, division in the plane of the longest
axis. Segments entire, nearly twice as long as broad,
rounded above, very much flattened at base;" cytioderm
punctate.
Diameter 36-48 /u.

Florida, (Bailey); and ponds, Mount Everett, Mass.

"This species resembles C. bioculatum, Breb., but the seg-
ments are much closer together, and are angular, not rounded
at the basal extremities." Compare Note under C. depression.
70 DESMIDS OF THE rMTED STATES.

C. OBSOLETUM, Eeiiisch. Plate LX, fig. 12.

Cells elliptic, about one-fourth more in breadth than
length. Deeply constricted sinus rounded at the base, then
;

gradually narrowed towards tin- lateral angles of the semi-

cells, which come close together semi-cells in end view ;

elliptical; side view circular. Isthmus about one-third the

diameter of the cell. Membrane punctate or smooth chlo- :

rophyl concentrations or nuclei, two.

Diameter 110 //. ; length 80 /<.

Iadopt Reinsch's name for this plant. In general form it

is the same; the two distinct nuclei also correspond, but in
size it is much larger and the angles of the semi-cells are not

at all or but slightly contracted. I collected it in a sluggish

streamlet, Ocean Grove, X. J. It is near C. Baileyi, but

differs in the form, of the sinus, and in having two nuclei in
each semi-cell it is also twice the size.
;

C. EEGNESI, Eeiusch. Plate XLIII, fig. 4.

Bare and of doubtful value. Has the appearance of a cell
of Sphaerozosma.

C. SINUOSUM, Lund. Plate XIX, fig. 2.

Twice as long as wide, rectangular, constriction not deep,
sinuses narrow linear, not widened outwardly; semi-cells
quadrangular, equilateral, sides and apices somewhat retuse;
end view subcircular: lateral view elliptic-oblong; mem-
brane smooth isthmus one third ox" the diameter of cell
; ;

nucleus single.
Diameter 16-18 /<.

Pond, Berkshire Mountains, Mass.

C. MENEGHINII, Breb. Plate XIX, fig. 7.

Cells 1-1 i times as long as wide; constriction forms a
narrow linear sinus; semi-cells subquadrate, base straight,
apex flat, truncate or slightly concave; sides straight or
concave, corners rounded, diagonally truncate or slightly
retuse; single chlorophyl mass in each semi-cell. Very
variable. Kirchner makes three varieties :

a. genuinum, with sides and ends and upper angles retuse.

Diameter 20-22 ju.

b. angulosum, Eab., sides and ends straight, upper and

lower angles diagonally truncate.
Diameter 18 /*.
 COSMARITM. 71

c. concinnum, Rab., more elongated, semi-cells nearly

quadrilateral, all angles truncate, or rounded.
Diameter 9-26 yw.
Found frequently ; probably has a wide range north, south,
and west.
d. simplicissimum, Wille. Plate XLIII, figs. 11-13.
A variety of forma octangularis, Wille.
Pond near Amherst, Massachusetts.
O. OCTOGONUM, Delp. Var. CONSTRICTUM, Lagh. Plate XLTX,
figs. 34, 35.
Cells in front view oblong-tetragonal deeply constricted ;

semi-cells trapezoidal in vertical view elliptic with middle

;

somewhat inflated isthmus one-third of diameter of cell.

;

Membrane smooth. Var. constrictum is more deeply con-

stricted, sinus wider and semi cell in vertical view not
inflated.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts. From these specimens the

significance of the name is not evident. Instead of three
crenulatious or angles on each side of the semi-cell, Delponte
describes "sometimes four," or eight to the semi-cell. Has
some resemblance to C. Braunii, Reinsch, but is not so regular.

C. POLYGONUM, Naeg. Plate XIX, fig. 30.

Small, polygonal, about as long as wide, entire, sinus very

narrow; semi-cells hexagonal-oblong, angles subacute or
obtuse | apices straight or rounded ; cytioderm smooth or
punctate.
Diameter 15-20 yu.

Ponds, New Jersey and Massachusetts. Not frequent.

.
LUNATTJM, Wolle. Plate XIX, fig. 16.
Cells nearly as long as wide, circular, constriction deep
and forms a wide rounded or oval sinus semi-cells lunately ;

curved, back circularly arched, base concave angles of the ;

two semi -cells, more or less acute, approximate closely.

Cytioderm punctate ;
isthmus usually less than one-third of
the diameter. End view elliptical ; side view circular.

Diameter 25-28 /<.

Brown's Mills, N. J.

.
ACULEATUM, Wolle. Plate XIX, fig. 15.
Medium suborbicular, length slightly less than the
size,
diameter: constriction deep, forming, by the incurving of
the angles of the semi-cells, two elliptical sinuses ; cytioderm
72 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

primarily more or less densely aculeated; later the aculei

drop off and leave short granule-like stumps; end view
elliptical.
Diameter 33 length 30 p. breadth of constriction 10 //.
//. ; ;

Pond, Minneapolis, Minn. Collected by Miss E. Butler,

1882 and 1883.

C. SMOLANDICUM, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 35, 36.

Cells somewhat longer than wide; isthmus narrow, con-
striction deep, sinus narrow linear semi-cells semicircular ;

with straight base and arched back sometimes subtruncate,

angles (inferior) obtuse, mounted with a papilla end view ;

elliptical lateral view circular. Membrane distinctly punc-

;

tate. Chlorophyl masses two in each semi-cell.

Diameter, 34-48 //.

Various Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

localities,
Usually the cells are about one-eighth longer than broad ;

they vary considerably in size. At Pleasant Mills, New Jersey,

there is a variety which is somewhat depressed, measuring
one-eighth less in length than breadth. The distinguishing
feature of this species is the papilla at each angle.

C. EXIGUUM, Archer. Plate XIX, figs. 13, 14.

Cells very small, smooth, oblong, H-2 times as long as
broad; medial constriction slight; semi-cells subquadrate,
'containing one chlorophyl nucleus ;
ends obtusely rounded.
Diameter 12-15 js.
Florida, collected by J. D. Smith, 1878.

C. NOTABILE, Breb. Plate XIX, fig. 11.

Cells small, about twice as long as broad, margins entire
or moderately undulate-crenate ends truncate; semi-cell ;

more or less pyramidal, base somewhat reniform, end broadly-

truncate; angles rounded, cytioderm smooth or finely
granulate.
Diameter 22-28 ^
Ponds of eastern Pennsylvania.
C. UNDULATUM, Corda. Plate XIX, fig. 20.
-

Cells 1* times as long as wide, ends broadly rounded,,

margins undulate deeply constricted, sinus gradually en-
;

larged outwardly semi-cells semi-orbicular sides and back

; ;

broadly rounded, margins undulate crenate, usually with

nine crenae to a semi- cell; cytioderm smooth. Zygospores
spherical, armed with long spines bi- or tri-fid at apices.
Diameter 40-44 //.
 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 72A

C. BRAUNII, forma MAJOR, Eeinsch. Plate XLVITI, figs. 28, 29.

Cells small, one and one-half times longer than broad, sinus
narrow linear sides with two emarginations ends truncate,
; ;

membrane smooth lateral view oval vertical view elliptic.

; ;

Diameter 25-28 //. ; length 36-40 /*.

Ponds, Stillwater, Minnesota.

C. (Euastrum,} SENDTNERIANUM, Eeinsch. Plate XL VIII, figs.

30, 31.
Cells nearly twice as long as wide ;
sinus narrow linear ;

semi-cells nearly as long as wide, ends rounded, lateral

margins each with four or five crenulations lateral view of ;

whole cell elliptic with more or less of a constriction in the

middle end view oval.
;

Diameter 25 //. ; length 44 /*.

C. NITIDULUM, De Not. Plate XXI, figs. 16, 17, 18 ;

and Plate
LXIII. figs. 9, 10.
Cells small, smooth, of nearly equal length and breadth ;

constriction deep, sinuses narrow linear basal angles of ;

semi-cells obtusely rounded, sides rounded, ends roundly

truncate; viewed from the vertex elliptic; from the side,
subovate.
Diameter 22-30 p. length 25-35 /^. ;

Not infrequent in pond waters. The figs. 16, 17, should

have the ends moderately flattened.

C. PSEUDONITIDULUM, Nord. Plate XXI, fig. 19.

Varies from the preceding in its somewhat larger size and
more quadrangular form. The basal angles of the semi-cells
besides being rounded, protrude slightly.
Diameter 38 ft.
Found this form only in Northampton County, Pennsyl-
vania.

C. LAEVE, Rab. Plate XVIII, fig.JlO. Var. SEPTENTRIONALE,

Wille. Plate XLIII, fig. 14.
Cells one and one-third to one and two-thirds longer than
broad, constriction deep sinus narrow linear semi-cells
; ;

with high-rounded ends, usually somewhat retuse. Cytio-

derm finely granular.
Diameter 14-16 //.
 COSMARIUM. 73

Var. CRENULATUM, Wolle. Plate XIX, figs. 10, 19, is usually

smaller in size and numbering ten to fourteen crenae to a
semi cell. This variety is near C. crenatum, but is separated
by the rounded ends. The typical form is from South Caro-
lina and Rhode Island, (Bailey); the variety from ponds,
eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. CRENATUM, Ralfs. Plate LX, figs. 31, 32.

Cells oblong, usually nearly twice as long as wide, deeply
constricted in the middle semi-cells crenulate at the mar-
;

gins, flattened at the ends ; generally have twelve or fourteen

crenae; cytioderiu punctate. Zygospore globose, studded
with protuberances which terminate with a divided apex.
Diameter 30-38 /v.
Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and other States.
Not frequent, but occurs every now and then.
C. NAEGELIANUM, Breb. (C. crenatum, Naeg.} Plate LXI, fig. 21.
Small, somewhat longer than broad, sinus narrow linear f
semi-cells,with sides sinuate-crenate, converging from the
broad base to the broadly truncate, entire or imperfectly
flat

quadricrenate ends cytioderm finely granulate or smooth.

;

Diameter 20 /*., or a little more or less.

Not rare. Bears some resemblance to C. crenatum in front
view, but is smaller and proportion ably much shorter the ;

crenae of the sides are usually less in number, and those of

the ends imperfectly developed.

C. VENUSTUM, Eab. Plate XIX, fig. 3<~.

Length of cell equal to about diameters; constriction

1

deep; sinus narrow linear; semi-cells have a flat base, rounded

lower angles, sides somewhat convergent each with two ;

notches of equal size ends truncate, and slightly retuse.

;

One chlorophyl mass in each semi-cell membrane smooth. ;

Diameter 24-30 //.

Occasional in ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. EEINSCHII, Arch. (Dublin Microscopical Club. ) Plate XIX T

fig. 12.
Somewhat longer than broad, deeply constricted, sinus
narrow linear ;
ends truncate ;
sides convex, erose, dentate
or notched. Membrane smooth ;
end view elliptic, without
a central inflation.
Diameter 30-35 /*.
Not frequent, but is found in Lake Hopatcoug, N. J., and
in ponds, eastern Pennsylvania.
74 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED -TATES.

C. HOLMIENSE, Lund. Plate XIX, fig. 23.

Cells twice as long as wide, elliptic-rectangular, moder-
ately constricted, sinus narrow linear: smii-cHl sul>i|ii:idrate,
sides straight or snbconvex, slightly converging until near
the somewhat dilated apices; ends ohsolHely crenulate ;

dorsum truncate-undulate, angles rounded. Viewed from

the vertex elliptic with the poles obtuse-angled ;
side view
rectangular-elliptic ;
membrane smooth. Chlorophyl homo-
geneous or in a single mass.
Diameter 33 length 63 ^.
^. ;

Collected F. H. Hosford, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., 1881.

by
Differs slightly from Lundell's figure in the crenulations,
and in being less restricted near the ends.

Var. INTEGRUM, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 24, 25.

Differs from the typical form in having no crenulations
nor plications near the apices, and no undulations on the
ends.
Diameter 32-36 //.

Mountain spring, Bockdale, Pa.

C. ANSATUM, Kg. Plate XIX, fig. 22.

Cells twice as long as broad constriction wide but not
;

deep semi-cells have a flat base,

;
rounded lower angles, sides
converging, concave ;
ends truncately rounded membrane ;

punctate end view oval.

;

Diameter 28-31 p.
Ponds, Pennsylvania, rather rare.
Scarcely separable from a variety (fig. 28) of C. Holmienae,
except by the punctate membrane and the usually wider
sinus the latter is not correctly represented in fig. 22, should
;

be two or three times wider and not quite so deep.

.
PYBAMIDATUM, Breb. Plate XVII, figs. 16, 17.
Cells scarcely twice as long as broad, suboval constric- ;

tion deep, linear; semi-cells pyramidal, rounded at basal

angles, sides convex, gradually converging to the somewhat
truncate ends punctate end view broadly elliptic.
; ;

Diameter 50-85 /*.

A common species found probably in every State of the

Union.

Var. STENONOTUM, Nord. Plate XVII, figs. 18, 19.

This subspecies is separated from the typical form by the
shape of the sides of the semi-cells, which are somewhat
 COSMARIIM. 75

retuse near the apices for perfect identity the ends ought
;

not to be retuse my specimens are slightly concave.

;

Size about the same as the typical plant.

Found this variety in collections made by Miss E. Butler,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, and by A. D. Balen, Plainfield,
New Jersey.

C. PSEUDOPYRAMIDATUM, Lund. Plate XVIII, figs. 11, 12.

In habitat, in form and proportions like the true plant,
but only about half the size. It corresponds with C. pyra-
midatum, variety minus, Eeinsch Eab. Alg. Exsic. No. 1902.
;

Besides these, Ealfs has a Forma major, which I have in-

cluded in my general grouping (fig. 17).

C. KALFSII, Breb. Plate XVIII, fig. 1.

Orbicular or suborbicular, deeply constricted, sinus narrow
linear semi-cells nearly semicircular
;
inferior angles ob- ;

tuse, dorsum high convex ; cytioderm smooth or finely

punctate.
Diameter 60-100 ,u. ; length 70-120 yu.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, not frequent, but turns up every

now and then, sometimes in considerable numbers.
In form, and arrangement of chlorophyl, this species
size,
is often a good representative of C. Candianum, Delp.

C. PACHYDERMUM, Lund. Plate XVIII, figs. 2, 3.

Cells li-13 times longer than broad; sinus narrow linear;
semi-cells with straight base, rounded angles sides rise ;

nearly at right angles and then converge, forming a high

arch they contain two chlorophyl masses
;
viewed from ;

the vertex, oval isthmus wide, cytioderm firm, distinctly

;

punctate.
Diameter 75-100 /v.

specimens from Budd's Lake, New Jersey from Ne-

Had ;

braska Notch, Vermont, collected by C. G. Pringle and from ;

Mt. Everett, Massachusetts.

This species is separated from C. JSaf/sii, by its usually
greater proportionate length, firmer cytioderm, and wider
isthmus.

.
GALERITUM, Nord. Plate XIX, figs. 46, 47, 48.
Cells slightly longer than wide, with narrow isthmus,
deep constriction and narrow, slightly gaping sinus semi- ;

with straight, or somewhat reniform base,

cells triangular
rounded lower angles, convergent, straight, or slightly con-
76 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

vex sides ;
ends more or less truncate ;
membrane smooth ;

end view oval ;

side view circular.
Diameter 40-55 //.
Springs and ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Fig. 47 represents a small form found in a pond on Mt.
Everett, Mass., measures only 29 /u. diameter. The smaller
size,straight sides, and more broadly truncate ends may
prove it to be a different species. I note it provisionally a
variety of the typical plant.

C. SPHALEROSTICHUM, Nord. Plate XLVIII, figs. 26, 27.

Cells small, somewhat longer than broad, sinus narrow

linear; semi-cells subreniform-trapezoid, base straight; in-

ferior angles nearly right ends in middle truncate and
;

nude, granulate, granules often in two or three vertical

series, often scattered, inconstant as name implies. In ver-
tical view elliptic, margins granulate; in lateral view cir-
cular, granulate. Zygospore globose or subglobose, smooth.
Diameter 13-14 /*. ; length 16-20 JJL.

New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Resembles C, orthosticum,

Lund., but is somewhat smaller, ends truncate and granules
not so regularly arranged.

C. POLYMAZUM, !Nord. Plate XIX, figs. 38-40.

Cells about as long as wide, deeply constricted; sinus
narrow linear, widening somewhat outwardly semi -cells ;

subelliptic, margins with about sixteen crenae, and within

the margins a concentric series of granules to correspond ;

area smooth with six papillae arranged in the form of a tri-

angle, three in the first row nearest the margin, then two,
then one seen from the vertex, elliptical, truncate at ends,
;

with a papilla at each angle and from these two longitudinal

series of granules three papillae on each side (omitted in
;

the figure); lateral view circular, with end truncate, and two
rows of granules extending from the angles of the truncate
end of one semi-cell to those of the other; the margins of
the sides ornate with three papillae.
Nordstedt made this form, found by him in Norway, a
variety of Lundell's C. monomazum, which has not occurred
here the other C.polymazum, is frequent in Denmark Pond,
;

N. J.

C. OCULIFERUM, Lagh. Plate X, figs. 7, 8.

Cells small, deeply constricted, sinus inwardly and out-
wardly more or less dilated semi-cells semicircular-trian-
;
 COSMARIUM. 77

gular, ends retuse, sides slightly convex or straight, inferior

angles obtuse above the middle a single large granule and
;

below it a series of six small granules arranged in a semi-

ends tending towards the retuse apex viewed from
circle, ;

apex oval, from sides subcircular. Membrane smooth.

Diameter of cell 24 /^. length 32 u. ;

Pond, Tewksbury, Mass.

.
DONNELLII, Wolle. Plate XIX, figs. 41, 42.
Cells nearly as long as wide, suborbicular sinus narrow, ;

gaping semi-cells somewhat flattened, semicircular with

;

angles rounded margin formed of about eighteen large

;

pearl-like granules area smooth with a series of three larger

;

granules, or papillae in the center. End view oval, three

papillae on each side.
Diameter 37-45 /J.
Found in collections made by J. Donnell Smith in Florida,
1879.

C. TAXICHONDKUM, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 32-34.

Cells suborbicular, slightly longer than broad ;
s'iiius deep,
narrow, linear, barely widened at the mouth; semi-cells
semicircular, margin of base nearly straight, membrane
thickened at the angles face ornate with a single large
;

granule at the isthmus, and two somewhat arched rows near

the dorsal margin, one with three and the other with five
or six granules seen from the vertex, elliptic with five or
;

six granules on each side; cytioderin punctate; isthmus

one-fourth of the diameter of the cell. Chlorophyl nuclei
two.
Diameter 40-50 yw.

Occurs frequently in ponds, northern New Jersey, Penn-

sylvania and Massachusetts.

"Var. BIDENTULTJM, Lagh. Plate XLIX, figs. 17, 18. Distinguish-

ing feature in vertical view elliptic,
;
somewhat contracted at
ends, the angles bidentate.

C. PSEUDOTAXICHONDRUM, Xord. Plate XLIX, figs. 22, 23.

Scarcely as long as broad, deeply constricted, sinus con-
siderably widened outwardly; semi-cells semicircular with
the middle more or less truncate or depressed the angles ;

somewhat thickened and often terminating in a tooth-like

point above the basal line is an arched transverse series of
;

four granules end view elliptical with four granules on each

;
78 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

side lateral view circular, with two inconspicuous granules

;

on opposite sides membrane punctate. Isthmus about one-

;

third of the diameter.

Diameter 30 //.

Brown'sNew Jersey, is the only locality which has

Mills,
hitherto furnished this form. The original, found in Brazil,
differs somewhat in the "sinulineari, extrorsum vixampliato."
Our form has the sinus decidedly enlarged towards the
mouth.

G. von Lagerheim appears to give too much prominence

mere vagaries of the same species.
to simple differentiations
They may be briefly noted.
1. C. taxichondrum, var. bidentulum, as above.
2. C. pseudotaxichondrum, cells more depressed.
3. (7. pseudotaxichondrum^ var. trichondrum, semi-cells ornate
with a single row of three granules.
4. C. pseudotaxichondi*um, var. quadridentulum; in front view,
the inferior angles bidenticulate.
5. 0. pileigerum. Merely a depauperated form of the above.

Pond, Tewksbury, Massachusetts.

C. ANISOCHONDRUM, Nord. Plate XIX, figs. 43-45.

Cells subquadrate, length and breadth nearly equal sinus, ;

narrow linear semi-cells subsemicircular, dorsum broadly

;

truncate in center two horizontal rows of large granules of

;

three each, and two intermediate granules below and above ;

smaller granules, more scattered on each side viewed from ;

the vertex, elliptic, with three larger granules on each side

and a number of smaller ones within the margin the middle ;

bare lateral view obovate, circular.

;
Isthmus one-third the
diameter of cell.
Diameter 30-38 ^.
Denmark Pond and other ponds of northern New Jersey.
The was collected on the Sandwich
original of this species
Islands and described by Dr. Nordstedt.

C. QUINARIUM, Lund. Plate XLIX, figs. 10, 11.

Cells subhexagonal, about one-fourth longer than broad ;

constriction deep linear semi-cells subtrapezoid, narrowed

;

toward the subtruncate apex, sides somewhat convex, infe-

rior angles obtuse, margins obsolete granulate-dentate ;

within the margin a series of prominent granules, in center

five obtuse granules arranged in two transverse series ;
 COSMARIUM. 7

membrane punctate; in vertical view elliptic granulate

around the margin in lateral view circular.
;

Diameter 33-35 p. length 39-42 /v. ;

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
C. KITCHELII, Wolle. Plate XXI, figs. 1-3.
Cells suborbicular, about one-fourth longer than broad,
deeply constricted sinus narrow linear semi-cells semicir-
; ;

cular, margins crenulate, with about 18 crenae within, two ;

concentric rows of granules corresponding with the crenae ;

area smooth excepting two, rarely three, transverse rows of

three larger granules each, in the middle viewed from the ;

vertex, ovate-elliptic with three larger granules on each side,

and four series of smaller granules extending from end to
end lateral view circular with two granules on each side,
;

and four central series.

Diameter 40 yw.

Collected by Eev. H. D. Kitchell in a pond near Ham-

monton, New Jersey. This species is readily recognized by
the large marginal granules, end and side view, and by the
four parallel central series of smaller granules. It bears
some resemblance to C. polymrtzum, but differs in the central
granules and in the double row of marginal smaller granules.
C. TRACHYPLEURUM, Lund. Plate XIX, figs. 26-29.
Cells about one-fourth longer than the diameter isthmus ;

narrow; sinus narrow, enlarged outwardly; semi-cells sub-

reniform ;
ends truncate, nude in center ;
the margins of the
sides armed with five or six conical spines ;
the area close to
the margin, is set with numerous conical spines arranged in
short concentric series the middle is ornate with seven
;

granules, six in a circle and one in the center between ;

these granules punctate viewed from the vertex, elliptic

;

with three prominent granules on each side within the ;

margin, and near it, is a series of conical granules lateral ;

view circular. Chlorophyllous nuclei, two.

Diameter 33-40 /.(.

Frequent in ponds, eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

C. TRIPLICATUM, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 3-6.
Cells about one- fourth longer than broad, subrectangular ;
angles obtuse sinus between the semi-cells linear margins
; ;

irregularly granulate crenate membrane rough with larger ;

and smaller granules the larger ones arranged in series of

:

three three on the margin of each of the three superior

;
80 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

rounded angles, three within the margins, and three near

margin between the angles (sometimes the grannies appear
to border the whole semi -cell); on the margin of the sides
near the inferior angles two larger grannies, and within the
margins a few scattered smaller ones end view quadran- ;

gular-oval, with two series, usually of six larger granules,

on each of the longer sides, one of the series on the margin,
and the other within. Zygospores spherical, with long
spines, fig. 6.

Diameter of cell 40 yu. ; length about 50 //.

Ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The nearest approach to this species is C. Un(i< rimmm,
Naeg. It is separated by its smaller size, the details of out-
line and the arrangement of the larger granules.

C. NORDSTEDTII, Delp. Plate VIII, figs. 23-25. XL

Cells somewhat longer than broad, constriction deep ;

semi-cell rectangular oblong about twice as wide as long,

granulate around the margins, center usually nude.
adopt this name for a form widely distributed, but va-
I
riable sometimes it resembles C. triplicatum in size and
;

shape, but differs in the number and arrangement of the

granules, which are not in series of threes, but in continuous

eccentric rows. Sometimes they cover the upper half of the
semi-cell, then again only one or two rows occur within, but
close to the margin ;
the center and basal half are usually
nude. The
sides are not so straight as figured by Delpoute,
but the front and end views are always more or less rec-
tangular-oblong.
Beinsch has named a very different form C. Nordstedtii; it

is nearly, if not entirely, identical with C. cyclicum, Lund.

C. SEELYANUM, Wolle. Plate XXI, figs. 33-35.

Cells small, quadrangular, deeply constricted sinus nar- ;

row linear semi-cells twice as wide as long, with a small

;

rounded notch in the middle of the sides, the superior angles

somewhat produced laterally; dorsum slightly produced in
the middle and crenated membrane at the superior, and at
;

the inferior angles and near the margin of the ends, each
with three or four granules ;
in the center a circular cluster
of larger granules.
Diameter 25-30 yu.

Frequent in pond at JEhnira, N. Y.,1882.

Membrane granular without a central inflation.
 COSMARIUM. 81

.
MiOROSPHiNCTUM, Nord. Tar. PARVJJLA, Wille. Plate XLIX,
figs. 20, 21.
Cells small, elliptic, one-half longer than wide, moderately
constricted, sinus narrow linear semi-cell subelliptic, apex
;

in vertical view broadly elliptic, granulate within the margin,

center nude ;
in lateral view suborbicular, end truncate.
Diameter of cell length 33
25 p. ; n.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.

C. MARGARITIFERUM, Menegh. Plate XVI, figs. 1-3.

Cells about one and one-half times longer than broad, sinus
narrow, usually more or less enlarged outwardly; semi-cells
semiorbicular, somewhat reniform or oval, with rounded in-
ferior angles, convex sides and broadly rounded, not truncate
end. Cytioderm rough with pearly granules end view ;

ellipticzygospores orbicular.
;

Diameter 25-50 ^.
This species varies in size and form. The rough membrane
distinguishes it from C. crenafui and C. undulation ; its

rounded ends from C. Uotrytis, its smaller size and less posi-
tive kidney form from C. r< nij'ormc. It appears to be as
widely distributed as the most common of this genus.

C. PUNCTULATUM, Breb. Plate XVI, fig. 4.

This form is very similar to C. inarf/aritiferutn, but it is

smaller, the pearly granules less conspicuous, aud the ends

more flattened. The membrane is sometimes not granular,
but punctate. It is found in the same localities, and appears
very nearly related.
Diameter of cells 20-30 /<.

.
POLYMORPHUM, Nord. Plate XLIX, figs. 31-33.
Suborbicular, deeply constricted, sinus narrow linear ;

semi-cells semicircular, base straight, ends truncate; two

granules above the base, three about the middle of the area ;

punctate between the two series granulate near the margin

; ;

in vertical view broadly granulate within the mar-

elliptic,
gin, center nude; in lateral view suborbicular, end truncate.
Diameter of cell 25 //. ; length 33 >u.

C. BOTRYTIS, Menegh. Plate XVI, figs. 5-7.

Cells one, and nearly two times as long as broad sinus ;

narrow linear semi -cells with nearly straight base, some-

;

times inclining to reniform sides converging from the iu-

;

6
82 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

feriorrounded angles to the flat, truncate end cytioderm ;

evenly covered with large pearly granules. Zygospores

orbicular, spinous with long, thin spines, the ends much
divided.
Diameter 35-62 //.

A very common plant, and very variable in the size, and

in the proportions of length and breadth.

Var. TUMIDUM, Wolle. Plate XX, tigs. 3-5.

In outline, front view, very near C. Botrytis, yet entirely
unlike it in side and end views, which show a central infla-
tion. Found it in only one locality in a meadow pool, near
Bethlehem, Pa. Further observation may prove it a dis-
tinct species.

C. BREBISSONII, Menegh. Plate XVI, figs. 10, 11.

Cells somewhat longer than broad semi-cells semiorbicu-
;
'

lar, rough with conic spines or granules end view elliptic ;

or oval.
Diameter 45-65 p.
Cells generally larger than C. margaritij> rum ; semi-cells
more oval, but separable only by the armor of conical granules.
Not so frequent as the preceding, but appears to be widely
distributed.

C. CONSPERSUM, Ralfs. Plate XVII, figs. 1, 2.

Cells somewhat longer than broad, quadrilateral, angles
obtusely rounded constriction deep, produces a linear notch
;

on each side granules pearly, large, depressed, giving

;
a.

crenulate appearance to the margin.

Diameter 50-73 //.

A beautiful and conspicuous species, frequently found in

large numbers ;
it is easily distinguished by its large size and
quadrangular form.
C. CONSPERSUM, var. RETUSUM, Wolle. Plate XL VI, fig. 5.

(Cornp. Des. U. S., p. 75.)

Unlike the true form in the depressed or ret use ends ;

sides also incline inwardly from the base of the semi-cell to

the end.
Diameter averages the same as the type-forms.
Ponds, Minnesota.
C. TETROPHTHALMUM, (Kg.), Breb. Plate XVI, fig. 13.
Cells out'-third to one-half longer than broad; semi-cells
semiorbicular somewhat elevated, rough with pearly granules
 COSMARIUM. 83

which give a crenate appearance to the margin ; chlorophyl

masses two, often very conspicuous.
Diameter 60-78 ^.
Rather common. The semi-cells are usually near in form
to two-thirds of a circle. The transverse view is broadly
elliptic. The four chlorophyl nuclei, which are frequently
very prominent, two in each semi-cell, probably suggested the
name, four-eyed.
C. PARDALIS, Cohn. Plate XLIX, figs. 3-5.
Cells suborbicular or subquadrate, equal or slightly longer
than broad, constriction narrow linear or often somewhat
dilated inwardly, and more or less ampliated outwardly ;

semi-cells transversely oblong, subreniform base and vertex ;

truncate or concave, angles inferior and superior rounded ;

lateral view suborbicular; vertical view oblong, sides

straight; membrane verrucose, verrucae (papillae) obtuse,
regularly arranged in diagonal rows.
Diameter 54-57 /<. length 75-80 >u.
;
thickness 39 /n. ; ;

isthmus 18-20 jn.

Lagerheim reports this African plant from Tewksbury,

Mass. It has not come under my notice. Looks like a close
relation to some form of C. conspersurn. The figures repre-
sent a front, a lateral and a transverse view, copied from
Conn's figures.

C. INTERMEDIUM, Delp. Plate XVI, fig. 12.

Cells very near the preceding (C. tetrophthalmum], some-
what smaller, semi-cells more absolutely semiorbicular, not
so elevated.
Diameter 45-50 yw.
Habitat same as the preceding.
C. DENTATUM, Wolle. Plate XVI, fig. 15.
Cells about one-half longer than wide; constriction deep,
forms gaping sinuses cytioderm rather closely set with small
;

pearly granules the margins of the rounded sides of the

;

semi-cells dentate with large and distant conical projections,

or teeth; ten to twelve on each side. The ends broadly
rounded are devoid of projecting teeth. End view of cell
oval lateral view elliptic with a constriction in the middle.
;

Diameter 90-100 /u. length 145-160 /u.

;

This plant has hitherto been found only in Pennsylvania,

New Jersey, Florida and Massachusetts.
It is separated from C. oralc, its nearest kin, by the shape
of the semi-cells, which are not triangular, or conical, but
broadly oval, and l>y the nudity of the apices.
84 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

C. LATUM, Breb. Plate XVI, fig. 14.

Large, slightly longer than broad constriction deep, ;

sinuses narrow, somewhat enlarged within semi-cells broad ;

reniform, sides rounded, and back (dorsum) broad, rather

flatly rounded, margins dentate- crenulate; cytioderm cov-
ered with pearly granules which are disposed in curved,
concentric series.
Diameter about 60 yu.

Bears a resemblance to C. mai-(/<irifij'< rum, but it is some-

what largerand according to Brebisson, more flatly rounded
;

in the middle, and base more reniform. Find it rather rarely

intermingled with other forms, and sometimes question tin-
characters for a good species.

C. RENIFOEME, (Ealfs), Arch. Plate XVII, figs. 10, 11.

A diagnosis of this species would not differ from the last,
C. latum, except in the size of pearly granules, which are

nearly twice as large, (well shown in the empty cell fig. 11)
and in the more decided reniform figure of the semi-cells.
The only habitat hitherto found for this form is a pond in
Florida; collected by J. Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, Md.,
1879.

C. OCHTHODES, Plate XVII, figs. 3, 4.

ISTord.
Cells one and one-half times longer than broad, somewhat
elliptic-oblong, deeply constricted, sinuses narrow linear :

semi-cells semicircular or subtriangular, sides convexapices ;

truncately rounded, or frequently slightly retuse in center ;

margins densely crenated viewed from the vertex, elliptic,

;

from the side, obovate. Membrane densely verrucose, ver-

rucae large, depressed, arranged insubregular or concentric
series.

Diameter 52-70 /*.

Hitherto have found this variety only in eastern Pen n-\ 1-

vania. The original of the species was found in northern
Sweden, and described by O. Nordstedt it bears the resem- ;

blance to ( Hoti-i/fix, and C. tetroplitlKiiininit, but differs in

'.

the form of the verrucae which are short cylindrical truncate;

in tetrophthalmum the verrucae are triangular hemispherical
obtuse, and in C. liotrytis triangular with subacute apices.

C. PORTIANUM, Archer. Plate XVII, figs. 12-14.

Cells about one-third longer than broad, deeply constricted;
semi-cells oval, remote, separated by a wide sinus); isthmus
about one-fourth the diameter of the cell, membrane granular.
Diameter 25-33 /*.
 COSMARIUM. 85

Frequent in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachu-

Minnesota and Connecticut.
setts,

C. ORBICULATUM, Kalfs. Plate XVII, figs. 20, 21.

Twice as long as wide semi-cells spherical, connected by
;

a narrow isthmus cytioderm covered with large granules.

;

Zygospore, according to Kalfs, orbicular, studded with large

verrucae.
Diameter 20-33 JJL.

Met with it frequently in ponds of New Jersey and Penn-

sylvania.

C. EXCAVATUM, Nord. Var. dnplo major, Lund. Plate LXIV,

figs. 14, 15.
Cells nearly twice as long as wide, constriction wide and
deep; end view orbicular semi-cells snbspherical with trun-
;

cate base ;
verrucae of membrane, producing a crenulate
margin.
Diameter 21-25 //.
Not rare in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.
Wille, of Norway, describes a form "elliptica," most nearly
allied to ours in front view, but elliptical in end view. Nord.'s
and Lund.'s described forms are orbicular in end view.

Var. TRIGONUM, Lagh. Plate XLIX, figs. 24, 25.

Cells in verticalview triangular, sides straight, or some-
what convex, angles rounded.
Diameter of cells 18 /v. length 20 //. thickness 18
; ; fit.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
C. SUBORBICULARE, Wood. Plate XXVII, fig. 24.
Cells small, a very little longer than broad, with the margin
irregularly crenate, or crenate undulate semi-cells from the ;

side orbicular, from the vertex elliptical

sinus very narrow, ;

but within somewhat excavated cytioderm thick, sparsely

;

coarsely granulated; granules subdistant, in each cell ar-

ranged in one or two curved marginal series and in a central
group of two or three short rows.
Diameter 30 //. length 33 //.
;

Saco Lake, New Hampshire, (Lewis).

C. AMOENUM, Breb. Plate XVII, figs. 5, 6, 7.
Cells twice as long as broad, sides parallel, ends rounded ;

constriction deep, linear semi-cells rough with large, obtuse,

;

papilla-like pearly granules side view much compressed,

;

about thrice as long as broad semi-cells contain two chlo-

;

rophyl nuclei.
86 DEs.MIDS OF THE UNITKI) STATES.

Var. TUMIDUM, Wolle, has the sides, front view, not parallel,
but swollen or rounded.
Diameter 20-25 ^.
Rhode Island (Olney), Florida (Bailey).
Frequent in Pennsylvania, Now Jersey, Massachusetts.
C. ORTHOSTICUM, Lund. Plate XXI. figs. 4, 5.
Cells slightly more in length than the diameter, deeply
constricted, sinus narrow linear semi-cells subelliptie, sides
;

rounded, base and dorsuni nearly straight, coarsely verru-

cose verrucae in 6-8 vertical series; from the vertex elliptic;
;

verrucose on or near the margins, area punctate; from the

side, circular. Chlorophyl nucleus single.
Diameter 20-30 yu.
Ponds, northern New Jersey and Mount Everett, Mass.

C. ELEGANTISSIMUM, Lund. Plate XVII, figs. 8, 9.

Cells two to two and one-half times longer than broad,
perfectly cylindrical, ends arched ; slightly constricted ;

viewed from the vertex, margins verrucose-crenate;

circular;
membrane with emarginat<- verrucae disposed in twenty-two
longitudinal series, of which about nine are visible in front
view these are arranged transversely also, in eight or nine
;

series on each semi-cell the same contains two chlorophyl-

;

lous nuclei.
Diameter 29-33 p.
found this plant in collections made in Florida it differs
I ;

somewhat in size from Lundell's Swedish form, being more

variable in length, varying from two to three diameters the ;

number of longitudinal series, if actual series, is greater than

specified ;
the transverse series agree.

C. NOTABILE, Breb. Plate XIX, fig. 11.

Length of cell nearly equal to two diameters, margins
somewhat uudulate-crenate, ends broadly truncate; semi-
cells, base somewhat reniform, sides converging from the
base to the broadly truncate end angles rounded cytioderni
; ;

smooth or finely granulate.

Diameter 25-30 ;u.
Met with rather rarely in shallow pools and on dripping
rocks.

C. HAMMEKI, Eeinsch. Plate XXI, figs. 27, 36-38.

Small, smooth semi-cells in form of a truncate cone, the
;

end either straight or slightly retuse, the sides rounded

below and slightly concave above; the truncate ends about
 COSMARIUM. 87

one-half the diameter of the cell end view usuallj* a regular

;

ellipse ;
view of
lateral cell oblong with central constriction.
Diameter 20-24 yw.
Frequent in ponds. Reinsch describes several forms ;
a
largerand a smaller size, one with straight ends, another
emarginate end view usually elliptic. Among our varieties
;

I find one with inflated cepter of eleven drawings made in

;

my sketch book nine are without central inflations, and two

with them, the latter even more inflated than the variety
retusifonne, found in Norway, and described by Wille.

C. NYMANNIASUM, Grun.
Cells somewhat hexagonal, finely punctate semi-cells ;

slightly broader than long base rather flat, sides converging

;

from the base to the broadly truncate end, lower part promi-
nently rounded, sinuate near the end apex often retuse. ;

Diameter 36-38 p. length 50 yw., more or less.

;

In front view, this is a common form, barely separable from

the following C. sublobatum ; in lateral, and in end view
however, they ought to be distinct by the absence or the
presence of a central inflation. All the specimens examined
personally evidenced more or less of an inflation, or at least
a tendency to it have not been convinced of having a genu-
;

ine C. Nymannianum. I set them down to C. sublobatum.

Semi-cells with central inflation; cj-tioclerm smooth or punc-
tate.

C. TURPINII, Breb. Plate XX, figs. 24, 25.

Cells of equal length and breadth constriction deep, forms ;

a narrow linear or acute-angled sinus, outwardly ampliated ;

semi-cells triangular, lower angles rounded, apex truncately

rounded sides somewhat concave central inflation granu-
; ;

late, and sometimes emarginate ; cytioderm finely granulate

or punctate.
Diameter 55-VO //.
Not rare frequently in large numbers
;
in ponds, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania and other States.

.
SUBLOBATUM, Archer. Plate XXI, figs. 21, 22.
Cells somewhat oblong, about one -half longer than broad,
sinus linear ; semi cells swollen at the base, gradually nar-
rowed toward the truncate ends; inferior and superior angles
rounded apex broadly truncate, sides sinuate with central
; ;

inflation.
Diameter 38-44 yw.

Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey ;

not abundant, but
probably widely distributed.
88 DES.MIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

C. RETUSUM, Perty. Plate XXI, figs. 25, 26.

Small, of nearly equal length and breadth, entire ; sinus
deep, linear; semi-cells with subreniform base, sides sinuate
and converging to a truncate end angles rounded end ; ;

view centrally protruding.

Diameter 22-30 p.
Pennsylvania and New Jersey*

C. MARGARITUM, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Suborbicular, from one to one and one-third times as long
as wide; sinus narrow linear; semi-cells somewhat semi-
circular, margins undulate crenate, or emargiuate two or ;

three surface swellings near the base which cause prismatic

reflections from the smooth pearl-like membrane.
Diameter 22-25 yw.
Found the first of this form in Splitrock pond, New Jersey,,
but occasionally since in other localities of the same State,
and in Pennsylvania.
C. TITHOPHORUM, Nord. Plate XXII, figs. 28, 29, 30.
Cells about as long as wide, circular, deeply constricted ;

sinus an acute angle considerably ampliated (angle about

20) semi-cells from the base cuneate-semicircular end
; ;

view with a prominent central elevation laterally

elliptical ;

seen, obovate-circular with a mamilliform prominence on

each side.
Diameter 28 ^. length 30 /<. ;

Collected this form from ponds on Mount Everett, Mass. It

corresponds so nearly with a plant found on the island of
Java, described by Dr. Nordstedt, I adopt the name as hi&
choice.

C. HOMALODERMUM, Nord. Plate XX, figs. 19, 20.

Slightly longer than broad, deeply constricted ;

sinus
narrow linear with the mouth considerably ampliated ;
semi-
cellstrapezoid with a subreniform base sides retuse ends ; ;

truncate, and often retuse superior angles obtuse, inferior

;

broadly rounded seen from the vertex, elliptic-oblong with

;

the middle somewhat inflated; lateral view ovate. Ends

about half as wide as the breadth of the cell. Cytioderm
finely, often indistinctly, punctate.
Diameter 40 f.i.

Ponds, Mount Everett, Mass.

The typical plant was found in the Arctic region, on the
island of Spitzbergen. It is described by Dr. Nordstedt as
measuring 48-51 ,. in diameter, about one-fifth larger than
our plant hitherto found only in one locality, 1S81 and 1882.
;
 COSMARIUM. 89

C. CRUCIATUM, Breb. Plate XXI, figs. 23. 24.

Length and breadth nearly the same, ends broadly trun-
cate; deeply constricted: sinus narrow, enlarged outwardly;
semi-cells trapezoid-renifonn, inferior angles obtuse: sides
incline towards the truncate end margins somewhat crenate.;

Two nuclei in each semi-cell ;

membrane finely granulate or
punctate.
Diameter 22-24 //.

Swamp and marsh pools ;

rather rare.

C. PHASEOLUS, Breb. Plate XXI, figs. 28-32.

Cells about as long as wide, smooth constriction deep, ;

a
forming linear, excavated, notch on each side semi-cells ;

reniform end view elliptic with a slight projection in the

;

middle of each side.

A common species to be found, probably in every State of
the Union.

C. BIREME, Xord. Plate XXII, figs. 23, 24.

Small, about as long as wide, deeply constricted, sinus
wide at the mouth semi-cells elliptic, base and back some-
;

what truncate in the center a large verruca viewed from

; ;

the end, elliptic, with a prominent cylindrical verruca in the

center of each side lateral view, obovate furnished with a
;

similar verruca. Membrane smooth.

Breadth 13 //. ; length 14 //.

Denmark Pond and Budd's Lake, N. .1.

C. SCHLIEPHACKEANUM, Grun. Plate XXI. figs. 14, 15.

Very small, subquadrate, as broad as long, smooth, entire r
deeply constricted; semi-cells
depressed, broadly ends
truncate, or plane-convex sides convex, often projecting at
;

an obtuse angle center more or less inflated.

;

Breadth 12 not equal, slightly less in length.

yw. ;
if

Occurs occasionally in large numbers, but more frequently

it is found singly in ponds of Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

Massachusetts, Minnesota.
2 Cells with a central inflation, membrane granular.

C. ORNATUM, Ealfs. Plate XXI, figs. 39-45 ;

Plate LX, figs.
22-24.
Cells of nearly equal length and breadth, constriction
deep, narrow; semi-cells with a somewhat reniform base,
angles broadly rounded, end truncate; sides inflated below,
and contracted and concave near the end, thus producing a
90 DESMIDS OF THE UNITKD STATES.

truncate projection which in end view forms a rounded lobe ;

membrane rough with pearly granules which give a dentate

appearance to the margin.
Diameter 33-45 ^.
Not uncommon probably no form is more generally dis-
;

tributed throughout the earth. It is variable in size, in the

arrangement of the central granules and in the projection.
Var. PROTRACTUM. Plate LX, fig. 22 Plate XX, fig. 29.
;

The figure (Plate LX) represents a form collected July,

1883, by my friend. Dr. Kitchel, in Lake Minnetonka, Minn.
He found it freely intermingled with the typical form (fig.
23 >.
except the more protracted
It is in all its parts, ends,
so like the true form, I consider it merely a variety of C.
ornatum. Plate XX, fig. 29, is a good representation of C.
protractum, Naeg., but the specimens, found in large num-
bers, clearly show their connection with C. ornatum. Com-
pare note under C. protractum.
C. LAOENSE, Xord. Plate XLIX, figs. 26, 27.
Semi cell in vertical view, in the middle much swollen
and the ends inflated, granules large center smooth. It ;

is an exaggerated development of C. ornatum and hence a

variety of it.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts, and not infrequently in New

Jersey ponds.
C. SPORTELLA, Breb. Plate LX, figs. 28-30.
Very nearly as long as broad, deeply constricted semi- ;

cells subreniform, sides somewhat dilated and rounded, end

broadly truncate, margins erose-spinous or denticulate ;

cytioderm granular.
Diameter 33-36 //.
Harvey Lake, Luzerne County, Pa. Bears some resem-
blance to ornatum, but ends do not protrude granules are
C. ;

more spinous than rounded, producing the erose appearance

of the margins. Found many specimens in this one locality,
but did not recognize the form elsewhere.

C. PROTRACTUM, (INaeg.), Archer. Plate XX, figs. 27-28.

But slightly longer than wide, constriction deep, sinuses
narrow linear, often ampliated from the acute angles semi- ;

cellswith tumid base, twice as broad as long, angles rounded,

sides deeply sinuate below the truncate end. Viewed from
the vertex, elliptic with a central inflation membrane ;

granular.
Diameter 70-80 yw.
 COSMABIUM. 91

The plants recognized by different authors as of the present

species, by their protracted ends of the cells, are very variable
in size and detail of form. Plate XX, figs. 27, 28 represents
the true form from pools in marshy grounds, Pennsylvania.
;

Fig. 29 is another form, less than half the size, found in num-
bers in a pond near Branchville, Sussex County, N. J. Plate
LX, fig. 22, is a third variety from Minnetonka Lake, Minn.,
intermediate in size, but so closely related to C. ornatum in
size, form, and arrangement of granules, I call it a variety of
that species. The other (fig. 29) is evidently of the same
connection, hence I transfer it from the position given it by
Naegeli to companionship with the latter.

C. COMMISUBALE, Breb. Plate XXI, figs. 49-51.

Semi -cells short reniform, three times broader than long,
rough with pearly granules end view with a constriction
;

between the central inflation and the extremities.

Diameter 34-38 p. ; length 25-30 i*.

Sparsely found in ponds in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New

Hampshire, and probably most of the States.
C. SUBCRENATUM, Hantzsch. Plate XXI, figs. 6, 7; Plate XXII,
fig. 20.
Cells with apices or ends more or less distinctly quadri-
crenate, sides with (4-) 6 crenae within the margins three
;

or four series of granules the swelling near the basal line

;

has usually five short series of granules ;

viewed from the
vertex, elliptic, apices truncate-retuse, sometimes rounded ;

on the swollen middle are often seen five prominent granules ;

with basal swellings and truncate ends.

lateral view, ovate,

Diameter 20-26 p. length 23-36 //.

;

Ponds, and sluggish streamlets, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

Massachusetts, Minnesota.

C. PROTUBERANS, Lund. Var. GRANULATUM, Wolle. Plate

LXII, figs. 13, 14, 15.
Cells about one-fifth longer that broad constriction deep, ;

narrow linear semi-cells nearly twice as wide as long, base

;

straight, sides somewhat diverging from the basal line ;

superior angles nearly right, inferior angles obtuse near the ;

middle of the cell is a small granulated tumor seen from ;

the vertex elliptic with a central swelling on each side ;

lateral view nearly spherical membrane granular.

;

Diameter 25-28 //.

From a small pond near Minneapolis, Minn. This desmid
is evidently not the same as found in Sweden and described
92 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATK-.

by Lundell, but it possesses the principal feature, the "protu-

berans" derived from the excess of the diameter of the end

of the semi-cell over the measure of the base. It differs in
the less prominent central inflation, and in having the mem-
brane granular, not punctate. Kirchner describes a new
species, C. pscudoprotuberans, which has no central inflation,
no granules nor puncta.

C. QUASILLUS, Lund. Plate XX, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Somewhat longer than broad, constriction deep, sinus
linear. Semi-cells trapezoid, narrowed from the broad,
straight base to the truncate end; sides, below, granulate
dentate, above undulate; end slightly undulate; angles, in-
ferior and superior, obtusely rounded; eytioderm coarsely

granulate, the verrucae in subconcentric lines; end view

shows a basal, granulated protuberance.
Diameter 60-70 length 66-75 ^
yt/. ;

found this form first in the vicinity of Bethlehem, Pa., in

I
the year 1877, and then described it in the " Bulletin Torrey
Bot. Club," of Xew York, Vol. VI, p. 186, as a new species,
C. irregularc, in reference to the irregular size of the crenae
of the sides. Later researches revealed Lundell's earlier de-
scription.
Since 1877, have found the same plant in various localities
in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Xew Jersey.

C. EVERETTENSE, Wolle. Plate XX, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Cells as long as wide ;

constriction deep ;
sinus linear, often
much ampliated ;
semi-cells with ends broadly rounded, or
truncate, sides convex membrane rough with large verrucae
;

arranged in concentric series; apex usually nude, surrounded

by short, acute, conical teeth end, and transverse view ;

show a decided central inflation.

Length and breadth, 50-52 >u.
Ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.

C. ELOISEANUM, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 1, 2.

Cells large, broad
one-third longer than constriction ;

forming a deep, linear, outwardly widening sinus on each

side; semi-cells semicircular, margins set with long pointed
teeth or aculei center inflated and granularly rough, inter-
;

mediate area smooth or punctate; end view oval with a

granular tumor on each side, and two somewhat converging
series of teeth or aculei extending from end to end.
Diameter 75 yw. ; length 100 yu.
 COSMARIUM. 93

A species originally found in Minnesota, by Miss Eloise

Butler, now turns up also in Xew Jersey, Splitrock Pond, and
more recently Mr. W. N. Hastings has been collecting fine
specimens near Rochester, New Hampshire. The specimen
represented, Plate XXII, is an old form and caused too many
teeth to be illustrated. A
single series on the periphery of a
semi-cell does not exceed 23-25.

C. BROOMEI, Thwaites. Plate XX, fig. 6-9.

Usually as long as broad, sometimes slightly longer,
obtuse-quadrangular; sinus narrow linear semi-cell oblong- ;

quadrangular, twice as broad as long, angles, inferior and

superior, obtusely rounded, base plane, end broadly truncate
and often slightly retuse, or moderately convex; end and
side views evidence a distinct central inflation cytioderm ;

rough with pearly granules arranged in suberect lines.

Diameter 30-45 yu.

Appears to be entitled to the term "common."
C. PSEUDOBBOOMEI, Wolle. Plate LXII, fig. 36, 37.
This new species is in all its details of structure like the
preceding, but entirely devoid of a central inflation.
Diameter 30-45 /<.

Wood Lake, northern New Jersey, furnished scores of

specimens of this species the past Summer, 1883.
C. BIRETUM, Breb. Plate XX, figs. 1. 2.

Subquadrangular or polygonal a deep constriction forms

;

a narrow linear sinus semi -cells obtuse-quadrangular, with

;

subreniform base, and end broad, subplane-convex, dilated ;

cytioderm rough with pearl-like granules arranged in con-

centric series end view shows a prominent central swelling.
;

Diameter 55-60 /x
Rather among other Algce, but occasionally in
rare, singly
quantities. Had
a cluster of Oedogonium from a sluggish
stream near Closter, N. J., literally covered with specimens
of this species.

Var. FLORIDENSE, Wolle. Plate XLVI, fig. 6.

Differs from the typical form in its somewhat larger size,
but principally in the retuse ends.
Diameter 70 /x
Frequent along the shores of lake at Kissimme, Florida.
C. CAELATUM, Ealfs. Plate XXI, figs. 46, 47, 48.

Suborbicular, deeply constricted, sinus narrow linear ;

semi-cells subsemicircular, diameter equal to twice the

94 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

length margins scolloped or broadly crenate, with four cre-

;

natures at the end, one on each side at the base, and one
intermediate between it and the end the lateral, basal ones ;

are the largest membrane sulcated between the crenatures

; ;

rough with pearly granules end view oval, somewhat in- ;

flated at the middle.

Diameter 40 yw., more or less.

A distinct species which turns up frequently in smaller

numbers.
C. QUADRIFARIUM, Lund. Plate XX, figs. 16, 17, 18.
About one-fourth longer than broad, deeply constricted,
sinus narrow linear semi- cells, semicircular; inferior angles
;

nearly right; margin composed of 17 emarginate-truncate

verrucae within the margin a similar series basal tumor
:
;

orbicular, furnished with 12-17 larger granules viewed ;

from the vertex, elliptic, with a granulated tumor on the

middle of each side, and four series of granules extending
from end to end lateral view has a granulated swelling on
;

each side and four granules on the end terminating four

series. Two chlorophyllous nuclei in each semi -cell.
Diameter 33-36 //. length 40-44 yu.
;

Frequent in ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.

C. KJELLMANII, Wille. Plate LX, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Nearly equal in length and breadth, deeply constricted in
the middle, sinus linear with mouth considerably ampliated;
semi-cells cordiform, sides nearly straight, or low convex ;

apex truncate with four or six light crenulations the sides ;

each with six indentations; granules arranged in radiating

lines, none in the center, but a basal tumor has five vertical
series of granules; observed from the vertex the semi-cells
are narrow elliptic, with a tumor on each side.
Diameter 20-25 ^.
Wood Lake, Sussex County, New Jersey.

C. SUBCRUCIFORME, Lagh. Plate XLIX, figs. 12-14.

Small, somewhat circular, the constriction introrsely and
extrorsely ampliated semi-cells reniform, the end rounded,
;

not crenulate; angles rounded verrucose with margins den-

ticulate; a central inflation granulate; in vertical view
subcruciform, angles 'granulate in lateral view ovate-cir- ;

cular. Membrane punctate.

Diameter of cell 32 //. ; length 36 //.; thickness 25 //.
 COSMARIUM. 95

Reminds one of C. ornatum, Focke, and also of C. subreni-

forme, Nord.
Tewksbury, Massachusetts.

C. BLYTTii,\Ville. Plate XXII. figs. 31, 32, 33.

Small, somewhat longer than broad semi-cells subreni- ;

form, apex truncate with four crenulations sides erose- ;

crenate (crenae three); semi-cells within the margin, granu-

late, granules arranged in two series of about fourteen and
nine in center a small prominence. Lateral view circular
;

with a papilla on each side end view elliptic, with a promi-

;

nence or papilla on each side.

Diameter 14-15 //. length 17-18 ; /v.

Waters of Sussex County, N. J. ; Longwood Pond ;

Wood
Lake.

C. SPECIOSUM, Lund. Plate XXII, figs. 7, 8, 9; 14, 15.

Cells about one and one half times longer than wide ;

elliptic- oblong, constriction forms a narrow linear sinus f

semi-cells with sides slightly convex, but moderately converg-
ing to the subtruncate end inferior angles nearly square,
;

base plane margins crenate, creuae eighteen within the

; ;

margins granulate; granules arranged in regularly radiating,

and concentric series at the base seven to eight vertical
;

series of smaller granules viewed from the vertex elliptic

;

with a central inflation, ends crenulate lateral view sub- ;

ovate thickness of cells about one-half of the diameter of

;

the cell isthmus equal to about one-third of the measure of

;

the breadth.
Diameter 33-50 //. ; length 50-75 //.

The plants recognized as the C. speciosum of Lundell, are

usually larger than the Swedish forms, but they have the
same outline, truncate end, swollen centers, arrangement of
granules and crenulate margins.

C. SUPRASPECIOSUM, Wolle. Plate LXI, figs. 5, 6.

Large, broadly oval, about one-third longer than broad,

ends truncate deeply constricted isthmus rather less than
; ;

a third part of the breadth of the cell sinus narrow linear; ;

margins crenulate with thirty or more crenae to each semi-

cell; usually about sixteen on each side and five or six on
the truncate end ornate with large undivided granules
;

arranged in concentric and at the same time, radiating

series, extending from the margin nearly half way to the
"96 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

center ;
central area nude except five or six vertical series of
smaller granules end view shows a prominent central infla-
:

tion ;
lateral view broadly ovate, sinuate towards the ends.
Diameter 65-70 length 90-95 yw.
p. ;

Occurs frequently in ponds, northern New Jersey and in

Pennsylvania.

C. PECTINOIDES, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 12, 13.

Suborbicular, somewhat longer than broad, constriction
deep, sinus narrow linear within and widening outwardly;
semi- cells serniorbicular with the angles rounded, undulate
on the margins with twenty or more crenulatious rough ;

with geminate rows of pearly granules symmetrically ar-

ranged in radiating and concentric lines. On green cells
the united twinned granules appear oblong and the crenu-
lations dentate at the base of the semi cells the inflation is
;

marked with six, more or less distinct, vertical series of

smaller granules end and side view evidence a distinct basal
;

protuberance.
Diameter 45 ^. ; length 60 yu. ;
somewhat variable in size.

A resemblance to forms of many seaside shells suggested

the name. Not abundant, but is found frequently in smaller
ponds of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
This form is near C. pulcherrimuiu, Nord., but differs in the
gaping sinus, the rounded inferior angles of the semi-cells,
the number of crenulations, and larger size.

.
PSEUDOPECTINOIDES, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 16, 17, 18.
Differs from the typical plant in its smaller size, less num-
ber of crenulatious, and absence of the series of granules on
the basal inflation ;
instead the granules are scattered.
Diameter 30-35 //.
Have this form from Florida, from the White Mountains,
N. H., and the Lehigh Valley, Pa.

.
NASUTUM, Nord. Plate XXII, fig. 19.

Nearly one-fourth longer than broad, constriction forms a

narrow linear sinus; semi-cells semicircular, margins incised-
crenate, crenae eight, smooth or granulate cy tioderm rough ;

with eight radiating series of granules; end view oval with

an inflation on each side.

Diameter 30-36 /u.

Rare, differs from the typical, Arctic form in being smoother,

not so strongly marked with coarse granules.
 CO6MARIUM. 97

C. PYCNOCHOXDRUM, Nord. Plate XXII, figs. 10, 11.

About one-fifth longer than the diameter; subhexagonal,
constriction deep, sinus narrow linear; ends truncate quadri-
crenate angles inferior and superior obtusely rounded
; ;

sides moderately convex with about six crenae each; at base

nine to twelve vertical, or somewhat diverging series of
granules membranes ornate with additional granules ar-
;

ranged in lines, at the same time radiating and concentric ;

the former courses are double, and often triple near the
margin; central area within the concentric rows, is nude.
Seen from the vertex, or from the side, a basal inflation is
evident thickness of the cells, equal to about half the
;

length; isthmus measures about half as much as the breadth.

Diameter 50 ^. ; length 79 /v.

The only locality from which I had this form is Nebraska

Notch, Vt., from collections made
by C. G. Pringle. It differs
from the typical, Arctic (Spitzbergen) form in its greater pro-
portionate length.

C. PULCHERRIMUM, Xord. Plate LX, figs. 25-27.

Cells oblong, ends rounded, about one-third part longer
than broad, margins crenulate, constriction deep, sinus nar
row linear, not ampliated towards the mouth ;
semi-cells
subsemicircular, inferior angles square, basal center inflated
and furnished with about five vertical series of granules ;

lateral view broadly ovate, end rounded, and base of each

side more or less inflated; membrane granulate near the
margins, granules arranged in about four to five concentric
series area nude between these and the vertical series.
;

Diameter 33 /<. ; length 40 /<.

This desruid is proportionately shorter than the typical

forms described by Dr. Nordstedt. The one from Brazil and
the other from the island of Spitzbergen, which measures one
and one-third to nearly twice as long as wide. My
specimens
are from Minnesota, and from several localities of eastern
Pennsylvania.

.
RADIOSUM, Wolle. Plate XXII, figs. 21, 22.
Cells orbiculate, about one-eighth longer thanbroad semi- ;

cells semicircular,separated by a deep narrow linear sinus ;

ends round or slightly depressed, clothed with semiorbicular

granules arranged in about thirty-five radiating lines; basal
inflation has about eight vertical, or somewhat diverging
98 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

series of granules ;
lateral view subrectaugular oblong ;
end
view elliptic with central inflation.

Diameter 50 /*. ; length 56-58 jn.

Sluggish waters, Northampton Co., Pa.

Genm, TETMEMORUS, Balls.

Cells cylindrical or fusiform, slightly constricted in the middle,

narrowly incised at each end, but otherwise entire. Cytioderm
mostly punctate or granulate.
The cells are elongated as in Penium, from which, however,
this genus may be distinguished by the incised ends and by the
central constriction.

T. BREBISSONII, (Menegh.), Ralfs. Plate XXIII, figs. 1-2; Plate

LXI, fig. 36.
view cylindrical, not attenuated at the trun-
Cells in front
cately rounded ends; in lateral view fusiform, attenuated
from the middle to the rounded ends cytioderm striately ;

punctate. Cells four to six times longer than broad.

Diameter 18-20 ^.
Frequent in ponds everywhere.
Var. TURGLDUS, Ealfs. Plate XXIII, figs. 4, 5.
This variety is larger, the constriction greater, and the
semi-cells somewhat inflated. It approaches in form T.

granulatus, but is more constricted at the middle, its puuctae

are arranged in longitudinal lines, and front and side views
are unlike.
Diameter 40-48 /*.

T. GKANULATUS, Ralfs. Plate LXI, figs. 33, 34.

Cells five to six times longer than broad, both in front and
lateral views, fusiform, and ending in colorless projecting

lip-like process ; slightly constricted in the middle. Chloro-

phyl usually with a longitudinal series of large granules.
Membrane irregularly punctate.
Diameter 38-50 yu.

Frequent in ponds, and readily recognized by its figure,

both in front and lateral views, fusiform.

T. LAEVIS, (Kg.), Ralfs. Plate LXI, fig. 35; Plate XXIII, fig. 3.
In front view somewhat tapering with truncate ends ;

lateral view fusiform punctae none, or very indistinct

;
:,

four to six times longer than broad.

Diameter 20-22 //.
 XANTHIDIUM. 99

Xot so frequent as the preceding, but not confined to any

particular localities.

T. MINUTUS, D. By. Plate XXIII, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Smaller than the preceding, only three times longer than
broad, membrane smooth.
Diameter 18-20 /<.

Had this species from Florida, New Jersey and Pennsyl-

vania.

T. GIGANTEUS, Wood. Plate XXIII, fig. 6 Plate XII, fig. 1. ;

Very large, oblong, three times longer than broad, with

the ends not usually attenuate but broadly rounded suture ;

profound, linear; cytioderm irregularly granulately punc-

tate somewhat plicate at the base of the semi-cells cells
; ;

often contracted near the end.

Diameter 75 yw. more or less.

Ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Genus, XANTHIDIUM. Ehrb.

Cells single or geminately concatenate, inflated, profoundly

constricted semi-cells compressed, entire, spinous, protruding
;

in the center as a rounded, truncate, or denticulate tubercle.

Cytioderm firm, the spines with which it is armed, simple or

bi-tri-furcately divided at the ends. Zygospores globose, smooth
or spinous.

X. ARMATUM, (Breb. Ealfs. Plate XXIY, figs. 1-4.

,

Semi- cells largest at the base, about as long as broad, armed

with numerous, short, stout spines terminated by two, three
or more diverging points.
Diameter 62-140 //.

Very variable in size. Fig. 1 is a finely developed form

from Mt. Everett, Mass. The other two are more usual
varieties found in all the States with which I had any com-
munication.
This is the only species with spines divided at the apex.
Wood has two more, as X. arctiscon and X. coronatum, but
these must be separated from this genus, and placed with
Staurastnim.
The following have subulate spines :

X. ACULEATUM, (Ehrb.), Breb. Plate XXVI, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Spines subulate, more or less scattered central projection ;

truncate, obscurely dentate.

Diameter 62-70 u.
100 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Prof. Bailey reports this species from South Carolina,

Georgia and Florida.

X. COLUMBIANUM, Wolle. Plate XLV, figs. 10, 11.

Cells about one-third longer than wide divided by a deep ;

constriction forming much ampliated, acute-angled MMUM-.X:

semi-cells oblong hexagonal, superior and lateral angles each
produced into a firm aculeus within the margins, four, often
;

indistinct, aculei end view more or less regular hexagonal,

;

each angle somewhat produced and surmounted by a firm

aculeus; within the margin are four aculei, the ends of which
often extend over the margin ,cytioderm smooth. :

Diameter 60 yu. :
length 80 yu., without aculei.
Pond, Ocean County, New Jersey.

X. BISENARIUM, Ehrb. Plate XXVI. figs. 7, 8, 9.

Cells in front view broader than long constriction deep, ;

sinus acute angled; spinous: spines subulate, marginal, gem-

inate central projection somewhat truncated and margined
;

with pearly granules.

Diameter 05-73 /J.
West
Point, N. Y. (Bailey.)
Ralfs suggests that this is the same as his X. Brebia^mii.
The number of spines appears to be variable. Bailey and
Ehrenberg's figures have six pairs of spines. Brebisson's,
eight; whilst some British specimens have ten to each semi-
cell.

X. CRISTATUM, (Breb.), Raits. Plate XXIV, figs. 5-8.

Semi -cells with a solitary spine on each side at the base,
the other spines geminate, in four pairs. Central protuber-
ance, short conical.
Diameter 40-55 i*.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, tSouth Carolina, Georgia, etc.

X. ASTEPTUM, Nord. Plate XXIY, figs. 9, 10, 11.

About one-fourth longer than wide ;
semi-cells octangular-
oval, or truncate-triangular, with two diverging, somewhat
curved, subulate spines on each side, and two geminate spines
at each of the two superior angles. Cytioderm smooth or
punctate.
Diameter 40-48 yu. without the spines.
Rather rare ; quiet waters, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
'
 XANTHIDIUM. 101

X. FASCICULATUM, (Ehrb.), Ralfs. Plate XXV, figs. 4, 5.

Semi-cells with four, rarely six pairs of long, subulate,
marginal, spreading spines; central projection, minute coni-
cal, not beaded.
Diameter 55-65 //. without the spines.
Var. HEXAGONUM, Wolle. Plate XXVI, fig. 5.
Large angular, with four pairs of short subulate spines.
Var. MINUS, Wolle. Smaller in size, and spines short.
Plate XXV, figs. 6, 7, front and lateral view of a semi-cell
which appears to develop a sporangium without copulation.
I found but one specimen of the kind, and record it as a

peculiar abnormal act.

Var. SUBALPINUM, Wolle. Plate XLV, fig. 9.
Prof. Delponte, in his DESMIDIACEARUM SUBALPINARUM,
p. 168, describes this species differently from that described
above, the variation being mainly in the wider separation
of the lateral spines. To distinguish the two I make the
above variety.
Not rare in ponds, New Jersey and Minnesota.
X. ANTILOP^UM, (Breb.). Kg. Plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2.
Differs from the preceding in smaller size than the typical
X. fasciculatum, and in the reverse curvature of the lateral
spines.
Diameter 45-50 /<.

Var. POLYMAZUM, Nord. Plate XXVI, figs. 3, 4.

Unlike the true form in the series of bead-like granules
over the central protuberance.
Var. TRIQUETRUM, Lurid. Plate XXV, figs. 1, 2, 3.
Instead of an oval, end view, this is triangular, similar to
a form discovered by the author (Lund.) in Sweden, and to
another from Brazil, described by Dr. Nordstedt.
The only locality for this variety, hitherto found, is a trench
near Quakertown, Bucks County, Pa. The other forms may
be called common.

Var. MINNEAPOLIENSE, Wolle. Plate LXIII, fig. 16.

A new form from Minneapolis, Minn., possessing the pe-
culiarity of a fifth pair of aculei immediately over the central
protuberance and bead-like series of granules.
Var. TKUNCATUM, Hast. Plate XLII, figs. 3-5.
Front, lateral and end views. Same as X. Tyleiianum,
102 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATI-S.

West. The former was published a year earlier than "NVesi '*
name, hence stands by right of precedence.
This variety differs in having the spines at the superior
angles deflected horizontally and continuous with the margin
of the truncate or slightly convex ends of cell.
Ponds and streams, Rochester, New Hampshire, and Am-
herst, Mass.

Var. CANADEXSE, Joshua. Plate XLIII, figs. 2, 3.

Front and end views. Cytioderm minutely punctate, pos-
sessing no protuberance or granulation, resembling the var.
Mhnieapoliense in the possession of a fifth pair of spines, the
<-\ira pair inthe center of each semi-cell.
Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Diameter of cells (S. acul.) 45-50 ,. of all the varieties.

X. RECTOCORNUTUM, Wolle. Plate XXV, figs. 10, 11.

Cells as long as wide; constriction linear, sinus sometime*
slightly excavated, and sometimes gaping; semi-cells semi-
circular, finely punctate or smooth two rows of beads above
;

the central protuberance, the one with 6-10, and the other
under it with half the number another series of beads on
;

(lie base forming a ring around the isthmus; ends broadly

rounded, nude basal angles with two pairs of aculei, or sub-

;

ulate spines the one horizontal, the other vertical trans-

; ;

verse view somewhat in the form of an hourglass, truncate,

crenate at the ends with two vertical aculei in the center.
Diameter without spines, 55-60 //.
Frequent in ponds, Mount Everett, Mas?,.
This species differs from X. antilopfcuni in having the ends
of the cells bare, the upper pairs of spines not incurved nor
divergent, but erect, straight, attached to the sides, and
springing from the basal angle. It is also quite unlike that
species in the three series of beads, and in its transverse view.

X. TETRACENTROTUM, Wolle. Plate XXV, figs. 8, 9.

About as long as broad, smooth, constriction deep, sinus
enlarged outwardly; semi-cells subreniform or subhexagonal.
base somewhat convex, ends broadly rounded basal angles ;

on each side armed with a pair of subulate spines; central

protuberance low, over it sometimes a series of bead-like
granules.
Diameter 33-37 //., without spines; 60 /*. with spines.

Pond, Sussex Co., N. J.

The form and character of this species is very near C. anti-
lopceum, but it is smaller and bears only two pairs of aculei,
not four or six.
 ARTHRODESMUS. 103

Genus, AETHEODESMUS, Ehrb.

Cells simple, compressed, deeply constricted in the middle ;

semi -cells broader than long, with a single spine or mucro on

each side, but otherwise smooth and entire.

A. CONVERGEXS, (Ehrb.), Ealfs. Plate XXVI, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Semi-cells elliptic, each having its spines curved towards
those of the other semi-cell.
Diameter 38-40 /<.

Several varieties are acknowledged to this species, one with

shorter and almost straight spines, another with broadly fusi-
form cells. Plate XXVI, figs. 22, 23, 1 place with the varieties.
This species is common.

A. KRAGILIS, Wolle. Plate XXVI, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Semi -cells broad, oblong-oval; aculei straight and parallel,
/.
e., the aculeus of one semi-cell is parallel with that of the
other ;
deciduous. Chlorophyllous nuclei, two.
Diameter 33-38 /A; length somewhat less.

Central New Jersey, pond at Hammonton, and other waters.

A. BAUII, Wolle. Plate XXVI, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Cells slightly longer than broad, aculeated or verrucose ;

aculei short and stout, deciduous, leaving, after falling off,

large verrucae usually six on the margin of each end, and
;

two curved about six each on the membrane within

series of

margin semi-cell broadly elliptic, with a single outwardly

;

curved aculeus at each end.

Diameter of cell without aculei 38 /^. ;
with aculei 63 p.
This species was collected with swamp moss (Sphagnum],
by E. A. Rau, in a pond near Newfield, N. J. It bears some
resemblance to A. divergens, Rab., but it is not subtillissime
verrucolosus ; also to A. quadridens, Wood, but it is twice the
size of that plant, and not quadridens.

A. OVALIS, Wolle. Plate XXVII, figs. 13, 14.

Cells small, smooth, often about one-fourth longer than
wide semi-cells oval, armed at each end with a straight or
;

diverging aculeus.
Diameter 20 ju., without aculei.
Ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.
The smaller size, the straight, erect or slightly diverging
spines, I consider sufficient to separate this form from A.
convergent.
104 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A. SUBULATUS, Kg. Plate XXVII, figs. 11, 12.

Semi-cells elliptic, larger than the preceding, with long r
subulate, erect or somewhat diverging spines.
Diameter 30-35 /a.

Ponds, New Jersey rather rare. I have somewhat modi-

;

fied the original diagnosis, by putting diverging for converg-

ing, and thus claim for this plant a distinct position.

A. ORBICULARIS, Wolle. Plate XXVII, figs. 15, 16.

Very small, smooth, orbicular semi-cells united by a nar-
;

row isthmus aculei of the two semi-cells nearly parallel.

;

Diameter, without aculei, 12 yw.

Ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.

A. QUADRIDENS, Wood. Plate XXVII, figs. 17, 18.

Broadly oval or suborbicular, a little longer than broad r
with the margin crenately undulate semi-cells somewhat ;

reniform, at each end armed with a subulate, moderately

robust, acute, recurved, large spine cytioderm with a few ;

smallish tubercles arranged in three or four rows semi-cells ;

from the vertex acutely elliptical, with the margin crenate

and the surface sparsely warty.
Diameter 19 ^u. length 30 yw.
;

Saco Lake, N. H., (Lewis) Wood.

A. INCUS, (Ehrb.), Hass. Plate XXVII, figs. 1-10.

Cells minute, smooth, as long as, or longer than broad,
constriction a deep notch or sinus semi-cells with inner or
;

lateral margins turgid; outer, truncate; spines diverging,

subulate, acute ;sporangium orbicular, spinous spines ;

subulate.
Diameter very variable 10-36 /<.

Turned up frequently in every State in which explorations

have been made.

A. OCTOCORNIS, Ehrb. Plate XXVII, figs. 19-23.

Smooth, about as long as wide the sinus produced by a
;

deep constriction, a wide notch. Semi-cells much com-

pressed, trapezoid, each angle terminating by one or two
subulate, acute spines the intervals between the spines con-
;

cave. Some specimens without reference to size, have two

spines at each angle.
Diameter 16-25 /*.
Not abundant, but scattered from Maine to Florida.
 ARTHRODESMUS. 105

A. INCRASSATUS, Lagh. Plate X, fig. 6.

A large form, deeply constricted, sinus largely ampliated
outwardly; semi-cells subellipsoid, sides convex, ends highly
arched, superior angles surmounted each with a nearly
straight aculeus in middle two series of granules arched,
;

nearly parallel with the ends in vertical view rhomboid-

;

elliptic ;
in view somewhat circular membrane in
lateral ;

middle thickened and yellowish.

Diameter of cells 40 //. length 50 ,u., without aculei.
;

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
Var. CYCLADATUS, Lagh.
Somewhat smaller, eight granules in the middle of semi-
cell, one central and the others in circle around it.
This variety is near my Xanihidium tetracentrotum.
Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
A. NOTOCHONDRUS, Lagh. Plate X, figs. 4, 5.
In size and constriction like A. incrassatm; semi-cells sub-
semicircular; sides convex, ends straight, with* margins mod-
erately granulate angles armed with a long divergent spine;
;

semi-cells in vertical view elliptic, with three longitudinal

series of granules ; in lateral view subcircular. Membrane
smooth, in middle somewhat thickened and yellowish.
Diameter of cells, without spines, 30 jn. ; length 32 //.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
A. TRIANGULARIS, Lagh. Plate X, figs. 14, 15.
Sinus between the semi-cells wide, obtuse; semi -cells tri-
angular, connected by a cylindrical isthmus, ends somewhat
retuse in middle; angles subacute bearing a long straight
spine, either parallel or slightly converging semi-cells in ;

vertical view lanceolate-oval in lateral view subcircular.

;

Membrane hyaline, in middle not thickened.

Diameter, without spines, 25 ^. length 30 ; /*.

Georgia.
A. PACHYCEROS, Lagh. Plate X, figs. 12, 13.
Cells small, constriction an acute-angled sinus semi-cella ;

suboval, sides convex, end arched, angles obtuse, each bear-

ing a firm spine, straight or slightly bent, diverging semi- ;

cells in vertical view oval ;

in lateral view subcircular.
Membrane smooth.
Diameter, without spines, 18 yw.
Properly a Cuban plant. Not sure that it was found within
our borders.
10<> DESMIPS OF IHE UNITED STATES.

Genus, EUASTRUM, Ehrb.

Cells oblong or elliptic, deeply constricted into two semi cells
which are emarginate and usually incised at their ends sides ;

symmetrically sinuate or lobed provided with circular inflated

;

protuberances rarely absent cviewed from the vertex, elliptic.

>
;

Zygospores spherical, tuberculose or spinous.

E. CRASSUM, (Breb.), Kg. Plate XXVIII, figs. 1, "2, 3.

Cells about twice as long as broad, smooth semi-cells three- ;

lobed ;
basal lobes very broad, with a wide shallow marginal
sinus ;
terminal lobe cuueate, partly included in a notch
formed by the lateral lobes ;
incision in terminal lobe linear
or acute angled.
Diameter 68-82 p.
A large, and not rare plant in shallow spring, and pond
waters.

Yar. SCEOBICULATUM, Lund. Plate XXIX, figs. 4, 5.

In outline very nearly the same as the type form, but
differs in having in the middle of the semi-cell four scrobi-
culae. Lundell represents only two our form has four ; ;

besides these excavations the plant has four papilla-like

prominences towards the ends of the semi-cells, which I do
not find alluded to; they may give claim for a distinct species.

Pond, Malaga, New Jersey.

E. ORNATUM, Wood. Plate XXVIII, fig. 4.
A which
species is very close to E. crassum; perhaps not
separable from it. The author, Wood, says "it differs in
the proportionate length, being only twice instead of three
times as long as broad in the size being only three-fourths
;

as large ;
and especially in the peculiar lateral splitting, as
it were, of the basal lobes."
In our observations, very few specimens of E. crassum ever
exceed two diameters in length they vary greatly in size, ;

and the "lateral splitting," a delusive appearance, is common

to all of them when the cells are empty.
Saco Lake, New Hampshire (Wood).

E. OBLONGUM, (Grev.), Ealfs. Plate XXVIII, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Cells smooth, oblong, semi-cells somewhat five lobed ;

lobes nearly equal, cuneate lateral lobes, or the basal only,

:

with a broad, shallow, marginal concavity all their angles ;

rounded terminal lobe partly included between the lateral

;
 i :r. \STKUM. 107

lobes, usually with a linear notch; sometimes this is obsolete

or very indistinct.
Diameter 68-75 yu.

This species is very variable, and if the end lobe, fig. 5,

were constant with the apex so broadly sinuately excised, it
should be separated it is often incised with an acute-angled
;

notch. The two forms, fig. 5, and fig. 6, are two distinct
varieties.
Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and
other States.

E. MULTILOBATUM, Wood. Plate LXIV, fig. 11.

About twice as long as wide, profoundly constricted sinus ;

moderately large from the lateral view somewhat enlarged

;

and doubly biumbonate in the middle semi-cells from the ;

front trilobate, the lobes separated by very wide sinuses the ;

basal lobe broadly emarginate, the central lobe obtuse, the

end lobe broadly and shallowly sinuately emarginate; semi-
cells from the vertex five lobed cytioderm smooth. ;

Diameter 62 //. ; length 120 yu.

Saco Lake, New Hampshire.

This form, described by Wood, has not yet come across my
path.

E. PINNATUM, Ealfs. Plate XXXII, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Semi-cells five lobed ;
end lobe exserted, dilated, upper
margin of the lobes nearly horizontal. The basal lobes
all

emarginate, and the intermediate ones smaller and entire.

Membrane punctate; terminal lobe with a linear notch.
Diameter 60-70 /*.

Meadow and mountain pools, Pennsylvania.

E. HUMEROSUM, Ealfs. Plate XXXII, figs. 12, 13.

Semi-cells with terminal lobe dilated, emarginate, neck
sometimes partly included between the elongated lobes
which resemble processes basal lobes large, rounded, emar-
;

ginate. Cells smooth, two or three times longer than wide ;

notch of the end lobe indistinct, or short linear.

Diameter about 75 yu.

Sluggish waters, Pennsylvania.

If this form is not identical with Ralfs' figure, it is very
near it. The plant bears some evidence of relationship also
with E. crassum and with E. oblongum, and may possibly be
merely a variety of these.
108 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

E. CUNEATUM, Jenner. Plate XXIX, figs. 12, 13.

Semi-cells cuneate, not lobed ;
terminal notch linear.
Diameter of cell 24-28 //. length about 75 /*.
;

Not rare seems of rather doubtful value as a

; species.

E. MAGNIFICUM, Wolle. Plate XXIX, figs. 6-8.

The largest of our Euastra; about twice as long as broad ;

semi-cell five lobed, the terminal lobe exserted dilated, end ;

somewhat convex, connected by a short neck basal and ;

intermediate lobes entire, with a deep obtuse notch between ;

upper margin of the basal lobes nearly horizontal and par-

allelwith the base of the semi-cell no prominent tumors,;

but one large central undulate inflation shown in lateral

view (fig. 7). End view (fig. 8) shows the terminal and in-
termediate lobes notched at each side.
Diameter 100 /J. length about 190 yu.
;

Ponds, near Malaga and Manchester, New Jersey.

Var. CRASSIOIDES, Hastings.
Aform which may be described as intermediate between
E. magnificum and E. crassum. In end view and size it is
nearly like the first, but the intermediate lobe is, in this view,
rounded, not "notched." In lateral view this lobe is notched
and the central inflation is seen to be most prominent near
the base of the semi-cell. In front view it has the outlines
of E. crassum.
Collected near Rochester, N. H.

E. WOLLEI, Lagh. Plate XXXIII, figs. 1-5.

G. von Lagerheim, of Stockholm, Sweden, has seen fit to
change the name of our E. intermedium, Cleve, for the reason
that he finds that does not correspond with the Swedish
it

plant so named by It has much of the form, but is

Cleve.
much larger, having more than twice the diameter and twice
the length. Cleve states the diameter of the plant described
by him at 44 //. and length 77-80 yw. Diameter of our form
;

is 112-120 yw. length 160-170 ju. moreover the end of the

; ;

semi-cell of the Swedish plant is <wo-lobed, ours is four- lobed.

An apology for the error in choosing the name is unneces-
sary. Will only remark, a full description of Cleve's plant
was not convenient at the proper time.
Var. QUADRIGIBBERUM, Lagh. Plate XLIX, fig. 29.
Semi-cells with four horizontal inflations in vertical view ;

elliptic, apices acuminate, sides quadriundulate.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
 EUASTRUM. 109

Var. CUSPIDATUM, Wolle. Plate XXXIII, figs. 3, 4. 5.

This variety differs in being more depressed, squatty, in
having the lateral lobes cuspidate, end lobe not so wide, and
greater thickness to the body of the cell. End view fig. 5) .

shows a more angular figure with end lobe cruciform cytio- ;

derm punctate.
The typical form I found in various places in New Jersey ;

the variety only in a Sphagnum bed in a pond near Newfleld,

New Jersey.
The original plant was found in Sweden our true form ;

agrees well in size and figure with it.

E. ANSATUM, lEhrb. >,

Ealfs. (E. Ralfsii, Eab.) Plate XXVIII,
figs. 8, 9, 10; and Plate XXXIII, figs. 11, 12.
Senri- cells inflated at the base, and tapering upwards to
the notched but not dilated extremity end view cruciform.
;

Cytioderm punctate. There appear to be two distinct va-

rieties of this species, perhaps distinct plants ;
the one twice
the size of the other.
Diameter normally 25-36 ^, Var. mayor, diameter 62-74 p.
Frequent in ponds and quiet waters, widely distributed.
The various sizes may represent different stages of develop-
ment.

E. DIDELTA, (Turp. \ Ealfs. Plate XXXIII, figs. 9, 10.

Cells rather more than twice as long as broad semi-cells ;

pyramidal, inflated at the base and again at the middle end ;

scarcely dilated, more or less rounded, notch linear trans- ;

verse view shows four shallow lobes on each side and one
on each end. Cytioderm punctate.
Diameter 50-62 //. length 100-125 p.
;

There is a smaller form which measures about one-fourth

less. Specimens often very close to the following, E. ampul -
laceum. Transverse view nearly the same.
Frequent everywhere, north, south and west.

E. PECTINATUM, Breb. Plate XII, figs. 10-12.

Semi-cells three lobed, terminal lobe dilated, usually en-
tire; lateral lobes broad, making the basal portion of the
semi-cell somewhat quadrilateral, horizontal, at each side
emarginate lateral view cuneate, with two swellings
;
near
the base and one at the apex; transverse view oval with
three lobules on each side and one or imperfectly two at each
end.
Diameter 40-50 jw. ; length about 75 /*.
110 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Minnesota. A number of varieties of this species have

been described by specialists in different countries. The
present is not Ralfs' type-form, but a variety. It is common
in England, but hitherto not found here.

E. VENTRICOSUM, Lund. Plate XXXI, figs. 1-3.

Large, twice as long as wide, outline subelliptic, deeply

constricted, sinus narrow linear; semi-cell trilobed, base
much dilated, polar lobe short somewhat dilated, incision
narrow linear, sides sinuate, two-lobed, superior lobe obtuse
tending upward, entire, not bifid in lateral view; basal
tumors three, intermediate two, and two in end lobe; in
vertical view elliptic, four undulations on each side; in
lateral view narrowed towards the ends, sides undulate,

apex subtruncate and dilated shows the superior lateral;

lobule entire.
Diameter 60-69 /<. length 105; }JL.

Found this plant frequent in pond, Orange County, near

Maitland, Florida. Zygospores not infrequent as fig. 1.

E. AMPULLACEUM, Ealfs. Plate XXXII, figs. 8-11.

Semi-cells less in length than breadth, base inflated, not
emarginate, but having on each side, near the middle, a
small tubercle, or prominence end lobe exserted and di- ;

lated, its notch linear, or somewhat gaping. Membrane

minutely punctate. Transverse view, four inflations on each
side and one at each end.
Diameter 62-75 M-
Xot as common as the preceding, but not rare.

E. PURUM, Wolle. Plate XXIX, figs. 9-11.

Small, short; semi-cells three-lobed, broader than long;
basal lobe much inflated, terminal lobe short, dilated and
notched ;
in lateral view the base and end are more or less
inflated.

Diameter 35-45 //. length 55-70 n.

;

The smaller form from Florida, the larger from New Jersey.

E. AFFINE, Ealfs. Plate XXVIII, figs. 11, 12.

About twice as long as wide semi-cells three lobed basal
; ;

lobes somewhat emarginate intermediate between them and

;

the end lobe on each side is a prominence, the upper margin

of which is nearly horizontal end lobe exserted, dilated,
:
 EUASTRUM. Ill

its notch linear. Oytioderm minutely punctate ;

transverse
view very near the two preceding.
Diameter 45-50 //.
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, to Georgia.
E. TJRNAFORME, Wolle. Plate LXIII, figs. 11, 12.
Cells about one-third longer than broad; semi-cells urn-
shaped, three lobed terminal lobe dilated, centrally sinuate;
;

lateral lobes horizontal with sides converging, sinuate, basal

portion protruding, emarginate, upper part broadly rounded,

a rounded sinus between them and the end lobe protuber- ;

ances, one at each angle of the terminal lobe one at each ;

of the basal angles, two intermediate, and one between the

end and the lateral lobes.
Diameter 50 p. length 55-60 /v.
;

Wood Lake, Passaic County, N. J.

This form is nearest L. pectinatum, Breb., but differs in
most essential points.
E. VERRUCOSUM, (Ehrb.), Ealfs. Plate XXX, figs. 1, 5.
Cells somewhat longer than broad rough with ;
conical
granules; terminal lobe cuneate, no incision, but a broad,
shallow sinus lateral lobes cuneate with ends more or less
;

concave semi-cells with one large central inflation, and a

;

smaller one on each side ;

two on the end lobe.
Diameter about 75 /v., for larger typical form.

Var. SIMPLEX, Joshua. Jour. Bot., Feb., 1885. Plate XZJI r

figs. 12, 13.

Of stout habit, terminal lobe very short and with shallow
incision ;
central inflation either none or very small ; no
other. It is nearest to the Cosmarium in Eeinsch's contribu-
tion. Plate XVI, fig. 9, the verrucae are perhaps some-
what larger than in the typical plant.
Diameter 65 /*. ; length 85 >u.

Canada.
The following varieties deserve a separate note :

Var. CRUX AFRICANUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, fig. 2.

The more angular, and more distended lobes, give this
form a stronger resemblance to an African Micrasterias, de-
scribed by Cohn, and suggests the name.
Pond, eastern Pennsylvania.
Var. ALATUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, fig. 4. Very near Corda's
Cosmarium alatum.
Marsh pools near Minneapolis, Minn., and Bucks Co., Pa.
112 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Var. REDUCTUM, Nord. Plate XXX, fig. 3.

This specimen does not agree as well as many others found
in the same locality and group. I therefore add a transla-

tion of the author's diagnosis from his De Algis Musei

Lugduno-Batavi :

"Sinus between the semi -cells linear; sides and angles

close;
end lobe scarcely dilated, apex retuse, middle lobe
small end view rectangular tumor in the middle of the
; ;

semi-cell obovate elliptic, others very small."

E. CIRCULARS, (Haas.). Ralfs Plate XXXII, figs. 1, 2.

-

Semi-cells three-lobed, mostly with three basal tubercles ;

end notched, scarcely dilated.

Ealfs makes three varieties a. semi-cells inflated at the
:

base and attenuated upwards b. semi -cells emarginate at;

the sides, the basal portion with five tubercles c. emarginate :

at the sides tubercles smaller, more numerous and scattered.

;

Diameter 36 /*., more or less.

Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey ;
common.

E. GEMMATUM, Breb. Plate XXXII, figs. 3, 4.

About one-half longer than broad ;
semi-cells three lobed,
lateral lobes horizontal, deeply emarginate: the protuber-
ances minutely granulate terminal lobe dilated, broadly
;

emarginate; transverse view broadly elliptic, with three

granulate inflations on each side (not four, as incorrectly
drawn) and one at each end end view shows the terminal
;

lobe, cruciform.
Diameter 38 yw.
Found from Rhode Island to Minnesota, and southward.

E. EVERETTENSE, Wolle. Plate XXXII. figs. 5, 6, 7.

Cells about twice as long as broad semi-cells three lobed, ;

basal lobes wide, emarginate; end lobe dilated, notch linear;

two larger inflations near the middle, and several smaller
ones on each side, and on end lobe. Transverse views
broadly elliptic, with two protuberances on each side side ;

view shows one inflation on each side.

Diameter 50-55 ju.

Collected in pond*, Mount Everett, Mass.

This form bears some resemblance to E. ftfflne, but it is
clearly separable by the broad basal lobe, by the absence of
the intermediate prominences, and by the arrangement of the
protuberances which produce distinct forms in transverse and
lateral views.
 ED A STRUM. 113

E. INSIGNE, Hass. Plate XXXI, figs. 39-43.

Semi-cells longer than broad, inflated at the base, sides
entire, and tapering into a long slender neck end lobe di- ;

lated with linear notch ;

end view quadrangular, with angles
slightly protruding, and a swelling on each of the shorter
sides end lobe cruciform as shown on the middle of fig. 43.
;

Diameter 30-35 jw.

Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
and Florida.
,-t"

. E. MAMMILLOSUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, figs. 14, 15.

Cells in length twice the diameter semi-cells three lobed ; ;

basal lobes wide and nearly half as high as the semi-cell,

drawn out in the center into a narrow column one-third to
one-fourth the diameter of the body; dilated at the end,
sinuate, four-parted base with six mammiform protuber-
;

ances; membrane punctate; end view oval with three di-

verging mammiform prominences at each end.
Diameter of center of cell 68 //. ; length 118 p.
Ponds, Mount Everett, Mass., and Sussex County, N. J.

E. HASTINGSII, Wolle. Plate XLII, figs. 16, 17.

Cells small, a little more than one and one-half times as
long as broad semi-cells three lobed, lateral lobe horizontal,
;

deeply emarginate; terminal lobe a stout column rather

more than one-third diameter of the body and about the
same height, dilated at the end, apex ornamented by a row
of tubercles, giving it a crenulate appearance lateral view ;

similar except that the basal lobes are one-third or one-

fourth narrower; transverse view broadly elliptic, with
three inflations on each side and one on each end end view ;

shows terminal lobe a crenulate circle of about a dozen

tubercles.
Diameter 35-40 yw.

Coll., W. N. Hastings, Cocheco River, New Hampshire.

E. ATTENUATUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, fig. 17.

Small, twice as long as wide semi-cells three lobed, basal
;

lobes broad, ernarginate terminal lobe a column with nearly

;

parallel sides, apex truncate.

Diameter 35 //.

Rather rare, but I found a considerable number in swamp

pools, Bucks County, Pa., and near Ocean Beach, N. J.
8
114 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

E. DONNELLII, Wolle. Plate XXX, fig. 6.

Broadly ovate, somewhat longer than broad, profoundly

constricted in the middle, sinus linear semi-cells trilobed ; ;

basal lobes orbicularly tumid terminal lobes semiorbicular

; ;

margin of each side armed with seven or eight short, stout,

conical teeth. Semi-cells with one larger central and four
smaller inflations three of them in a series on basal part,
;

and two on the end lobe. Cytioderm punctate.

Diameter 38 yu. ; length 54 yu.

Florida. Coll., J. Donnell Smith.

E. FORMOSUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, fig. 16.

Nearly twice as long as broad, oval in outline; semi-cell
with six marginal lobes, apices trifid, or tridentate central ;

tooth erect and the other two divergent the sections of the ;

two basal lobules more rudimentary than the others. Cytio-

derm smooth.
Diameter 40 ^. ; length 62 yu.

This plant bears some likeness to E. Nordstedtianum, but

isseparated from it by the less prominent teeth, and especially
by the vertical position of the end lobules and the wide sinus
between them.

E. DIVARICATUM, Lund. Plate XXX, figs. 18, 19.

Cells one- fourth longer than broad, constriction deep, sinus
linear semi-cells subtriangular, gradually narrowing from a
;

broad base to a truncate apex sides undulate polar lobe ; ;

short, not dilated, linearly notched angles of the terminal ;

lobe, and of the basal lobe, armed each with a short aculeus ;

vertical view elliptic, middle of each side granulate dentate,

ends also dentate.
Diameter 32-36 /x ; length 40-45 //.

Occasional in ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

E. POKORNYASUM, Grun. Plate XXXI, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Semi-cells trilobed basal lobes, margins crenate or emar-
;

ginate ;
terminal lobe erect, subcuneate, truncate, incised ;
membrane smooth.
Diameter 17-20 //. ; length equal to two diameters.
Rather common, often intermingled with the following two
forms which are so nearly allied, that it is almost impossible
to separate them.
 EU A STRUM. 115

E. EROSUM, Lund.
Very near the preceding in front view barely separable.
;

End lobe usually rather wider, and not so deeply incised;

notch obtuse-angled. End and lateral views somewhat quad-
rangular with ends imperfectly tricrenate.

E. INSULARE, Witt.
This form the author gives as a variety of E. binale. I
prefer it separated because the basal lobes are emarginate,
corresponding with the preceding two. It is distinguished
by a greater breadth of the terminal lobe and the absence
of an incision or notch sometimes slightly sinuate.
;
Size
rather less.

E. INERME, Lund. Plate XXXIII, figs. 6-8 ;

Plate XXXI, figs.

30, 36.
Subelliptic; semi-cells subtriangular, apex somewhat pro-
tracted, truncate, deeply incised, not dilated or dentate;
sides biundulate, the basal crenae most prominent, obtuse,
and angle obliquely truncate; tumors three, inconspicuous
and sometimes wanting end view subelliptic, sides bigib-
;

bous side view ovate. Membrane finely punctate.

;

Diameter 32-38 yu.

Rather common.

E. CRASSICOLLE, Lund. Plate XXXI, figs. 37, 38.

About twice as long as wide sinus narrow linear ; ;
semi-
cells slightly attenuated, three lobed ;
lateral lobes, lightly
sinuate-bilobulate polar lobe broad, barely dilated, apex
;

emarginate ;
end view hexagonal, poles truncate, middle
inflated.

Diameter 14 //. ; length 28 /*.

New Jersey not frequent.

E. CUSPIDATUM, Wolle. Plate XXXI, fig. 32.

Diameter slightly than length semi-cells distinctly
less ;

three lobed, basal lobes extending laterally their own width ;

end lobe subrectangular, twice the width of the other lobes,

obtusely sinuate in the center ends of the rounded basal ;

lobes and of the two sections of the end lobe, surmounted

each with three firm, diverging aculei.
Diameter without aculei 25 ^. ;
with them 33 /^.

Pond, Absecom, N. J. Coll., H. D. Kitchel, 1882.

116 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

E. PINGUE, Elf. Plate XXXI, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Somewhat longer than broad; semi-cells three lobed, each
lobe globularly rounded the polar loin- with a small notch;
:

side view oval with ends slightly truncate-crenate; end

and side views show a slight central inflation of semi-cells.
Isthmus about one-fourth the diameter of the cell.
I Hameter 35-45 //.

Ponds, Atlantic and Passaic Counties, X. J. Our plants

are often without the terminal notch, but otherwise so near
the form described by Elfving, I adopt the name he has given.

E. NORDSTEDTIANUM, Wolle. Plate XXX, figs. 7-13; and Plate

LXIII, figs. 13-15.
Cells quadrangular-oblong, not quite twice as long as
broad; semi cells obscurely three lobed; basal lobes broad,
each divided in the middle by a rounded notch into two
lobules with tridentate or spinous ends end lobe short, more
;

or less einarginate, the two sides of the apex usually some-

what reflexed, with a subacute or rounded notch between ;

lateral margins furnished with two or three horizontal spines.

End, transverse and side views (Plate LXIII, figs. 13, 14,
r> rectangular, with broad, square, and more or less sinuate
sides and ends; angles dentate.
Diameter 45-50 ;<.; length 70-75 //.

Frequent in pond near Minneapolis, Minn. ;

rarer in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania.

E. ELEGANS, Kg. Plate XXXI, figs. 10-16; 25, 26.

Oblong, one and one-half to two times as long as wide;
central constriction narrow linear: semi-cells with sides
somewhat converging, with a constriction near the truncate,
angular end. and another, often very slight, between this
and the base: ends divided by a linear or acute angled notch ;

side view oblong elliptic, apices acute-conic; end view oval

with central inflation.
Diameter 18-36 n. Common.
E. ROSTRATUM, Ealfs. Plate XXXI. tigs. 8, 9.
Varies from the preceding in the protuberant, emarginate,
or angular ends having a prominent, horizontal spine on
each angle.
E. SPINOSI-M. Kails. Plate XXXI, figs. 4-7, 17.
Nearly allied to the two preceding, but separated by the
more decided lateral notch in the basal lobes forming two
 EUASTKUM. 117

distinct lobules, each furnished with, usually, two horizontal

or diverging spines. Somewhat larger.
Diameter 35-40 /u.

E. INTEGRUM, Wolle. Plate XXXI, figs. 18-22.

Another form nearly allied to the above three species or
varieties; separated by the absence of the lower constriction
of the semi-cell. Size variable, diameter 16 3<> /u.
The preceding four forms are closely related, and
may be
accounted mere varieties. They are frequent. Having for
comparison, scores of sketches made of plants from as many
localities in different States from Vermont to Florida and
westward to Minnesota, this division suggested itself as the
most feasible and natural. I retain the old names, but with
somewhat modified diagnosis.
The same is described as E. simplex, Des. U. S., p. 106.
Since the publication of the diagnosis, F. Gay, of Montpellier,
France, is found to have anticipated the adoption of the
same name for another Enastrumform. Hence we substitute
E. integrum for E. simplex.

E. BINALE, (Turpin), Ealfs. Plate XXXI, figs. 23, 24.

Cells minute, about one-half longer than broad, oblong-
oval; semi-cells with their basal portions entire; slightly
contracted beneath the ends apex dilated, its central notch
;

acute, broad, gaping. Transverse view with two lateral in-

flations ;
ends truncate, angles rounded.
Diameter 15-25 //.

Plants of this species have features in common with E.

integrum, but may be readily recognized by the proportionately
shorter form and the pouting separation of the end.

E. cdMPACTUM, Wolle. Plate XXXI, figs. 28, 29.

Very small, suborbicular, little longer than broad semi- ;

cell broad, transversely oval apex a slight protubenmce

;

with a linear incision two small prominences, one on cadi

;

side of the apical projection.

Diameter 20-22 /x ; length 28 /u.

Pond, Pennsylvania.

E. OBTUSUM, Wolle. Plate XXXI, fig. 31.

Minute, twice as long as wide semi-cells obovate, base ;

flattened, sides somewhat diverging, end broadly rounded

with linear incision in the center.
Diameter 14 //. ; length 25 yw.

Ponds, Pennsylvania.
118 DKSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATJ-.S.

E. ABRUPTUM, Nord. Plate LXIII, figs. 21, 22.

Cells one and one-halt' iincs as long as broad constriction
t
;

deep, narrow linear semi-cells trilobed, lateral lobes some-

;

what protruding above the bas-, near the middle ends ;

truncately rounded and usually dentate or granulate end ;

lobe incised bifid, with exterior angles furnished with short

spines; transverse view rectangular with large central infla-
tion, end margin more or less undulate granulate, or some-
times retuse.
Diameter 28-30 ^ ; length 40 ;/.

Passaic County (Wood Lake), N. J.

This species does not strictly conform to the description of
the author, but it has so much in common that with his con-
sent, I adopt the name he chose for his Brazilian plant.

Genus, MICRASTERIAS, Ag.

Cells simple, lenticular, deeply constricted in the center;
viewed from the front, orbicular, or broadly elliptical from the ;

vertex fusiform with acute ends. Semi-cells three to five lobed;

lateral lobes entire or incisely-lobulate; end or polar lobe entire
or sinuate or emarginate, and sometimes with angles produced
and bifid.
In but few species have the zygospores been detected they ;

are large, globular and furnished with stout spines, which are at
first simple, then become branched at the ends.

SECTION I. Cell circular; segments flve-lobed; lobes approximate, the end lobe
narrower.

M. TORREYI, (Bailey), Ealfs. Plate XXXIV, figs. 1-8.

Circular ;
lateral lobes deeply incised, making two or three
subdivisions to each ;
all more or less tapering, and acute or
bidentate at the extremities. End
lobe narrow, not exserted,
dilated at apex, concave, angles taper into acute points or
spines.
Diameter 250-300 yw.

Frequent in ponds of Now Jersey, Mt. Everett, Mass., and

few localities in Pennsylvania.
Often variable in the number and form of the subdivisions.
Plate XXXIV represents eight varieties, the result of multi-
plication by dividing. Compare Introduction, page 18.
M. PSEUDOTORREYI, Wolle. Plate XXXVI, fig. 1.
Large, circular, five-lobed; basal and intermediate lobes
bisected, sections more or less conical, ends deeply furcate;
 MICRASTERIAS. 119

polar lobe broadly cuneate, end truncate-sinuate, angles

cuspidate.
Diameter of cell 180 ^.
Mt. Everett, Mass.
Separated from M. Ton-eyi, byits smaller size, the less num-
ber of lobules and their greater similarity of form.

M. RADIOSA, (Ag.), Ealfs. Plate XXXV, figs. 1, 2, 3; Plate

XLIII, fig. 1.
Cells orbicular, smooth semi-cells rather indistinctly five
;

lobed lobes dichotoniously divided ultimate subdivisions,

; ;

inflated, attenuated, furcate at the ends. End lobe narrow

cuneate, emarginate, and its angles dentate.
Diameter 150-200 /<.

A
beautiful species and not rare, easily recognized by its
many and deep incisions it is variable in size and number of
;

subdivisions ;
the latter range from twenty to forty in a semi-
cell.

Var. PUNCTATA, West, J. E. M. S., Nov., 1888. Plate XLIII,

fig. 1.
This differs from the usual forms of M. radiosa in having a
distinctly punctate cytioderm with the division of the lobes
more like those of If. papillifera, especially the ultimate ones.
Pond, Massachusetts.

M. SWAINEI, Hast. Plate XLII, fig. 1.

A form very near M. radiosa, differing mainly in the usually
more or elongated lower lobe of the basal division of the
less

semi-cell, which
is a constant feature frequent in large ;

gatherings made by Win. IS".

Hastings near Rochester, New
Hampshire.
Diameter variable, 190-250 //.

M. SPECIOSA, Wolle. Plate XLV, tigs. 1, 2.

Small, somewhat longer than broad, five lobed ;
lateral
lobes unequal, the basal pair usually with only half as many
divisions as the intermediate ones each basal lobe consist-
;

ing of one, and the intermediate of two lobulets, the angles

of each section drawn out into two spine-like points ter- ;

minal lobe rather narrow, linear, the end exserted and much
dilated, usually with threeprominent niucros at each angle;
center an obtuse angled notch, standing free with a rather
wide gap between it and the adjoining lobes a series of ;

small spines often observed on the margins of the lobes.

120 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

'.."> //.: length 110 //.. of specimens from Florida;

diameter 125-150 ^. ; length 155-105 yw., of New Jersey
specimens.
This species appears to be related to M. rnitinxn. var. /-nata t
Nord., but is smaller the lobes are not so deeply, nor so often
;

intersected, and the polar lobe is more exserted and more

dilated at the end.

M. PAPILLIFEEA, Breb. Plate XXXVIII. figs. 8, 9.

Orbicular, with marginal gland-like teeth semi-cells five ;

lobed; lateral lobes dichotomously incised incisions narrow ;

linear, the principal sinuses bordered by a row of minute

granules. The end lobe about as wide as the others, and
ernarginate, its angles dentate. Endochrome is usually yel-
lowish or brownish green.
Diameter 95-112 p.
Is found sparsely in shallow pools, but in a wide range of
many States.

M. ROTATA, (Grev.), Ealfs. Plate XXXVIII, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Orbicular, smooth semi -cells five lobed
;
lobes dichoto- ;

mously incised with ultimate subdivisions variously biden-

tate in different plants. End lobe somewhat exserted. The
basal lobes have each four subdivisions, and the intermediate
lobes each eight.
Diameter 200-250 p.

M. DENTICULATA, (Breb. \ Ralfs. Plate XXXVIII, figs. 4-8.

Near the preceding, but separated by the usually obtuse
apices of the subdivision, often more oval form of cells, and
equal number of subdivisions in the basal and intermediate
lobes; polar lobe not exserted. Size about the same, but
many smaller varieties. Common.

M. VERRUCOSA, Roy. Plate XLVII, fig. 10.

In outline this species agrees with smaller forms of M.
denticulata, Ralfs, but differs from these and other described
forms by the remarkable row of creuulated, circular or oval
basal inflations, crossing from side to side, larger towards
the center, gradually growing smaller towards the margins.
The original type was found in Scotland. The first from
this country is from a pond near Minneapolis, Minnesota, in
collections made by Miss E. Butler.
 MICRASTEKIAS. 1 21

M. FIMBRIATA, Ealfs. Plate XL, figs. 1-8. Zygospores from

Rochester, N". H.
Large circular; semi-cells five lobed dichotomously in- ;

cised end lobe cuneate with a broad, shallow notch, or con-

;

cave end, and two or three mucros, or spines, at each angle.

The ultimate subdivisions are rounded and slightly emar-
ginate, each furnished with two spines usually divergently
curved.
Diameter about 125-250 yw. Frequent.
Fruiting specimens, not heretofore observed, were received
from Rochester, New Hampshire, collected by W. N. Hastings.
The zygospores are orbicular, spinulose spines rather slender, ;

elongate, scattered, mostly furcate at the ends, and some-

times notched below the middle punctate ends, with tips ;

recurved.
This species is found in various forms, as illustrated by the
figures, and may be noted as

Forma, GENUINA, (figs. 1, 2). The typical plant.

Forma, NUDA, Wolle, (fig. 4 . A

form which occurs frequently
with almost all the subdivisions nude, devoid of spines.

Forma, ELEPHANTINA, Wolle, (fig. 3). Of gigantic sise, di-

ameter 400 yu.
Mount Everett, Mass.
Forma, APICULATA, Menegh., (fig. 2). With series of minute
spines bordering the sinuses.

Forma, SIMPLEX, Wolle, (fig. 8). Small, oval, subdivisions

with simply one small mucro.
This may prove a distinct species the two specimens I had ;

from Florida were too imperfect from drying for satisfactory

identification.

M. BRACHYPTERA, Lund. Plate XXXVI, figs. 6, 7.

About one-third longer than broad, elliptic, deeply con-
stricted in the middle ;
sinus an acute angle somewhat
ampliated; semi -cells five lobed polar lobes longer than the
;

intermediate lobes and separated from them by a wide sinus ;

neck moderately distending to the dilated apex neck taper- ;

(

ing towards the apex, Lund.), depressed center forms a

wide, shallow notch. Intermediate and basal lobes short
and nearly equal in breadth twice bisected apices or ; ;

lobules furnished each with two rather long, somewhat

curved spines angles and margins of the end lobe, and
;
4
122 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

margins of the other lobes also, provided with a few scat-

tered spines. The figures of two semi-cells show consider-
able variation in the arrangement of the spines and divisions
of lateral lobes.
Diameter 140-150 /*., without spines; length 200-210 yu.

Collected near Minneapolis, Minn., by Miss E. Butler.

SECTION II. Cells subelliptlc; semi-cells three or five lobed; lobes radiate, the
end lobe somewhat exserted, divided and arms divergent.

M. FURCATA, (Ag. ), Ealfs. Plate XXXIX, figs. 5, 6.

Cells five lobed; lobes bifid, their divisions linear, diver-
gent, and forked at the apex. The end lobe exserted, its
divisions divergent, producing a wide, shallow sinus.
Diameter 150-180 yu. ;
Common.

Var. SIMPLEX, Wolle. Plate XLVII, figs. 6, 7.

Cells equal in length and breadth, two lobed, terminal
lobe exserted, its divisions spreading and producing a wide,
shallow sinus lateral lobes usually simple, but sometimes
;

divided into two narrow, linear diverging sections, furcate

at apices. Length and breadth 140-150 /<.
A singularly variable species. Of the thirty-one fresh speci-
mens examined during a stay at Winter Park, Florida, by
Rev. H. D. Kitchel and myself, twenty were found of normal
form as upper half of fig. 6, 7, no arms divided five had all ;

the lateral arms divided, like the lower half of figure one ;

had two arms divided and two single, like figure two had ;

only one arm divided, and three had each two arms divided.
As two-thirds of the forms examined had all the arms single,
this is considered the type the others, one-third, variable,
;

are varieties.

M. PSEUDOFURCATA, Wolle. Plate XXXIX, fig. 4.

Five lobed, simple, not bifid sometimes the lateral lobes
;

appear more like one bifid lobe on each side in either case ;

only half as many lateral arms as characterize the preceding

species, M.furcata.
Diameter 150-160 yu.
Not as frequent as the true form, but it has a habitat in
many localities in the Middle States.

Tar. MINOR, Wolle. Plate XLI, fig. 11.

Small, not one-half the diameter of the typical form, but

so nearly like it in outline, I note it as a variety. Had but
two or three specimens, from Minneapolis, Minn.
 MICRASTERIAS. 123

M. CRUX-MELITENSIS, Ehrb. Plate XXXIX, fig. 3.

Semi cells indistinctly five lobed lobes bifid, subdivisions ;

short, and furcate at the apices.

Plate XLV, figs. 4, 5, two semi-cells differing somewhat
from the figures on Plate XXXIX, from Minnesota.
Diameter 100-125 /*.

Not so frequent as M.furcata, to which it often bears a

closeresemblance it is similarly divided, but the incisions
;

are not so deep, the subdivisions not so elongated, rather

stouter and less divergent ;
end lobe less exserted.

M. DICHOTOMA, Wolle. Plate LXIII, fig. 2.

Somewhat longer than broad, smooth or finely punctate ;
semi-cells three lobed ;
lateral lobes twice bifid ; the ultimate
lobules (four resulting from one) deeply furcate or clawed at
the ends the polar or end lobe exserted on a cylindrical
;

neck with two diverging arms clawed at the ends.

Diameter with arms 1/5-200 yu.; length the same to one-
fourth greater. Length of body 115 yu. breadth of neck ;

15-17 //.

Hitherto found this species in three localities only ponds, :

Malaga, and Bamber, N. J., and Harvey Lake, Luzerne

County, Pa.

M. RINGENS, Bailey. Plate XXXIX, figs. 1, 2.

Oblong, semi-cells three lobed, with a series of granules
inside of most of the margins basal lobes divided by a deep
;

notch into two spreading arms, obtuse or slightly dentate at

the apices terminal lobe exserted, emarginate, extremities
;

obtuse.
Diameter 125-150 /<.

Obtained this species from Florida only, collected by J. D.

Smith.

Var. SERULATA, Wolle. Plate XLVII, fig. 15.

In size and form the same as the original type from Florida.
Bailey describes it as "granular near the margins," but not
so serrated. This new variety has the margins distinctly ser-
rated, besides having the granules or mucros near the
margins.
Diameter 115-130 //. length 125-145 p. ;

Found in large numbers in White Bear Lake, Minnesota,

bv Miss E. Butler.
124 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION III. End lobe produced Into four, more or less diverging, rigid, processes.

M. AMKRICAXA, ^EhrbJ, Kg. Plate XXXVI, fig. 2andVars. 3-5.

Semi-cells three lobed ;
lateral lobes broad, cuneate, their

margins concave, incised -serrate; end lobe broad cuneate and

exserted, bipartite at the angles the subdivisions straight,;

narrow, minutely dentate at the extremities, end concave.

Diameter 100-115 p. length about one-third greater.
;

The wide distribution of this species entitles it to the name

it bears.
There are several varieties, the one
Var. RECTA, Wolle, (fig. 3).

margin of the polar lobe, which is not con-

Is distinct in the
cave and bisected, but straight with two small prominences.
Found it in a few localities in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey.

Var. HERMANNIANA, Keinsch, (fig. 5.)

Distinct in the angular intersections and regularly serrate
margins.
Collected in Florida. It is not an exact counterpar! of the
plant described by Reinsch, but very near it.
Var. SPINOSA, Turner. Plate XLIX, fig. 30.
A
form not strictly from the United States, but near it,
may be introduced. Mr. Turner describes it thus small : A
compressed form. About one-eighth less in length and
breadth than the type. Central portion of segments smooth ;

lobes ornamented with short stout spines the end lobe bear- ;

ing near its extremity a species of annular rugoso spinous

coronet.
Diameter 112 p. length 136 ; yu.

Pictou, Nova Scotia.

M. MAHABULESHWARENSIS, Hobson. Plate XLI, fig. 10.

This form stands in close relation with the preceding
species and varieties; it is separated by having the lateral
lobes only once bisected, not twice. The margins are finely
serrated.
Diameter 125 /*., more or less.

Ponds, New Jersej, and eastern part of Pennsylvania.

M. APICULATA, Menegh. Plate XLV, fig. 3.

Large orbicular or oblong, with the surface more or less
densely covered with mucros semi-cells five lobed lateral
; ;

lobes equal in size, not close, bisected; lobulets bifid, each

 MICRASTERIAS. 125

section em a ruinate, mucronate at each angle; polar lobe

prominent, widely dilated, center notched, margins mu-
cronate.
Diameter 175-200 //.

Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Minnesota ;

rather
rare.

M. MAMILLATA, Turner. Plate XLVI, fig. 2.

Semi-cells papilionaceous, five lobed; end lobe broad; its
ends and those of the other lobes divided into palmate
shapes, with the points broadly rounded surface adorned ;

with mamilliform processes radiately arranged; provided

with a process at isthmus, the purpose of which is appa-
rently (!) to strengthen the segmental union. Only one
specimen (semi-cell) seen. Seemingly related to M. aplculata.
Diameter 198 ^.
Inasmuch as this semi-cell was found in collections made
in a part of Harvey Lake, Pennsylvania, in which
swampy
M. apiculata occurs freely, the author would emphasize the
last remark.

M. ALATA, Wall. Plate XLVI, fig. 1.

In anticipation of the possible discovery of this interest-
ing and unique form in Southern Florida, I quote it from
G. von Lagerheim's Bidrag till Amerikas Desmidie flora. It is
an Indian plant, but is now also found in Cuba. The figure
is drawn direct from an India specimen in my herbarium.

M. NORDSTEDTIANA. Wolle. Plate LXII1, figs. 3-5.

Cells of equal length and breadth, smooth; semi-cells three
lobed the lateral lobes divided into two subcylindrical seg-
;

ments with a wide notch between ends obtuse, furnished

;

with thivo or lour small spines. Polar lobe exserted on a

long neck having a short conical prominence about the
middle of each side the ends diverge in two pair composed
;

of one longer and one shorter, nearly horizontal, arms ;

the
two are nearly parallel.
Diameter 150 //.

Longwood Pond, Passaic County, N. J., and Harvey Lake,

Luzerne County, Pa.
This species has a number of distinct features; the four
arms of the end lobe the protuberances of the neck the
; ;

lateral lobes have something in common with M. ringem, but

they are smooth or finely punctate, not granulate there is ;

something also to remind one of M. pseudofurcata, but the

arms are not furcate at the ends.
I2(i DBSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION IV. Cells circular; semi-cells obscurely flve lobed, the end lobe the
broadest.

M. DECEMDENTATA, STaeg. Plate XXXVII, figs. 5, 6.

Suborbicular, granulate-punctate semi-cells distinctly ;

three lobed, or obscurely five lobed lateral lobes divided ;

by a small obtuse angled sinus into two lobelets, having

straight, truncate margins, angles slightly produced and
mucronate polar lobe broadly truncate, separated from the
;

adjoining lobe by a narrow linear sinus; apex broadly con-

vex, sometimes sinuate, lateral angles slightly produced and
mucronate.
Diameter 83-100 /x
Frequent in Florida have not found it farther north. It
;

differs from all forms described under this name, particularly

in size. The author, Naegeli, gives the diameter 40 p. Del-
ponte quotes subalpine forms at 50 p. and Lundell, the Sweden
;

plant also at 50 p., which is only half the size of our plant, but
omitting the measure, the description proves them identical.

M. CRENATA, (Breb.), Balfs. Plate XXXVII, figs. 7, 8.

Cells orbicular; semi-cells with five shallow lobes; end
lobe very broad, cuneate. end convex, or slightly sinuate on
the margin lateral lobelets nearly entire.
;

Diameter 75-85 yw.

This species is met with only occasionally, Pennsylvania,

New Jersey, Florida.

M. TRUNCATA, ^Corda), Ealfs. Plate XLIV, figs. 6-9.

Orbicular; semi-cells five lobed; lateral lobes shallow;

end lobe very broad, truncate, angles bidentate lateral ones ;

incised den tate.

-

Diameter 50-100 yw.

One of the most common species of this genus. Variable
in size and the structure of the margins sometimes the lobe- ;

lets are obscurely toothed again very distinctly notched, and

;

another form is frequent with the angles drawn out into long
spine-like points, fig. 7. The truncate ends are usually more
or less rounded ; fig. 8 is a peculiar form with the ends perfectly
flat, and not detached from one another after multiplication
by division.
M. CONFERTA, Lund. (M. granulata, Wood). Plate LXIV, fig. 12.
Broad elliptic, central sinus deep, narrow linear; semi-
cells five lobed, lobes and lobules always close polar lobe ;

subcuneate, more or less widened from the base to the end,

sides concave and apex convex but roundly emarginate in
 MICRASTERIAS. 127

the middle, angles furnished with two or three small papillae;

lateral lobes nearly equal, bisected, and again divided, each
lobule with apex furnished with two papilla-like points.

Var. HAMATA, Wolle. Plate XLIV, figs. 3, 4.

In this variety, the polar lobe is not conferta, compact,
close against the adjoining lobes, as in the true form, but
widely separated in the whole length the open space is pro-
;

duced by the contraction of the lobe below the apex, thua

giving it a hamate form.
Diameter 80-100 //., length slightly more.
Ponds, Mount Everett, Mass.
The only locality from which. I received the typical form is
Aiken, S. C., the same from which Wood had it. This species
was first known in Sweden, and described by Cleve, as M.
crenata. Lundell separated it from that species and named
it M. conferta; it was so recorded with figure, in his De Des-

midiaccis, quce in Suecia inventce. sunf, published 1871, ante-

dating Wood's contribution by at least one year; having a
priority claim, Lundell's name is preferred. The membrane
isdistinctly and largely punctate, not granulate, except when
in old condition.

M. TRIANGULARIS, Wolle. Plate XLIV, figs. 1, 2.

Cells large, orbicular or oblong; semi-cells five lobed.
Polar lobe triangular, apex and sides nearly straight and
nearly equal, the angles mucronate. The lateral lobes similar,
twice bisected, apices of the lobelets emarginate or furcate.
Diameter 170-200 /*.

found plants recognized as belonging to this new species

I
in three distinct localities: ponds, Broad Mountain, Pa.,
Ocean Beach and Bamber, N. J., and Florida. They vary
somewhat in outline and details of intersections, but all have
the same broad more or less triangular terminal lobe with
mucronate angles. Fig. 1 is the typical Pennsylvania form ;

fig. 2 the Florida type. The New Jersey plant had stouter
terminal lobes, and the ultimate intersections of the lateral
lobes were intermediate between the two.

SECTION V. Cells oblong.

M. JENNERI, Ralfs. Plate XXXVII, figs. 1, 2.

Cells oblong, minutely granulated semi-cells five parted,
;

lobes closely approximate, cuneate lateral ones obscurely

bipartite the subdivisions emarginate.
;

Diameter 100-150 p.
128 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

This species differs from all others of this genus in the form
of the cell, often twice as long as broad. Fig. 2 is very near
a form which Ileinsch denominated M. <in(jnlostnii. It is pro-
portionately shorter than the typical form of Ralfs, but other-
wise so near, it scarcely admits of separation.

SECTION VI. Lobes horizontal, attenuated, bidentate.

M. LATICEPS, Nord., 1869. (M, disputata, Wood, 1872.) Plate

XLI, figs. 4. :>.

Quadrangular, about as long as broad, subpinnatisected,

sinuses acute; terminal lobe nearly as long as the basal lobe;
both the lobes strongly attenuated the polar lobe into an
;

acute point and the other into an acutely bidentate apex ;

ends rounded or emarginate.

Diameter 160-212 yu.
This species made its first appearance from Brazil and was
described by Nordstedt in 1869 in a scientific journal of
Sweden. Wood gave the same plant a new name a few years
later. The former has a claim of priority, hence should
stand. The plant varies considerably in size, and in the form
of the terminal lobes some are more rounded than others.
;

It has been found in a large number of States.

M. OSCITANS, Ealfs. Plate XXXVII, figs. 3, 4.

Cells of nearly equal lengthand breadth the end lobe ;

separated from the adjoining lobe by a rounded or acute-

angled sinus; lobe horizontal, conical, their extremities
usually bidentate. One form has the ends of the terminal
lobe acute. The end lobes an- much shorter and narrower
than the others. Transverse view fusiform membrane ;

punctate.
Diameter 150-160 yu.

Bailey reports this species from Florida and Rhode Island,

but makes the measures much less. I have specimens from
Florida, Massachusetts and New Jersey. They were of the
given measures.
M. piNNATTFim. Kg. Half's. Plate XLI. figs. 7. 8, 9.
.

Ends straight semi-cells deeply constricted, lobes

: hori-
zontal, more or less fusiform with apices bidentate.
Diameter varies from 88-110 //.
Somewhat like the preceding, but very much smaller, and
lobes not so swollen.
Much more frequent than M. <n-itans.
Some are found with the basal lobe wide (fig. 9); these I
have named,
 MICRASTERIAS. 1 '29

Var. INFLATA, fig. 9.

M. KITCHKLII, Wolle. Plate XLI, figs. 1, 2; Plate XLII, fig. 2.

Cells about as long as wide, sinus separating the semi-cells
an acute angle, ampliated basal lobes subcouically pro-
;

duced, obliquely and broadly truncate with two angles

drawn out into somewhat diverging processes, furcate at the
ends a rounded sinus between polar lobe separated from
; ;

the basal lobe by an ample, rounded, or oval sinus, sides

produced and furcate as the others apex slightly convex. ;

Diameter 125 j*. in center ;

ends 75 yw. ; length 125 /^.

First specimens were collected by H. pond, S. Kitchel. in a

Mt. Everett, Mass. It has occurred since in many places in
central and southern portions of New Jersey and Florida.
The general outline of this species has some resemblance to
M. adscendens, Nord., found on the Sandwich Islands, but it
is larger, the polar lobe is more exserted, and hence the sinuses

between it and the basal lobes are much wider and deeper,
n
broadly rounded, not "amplo-acutan0uto and the angles are t

not "bidentate," but are simply bifurcate.

It has a closer resemblance to M. d< i><ui)>< rata, Nord., a
form found in Brazil, but it is a decidedly larger plant.

M. ARCUATA, Bailey. Plate XLIV, fig. 5.

Quadrangular; semi -cells three lobed the basal lobes long ;

and arcuate, subtended by the transverse projections from

the ends of the slightly notched terminal lobes.
Diameter 90-110 //.

Collected in Florida and described by Bailey. I have found

it repeatedly in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.
M. EXPANSA, Bailey. Plate XLI, fig. 12.
Semi-cells three lobed; basal lobes subconical, lower mar-
ginal line regularly convex; terminal lobe more slender,
notched in center, spreading with an upward tendency to
an acute, often mucronate point. Usually smaller than the
preceding.
Diameter about 75 js.

This form is near M. fircuafa, but somewhat smaller, stouter,

with more regularly arched basal lobes; apices more acute,
often mucronate.
Habitat the same as the preceding.

M. QUADRATA, Bailey.
Described by the author as ''Large quadrangular, three
lobed, basal lobes elongated, slightly curved, bidentate ter- ;

9
130 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

minal lobes with two slender transverse bidentate projec-

tions."
Diameter 110-120 /*.
Found good specimens in collections made in lakes, Winter
Park, Florida. Besides the typical form also a variety which
has the ends of the basal lobes deeply bisected, to nearly half
the length.

M. BAILEYI, Ealfs. Plate XLI, fig. 6.

Cells small, granulate ;
semi-cells three lobed ;
basal lobes
bipartite, apices obtuse, or finely dentate; terminal lobe
much exserted, notched, spreading arms obtuse or bidentate
at apices.
Diameter 75 yu.

New York, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Florida (Bailey).

Ponds, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Rather rare.
M. FOLIACEA, Bailey. Plate XLIV, figs. 10, 11.
Cells subquadrate, smooth semi-cells three lobed lateral
; ;

lobes deeply bipartite, and again incised, their margins con-

cave, iiicised-serrate end lobe rhoinboidal, exserted, angles
;

entire, apex divided by a wide, rounded sinus, near the

basal margin of which are two or more tooth-like spines.
Diameter of cell 80-95 p.
Bailey reports this species from Worden's Pond, Rhode
Island. I found it quite abundant in Gilder Pond, Mt.
Everett, Mass. A
singular feature was the union of many cells
forming long filaments. In the process of multiplication by
division (vide Introduction, p. 27), the terminal lobes lap one
over the other and thus maintain a hold. The chains of cells
collectedwere evidently mere fragments, or parts broken from
longer filaments they contained from 10 to 38 cells.
;

The details of the terminal lobe vary somewhat from the

form described by Bailey. This species has been found also
in Florida and in Brazil, S. A.

M. MURICATA, Bailey. Plate XXXV, figs. 4 7.

"Semi-cells divided by deep indentations into three trans-

verse portions the basal with three sublinear processes on
;

each side, the others with two on each side."

The divisions, in front view, do not diverge, but spread
laterally, in such a manner that the one nearest the eye more
or less conceals its companions.
Diameter 100-125 f*. ; length 150-200 p.
Catskill Mountains, (Bailey); many localities in Pennsyl-
vania, Xew Jersey, Massachusetts. Not abundant, but widely
distributed.
 STAURASTKUM. 131

M. EABENHORSTII, Kirch. Plate LXIII, fig. 6; Plate XL V, fig. 6.

Cells as long as broad, small, three lobed terminal cell ;

not much wider than the lateral lobes, widened from the
base to the end, apex concave, angles terminating with two
short teeth lateral lobes divided by a wide, almost right-
;

angled sinus, each half somewhat narrowed towards the

end apex indented, a small tooth at each angle. Mem-
;

brane smooth.
Thus reads a free translation of Kirchner's diagnosis.
The figure does not represent the type merely a small form ;

of it.
Diameter 62-85 /<.

Collected in ponds in the vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn.

Genus, STAURASTKUM, Meyen.

Cells in front view similar to Cosmarium, end view, three to six

or more, angular angles obtuse, acute', or drawn out into elon-
;

gated horn-like processes. Chlorophyl more or less concentrated

into a central mass, margins radiating towards the margins of the
semi-cells. Zygospores provided with spines.
This genus contains a large number of species; as all are fig-
ured, a complete analysis does not appear important, but for a
general guide they may be divided into four larger sections, in
the order observed in the following list:

SECTION I. Membrane of cells smooth, or rarely punctate or indistinctly gran-

ular.

SECTION II. Membrane verrucose, or rough with pearly granules.

SECTION III. Membrane hairy, spinulose or aculeated.

SECTION IV. Membrane with angles extended into arms, or horn-like processes.

SECTION I.

ST. MUTICUM, Breb. Plate L, figs. 11-15.

Cells in front view orbicular, smooth, deeply constricted,
often involved in a mucous envelope semi-cells elliptic; end
;

view triangular, or rarely quadrangular: angles rounded,

sides slightly concave.
Diameter 33-38 /*. Frequent.

Var. MINUS (figs. 14, 15) does not differ from the typical form
except in size ;
measures only about one-half.
132 DESMIUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Var. ELLIPTICUM. Fig. 13. This form is more elliptic in front

view than the others. Plate XLIX, figs. 41, 42. form A
differing from that of Plate L, and more strictly elliptical,
semi-cells in front view slightly contracted near the ends.
Diameter 33-35 //.

Pond, St. Anthony Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

ST. ORBICULAEE, (Ehrb.), Ealfs. Plate L, figs. 9, 10.
Orbicular, constriction narrow linear; semi-cells not ellip-
tic, but semiorbicular end view triangular, angles rounded,
;

sides somewhat concave ;

smooth.
Diameter 30-45 yu.

Plate XLIX, figs. 36-38 not so distinctly orbicular, some-

times approaching the form of a Turk's cap, sometimes the
sides are more concave than figured and the sinuses between
the semi-cells are not always so closely linear. It is a common
species, and often involved in a mucous envelope.

ST. ANGULATUM, West,, J. E. M. S., Nov., 1888. Plate XLIII,

figs. 5. 6.
Semi-cells smooth, rhomboid, with a faint indication of an
obscure mucro: end view triangular, with concave sides.
Length 76-78 p. breadth 60 p. sinus 17-18
; ; p.
Pond near Amherst, Mass. Seen sparingly.

ST. VESICULATUM, Wolle. Plate XII, figs. 6, 7.

Small, smooth, about one-half longer than broad, constric-
tion deep, sinuses acute angled, much ampliated; semi-cells
subpyramidal, not as long as broad base wide, inferior ;

angles round, sides convex and inclining to a rounded apex:

end view triangular, angles rather broadly rounded, sides
slightly convex or straight.
Diameter 31 yw. length 45 ju.
;

Differsfrom St. cordatum, F. Gay in front view, sinuses

;

are not narrow linear, but much ampliated, thereby giving

the cell a more elevated appearance. Green's Lake, New
Jersey.

ST. BACILLAEE, Breb. Plate XLVIII, figs. 5, 6.

Cells small, deeply constricted, sinus a wide, acute angle ;

semi-cell narrow lanceolate, base convex, ends inflated,

head-like, in vertical view 3-4-5 angled; angles radiately
produced with ends enlarged and rounded.
Diameter 25-30 n.
Pond, Minnesota.
 STAURASTRUM. 133

ST. TUMIDUM, Breb. Plate L, figs. 1, 2.

Large, somewhat longer than broad, deeply constricted,
with a distinct colorless gelatinous covering; semi-cells ellip-
tic or suborbicular end view bluntly triangular, sides some-
;

what convex, slightly constricted near the angles, producing

a nipple-like projection. Margins appear striated.
Diameter 112 //.

The only habitats hitherto discovered, are marsh pools,

Bucks County, Pa., and Lee Pond, Mass.

ST. GRANDE, Bulnh. Plate L, figs. 3, 4.

Large, length and breadth the same, sinuses acute, much
enlarged outwardly; semi-cells elliptic, angles obtuse; end
view triangular, rarely quadrangular, sides slightly retuse,
angles obtuse membrane finely punctate.
;

Diameter 75-83 //.

Marsh pools, Minneapolis, Minn.
The specimens were some time in a weak solution of car-
bolic acid before being examined, and in consequence the
arrangement of the chlorophyl was destroyed omitting this ;

consideration they agree well with measures and forms de-

manded by the diagnosis of the author.

ST. MAGNUM, Wolle. Plate L, figs. 7, 8.

Cells nearly one-third longer than broad; sinuses sub
rectangular; semi-cells broad elliptic with a short, stout,
erect mucro at each end end view triangular, sides straight
;

or slightly concave, angles mucronate.

Diameter 82 yu. ; length 100 >w.

This species, like tumidum, is usually surrounded by a

St.

wide, colorless, gelatinous sheath. I have this species from

Florida, collected by J. D. Smith.
It is separated from the preceding by its intermediate size,
proportionately greater length and the mucronate angles.

ST. MAJUSCULUM, Wolle. Plate L, figs. 5, 6.

Somewhat larger than St. magnum; in end view, sides not
concave, but convex, mucronate mucros not erect, but ob-
;

lique in front view they are curved inwardly.

;

Diameter 100-105 length 108-112 p.

//. ;

Two were productive of this form, Mt. Everett,

localities
Mass., and Longwood Pond, Passaic Co., N. J.
Found no gelatinous sheath around any of the many speci-
mens examined.
134 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ST. DEJECTUM, Breb. Plate LI, figs. 7-11 and 17-21.

Semi-cells smooth elliptic, or extrorsely Innate with sides
convex and ends nearly straight, concave, or convex each ;

angle furnished with a longer or shorter aculeus, or awn ;

these are sometimes horizontal, sometimes they converge, but

more frequently they diverge, directed obliquely upward.
End view triangular, or occasionally, four lobed.
Figs. 17-21 represent the more usual forms.

Var, MUCRONATUAI, Ralfs. Fig. 8, front view and two end views.

Var. CONVERGENS, Wolle. Figs. 7, 9, 10, 11, are unusual forms

collected near Minneapolis, Minn. aculei are stout and often
;

stand nearly at right angles with the sides they are also of ;

unusual size.
Diameter of the various forms 25-38 yw. without the awns.
A common species.
ST. MEGACANTHUM, Lund. Plate LXII, figs. 10, 11, 12.
Cells about as long as wide (without aculei) profoundly
constricted; sinus acute-angled, or subrectangular semi- ;

cells triangular fusiform sides somewhat convex, ends sub-

;

truncate or lightly convex, angles each terminating in a

strong and long aculeus; viewed from apex triangular, or
rarely four lobed sides retuse angles produced into a long
; ;

and firm aculeus ;

membrane finely punctate.
Diameter 50-57 p. ; length about 50 p. ;
aculei 15-18 //.

Pennsylvania, New Jersey; rather rare.

ST. BREVISPINA, Breb. Plate LI, figs. 1, 2; and Plate LXIV,

figs. 2, 3.
Semi-cells smooth, turgid-elliptic, minutely mucronale:
end view triangular with sides usually so sinuate as to pro-
duce a three lobed appearance; each lobe terminated bv ;i

short mucro.
Diameter 45-48 f*. Smaller forms occur also.

The cells of this species vary in size and somewhat in form

from elliptic to subreniform, turgid.
Neither very rare nor common.

Var. INERME, Wille. Plate LI, figs. 3, 4; Plate XLVI, figs. !). 1 0.

Somewhat larger than the true form, but otherwise reminds

one of it, notwithstanding the absence of the mucros. The
 STAUKASTUUM. 135

author of the name adds, " semi-cells in vertical view trian-

gular, sides lightly retuse, angles unarmed."
Diameter 60 yw.

Northampton County, Pennsylvania ;

Florida.

ST. DICKIEI, Ealfs. Plate LI, figs. 5, 6, 20, 21.

Semi-cell smooth, subelliptic, turgid spines short, curved;

towards those of the other semi-cell end view triangular,

:

sides sinuate, angles mucronate.

Diameter 36-44 jn.

Cells are about as long as broad ;

semi-cells elliptic, but
having the outer margin more convex than the inner one ;

the mucros or spines, short, curved, and directed inwardly.

It occurs not infrequently in Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Massachusetts, and probably in every State.

ST. ARISTIFERUM, Kalfs. Plate LI, figs. 15, 16.

Semi- cells smooth, triangular, constricted near the angks,
producing a, mammillate appearance. Each angle furnished
with a long awn end view with three, or rarely four awned
;

lobes.

Diameter 15-20 /*. without the awns or spines, and with

them fully twice the size.
Rather rare, but it has been found in many States, from
'Rhode Island, New Jersey, to Georgia.

ST. LEWISII, Wood. Plate LI, figs. 26, 27.

Smooth, with very ample sinus, obtuse-angled, which is

armed with a small spine semi-cells from the front broadly
;

triangular; from the vertex, triangular, with the angles

somewhat tumid and rounded angles furnished with a very
;

large, acute, robust spine.

Diameter with the spines, 62 >w.
This species was first found by Lewis, in Saco Lake, N. H.,
and since only in one locality, the past Summer, 1883, by Miss
Eloise Butler, of Minneapolis, Minn.

ST. CUSPIDATUM, Breb. Plate LI, figs. 23-25.

Semi- cells smooth, fusiform, connected by a long narrow
band; aculei parallel or converging; end view triangular,
or rarely quadrangular, with inflated aculeated lobes.
Diameter 25 //. ; length 30 yw.

Quiet waters, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but not

frequent.
13(3 DKSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ST. TRIHEDRALE, Wolle. Plate LI, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Small punctate-granulate; semi-cells, in front view and in
end view triangular, angles rounded, sides concave, sinus
narrow linear.

Diameter 30 //.
Ponds, Mount Everett, Mass.
This species, in front view, has the appearance of a (.'oma~
rium near rctuKiim, Perty, and anymtatum, Xord., but the side
and end views are distinct. The seuii-cells are three sided,
pyramidal forms unlike those of a Coamarium.
ST. TRIFIDUM, ISTord. Plate LI, figs. 28, 29.
Cells about as broad as long, deeply constricted ;
semi-cells
short cuneate, with ends dilated, and lightly retuse; superior
angles obtuse, trisected viewed from vertex triangular,
;

angles truncate, trifid ;

sides somewhat concave; membrane
finely punctate.
Diameter 30-50 //. Variable in size.
Not frequent, but met with in localities widely separated,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and other States.
ST. AVICULA, Breb. Plate LI, figs. 30, 31, 32.
Semi-cells twice as broad as long, with a forked spine on
each side; each angle in end view terminated by a simple or
forked spine; cytioderm smooth.
Diameter 25-30 >u., without the spines.
Rather common species appears to be found frequently in
;

every State in which explorations are made.

ST. COMMUTATUM, Kg. Plate LI, figs. 33, 34.
Smooth or punctate-granulate; semi-cells diverging, ob-
verse semilunar; base broadly rounded, ends straight or
somewhat concave apices bifid end view triangular, angles
; ;

produced and apices bicuspidate; sides moderately retuse.

Diameter 35-38 //. , omitting the spines.
Ponds, Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania.
This form may not be strictly the plant described by the
author, Kutzing it is near it, and appears to stand between it
;

and A. Bulnheimianum, Rab. Have seen very few of them,

hence record the name merely provisionally.

ST. BRACHIATUM, Ealfs. Plate LI, figs. 37, 38, 39 ;

and Plate
LXIII, figs. 29, 30, 31.
Cells smooth; semi-cells with three diverging processes,
or according to other authors, 2-4-5 radiate, which are deeply
bifid or trifid at the apex; end view with three or four rays.
 STAURASTRUM. 137

Diameter 33-55 //. Not frequent.

The figures on Plate LXIII, represent a form noted as va-
riety Xotarisii, Rab. Collected in ponds Barnber and Brown's-
Mills, N. J.

ST. PANICULOSUM, Wolle. Plate LII, figs. 39, 40.

Cells hexangular, as long as broad, membrane punctate;
punctules in radiating lines; semi-cells truncated triangles,
angles rounded inferior angles furnished with two short,
;

straight aculei ;
end view triangular with one small aculeus-
visible on each rounded angle; sides moderately convex.
Diameter 40-50 /<.
Marsh pools, near Bethlehem, Pa.

ST. BIENEANUM, Eab. Var. ellipticum, \Ville. Plate LIII, figs.

1,2.
Semi-cells elliptic; end view triangular with anglea
rounded, sides more or less deeply concave membrane ;

finely punctate, distinctly observable when the cell is empty;

punctules regularly arranged in transverse lines.
Diameter 33-38 //.
Not numerous, but hitherto found specimens in Minnesota,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida.

ST. INCONSPICUUM, Nord. Plate LXIV, figs. 4, 5.

Small, about equal in length and breadth very indis- ;

tinctly or not at all constricted in the middle semi-cells ;

subquadrangular, ends usually slightly retuse; superior

angles produced obliquely into a geniculate arm with a
truncate end end view four radiate, sides concave. Mem-
;

brane smooth or finely punctate.

Diameter 14-16 /<.

Occasional in ponds, New Jersey.

ST. PSEUDOPACHYRHYNCHUM, Wolle. Plate LXII, figs. 32-35.

Small, smooth or imperfectly punctate, slightly longer
than broad, deeply constricted sinus wide, base rounded ;
;

semi-cells subcuneate; from a narrow base somewhat undu-

lately widened to the broad, subtruncate end angles rather ;

broadly rounded, with a slight constriction near the apex.

End view tri- or quadrangular; sides sinuate. Isthmus
about one-fourth the diameter of cell.
Diameter 20-24 ^. ; length 22-25 ^.
138 DKSMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Pond, Spring Lake, N. J.

I found this new species only in one pond, but numerous ;

it bears the appearance of a relation to a Brazil plant de-

scribed by Nordstedt as St. Clepsydra, and also to a Spits-

bergen species by the same author, St. paohyrhynehum. The
name applies well to the new form, although only two-thirds
the size and proportionately longer the sides also of end
;

view, are not "slightly concave," but deeply sinuate.

SECTION II.

CYTIODERM GRANULAR OR VERRUCOSE.

ST. MARGARITACEUM, Ehrb. Plate LII, figs. 31-35.
Semi cells infront view subelliptic, rough with pearly
granules; outer margin convex, produced at each side into
a more or less attenuate, short process, having the granules
in transverse lines ;
blunt and entire at the apex. End view
circular, bordered by from 4-6, rarely 7, short, narrow, ob-
tuse, granulate marginal rays.
Diameter 30-35 yu.
Found in all States explored, from Rhode Island to Florida.

ST. STBIOLATUM, Naeg. Plate LXII, figs. 27, 28.

Small, as broad as long, sinus acute angled; semi-cells ob-
verse reniform ; angles rounded, end concave, transverse
striate, five or six striae distinct on each lobe; end view tri-
angular, angles rounded and sides concave each lobe trans ;

versely striate. The strife are series of smaller or larger

granules.
Diameter 22-35 p.
Not frequent, but found occasionally in distantly separated
localities, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and
other States.

.ST. TEICOENE, Breb. Plate LII, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Cells rough, with puucta-like granules; semi-cells taper-
ing on each side into a short, blunt, mostly entire, process ;

end view with three or four blunt angles.

Diameter 22-28 p.
Not in so many localities, but often numerously clustered
together ; Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
-ST. CEENATUM, Bailey. Plate LII, figs. 5, 6.
Semi-cells cuneate outer margins crenate
; ;
end view with
three truncate and crenate angles sides concave. ;

This species was reported by Bailey to Ralfs as found in

Rhode Island. Probably not seen since in this country.
 STAURASTIfUM. 1 39

ST. PSEUDOCRENATUM, Lund, i

ST. MAAMENSE, Arch.) Plate
XLVIII, figs. 9, 10.
Cells nearly one-fourth part longer than broad, suboval
ends somewhat truncate, deeply constricted, sinus narrow
linear semi-cells subsemicircular, base straight, sides sub-
;

crenate, crenae roughly truncate-emarginate; ends obsoletely

erose-dentate, inferior angles subtruneate; in vertical view
triangular, sides retuse, angles broadly subtruncate, dentate
with three granules.
Diameter 30-35 //. length 38-42 yw.
;

Found this species frequent in ponds, Minnesota and Cali-

fornia. This form is nearest to&'f. wenatum, Bailey, (in Ralfs'
Br. Des., p. 215,) but differs in having a much narrower sinus
between the semi-cells, and the semi-cells are not cunente
flabelliform.

ST. ERASUM, Breb., var. ESPINULOSA, Lund. Plate XLVIU,

figs. 16, 17.
Of medium size, as long as broad, coarsely granulate, sinus
acute angled, outwardly ampliated semi-cells somewhat
;

elliptic, back nearly straight, angles rounded, more or less

dentate, with large granules; in vertical view triangular,
angles broadly rounded, sides concave.
Diameter 34-38 yw.

Green's Lake, New Jersey.

ST. LUTEOLUM, Lagh. Plate XLIX, figs. 22, 23.

Cells rather small, nearly circular, deeply constricted,
sinus narrow linear; base of semi-cell straight, back arched,
inferior angles obtusely rounded grauulate-crenate. Mem
brane thick, punctate, yellowish.
Diameter 32 //. length 33 /*. thickness 32 ft.
; ;

Tewksbury, Massachusetts.
ST. COSMARIOIDES, Reinsch. Plate XLVI. figs. 7, 8.
Cells large, composed view of two orbicular semi-
in front
cells attached, forming an isthmus of one-third the diameter
of the cell margins of sides finely dentate in vertical view
; ;

triangular, angles rounded, sides slightly convex.

Prof. Reinsch describes this form as found in Pennsylvania.
To my knowledge it has not occurred since.

ST. POLYMORPHISM, Breb. Plate LIU, figs. 9, 10, 24. 25.

Semi-cells in front view broadly elliptic, with sides taper-
ing into short, stout processes, ends tipped with three or
four small spines membrane rough with minute, sometimes
;
140 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

acute granules; end view triangular, angles truncate, or

drawn out into short, stout processes, ends tipped with
small spines. Zygospores orbicular, armed with elongated
spines forked at the ends.
Diameter 25-30 //.

Frequent in ponds and small pools.

ST. CREXULATUM, Naeg., (Delp.). Plate LIII, figs. 26-29.

In front view hardly separable from the preceding; end
view with four, five or six angles, each produced into a short,
somewhat tapering ray; ends tipped with short spines r
stout,
which are sometimes merely rudimentary.
Diameter 30-38 yu.

Frequent in ponds, ditches and the like.

Some authors unite these forms with the preceding species;
others hold them as distinct for the reason that the rays often
have transverse series of large granules, which give a crenulate
appearance to the margins. Our artist failed to bring out this
feature as distinctly as it should be.

ST. MURICATUM, Breb. Plate LIII, figs. 3-6.

Suborbicular, deeply constricted, sinus narrow linear, or
slightly enlarged outwardly; rough with somewhat conical
granules ;
semi-cells subsemiorbicular, obtusely angles
rounded, or truncate; end view triangular, sides convex,
angles rounded or truncate spinous.
Diameter 40-45 pi.
Pools and ditches in many distantly separated localities,
. but not very numerous.

ST. ASPERUM, Breb. Plate LIII, figs. 7, 8.

In comparison with the preceding (St. muricatum), gran-
ules are emarginate, or divided semi-cells broadly elliptic ;
;

sinus much wider, and sides in end view straight otherwise ;

very near it.

Habitat and size the same.

ST. RUGULOSUM, Breb. Plate LII, figs. 41, 42.

Semi-cells elliptic, denticulate at their sides; end view
triangular, with angles broadly rounded and sides slightly
concave or straight.
Diameter about 38 p.

Very nearly related to the preceding I quote the diagnosis

;

of the author. Bailey reports it from New York and Rhode

Island I add it from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Not a
;

rare form.
 STAURASTRUM. 141

ST. PUNCTULATUM, Breb. Plate LIT, figs. 43-45.

Cytiodenn punctate granulate, semi-cells elliptic, straight,
ends broadly rounded; end view triangular, angles not pro-
duced, broadly rounded, sides lightly retuse.
Diameter 30-35 /<.
Frequent in marsh pools, ditches, on dripping rocks and the
like.

ST. PYGM^UM, Breb. Plate LIII, figs. 14-21.

Small, sinus wide, subrectangular semi-cells cuneiform or
;

broadly elliptic, often alternately attached, angles more or

less obtuse, and sometimes spinous; membrane granularly
rough.
Diameter 16-25 n.
Variable in size and form. They may be separated into
three divisions.

Forma, GENUINA, Breb., figs. 14, 15.

Forma, TRUNCATA, Wolle, figs. 16-19.

Forma, RHOMBOIDES, Wolle, figs. 20, 21.

Found in nearly all standing or quiet waters, sometimes in
large numbers.

ST. MEGALONOTUM, Nord., var. OBTUSUM, Hast. Plate XLII,

figs. 6, 7.
Small, about one-fourth longer than broad; cytioderm
granulate; isthmus about one-half width of cell sinuses ;

acute angled, opening outwardly; semi-cells truncately coni-

cal, base convex, sides concave, the truncate end with six
conical processes, only four of which are usually visible in
side view, basal angles obtuse (differing in this respect from
Arctic varieties) transverse view triangular, the angles
;

rounded, the sides slightly concave.

Diameter 45 i^.
Ponds and brooks, Rochester, New Hampshire.

ST. MINNEAPOLIENSE, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. 11-13.

Small verrucose semi -cells in front view subcuneate with
;

the two opposite superior angles drawn out into a short arm
with margins serrate, and apices finely toothed; arms di-
verging from the arms of the connected semi-cell in vertical ;

view arms straight, body much elevated on each side; in

lateral view arms straight, short body puffed out high on
;

each side, crenate on the apices.

142 DESMIDS OF THE TTNITED STATES.

Diameter in front view, including arms, 50-58 /A ;

thick-
ness ofbody 20-25 //.
The front presentation, not unlike other forms, but the
vertical and lateral views are quite distinct in the usual in-
flation of the body.
The name indicates the habitat.

ST. ALTERNANS, Breb. Plate LII, figs. 26-28.

Semi-cells granulate, elliptic or oblong, two or three times
as long as wide, and from their twisted position, unequal in
front view end view with three obtuse and rounded angles,
;

forming short rays, alternating with those of the other semi-

cell.

Diameter 20-28 //. Frequent.

ST. DILATATUM, Ehrb. Plate LXIII, figs. 32, 33.

Small, granulate ;
end view
semi-cells fusiform, equal ;

with three, four or five short, broad, truncate rays, granules

arranged in transverse lines.
Diameter 40 //. Frequent.
Distinguished from the preceding, mainly, by the semi-cell&
not being twisted.

ST. SILATATUM, Nord. Plate LTII, figs. 22, 23.

Cells in front view fully twice as wide as long, deeply con-
stricted sinus with rounded base, outwardly enlarged
; ;

semi-cells sublanceolate, ends straight, lightly undulate ;

end view five lobed, margins smooth.

Diameter 30 yu. length 13-16 //.
;

Ponds, Florida.

ST. CYRTOCERUM, Breb. Plate LIII, figs. 30, 31.

Cells rough with minute granules ; semi-cells, front view r
subcuneate, top broadly convex, superior angles produced
into short, stout, curved processes; end view triangular;
each angle produced into a curved horn-like process with
end toothed or divided; granules arranged in transverse
lines. Semi-cells often so twisted as to make one-half appear
longer than the other half.
Diameter 35-40 //.

Var. MAJOR, Wolle. Plate LIV, figs. 1, 2.

Not unlike the typical form except in size ;
often attains
to a diameter 120 /*.
 STAURASTUUM. 14&

Var. PENTACLADUM, Wolle. Plate LIII, figs. 32-35.

Separated from the other forms by the number of arms ;

they vary greatly in size, always symmetrically arranged

with five curved arms.
Diameter 44-85 /^.
Have one or the other form from every State hitherto
explored.

ST. PARADOXUM, Meyen. Plate LIII, figs. 36, 37.

Cellsrough with minute granules front view with elon-
;

gated diverging processes which are bifid or trifid at the

apices end view triangular or quadrangular.
;

Diameter 40-60 yu.

Ponds, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachu-

setts.
The figures represent an extraordinary form ; usually the
apices of the processes are more minutely trifid.

Var. OSCEOLENSE, Wolle. Plate XL VII, figs. 8, 9.

This variety differs from the typical form in its larger size,
quadrangular body and in the large trifid, hooked, apices of
the arms.
Diameter of spread of arms 60-70 ^u.
Lake Osceola, Winter Park, Florida.
ST. ARACHNE, Ealfs. Plate LIII, figs. 38-42.
Semi-cells minutely granular, suborbicular, with elongated,,
slender, often incurved processes; end view with three to-
five linear rays ; apices obtuse.
Diameter 40-50 >w.
Habitat same as that of the preceding. Distinguished
from it by its more slender arms and obtuse apices.

ST. COMPTUM, Wolle. Plate LIII, figs. 43-46.

Small, granulate; semi-cells subfusiform, ends convex;
arms more or less converging, separated by an elongated,
cylindrical, somewhat swollen isthmus, ribbed in the center;,
vertical view six radiate ; rays straight, tricuspidate at the
ends.
Diameter 30-40 p. length 40-50
; ju.

Not rare in ponds, New Jersey.

ST. ELONGATUM, Barker. (St. terebram, Nord.) Plate LVII r
figs. 11, 12.

Elongate; semi-cells subtriangular; base globosely inflated,

produced into a cylindrical column inflated at the end, and
144 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

drawn out into three arms somewhat reflexed at the ends ;

margins denticulate-undulate above, and spinous below ;

apices with three or four small spines. Inflated base with

three transverse series of small papillae; end view triangular,
sides concave, denticulate.
Diameter 43-45 /*. ; length 60-75 ^.
Ponds, Pennsylvania.
Var. TETRAGONUM, Wolle. Plate LXII, fig. 31.
Separated from the typical form in having in end view
four rays instead of three; in having the rays horizontal,
not reflexed, and terminating with three or four strong
teeth; the ends of the cells are rough with spine-like gran
ules the base of the semi cells inflated, corrugated and
;

denticulate.
Diameter 38 //. length 58 JM.
;

Pond, Brown's Mill, N. J.

ST. SCABRUM, Breb. Plate LII, figs. 29, 30.
Semi-cells elliptic, scabrous; end view triangular, fringed
with minute emarginate spines sides straight, angles obtuse.
;

Diameter 25-28 /<.

Occasional in ponds, trenches and ditches, Pennsylvania

and New Jersey.
ST. FASCICULOIDES, Wolle. Plate LIII, figs. 54, 55.

Small, somewhat longer than broad, granular, sheaf form,

slightly constricted and notched in the middle, furnished
with a small protuberance on each side the notch (front
view), apex 2-4 cuspidate. Ends convex, angles drawn out,
each into a horizontal, short, stout, tapering process, apex
dentate. End view triangular, sides slightly convex, angles
dentate with two or three acute, conical teeth.
Diameter 27-30 yu. ; length 38 /<.

Wet rocks, Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania.

ST. PUSILLUM, Wolle. Plate LIII, figs. 47-50.
Very small, oblong, rectilinear, constriction indistinct;
angles produced into diverging horn like processes; end view
quadrangular, angles drawn out into four diverging pro-
cesses, ends obtuse ;
membrane granular.
Diameter 8 j*. length 14 /^., without the processes; about
;

twice the measure with them. Larger form has with pro-
cesses a diameter of 25 /*.
Not rare in ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
 STAURASTKUM. 145

ST. FRANCONIUM, Eeinsch. (St. divaricatum, Wolle.) Plate

LVII, fig. 22.
This species is separated from the preceding (St. pusillum)
by its somewhat larger size and by having in end view, five

processes with bifid apices, not obtuse. The typical plant

is described by the author, "membrana glabra, (aut cornua

verruculosa)." Our forms are always granular.

Diameter about 30 yu. with processes.
This, and the preceding, not common, but they appear in
many widely separated localities in New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania.

ST. HAABOELIENSE, Wille. Plate LIII, figs. 51-53.

Small, about one-third more in breadth than length con- ;

striction in the middle forms a wide sinus; semi-cells in

front view subelliptic, ends bicuspidate, margins dentate;
in vertical view triangular or rarely quadrangular, sides
sinuate. Membrane granulate.
Diameter 24 /u. length 18 u.
;

Found this form several times in ponds, New Jersey it ;

differs slightly from St. tricorne except in the apices, which

are not obtuse but bicuspidate.

ST. BOTROPHILUM, Wolle. Plate LIII, figs. 11-13.

Somewhat longer than broad, distinctly granular; granules
arranged in concentric series; semi -cells, front view, sub-
triangular, with ends broadly truncate, sides moderately
convex or nearly straight, converging, basal angles rounded ;

end view triangular, angles rounded, sides slightly convex

or straight ;
lateral view, subelliptic.

Diameter 36-38 p.
Collected in marsh ditches near Bethlehem, Pa. In front
view it has the appearance of a Cosmarinm, like some form of
notrytia, but in side and end views it is a Staurattfruni.

ST. PRINGLEI, Wolle. Plate LXI, figs. 25.

Cy tioderm granular of equal length and breadth
; ;
con-
striction not deep, sinus wide; semi cells subtriangular,
sides rounded, end concave with a central inflation, angles
acute.End view triangular, sides concave, angles acute.
Membrane rough with fine granules. Surrounded by a thick
gelatinous sheath.
Diameter 28-33 p.
Found by C. G. Pringle, Nebraska Notch, Vt.
10
146 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ST. DONNELLII, Wolle. Plate LXIII, fig. 20.

Small, twice as long as wide, oblong-quadrate ; cytioderni
punctate and sulcate; semi-cells quadrangular with basal
angles rounded, sides crenulate; superior angles (four) pro-
duced into short, obtuse, diverging processes; end view
quadrangular.
Diameter 15 //.

Collected by J. Donuell Smith in Florida.

This species is nearest St. pusillum, but unlike it in the pro-
portionately longer cell, the almost smooth and sulcate mem-
brane, and the crenulate sides.

ST. INCISUM, Wolle. Plate LIT, figs. 12-14.

Cytioderni granulate, margins serrately toothed; semi-cells
in frontview cuneate, base broad, sides diverging to a con-
vex top; the upper portion on each side produced into short,
obtuse, tapering processes end view, five or six radiate
;
;

rays with broad base, somewhat tapering to the obtuse

apices sides serrately toothed the rays separated at their
; ;

broad base by an acute-angled, or linear incision.

Diameter 36-40 p.
Principally from Splitrock and other ponds of New Jersey.
St. pulchrum and 8t. distentum have a leading feature of this

species the incision, or notch between the bases of the rays,

but they are separated by the smooth membrane and differ-
ently formed notch.
ST. MERIANI, Eeinsch. Plate LVII, figs. 17-19.
Cells in front view subrectangnlar, roughly granulate,
slightly constricted in the middle; semi-cells somewhat en-
larged in the upper portion sometimes slightly constricted
;

near the end apex rounded end view usually pentagonal,

; ;

but varies, more rarely, from four to six angular.

Diameter 1 6-24 /^. length about one-half more.
;

Have found this species in various ponds of New Jersey

and Pennsylvania.
ST. HELENEANUM, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 6, 7.
Small, finely granular; granules arranged in transverse
lows; semi-cells, front view, narrow, elliptic, ends slightly
emarginate; angles somewhat produced, and apices furcate ;

vertical view triradiate, with large central inflation, rays

short, stout, tumid at base and furcate at apices; basal in-
flation furnished on each side with a small bicuspidate

prominence.
Diameter 30-36 ju.
 STAURASTRUM. 147

Frequent in Splitrock Pond, New Jersey.

There is a trace of similarity between this desmid and St.
vestitum, Ralfs, but, while the latter has two or more slender
forked spines in the middle of each side, mine has stouter
forked prominences on the inflated base of each ray the ;

sides, moreover, are not concave, but undulate convex size ;

of plant much smaller.

ST. CERASTES, Lund. Plate LIV, figs. 6, 7.

Bather broader than long semi-cells in front view, ends
;

lunate, drawn out in the middle of the concave side into a

subconical column the lateral horns are robust, short, in-
;

curved, apices obtuse the exterior margin coarsely granu

;

late and often very rough with large emarginate, bifid,

verrucae; the interior margin nude; end view quadrangular,
angles produced into stout, straight horns, apices tridentate;
margins and areas variously roughened, with larger and
smaller granules and often dentate with large conical, or
emarginate-bifid verrucae.
Diameter 60-70 ^.
Not abundant, nevertheless a cosmopolite.
The figures represent a smoother specimen.

ST. GRACILE, Ralfs. Plate LIV, figs. 16, 17.

Semi -cells rough, elongated on each side into a slender
process which is terminated by minute spines end view ;

tri radiate.

Diameter 40-50 length about one-third this measure.

yw. ;

Ponds, pools, ditches from Vermont to Florida, and west-

ward as far as explorations have been made.

ST. OPHIURA, Lund. Plate LIV, figs. 10, 11.

Large, slightly constricted in the middle; semi -cells some-

what obovate, end convex and ornate with bifid papillae ;

superior angles produced laterally with elongated, thin,

almost colorless, straight, or lightly incurved rays, with
margins more or less denticulate, and apices dentate.
Viewed from the vertex seven (rarely six or eight) rayed ;

rays attenuated, long, apices tridentate, margins serrate-

dentate; center ornate with a crown composed of seven
(rarely six or eight) four-parted papillae.
Diameter 140-150 /*. length 65-80 yu. ;

More abundant in the waters of New Jersey than of Penn-

sylvania ;
found specimens also in ponds, Massachusetts.
148 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Var. TETRACERUM, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 1, 2.

Var. PENTACERUM, Wolle. Plate LV, fig. 3.
The one four-armed, and the other five-armed the crown ;

papillae correspond in number with the arms in other ;

details they are not unlike the typical form; the serrate-
dentate margins vary greatly in different specimens.
These varieties I collected only in Denmark Pond, Passaic
County, N. J., where they occurred frequently.

ST. MACROCERUM, Wolle. Plate LIV, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Very large, granularly rough; semi -cells, front view, sub-
cuneate, truncate base and rounded top; upper angles later-
ally produced into long, slightly tapering, straight or lightly
incurved arms, margins serrate, ends bifid end view six :

radiate. Separated from the preceding partly by the less

number of arms, the less, central elevation (front view and )

the absence of the crown of papillae.

Diameter 150-180 ju.
Not rare in New Jersey waters.
ST. ODONTATUM, Wolle. Plate LIV, figs. 8, 9.
Of equal length and breadth; semi-cells in front view sub-
quadrangular, end convex, upper angles drawn out laterally
into straight or lightly incurved arms, as long as the breadth
of the body of the cell; margins serrate, apices furcate; the
lightly rounded inferior angles, each armed with a strong.
short, aculeus. End view quadrangular, four rayed.
Diameter 62-75 j*. ; length 45 /*.

Splitrock Pond, Passaic County, N. J.

ST. EOTULA, Nord. Plate LV. figs. 13, 14.

Large, punctate, profoundly constricted semi-cells sub- ;

hexagonal, top truncate and furnished with a few teeth ;

angles produced laterally into long, straight rays, margins

with three (or four?) tooth-like prominences end view cir- ;

cular with seven to nine straight rays, margins tri-dentate

crenate, apices trifid; at the base of each ray a large granule,
area between, punctate.
Diameter 88-125 Florida specimens 50-02 //.
//.

Denmark, Splitrock, and other ponds, Passaic County, N. J .

;

Florida. Very rare in Pennsylvania.

ST. COROXULATUM, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 11, 12.

Twice as wide as long; semi-cells obovate; sides produced
into somewhat tapering, incurved arms, margins dentate;
 STAURASTUUM. 149

ends convex, bearing six oblong teeth arranged in crown-

form; viewed from the vertex, six radiate, margins delicately
serrate-dentate, apices tridentate.
Diameter 75-85 ^.
Denmark Pond, Passaic County, and pond near Malaga,
New Jersey.
This species has the crown teeth of St. Rotula, but not the
size,numher of arms, nor the serration.

Yar. FLORIDENSE, Wolle. Plate LIV, figs. 12, 13, 14.

This form has points in common with the present species,
with St. Ophiura, with St. pentacladum ; but the form recog-
nized under the latter name is very slender and usually
smaller; St. Ophiura has seven arms, long, and coarsely den-
tate-serrate. Size, relative length of arms and breadth of
body, and the marginal serration and crown papillae or teeth,
make it appear most nearly allied to the present species.
Diameter 75-85 //. exceptions 50 //.
;

Frequent in pond water, Florida.

ST. PENTACLADUM, Wolle. Plate LIV, fig. 15 ;

Plate LV. figs.
15, 16.
Of the same general type as the preceding. It has five

rays, end view, but these are more slender, the body is
smaller and the apices are more spreading.
Diameter 40-70 //.

Gilder Pond, Mt. Everett, Mass., and in waters scattered

throughout New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

ST. LEPTOCLADUM, Nord. Plate LV, figs. 4, 5.

Semi -cells subtriangular, end broadly rounded, furnished
with small rudimentary teeth within the margin a small
;

tumor; margins serrate-crenate base truncate, superior

;

angles produced laterally, each into a long, thin, incurved,

granularly rough arm with a bi-tri -furcate apex in vertical ;

view, fusiform with an obtuse angled inflation in the middle.

Diameter 80-100 yu. length about 25 //.
;

The original, typical plant from Brazil, is described by the

author, and figured by him with the arms strongly incurved
and body longer than our form. The plants identified as of
this species, have the arms nearly horizontal, and often
strongly recurved.
They occur frequently in ponds of New Jersey, Massachu-
setts, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Florida and doubtless in
many other States.
150 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ST. GRALLATORIUM, Nord. Plate LV, fig. 19.

Semi-cells subquadrangular, top somewhat produced with
one, or two, small aculei at each angle; inferior angles
rounded; sides produced, each into a long, thin, colorless
ray, margins creuate -dentate, apex bi-tri-furcate vertical ;

view oval, produced on opposite sides into a long thin arm.

Diameter 100-125 p.
Var. UNGULATUM, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 17, 18.
Besides having the apices of the rays tipped with a single
claw-like spine, they are usually shorter and stouter, varying
as the figures.
This variety is from Florida the typical forms from Den-
;

mark Pond, Passaic Co., New Jersey.

ST. FUSIFOEME, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 20, 21.

Semi-cells in front view, narrow fusiform, lateral angles
drawn out into long, colorless arms, margins crenate dentate,
apices bifurcate back or end broadly rounded or straight,
;

crenate end view fusiform.

;

Diameter 125-138 /*. ;length 38 /*.

This species appears to be related to the preceding two, but
varies from both in form of cell from St. leptocladum, in the
;

longer, stouter, and straighter arms, and from St. grallatorium,

in the absence of the produced back and the aculei.
Denmark Pond, New Jersey.
ST. IOTANUM, Wolle. Plate LXII, figs. 5-7.
Very minute; semi-cells quadrangular, .angles drawn out
into thin, diverging, granular rays, each about as long as the
diameter of the body; apices obtuse; end view tri radiate.
Diameter, including the rays, 15-20 //.
The rays are so minute, they appear like a single series of
fine granules.
Found this very small species quite numerous at Oceun
Beach and at Malaga, N. J.
ST. ANKYROIDES, Wolle. Plate LXII, fig. 4 and variety fig. 3.
About as long as wide, granularly rough; semi-cells cylin-
drical with enlargement towards the convex end sides pro- ;

duced laterally into narrow, elongate, slightly tapering, in-

curved arms, margins granulate-crenate, apices bifurcate ;

end view quadrangular, four-rayed.

Diameter 82 ju. length 75 /*.
;

The only water which hitherto furnished this new species

is a pond near Malaga, Xew Jersey.
 STAUEASTRDM. 151

Var. HEXACERUM, Wolle. Plate LXII, fig. 3.

Somewhat stouter than the typical form and furnished
with six arms.
Ponds, northern counties of New Jersey.
In the possession of six arms it bears some resemblance to
St. coronulatum, but with nearly twice the length, and in the
absence of the circle of large granules on the convex end,
which suggested the name, it appears more nearly related to
St. ankyroides.

ST. NANUM, Wolle. Plate LV, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Very small, smooth, or granulate-punctate; semi -cells sub-
cuneate, sides somewhat rounded, ends broadly convex ;

superior angles produced laterally into straight slightly di-

verging arms, nearly as long as the diameter of the cell, ends
forked viewed from the end tri-radiate, sometimes twisted
;

so that the arms of the lower half cell alternate with those
of the upper half:
Diameter 20-25 p.

Frequent in ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.

This minute species is nearest St. gracAle, Ralfs, but differs
in its smaller size, more forked apices, and smoother mem-
brane.

ST. VESTITUM, Ralfs. Plate LVI, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Cells rough with minute granules with this investment ;

there are also minute emarginate spines; semi-cells fusiform

in front view seen from the vertex, triradiate, each side
;

having two slender, forked spines in the middle, ami often

accompanied by other smaller ones.
Diameter (J2-90 >u.
Has a home in many parts of the civilized world, .> here
also it is found widely scattered.

ST. SEBALDI, (SanctiSebaldi), Reinsch. Plate LVII, figs. 1-6; 10.

One-fourth to one-half wider than long, coarsely granulate;
margins in part granulate-crenate, and in part spinous.
Semi-cells broad cuneate, base truncate, top convex, with
sides more or less conically produced apices bifid or trifid ; ;

near the top. margin a series of emarginate or tricuspidate

spines, which come to view at one or the other end of the
cell as it is more or less inclined from a horizontal position.
End view triangular, angles slightly produced, apices tri-
dental*-; sides nearly straight, or slightly convex.
Diameter 75 !)."> n.
152 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED ST.VI !>

A conspicuous species, large, stout and spinous variable in ;

the length of the lateral arms; in some cases short, stumpy; iu

others more elongated the spines are also variously promi-
;

nent in exact horizontal position they are often not notice-

;

able when somewhat turned they become prominent on one

;

end and indistinct on the other the result of their being

;

arranged not on the margin but within it.

The finest, largest and best developed forms, I found in
small pools and ditches, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Var. SPINOSUM, Wolle. Plate LVII, fig. 7.

The spine (process) protruding near each lateral margin
of the semi-cell, is the peculiarity of this variety.
Collected near Minneapolis, Minn.

ST. PSEUDOSEBALDI, Wille. Plate LVII, figs. 8, 9.

Cells one-fifth part more in width than length, profoundly
constricted; spines of the end of the semi-cells bifurcate;
rays nearly straight, granular, apices tricuspidate vertical ;

view, triangular, sides concave, furnished in the middle with

short bifurcate spines.
Diameter about 75 p.
Ponds, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

ST. ANATINUM, Cooke and Wills. Plate LXII, figs. 1, 2.

Large, granularly rough, or spinous; semi-cells in front

view oval with ends drawn out into diverging arms, apices
trifid. End view triangular, sides slightly concave, with
angles produced into straight arms; margins in both views
ornate with large, emarginate-bifid, or papilliform verrucae.
Diameter 60-80 //. length about one-half the diameter.
;

Ponds, Mt. Everett, Mass.

This species differs from St. Sebaldi, in being more slender,
not so turgid, arms more protracted, and more evenly clothed
with large verrucae.

ST. AECUVTUM, Nord. (Var.) Plate LVII, figs. 13, 14.

In length and breadth about the same constriction deep ; ;

sinus acute angled, much ampliated semi -cells elliptic,

;

granularly rough, granules arranged in transverse series ;

base convex, top convex or straight, each end furnished with

large diverging twinned aculei end view triangular, center
;

smooth arms short with granules in transverse series sides

; ;

furnished with four or more bicuspidate spines angles with ;

two aculei, only one of which is clearly visible in exact

horizontal position of cell.

Diameter 30-36 /*., without the aculei.

 STAURA STRUM. 153

Split rock Pond, Passaic Co., N. J.

Our species differs somewhat from the typical Norwegian
form, but I adopt the name for our variety.

ST. SUBARCUATUM, Wolle. Plate LVII, figs. 15, 16.

This species to the preceding, St. arcwtum; I have
is allied

separated it because it is smaller, the aculei at the terminal

angles are not so long and the marginal granules are only
rarely bifid. In end view, the papilla-like granules are
arranged concentrically, often protruding on the margins.
Since naming this desniid, three years since, I came across
varieties ofSt. Avicula coarsely granulate, which are very

near to this form. A

variety of Avicula would have been
equally appropriate.
ST. ORESCENTUM, Hast. Plate XLI1, figs. 8-11.
Semi-cells subelliptic, or somewhat hexagonal, base trun-
cate convex, undulate superior lateral margins each with
;

three teeth or verrucae, the upper two truncate; apex trun-

cate undulate; each lateral angle furnished with two, or
rarely three, diverging aculei, rarely unarmed end view ;

triangular, sides sinuous concave, sometimes furnished with

a subulate spine near the angles angles suddenly attenuate,
;

rounded and usually furnished with two, sometimes three

aculei, rarely unarmed ; center of triangle smooth, sur-
rounded by three pairs of crescentric teeth in a wide circle,
these are surrounded by others, so that each limb of the
triangle bears five crescentric teeth, two, two and one, all
within the margin, the last one sometimes indistinct or ob-
solete.

Diameter, without aculei, 45-50 yw.

From a small pond, Dover, N. H.
This at first view recalls 8t. arcuatum, also St. forficula-
tum, but in end view the crescentric markings, the suddenly
attenuate angles the sinuous concave sides and the lateral
;

subulate spines make a good specific character.

SECTION III.
MEMBRANE PILOSE, SPINOUS OR ACULEATED.

ST. ACULEATUM, Ehrb. Plate LVI, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Cells spiuulose; semi-cells with sides somewhat drawn out,
margined with smaller aculei, and terminated by larger ones;
end view usually with three, but sometimes also with four
angles.
Diameter, without aculei, about 50 p.
154 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Pond, near Minneapolis, Minn. Found no good specimens

elsewhere.
Semi-cells are elliptic or fusiform, thickly spinulose. the
spines usually simple, rarely divided at the apex the semi- ;

cells taper on ea-^h side into a short process tipped with three
or four larger aculei.
This form agrees well with St. Saxonicum, Reinsch. Buln-
heim lias a different form with the same name which I have
adopted in this monograph.

ST. TELIFERUM, Ealfs. Plate LVI, fig. 4.

Semi-cells more or less reniform, aculeated ;
the aculei
larger and most densely end view trian
set at the angles -
;

gular, sides concave, angles broadly rounded and bristly.

Diameter 33-38 //.
Not rare in pond waters of New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Massachusetts.

ST. BREBISSONII, Arch. Plate LVI, figs. 5, 6.

Cells very near St. teliferum, but much larger ;
semi-cells
more elliptic and aculei proportionately smaller.
Diameter 62 /<.

Florida, the only habitat hitherto found.

ST. SETIGERUM, Cleve. Plate LVI, figs. 26, 27.

Semi-cells broadly elliptic, bristly; the bristles, or more
properly aculei, have a firm base and sting-like apex they ;

are arranged on the margins, with two longer, and stronger,

diverging ones on each lateral angle.
Diameter with aculei 45 yw. without aculei 25
; //.

Not north of Florida, as far as I could discover.

ST. SAXONICUM, Bulnh. (Not Reinsch' s form.) Plate LVI,

figs. 33, 34.

Large, spinous; semi-cells elliptic, evenly aculeated over

the whole membrane end view triangular, sides straight or
;

slightly concave.
Diameter 68-75 n.
Budd's Lake, N. J. Compare note, SY. >-n!< aiinn.

Var. PENTAGONUM. Plate XLII, figs. 14, 15.

ST. ECHINATUM, Breb. Plate LVI, figs. 31, 32.

Small, as long as broad, finely aculeated; semi-cells

elliptic;end view triangular, angles broadly rounded, sides
straight or lightly convex; whole membrane except the
 STAURASTRUM. 155

center of the semi-cells, aculeated; 7-10 aculei to a side,

end view.
Diameter 27-30 /J.
Not infrequent in pools and ponds, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and other States.

ST. PECTEN, Perty. Plate LVI, figs. 35, 36.

This looks like and probably is a depauperated variety of
the last, St. echinatum.
Diameter 20 f*.
Denmark Pond, Passaic County, N. J.

ST. HIRSUTUM, (Ehrb.), Breb. Plate LVI, figs. 19-21.

About as long as broad, more or less densely covered with
thin, short, even, hair-like spines semi-cells elliptic or sub-
;

semiorbicular; end view triangular, angles obtusely rounded,

sides straight or moderately convex.
Diameter 40-60 p.
A common species.
ST. SOCIATUM, Wolle. Plate LVI, figs. 22, 23.
Separated from the last two, mainly by the arrangement
of the spines which are sociated, or twinned.
Diameter without spines 28-30 /*., with spines 40-45 n.
This species has some resemblance to St. geminatum, Nord.,
but the twinned spines are smaller, and the number twice as
large.

ST. XIPHIDIOPHORUM, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. "21, 22, and

Plate XLIX, fig. 19.

Small, one and one- half to two times as long as broad,

deeply constricted, sinus narrow, widening irregularly out-
wardly semi-cells transversely oblong, with lateral margins
;

notched the end margins drawn out into a sort of one-sided,

;

hastate, poignard-like spines or slender points, usually nine

in number membrane smooth with several verrucae end
; ; ;

view triangular, angles broadly truncate and usually each

showing three prominences, the bases or supports of three
spines, sides concave.
Diameter 25-30 //. length 40 /<. and upward.
;

Ponds, near Minneapolis and Stillwater, Minnesota.

Var. SIMPLEX, Wolle, differing from the type-form in having

less spines, usually six; (Plate XLIX, fig. 19,) in end view
the truncate angles have only two prominences each.
156 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATI>

Found this form frequent in material collected in small

pools near Lake Tahoe, California, by Mr*. Hanson and Miss
Haggin, of San Francisco.

ST. MINNESOTENSE, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. 7, s.

Cells large, punctate, spinous, about as long as broad ;

semi-cells broadly elliptic, twice as wide as long; lateral

angles each with two large straight or incurved spines or
aculei, three more pairs of similar spines placed within the
margin of the end, one of each pair on opposite sides of the
semi cell six more, often inconspicuous, arranged around
;

the center end view triangular, with two spines at each

;

angle and two pairs (near the margin) between the angles,
on each side of the triangle; around the center are nine
more spines, often indistinct.
Diameter (>5-75 v. without, and 90-100 //. with the spines.
Frequent in Minnesota ponds.

ST. TRIDENTIFERUM, Wolle. Plate LVI, figs. 9, 10.

Very small, smooth, sinus ample semi-cells elliptic, ends
;

more or less convex, angles furnished with three, firm. <li

verging aculei end view triangular, sides retuse, angles
;

with three large aculei.

Diameter 17-20 /^., without spines; with them 25-28 jw.

Sluggish waters, Pennsylvania.

ST. CRUCIATUM, Wolle. Plate LVI, figs. 11-13.

Small, smooth, front view cruciform, lobes short linear,
ends rounded sinuses wide, rectangular end view three or
; ;

four lobed, slightly tapering, ends rounded and furnished

with a number of more or less diverging setae, which are
as long as the lobes.
Diameter 25 /*., without setae.
Ponds, Northampton Co., Pa.

ST. CERBERUS, Bailey. Plate LVI, figs. 7, 8.

"Cells small, deeply constricted, semi-cells three lobed;
lobes with four teeth, two of which project upwards and two
downwards, at each truncate angle."
Diameter 25-30 yu.

This species is reported by Bailey, from lakes in Florida.

ST. HYSTRIX, Ealfs. Plate LVI, figs. 14-16.

Semi-cells in front view subquadrate, extremities some-
what rounded, end margins nearly straight, furnished with
 STAURASTUUM. 157

a few scattered, subulate, acute spines, chiefly confined to

the lateral extremities end view with three or four broadly
;

rounded angles, the spines scattered, chiefly confined to the

lateral extremities, sides concave.

Diameter 22-25 /*.

Rhode Island, (S. T. Olney) Thwaites.

ST. EAVENELII, Wood. Plate LVI, figs. 17, 18. Plate LXIII.
figs. 7, 8.
A little longer than broad ;
semi-cells from the front, ellip-
tical or oval, from the vertex triangular,
not semiorbicular ;

with the sides convex or slightly retuse, and the angles

rounded; connecting isthmus obsolete, broad sinus acute-
angled cytioderm armed with numerous acute robust spines.
;

Diameter 25-30 //. ; length 35-38 //.

Still water, Aiken, South Carolina, collected by H. W.

Ravenel.
Although in frequent correspondence with Mr. Ravenel,
and having examined hundreds of specimens gathered by
him the past years, I was not so fortunate as to find this
desmid until December, 1883. The specimens were dried,
and more or less collapsed and shriveled in consequence, but
I was delighted to be able to identify ten to fifteen good speci-

mens. A peculiarity is the somewhat irregular arrangement

of the conical granules. The drawing, front view, of the
semi cells (fig. 18) is singularly incorrect the inferior angles
;

should be rounded so as to form a wide, acute-angled sinus.

See Plate LXIII, fig. 8.

ST. <
'ONTROVERSUM, Breb. Plate LVI, figs. 24, 25.
Cells spinulose semi cells with a short, irregular process
;

on each side terminated by minute spines end view with ;

three or four distorted rays.

Diameter 38-65 //.; length 75 /*., more or less.

Marsh pool, Minneapolis, Minn.

A variable species in size, in distortions, and in arrange-
ment and size of spines. The lateral angles of the semi-cells
are often much incurved and tipped with minute subulate
spines. In both views, the semi-cells show numerous conspic-
uous spines which are either subulate or forked at the end.

ST. ASPixosuM, Wolle. Plate LXII, figs. 22, 23.

Semi-cells smooth, in front view oval, with each end pro-
tracted into a colorless arm about three times as long as the
breadth of the body, diverging, apices tricuspidate, margins
158 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

rough with minute, firm, perpendicular, irregularly placed

aculei end view triradiate.
;

Spread of the arm 58-63 ^.

Pond, Brown's Mills, New Jersey.
Thevertical spines, like the thorns of a rose, give this plant
a distinctive character.

ST. QUATERNIUM, Wolle. Plate LXII1, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Small, smooth, quadrangular view deeply con- in front ;

stricted sinus acute -angled, much ampliated

;
semi -eel Is ;

oblong, sides rounded, ends truncate, each angle furnished

with four firm aculei; end view triangular, sides concave,
angles broadly rounded and furnished with four aculei, two
on the margin, somewhat separated, and two within the
margin, one on each side of the cell, and projecting between
the other two. By turning the cells two smaller aculei may
be detected near the margins of the sides.
Diameter of body 25 /<. ; including aculei 40-50 jw.
Ponds, near Malaga, N. J., and Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

ST. CORNUTUM, Wolle. Plate XL VIII, figs. 3, 4, duplicated on

Plate XLVI, figs. 11, 12.
Cells medium size, about one-fourth
longer than broad,
smooth semi -cell oval or broadly elliptic, with a prominent,
;

somewhat inwardly curved aculeus at each angle; end view

triangular, angles rounded, each with a firm aculeus, sides
straight or slightly concave.
Diameter 55-60 //. length about 70 /^., aculei not included.
;

In front view resembles a large form of Arthrodesmus con-

rergenSj but the triangular end views prove it distinct.

Ponds, Minnesota not infrequent.

;

ST. CALYXOIDES, Wolle. Plate XLVIII, figs. 14, 15.

Nearly equal in length and breadth; smooth or finely
punctate; deeply constricted; semi-cells saucer- or calyx
-

shaped, bearing on the undulate margin five equally distant

divergent spines end view pentagonal, each angle produced
;

and bearing a strong aculeus.

Diameter about 33 //. without, and 75
with, the aculei. jw.

Pond, near Manchester, Ocean County, and Green's Lake,

Warren County, New Jersey.

ST. FORFICULATUM, Lund. Plate LXII, figs. 16-19.

Cells rather broader than long; deeply constricted; sinus
wide; semi-cells subtrapezoid, end truncately rounded base ;
 STAURASTRUM. 159

convex, sides somewhat produced and divided into two large

diverging mucros margins ornate with large emarginate
;

verrucae, or more or less conspicuous prominences in ver- ;

tical aspect three, or more rarely, four or five angled angles ;

produced and divided, and sides furnished with spines as in

front view.

Diameter, including aculei, 70-80 yw.

Bamber Pond, New Jersey.

The form of the semi-cells is more elliptic than trapezoid,
but in other points it is a good representative of Lundell's
Swedish plant.

ST. MONTICULOSUM, Breb. Var. Ufarlum, Nord. Plate LXII,

figs. 24-26.
Semi -cells with a forked spine at each lateral angle, and at
the end, two twinned, stout, acute, or furcate prominences ;

vertical view usually triangular, angles acute or bifid as the

cell is ina horizontal position, or somewhat turned ;
sides
with four single or two bifid prominences.
Diameter 38 /v. length 33-35 /*.
;

Spring Lake, New Jersey.

The form I found is not the typical plant, but answers the
description of Nordstedt's Norway variety, bifarium.

ST. TRICORNUTUM, Wolle. Plate LVIII, figs. 1, 2.

Large, as long as wide, smooth, semi -cells broad.-elliptic

with angles terminated by three long, stout, colorless, di-
verging, subulate spines; vertical view triangular, sides
somewhat concave, or sometimes slightly convex, angles ter-
minated with three subulate spines.
Diameter of body 90-100 //. with the spines 175-200 yw.
;

Frequent in Hammonton and other ponds of southern New

Jersey.

ST. Nov^: C^SAR^E, Wolle. Plate LVIII, figs. 3, 4.

Cells as long as broad, or somewhat longer, coarsely gran-
ulate semi-cells in front view elliptic, margins crenulate,
;

angles produced into two long subulate, divergent spines;

vertical view quadrangular, at angles somewhat constricted,
often producing a mammiform appearance, and drawn out
into two, long, subulate spines.
Diameter without spines 36-40 //. with spines 62-70 //.
;

This species, hitherto found only in a pond near Hammon-

ton, N. J., proves to have a home in Florida also. The plant
160 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

differssomewhat from the more northern form, in having the

subulate spines at the angles not so long, and the cell itself not
quite so large. Jas. L. Bennett reports this plant from Provi-
dence, B. I., with end view triangular.

ST. LONGISPINUM, Bailey. Plate LII, fig. 7.

Large, smooth, triangular, with two long spines at each

angle.
Diameter of body 75 yw. ;
with spines 150 ^.
Lakes in Florida (Bailey).

ST. QUADRANGULARE, Breb. Plate LII, figs. 1-4.

Cells smooth, nearly square, divided by a deep, linear
constriction into rectangular-oblong semi-cells with a few
marginal spines or teeth end view quadrilateral, sides more
;

or less concave, angles truncate and emarginate or dentate.

Diameter 23-30 /A
Not infrequent in ponds of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
Florida.

ST. BRASILIENSE, Nord. Plate LIX, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Semi-cells short cuneate, top truncate, or moderately
rounded, angles terminating- in three firm, diverging aculei :

end view pentangular each angle produced into three more

;

or less elongated firm subulate diverging spines, sides con-

cave ;
membrane
punctate.
Diameter 87-130 //., including the spines.

Three localities only have been developed for this species ;

Florida furnishes the smaller form figured the other is from ;

pond, Passaic County, New Jersey, and from vicinity of

Mobile, Alabama. The original form from Brazil, is described
by the author as usually quadrangular, and angles often
furnished with four spines.

Var. TRIQUETRUM, Wolle. Plate XLIX, figs. 39, 40.

The form hitherto found here is pentangular in vertical
view the form first discovered and described by Nordstedt,
;

is quadrangular, found in Brazil. The present variety from

California is triangular in vertical view it appears so nearly ;

related in character of cell, arrangement and character of

aculei, think it best described as a variety of the saim-
species.
Diameter of cells, including aculei, 63-67 //.
Smaller than the pentangular form, but about the same
size as the original quadrangular form.
Collected in small pools near Lake Tahoe, by Mrs.
and Miss Haggin, San Francisco, California.
 STAURASTIUJM. 161

SKCTION IV. Cells furnished with IUUIUM-OUS processes usually divided at the
ends.

ST. FURCIGEKUM, Breb. Plate LIX, figs. 12-14; Plate LXIII,

figs. 23, 24.
Cells constricted at the middle, angular, with six processes
to each semi cell; in end view, triangular, one process at
each angle and one within the angle, about halt' way between
it and the center of the triangle. Plate LTX, fig. 12, Plate

LXIII, fig. 24; semi-cell in front view somewhat elliptic,

Plate LIX, fig. 13 Plate LXIII, fig. 23 each end drawn
; ;

out into a short process, margins serrate, ends furcate or

toothed; three other processes are usually in view, two on
the end margin, and one intermediate. Cytioderm granular;
granules arranged in transverse lines.
Diameter 50-62 /<.

Occurs in many localities, Rhode Island and southward to

South Carolina and Florida.
Foreign authors report a form, quadrangular in end view ;

such would have eight processes to a semi-cell.

I find considerable diversity in the specimens of this species,
particularly in the arrangement of the processes on the tops
or ends of the cells typically they are attached away from
;

the center, and are directed towards the angles a variety ;

(Plate LIX, fig. 14), has them coming from the center and
directed transversely, or at right angles with the sides.

ST. EUSTEPHANUM, (Ehrb. Ealfs. Plate LIX, figs. 9-11.

),

Of nearly equal length and breadth, granular, margins

more or less serrate; semi-cells elliptic (fig. 9) with angles
produced, furcate; end view triangular, furnished with nine
processes, counting the three somewhat produced, and bi-
furcate angles; the other six are on the upper surface,
attached, usually between the center and the margins, ends
elevated above the surface the processes extend to margins,
;

or slightly over them in front view, these present them-

;

selves on the outer margin in two pairs the third pair is ;

either under the cell, or stands towards the eye, and is in-
visible.

Diameter varies from 50-75 ^.

Var. a. fig. 11 represents a form with more elongated
processes.
Var. b. figs. 4-6 is another variety, very distinct; it is
smaller in size and has spreading, swallowtail-like ends of
processes.
11
162 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES

The latter was collected in Minnesota; the others occur

frequently in small ponds and ditches, New York, (Bailey ;

Ehrenberg) Pennsylvania,
;
New Jersey, South Carolina,
Massachusetts. Figs. 4-6 may represent a new species ;
it
needs further verification.

ST. SENARIUM, (Ehrb.), Ralfs. Plate LXIII, fig. 1.

Smooth, each semi-cell furnished with fifteen processes j.

in end view triangular, each angle a process, two on each

side, and six radiating, on the upper surface within the
margins.
I have found no form to answer this description satisfac-
torily. Ehrenberg and Bailey report it from New York.

ST. PSEUDOFURCIGERUM, Reinsch. Plate LXIII, figs. 27, 28.

Cells smooth semi-cells broadly elliptic, sides produced
;

into a short, stout process, with margins smooth and apicea

bifurcate end view triangular one process at each angle,
; ;

and two near the margin of each side, extending beyond it,

making nine processes to each semi -cell.

Diameter 37-40 p.
Minnesota.
I am aware that this name is usually applied to a different
plant, which has a granular cytioderm and margins undulate-
serrate. Reinsch's figures indicate an absolutely smooth
membrane, and in his description he writes membrana glabra.
Satisfied I in size, and detail of con-
have Reinsch's prototype
struction, but just to retain the name given by him. The
it is

plants generally recorded for jiseudofurcigenim would prob-

ably be better placed with St. eustephanio/i.

ST. CUNEATUM, Wolle. Plate LIX, figs. 7, 8.

As long as wide, divided by a deep constriction into two-
broadly cuneate semi cells; base convex, broad; sides, each
with three to six sharp teeth, converge from the base to a
concave-truncate end superior angles somewhat produced,
;

making a short process, apex bifid or trifid; end view tri-

angular, sides slightly convex, angles bisected on the top ;

six processes radiating from the center and extending to, or

slightly over the margins.
Diameter 44-46 //.

Ponds, Pennsylvania.
In front view, this form bears much similarity to a plant
found on the Island of Spitzbergen and named St. meyalono-
tum, Nord., but in end view it is entirely distinct.
 STAUKASTRUM. 163

ST. SPONGIOSUM, Breb. Plate LVIII, figs. 5-8.

Thickly covered with short spines which are forked at the
apex semi-cells semiorbicular, spinulose end view trian-
; ;

gular, angles rounded sides slightly convex and bordered

;

with forked spines or short processes.

Diameter 45-50 jn.
This species appears to be sparsely but widely distributed.
The specimens vary considerably in different localities figs. ;

7, 8, represent the more frequent form Naegeli supposed it

;

to be a new species and named it St. Griffitheanum.

ST. ARCTISCON, Ehrb. Plate LVIII, figs. 9, 10.

Cells about one-fourth longer than broad, moderately con-
stricted, sinuses obtuse angled; semi-cells subglobose, slightly
depressed, furnished in the middle with (usually) nine
straight divergent processes above these another whorl con-
;

sisting, usually, of six similar, but shorter processes, apices

trifid. Membrane punctate.
Diameter 100-120 ,w.

In addition to the forms represented on Plate LVIII, figs.

{), 10,
I add another, apparently more highly developed, Plate

XLVI, fig. 4, distinct in the large, wide-spreading points of

the trifid apices of the arms.
Green Lake and other waters of New Jersey.
Wood describes St. munitum as a new species, but evidently
it is the same as St. arctiscon. He had it from New Hamp-
shire ;
I found it frequently in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
New Jersey. No doubt it will turn up in all parts of the
United States. Ehrenberg had his specimens from New York.
ST. WOLLEANUM, Butler. Plate XLVIII, figs. 1, 2.
Medium size, membrane punctate, about one-half longer
than broad, moderately constricted, sinuses obtuse-angled ;

semi-cell broadly oval or subhexagonal superior and lateral ;

angles produced into subcylindrical, somewhat swollen pro-

cesses or arms, slightly notched at the apices four more ;

similar processes within the margin in vertical view regular

;

hexagonal, each angle furnished with an arm in appearance

as those in front view within the margin, arranged in a
;

circle around the center, are six, more or less conspicuous

processes.
Diameter of body 40-50 //. with processes 65-83 //.
;

This species was discovered, identified as new and named

by Miss E. Butler, Minneapolis, Minnesota, where it was
found.
164 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Var. KISSIMMKXSE, Wolle. Plate XL VI I, figs. 1. L. :5.

Front, lateral and vertical views; a large, smooth and
beautiful form fully one-half larger than the original I\|M-
from Minnesota; the arms are similarly constructed and ar-
ranged, but in proportion with the body, are much longer.
nearly equal in length to the diameter of the body apices ;

not notched but tipped with several small spines.

Diameter, including arms, 100-125 //.

Grassy shores of Lake at Kissimme, Florida, March, 1885.

ST. ELOISEAM M. Wolle. Plate LII, figs. 17, 18.

Small, equal in length and breadth, smooth or finely punc-
tate; sinus an acute angle; semi cells subhexagonal. basal
and superior angles produced into short, bifurcate processes;
sometimes two, but oftener only one discernible at -adi
angle; end view circular, margin furnished with (usually >

nine, short processes, ends notched.

Diameter 22-30 p.
This form has some resemblance to A/. *y>///o.s-/////, Breb., but
in frontview the processes are less conspicuous, the apices less
distended in end view, circular, not triangular.
;

ST. TOHOPEKAXIGENSE, Wolle. Plate XLVII, figs. 4, :>.

Cells smooth, semi-cell in front view oval with radiating

arms; in end view triangular, each angle drawn out into a
smooth arm nearly as long as the diameter of the body two ;

similar arms on each side; all at nearly equal distances and

bifurcate at the apices.

Diameter, including arms, 75 yu.

This species occurs frequently in small coves of Lake

Tohopekaliga, at Kissimme, Florida. It bears feature* in
common with St.furcatum, Breb., but is about twice the size,
has more arms, and has them differently arranged the de- ;

scription "one spine at each angle, with two accessory spines

at the base," or "three spines at each angle," does not apply.

ST. DUPLEX, Wolle. Plate LXIV, figs. 6, i.

Small, subquadraugular, constriction deep, sinus acute-

angled semi-cell twice as broad as long, rectangular angles
; ;

truncate and furnished with two short, stout processes with

ends truncate granulate-spinous ;
end view triangular, sides
straight or concave, angles truncate, divided and drawn out
into two short, somewhat diverging processes, apices finely
toothed.
Diameter 20-25 /*.
 STAURASTRUM. 165

Numerous in small pools, on the banks of river, Bethlehem,

Pennsylvania.
The end view has a resemblance to Nordstedt's St. gemeMi-
parurn, but front view is quite distinct.

ST. DISTENTUM, Wolle. Plate LII, figs. 15, 16.

Small, smooth semi-cell obovate, end convex crenulate,
;

sides in upper portion laterally produced into nearly straight

elongated arms, margins smooth apices divided into three
;

parts and distended end view five or six radiate rays taper
; ;

from a broad base to a distended trifid end. Between each

two of the bases is a deep linear sinus.
Diameter 40 /<., more or less.

Ponds, Denmark, Splitrock, Passaic County, N. J.

ST. KITCHELII, Wolle. Plate LT, figs. 35, 36.

Cells smooth, about as long as wide semi-cells subelliptic,
;

bases more inflated than the ends, the angles produced into
bifurcate processes; semi-cells furnished with three addi-
tional processes end view triangular, angles produced,
;

apices bisected on the top surface three bifurcate processes,

;

one extending over each of the three sides; membrane

smooth or finely punctate.
Diameter 38-50 yw.

Collected by Rev. H. D. Kitchel, in Gilder Pond, Mount

Everett, Mass.
St. spinosum, Ralfs, bears some similarity, but is separated

by having two or more spines on each side besides the one

terminating each angle. St. furcrttum, Ehrb., also appears
related, but is possessed of more spines.

ST. FURCATUM, (Ehrb.), Breb. Plate LI, figs. 40, 41; Plate LIX,
figs. 15, 16 Plate LXIII, fig. 34.
;

Cells smooth, about as long as wide, sometimes shorter,

furnished with numerous processes always more or less
widely furcate at the apices; end view triangular, angles
somewhat produced and furcate; sides each with two, or
rarely three, furcate processes; normally a semi-cell has nine
processes, one at each angle and two on each side between
the angles; in front view, more or less broadly elliptic,
angles drawn out and furcate; the end margin 1ms usually
four processes visible, projecting over the margin.
A variable form separated from jin-i-it/< nun, >nxt<i>li<iiuun
and others not only by the smooth, or punctate membrane
166 DESMIDS OF THE UNITED STATES.

which is very striking in contrast with the granular surface,

and serrate margins of the others, hut hy the processes, par-
ticularly evident in end view, which do not spring from the
upper surface more or less distant within the margin, but from
the margin itself. This feature not evident in A?, jwut/iifitr-
cif/erum, Reinsch, gives it a position for itself. The form,
Plate LIT, from Minneapolis, Minn., is Ralfs' ,sy.
figs. 8, 9,
spinownti, now properly transferred to this "old name," has
besides the marginal processes some smaller accessory ones
within the margin, Plate LX II I, fig. 34. Plate LXIII, rigs.
25, 26, is another variety from the same locality of unusual
si/t> and very marked in the wide-spreading forks of the pro-

cesses Ralfs admits of

" sometimes three
; marginal spines, as
seen in end view."

ST. ENORME, Ralfs. Plate LII, figs. 19-25.

Cells irregular or quadrate, spinous; end view three or
four lobed lobes broad, more or less emarginate or bifid, and
;

terminated by spines which are either simple or branched.

Bait's, the author of this species, says of it, it "is by tar
the least symmetrical plant in this family, especially in front
view, and it is very difficult to trace any division into the
cells."
Some of the forms, as figs. 2i, 25, may properly belong to
this genus, but the others would be better placed under
Polyedrmm.
These forms occur frequently in ponds of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Massachusetts.

ST. LEPTACANTHUM, Kord. Var. TETROCTOCERUM, Wolle. Plate

LXII. tigs. 29, 30.
Cells about as long as broad ; deeply constricted ;
semi-
cellssuborbicular, furnished with eight long thin rays,
deeply forked, or clawed at the ends this whorl is rather ;

below the middle, and another above it with four similar

rays end view octangular, each angle produced into a long,
;

thin ray, deeply clawed at the end between the margin and ;

the center four more similar rays go out membrane smooth. ;

Diameter of body 25 /*. ; including the processes 75-80 js.

Pond near Malaga, N. .T.

The only essential distinction between this form, and the
typical, Brazil plant, is that it has six rays in the larger whorl,
and ours has ei</lit.

ST. POTTSII, Wolle. Plate LXII, figs. 8, 9.

Small, smooth, sinus gaping; semi-cells in front view

broadly elliptic, furnished on each side with three divergent
 STAUKASTRUM. 167

processes, whose apices are rounded, bearing two small di-

verging aculei end view triangular, sides concave, angles
;

broadly truncate and produced into two processes with a

wide, rounded sinus between, a third process from a position
somewhat back of the sinus, rising at an angle of about 40
degrees, projects between the other two, thus constituting
three divergent processes at each of the angles of the triangle.
Diameter, including the aculei, 30-38 yu.
Collected by Ed. Potts in Harvey Lake, near Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., where it appeared in numbers.
The three diverging, aculei-tipped processes at each angle
make thisform a distinct species.
168 PEDIASTRUMS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Family, PROTOCOCCACE/E.
Cells chlorophyllous, strictly unicellular, without terminal
growth, either single, segregate or associated in families.
Propagation by means of gonidia, which are of two kinds,
macrogonidia the larger kind, and microgonidia the smaller forms ;
they are ovate the smaller, anterior end, somewhat protruding
;

and provided with two ciliae the posterior end is

colorless, is ;

broadly rounded and green.

This family is subdivided into a number of subfamilies, and
these again into genera. There remains for us to treat merely of
the subfamily Pediastreae, and genus Pediastrum. The features
of the subfamily and of the genus being, in this case, the same,
therefore

Genus, PEDIASTRUM, Meyen.

Cells united into definite families, known as coendbiums; they
are plane, discoid or stellate, swimming free. coenobium is A
formed of cells in a single or rarely, in part, double stratum,
which is continuous or perforated. Cells are polygonal, with
four or more sides those of the center entire or often emargi-
;

nate, and those of the periphery often bilobed the lobes cuneate,
;

either simple or bidentate, often produced into short hair-like

ends. Cell contents green, primarily homogeneous, then granular.
In the propagation of the species the granular chlorophyllous
contents of the cells break up into small subspherical bodies ;

these constitute the macrogonidia, which break through the

membrane. After a short period of motile life, they come to
rest, then divide and redivide, and become invested with a gela-
tinous covering the cells unite in a single layer, then gradually
;

develop into the form of the matured, or mother plant.

P. SIMPLEX, Meyen. Plate LXIV, figs. 17-20.
Coenobium variously composed of from one to three circles
of subquadrilateral cells, those of the periphery with apex
more or less conically produced, cuspidate.
Var. a. Composed of six simple cells radiately connect <<!.

fig. 17.
Var. 6. (P. Sturmii, Eeinsch.) Composed of six cells, with
an open space in the center, fig. 18.
 PEDIASTRUM. 169

Var. c. (P. fig. 20; composed of

duodenarius, Bailey),
twelve and a circle of four cells in the
cells in the periphery,

middle, with open spaces between the two, and open center.
Var. d. A new form,
with three circles of cells, of four-
teen, seven, the four constitute the center. The
and four ;

openings, or lacunae, first circle seven, second four.

The only good locality found for this species and varieties
is the Croton water supply of the City of New York. Bailey's
specimens, collected more than thirty years ago, were from
the same source.

P. MUTICUM, Kg. Plate LXIV, fig. 36.

Coenobium circular or oval, composed of two to five circles
of smooth, regular peripheric
cells, entire, ;
cells emarginate
or with two slight protuberances.
Pond waters, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
P. ANGULOSUM, (Ehrb.), Menegh. Plate LXIV, figs. 28, 37.
Minute, consisting of one or more circles of cells. Not
perforated marginal cells with angular lobes which are not
;

extended into rays. A small form (fig. 37) has the center
open.
Frequent in ponds, New Jersey.
P. FORCIPATUM, (Corda.), A. Br. Plate LXIV, figs. 21, 30, 31.
Coenobium orbicular, entire, marginal cells bilobed ;

lobules with apices acute, converging, leaving an oval sinus

between; usually smooth or punctate, but sometimes coarsely
granular, probably when in older condition.
Ponds, Pennsylvania, New Jersey.
P. BORYANUM, (Turpin), Menegh. Plate LXIV, figs. 22, 29, 32.
Coenobium orbicular, oblong or elliptic, bright green,
variable in size, composed of 8-16-128 cells. Marginal cells
two lobed, each drawn out into a colorless horn-like process,
short or long, rather obtuse, sometimes a little thickened at
the ends- Cells closely united, four to six angled. Mem-
brane punctate.
Sometimes the cells and the horns are distinctly granulate.
These constitute the variety granulatum, Kg.
Frequent, Massachusetts to Florida.
P. PERTUSUM, Kg. Plate LXTV, figs. 33, 34.
Coenobium, more or less orbicular, pierced with many
lacunae variable in size composed of 16-32-64 cells. All
; ;

the cells more or less loosely connected attached at the ;

angles only, leaving an opening between the sides, and be-

170 PKDIASI l;l!MS OF THE UNITED STATES.

tween the connecting end of one. and the base of the adjoin-
ing cells. Cells of the periphery deeply bilobed; lobes
conical or horn-like, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse or
truncate.
Frequent in pools everywhere.
Var. BRACK YLOBUM, A. Br. Plate LXIV, fig. 35.
Differs from the typical form in having the cells of the
periphery emarginate, notched, or shortly two lobed, or .

lobes almost obsolete; cells of the disc perforated with

smaller openings.

Var. CLATHRATUM, A. Br. Discs pierced with larger openings ;

the lacunae being often as large as the cells.

P. EHRENBERGII, (Corda.), A. Br. Plate LXIV, figs. 25-27.

Marginal cells closely united, bilobed, medianly deeply
incised; each lobule with ends truncate and notched or in-
cised. Coenobium not perforated, composed of 4-8-16-32
cells.

Var. CUSPIDATUM, A. Br. Plate LXIV, fig. 25.

A
small form, with lobes of cells finely, and often indis-
tinctly bidentate.
Not so frequent as the preceding forms, hut widely dis-
tributed.

P. TETRAS, Ehrb. Plate LXIV, fig. 24.

Coenobium very small, four-celled, separated by colorless
interstices which form a cross.
A. Braun. has a variety of P. Ehrenbergii, var. tniin-<iin,ii.
very near this form, but differs in having the ends of the
lobes notched our form, as far as observed, is perfectly
square, hence I retain the old name.
Occurs frequently from Rhode Island to Florida.

P. SELEN^EA, Kg.
Coenobium orbicular; cells crescent-shaped, arranged in
one or morecircles round one or two central cells.
A form reported by Bailey from Rhode Island.

P. CONSTRICTUM, HaSS.
Coenobium nearly orbicular, composed of
continuous,
16-32 cells ;
cells of the periphery two lobed, or suddenly
contracted into two short cylindrical, obtuse processes.
Bailey reports this species from South Carolina, Georgia
and Rhode Island. It is very nearly allied to Bori/amnn and
is probably a variety of that species.
 ADDENDA.
In addition to note on page 16 the following may be quoted
from the "Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society of Lon-
don," Feb., 1884. It relates to the motion of granules in the
vacuoles of Closterium.
The occurrence of crystals of calcium sulphate, endowed with
a peculiar dancing motion, has long been known in the terminal
vesicles of Closterlum and in other desmids the phenomenon has
;

now been carefully investigated by A. Fisher. Their chemical

constitution was clearly established by different tests. They
are always quite isolated from one another, and occur in all
parts of the cells, though in the greatest quantity in the terminal
vesicles they are either carried along passively by the currents
;

of protoplasm, or they swarm in the space filled with cell -sap, be-
tween the cell wall and the radiating chlorophyl bodies these ;

vesicles are not true vacuoles, but portions of cell-sap space.

The crytals are not formed, nor do they grow, in the vesicle,
but reach it in a mature condition from some other part of the

cell,being formed apparently in the furrows between the bands

of the chlorophyl bodies from here they are carried to the ter-
;

minal chambers of the protoplasmic currents.

Fisher found these crystals in all species of Closterium which
he examined, also in various species of Cosmarium (though indi-
viduals are often entirely destitute of them) their form being
the same as in Closterium. They occur in Micrasterias, Euats-
trum, in which genera also they are not invariably present, and
always in Pleurotaenium, Penium and Teimemorus, but were absent
from all the specimens examined of Staurastrum, Desmidium and
Hyalotheca. They appear to be entirely confined to the Des-
midieae, other fresh water Algae containing calcium oxalate,
especially species of Spirogyra, but not calcium sulphate.

DESMIDIUM DIAGONUM (Aptogonum diagonum). ,

Filaments compressed, perforated, twisted, not vaginate;

cells in end view oblong elliptic.

Diameter 32 >u. thickness 14 f*. length of cell about half

; ;

the diameter.
171
17*2 ADDENDA.

Found in Lake Jessup, five miles from Sanford, Florida.

This species described by Delponte in his DKSMIDIACEAKIM
SUBAL.PINARUM is, in front view, scarcely separable from D.
ii/>/<>f/onum, but in lateral view it is distinct. The cells ob-
long end view not triangular. The filaments are
elliptic, in
twisted, and being more than twice as wide as thick, present
an irregular outline, parts showing the broad front and parts
the narrow sides of the filaments. The margins of cells are
notched, and the ends excavated as in D. aptogonum.
SPHAEROZOSMA PULCHRUM, var. CONSTRICTUM, Wolle. Plate
XLVII, fig. 12.
Cells half as long as wide, with a decided constriction in
each lobe between the axis and the apex.
Diameter 70-75 /*.
Lake near Kissimme, Florida.

GONATOZYGON SEXSPINIFERUM, Turner. Plate XLIII, fig. 15.

Joints variable in length, ten to thirty times the breadth ;

base swollen, apex either rotundo-trunca^e or quite rounded ;

spines, or rather setae, very short and arranged longitudi-

nally in six linear series. Forming long filaments.
Length of joints 88-180 /<; diameter 6-8 }*.

Minnesota.

CL.OSTERIUM BREBISSONII, Delp. Plate VI, fig. 17.

Cells snblinear, ends attenuated, moderately curved, apices
rounded about thirty times longer than broad cytioderm
;
;

smooth.
Diameter 18 /A
Observed occasionally, Minnesota and Pennsylvania.
 ERRATA.

Page 37, 16th line from below, strike out Plate XXXVII.
" Plate VI, fig. 17.
40, insert (A Brel.issonii,
" V
to VI.
41, third line, change Plate
"
42, fourteenth line, insert Plate VI, fig. 12.
"
43, fourteenth line, change VII to VI.
" twelfth line, change LIV XLIII.
to
45,
" LIVto XLIII.
46, twenty-fifth line, change
"
90, eighteenth line, change Laoense to Lagoense.
 INDEX.

ADDENDA, . . . . . 171 CALOCYLINDRUS, costatus, Wolle,. 61

"
ALG^E Characteristics
Color of,
Fresh- Water
....How
of,

to
.

find,
xi
xii
"
"
Cucurbita (Breb.), Kirch.,
cnrtus (Breb.), Kirch.,
De Baryi, .
59
59
.58
"
collect and preserve, . . xiii diplospora, Lund., . 60
"
Signification of term,. . xi minutus (Ralfs), Kirch., 5-9
"
Uses of, xii psendoconnatus, Nord., 60
"
Varieties of, . . . xii Ralfbii (Kg.), Kirch., . 58
"
Thwaitesii, Ralfs, . 60
ARTHRODESMUS, Ehrb., . . 103
"
convergens (Ehrb.), Ralfs, K'3 Nitsch. Observa-
" CLOSTERIUM,
fragilis, Wolle, 103 . .

"
tions concerning, . . 38
incus (Ehrb.). Hass., . 104 "
" acerosum(Schrank),Ehrb. 42
incrassatns, Lagh., . . 105 "
acuininatnro, Kg., . . 47
Var. cycladatue, Lagh., 105 "
" acutum, Breb., .
. 46
notochondrus, Lagh., 105 .
"
" amblyonema, Ehrb., . 46
orbicular!?, Wolle, . 104 "
" angustatum, Kg., . 41
octocornis, Ehrb., . .104 "
" areolatum, Wood, . . 46
ovalis, Wolle, . . 103 "
" attenuatnm, Ehrb., . 44
pachycerous, Lagh., . 105 "
" Braunii, . . . .45
quadridens, Wood, . 104 ''
Brebissonii, . . . 72A
Rauii, Wolle, . . .103 "
costatum, Corda, 45
"
subulatus, Kg., . .104 ''
. .

42
" Cucumis, Ehrb, . .

triangulari.s, Lagh., . . 105 "

decorum. Breb., . . 45
AUTHORS AND BOOKS Names viii
"
of, decussatum, Kg., . . 41
"
Characteristics
Delpontei, . . .45
BAMBUPINA, Kg. "
Dianse, Ehrb., . . 47
of, 24 "
" didymotocnm, Corda, . 40
Brebissonii. Kg., . . 24 j "
Ehrenbergii, Menegh., 48
Var.gracilescens,Nord., 'J5
"
"
gracilscens,
delicatissima, Wolle,
Nprd ,
.

.
.25
25
''

"
ensis, ....
Var. immune, Wolle,

gracile, Breb., . .
.

.40
48
40

"
CALOCYLINDRUS. D. By.

'
tion of, .... Descrip-
58
60
"
Jenneri, Kalfs,
juncidum, Ralfs,
.

.
.

.
47
39
Clevei, Wolle, . .
formagracillima laevis-
"
connatus, (Breb.), Kirch., 59 sima, Breb., . . .39
^ar. minor, Nord , . 60 '

Kuetzingii, Breb., . 50
" "
Cordnnum, . . .59 lanceolatum, Kg., . . 40
175
176 INDEX.
PAGE I'ACK.

CLOSTERII:M, Leibleinii, Kg., . 49 ( 'CP-MAKIUM c spersiun, Ralfs, 82

\'ar. curium, . . 49 Var. retusum, . . 82
" 45 "
lineatum. Ehrb., .
constrictum, Delp., . 63
Var. rotatum, "
4") commisurale, Breb., . 91
" "
Lunula, Ehrb., . . 42 Cord a nu m, Breb., . 59
Var. strisitum, Wolle, . 42 contractual, Kirch., . 68
"
40 " 73
niacilentum. Breb., .
crenatum, Ralfs, . .

"
inoniliferum, Ehrb., . 48 Var.creDalatom,Wolle, 73
" 43 "
nasiitum, Nord. . .
cruciatum.Breb., . . -'.i

" "
obtusum, Breb., . . 39 Cucumis, Corda, . . 62
" 47
parvuhim, Naeg., .
DeBaryii, Arch., . . 62
" 43 "
83
prolonuum, Delp., . .
dentatum, Wolle, .

" 50 "
69

"
pronum, Breb.,
Ralfsii, Breb., ... . .

49
48
"
"
depressurn(Naeg.),Lund.,
Donnellii, Wolle, . 77
x <>
robustum, Hast., .
eleganlissinuim, Lund., .

" rostral um, Ehrb., 49 "

. .
Eloiseanum, Wolle, . '.'!'

Var. "
brevirostratnm, Everetiense, Wolle, . 92
West 49 ''
excavatum, Nord., . 85
"
setaceum, IChrli., . . 50 Var. trigonum, . . 85
" 44 Var duplo major,
'

85
strigosum, Ehrl)., . . .

" 44 " 72
striohtnm, F^hrb., .
exiguum, Arch., . .

43 "
BiibcoBtntum, Nord., .
galeritum. Nord., . 75
" "
subdirectum, West, . 46 globosu'u. Bulnh., . . 65
" 42 " 64
subtile, Brel) grunatum, Breb., .

" "
turgidiim. Ehrb., . 43 Hainmeri, Reinscli, . 86
" "
Venus. Kj:.. . . ,47 Holmiense. Lund., . 74
V-ir. iutegrum, Lund ,
. 74
"
Family of, . .21 homalodermum, Nord., 88
inflatum, Wolle, . . 67
"
COSMARIUM. Corda Divisions of, 62 intermedium, Delp., . 83
'
aculeatum, Wolle. . . 71 Kitehelii. Wolle, . . 79
" '
94
anioenum, Breb., . . 85 Kjellmanii, Wille, .

"
Var. tumidmn. Wolle,. 86 laeve. Rab., . . . 72A
''
Americaimm, Lagh., . 64 Var septemtrionale, . 7'2\
' " 90
ancep-, Lund., . . 63 lagoense, Xord., . .

" " 84
anisochondrum Nord., 78 latum, Breb., . .

" " 66
ansatum Kg 74 lobatuluin, Wolle, . .

" "
Raileyii. Wolle, . . 69 lunatum, Wolle, . . 71
" 89 " 81
bireme, Nord., . .
margaritiferum, Menegh.,
" '
88
bionilatum, Breb., . . 66 margaritum, Wolle, .

" " 70
bi return, Breb., . . 93 Meneghinii, Breb., . .

Var. Floridense, Wolie, 93 Var. siinplicissinium, 71

" 95 " 81
Blyltii, Wille, . .
microsphinctum, . .

" Var. parvula, Nord., 81

Botrytis,Menegh., . . 81
Var. tumidiim, W olle,
T
82 "
moniliforme, Ralfs, . . 65
" 72A " 73
Braunii, Reinsch., . .
Naegelianum, Breb., .

" " 96
Brebissonii, Menegh., . 82 nasutum, Nord., . .

" "
Broomei, Thwaites, . . 93 nitidulum, Be Not., . 62
" " 80
caelatum, Ralfs, . . 93 Nordstedtii, Delp., . .

" "
circulare, Reinsch, . . 68 notabile, Breb., . .
72, 86
 INDEX. 177

COSMAKIUM Nymannianura.Grun., 87 COSMABIUM sendtnerianum, . 72A

" "
obsoletum, Reinsch, . 70 sexangulare, Lund., . 69
" " 70
ochthodes, Nord, . . 84 sinuosum, Lund., .

" "
octogonutu, Delp., . 71 Smolandicum, Lund., . 72
" "
oculiferum, Lagh, . . 76 speciosum, Lund., . 95
" "
ornatum, Kalfs, . . 89 sphalerostichum, Nord., . 76
"
Var. protractum,Wolle, 90 Sportella, Breb., . . 90
" "
orbiculatum, Ralfs, . 85 stenonotum, Nord., . . 74
" "
orthosticum, Lund., 86 subcrenatum, Hantzsch, 91
" "
ovale, Ralfs, . . 62 subcruciforme, Lagh., . 94
" "
pachydermum. Lund., . 75 sublobatum, Arch., . 87
" "
Pardalis, Cohn, . . 83 suborbiculare, Wood, . 85
" "
parvulum, Breb., . . 64 supraspeciosum, Wolle, 95
" "
Pectinoides, Wolle, . 96 taxichondrum, Lund., . 77
"
perforatum, Lund., . . 65 Var. bidentatum,Lagh., 77
"
"
"
Phaseolus, Breb.,
polygonum, Naeg.,
polymazum, Nord.,
.
.

.
.
89
71
76 "
Breb., ....
tetrophthalmuoi

tinctum, Ralfs, .
(Kg.),

'
82
67
" "
polymorphum, Nord., . 80 tithophorurn, Nord., . 88
''
84 "
Portianum, Arch., .
trachypleurum, Lund., 79
" "
protractum(Naeg.),Arch., 90 triplicatum, Wolle, . . 79
" 91 "
protuberans, Lund., .
tumidum, Lund., . 67
91 "
Var.granulatum, Wolle, Turpinii, Breb., . . 87
" "
Pseudobroomei, Wolle, 93 undulatum. Corda, . 72
"
pseudonitidulum, Nord., . 72A Var. crenulatura, . . 73
" "
Pseudopectinoides, Wolle, 96 variolatum, Lund., . 68
" "
pseudogranatum, Nord., . 64 venustum, Rab., . . 73
" "
pseudopyraini<latum,Lund., 75 Wolleanum, Lagh., . 64
"
pseudotaxichondrum,Nord.,77 Var. granuliferum, Lagh. S4
"
pulcherrimum, Nord., . 97
'' Crystals in Desmids, . . .

punctulatum, Breb., . 80
" DESMIDIE^E How generated and
pyramidatum, Breb., . 74
multiplied, . . . .17
Var. stenonotum, . 74
" 25
pycnochondrum, Nord., . 97 DESMIDIUM, Ag. Description of, .

" "
quadrature, Ralfs, . 63 aptogonium, Breb., . 27
" " 27
quadrifarium, Lund., . 94 Baileyii, Ralfs, . .

" " 25
Quasillus, Nord, . 92 cylindricum, Grev., .

" "
Quimbyii, Wood, . . 66 .
diagonum, Delp., . .171
'' " 26
quinarium, Lund., . 78 longatum, Wolle, .

" " 27
radiosurn, Wolle, . . 97 qiiadrangulatum, Kg., .

''
Ralfsii, Breb., . . 75 quadratum, Nord,, . 26
"
Regnesi, Zeinsch, . . 70
"
Swartzii, Ag., . . .26
reniforme, Ralfs, . 84
" DESMIUS Characteristics of, .16
Reinschii, Arch., . . 73
" How multiplied, . . 17
retusum, Perty, . . 87
" Regeneration of, . . .18
rhombusoides, Wolle, . 66
" Of the United States, . 21
scenedesnms, Delp., . 63
Voluntary movements 16
"
"
Sdiliephackeanum.Grun.,
Seelyanum, Wolle, .
89
80
Where found, ... of, .

15
"
sejuiictuin, Wolle, . . G8 DIDYMOFBIUM, Kg., . . .23
12'
178 INDEX.
PAOK.
DOCIDIUM, Breb. Why name is EUASTRUM didelta (Turpin), Ralfs, 109
"
retained, . . . .50 divaricaturu, Lund., . 114
" "
Archerii, Delp., . . 51 Donnellii, Wolle, . . 114
" "
Baculum (Breb.), D.By., . 52 elegans, Kg., . . 116
"
Var. Floridense, Wolle, 52 crosiiin, Lund., . .
.115
" "
breve, Wood. . . .54 Everettense, Wolle, . 112
clavatum (Kg.), D.By., "
51 formosura, Wolle, . .114
" "
constrictum, Bail., . . 54 gemmatum, Breb., . 112
'
coronatum, Rab., . . 53 Hastingsii, Wolle, . . 113
' "
coronulatum, Grun., . 53 humerosum, Ralfs, . 107
" "
costatum, Wolle, . . 57 inerme, Lund., . .115
" '

crenulaturn(Ehrb.), Rab., 51 insigne, Hass., . . 113

" "
dilatatum (Cleve), Lund., 55 insulare, Wittr., . .115
Ehrenbergii, Ralfs, . . 53 integrum, Wolle. . 117
Var. Floridense, Wolle, "
53 intermedium, Cleve, . 108
Flotowii, Rab., . . 52 Var.cuspadatum, Wolle, 103
" "
gracile, Breb., . . 58 magnificum, Wolle, 108 .

"
Georgicum, . . .55 Var. crassioides, Hast., 108
" "
hireutum, Bail., . . 56 mammillosum, Wolle, 113 .

" '
minutum, Ralfs, . . 57 multilobatum, Wood, . 107
" "
nodosum, Bail., . . 54 Nordstedtianum, Wolle, . 116
" "
nodulosiim, . . .51 oblongum (Grev.), Ralfs, 106
" "
rectum, Delp., . . 52 obtusum, Wolle, . .117
" "
repandum, Wolle, . . 54 ornatum, Wood, . . 106
" "
sinuosum, Wolle, . 55 pectinatum, Breb., . . 109
"
Var. breve, Wolle, . 55 pingue, Elf.. . . 116
" "
spinosura, Wolle, . 56 pinnatum, Ralfs, . . 107
" "
Trabecula (Ehrb.), Naeg., 51 Pokornyanum, Grun., . 114
" "
tridentulum, Wolle, . 57 purum, Wolle, . . 110
" "
truncatum, Breb., . . 52 rostratum, Ralfs, . 116
" "
117
undulatum, Bail., . 5-"> simplex, Wolle, . .

" 4<
116
verrucosum( Bailey), Ralfs, 56 spiuosum, Ralfs, . .

' " Ill

verticillatum, Bail., . 57 urnaforme, Wolle, . .

"
Var. turgidum, Wolle. 58 ventricosum, Lund., . 110
' "
Woodii, . . . . 55 verrucosum(Ehrb.), Ralfs, 111
Var. alatum, Wolle, 1 1 1
"
EUASTRUM, Ehrb., . . . 10(5 Crux Africanum,
" Ill
abruptum, Nord., . 118 Lagh., . .

"
affine, Ralfs, . . .110 reductum, Nord., 112
" "
ampullaceum, Ralfs, . 110 simplex, Joshua, . Ill
" "
ansatum (Ehrb.), Ralfs, . 109 Wollei, Lagh ,
. . 108
" Var.
altenuaturn, Wolle, . 113 quadrigibberum,
binale (Turpin), Ralfs, .117 Lagh., . . 108
" "
circulare, (Hass.), Ralfs, 112 cuspidatum, Wolle 109
"
compactum, Wolle, . .117
"
crassicolle, Lund., . 115 GoNATOZYGON,D.By. Description, 22
" 22
crassum (Breb.), Kg., . 106 aspenim (Ralfs), Rab.,
" 22
Var. scrobiculuna, . 106 pilosum, Wolle, . .

" " 22
cuneatum, Jenner, . .108 Ralfsii, D. By., . .

" '
172
cuspudatum, Wolle, . 115 sexsi'iniferum, Turner, .
 INDEX. 179
I'AGK.

HYAI.OTHECA, Ehrb.
istics of,

How to find
....
and
Character-

collect,
22
xiii
MICBASTERIAS,
"
"
oscitan.s, Ralfs,

papillifera, Breb., . .120

12H

'28
pinnatifida (Kg.), Ralfs, I

" "
dissiliens (Smith), Breb., 22 pseudofurcata, Wolle, . 122
Var. hians, Wolle, . 22 Var. minor, Wolle, . 122
" "
dubia, Kg., . . .24 Pseudotorreyi, Wolle, . 118
"
'
mucosa (Mert.), Ralfs, 23 quadrata, Bailey, . 129
" "
undulata, Nord., . . 23 Rabenhorstii, Kirch., . 131
"
radiosa (Ag), Ralfs, . 119
MESOTVENIUM, Naeg. Generation Var punctata, West, . 119
"
of, 31 ringens, Bailey, . . 123
"
Brannii, D. By., . . 31 Var. serulata, Wolle, . 123
' "
Clepsydra, Wood, . . 33 rotata (Grev.), Ralfs, . 120
" "
Endlicherianum, Naeg., 32 speciosa, Wolle, . .119
" "
micrococcum, Kg., . . 32 Swainei, Hast., . . 119
Torreyi (Bailey), Ralfs, . 118
"
MlCRASTERIAS, Ag., . . . 118 triangularis, Wolle, . 127
" "
Americana (Ehrb.), Kg., 124 truncata (Corda), Ralfs, . 126
"
Var. spinosa, Tur., 124 verrucosa, Roy, . . 120
'' "
Hermanniana, Rh. 124 Multiplication of, . . 17
" "
recta, Wolle, .124 Names of Authors, . ix
"
alata, Wall, . . 126
"
"
apiculata, Menegh.,
arcuata, Bailey, . .
.

.130
124
129
PEDiASTRUM,Meyen.

"
of, . ..." Description

'
HiS
169
Bailey i, Ralfs, .
angulosum, Menegh., .

" "
brachyptera, Lund., . 121 Boryanum (Turpin), . 169
" "
conferta, Lund., . .126 brachylobum, A. Br., 170 .

"
crenata (Breb.), Ralfs, 126 Var. clathratum, A.Br., 170
" "
Crux-Melitensis, Ehrb., . 123 constrictum, Hass., . 170
" "
decemdentata, Naeg., 126 duodenarius, Bailey, . 169
" "
denticulata (Breb.), Ralfs, 120 Ehrenbergii, A. Br., . 170
"
dichotoma, Wolle, . .123 Var cuspidatum, . 170
" "
expansa, Bailey, . . 129 forcipatum (Corda) A. Br., 169
" "
fimbriata, Ralfs, . .121 muticum, Kg., . .169
"
Forma, genuina, . . 121 pertusurn, Kg., . . 169
" "
apiculata, Menegh., . 121 Selena-a, Kg.,. . .170
"
Elephanta, Wolle, 121 simplex, Meyen, . . 168
"
nuda, Wolle, . . 121 Sturmii, Reinsch, . . 168
" "
simplex, Wolle, . 121 tetras, Ehrb., . . 170
"
foliacea, Bailey, . . 130
furcata (Ag.), Ralfs, . 122 PENIUM, Breb. Description of, 33 .

'
Var. simplex, Wolle, . 122 Brebissonii(Mengh.), Ralfs, 37
" "
haraata, Wolle, . . 127 Clevei, Lund., 38
. .

"
Jenneri, Ralfs, . .127 closterioides, Ralfs, 36 .

"
Kitchelii. Wolle, . 129 crassa, D. By., . . .36
"
laticeps, Nord., .128 .
cruciferum,(D.By.)Wittr 38
"
Mahabuelshwarensis, Hn. 124 Digitus (Ehrb.), . . 34
"
mamillata, Tur., .125 .
interruptum, Breb., . 36
" "
muricata, Bailey, . 130 Jenneri, Ralfs, . . 37
" "
Nordstedtiana, Wolle, . 125 lamellosum, Breb., . 34
180 ENDEX.

PENIOM, miguitMMUU, IJrel>., . 35

" ma inn.
in i
Cleve, . . 36
"
Navicula, Breb., . . 37
" 35
oblongum, D. By., .

"
polyruorphum, IVrty, . 37
" 38
rupestre, Kg., -

" 3f>
spirostriolatmn, Barker, .

"
turuiduin, F. Gay, . 38
"
truncatum, Ralfs, . . 36

PHYMATOWCIS, Nord., . . .28

"
Nordstedtianum, Wolle, 28

RDKUROTAENIUM, see DOCIDIDM.

Regeneration, . . .18

SPHAEROZOSMA, Oorda Wherein

 INDEX. 181
I'Mil

STAURASTRUM, fusiforme, Wolle, . 150 STA URASTURUM.pseudofurcigerum,

" 147 .162
gracile, Ralfs, . . Reinsch, . .

" "
133
"
grande, Bulnh.,
grallatorinm, Nord.,
.

.
.

150
'
Wolle, ...
pseudopachyrhynchum,
137
152
Var. ungiilatum, Wolle, 150 Pseudosebaldi, Wolle, .

" " -144

Haaboeliense, Wille, 147 .
pusillum, Wolle, . .

" " 141

Heleneanum, Wolle, . 146 punctulatum, Breb., .

" " 141

liirsutum (Ehrb.), Breb., 155 pygmreuin, Breb., .

" Forma
Hystrir, Ralfs, . .156 genuina, Breb., . 141
" "
incisum, Wolle, . . 146 rhomboSdes, Wolle, 141
" " 141
ineonspicnum, Nord., . 137 truncata, Wolle, .

" 150 " 160

iotanum, Wolle, . .
quadrangulare, Breb., .

" 165 ''

158
Kitchelii, Wolle, . .
qualerninm, Wolle, .

" "
leptacanthum, Nord., . 166 Ravenelii, Wood, . 157
" "
.148
leptocladum, Nord., . 149 rotula, Nord., . .

" 140
Lewisii, Wood. . . 135 rugulosum, Breb., .

" 160 " 143

longispinnm, Bailey, .
scabrum, Breb., . .

" " 154

luteolum, Lagh., . . 139 Saxonicum, Bulnh., .

"
maatnense, Arch., . .139 Var. pentagona, . .154
" 148 " 151
macrocernm, Wolle, .
Sebaldi, Reinsch, .

"
magnum, Wolle, . .133 Var. spinosum, Wolle, 152
" 133 '
162
majusculum, Wolle, .
senarium, Ralfs, . .

"
margaritaceum, Ehrb., . 138 setigerum, Cleve, . . 152
" "
megacanthum, Lund., . 134 silatatum, Nord, . . 142
141 " 155
megalonotum, Nord., .
sociatum, Wolle, . .

" "
Meriani, Keinsch, . 146 spongiosum, Breb., . 163
"
Minneapoliense, Wolle, . 141
'
striolatum, Naeg., . .138
" '
Minnesotense, Wolle, . 15fi subarcuatum, Wolle, . 153
" "
monticulosum, Breb., . 159 teliferum, Hulls, . .154
" 163 "
munitum, Wood, .
tetroctocerum, Wolle, . 166
"
muricatum, Breb., . .140 Tohopekaligense, Wolle, . 164
" "
muticum, Breb., . . 131 tricorne, Breb., . . 138
"
Var. minus, . . . 131 tricornutum, Wolle, . 155
" "
ellipticum, . 132 tridentiferum, Wolle, . 155
" "
nanum, Wolle, . . 151 trifidum, Nord., . . 136
" "
Novse Csesarea^, Wolle, 159 trihedrale, Wolle, . 136
" "
odontatum, Wolle, . .*148 tumidum, Breb., . . 133
"
Ophiura, Lund., . .147 "
ungulatum, Wolle, . 150
"
Var.pentaceruiu,Wolie, 148 vesiculatum, Wolle, . 132
" '*
tetracerum, Wolle, 148 vestitum, Ralfs, . . 151
" "
orbiculare (Ehrb.), Ralfs, 132 Wolleanum, Butler, . 163
paniculosum, Wolle, . 136 Var.Kissimmense, Wolle, 164
" "
paradox urn, Meyen, 143 .
xiphidophorum, Wolle, 155
Var. Osceolense, Wolle, 132 Var. simplex, Wolle, . 155
"
Pecten, Perty, . . 156
"
pentacladura, Wolle, . 149 TETMEMORUS, Ralfs Description
polymorphum, Breb., . 139 of, 98
" "

".
Pottsii, Wolle,
Pringlei, Wolle, .
.

.
. 166
145
139
"
Brebissonii

Ralfs, .... (Menegh.),

Wood,
98
99
pseudocrenatum, Wolle, .
giganteus, .
182 INDEX.
PAGE. PAOK.
TETEMEMORUS, granulatus, Ralfs, 98 XANTHIDIUM, armatum( Breb.),Ralfs,99
" "
hevis (Kg.), Ralfs, . 98 bisenarium, Ehrb., . . 100
" "
minutus, D. By., . . 99 Columbianum, Wolle, 100
" '
turgidus, Ralfs, . . 98 cristatum (Breb.), Ralfp,. 100
1
fa8ciculatum( Ehrb.) Ralfs 101
,
Ehrb ..... 99
Var.hexagonum, Wolle, 101
"
aculeatum (Ehrb.), Breb., 99 101
minus, Wolle, .

antilopanim (Breb.), Kg, 101 "

subalpinum, Wolle, 101
Var.polymazum, Nord., 101 "
Minneapoliense, Wolle, 101
.

" "
Iriquetrum, Lund., 101 rectocornutum, Wolle, 102
'
Canaden8e,Joshna, 102 "
tetracentrotum, Wolle, . 102
"
trunoatum, Hast., 101

asteptum, Nord., . .100 ZYOOSPORE^E Order of, 21

 EXPLANATIONS AND REFERENCES.
PLATE I.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGK.
Fig.

"
1.

2.
, GONATOZYGON AsPERUM,

"
PILOSUM,
spore, .....
(Balfsii), filaments

.....
and developed zygo-

~1'1

22

Figs. 3-5. HYALOTHECA DISSILIENS; three forms, normal condition, . 22

' " " end views of two
6, 8. cells, . . 22

Fig. 7. a cell separated from the filament, . 22

"
9. first stage of conjugation, one cell in

front view, the other in end view, . 22

Figs. 10, 11. advancing stages; chlorophyl of the

two cells concentrating in the gelati-

nous connecting tube, . . .22

Fig. 12. the developed zygospore, . . 22
"

"

"
13.

14.

15.
HYALOTHECA MUCOSA,
HYALOTHECA DUBIA,
BAMBUSINA BREBISSONII,
......
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.24
*J3

24

" '' " a developed zygospore, 24

16. . .

"
17. first stage of development from a zygo-

spore; undeveloped cells enclosed in

a gelatinous envelope, . . . 24

"18 a second condition, the gelatinous en-

velope largely dissipated, . . 24

"
19. early form of a developing filament, 24
" more advanced stage
'20. ; appearance of
notch at the middle of the cells, . 24
" 24
21. central inflation begins to show, .

"
22. BAMBUSINA DELICATISSIMA, fully developed, . . 25
" "
earlier stage, 25
23. . .

" .2-")
24. younger still, . . .
 PLATE II.

Figures magnified ."MO diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1, 2. DESMIDIUM SWARTZII. Two forms; filaments in vegetative con-

dition, . . . . .26
Fig. 3. Filament in fruit ;
the spores, and empty

cells forced apart by the growth of the

spore, . . . . .26
Figs. 4, 5. End view of cells, showing the triangular

form of the filaments, . .26

Fig. 6. DESMIDIUM APTOGONIUM, a vegetative filament, . . 27
"
7. the triangular end view of the same, . 27

Figs. 8, 9. DESMIDIUM BAII..EYI. (Aptogonum Batieyi-) 8. the normal

vegetative condition of the chlorophyl ;

9. the same concentrating for the forma-

tion of the spores, (left hand figure is an

end view), . . . .27

" "
Fig. 10. the fully developed spores, . . 27
"
"11. spores matured and separating from the

filaments, . . . . .27
" " "
12. end view of filament, . . 27
"
13. DESMIDIUM QUADRANGULATUM ; part of a filament, . . 27
"
14.
" " end view of filament, 27
PLATE II
 PLATE III.

Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. DESMIDIUM CYLINDBICUM, (Didymoprium Grevilli), part of a

vegetative filament, . . .25

" 2.
" "
end view of a 25
. .
cell,

'
3. two cells copulated ; chlorophyllous

contents parsing through a gelatinous

tube, from one cell to the other, . 25

"
4. Two developed zygospores ;
the two

empty cells still connected, . . 25

"
5. MESOTAENIUM BRAUNII, D. By. (Palmoglcea nuicrococca, Kg.),

a group of three vegetative cells, . 32

Figs. 6-9. advancing stages of copulation and

spore formation to the fully developed

zygospore, . . , .32
Fig 10. MESOTAENIPM MICROCOCCUM, a group of seven cells, . 32
"
11. MESOTAENIUM ENDLICHERIANUM, a group of four cells, . 32
"
12. MESOTAENIUM CLEPSYDRA, three vegetative cells, . . 32
" "
Figs. 13-15. two cells copulating and two devel-

oped spores, husks remaining at-

"

'
16-19. SPIROTAENIA OBSCURA,

16, 17.
"
young
.....
tached,

stages of
.

development
. .

in gela-
.33
33

tinous envelopes, . . .33

" " "
more matured forms, 33
18, 19. . .

Fig. 20.

Figs. 21, 22.

SPIROTAENIA BRYOPHILA,
SPIROTAENIA CONDENSATA, .....
(S. muscicola), a group of four, . 34

33
PLATE III
 PLATE IV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1, 2. SPHAEROZOSMA PDLCHRUM, filament enveloped in a colorless

gelatinous sheath ;
the irregular

breadth is produced by the twist of

.29
"

"
3,4,
"

SPHAEROZOSMA FIUFORME,
"
the filament,

Var. planum, ... . .

.29
29

5, 6. . . . .

Fig. 7. SPHAEROZOSMA SERRATUM. See also Plate X LI 1 1, . 30

"
8. SPHAEROZOSMA EXCAVATUM, with gelatinous sheath, . . 30
" 9.
" "
with sheath 29
partially dispersed,
" "
Figs. 10 12. developed spores with empty cells

attached, . . . .29
Fig. 13. SPHAEROZOSMA VEBTEBRATUM J with a decided twist, . 30
"
.31
"
14.

15.
SPHAEROZOSMA SPINULOSUM?
SPHAEROZOSMA WALLACHII?.
. .

... . .

31

For additional varieties see

Plate LX. 8. PULCHRUM, Var. inflatum, . . .29

Plate XLVII. S. var. CONOTEICTUM, . .
Addenda, 172
Plate- LX. 8. RECTANGULARE, . . . .31
Plate XII. 8. PULCHELLUM, . .29
.30
Plate XLVII.
Plate XLIII.
8.

8.
MONIIJFORME,

NORDSTEDTIAHA,
.

... . .

31
 PLATE IV

11

*&&;
% X\X A
^^Mlft;*ir^
.

(A
 PLATE V.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1. 2. PENIUM DJGITUS ;
front view and transverse section. (See also

Fig. 3.
"
PENIUM CRASSA,
PENIUM LAMELLOSUM,
Plate

four specimens,
LXIV,)
.... . . .

.34
34

37

"

"
4.

5. PENIUM MARGARITACEUM
"
.

; empty
.

cell,
.

... . .

35

36
6.
zygospore with empty cells attached,

"
PENIUM
"
7.

8.
"
BREBISSONII, zygospore and remains of cells,
"
vegetative

PENIUM TRUNCATUM, and zygospore

cell, ...
with husks of
. . 37

37

36
Figs. 9, 10. cells, .

Fig. 11. PENIUM MARGARITACEUM, vegetative cell, . . 36

"

"

"
12.

13.
PENIUM POLYMORPHUM
PENIUM RUPESTRE
PENIUM INTERRUPTUM,
;
two
; group of

cell*, ....
four, . . .37

.36
38

"
14.

15.
" "
...
(large form),

(small form),
. . .

36
"

"

"
16.

17.

18.
PENIUM NAVICULA, two
PENIUM OBLONGUM,
PENIUM CLOSTERIOIDES,
......
sizes of

....
cells, . . . .37
35

36

Figs. 19, 20. PENIUM MINUTUM, ...

(calocylindrus), . . 36
"
21, 22. PENIUM TRUNCATUM, a variety of Fig. 10, . . .36
PLATE V
 PLATE VI.
Figures magnified 250 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1, 2. QLOSTERIUM DIAN.*:, ,
. . . . . .47
"
3, 4. CLOSTERIUM TCROIDUM, . . . . .43
" 6-8. CLOSTERIUM STRIOLATUM, . . . . .44
Fig. 9. CLOSTERIUM DELPONTII, . ... . .45
....
" .41
10. ClX)8TERIDM DIDYMOTICUM, . . . .

"
11. CLOSTERIUM suBCOSTATUM, 43
"
CLOSTERIUM LUNULA. 42
12.

Figs. 13, 14.

"
CLOSTERIUM ENSIS,

CLOSTERIUM PRELONOUM,
... Var. striatum, .

.
. .

40

43
15, 16. . . . .

Fig. 17. CLOSTERITJM BRBBISSONH, (Addenda, p. 172),

. . 24

Figp. 18,20. CLOSTERIUM LANCEOLATUM, (also Plate IX, fig. 14), . . 40

Fig.
"
21.

22.
CLOSTERIUM JUNCIDTTM, Var.
CLOSTERIUM PRONUM, ....gracillinia-locvissiin.-i.

.50
39
 ^^s^/
'"
r." Tr!
i'
;
"
:

,9 V
,$**:
jy

11

22'

'****
V ;
^^
Ajr>.

18
 PLATE VII.
Figures magnified 250 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig.
"
1

2.
. CLOSTERIUM OBTUSUM,
CLOSTERTUM JUNCIDUM,
. .

.... . . . .39
39
" 3.

Figs. 4, 5.

Fig. 6.
"

CLOSTERIUM GRACILE,
OLOSTERIUM MACILENTUM,
two

.....
cells

.
with developed zygospore,

. . .
.

.40
,39
40

"
7. CLOSTERIUM ACEROSUM, zygospore and empty cells, . 42
"
8.

Figs. 9, 10.
CLOSTERIUM STRIOLATUM,
CLOSTERIUM DECUSSATUM, ..... . . . . .44
41

Fig. 11.
"
12. CLOSTERIUM NASUTUM, .....
CLOSTERIOM ACEROSUM, vegetative cell, . . . .42
43

Figs. 13, 14.

Fig. 15.
CLOSTERIUM STRIGOSUM,
CLOSTERIUM TURGIDUM,
.

..... . . . . .44
43
"

.....
"

16. CLOSTERIUM LINEATUM, two cells, (see Plate IX, tig. 15), . 1

Figs. 17, 18. CLOSTERIUM CUCUMIS, 42

Fig. 19. CLOSTERIUM COSTATUM, . . . . . .45

'
20. CLOSTERIUM STRIOLATUM, (compare fig. 8, and Plate VI,

figs. 5-8), . .
,
.44
Figs. 21-23. CLOSTERIUM ANOUSTATUM, and variety decussutum, . 41
PLATE VII

20
 PLATE VIII.
Figures magnified 250 diameters.

Fig.
"
1.

2.
CLOSTERIOM DECORUM,
CLOSTERIUM SUBTILE,
. ....
.....
PAGE.
45

42
"
3. CLOSTERIUM AREOLATUM, . . . . .46

.......
"
4. end, more highly magnified, . 46
" .47
5. CLOSTERIUM JENNERI,
"
6. CLOSTERIUM VENUS, (a group of three), 47
"
7. CLOSTERIUM PARVULUM, (a group of three), . . .47
Figs. 8, 9. CLOSTERIUM DIANAE, Var. arcuatum, and typical form, . 47

Fig. 10. CLOSTERIUM RALFSII, one half-cell vegetative state, the other

half lifeless, . .49

Figs. 11, 12. CLOSTERIUM ACUTUM, and zygospore, . . 46

...
"

Fig.
"
13, 14.

15.

16.
GLOSTERIUM LEIBLEINII,
CLOSTERIUM MONILIFERUM,
CLOSTERIUM EHRENBEROII,
.

.....
.

. . .
.

.
.49

.48
48

" " " 48

17. Var. immane, . .

" .47
18. CLOSTERIUM ACUMINATUM, smaller form, . .

"
19. longer form, empty cells attached to

zygospore, . . . .47
"
20. CLOSTERIUM LEIBLEINII, zygospore, with empty membrane of

the copulated cells, . . .49

PLATE VIII
 PLATE IX.
Figures magnified 250 diameters.

PAOE.
Fig. 1. CLOSTERIUM ROSTRATCM, . . . . .49
" "
2. first stage of the copulation of two cells,
"
3. the developed zygospore and empty

semi-cells, . . . .49
<!
4. CLOSTERIUM DIAN.E, zygospore and remains of empty cells, 47
u
5.

Figs. 6, 7.

Fig. 8.
CLOSTERIUM ATTENUATUM,
CLOSTERIUM SETACEUM.
CLOSTERIUM KUETZINGII,
.....
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.44

.50
60

Figs. 9-11. CLOSTERIUM SETACEUM, three zygospores, before the emptied

cells have been shed, . . .50

"
12, 13. CLOSTERIUM DIDYMOTICUM, two cells, . . .40
Fig. 14. CLOSTERIUM LANCEOLATUM, (see also Plate VI, figs. 18-20), . 40
"
15. CLOSTERIUM LISEATUM; zygospore and em ptied semi-cells, 46
"
16. CLOSTEHIUM PARVULUM, zygospore, . . . .47
"
17. CLOSTERIUM ACEROSUM, chlorophyl broken up and formed into

small oval cells, . . .43

PLATE IX.
 PLATE X.
Figures magnified 500 diameters except Closterlum, only 250 diameters.

I'.UiK.

Figs. 1, 2. CLOSTERIUM ACEROSUM, forma striolatmn with single and twin

zygospores, . . . .42
Fig. 3. CLOSTERIUM LINEATUM, Var. costatum, with twin zygospores, 45

Figs. 4, 5. ARTHRODESMUS NOTOCHONDRUS, in front and vertical views, . 105

Fig. 6. A^THRODESMUS INCRASSATUS, Var. cycladatus, . . 105

Figs. 7, 8. COSMARIUM OCULIFERUM, front and lateral views, . . 76

"
9-11. PENIUM CRUCIFERUM, in different stages of division, . 38
" ARTHRODESMUS PACHYCERUS, and
12, 13. front lateral views, . . 105

14,15. A RTHRODESMUS TRIANOULARIS, front and vertical views, . 105

Fig.
"
16.

17.
DOCIDIUM GEORGICUM,
PENIUM SPIROSTRIOLATUM,
.

var.,
.

.... . . . .55
35

"19.
'
18.

Figs. 20, 21.

"

DOCIDIUM RECTUM,
"

DOCIDIUM VERTICILLATUM, .....

... .
35

58

52
PLATE X
 PLATE XI.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. DOCIDIUM CRENULATUM (C. nodtilosum) , . . 51

Figs. 2, 3, 4. DOCIDIUM TRABECULA. Compare Plate XV, figs. 1-7, . 51

Fig. 5..

Figs. 6, 7.

Fig. 8.
DOCIDIUM TRUNCATUM,
DOCIDIUM CLAVATUM,
.....
DOCIDIUM FLOTOWII, Variety,

....
. . . . .

.51
")2

52
PLATE XI
 PLATE XII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

Fig.
"
1.

2.
TETMEMORDS GIGANTEUS,
DOCIDIUM ARCHERII,
...
.... .99
51

....
"

"

"
3.

4.
DOCIDIUM NODULOSUM,
DOCIDIUM WOODII, ...... .51
55

5.

Figg. 6, 7.
"
8, 9.
DOCIDIUM BACULUM, Var.
STATJRASTRUM VESICULATUM,
Floridense,

SPHAEROZOSMA PULCHELI.UM, Var.

.... .

bambusioides,
. .

.
.53

.
132

29
"
10-13. EUASTRUM PECTINATUM, front, lateral and transverse views, 109
"
14-16. HYALOTHECA DI^SILIENS, Var. hians, . . 22
 PLATE XII

?;.& ffiSpA-/
js^
.0
''iSriiJ'JtjT-

r
*5'v' :
> .- '<

"*''ll8R-*j
fllifii
^
9iKttm
fS#>i
_>
TO
Sdl " / '.v-j w^^jm

i-^^
V>?w*^* --*-

N
... lfet -^;^4 I,

fesap

s^y. -=^
'^^4a.^^
.
 PLATE XJII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

I 'A ..I-:.

Fig.
"

"
1.

2.
DOCIDIOM VERTK'ILLATUM,
DOCIDIUM COSTATUM, ......
. . . . .57
57

"
3.

4.
DOCIDIUM GRACILE, large form

rows of teeth,

DOCIDIUM VEBRUCOSUM, vegetative

;

state,
....
whorls evidently composed of two

. . . .56
58

"
5. empty semi-cell, shows the arrangement 01

"
6. DOCIDIUM GRACILE, empty
the verrucae,

semi-cells, ..... . . .56

58
"

"
7.

8.
" "
into parts,

small form,
.....
empty semi-cell, older condition hefore breaking
58

58
"
9. DOCIDIUM MINUTUM. Var. See Plate LXI, figs. 20-31. . 57
"
DOCIDIUM TRIDENTULUM, .57
"

"
10.

11. DOCIDIUM
.

VERTICILLATUM, Var. turgidum,

DOCIDIUM SPINOSUM,
. .

.... .

.56
57

"
12.

13. DOCIDIUM HIRSUTUM,

.

... . . . . .

56
 PLATE XIII

- -- -<.> ^ .
.
 PLATE XIV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig.
"
1.

2.
DOCIDIUM REPANDUM,
DOCIDIUM CONSTRICTUM,
.

.....
. . . . .54
54

Figs. 3, 4.

Fig. 5.
DOCIDIUM BACULUM, two
DOCIDIUM UNDULATUM, .....
forms, . . . . .52
55

Figs. 6-8.
"

Fig. 11.
9, 10.
DOCIDIUM SINUOSUM,
DOCIDIUM CORONATUM, two
DOCIDIUM NODOSUM,
. .

forms,

falling to pieces
....
. .

through decay,
.

.
.55

.
53

54
" " 54
12. a form of; See Plate XV, fig. 20, .
PLATE XIV
 PLATE XV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1-3. DOCIDIUM TRABECULA ;
two conjugated cells, pouring out the

cytioplasm, or granular chlorophyllous

contents and forming a zygospore, . 51

Fig. 4. a developed zygospore, . . 51

" "
a cell dividing, .61
Figs. 5, 6. . . . .

Fig. 7. early stage of outgrowth, or new semi-

cells, . . . . .51
"
8. CALOCYLINDRUS CONNATUS, very near Delps. C. ellipticum, . 59
" "
"9.
"
10.
" "
Var. minor, ... 59

60
"

"
11.

12.
CALOCYLINDRUS PSEUDOCONNATUS,
CALOCYLINDRUS MINUTUS, .....
. . . . .60
59
"

"

"
13.

14.
CALOCYLINDRUS COSTATUS,
CALOCYLINDRUS CUCURBITA,
.

.....
. . . . .61
59

"

"
15.

16.

17.
CALOCYLINDRUS CURTUS,
"

CALOCYIJNDRUS RALPSII
larger form,

smaller form,

C. cylindrioum,
.....

.
.

.
.

.
.59

.58
59

" 18. CALOCYLINDRUS DIPLOSPORA, . . . . .61

" 19. CALOCYLINDRUS THWAITESII, . . . . . 60
"
20. DOCIDIUM NODOSUM. (Compare Plate XIV, fig. 12), . . 54
PLATE XV
 PLATE XVI.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PACK.
Figs. 1, 2. COSMARIUM MARGARITJFEBUM ; normal, front view, and empty

semi-cells, transverse view, . 81

Fig. 3. zygospore with the empty semi-

"
4.

Figs. 5-7.
COSMARIUM PUNCTULATUM,
COSMARIUM BOTEYTIS,
.....
three forms.
cells, . .

(Compare Plate
.

XXVII,
.81
81

fig. 27), 81
"
8, 9. COSMARIUM OVALE, smaller and larger form, . . 62
"

Fig.
"
10, 11.

12.

13.
COSMARIUM BREBISSONII, two
COSMARIUM INTERMIDIUM,
COSMARIUM TETROPTHALMUM,
.....
forms,

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.82

.82
83

"
14. COSMARIUM LATUM, ends too convex for typical form, . 84
" .83
15. COSMARIUM DENTATUM, . . . . .
 PLATE KYI.

*
fefe^SWR^: J$ rf$3l&t ^

mS&Qg9@iF
^^^H^K'.?. .* 1 Hwete .-^_,' W^
-
.^G&V5*

"-^^^
.rfri^J^asaL.
J^:
T?;;.. &%^u&
w'**
t l
;

&&
.

"<-.
"V/^:v.-_?l:^?;^^""j-^
_

wH
 PLATE XVII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.
1

I M.I..

Figs.

Fig.
1, 2.

3.
COSMARIUM CONSPERSUM
COSMARIUM OCHTHODE8,
;

.....
two forms, . . . .82
84
"
4.

Figs. 5, 6. COSMARIUM AMOSNUM,

empty
.....
cell of smaller form, . . 84

85

....
" "
Fig. 7. Var. tumidum, . . . . 85 .

Figs. 8, 9 COSMARIUM ELEGANTISSIMUM, 86

Fig. 10. COSMARIUM RENIFORME, . . . . . .84

" " "
11. smaller form, empty cell, . . 84
"
12. COSMARIUM PORTIANUM, . . . . . .84
" " "
13. cell dividing, . . 84
"
14. zygospore and emptied semi-cells, . 8t
"
15. COSMARIUM BROOMEI, Var. (Compare Plate XX, figs. 6-9), 93

Figs 16, 17. COSMARIUM PYRAMIDATUM, two forms, one cell empty, . 74
" "
18, 19. Var. stenonotuni, . . 74
"
20, 21. COSMARIUM ORBICULATUM, . . . . .85
PLATE XVII

'
 PLATE XVIII.
Figures magnified o(X) diameters.

1'ACK.
COSMARIUM RALFSII, .75
Fig. 1.

Figs. 2-4. CO8MARIUM PACHYDERMUM

.

;
.

three forms,
.

... . .

75

Fig. 5.

Figs. 6-9.

Fig. 10.
COSMARIUM DE BARYI.
COSMARIUM CUCUMIS,
COSMARIUM
(Compare Plate
four sizes,

I.AEVE, a variety.
.... XL V,

(Compare Plate XLIII,

fig. 12),

flg. 14),
. 62

62

70a

Figs. 11, 12. COSMARIUM PSEUDOPYRAMIDATUM. (Compare Plate XIX, figs.

5,6), . . .75
" '*
Fig. 13. zygospore, and husks of cells, 75

Figs. 14, 15. OOSMARIUM GRANATUM, Var. elonstatum, for typical form See

.64
"
16, 17.

18.
COSMARIUM MONILIFORME, two
" "
Plate

after
LXI,
forms,
fig. 13,

...
new
.

semi-cells en-
64

Fig. division,

.64
"

"
19.

20.
" "

COSMARIUM GLOBOSUM;
.

a
larged,

zygospore, ...
See typical
. ,

Plate
64

variety; form,

LX, figs. 14-17, . 65

'
21. COSMARIUM BIOCULATUM, . . .66
" " " 66
22. .
zygospore, .

"
23. COSMARIUM TUMIIUJM, . . 67
 PLATE XVIII

..

$';.'
<*$$%::
-

V-V ''.*'
'
'
:
;v ^ . :
.' .,
!?;'. jj
ifc.'. . : : '
.

r*TV vji-
'

"-v.-'._.-v *%y ^ >'

 PLATE XIX.
Figures magnified -500 diameters.

r \..i .

Fig.
"
1.

2.

Figs. 3, 4.
COSMARIUM CONTRACTUM,
COSMARIUM SINUOSUM,
COSMARIUM VARIOL.ATUM,
..... .
. .

.
.

.
.

.
.68

.68
70

"
5-6. COSMARIUM PSEUDOPYRAMIDATUM, small variety. (Compare

Fig. 7. COSMARIUM MENEGHINII,

COSMARIUM SEXANGUJLARE.
four forms,
Plate XVIII).

... . . 75

76

Figs.

Fig. 10.
8, 9.

COSMARIUM UNDULATUM, Var. crenulatum,

(Compare Plate LX,
... fig. 13), . 69

73

.....
"
11. COSMARIUM NOTABILE, . . . .
.72,86
"
12. COSMARIUM REINSCHII, 73

Figs. 13, 14. COSMARIUM EXIGUUM, . . . . . .72

Fig. 15. COSMARIUM ACULEATUM, . . . . .71
"
16. COSMARIUM LUNATUM, . . . . . .71
Figs. 17, 18. COSMARIUM BAILEYI; (C. depressurn, Rail.), 69
"
19,20. COSMARIUM UNDULATUM ;
and Var. crenulatum, . . 72

....
" " 72
Fig. 21. aeygospore, . .

"

"
22.

Figs. 23-25.

26, 27.
COSMARIUM ANSATUM,
COSMARIUM HOLMIENSE, ....
varieties,

COSMARIUM TRAOHYPLEURUM, normal state and cell dividing,

.74
74

79
" " "
transverse and side views, 79
28, 29. .

Fig. 30. COSMARIUM POLYGONUM, . . . . .71

"
31. COSMARIUM TINOTUM, . . . . . . (!7

Figs. 32-34. COSMARIUM TAXICHONDRUM; two forms and lateral view of

"

Fig. 37.
35, 36. COSMARIUM SMOLANDICUM,
COSMARIUM VENUSTUM, .
.... empty

.
cell,

.
.

.
.

.
.77

.73
72

Fsgs. 38-40. COSMARIUM POLYMAZUM, front, end and lateral views, . 76

" .77
41, 42. COSMARIUM DONNELLII, . . . . .

"
43-45. COSMARIUM ANISOCHONDRUM, front, end and side views, . 78
" .75
46-48. COSMARIUM GAL.ERITUM, three varieties, . .
 PLATE X IX

* ' (
^T- ,,;^r&* ., .*f -~

I'' ^
 PLATE XX.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGK.
Figs. 1, 2. COSMARIUM BIRETUM, front and end view, . . .93
"

Fig. 4.
3, 5. COSMARZUM BOTRYTIS, Var. tumidum, Wolle,
views, .....
zygospore, husks attached,
front and

.
side

.
82,

82

Figs. 6, 7. COSMARIUM BROOMEI, front and end views, . . .93

" " smaller variety and zygospore,
8, 9. . 93
"
10-12. COSMARIUM EVERETTENSE ; front, end and lateral views, . 92
""
13-15. COSMARIUM QUASILLUS ; front, lateral and end views, . 92
"
16-18. COSMARIUM QUADRIFARIUM; front, lateral and end views, . 94
"
19, 20. COSMARIUM HOMAIXHX&RMUM ;
front and end views, . 88
"
21-33. COSMARIUM WOLLEANUM (C. pseudogranatum), front, trans-

verse and lateral views, . 64

"
24-26. COSMARIUM TURPINII ; front, end and lateral views, . , 87
"
27, 28. COSMARIUM PROTRACTUM ;
front and end views, . . 90

Fig. 29. COSMARIUM ORNATUM, Var. minor, (Protractumf) . . 90

 PLATE XX

m H
.'.'\\ ".' -.--u' cvT ^' rF/^%';
i j
.IT .-.v . **;<- .*' -

S
?
: .-
-
 PLATE XXI.
Figures magnified oOO diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1-3. COSMARIUM KITCHELII, front, end and lateral views, . . 79
"
4, 5. COSMARIUM ORTHOSTICUM, front and lateral views, . . 86
"
6, 7. COSMARIUM SUBCRENATUM, front and lateral views, . .91
"
8, 9. COSMARIUM QUADRATUM, front and end views, . . 63
"

....
"
Fig. 10. larger form, . . 63
"
11. COSMARIUM AHCEPS, b'3

Figs 12, 13. COSMARIUM PARVULUM, front and side views, . . .64
"
14, 15. COSMARIUM SCHLEIPACHEANUM, front and end views, . 89

....
"
16-18. COSMARIUM NITIDULUM; a form; ends not usually so convex, 72A

Fig. 19. COSMARIUM PSEUDONITIDULUM, 72A

" 20.

Figs. 21, 22.

"
23, 24.
COSMARIUM TUMIDUM,
CosMARruM SUBLOBATUM,
COSMARIUM CRUCIATUM, front
.....
a coarsely granulate variety,

and end aspect, .

. .

.
82

87

89
"
25, 26 COSMARIUM RETUSUM, front and end aspect, . 88

COSMARIUM HAMMERI, Var. intermedium, .86

Fig 27.

Figs. 28-30.
"
COSMARIUM PHASEOLUS, three views, ... . ,

89

"
31,32,

COSMARIUM SEELYANUM,
smaller variety

of cells attached,
;

...
zygospore with husks

end and Bide views,

89

"
33-35.

36, 37. COSMARIUM HAMMERI, Var.

front,

inflated sides, ... . . 80

86

86
Fig. 38. zygospores with remains of cells, .

Figs. 39-42. COSMARIUM ORNATUM, two sizes, four views, . . 89

"
43-45. a variety, front, side and end views, . 89
"
46-48. COSMARIUM CAELATUM, front and side views; transverse view

of an empty semi-cell, . . .93

"
49, 50. COSMARIUM COMMISURALE, front and transverse views, . 91

Fig. 51. zygospore, husks of cells not de-

tached, . . . .91
PLATE XXI
 PLATE XXII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGK.
Figs 1, 2. COSMAKIUM ELOISKANUM, front and end views, . . .92
'
3-6. COSMARIUM TRIPLICATUM, front, lateral and end views, and

"

Fig
7, 8.

9.
COSMARIUM SPECIOSUM,
" "
.....
zygospore,

smaller form,
.

.
. . .79

.95
95

Figs. 10, ll. COSMARIUM PYCNOCHONDRUM, front and lateral views, . 97

"
COSMARIUM PECTINOIDES,
"

"
12, IS.

14, 15.

16-18.
COSMARIUM SPECIOSUM,
front and side views,

small variety,

COSMARIUM PSEUDOPECTINOIDES; two

...
in front view,
.

one in side
. 9>

95

view, . . . 9<>

Fig. 19. COSMARIUM NASUTUM, . . . . . . 9H

"
20. COSMARIUM SUBCRENATUM. (Compare Plate XXI, figs. t>, 7), 91

Figs. 21-22. COSMARIUM RADIOSUM, . . . . . .97

" COSMARIUM BIREME, in three views, front, side and end,
23, 24. . 89
"
25, 26. COSMARIUM MARGARITUM, in three views, . . .88
Fig. 27. zygospore, with the remains of the

semi-cells attached, . . 88

Figs. 28-30. COSMARIUM TITHOPHORUM, from three points of view, . 88

"
31-33. COSMARIUM BLYTTII, front, side and end views, . . 95
 PLATE XX U

'

- -;'
-
;
:---'-- vi/ \ "Jc^.
"^i^ia^^. V-'sr'
 PLATE XXIII.
Figures magnified ."MO diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. TETMEMORUS BREBISSONII, long form, . . . .98
" 2. shorter and more usual form, . 98
"
3. TETMEMORUS LAEVIS, . . . . . .98
Figs. 4, 5. TETMEMORUS BREBISSONII, Var. turgidus, two forms, front view, 98

Fig. 6. TETMEMORUS OIOANTEUS, (See also Plate XII), . . . 91)

Figs. 7, 8. TETMEMORUS MINUTUS. conjugating and more advanced condition

of spore, . . . . .99
" " 99
Fig. 9. zygospore fully developed, . .
PLATE XXIII
 PLATE XXIV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAOE.
Fig. 1. XANTHIDIUM ARMATUM, from Mount Everett, Mass., . . 99

Figs. iJ, 3. more common forma and sizes, . 99

Fig. 4. transverse view of a semi-cell, , . 99

Figs. 5-7. XANTHIDIUM CRISTATUM, three forms, . . .100

" "
Fig.

Fig. 11.
8.

Figs. 9, 10. XANTHIDIUM ASTEPTUM, two

"
end view

forms,

lateral view,
....
. .
100

100

100
 PLATE XX IV

x i
^SW'
-'^V^'^^ir'T^C'"' ~

:i&^S-'
 PLATE XXV.
Figures magnified .500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. XANTHIDIUM ANTILOPAEUM, Var. triquetrum, front view, . 101
"
2. triangular end view, 101
"
3. zygos|)ore with the empty semi-
cells attached, . . 101
"
4. XANTHIDIUM FASCICULATUM, . . . . .101
'

5. in process of dividing, . 101

Figs. 6, 7. a semi-cell in two views, develp-

ing a sort of spore without con-

jugation; an abnormal process, 102

Figs. 8, 9. XANTHIDIUM TETRACENTROTUM, front and end vi*-ws . U2

"
10, 11. RECTOCOKNUTUM, front and end views, . 102
 PLATE XXV

'
'If- l-
'-
r*?**^
!

,
J*>-< ;

&%;*$&:
 PLATE XXVI.
Figures magnified f)00 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. XANTHIDIUM ANTJLOPAEUM, typical form, front view, . 101
" "
2. transverse view of semi-cell, 101
"
3. Var. polymazum, front view, . 101
" "
"4. lateral view, . . 101
'
5. XANTHIDIUM FASCICULATUM, Var. hexagonum, . . 101
" " "
6. lateral view, . . 101

Figs. 7-9. XANTHIDIUM BISENARIUM, front, side and end views, . 100
"
10-12. XANTHIDIUM ACULEATUM, front, side and end views, . 99
" 13-15. ARTHRODESMUS RAUII, end and side views, .103
front, .

'
16-18. ARTHRODESMUS FRAGILIS, two front and one end view, 103
" 19-21. ARTHRODESMUS CONVEROENS, two front and one end view, . 103
" " "
22,23. variety with short aculei, . 103
 PLATE XXVI

}W

-jSp:SF
y
cl^o
^.^^., :<.> & ^.M&m^ Aip
\,^^^--/
y ^R
,
.

-^
-jTSJ.- r
\
-....--
.
-sfc-A

^^^.

/ :
i!.X ''.:
-i'^
.

?'-'- \,fi3/V v^i- .-.-*':

\"

:,;.-^MJ- *&?&?*'*' \ '''*%$& '']

^ ;'
'. I!
 PLATE XXVII.
l-Mi; ures magnified 500 diameters.

Fig,
"
1.

2.
ARTHODESMOS
"
INCUS, large form,
"
smaller form,
.... PAOK.
104
104
" " .104
3. long spined variety, . .

" " 104

4. depressed variety, . . .

' " " .104

5. quadrate variety, . .

" " 104

6. quadrate variety, smaller, . .

" " " .104

7. crenate-cuneate, . . .

" " " 104

8. two cells conjugating, . .

" "
9. zygospores developed, . . .104
'
" 104
10. end view of cell, .

Figs. 11, 12. ARTHRODESMUSSUBULATUS, front and end view, . . 104

"
13, 14. ARTHRODESMUS OVALIS, front and end view, . . 103
"
15, 16. ARTHRODESMUS ORBICULARIS, front end view, . . . 104
"
17,18'. ARTHRODESMUS QUADRIDENS, front and end view, . . 104
"
19, 20. ARTHRODESMUS OCTOCORNIS, Var. twin spined, . . 104
" " "
21-23. larger and smaller typical form, 104

Fig. 24. COSMARIUM SUBORCU^ARE, . . . . .85

1 "
25. DESMIDUM CYLINDRICUM, (Compare Plate III, fig. 1,) to illus-

trate the division of a cell in the

process of growth, . . .26

"
26. HYALOTHECA DISSILIENS, (Compare Plate I, figs. 4, 5, etc.), the
middle cell is normal, the other two

enlarging preparatory to division in

the process of growth, . 22
"
27. . COSMARIUM BOTRYTIS, two cells, opening on one side, putting

forth cytioplasm, uniting, thus perform-

ing the first act of conjugation, . 81

"
28. The whole contents, cytioplasm, of the cells, poured out com-
mingled and formed into the zygospore, . . . 1U
"
29. The tubercles on the membrane formed around the mass of

cytioplasm (fig. 28,) developed into spines. In the process of

further development the membrane breaks, lets out some of the
cytioplasm ; (fig. 29,) this assumes a spherical form, (fig. 30,)

membrane increases in thickness and number of layers ;

the
contents divide in one direction, (fig. 31,) then subdivided in

a transverse direction, (fig. 32). Two or four daughter cells

are thus formed in all respects like the mother cell, except in
the granules of the membrane ;
these develop later, . . 1 i

"
33. A cyst containing a number of small Closteriums; supposed to

be the development of a zygospore by another process, . 1 'J

PLATE XXVII
 PI, ATE XXVIII.
Figures 3, 7, 10, 12 miignl-fied l.~>0 diameters ; others ooo diameters.

I'AC.K.

Fig. 1. EUASTRUM CRASSUM, . . . . . . 10(i

" "
2. semi cells of very large form, . 10(i

" "
3. transverse view of semi-cell, . . 100
"
4.

Figs. 5, 6.
EOASTRCM ORNATUM,
ETTASTRUM OBLONOUM, two
a form of " E. orassnm,"

forms, .... . . 100

100

Fig. 7.

Figs. 8, 9.

Fig. 10.
.

ECASARUM ANSATUM, two forms,

transverse view of semi-cell,

....
transverse view of semi-cell, .

.
100

109

109

Figs. 11, 12. EUSASTRUM AFFINE, front and transverse views, . . 110
 PLATE XXVIII

A^iiB^-'^ \ / v^

..,
W .V,^WV'
;f|>/

v".-
A
S^M^te ^ '^HS^'-/
1
 PLATK XXIX.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

I AC.K

Fig. 1-3. EUASTRUM VENTBICOSUM, zygospore, lateral and end views of

cell, . . . .110
Figs. 4, 5. EUASTRUM CRASSUM, Var. SCROBICULATUM, front and lateral

views, . . . .
106, 108
"
6-8. EUASTRUM MACJNIFICUM, front, lateral and end views, . 108
"
9-11. EUASTRUM PURUM, two front and one lateral view, . 110
"
12, 13. EUASTRUM CUNEATUM, front and lateral views, . . 108
 PLATE XXIX

a >
ymr
 PLATE XXX.
Figures magnified .500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. EUASTRUM VERRUCOSUM, typical form, . .111
" "
2. Var. Crux Africanum, . Ill
" " "
3. Var. reductum, . . .111
"
4. Var. alatnm. . .111
"
5. transverse view, . . .111
"
6. EUASTRUM DONNELLII, . . . . .114
"
7. EUASTRUM NORDSTEDTIANUM, . . . . .116
" " " 11G
8. Var. minor, . .

"
Fis. 9 12 typical varieties, . . 116
" " lateral view, 116
Fig. 13. .

14,15. ETTASTKUM MAMMiux>srM,

'
front and end views, . 113
"

"
16.

17.

Fins. 18, 19.

EUASTRUM FORMOSUM,
KfASTKUM ATTENUATUM,
EUASTRUM DIVARICATUM, front
.

......114
.

and end views,

.

. .
113

114
 PLATE XXX

*$.',' 18
 PLATE XXXI.
Figures magnified 5M> <li;i meters.

1'AfiK

Figs. 1-3. EUASTRCM PINGUE, front, side and end views, . . llfi

"
4-6. EIIASTRUM SPINOSUM, three forms, . . . . 116
"
Fig. 7. lateral view. . . .110
Figs. 8, 9. EUASTRUM ROSTRATUM, . . . . .116
"
10-15. EUASTRUM ELEGANS, . . . . . 116

Fig. 16. zygospore, . 116

" 17.

Figs. 18-22.
"
23, 24.
EUASTRUM SPINOSUM,
EUASTRUM INTEGRUM,
EUASTRUM BINALE, .
.....
side view of

.
cell.

. .
.

.117
llfi

117

"
25, 26. EUASTRUM ELEGANS, . 116

Fig. 27. EUASTRUM ROSTRATUM, a form of, . . .116

Figs. 28, 29. EUASTRUM COMPACTUM, . . 117
"
30,36. EUASTRUM INERME, . . . . .115
Fig. 31. EUASTRUM OBTUSUM, . . . .117
"
32. EUASTRUM C-HSPIDATUM, . . . . .115
Figs. 33-35. EUASTRUM POKORNYANUM, . . 114

Fig. 36. EUASTRUM INERME, . . . . . .115

Figs. 37, 38. EUASTRUM CRASSICOI.LE, . . . . . 115

39-42. EUASTRUM IXSIGNE, 113

n
Fig. 43. end view, showing the cruciform apex

and the quadrate base of the semi-cell, 113

PLATE XXXI
 PLATE XXXII.
Figures magnified .VKI diamcii i s.

PAGE.
Figs.

Fig.
1
1, 2.

3.

4.
EUASTRUM CIRCULARS,
EUASTRUM GEMMATUM,.
front

.....
and transverse views of semi-cell,

transverse view of semi-cell, .

1 1

112

112
2

"
5. EUASTRUM EVERETTENSE, . . . . .112
Figs. 6, 7. transverse and lateral aspect of

semi-cell, . . . .112
"
8-10. EUASTRUM AMPULLACKUM, three forms, . . . 110

Fig. 11.
"

"
12.

13.
EUASTRUM HUMEROSUM,
" "
.....
transverse view of semi-cell,

Imsal view of semi-cell, .

f .

.107
110

107

Figs. 14, 15. EUASTRUM PINNATUM, .

... . 107

Fig. 16. basal aspect of semi-cell, . . 107

 PLATE XXX II

3
;

-.?'^^^iV.' ^f5^v- '.

,
 . PLATE XXXIII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

Fig.
"
1.

2.
ECASTRUM WOLLEI,
'
....
transverse view of semi-cell. . .
.
PAGE.
108

108
" " "
3. Var. cuspidatum, . . . .108
Figs. 4, 5. lateral and end views, . 108
" *
6-8. EUASTRUM INERME, three forms, 115
"
9, 10. EUASTRUM DIDELTA, two forms, . . . .109
"
11, 12. EUASTRUM ANSATUM E. Ralfsii, . . . 109
 I'LATK XXXIV.
Figures magnified :i7.~> diameters.

PAOE.
Figs. 1-8. MICKASTERIAS TORREYI, in eight varieties, each represented by

one-fourth of a cell. The varieties

effected by the process of multiplication

by division ;
two semi-cells of entirely

different outline being in many cases

united, as part of the same plant, . 118

PLATE XX:-
 PLATE XXXV.
Figures magnified :{7.~> diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. MICRASTERIAS RADiosA, larger form OOOtaioing aboot forty bipartetl

lobelets, with apices furcate or bidentate, . 119

" smaller form of about twenty bipartite
2.

lobelets, . . . . .119
" "
3. another form with about twenty-four similar

lobelets, some of the apices indicating by

"

"
4.

5.
MICRASTERIAS MURICATA, small
" '
variety,

larger form,
....
the smaller indentations a further division,

....
119

130

130
" 6 13d
transverse view of semi-cell, . .

"
!

7. end view, . 130

PLATE XXXV
 PLATI; xxxvi.
Figures m:i'.:iiifi(Ml :',7"> <li;micti-r-..

PAGB.
K!-,'.

"

"
1.

2.

3.
MlCKASTERIAS PsEf]H)TOKRKYI,
MICRASTERIAS AMKRICANA,
" "
.....
Var. recta,
. .

.
.

.
.

.
.118

.124
124

li
4. transverse view, . . . 124
" 5. . Vnr. Heri!i:iniiiana, . . . 124

Figs, (t, 7. MICRASTERIAS URACHYPTERA, two semi-cells varying somewhat

indet:iil>. . . .121
"
8, 9. MICRASTERIAS I-AI-ILLIFERA, two forms, . . . 120
PLATE XXXVI
 PLATE XXXVII.
Figures magnified 375 diameters.

PAGE.
... .127
Fig.
"
1.

2.
MICBASTEBIAS
"
.1 KNNKRI.
"

MICBASTEBIAS OSCITANS, two

.

Var. angulosa, ... in the

127

Figs. 3, 4. semi-cells, varying mainly

apices of the polar lobes ;

in the one

simple, in the other divided, . .128

"
5, 6. MICBASTEBIAS DECEMDENTATA, a large form, two sizes, . 126
" .126
7, 8. MICBASTEBIAS CBENATA, two forms, . . .
 1

:
-;:;-,.' ;,' .;.-.
'
' ^w^fc^-'v; .;
-A -.--:. :-.-
:
'.' X,,sf .

'^<^ -f-^-'--'^m^^ i
 PLATE XXXVIII.
Figures magnified 375 diameters.

Figs.

Fig. 3.
1, 2. MICRASTERI AS ROTATA, two forms,
" "
Var. simplex,
.... . .
PAGE.
120

120
" 4. MIORASTKRIAS DENTicuLATA, circular form, . . .120
"
5. more oblong in outline, . 120
" "
6. larger variety, near M. angnlosa

of Reinsch, . 120
" " semi-cells of two smaller forms, 120
Figs. 7, 8. .
PLATE XXXVIII
 I 'LATH XXXIX.
Kinun-s magnified :',7.">

I'AC.I;.

Fi^s. 1i 2- MlCRASTERIAS RINGENS, two forms, 123

Kitf. 3. MlCRASTERIAS CRUX MfiUTENSIS, . 1*23

" 4. M;RASTERIAS PSEUDOFUKCATA, .

MIORASTERIAS FURCATA, two forms, 1-X

Figs. 5, 6.
.
PLATE XXXIX
 PLATE XL.
Figures magnified 375 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. MICRASTERIAS FIMBRIATA, semi-cell, typical form, . . 121
"
2. other semi-cell, Var. apiculata, . 121
" 3.
" '
one-fourth Var. Elephantina, 121
cell, .

" " "

4. Var. nuda, .
,
. 121

Figs. 5, 0. two varieties of polar lobes, . .121

Fig, 7. MICRASTERIAS SUBFIMBRIATA, has the form of lobelets, but not

the specific number, . . 121

"
8. MICRASTERIAS SIMPLEX, unlike all other forms in the simple,

acute, ultimate division of the lobules, 121

PLATE
 PLATE XLI.
Figures magnified 375 diameters.

PAOK.
Figs. 1, 2. MICRASTJERIAS KITCHELII, two forms, . . .129
"
Fig. 3. lateral view, . . . 12<J

Figs. 4, 5. MICRASTERIAS LATICEPS, M. disputa, Wood, . . .128

Fig. 6. MlCRASTERIAS BAILKYI, . . . 130

Figs. 7, 8. MICRASTERIAS PINNATIFIDA, two forms, . . . .129

....
" " 129
Fig 9. Var. inflata, . . .

"
10. MlCRASTERIAS MAHABUJ.ESHWARENSIS, 124

"
11. MICRASTERIAS P8EUDOFURCATA, Var. minor. . . 122
"
12. MlCRA8TERIA>S EXPAN8A, . . . 129
 PLATE XLI

"^^<v :&: 3
i^'*,-^
:
n
&.
 PLATE XLII.
Figures magnified 300 diameters, excepting the Micrasterlas only about
one-half as much.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. MICRASTEKIAS SwAiNEi, Hastings, . . . .119
"
2. MICRASTERIAS KiTCHELii, Wolle, variety. Pond, Malaga,
New Jersey, . . .129
Figs. 3-5. XANTHIDIUM ANTELOPAEUM, Kg., . . . . 101

Var. truncatum, Hastings, front,

lateral and end views, . 101

" .141
6, 7. STAURASTRUM MEGALONOTUM, Nord., . . .

Var. obtusum, Hastings, . 141

Nord.'s Spitz., Des. Arcto. and Des. Groen.

"

"
8-11.

12, 13.
STAURASTRUM CRESCENTUM,
EUASTRUM VERRUCOSUM, Ehrb., ....
Hast., front and end views,

Var. simplex, Joshua, .

.

.111
153

Ill

"
14, 15. STAURASTRUM SAXONICUM, Bulnh., . . . 154

Var. pentagonum, Wolle, front

and end views, . . .154

"
16, 17. EUASTRUM HASTINGSII, Wolle, . . . .113
PL, ATE XL.Il
 I'LATK XLIII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters, except the Micrn.tii-riux ami r/\/o-////.v
iiiniut one-half.

PAGE.
Fig.

Figs.
1.

2, 3.
MICRASTERIAS RADiosA,
XANTHIDIUM ANTIIX>PAEUM,
Ralfs, Var.

Kg., ....PUNCTATA, West,

Var. CANADENSE, Joshua, front

. 119

101

Fig. 4.

Figs. 5, 6.
CCKSMARIUM REONESI, Reinsch,
STAURASTRUM ANGUL.ATUM, West,
....
and end views,

....
. . .102
70

132
"
7,8. SPHAEROZOSMA SERRATUM, Bailey ;
two varieties from Florida, 30
"
9, 10, SPHAERDZOSMA (Onychonema), NORDSTEDTIANA, Turner, . 31
"
1 1-13. COSMARIUM MENEGHINII, Breb., forma octangularis, Wille,

Var. simplicissimum, Wille, . 70

Fig. 14. COSMARIUM LAEVE, Rab., Var Septemtrionale, Wille, . 72A

"
15. GONATOZYGON SEX-spiNiFERUM, Turner, . . . 172
"
16. CALOCYLINDRUS CUCURBITA (Breb.), Kirch., . . 59

Figs. 17, 18. COSMAHIUM (Calocylindrus) CORDANUM, Breb., . . 59

Fig. 19. CLOSTERIUM BRAUNII, Reinsch, . . .45

" 20. CLOSTERIUM SUBDIRECTUM, West, . . . .46
" 21. CLOSTERIUM ROSTRATUM, Ehrb., . . . 49

Var. brevirostratum, West

" 22. CiX)9TERiUM LEIBLEINII, Kg., ...
Var. curtum West, .
,

.
.

.49
49

49
.iLiir
 PLATE XLIV.
r
Figures magnified 37. > diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. MICRASTERJAS TRIANGULARIS, Pennsylvania and New Jersey form, 127
" " "
2. Florida variety, . . .127

Figs. 3, 4. MIORASTERIAS CONFERTA, Var. hamata, . . 127

Fig. 5. MlCRASTERIAS ARCUATA, . . . 129

6. MlCRASTERIAS TRUNCATA, . . . 126

" " "
7. Var. semiradiata, Naeg., . . 126
" " "
8. Var. concatenata, Wolle, . . 126
" " "
Var. minor, Wolle, 126
9. . . .

" 10. MICRASTERIAS FOLIACKA, a single cell, . 130

" "
11. part of a series of more than forty cells, 130
PLATE XL IV
 PLATE XI A
Figures magnified 375-.VK) diameters.

PAOB.

FigS. 1,2. MICRASTERIAS SPECIOSA, . . . . .119

Fig. 3. MlCRASTERIAS APICULATA, . . 124

Figs. 4, 5. MICRASTERIAS CRUX MELITENSIS, . . . .123

Fig. 6. MICRASTERIAS RABENHORSTII, Var., . . . 131

Figs. 7, 8. CYLINDROCYSTIS TUMIDUM, . . . . .38

Fig. 9. XANTHIDIUM FASCICULATUM, Var. Subalpinum, . 101

Figs. 10, 11.

Fig. 12.

Figs. 13, 14.

XANTHIDIUM COLUMBIANUM,
CYLINDROCYSTIS DE BARYI,
XANTHIDIUM TORREYI.
.

.....

(See Fresh- Water Algae, p. 3o),

.

.
100

58
PLATE XLY
 PLATE XLVI.
Figures magnified 500 diameters ;
the Micrasterias 375 diameters.

PAGE.

Fig. 1. MICRASTERIAS ALATA, . . . . . .125

" 2. MICRASTERIAS MAMILLATA, . . . . 126
" 3. MICRASTERIAS DKNTICULATA, zygospore, . . .120
"
4. STAURASTRUM ARCTISOON, Var., . 163
" 5. COSMARIUM CONSPERSUM, Var. retusum, front view, . . 82
"
6. COSMARIUM BIRETUM, Var. Floridense, front view, . 93

Figs. 7, 8. STAURASTRUM COHMARIOIDES, front and vertical views, . 139

"
9, 10. STAURASTRUM BREVISPINA, Var. inerme, . . . 134
"
11, 12. STAURASTRUM CORNUTUM, front and vertical views, . . 158
PLATE XLVI
 PLATE XLVII.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1-3. STAURASTRUM WOLLEANUM, Var. KISSIMENSE, . . 163

Figs. 4, 5. STAURASTRUM TOHOPEKALIGENSE, front, lateral and end views, 164

"
6, 7. MlCRASTERIAS FURCATA, Var. SIMPLEX, . . . 122
"
8, 9. STAURASTRUM PARODOXUM, Var. OSCEOLENSE, . . 143

Fig. 10.
"

"
11.

12.
MlCRASTERIAS VERRUCOSA,
SPHAEROZOSMA MONILIFORME,
.

...
SPHAEROZOSMA PULCHRUM, Var. CONSTRICTUM,
. .

.
.

.
120

30

172

Figs. 13, 14. BAMBUSINA GRACILESCENS, with zygospores, . . 26

Fig. 15. MlCRASTERIAS RINGENS, Var. SERRULATA, . . . 123

PLATE XL. VII
 PLATE XL VII I.

Figures magnified ~)l)0 diameters.

Figs.
"
1, 2.

3, 4.
STAUBASTRUM WOLLEANUM,
STAURASTRUM CORNUTUM, .
......158
. . .
PAGE.
1(53

" .132
5, 6. STAURASTRUM BACILL.ARE, . . . .

" STAURASTRUM MINNESOTENSE, 156

7, 8. . . . .

....
" .139
9, 10. STAURASTRUM PSEUDOCRENATCM, . . .

"

"

"
11-13.

14, 15.

16, 17.
STAURASTRUM MINNEAPOLIENSE,
STAURASTRUM CAL.YXOIDES,
STAURASTRUM ERASUM, ..... ..... 141

158

139

.67
....
"
18-20. C'OSMARIUM INFLATUM, . . . . .

"
STAURASTRUM XIPHIDIOPHORUM,
"

"
21, 22.

23-25. t'OSMARIUM NORDSTEDTII,

COSMARIUM SPHALEROSTICHUM,
...
.... .80
155

76
26, 27.
"
28, 29. COSMARIUM BRAUNII, forma MAJOR, . . . 72A
"
30, 31. COSMARIUM SENDTNERIANUM, . . . 72A

Fig. 32. COSMARIUM PERFORATUM, . . . . .65

Figs. 33, 34. COSMARIUM LOBATULUM, . . <>>

"

Fig. 37.
35, 36. COSMARIUM LOEVE,
COSMARIUM CIRCULARS,
.

..... . . . . 7 2A

68
PLATE XL VIII

87
 I'LATK XUX.
Figures nuimiilicil .Mm ili:mieters.

I'AiiK.

FlgS. 1, 2. Cos.M.VIfil'M WOLLKANTM, Var. < . II \ NTU KKIM'M, front and

lateral view^. . . .114

"
3-o. CosMARlfM PARPALIS, front, lateral and transverse \\>-w<. S3
"
0,7. CO-MAKUM i:n<i.Mi:r-nii)i>, front and transverse views, . (if>

"
S, 9. STAURASTIM-M NOV.F. * 'i.~\i:F i
, front and vertical views, 1 o9
"
10,11. ( 'MS-MAIM CM ^IMXAKII'M, front :ml vertical views, . . 78
" 12-14. CosMARIUM B17BCBOCIFORME, front, lateral amf vertical views, ^4
"
lo, Ki. COSMARICM AMKRICANTM, front and vertical views, . . !4

" CMS .\l\IMt M TAXH HMMUM'M,

17, IS. V;ir. I'.I ]>KN'IT I.
I'M, front iillfl

vii-tical views, . . .77

Fig. 19. STAURASTRTM XM'inDiomoKr.M, \'ar. SIMTI-KX, front view, l")-">

Figj*. 20, 21. CosMARir.M .MICKMSI-IIIM TM. i front and vertical views, . 81
"
22, 23. STAUKASTRUM LfTKMl,r.M, front and vertical views, . 139
"
24,25. COSMARIUM KXCAV \Tf.\i, \'ar. iKn.o.vrM, l'r.>nt and vertical

views, . . . .85
"
26, 27. COSMARII M i, A(;MKN>I:, front and vertical views, . . 90

Fig. 28. COSMARIUM CORDANUM, front view, r>9

"
29. EUASTRUM WOI.I-EI, Var. QUADRIGIBBERUM, vertical views, . 10X
"
30. MICRASTERIAS AMERICANA, Var SPINOSA, front view of

semi-cell, . . . 124

Figs. 31-33. COSMARIUM POLYMORPHUM, front, lateral and vertical view, 81

"
34, 35. COSMARIUM OCTOGOXUM, front and vertical views, . .71
"
36-38. STAURASTRUM ORBICUI.ARE, Var. ohlique and frnt view>. 132
"
39, 40. STAURASTRUM BRASILIENSK. Var. PUI^UKTUM, front and

vertical views, . . . 1<',0

"
41,42. STAURASTRUM
views, .....
Mtmru.M, Var. KIJ.IPTKTM, front and vertical
132
PLATE XL1X
 PLATE L.

Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1, 2. STAURASTRUM TUMIDX-M, front and end views, . . 133
"
3, 4. STAURASTRUM GRANDE, front and end views, . . 133
"
5, 6. STAURASTRUM MAJUSCULUM, front and end views, . . 133
"
7,8. STAURASTRUM MAGNUM, front and end views, . . 133
"
9, 10. STAURASTRUM ORBK-ULARE, front and end views, . . 132
"
11,12. STAURASTRUM MUTICUM, front and end views, . . 131

Fig. 13 Var. ellipticum, ... . 132

Figs. 14, 15. Var. minus, . . 131

 PLATE L.

''
'//-- iSu"V"*-i<:;. . "I' '-"','.'"

^*^' ^JfcW' t: ^
;
: i:

S^
 PLATE LI.

Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Figs. 1, 2. STAURASTRUM BREVISPIKA, Var., front and end views, . 134
" "
3, 4. Var. inerme, . . 134
"
5, 6. STAURASTRUM DICKIEI, two aspects, . . .135
"
7, 9, 10, 11. STAURASTRUM DEJECTUM, Var. convergens, . . 134

Fig. 8. Var mucronatum, . . 134

Figs. 12-14.
"

"
15, 16.
STAURASTRUM TRIHEDRALE,
STAURASTRUM ARISTIFERUM, ....
in three aspects, . 136

185

"

"
17-22.

23, 25.

26, 27.
STAURASTRUM DEJECTUM,
STAURASTRUM CUSPIDATUM,
STAURASTRUM LEWISII,
....
four forms and a zygospore,

front and end views, . .

134

135

135
"

"

"
28, 29.

30, 32

33, 34.
STAURASTRUM TRIFIDUM,
STAURASTRUM AVICULUM,
STAURASTRUM COMMUTATUM,
front

....
and end views,

. .
.

.
.

.136
136

136

"

"

"
35, 36.

37-39.

40, 41
STAURASTRUM KITCHELII, two
STAURASTRUM BRACHIATUM,
STAURASTRUM FURCATUM,
....
views, . .

a form of a variable species.

. 165

136

165
PLATE
 PLATE "LIT,
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGE.
Fig. 1. STAUKASTRUM QUADRANGULARE, a Minnesota variety, . 160

New
;

2. a Pennsylvania and

Jersey variety, . . 160

Figs. 3, 4. end view of Florida forms, 160

STACRASTRUM CRENATUM,
.... .138
'
5, 6. . . . .

Fig. 7. STAURASTRUM LONGISPINUM, 160

Figs
"

"
8, 9,

10, 11.
STAURASTRUM SPINOSUM.
STAURASTRUM PULCHRUM,*
STAURASTRUM INCISUM,
See

....
St.

.....
furcatum and Kitchdii, . 152

147

Fig. 14.

Figs
12, 13.

15, 16.
" "

STAURASTRUM DISTENTUM,
...
.....
six rayed form,
146

146

165
"
17, 18. STAURASTRUM ELOISEANUM, . . . .164
"

"

"
19-25.

26-28.

29. 30
STAURASTRUM ENORME,
STAURASTRUM ALTERNANT,
STAURASTRUM SCABRUM,
.... .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.166

.144
142

"
31-36. STAURASTRUM MARGARITACEUM, . . . . 138
"
STAURASTRUM TRICORNE, .138
"

"
36-38.

39, 40. STAURASTRUM PANICULOSUM,

STAURASTRUM RUGULOSUM,
.

...
..... .
. . .

137

41, 42. 140

"
43-45. STAURASTRUM PTTNCTULATUM, . . . . 141

*
Compare note under St. incisum, p. 146. This species from ponds, New Jersey,
was described in the " Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, New York, 1880." Membrane smooth ;

end view flve-rayed; apices of rays obtusely rounded, bases wide, separated by a
rounded sinus.
PLATE LI I
 PLATK 1,1 II.

Figures niiiiniiiiecl .~>00 diameters.

I',\(;K.

Figs. 1, 2. STAURASTRUM BIENEANUM, Var. elliptic-urn, . . . 137

"
3,4. STAURASTRUM MURICATUM, . . . . 140
" " "
5,6. Var.. . . .140
.140
"

"

"
7, 8.

9, 10.

11-13.
STAURASTRUM ASPERUM,
STAURASTRUM POLYMORPHISM,
STAURASTRUM BOTROPHILUM,
.

..... . .

.
.

. .
.
139

14")

'

14, 1ft. STAURASTRUM PYGMAEUM, . . . . .111

" " "
16-19. Var. tnincatiiin, . 141

" " "

20,21. Var. rliomlioides, . . .141
"
22, 23. STAURASTRUM SILATATUM, . . . . .142
"
24, 25. STAURASTKUM POLYMORPHISM, . . . . .1311
"

"

"
26-29.

30, 31.

32,33.
STAURASTRUM (;I:KNULATUM,
STAURASTRUM CYRTOCKRUM,
" "
..... .

Var. pontaoladinn minor,

. . .

.
140

142

11:'.

" "
34,35.
'

pentadndnm major, . .143

"
3(5, 37. STAURASTRUM PARADOXUM, . . . . 143
"
38-42. STAURASTRUM ARACHNE, . . . . .14::
"
43, 44. STAURASTRUM COMITUM, front and end views, . . 143
" " "

"

"
45, 46.

47, 48. STAURASTRUM PUSILLUM,

"
Var. major, front and end views,

smaller variety, two views,

... .

.144
143

1 44

49,50. .

" and iwnend

51-53. STAURASTRUM HAABOELIENSK, t'nnii views-, . 1 17

"
54,55. STAURASTRUM FASCICULOIDKS, front and end views, . . 144
PLATE L1II
 I>LATI-; LIV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

r\c.i-.

V\g. 1. STAURASTRUM CYRTOCERUM, Var. major, end view, . 142

" " " 142
2. Var. major, front view, .

Fitfs. 3-5. STAURASTRUM MACROCERUM, three views, . . . 14S-

"
6, 7. STAURASTRUM CERASTES, front and end views, . 147
"
8, 9. STAURASTRUM ODONTOUUM, front and end views, . . 148
"
10, 11. STAURASTRUM OPHIURA, front and end views, . . 147
"
12, 13, 14. STAURASTRUM CORONULATUM, Var. Floridensf, . .149
Fig. 15. STAURASTRUM PENTACLADUM, front and end views, . 149

Figs. 16, 17. STAURASTRUM GRACILE, front and end views. . . 147
PLATE LIV
 PLATE LV.
Figures magnified 500 diameters.

PAGK.
Figs. 1, 2 STAURASTRUM OPHIURA, Var. tetracerum, . . . 148
"
Fig. 3. Var. pentacerum, lighter form than

Plate LIV, fig. 13, . 148

" .149
4 STAURASTRUM LEPTOOLADUM, . . .

" Var. divergens,

5.

Figs. 6, 7. STAURASTRUM HELENEANUM, front and end views, . .146

....
"
8, 9, 10. STAURASTRUM NANUM, three aspects, . . . 151
"
11, 12. STAURASTRUM CORONULATUM, 148
'

13, 14. STAURASTRUM ROTULA, end and front views, . . 148

"
15, 16. STAURASTRUM PENTACL.ADUM, end and front views. (Com-

pare Plate LIV, fig. 15), . 149

" .150
17. 18. STAURASTRUM GRAI/LATORIUM, Var. ungnlatum, .

" 150
Fig. 19. typical form, . .

Figs. 20, 21. STAURASTRUM FUSIFORME, front and end views, . . 150
 PLATE

V- 3BK"K.. v
 I'LATK LVI.
l-'isi'iii-rs ma^niried ~><M> diameters.

PAQB.
Figs. 1-3. STAURASTRUM ACULEATUM, in three aspects, . .
!'>:;

Fig. 4. STAURASTRUM TELIKKIU'M, normal si/.e, . . 154

"
STAURASTRUM BREBISSONII,
5, 6.

...
. . . . . 1 "">!

" 156
7, 8. STAURASTRUM CERBERUS, .

"
9, 10. STAURASTRUM TRIDENTIFERUM, . . 15(i

"

"
11-13.

14-16.
STAURASTRUM CRUCIATUM,
STAURASTRUM HYSTRIX,
.

..... . 156

156

"
17,18.

Fig. 19.
'
20.
STAURASTRUM RAVENELII. (Compare
STAURASTRUM HIRSUTUM,
" "
dividing,
..... Plate

.
LX I II, figs. 7,8),

. .
157

Io5

loo

....
" loo
21. zvgospore with empty cells attached,

Figs. 22, 23. STAURASTRUM -CHIAUM, loo

"
24,25. STATRASTRUM CONTROVERSUM, . . . 157

"
26,27. STAURASTRUM SETK^ERUM, . . 154

Fig. 28. STAURASTRUM VESTITUM, xygospore with remains of cells, . 151

"
Figs. 29, 30. large form, front and end views. 151

" and end views,

31, 32. STAURASTRUM ECHINATUM, front 1">4

" and end views, 154

33, 34. STAURASTRUM iSAXONicuM, front

"
35, 36. STAURASTRUM PECTEN, front and end views, . . .155
PLATE LVI
 PLATE LVIII.
Figures magnified oOO diamo tors.

PAOB.
Figs. 1, 2. STAURASTROM TRICORNUTUM, front and end views, . . 159

3, 4. STAURASTRUM Nov.* CJESARE^E, front and end views, . 159

5, 6. STAURASTRCM SPONOIOSUM, front and end views, . .163

7,8. other form, front and end views, 163

9, 10. STAURASTRUM ARCTICON, (M. iuqpij,um Wood), . .

163
 PLATE LVHI

lr
 1'LATE LIX.
Kimuvs iii:i<ri)ific<| .~,IKI <li;mieterfi.

Fig. 1.

Figs. 2, 3.
STAURASTRUM BRASILIENSE, .....
two end views, Florida and New
PAGE.
160

Jersey forms, . . .160

'
4, 5, 6. STUARASTRUM KUSTEIMIANUM, Minnesota form, . . 161
"
7, 8. STAURASTRUM CUNEATUM, front and end vit-ws, . . 1(12

"
9, 10. STAURASTRUM EUSTKPHANUM, (typicul form), 161

Fig. 11. (elongated processes), . . 161

Figs. 12, 13. STAURASTRUM KURCIGERUM, end and front views, . . 161

Fig. 14.

Figs. 15, 16. STAURATRUM FURCATUM,

;i

variety, ....
variety, . 165

1 ('>">
 PLATE LX.
Figure's inatfiiififil .VKt <liain>'t' TV

1'AI.K.

Fig. 1. PHYMATOIXXUS NOKDSTEDTIANUM, . . . .28

" " " 28
2. a cell dividing, . .

Figs. 3, 4. transverse view, and front

view of a cell, . . 28

Fig. 5. DE^MIIHTM (Dulynwpi-ium) QUADRATUM, front and side views

made evident by the

twist of the filament, 2tf

" and side views of

6. DGBMIDIUM (Didymoprium) LOXGATUM, front

cells, . . . '27

"
1. DESMIOIUM APTOGONIUM, partially advanced in process of di-

vision. (Compare normal condition,

"

"
8.

9.
SPHAEROZOSMA PULCHRUM, Var.
SPHAEROZOSMA RECTANGULARE,
Plate II, tig. 6),

inflatum,

.
... .
.

.
.

.31
27

29

"
10. CALOCYLINDRUS PSEUDOCONNATUS, Var. (Compare Plate XV), 60

.... .70
" 12. COSMARIUM OBSOLETUM, Var. major, . . .

"
13. CoSMARICM SEXANGULARE, H9

.65
Fit;8.

Fig. 18.
"
14-17.

l!.
C'OSMARJUM GLOBOSOM, .

COLOCYLINDRUS coNNATUS, Var. minor,

COSMARIUM KJELLMANII,
. .

.
... . .

. .
60

94

Figs. 20, 21. end and side views, . 94

Fig. 22. COSMARIUM ORNATUM, Var. protractum, . . .90

" "
Figs. 23, 24. front and side vies, . . 90

Fig. 25. COSMARIUM PULCHERRIMUM, Var. minor, . . .

(
J7
" "
Figs. 26, 27. side and end views, . . 97

Fig. 28. COSMARIUM SPORTELLA, . . . . . .90

" "
lateral and vertical views, 90
Figs. 29, 30. .

"
31, 32. COSMARIDM CRENATUM, . . . . . .73
 PLATE LX

*' I f
-
"a i
'^' !tfr v'isB- "'&
 PLATE LXI.
Figures magnified .VX) (lianu-ti-rs.

F'igS 1-4. ('OSMAKII'M (ONSIRHTUM, . .

0,6. COSMARIUM srpRAspEoiosUM, front :md side views, . 95

"
7, 8. 9. COSMARIUM scENEDEsMt's, in three views, . . 6.'!

"
10, 11, 12. COSMARIUM DKI-RESSUM, in three views. . 69

Fig. 13.

Figs. 14-17.
COSMARIUM GRANATV.M,
COSMARIUM BECKEI,* ..... . . . . .64

....
"
18-20. COSMARIUM SEJUNCTUM, front, end and side views, . . iK

Fig. 21. COSMARIUM NAOELIANUM. 73

Figs. 22, 23. COSMARIUM psKunoTA.xirHONPRnM, . -.77

Fig. 24. COSMARIUM CONTRACTUM, . . .68
"
STAURASTBUM PRINGLEI,
"

"
25.

26.

27.
CLOSTERIUM LUNULA,
CALOCYLINDRUS CLEVEI,
...
in three views,

. .
. .

.
. 145

42

00-38
"
CALOCYMNDRUS THWAITESII, .60
28.

Figs. 29, 30, 31. DocimuM MINUTUM.

DOCIDIUM DILATATUM,
...
...
. .

.55
. 57

Fig. 32.
"

"

"
33, 34.

:'.5.

36.
TETMEMORUS GRANULATUS,
TETMKMORUS
TETMEMORUS
LAEVIS,

BREBISSONII,
..... .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.98

.95
98

Figs. 37-39. STAURASTRUM (Polyedrium) ENORME, . . . 166

* C.
Beckei, Willie. lOmitted in proper pla^e.) Cells slightly longer than broail;
semi-cells nearly semicircular, apices truncate five erenate; sides incised crenate;
twi> series of granules of about 15 and 9 near the margins; center hitlatrd and
s|.iirx.-]y sfrannlar: varialilc in size: larger form about 2S Mic. M. long: i"i Mic. M.
wide.
Not quite, but nearly in accord with Willie's diagnosis.
 "
sfeiii:?'
 PLATK LXII.

Figs. 1, '2. STAURASTKUM AXATIXUM, ,

. . 152

Fig. 3. STAUKASTUUM AXKYKOIDES, Var. iiexacernm. . 151

"
4. STAURASTRUM ANKYDOIDKS, typical form, . . 150

Figs. 5 7. STAURASTRUM IOTANUM, . . . . l.">n

"
8-9. STAURASTRUM POTTSII, . . . K>ti

"
10-12. STAURASTRUM MKCJACAXTHU.M, . l;;i

''
13-15. COSMARIUM PROTITHERANS, V;u . ^I.lllill.Umn, . . .91
"
16, 17. STAUKASTRUM FORFICULAIKM, forma tetragona, . . 158

18, 19. forma trigona,, . . 15S

"
20, 21. STAURASTRUM DICKIEI, front and end views. (Compare Hate
LI, figs 5, ti), . . . . 1:55

"
22, 23. STAURASTRUM ASPINOSUM, . . . 157

'
J4-2o".

27, 28.

29, 30.
STAURASTRUM MONTICULOSU.M,
STAURASTRUM STRIOLATUM,
STAURASTRUM I.KPTACAMTHUM,
.... .

Var. trftroctoreriini.
.

.
.

.
159

l:!8

166

Fig. 31. STAURASTRUM ELONGATUM, Var. tetragonum, . . 114

Figs. 32-35. STAURASTRUM PSEUDOPACHYRHYNCHUM, two front and two

end view.-, . 137

"
36, 37. COSMARIUM PSEUDOBROOMEI, front and end view. . . 93
PLATE LXII
 PLATE LXIII.

Figures magnified oflO diameters, except the Mierasterias .(To.

Fig
"
1.

2.
STAURASTHUM SEXARITM, end
MlCRASTERIAS DICHOTOMA,
view, ....
...
|'A;K.
Hi-

1-3

'
3. MlCRASTERlAS NORDSTEDTIANUM, . . . 1-5

... end and

''
lateral views, . r2-~>
Figs 4,5.

Fig. 6. MlCRASTERlAS RABENHORSTTI, 131

Figs. 7, 8. STAURASTRUM RAVEN EMI, . . . 157

9, 10. COSMARIU.M NITIDULUM, . - 72A

"
11,12. EUASTRUM URNAFORMF, front and transverse view-. . Ill

" end views, Hi

13-15. EUASTRUM NORDSTEDTIANUM, side, transvers-e ;ind 1

Fig. 16. XANTHIPIUM ANTILOPAEUM, Var. Minneapolu-nse, 101

Figs. 17-19.

Fig. 20.

Figs. 21, 22.

STAHRASTRUM QUATERNIUM, end and
STAURASTRUM DOKNELLIT,
EUASTRUM A BRUPTUM, variety,
.... front views,

.
. .

.
158

146

UK
" and end views
23, 24. STAURASTRUM FURCIGERUM, front 161

"
25,26. STAURASTRUM FURCATUM, (St. spinosum), . . . 165
" STAURASTRUM PSEUDOFUROK4ERUM, front and end views, 165
27, 28. .

"
29, 31. STAURASTRUM BRACHIATUM, . . . . .136
"
32, 33. STAURASTRUM IHI.ATATUM, . . . . .142
Fig. 34. STAURASTRUM FURC-ATUM, (St. spinosuin), . . . 165
 PLATE LXIV.
Figures iiiimiiilicil :**\ dianirHT.-.

Fig.

Kis.
1.

2, 3.
1'KNir.M

STAURASTKUM
Dii;iTus, ....
HRF.VISIMNA, front and end views, . .
.34
I' M.I

134
.

"
4.5. STAURASTRUM iNoiN-nni-M, . . . 137
'

6,7. ST.U-K \STKI-.M nri-i.KX, . . . . ,164

Fig. 8. HYALOTHETA UNUULATA, . . . . .23
Figs. 9, 10. CLOSTERIUM STRIGOSUM, two /.ygos pores witli empty evils at-

taolietl, . . . . .44
Fig. 11. EUASTRUM MULTILOBATUM, . . . 107

FigS. 12, 13.

"
14, 15.
MlCRASTERIAS COXFERTA,
('OSMARIUM EXCAVATUM, .....
.....
. . . . . 12"

85

Fig. 16.
"

"
17.

18.
DOCIDIUM CORONULATUM,
PEDIASTRUM SIMPLEX,
PEUIASTRUM STURMII, .
..... . . . . .168
.">3

168

'
19. PEUIASTRUM SI.MI'J.KX, Var., . . . .168
.....
"
20. PEDIASTRUM DUODENARIUS, . . . . . 1(>S

" 21. PEDTASTHTM FORCIPATI'M. lt>9

Figs. 22, 23. PEUIASTRUM EHRENBERGII, . . . . .170

Fig. 24. PEDIASTRUM TETRAS, . . . . .170
Figs. 25, 26. PEUIASTRUM EHRENBERGII, . . . . .170
Fig. 27. variety, . . . 170
"
28. PEUIASTRUM ANGULOSUM, . . . . .162
.169
.....
"
29. PEUIASTRUM BORYAHUM, . . . .

Figs. 30, 31.

Fig. 32.

Figs. 33, 34.

PKDIASTRUM FORCIPATUM,
PEUIASTRUM BORYANUM,
PEUIASTRUM PERTUSUM,
..... . . . . .169
109

Kin

" "
Fig. 35. Var. brachylobum, . . 170
"
36. PKDIASTRUM MUTICUM, 16!i

...
. . . . . .

"
37. PEDIASTRUM ANGULOSUM, variety, 162
PLATE LXIV