Module 5

1. What is structure? Explain C syntax of structure declaration with example.

 structure is a collection of elements of different data types.
 Declaration of structure:

Syntax:
struct struct_name
{
data_type1 member1;
data_type2 member2;
…………………………………..
data_typen membern;
};

 struct is a keyword
 strut_name is the name of the structure which is userdefined
 datatype1,datatyp2,…..datatypen are the basic data types
 member1,member2,…..membern are the different data items

Example:
struct student
{
int roll_num;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
Declaration of structure variable:
Syntax: struct struct_name structvar_list;
Example: struct student stud1,stud2;

2. Explain structure within a structure with an example.

 Structure written inside another structure is called as nesting of structure
 Structure can be a member of another structure

Example 1: Example 2:
struct date struct employee
{ {
int date; char name[20;
int month; float salary;
int year; struct date
}; {
struct employee int date;
 { int month;
char name[20]; int year;
float salary; } doj;
struct date doj; }emp1;
} emp1;

 Accessing nested elements:

emp1.doj.date;
emp1.doj.month;

3. Write a c-program using structures to read, write, compute average - marks and display the students
scoring above and below the average marks for a class of N students.
/* Program to read, write, compute average- marks and the students scoring above and below the average
marks for a class of N students using structures */
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
int roll;
char name[50];
int marks;
};
void main()
{
struct student s[10];
int i,n,sum=0;
float average=0.0;
printf("\nEnter the number of students:");
scanf("%d",&n);
// Reading details of N students
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the details of student %d\n",i+1);
printf("Enter the roll number:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].roll);
printf("Enter the Name:");
gets(s[i].name);
printf("Enter Total Marks:");
scanf("%d",&s[i].marks);
printf("\n");
 }
// compute sum and average marks
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=sum+s[i].marks;
}
average=(float)sum/n;
// print the details of N students
printf("Class Average is %g\n",average);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Record details of students:\n");
printf("\nRollNo\t Student Name\t Total_Marks\t Above_Average(Y/N) \n");
printf("---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%4d",s[i].roll);
printf("%15s",s[i].name);
printf("%15d",s[i].marks);
if(s[i].marks>=average)
printf("\tYes");
else
printf("\tNo");
printf("\n");
}
}
Output:
4. What is a pointer? Explain how the pointer variable declared and initialized.
 A pointer is a variable that contains an address of another variable.
 Declaring a pointer variable:
Syntax:
data_type *pt_name;
 The (*) asterisk tells that the variable pt_name is a pointer variable.
 Pt_name needs memory location
 Pt_name points to a variable of type data_type

Example:
int *p; // declares the variable p as a pointer that points to an integer data type.
 Initializing the pointer variable:
 Declare a data variable
 Declare a pointer variable
 Assign the address of a variable to pointer variable using & operator and assignment operator
Syntax:
pointer_var=&data_var;
Examples:
int x; //declare a data variable
int *px; //declare a pointer variable
px=&x // copy the address of data variable to pointer variable

int x; //declare a data variable

int *px=&x; //assign the address of data variable to pointer variable

int x,*px=&x; //declare data variable and assign address

5. Write a program in C to find the sum and mean of all elements in an array using pointers.
/* program to compute the sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real
numbers using pointers */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a[10],*ptr, mean, std, sum=0,sumstd=0;
int n, i;
printf("Enter the no. of elements\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
 printf("Enter the array elements\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++) // read n real numbers and store in the array a
{
scanf("%f",&a[i]);
}
ptr=a; // assign the base address of array a to pointer variable ptr
for(i=0; i<n; i++) // compute sum
{
sum=sum+*ptr;
ptr++;
}
mean=sum/n; // compute mean
ptr=a;
for(i=0; i<n; i++) // compute standard deviation
{
sumstd=sumstd+pow((*ptr-mean),2);
ptr++;
}
std=sqrt(sumstd/n);
printf("Sum=%.3f\t",sum);
printf("Mean=%.3f\t",mean);
printf("Standard Deviation=%.3f\t",std);
}
Output

6. Explain different categories of pre-processor directives used in C.

 preprocessor directives in C can be divided into three categories:

1. Macro substitution directives

2. File inclusion directives
3. Compiler control directives

1. Macro substitution directives

- Macro substitution is a process where an identifier in a program is replaced by a predefined string

composed of one or more tokens.
 - General form:
#define identifier string
- string may be any text, while the identifier must be a valid C name
- If this statement is included at the beginning of the program, then the preprocessor replaces every
occurrence of the identifier by the string
- Example:
#define COUNT 100
#define AREA 5*12.46

2. File inclusion directives

 An external file containing functions or macro definitions can be included as a program so that
we need not rewrite those functions or macro definitions

- General form:
#include “filename” or #include<filename>
where filename is the name of the file containing the required definitions or functions.

 When the filename is included within the double quotes, the search for the file is made first in the
current directory and then in the standard directories
 When the file name is included with angular brackets, the file is searched only in the standard
directories
 If an included files is not found, an error is reported and compilation is terminated
 Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include “test.c”

3. Compiler control directives

 These directives allow the programmer to include the portions of the codes based on the conditions
 The most frequently used conditional compilation directives are :

#if
#else
#endif

 Example:
#if((9%2)==0)

printf(“number is even”);
#else output: number is odd
printf(“number is odd”);
#endif
7. Explain how the structure variable can be passed as a parameter to a function with an example.
 There are 3 methods of passing structure to a function
1. pass each member of the structure as an actual argument of the function call
 this is the most elementary method and becomes unmanageable and inefficient when the
structure size is large
 Example:

void display(char,int);
struct student
{
char name[20];
int usn;
};
void main() void display(char name[20],int usn)
{ {
struct student s1; printf(“Name:%s\n”,name);
printf(“enter name & usn:”); printf(“USN:%d”,usn);
scanf(“%s%d”,s1.name,&s1.usn); }
display(s1.name,s1.usn);

}
2. Passing a copy of entire structure
 The called function works on the copy of the structure, any changes to structure members
within the function are not reflected in the original structure
 All compilers may not support this method
 Example:
void display(struct student s);

struct student
{
char name[20];
int usn;
};
void main() void display(struct student s1)
{ {
struct student s1; printf(“Name:%s\n”,s1.name);
printf(“enter name & usn:”); printf(“USN:%d”,s1.usn);
scanf(“%s%d”,s1.name,&s1.usn); }
display(s1);
}
 3. Pass the address location of the structure to the called function
 The function can access indirectly the entire structure and work on it
 This method is more efficient as compared to the second one
 Example:
void display(struct student *s);
struct student

{
char name[20];
float marks;
};
void main() void display(struct student *r)
{ {
struct student st; printf(“Name:%s”,r->name);
strcpy(st.name,”Raju”); printf(“marks:%f”,r->marks);
st.marks=45; }
display(&st);
}

8. Define pointer. Explain the declaration &initialization of pointer.

Refer question number 4
9. Write a ‘C’ Program to maintain a record of student details. Print the marks of the student given student
name as input using structures.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student
{
char name[50];
int roll;
int marks;
char grade;
};
void main()
{
struct student s[10];
int i,flag=0,n;
char dname[50];
printf("Enter the no: of students");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter information of students:\n");
 for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the roll number ");
scanf("%d",&s[i].roll);
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%d",&s[i].marks);
printf("Enter the Grade(A,B,C)");
scanf("%c",&s[i].grade);
}
printf("Enter the name of student whose details need to be displayed");
scanf("%s",dname);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(strcmp(s[i].name,dname)==0)
{
printf("The Details are:\n");
printf("\nRoll number: %d",s[i].roll);
printf("\nName: ");
puts(s[i].name);
printf("\nMarks: %d",s[i].marks);
printf("\nGrade: %c",s[i].grade);
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0)
printf("The student details are not found");
}
Output:
Enter the no: of students: 2
Enter information of students:
Enter the roll number: 1
Enter name: Mohit
Enter marks: 85
Enter the Grade(A,B,C) :A
Enter the roll number : 2
Enter name: Rahul
 Enter marks: 75
Enter the Grade(A,B,C) :B
Enter the name of student whose details need to be displayed:
Rahul
The Details are:
Roll number: 2
Name: Rahul
Marks: 75
Grade: B

10. Explain the array of pointers with examples.

 we can also declare an array of pointers using the following the syntax:
datatype *array_name[size];
 Example:
int *arrop[5];
- Here arrop is an array of 5 integer pointers. It means that this array can hold the address of 5
integer variables. In other words, you can assign 5 pointer variables of type pointer to int to the
elements of this array.
 Example program:
 Output

11. What are pre-processor directives? Explain #define & #include pre-processor directives.
 Preprocessor is a program that processes the source code before it passes through the compiler
 Preprocessor directives are placed in the source program before the main line
 Before the source code passes through the compiler, it is examined by the preprocessor for any
preprocessor directives
 Preprocessor directives begin with the symbol # in column one and do not require a semicolon at
the end.
 #define:
General form: #define identifier string
- string may be any text, while the identifier must be a valid C name
If this statement is included at the beginning of the program, then the preprocessor replaces
every occurrence of the identifier by the sting
Example: #define PI 3.142

#define AREA 5*12.46

 #include:
Used to include an external file containing functions or macro definitions
General format: #include “filename”
where filename is the name of the file containing the required definitions or functions.
This directive can take the form #include<filename> without double quotation marks
If an included files is not found, an error is reported and compilation is terminated
Example: #include<stdio.h>
#include “a.c”

12. Write a ‘C’ Program using pointers to compute the sum, mean & standard derivation of all elements
stored in an array of ‘n’ real numbers.
Refer question number 5